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Human rights and Canada’s leadership are as vital today as 70 years ago Printer-friendly version Media Release For immediate release 10 December 2018 Today, on the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Canadian Council for Refugees (CCR) underlines its message that everyone is deserving of basic rights and human dignity, not because of their citizenship or their immigration status, but because they are human beings. For refugees fleeing persecution, Article 14 of the Declaration is key: “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.” This fundamental right is now part of international and Canadian law. On this basis, anyone who makes a refugee claim at the border or within Canada must be given a chance to explain why they need our protection. Despite the promise of the Declaration, refugees and migrants still have their rights abused and face exploitation and situations of human trafficking around the world. Migrants are often subject to xenophobia and targeted by divisive politicians. Canadians can be proud that Canada is showing leadership in bringing countries together to improve respect for the rights of all migrants with the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. While the Compact is not legally binding, it offers a pathway of cooperation between countries that will reduce the pressures forcing people to leave their home countries. When people do migrate, this new framework will increase respect for individual rights and allow receiving communities, including in Canada, to benefit more fully from migrants’ contributions. As a world leader in championing human rights, Canada must strive to do better and respect the rights of refugees and migrants. This means that Canada should: - 30 -
Find the word definition Crossword clues for moo Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ▪ An outbreak of mooing in the crowd swells until most of the club is doing it. ▪ In no time at all the kid was at my door with a bag full of sesame noodles and moo shu pork. The Collaborative International Dictionary Moo \Moo\ (m[=o]), a., adv., & n. See Mo. [Obs.] Moo \Moo\ (m[=oo]), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Mooed; p. pr. & vb. n. Mooing.] [Of imitative origin.] To make the noise of a cow; to low; -- a child's word. Moo \Moo\, n. The lowing of a cow. Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary interj. The characteristic sound made by a cow or bull. n. 1 (context onomatopoeia English) The characteristic sound made by a cow or bull. 2 (context UK slang mildly derogatory English) A foolish woman. vb. (context intransitive English) Of a cow or bull, to make its characteristic low#Etymology 2 sound. n. the sound made by a cow or bull v. make a low noise, characteristic of bovines [syn: low] A MOO ( MUD, object-oriented) is a text-based online virtual reality system to which multiple users (players) are connected at the same time. The term MOO is used in two distinct, but related, senses. One is to refer to those programs descended from the original MOOcow server, and the other is to refer to any MUD that uses object-oriented techniques to organize its database of objects, particularly if it does so in a similar fashion to the original MOO or its derivatives. Most of this article refers to the original MOO and its direct descendants, but see Non-Descendant MOOs for a list of MOO-like systems. The original MOO server was authored by Stephen White, based on his experience from creating the programmable TinyMUCK system. There was additional later development and maintenance from LambdaMOO founder, and former Xerox PARC employee, Pavel Curtis. One of the most distinguishing features of a MOO is that its users can perform object-oriented programming within the server, ultimately expanding and changing how the server behaves to everyone. Examples of such changes include authoring new rooms and objects, creating new generic objects for others to use, and changing the way the MOO interface operates. The programming language used for extension is the MOO programming language, and many MOOs feature convenient libraries of verbs that can be used by programmers in their coding known as Utilities. The MOO programming language is a domain-specific programming language. Moo (novel) Moo is a 1995 novel by Jane Smiley. Its setting is a large university, known familiarly as " Moo U" because of its large agricultural college, in the American Midwest. The novel is a satire that uses a sprawling narrative style, following the lives of dozens of characters over the course of the 1989-1990 academic year. Moo (restaurant) Moo is a Michelin starred restaurant in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Usage examples of "moo". This wee may guesse from the fiery influence of the Sunne, the watery and aereous influence of the Moone, as also the matereall heavinesse of the earth. He spotted three men in lederhosen lean over to blow on alpenhorns, sending their melancholy mooing out over the valley. Moone to bee of the same kind of nature as a Pumice-stone, and this, say they, is the reason why in the Suns eclipses there appeares within her a duskish ruddy colour, because the Sunne-beames being refracted in passing through the pores of her body, must necessarily be represented under such a colour. I answere, that the argument will not hold of such bodies, whose superficies is full of unequall parts and gibbosities as the Moone is. The goats and cows bleated and mooed unmilked in the stables for no one was allowed even to cross a farmyard. It stood much too close to him, almost nose to nose, great sad cowlike eyes peering intently into his as it extolled with mournful mooing urgency the quality of its wares. Among the first pioneers of the later modern ink industry abroad, may be mentioned the names of Stephens, Arnold, Blackwood, Ribaucourt, Stark, Lewis, Runge, Leonhardi, Gafford, Bottger, Lipowitz, Geissler, Jahn, Van Moos, Ure, Schmidt, Haenle, Elsner, Bossin, Kindt, Trialle, Morrell, Cochrane, Antoine, Faber, Waterlous, Tarling, Hyde, Thacker, Mordan, Featherstone, Maurin, Triest and Draper. I had drilled into her the night before the instruction that if anyone mooed at her, ever again, she was not to react. Several of them mooed, several more made slopping pats of steaming waste. They just went on mooing, hardly even seeming aware they were doing it. Instead of just taking her tray and going to sit down somewhere, out of the line of fire, Cara whirled around and around, trying to pinpoint exactly where the mooing was coming from. They clump and thump across the yard, Ruth mooing the announcement of their arrival. Soon we all began mooing and snorting, making noises like sheep, cows, horses, pigs.
Remembering Jokes 14.09.2021 \| Episode #8 of the course Humor: Science of how to be funny by David Urbansky Have you ever heard a great joke, but only shortly after hearing it, you can’t even tell it to the next person because you’ve forgotten it? If so, you’re not alone. There is actually a good reason why we are bad at remembering jokes. Our brains love patterns. Music follows patterns, rhythm, and rhyme. All these things make it easy for us to remember song melodies and lyrics. Jokes, on the other hand, are funny because they work the exact opposite way: they break patterns, usually because of a surprising turn or an ambiguity [1]. Furthermore, our brain is good at summarizing and remembering the gist of things, but that’s not enough if you want to accurately recall a joke where nuance, timing, and sometimes exact wording are important [2]. British comedian Ricky Gervais put it best when he said “Jokes work like a magician’s tricks. When the punch line comes you just gasp at that, and you forget where the magician put his hand before or what he did before.” However, knowing our limitations can help us come up with strategies to better remember jokes. The basic idea is that your brain remembers images better than words or numbers. The funnier and more extreme the image, the easier it is to remember, so don’t be afraid to exaggerate and make it vivid. To know how to construct your “joke image” you can follow the three C’s: category, cast, and context. Let’s look at an example. We want to remember the following joke: “Two guys are walking through the woods when they see a charging grizzly bear. The first guy says, ‘Run for it!’ The second guy says, ‘You can’t outrun a grizzly!’ The first guy says, ‘I don’t have to outrun the bear, I just have to outrun YOU.’” All we need to do is create one image with the key information from the joke following the three C’s: • Category: a dark animal joke taking place in the woods • Cast: a bear and two guys • Context: running or getting eaten You might form your own image; let me describe mine: I imagine a running grizzly bear with long, sharp teeth and an open, foaming mouth. Then I imagine two guys running away from the grizzly: one is slow, looking back at the bear with panic in his eyes. The second guy is outrunning the first. He looks fit, has new sneakers, and a smirk on his face. When you close your eyes and see this image clearly, you will have all the ingredients to recreate the cues for the joke: a bear and two guys running from it, one of whom looks like he’s about to get eaten. Your brain will do the rest and put everything in order so you can tell the joke. Okay, one more for practice: Q: What do you call a crocodile in a vest? A: An investigator. Keywords: crocodile, vest, investigator. Imagine a crocodile in a fancy vest with a magnifying glass investigating a crime scene. Remember to make the images as detailed and outlandish as possible. If you chuckle when you think about your “joke image,” you’ve done it right. For more techniques you can read my other Highbrow course on memorization. You’ve learned a lot so far! Tomorrow you will be rewarded with plenty of fun facts about humor! Recommended book Unlimited Memory: How to Use Advanced Learning Strategies to Learn Faster, Remember More and Be More Productive by Kevin Horsley [1] Robert Provine, professor of psychology at Maryland University [2] Daniel Schacter, professor of psychology at Harvard University Share with friends
Historical discovery in Kazakhstan Historical discovery in Kazakhstan A large mausoleum from the Golden Horde period was discovered in the Pavlodar region of Kazakhstan, according to the city's State Pedagogical Institute. The mausoleum, dating back to the 14th century, is one of the main archaeological buildings in the Say-Arka territory. The height of it is 20 meters and in the lower part of the burial pit the skeleton of a man who was representative of the ruling elite was discovered”, They expressed. Unique medieval workshops, an original irrigation system, and silver and copper coins minted in Eastern Europe and China were found at the site. Source: Trend Scientists have already begun to process their discoveries. Video: The Most Mind-Blowing Historical Discoveries. Discovery UK
Electricity mind map Questions: How much electricity is consumed in one day? How many electrons complete a 1 coulomb with an equal charge? what is used as the pathway for the flow of electricity? What provides the energy used for a lightbulb? How does lightning build up so much energy? How do you eliminate static electricity? what happens […]
On Memorial Day, 2021 I read an article about the WW I War Memorial in Durham, NC, and it caused me to remember a WW I memorial in Magdalen College, Oxford that my friend Druin showed me. Located underneath the ground floor arch of Founder’s Tower of Magdalen College, the stone memorial lists the names of college students who died in WW I. The one in Durham is similar but different. Erected in 1921 the stone pillar in Durham was the first piece of what became a statue garden in front of the old county courthouse, and it listed the names of Durham County men who were killed in WW I. The names of white soldiers were carved on the front which faces Main Street, and the names of the Black soldiers were carved on the back facing away from the main street. This past March the city placed a plaque in front of the memorial with an alphabetical listing of men killed in the war and an explanation of the names on the pillar. Now the names of men who fought and died together are not separated by race, but presented by their sacrifice. Our country is embroiled by race issues. Many cities and towns still have statues honoring the traitors of the Civil War. Some Confederate soldier statues, like the one that was in Durham, have been pulled down by protesters, and others have been removed by local civil authorities. However, the names of leaders from the rebellion and its symbol are still used to designate military installations, as street names, names of schools, flags, holidays, and other landmarks of modern American life. Even after many protests against public memorials and countless efforts to remove other glorification of the traitors, there are many folks who still adore its failed efforts to destroy America. While I commend the leaders of Durham County in the erecting of the plaque which gives an accurate accounting of its soldiers who died fighting for our freedoms, the battle to correct that wrong dates back, according to the Observer article I read, to at least 2003. That seems to give support to the thought that America is a nation suffering from racism. If not, why would it take since 2003 to correct such a wrong. The Durham pillar was erected a hundred years ago, and the argument for it and ones like it is that our nation was different then, that racism was more overt and accepted then so that is why the names of Black soldiers were listed on the back of the memorial. But voices say that things are different now: We are told by friends, neighbors, relatives, and leaders that racism like that does not exist in America today; we are told that movements like BLM are divisive; we are told that if young Black men would be submissive, then less of them would be shot by police; we are told that Confederate flags represent heritage, not hate; we are told that CRT does not examine history correctly; we are told by several state legislatures that new voting regulations are not shadows of Jim Crow, but needed to make elections safer and more democratic and American. What happened in 1921 is one issue, but what happens in 2021 is of more importance because it tells us still who we are as a nation. And what I hear is that we are not united because we refuse to unite by allowing things to separate us instead of using them to bring us together. When Druin showed me the WW I Memorial, I noticed a German name listed along with the others. He explained that while the man was a German in the German army, he was a student of Magdalen, so for that reason his name belonged on the list of fallen Magdalen’s sons. It seems like such a simple decision and act—to include in the list of fallen soldiers all of the names-English, American, Scottish, German or whatever- of the Magdalen students who were killed in the “War to end war.” Now all these years later the Durham plaque places all the names of its sons from those trenches as they fought: Together. Such a simple decision that recognizes the honesty of their service, not their race or nationality. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
My last post had a simple message about the meaning of immunity: you won’t get very sick or die from an infection to which you are immune, including COVID-19. Like any other airborne virus, that does NOT mean you won’t get it lodged in your eyeballs, sinuses, throat, or lungs. If you do, you are likely to test positive, though your immunity means the “case” is likely to be inconsequential. As noted in that last post, we’ve seen increasing COVID case counts with the so-called Delta variant, which is more highly transmissible than earlier variants. (This has been abetted by an uncontrolled southern border as well.) However, as we’d expect with a higher level of immunity in the population, the average severity of these cases is low relative to last year’s COVID waves. But then I saw this article in ScienceAlert quoting Sir Andrew Pollard, a scientist affiliated AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford. He says with Delta, herd immunity “is not a possibility” — everyone will get it. Maybe everyone will, but that doesn’t mean everyone will get sick. His statement raises an obvious question about the meaning of herd immunity. If our working definition of the term is that the virus simply disappears, then Pollard is correct: we know that COVID is endemic. But the only virus that we’ve ever completely eradicated is polio. Would Pollard say we’ve failed to achieve herd immunity against all other viruses? I doubt it. Endemicity and herd immunity are not mutually exclusive. The key to herd immunity is whether a virus does or does not remain a threat to the health of the population generally. Active COVID infections will be relatively short-lived in individuals with “immunity”. Moreover, viral loads tend to be lower in immune individuals who happen to get infected. Therefore, the “infected immune” have less time and less virus with which to infect others. That creates resistance to further contagion and contributes to what we know as herd immunity. While immune individuals can “catch” the virus, they won’t get sick. Likewise, a large proportion of the herd can be immune and still catch the virus without getting sick. That is herd immunity. One open and controversial question is whether uninfected individuals will require frequent revaccination to maintain their immunity. A further qualification has to do with asymptomatic breakthrough infections. Those individuals won’t see any reason to quarantine, and they may unwittingly transmit the virus. I also acknowledge that the concept of herd immunity is often discussed strictly in terms of transmission, or rather its failure. The more contagious a new virus, like the Delta variant, the more difficult it is to achieve herd immunity. Models predicting low herd immunity thresholds due to heterogeneity in the population are predicated on a given level of transmissibility. Those thresholds would be correspondingly higher given greater transmissibility. A prominent scientist quoted in this article is Paul Hunter of the University of East Anglia. After backing-up Pollard’s dubious take on herd immunity, Hunter drops this bit of real wisdom: We need to move away from reporting infections to actually reporting the number of people who are ill. Otherwise we are going to be frightening ourselves with very high numbers that don’t translate into disease burden.” Here, here! Ultimately, immunity has to do with the ability of our immune systems to fight infections. Vaccinations, acquired immunity from infections, and pre-existing immunity all reduce the severity of later infections. They are associated with reductions in transmission, but those immune responses are more basic to herd immunity than transmissability alone. Herd immunity does not mean that severe cases will never occur. In fact, more muted seasonal waves will come and go, inflicting illness on a limited number of vulnerables, but most people can live their lives normally while viral reproduction is contained. Herd immunity! Sadly, we’re getting accustomed to hearing misstatements and bad information from public health officials on everything from mask mandates, lockdowns, and school closings to hospital capacity and vaccine hesitancy. Dr. Pollard’s latest musing is not unique in that respect. It’s almost as if these “experts” have become victims of their own flawed risk assessments insofar as their waning appeal to “the herd” is concerned. Professor Hunter’s follow-up is refreshing, however. Public health agencies should quit reporting case counts and instead report only patients who present serious symptoms, COVID ER visits, or hospitalizations.
Its walls were decorated with paintings done by the best artists of Classical Greece, showing Athenian military triumphs, both mythological and historical. Most famous, perhaps, was a picture of the battle of Marathon (490 BC) by Polygnotos. It was a popular hangout and an ideal shelter from adverse weather conditions, a gathering place where people met to have pleasant conversations and to listen to famous philosophers of Athens, such as Zeno and the Stoics. It was built between 475 and 450 BC, and was originally named the Porch of Peisianax, after the Athenian who funded its erection, probably Kimon’s brother-in-law. The Stoa Poikile (Painted Stoa) took its name from the beautiful paintings that adorned it. Part of it has been revealed in a plot at Monastiraki by the American School of Classical Studies. The School now wishes to continue the excavations. In order to do so, the School must either expropriate or buy the plots in 20 Agiou Filippou str. and at Adrianou-Ag. Filippou streets. On these plots two buildings dating from the early 19th century stand (the only buildings left in the eastern façade of the plot), which currently host healthcare enterprises and have undergone various interventions, while their demolition will help revealing a bigger part of the ancient monument (namely part of the back wall, the inner and outer columns, the area in the front of the Stoa Poikile and partially the Eridanos river). The Central Archaeological Council has given the green light to the request of the ASCSA, giving priority to a significant archaeological site with many monuments, which will undoubtely provide new historical evidence.
Tips to manage and improve your personal finances young black woman working on a laptop on finances (StatePoint) If you’re like many Americans, having a better understanding of how to manage your money is a priority for you. In fact, nearly 75% of Americans hope to improve their financial literacy in 2021, according to a recent survey conducted by OnePoll for World Finance. The same survey also found that 50% of Americans need advice on how to budget properly. “While money matters can seem overwhelming at first, there is a simple formula for successful personal finances: know your credit score, create a manageable budget and build your savings,” says Chad Prashad, president and CEO of World Acceptance Corporation, the parent company of World Finance, a personal finance company. To help you get started, World Finance, which helps over one million customers each year improve their financial situations, is offering the following tips and insights: 1. Know your credit score: Many banks and lenders will let you review your credit score for free on a regular basis. If your credit score has room for improvement, a simple way to build it is through a credit building loan. This is a small loan designed to be easy to pay back, helping you establish positive credit through the lender. When taking out a loan, always be sure to use a reputable lender that reports to credit bureaus so that repaying your loan positively impacts your score. 2. Make, and stick to, a monthly budget: There is no one-size-fits-all way to make a budget, so find a method that works best for you. A few systems to try include envelope budgeting (dividing expenditures into physical or digital envelopes representing different spending categories), zero-based budgeting (earmarking every last penny of your income to a useful purpose) and the 50/30/20 Rule (allocating 50% of your income to needs, 30% to wants and 20% to savings and debt reduction). 3. Start saving: While building a savings account can be daunting, it’s important to allocate one in your budget. Doing so will mean you have an emergency fund to keep you afloat when the unexpected happens in life. According to the One Poll/World Finance survey, nearly 30% of Americans do not feel that they have the safety net or resources available to cover a financial setback greater than $400. If you find yourself in a situation where your savings won’t cover what you need, a personal installment loan with equal monthly payments designed to fit into your budget could be a good solution. Find a lender that will work with you to understand the complete picture of your finances, such as World Finance. To learn more, visit loansbyworld.com. “National Personal Finance Awareness Day is a great annual reminder to take inventory of your financial wellness,” says Prashad. “Use the opportunity to understand your credit score, employ budgeting tactics and create a savings fund.” Recent Posts
The early days of car design In the early days of the automotive industry, the line between art and design had not been clearly drawn. The first vehicles were a step up from horse-drawn carriages, and design considerations were the prerogative of coach builders. These artisans specialized in handmade wood and metal work, and applied the skills they had learnt in carriage making to create unique statements of craftsmanship targeted at wealthy consumers. During those days, the automotive manufacturing process was fragmented into two separate aspects. It was common for luxury car makers to develop the frame, engine, suspension, and all functional or technical aspects. However, aesthetic aspects like body work were done by coachbuilders, such as i.e. Mulliner or Park Ward on a Rolls-Royce chassis, who produced vehicles of a highly artistic value, almost one-of-a-kind sculptures. Ford’s Model T: A new paradigm This changed with the development of Ford’s model T. The model T marked the change to a form that was driven by production needs which resulted in a form follows function approach, in this case the function of mass producibility. From that point on, the intention behind automotive production was creating a contemporary shape statement, as well as the strategy needed to serialize processes so they could be easily replicated. This marked the start of a completely different approach, where the technical aspects of production took center stage. The aesthetics of design were still present, but more as the result of the possibilities and within the limits of production methods and afforded by existing materials. Advances in materials and techniques led to another shift in automotive design. During the 1970s, steel quality improvements resulted in higher safety standards, but this didn’t give free rein to designers. The trade-off was: more stiffness for less deep tooling shapes – hence the rise of more angular flat shapes. Car ownership was on the rise, but the oil crisis curbed demand and manufacturers had to rethink car production. The automotive design industry was faced with the choice between creating a pricey one-of-a-kind vehicle or affordable mass produced units, and they went for the latter. The creation of the VW Golf marked a turning point in automotive design. The model, which was touted as “uncompromisingly practical”, embodied an approach that would become increasingly complex, as automotive firms were expected to balance aesthetically satisfying intent, market forces, performance, functionality, and compliance with legislation. New materials and new tooling methods The following big leap in automotive design took place in the mid to late 1980s. During this era, tooling methods and capabilities became more sophisticated, and so did key materials like plastics. Thanks to these developments, it was possible to experiment with free-form shapes and to step away from the limitations of faceted feel. New rendering techniques appeared and gave designers the tools needed to materialize shapes that had so far been unfeasible. Once again, design was underpinned by the coming together of techniques and possibilities. Towards platform unification The following decade was marked by standardization and modularity. During the 1990s, automotive firms began to use the same technology and the same platform in different models. This degree of platform unification didn’t take long to impact design. Within this paradigm, individual brands could only rely on shape as their key distinctive feature. In other words, design became the only differentiator between automakers. In this scenario, the main challenge in automotive design was to select the right vector, one that physically embodied the abstract characteristics of a brand so that it could be easily recognized by users. From globalization to Covid-19 Globalization accelerated during the 2000s, touching virtually every point of our lives. In the automotive sector, the motto “design anywhere, make anywhere, sell anywhere” became standard. This had its advantages, like the fact that consumers had a wider range of options to choose from. But on the other hand, globalization created new challenges for automotive designers, who now had to design for a global audience. Fast forward to 2020, and this global approach to design evidenced its vulnerabilities. Work and mobility restrictions had a knock-on effect on the automotive sector, which has since experienced further disruption due to supply chain shortages. The impact of Covid-19 on design may go beyond practical aspects, like sourcing key parts. As Jaguar’s director of design suggests, people’s values and priorities are shifting. We now see an increased focus on health and a widespread desire to live more modest and simpler lives. What could this mean for automotive design? What does the future have in store for automotive design? One of the possible answers is a generalized switch towards electrification, shared mobility, connectivity, and autonomous vehicles. This will have implications for automakers, their operations, and their talent pool. For example, it is estimated that approximately 25% of the current automotive workforce will need to undergo re-skilling, with emphasis on their digital capabilities. There may be other changes in store. For example, electrification appeared with the implicit expectation that it would bring a change in system architecture. But over time, automakers have come to realize that combustion system architecture is as good as it gets, and that it’s not incompatible with EV design. So does the saying “the more it changes, the more it stays the same” apply to electrification? Not quite. This trend has brought an important change to automotive design. Nowadays, designers working on EVs have a license to take on a braver approach. You could say that the counters have been reset to zero, away from sequel-like or iterative approaches. Maybe nobody knows what’s beyond zero – the only thing we know is that there’s a possibility to fully liberate our creative freedom as designers. As for the impact of autonomous driving, shared mobility, and connectivity, it can all be summarized in one word: user experience. Looking ahead, interior car design is set to be ever more important, as users will probably come to think of cars as usable driving lounges. What does this mean for consumer preferences? Will car design come full circle? Our (speculative) opinion is that car design may come full circle. Instead of becoming more homogeneous or standardized, consumer preferences could evolve into “taste spheres” that would be accessible to most end users. Even today, there’s nothing stopping a Chinese consumer from driving a European car, or vice versa. If the concept of user experience takes precedence in car design, the industry could take a big leap towards customization and accessibility, which in turn would give end users increased choice. The production process may become more complicated as new reliability, sustainability and safety standards emerge. This may eliminate players or result in a two-tier market, where some brands provide the platform and others customize it. On the other hand, it’s also possible that automotive design starts focusing on creating uniform products for mass consumption, as well as one-offs for the wealthiest consumers. Either way, it seems that the future of car design will call for “craftsmen” and interior designers with the skills needed to accommodate new widths of design variance – much like coachbuilders did in the early days of automotive design. In any case, we can’t forget that design mimics the evolution of society. Changing lifestyle choices impact design paradigms, but these changes aren’t immediately obvious. A mass-produced vehicle only starts delivering profits 4 or 5 years into production, and by that time consumer preferences may have changed. In an era of exponential change, how do designers know what type of car will people want to drive in the future? A new milestone in automotive design Anticipating the answer is part of a designer’s skill set, but that skill set can be enhanced. To take a leap of that magnitude into the future, car designers will need a tool that can help them visualize what the future will be like. And it’s precisely this type of tool what will likely mark a new milestone in automotive design. Published On: 22. December 2021Categories: Car Design, Design Process Business team using virtual reality headset during a meeting.How to get your team in the mood for VR design: Common approval or top-down? Virtual Reality 3D Model Prototype of Electric Car ChassisUsing virtual reality to enhance industrial product design
Light Vs. Darkness In Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men 795 Words4 Pages You would imagine that the United States’ judicial system would be free of bias when it comes to the trials presented. This is not the case in Reginald Rose’s Twelve Angry Men. Diegesis for Rose’s play consists of twelve men on a jury who have to deliberate whether to convict a sixteen-year-old boy who is suspected of killing his father. The complete opposite of what is desired is portrayed in the play, as it is human nature to pass at least somewhat judgement in order to come to a conclusion, but is gone to an extreme with the biases. Rose utilizes characterization and the archetypal representation of light vs. darkness to convey that prejudice will always exist and affect decisions that humans make within the play of Twelve Angry Men, via the organic unity of character backgrounds and the character’s interactions between one another. In this play, the archetype of light vs. darkness is heavily used, where light would represent fairness and equality whereas the…show more content… Juror Three’s past experience with his father and how he “used to call him sir” reflects his beliefs on how a boy should treat their father (Rose 17). Not only that, but Juror Three’s relationship with his own son parallels his views onto the defendant of the case, which can clearly be seen since “When he was sixteen [they] had a battle. He hit [Juror Three] right in the face” (Rose 18). It being quite apparent how he has clouded judgment since he mirrors the emotions of his own “rotten kid”, onto the sixteen-year-boy on trial (Rose 18). Juror Three’s character background being the reason why he believes “Everyone knows this kid is guilty. He’s got to burn. We’re letting him slip through our fingers”, and why he has an intense passion to convict the defendant of murdering his father (Rose Open Document
Mood and Anxiety Disorders Everyone experiences “the blues” or increased worrying every now and then. When depression, anxiety and “moodiness” seem to cross a line in your life, and becomes ongoing, it is time to get help. Engaging in outpatient psychotherapy will help you uncover the “why’s” and “how’s” that have contributed to your mood swings. Maybe it is situational, like a divorce, moving to a new city, starting a new school. Others with mood problems can trace this back to their family history. If you have a chemical or a genetic predisposure to an affect disorder, we can help find the right treatment for you. Image of individual pulling the covers back over their head in bed Types of mood disorders include: Major Depressive Disorder A person has had one or more major depressive episodes. Bipolar Disorder (formerly manic-depression) Alternating, and sometimes rapid cycling, periods of mania and depression. Substance/Alcohol Mood Disorders A change in one’s mood cycle largely contributed to a substance or alcohol. Image of man sitting on the edge of his bed with his head resting on his hands Some mood disorders may actually include periods of psychosis or psychotic episodes where there can be a split from reality. If psychosis is a part of your diagnosis, I require my clients to work with a treatment team, including a psychiatrist who manages medications. Doing so can greatly increase stabilization Types of anxiety disorders include: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Not focused on any one thing or situation. Being overly concerned about a nonspecific fear. Social Anxiety Intense fear of being embarrassed or humiliated in public. Many tend to handle social anxiety by avoiding the situation all together thus leading to withdrawal from social settings. Separation Anxiety Disorder Experiencing increased anxiety following separation from a person or place. Panic Disorder Brief episodes of intense apprehension. This causes physical symptoms like: shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating and feeling shaky. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Experiencing repetitive thoughts or images and urges to act on these thoughts through ritualistic behavior. General Childhood Anxiety Disorders Anxiety, worrying and fear in children. Fear and anxiety being triggered by a situation or stimuli. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Anxiety following a traumatic experience (examples include: rape, abuse, a natural disaster, a serious accident, combat). Image of journal sitting on top of a pillow on the bed Mood & Anxiety Resources: Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA) What's Next? Psychotherapy Services of Atlanta strives to ensure we provide families & individuals with quality therapeutic counseling services designed to strengthen and heal the mental and emotional well being of our clients. Our team of licensed clinicians and nutritionists are specialists in providing treatment for a variety of issues that affect your families general well-being, both nutritionally and emotionally.
Advertise with us Estimating Sheet How to calculate the amount of binding wire in rebar Construction Software The purpose of binding wires is to retain the rebar throughout construction. Binding wires are utilized for fastening rebars to clasp the structure together. The main and distributional reinforcement rebars are sustained jointly with annealed wire that is formed with mild steel. Binding wires are developed with the method of annealing that makes them flexible, soft and strong enough. The diameters vary from 0.61 mm to 1.22 mm. TATA Tiscon introduces ready-made binding wires namely Tata Wiron Binding Wire. Given below, the benefits of ready-made machine produced binding wires for construction :- • Invariable diameter with adherence to IS codes • Consistent Strength and ductility • Soft and flexible to manipulate easily and strong enough to retain the rebars The quantity of binding wires is based on type of structure and type of bar. For heavy structure, large quantity is required whereas minimum quantity is required for light structure. If the diameter of the main bar is raised, the quantity of binding wire will be reduced. But if the diameter is reduced, the quantity of binding wire will be increased. Based on the previous experience and thumb rules, the quantity of binding wire can be determined. It is generally found that per 1000 kg (1 Ton), the amount of binding wire is 9 to 13 kg. As per industry practice, the quantity of binding wire fluctuates from 7 to 13 kg per 1000 kg (1 tonne) of steel. The difference occurs due to the variance in bar diameter. To simplify the process, a nice example with solution is provided in the video. Example: Work out the quantity of binding wire necessary for 80,000 kg of steel reinforcement. Solution: Choose the average value of 9 to 13 kg i.e 9+13 = 22/2 = 11 kg per 1000 kg. Total amount of binding wire = 11 kg /1000 kg x 80,000 kg = 880 kg In this regard, watch the following video tutorial presented by renowned engineer S.L. Khan. Video Source: SL Khan How to calculate the amount of binding wire in rebar
National Service Hotline National Service Hotline： Your current location：HOME > News > Industry News Industry News The cooling tower manufacturer tells you what types of cooling towers are divided into Author：Trlon Views: Time:2020-10-23 1. Countercurrent cooling tower There are two types of blast type and exhaust type, and the exhaust type countercurrent cooling tower. According to the cooling temperature difference of water, counter-flow cooling towers are divided into two types: low temperature difference (temperature difference 5'C) and medium temperature difference (temperature difference 10'C). The specifications and performance can be found in books such as refrigeration equipment manuals.t9mCooling tower noise reduction treatment manufacturer The draft cooling tower takes in air from both sides. When the water level is less than 1000t/h, it will be made into a round glass fiber reinforced plastic single tower. The larger one is usually multiple towers connected in a row, each tower is square or rectangular. The hot water enters the cooling tower through the upper water pipe and passes through the trough or needle water distribution system. Make the hot water evenly distributed along the plane of the tower in a net shape. Then the hot water is sprayed onto the filler through the nozzle, passes through the material, passes through the air distribution area in the form of rain, and falls into the bottom of the tower. The air enters the tower from the air inlet, passes through the rain area under the packing, passes through the packing in countercurrent with the hot water, passes through the water collector and the exhaust fan, and is discharged from the wind. The spray density is generally 12^-15t/m2 "h. The wind speed through the filler section is 2. 2^-3. Om/s. The ratio of the area of the air inlet to the cross-sectional area of the grave material is 0.5-0.6. Cross flow cooling tower 2.Cross flow cooling tower In a cross-flow cooling tower, the flow direction of air and water crosses during the heat and mass transfer process. Therefore, compared with the counter-flow cooling tower, the cooling effect is poor. In addition, the return air volume is larger, but its water distribution system is simple. Easy to maintain. And the power consumption is low. It is mainly composed of tower body, fan, water distribution and water spraying parts. Generally, the wind speed of the filler section is 2. 2-3. Om/s, and the material is installed inclined to ensure that water does not spill out of the filler during operation. For drip-type packing, the inclination angle is 9-11; for film-type packing, the inclination angle is 5.-6. The ratio of filler height and depth is 2-2.5. Install shutters at the air inlet. The angle between the blade surface and the horizontal plane is 450-600. The water distribution tray is used. In order to ensure a more uniform water depth, the water distribution tray can be divided into multiple grids. Holes are drilled at the bottom of the plate, and nozzles are installed to spray hot water onto the material, and then flow into the pool at the bottom. The water density can reach 50t/M2·h. FRP cooling tower 3. FRP cooling tower Commonly known as cooling towers, cold water towers, cold water towers, glass steel towers, water towers, etc., there are mainly square, round, closed, cross-flow, and counter-flow series of cooling towers. Article Address： Colored Contact Form ( Items with * are required) Contact：Mr. Wang Free Hotline：4008-8383-95 Company Email： Web Site： Trlon WechatClose
Monday, 14 April 2014 Triceps Muscle The TRICEPS muscle: The only muscle on the posterior (back of) your upper arm (humerus bone) This muscle gets its name "tri" because it has 3 muscle 'heads', or attachment points on the upper arm. A- LONG HEAD: attaches to the top edge of your shoulder blade (scapula) B- LATERAL HEAD: lives nextdoor to the deltoid muscle (see last week!) attaching to the upper part of the back (posterior) humerus C- MEDIAL HEAD: hiding under the other heads, attaching onto the lower part of humerus bone (closer to the elbow!) And guess what ? All THREE heads attach to the SAME place: the olecranon process of the ulna aka YOUR ELBOW! So what muscle action is Triceps responsible for? Well, together (all 3 heads - see previous post) (A) EXTEND THE FOREARM AT THE ELBOW JOINT (extend the elbow from a bend position into a straight position!) Pause for palpation: feel triceps yourself! Start with the elbow in a flexed (bent, closed) position- put your peace fingers just above your elbow (on the back of the arm) and feel triceps contract as you slowly extend your elbow (un-bend your arm!) - continue to slowly flex and extend the forearm at the elbow joint (bend & un-bend) as you follow the triceps with your fingers (feeling a muscle is called "palpating" :) all the way up the arm towards the armpit! Can you feel the different heads? (see previous post for anatomy!) But wait there's TWO more muscle actions! the LONG head of triceps helps to (B) EXTEND THE ARM AT THE SHOULDER (glenohumeral) JOINT as well! (extension of the entire arm as opposed to just the forearm at the elbow.) - The Long head of triceps also helps the arm (C) ADDUCT the arm at the shoulder (gleno-humeral) joint. Adduct means to bring the arm TOWARDS the midline of the body :)
Lower Crossed Syndrome \| Why You Need To Stop Sitting Esports isn’t a competition to see who the healthiest gamers are, it’s a competition to see which players are the best at the game they’re competing in. Competitive gamers, or anyone using a computer for long hours, experiencing Lower Crossed Syndrome can expect pain, discomfort and potential injuries. In competitive gaming and esports, players are prone to developing Lower Crossed Syndrome (LCS). This is due to the nature of the sport and the amount of time spent being sedentary in chairs. Competitive gamers can take certain preventative steps to reduce their likelihood of developing LCS in order to maximize performance. What Is Lower Crossed Syndrome Around the 1970’s/80’s Dr. Vladimir Janda recognized a predictable pattern of muscles with abnormal function in the lower body. Dr. Janda recognized that these dysfunctional muscles were causing specific postural changes in the individual experiencing them resulting in joint pain and dysfunction in the mechanics and movement of the body experiencing it. Most people haven’t heard about LCS despite its prevalence among the general population. More and more people are developing LCS and it continues to affect younger and younger age groups. In LCS, there is a crossing pattern right around the pelvis area where underactive weak muscles cross with overactive tight muscles. Think of one line representing tightness, and one line representing weakness. The overactive tight muscles in LCS are a tight lower back (lumbar erector spinae muscles) with tight hip flexors. This combination causes the pelvic bowl to anteriorly tilt meaning the pelvis tilts forward. Think of how Donald Duck walks with his upper body way out in front of him, that’s an anterior pelvic tilt. The weak muscles in LCS are the abdominals and gluteals. There is so much more to the abdominals than the six-pack people often focus on. There are deep abdominal wall muscles responsible for core stabilization which need more than sit-ups to be developed and activated. Side note, don’t do sit-ups if you’re a competitive gamer, and you can read this post to find out why. The gluteal muscles are the butt, which is the largest muscle in the body and helps support proper posture. So next time you read an article on posture and it neglects to mention the glutes, move on. What Causes Lower Crossed Syndrome? You may be thinking, why are these certain muscles becoming so tight resulting in the weakening of opposing muscles? Similar to the upper crossed syndrome, LCS is caused by sitting too much. Most of the general population live sedentary lives. Sitting for prolonged periods puts our body in a static position where the legs are raised up and we’re sitting on our glutes (our butt). The hip flexor muscles bring your legs forward, or “flex” your legs forward (hence the name). When you bring your knee up to your chest, that’s your hip flexor working. While sitting, the hip flexors are statically holding the legs up to a degree, causing them to get tight. This tightness starts pulling the pelvis and the lower back forward as the hip flexors attach around this area. Opposite of the hip flexors are the glutes and as the hip flexors get tighter, the glutes become lengthened to accommodate the tight hip flexors and weakened as they are activated less and thus work less. The glutes also have a job of doing the opposite of the hip flexor, they bring the leg backwards and extend them behind you. When the hip flexors are up due to sitting and becoming tight, causing the pelvis to tilt forward, the lower back is forced forward (think of Donald Duck again). The lower back muscles (lumbar erector spinae muscles) are used to extend the spine backwards like when you’re standing straight up but lean far back. When these become tight they can start to compress the lower spine and it will become more and more difficult to use the lower back muscles to their full potential. Now, as the pelvis and lower back are tilted forward, the abdominals become lengthened and weakened. This weakening is due to the abdominals being unable to contract, as part of contracting the abdominals requires the pelvis to tilt backwards. With how much time the typical person spends in a seated position, it is easy to see the cause of LCS. You have tight hip flexors and a tight lower back causing the pelvis to round forward which results in the lengthening and weakening of the abdominals and glutes due them no longer activating from postural changes. Why Lower Crossed Syndrome Should Be Addressed I advocate that competitive gamers and esports athletes need to consider themselves “real” athletes and train accordingly. this phrase bothers you, check out my post Should Professional Gaming be Considered a Sport? I think it’s fairly obvious that esports athletes and competitive gamers are at pretty high risk for developing LCS. The nature of the sport places the individual in a very “LCS like” position as it forces them to sit for extended periods of time. Now, I know gamers could take more proactive steps by ensuring they take frequent breaks to interrupt their sitting, and this really should be advocated as it can reduce a lot of potential pain, discomfort and thus reduced performance for players. At the end of the day, competitive gaming isn’t about proper posture, health, or “being more active”, it’s about winning. I promote esport specific training not to make gamers healthier, but to make them more prepared for competition and to improve performance. Athletes push their bodies to the limit and beyond, but if they can find something to include in their training that helps boost performance and reduce injury most are going to do it. Am I saying competitive gamers should disregard LCS? No, certainly not. A lot of competitive gamers end up with injuries due to their bad posture over long periods of time. All I’m saying is competitive gaming and esports put athletes at a greater risk for developing LCS, and there’s no guarantee that it can be completely prevented (it can certainly be reduced, however). It really opened my eyes to how poor sport-specific training was in the esports world. Why was this a problem? Well, a bike places you in a seated and hunched over position with your arms in front of you and your shoulders rounded, more so than at the computer. In fact, this is where I see a lot of competitive gamers mess themselves up to more when trying to “be healthy”. Eventually, some competitive gamers take it upon themselves to start training more like an athlete. The problem is, their bodies and posture have been messed up from prolonged gaming over many years. They take these messed up bodies and posture into the gym and perform exercises that just exacerbate the problem, all in the name of “health”. They are misinformed and don’t understand how to train specifically for their sport. Is LCS really that bad for competitive gamers? After all, it’s about winning not about health, right? Well, LCS causes more than just a deformation of the posture in the lower body. When the body gets misaligned to the degree that it does in LCS, problems start to occur that can affect competitive performance and lead to injury. Symptoms From Lower Crossed Syndrome • low back pain • hip pain • knee pain • neck pain • increased forward head posture • tight/overworked hamstrings • osteoarthritis • degenerative joint disease If you don’t think any of these pose a significant risk for you or that I’m exaggerating the potential for injury in competitive gaming, think again. Esports careers can be destroyed by preventable injuries. Exercises To Fix Lower Crossed Syndrome LCS is a little easier to tackle than UCS (upper crossed syndrome). In case it’s not obvious, you need to start stretching and relaxing what is tight while strengthening what is weak. I’ve made these stretches and exercises relatively simple. I find most people don’t do well when prescribing two dozen different movements. And to be honest, if you’re a competitive gamer, LCS is going to be an ongoing battle that you’ll never fully win with due to sitting being the biggest cause. By utilizing the below stretches and strengthening exercises you’ll be able to help prevent some of the havoc LCS can cause. It may help reduce some of the ongoing pain and tightness you feel and it will certainly help to correct your posture and imbalances when venturing into more physical training. If you want to see more progress, you’re going to need to consistently break up your periods of prolonged sitting while consistently utilizing these exercises over long periods of time. If you need any of the equipment for the below exercises, check out the Recommended Gear section. In my esport specific training approach, I use the recommended gear for a bunch of different exercises and training. Stretch and Relax I always recommend stretching and relaxing the tight muscles first. This will help facilitate the activation of the weak muscles. If you try and strengthen these muscles while the opposing muscles are still overactive and tight, you may not have the mobility to properly activate the weak muscles and can end up making things worse. I would always recommend spending several weeks performing these stretches regularly before even starting the strengthening routine. Hip Flexors This one is short and sweet. Get in the pose like the one shown below. One knee on the ground, one foot on the ground. I find it helpful to have something comfortable under the knee. Now, this is where most people go wrong with this stretch. They hyperextend their back or try to put their front foot further in front of them to deepen the stretch. The only cue you need is to slightly crunch forward while squeezing your glute (your butt). Essentially, you’re trying to “tuck” your butt underneath you and bring your pelvis up towards you, like a “scooping” motion. This slight movement is small, but you will feel it stretching your hip flexor right away. Just hold this for two minutes several times a day. The other stretch is the frog stretch. I really like utilizing the frog stretch to deepen the stretch on the hip flexors and to improve the overall mobility of my hips. This stretch is relatively simple with a few points to keep in mind. • start with body forward • have padding underneath knees (feel free to perform this on your bed) • push your knees out as far as comfortable • keep feet OUTSIDE of the knees (this is where most go wrong) • slowly, with your hands in front of you, start pushing backwards • hold for two or more minutes, moving more backward when comfortable Lower Back Things can get messy whenever the lower back is targeted. I like to keep it as simple as possible with regard to the lower back. For this stretch: • get in kneeling position while sitting on feet • lean forward with hands out in front • the further you reach out with hands, deeper the stretch • hold for two or more minutes Psoas (Iliopsoas) It’s common with LCS to develop a tight psoas. The psoas is the strongest flexor of the hip joint in the body (an important muscle in walking) and is a deep-seated core muscle connecting the lower back (lumbar vertebrae) to the femur. The above hip flexor stretches won’t necessarily target the psoas due to the length of the psoas is and where it attaches to in the body. Just place a foam roller underneath your glutes while in a lying position. Hang out in this position for a few minutes. The stretch is subtle and this is always a good way to start increasing mobility. If you want to deepen it on each side, bring one leg up to your chest and hold it there with your hands. After spending some time with stretching and relaxing the muscles that have become tight around the pelvis, it’s time to start strengthening the muscles that are weak to start helping the pelvis remain in its natural position. There’s plenty of ways to strengthen the glutes, but as I side, If you start giving people dozens of different exercises, they’ll often end up doing none of them. This is called a “hip thrust” done with one leg at a time. With your upper body supported, allow your butt to drop close to the ground. With one leg off the ground, use the other (that’s on the ground) to push your pelvis up. Think about pushing from your heel and squeezing your butt. You can pause at the top to increase the time under tension. This exercise seems easy at first, but once you start getting close to twenty reps, even experienced lifters will feel a burn. Tinker with your foot placement (more forward/back) to see how it affects your glute activation. This is pretty straight forward. Planks are my favourite abdominal exercises because they train the abs in the way they’re meant to function—as a stabilizer. Just perform these three variations (one on each side and one for the front) of the plank while trying to improve on the time you can hold each one. Injury Prevention For Gamers Reversing and/or preventing LCS will help increase the likelihood that competitive gamers and esports athletes stay injury free. In my post How to be a Pro Gamer – Ultimate Guide, I discuss the often neglected aspects of becoming a pro gamer. How To Be A Healthy Gamer Competitive gaming is not healthy, but the same is true for competition in any other sport. If you consider yourself as more of a recreational gamer, Cyber Athletiks is still a good place to start trying to become healthier as it is geared towards undoing and reducing a lot of the damage gaming can cause while boosting performance. Recent Posts
UBC researchers invent new method to create self-tinting windows Smart windows conserve building energy by switching from clear to tinted, dynamically controlling heat and light from the sun, depending on the building and occupants’ needs. Wei Cheng, who led this project as part of his postdoctoral work at UBC, found a new way to make glass materials that change colour in response to electricity, building on a technique co-developed in Berlinguette’s lab. Cheng’s method deposits a liquid solution containing a metal ion onto glass and then uses ultraviolet light to transform it into a film that coats the glass. The film is completely transparent but becomes blue when electricity passes through, ultimately creating the active component of a smart window. Smart windows currently cost about $500 to $1,000-per-square-metre to make, much higher than the $30 to $200-per-square-metre cost of a conventional glass window. This new method means that windows can be manufactured without high temperatures or the sophisticated vacuum equipment that are currently used to make such devices, reducing the cost. Berlinguette and Cheng are continuing to work to prove the technique by making larger and larger windows that are stable for extended periods of time. “A commercial window needs to last many years, and we need to prove our windows can do the same,” said Cheng, who also noted that they were experimenting with more neutral tints so the windows would go grey instead of blue. A paper describing this technique was published today in Chem: Photodeposited Amorphous Oxide Films for Electrochromic Windows.
How Shanghai saved thousands of Jews from the Holocaust ·3-min read Now 83, he has spent the last two decades spreading the word about how the Chinese city became an unlikely safe haven from Adolf Hitler's "Final Solution". "They saved 20,000 Jews and if it wasn't for that, I wouldn't be able to talk to you now," says Vienna-born Wick, who was taken by his parents on a ship from the port of Trieste for the long voyage east. "I would have been one of the ashes in Auschwitz, like my other family." "People should know about it because it was the only place in the world in 1939 that opened its gates," Wick said by telephone from his home in London. "Even many Jews don't know about it." Life was nevertheless hard and after World War II ended in 1945, Shanghai's Jewish population declined sharply as they returned home or embarked on new lives elsewhere. - 'Special relationship' - Chinese authorities are clearly eager for Shanghai's history as a safe harbour for Jews to get more exposure. In 2007 the government-run Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum opened in Hongkou, a district that once contained the so-called "Shanghai Ghetto". It also highlights how the Jews never faced any prejudice from the Chinese -- an assertion backed up by Wick. But he is also keen to stress that the Japanese, although allied to Nazi Germany, were also not anti-Semitic and it was "mainly the Japanese" who allowed them refuge. Chen Jian, the museum's curator, said there was a "special relationship" between Shanghai and the Jews which pre-dates the refugees and continues to this day. "Although decades have passed and this period of history is a long time ago, some of the refugees and their descendants have maintained... the very deep friendship between us," he said. - Untold story - "The story that was told was about those who did not survive, about their terrible situation, the terrible thing that happened in Europe," said Greenberg. "The story of the survivors, in general, was almost not told." "This is one of the very few places in the world that when you walk on the street and you hear two people behind you saying in the local language, 'This person is Jewish', you are not afraid." he said. "This land never, never had anti-Semitism."
1822 Agricultural Society of NSW formed The Agricultural Society of NSW was formed in 1822, holding its first Show the following year. The Shows, known originally as ‘Exhibitions’, were initially held at Parramatta, then moved to Prince Alfred Park. In 1882 the Show moved to specially build showgrounds at Moore Park. The Society became the Royal Agricultural Society in 1891, an honour bestowed by Queen Victoria, and the annual event became known as the Sydney Royal Easter Show. In 1998 it moved to a new showground at Sydney Olympic Park, Homebush Bay. The Agricultural Society of NSW was not the first such society in Australia. It was preceded by the Van Diemen’s Land Agricultural Society, which was formed in Hobart Town on 1 January 1822. Both fledgling colonies sought to promote interest in agriculture and animal husbandry. The stated aim of the NSW society was “furthering Australia’s primary production through contest and competition”. It was formed in July 1822 by a group of landowners, stock owners and merchants. As well as holding an annual exhibition, the Society collected annual subscriptions to import improved breeding stock, and promoted better agricultural knowledge through literature and education. The first exhibition was held in October 1822 at Parramatta and was called the Parramatta Fair. It seems the first recorded prize was a silver quart tankard awarded to a free settler named Jonas Bradley, for 1 cwt. of tobacco. The 1824 fair included classes for Australian Merino sheep, colonial bred bulls, heifers, stallions, boars, sows, and teams of horses and bullocks as well as for tobacco and beer. The award of ten Spanish dollars for the best colonial cheese was won by William Howe of Glenlee (near Campbell Town). However, it was noted that his cheese was the only one submitted, so perhaps the prize counted for little. From 1834 to 1857, drought and challenging economic conditions caused the Society and its exhibitions to lapse, but it re-formed in 1857 as the Cumberland Agricultural Society and two years later was renamed the Agricultural Society of NSW. This website uses cookies but doesn't share them.
Free Shipping on USA orders $45+ A Complete Beginner's Guide to Metal Stamping According to historians, metal stamping was first practiced on coins in the 7th century BC. The process involved creating a die and using a heavy hammer to carve the metal. The process wasn't refined until 1550, where 12 people had to work together to get the job done by screwing the die into the metal coin. Today, it can be done all by yourself from the comfort of your own home. Metal stamping allows for you to create personalized gifts for every holiday and occasion, all for an affordable price. There's nothing better than something handmade from the heart. If you'd like to know more about how you can get into metal stamping yourself, follow our beginner's guide. Metal Stamping Tools Like any hobby, metal stamping requires specialized tools to get started. Some tools may seem a bit pricy, but our high-quality jewelry-making tools tend to last a long time and end up paying for themselves, making the investment worth the money. The following list of tools can easily be found on our website, with tools for every skill level. You can purchase them separately or in a convenient jewelry stamping kit for beginners that we offer. The tools include: All of the above can be purchased separately or as part of a metal stamping kit. How to Get Started Getting started with metal hand stamps is easy. It can be done in the following four steps. Step 1 Begin by setting up a sturdy workspace; you're going to be hammering, after all. If you're worried about damaging the surface of your workspace, you can put a strong piece of wood over the top. If you're stamping on a table, make sure to stamp over the sturdy leg of the table, that way the force of your hammering can be dispersed evenly. Step 2 Get all of your equipment together and set your stamping block close to you. You'll be using this as your practice piece. We recommend you start with either practice aluminum sheet metal or practice aluminum foil that we offer! You'll want to get familiar with how hard you need to hit, so use these pieces of metal and foil to practice how deep your stamps will impress the metal. We think its important you practice so you don't mess up your final piece. Step 3 Choose the stamp you want to start with (make sure it's not upside down!) and stabilize it with your thumb and forefinger. Pick up the hammer and begin striking the top of the stamp. It may take a few strikes to figure out where best to hit the stamp. If the stamp is larger or more detailed, you may need to follow the tilt and tap method to impress all parts of the stamp. Step 4 When you feel you're ready, pick out a metal stamping blank you'd like to use for your piece. Use your stamping tape to secure the blank in place on the block to avoid moving and double stamping. Follow a similar process to what you did on your aluminum foil or aluminum practice sheet metal. Don't worry if your piece isn't perfect, just like any art, metal stamping takes practice and anyone that metal stamps consistently has a collection of messed-up blanks they use for future practice! As you practice, you'll learn how and where to hit the stamp and whether you need to hit it once or twice. Beginning Your Journey Into the World of Metal Stamping When starting, think small and simple. You'll want to get in a lot of practice before you move on to more complex pieces, so make sure you have enough metal stamping supplies. When shopping for blanks, it can be helpful to purchase larger tags or dedicated practice blanks to help you hone your technique. Stick to flat surfaces in the beginning. They're easy to mark up and stamp with the design of your choice. Technique Is Crucial You want your finished piece to come out impeccable. It's going to take a good amount of practice for you to get your technique down, so don't feel discouraged if your first few projects aren't up to snuff. You'll get there sooner than you think! Impact Strength An important part of your technique involves hitting the stamping blank with the right amount of force. If, after your first attempt, you lift the stamp and notice you've barely made a mark, you probably won't be able to try again on the same piece. Oftentimes it won't be easy to line your stamp back up in your original impression. Most metals used in metal stamping will need a hard hit for stamping to occur. However, different metals require differing amounts of strength to stamp them. Aluminum, for example, generally doesn't take as hard of a hit as brass might. As you practice, you'll eventually get a feel for how hard you need to hit each alloy. Accurate Placement Believe it or not, a common mistake for new crafters is choosing a design that doesn't fit the blank. It's often helpful to use a pencil and masking tape to mark the exact placement before you stamp. One trick you can use to improve the accuracy of your placement is to mark out the center and plan as you expand outward. Working on Projects All right, you've practiced enough, and you're ready to start working on some actual projects. Start coming up with ideas about what you'd like your finished work to look like. You can also start planning personalized gifts, such as jewelry charms, special date tags, name pendants, and tags for your pets. Adding Style Basic stamping may be enough for a while, but most people eventually want to enhance their pieces. As luck would have it, there are several ways you can do that. Make Your Letters Stand Out You may have noticed that other metal stamping works have darker, more robust lettering. You can easily create this effect yourself by carefully using a black sharpie to fill in the indentations created after stamping. Sharpie is the easiest way to make your letters pop, but it can rub off with time. To create something more permanent, you can do so by stamping blank enamel. The enamel will look much more professional and can be a better choice for jewelry or other pieces that see a lot of wear. Adding Holes Some metal stamps for jewelry come with holes already punched, but not all of them. You can punch a hole either by purchasing specialized hole-punching tools to stamp the hole yourself or by using hole-punching pliers. Altering Textures If you feel like your finished product is a little drab, you can alter the texture using specialized hammers. They can imprint lines, zig-zags, dimples, and more. To create a curved effect on a simple blank, you'll need to get yourself a dapping block. They come with circular daps in varying sizes which allow you to use curved hammers to add an indentation or cupped effect. If you're worried about ruining your design - don't be! Dapping doesn't affect the design of your stamp. The Only Limit Is Your Imagination! Metal stamping takes a little practice to get right, but by following the steps in this guide, you'll have it down pat. If you'd like to learn more about the amazing art of metal stamping, check out the education section on our site for more detailed instructions on creating specific projects and learning new metal stamping techniques!
Laparoscopy Overview What is laparoscopy? Laparoscopy (pronounced: lap–a–ros–co–pee) is a (minimally invasive) type of endoscopy procedure. This procedure will allow your doctor to look inside your abdomen (belly) using a thin surgical telescope that has a small lens on the end of it. Why is a laparoscopy done? A laparoscopy is done to determine the cause of pelvic pain, so it can be treated. Because this is a surgical procedure, it’s most often performed if other tests haven’t been helpful in finding the reason for your pain. It can also be used to remove an ovarian or tubal cyst. How is a laparoscopy done? In an operating room at Boston Children’s Hospital, an anesthesiologist will help you go to sleep with general anaesthesia. After you’re asleep, your surgeon will make 2–4 very small “incisions” (cuts in the skin) about ¼ of an inch long in your abdomen. The first incision is placed just inside your belly button. Your surgeon will put carbon dioxide gas into your abdomen through this incision. The gas makes room inside your abdomen so your internal organs can be seen. Next, the surgical telescope will be placed into the first incision. A surgical telescope is a long instrument that looks like a thick straw. At the tip of the telescope is a lens. The lens projects an image of the inside of your abdomen through a fiber optic cable on a small screen (like a television). The other incisions (1–3) are made just above your pubic bone. Special laparoscopic instruments are placed into the lower incision(s). What can my surgeon see? Your surgeon will be able to see the outside of the organs in your pelvic area including your uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, bowel, bladder, appendix, and area behind the uterus called the cul–de–sac. He/she will also be able to see other problems such as appendicitis, or ovarian or tubal cysts, if you’re extremely constipated, growths or tumors, and endometriosis. Any visible endometriosis can be removed or destroyed during the procedure, and ovarian or tubal cysts can be drained, removed, or destroyed. How is the endometriosis destroyed? Surgical treatment using different methods is aimed at removing and/or destroying any visible endometriosis lesions. Superficial lesions (lesions that are just on the surface and don’t go deep into the tissues) are treated at the time of laparoscopy by surgical excision (cutting them out) or burning them off. Other medical terms that describe the destruction of endometriosis are “ablation, vaporization and fulguration” which are used with different kinds of energy sources. However, both excision (surgical removal) and destruction/ablation techniques are equally effective with improving pain symptoms for Stage I and II endometriosis. • Burn–off is the treatment of choice for superficial endometriosis. This is done with high heat. Heat can be generated by a number of sources–electricity (cautery), ultrasound (Harmonic scalpel), or laser. All energy sources have been shown to be equally effective in destroying endometriosis lesions. Ablation/fulguration of ovarian tissue during laparoscopy isn’t recommended. • Surgical excision is the most common and effective treatment for endometriosis of the ovary (endometrioma cyst). Surgical removal at the time of laparoscopy has been shown to improve pain without damaging the ovaries. Deeply infiltrating disease (Stage III and IV) which is less common in adolescent is best excised. What are the chances that I could have endometriosis? If you have had chronic pelvic pain (also called CPP—pain that persists longer than 2–3 months) and it’s not relieved with oral contraceptives and nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory medication, you may have endometriosis. A research study done at Boston Children’s Hospital found that endometriosis was the most common cause of chronic pelvic pain (in adolescents), affecting greater than 70% of girls that did not respond to medical treatment for dysmenorrhea (painful periods). How long will the surgery take? Day surgery procedures usually take less than one hour. However, when you wake up from the anesthesia, it will seem like you were asleep for just a couple of minutes. What type of stitches will I have? Your surgeon uses stitches that dissolve and get absorbed by your body, so you don’t need to have any stitches removed. You may see stitches (tiny pieces of thread) coming out of the skin (this is okay); it doesn’t mean they are coming undone. Most incisions look red or dark pink after the stitches dissolve, but fade over time. What type of bandages will I have? You’ll have a small adhesive bandage on each incision. You can remove them two days after your surgery. However, it’s helpful to keep a clean bandage on until the incisions heal (so that your clothing won’t rub against them). How will I feel after surgery? While you’re asleep, your surgeon will put numbing medicine in the area around your incisions to lessen any discomfort you may have when you wake up. Some young women may still experience soreness around the incisions. Even though most of the gas used to inflate your abdomen is removed, you may feel a little bloated. Gas often becomes trapped under the diaphragm, which may cause pain in your shoulder. Placing a heating pad against your shoulder usually helps. The GYN team will give you a prescription for pain medication to take if you need it, but in general, the only things that help the shoulder pain are getting up and walking around, applying heat to the area, and time. Updated: 6/11/2013
How to Prune Ponytail Palm Bonsai The ponytail palm (Beaucamea recurvata) is not a true palm, but is a succulent native to the desert of southeastern Mexico. The trunk of the ponytail palm is rough and thick with an expanding base that gives it the other common names, bottle palm and elephant's foot. It naturally grows as a small plant that needs little water, and the root system is not extensive so it can be kept without repotting for longer than other bonsai trees. Pruning should be done in early summer and is an easy task because there are no branches. Instead there is only a single cluster on top of the trunk that sprouts leaves. Place the ponytail bonsai at eye level so that you can clearly see the height of the leaf cluster. Inspect the leaves for insects and diseases. Remove or clean any infestation that is found before pruning the bonsai. Cut off the top of the leaf cluster with shears so that the bonsai takes the desired height. This forces new leaves to grow out of the side of the cluster, instead of growing vertically. Do this early in the growing season so that the new foliage has time to grow before the plant goes dormant in winter. Do not remove all foliage at once because the new top will grow faster than before, increasing the need to prune. Snip off any brown leaf tips with a diagonal cut, so the leaves retain the appearance of sharp end points. The brown edges can be caused by too much fertilizer or excessive watering. Wait until additional foliage grows from the sides of the leaf cluster to cut healthy leaves shorter and shape the ponytail palm. Use diagonal cuts so that the long leaves do not appear to have square tips.
Origin Cover Mud Future \| Origin The thematic track ‘Origin’ traces the influence of mud on architectural processes. The discussion aims to look beyond nostalgia of the past and explore the urban use of mud, rooted in its indigenous systems. This session will attempt to understand the association of mud with its context like culture, people, society and land. This will entail issues around accessibility of the material by people and notion of its aesthetics and quality. ‘Origin’ explores the idea of indigeneity of mud. The discussion will shed light on the meaning of mud which is ever-changing and goes through a process of re-intervention. Moving beyond the popular image of mud, being poor man’s material, the discussion will evaluate the drivers of mud urbanity. The session aims to position mud that can evolve to regenerate itself as a symbol of strength, protection and practice. 7. Origin_Save the Date_ ICK The study of culture very often revolves around tradition and indigeneity. Sociologically, tradition refers to collective customs and knowledge of a group, communities or society. Indigeneity’s reference to origin and of being ‘of the place’ or culture gets perpetuated through methods, natural and cultural relations that then form tradition.... Its usual connotation is a social process of "handing down" knowledge from generation to generation, especially by oral and customary means. The following questions arises: Does being traditional mean being relevant? Being in fashion? Being native to origin? In the case of mud, one wonders, is its usage in architecture relevant in the contemporary times? Is it acceptable as it is tested by time and people? Is it necessarily vernacular? Can mud architecture be contemporary, historic, vernacular at the same time? Is it mandatory to adopt and follow the way mud has been handed over through oral and customary means? What were the ways that the mud of ‘then’ remained relevant to its times? What strategies were employed to the material, to its making, to its production and to its usage that defined it as a material of choice in different cultures historically? >The architectural use of earth results in the shaping the environment of humankind, a subject closely related to human ecology. Mud architecture’s historical indigeneity, the fact that it essentially belongs to the land it expresses itself on, brings into focus cultural and material perceptions of the very land. It calls for identifying unique processes and approaches that are unified by the material itself. Herein lies the essence of the theme Indigenous and Cultural Knowledge. 8. Origin_ Save the Date_ UO Urban Origins assesses and questions the contemporary use of mud as a poor man’s material. It evaluates the drivers of mud urbanity. The use of mud in an urban context is driven by social and ecological egalitarianism, values associated with mud, its material and cultural representations,...reimagination and regeneration of existing urban context. 9.Origin_Save the Date_MH Mud Highbrow takes stock of the uses of mud that contrasts with its humble and simple origins. These altered and urbane applications of mud often lead to almost surprising and tangential uses, that can be explored through various lenses. The sessions explore issues of identity, modern up rootedness.., sustainability and diverse ways in which mud is used. What are the stories of its failures and success, as mud is adapted through different processes into varied urban contexts?
Press the depression not the person. a guy standingunsplash Do you know a friend who is suffering from depression? If so, what can you do to help them? You are not alone in your feelings. According to the latest current estimates from the National Institute of Mental Health, little more than 7% of all people in the United States had an episode of severe depression during the calendar year 2017. Over 300 million people and children across the world suffer from depression. However, not everyone experiences depression in the same way, and the symptoms may differ from person to person. Someone who is depressed may suffer from the following symptoms: • seem depressed or tearful. • project a gloomier or despairing outlook on the future than is typical. • express feelings of shame, emptiness, or worthlessness. • They seem to be less interested in spending time together or communicating as often as they might otherwise be. They are quickly agitated or irritated under unexpected circumstances. • I seem to have less energy, move more slowly, or appear to be generally listless. • They exhibit less care for their looks than they normally do, or ignore basic hygiene practices such as bathing and cleaning their teeth. • I have difficulty sleeping or sleeping much more than normal. They are less concerned with their regular activities and interests. • I seem to be forgetful or to be having difficulty focusing or making decisions. • Eat more or less than you normally would. • broach the subject of death or suicide. Ten things you can do to assist, as well as a few things you should avoid, will be discussed in this section. 1. Pay attention to what they have to say. Make your buddy aware that you are available to them. It is possible to begin the discussion by expressing your worries and asking a particular inquiry about them. In this case, you could remark, "It seems like you've been having a difficult time recently. "Can you tell me what's on your mind?" Please keep in mind that your buddy may just want to speak about their feelings, and they may not be interested in hearing your suggestions. Active listening methods may help you engage with your buddy more effectively: • Instead of assuming you know what they're talking about, ask questions to find out more about their background. • Acknowledge and validate their emotions. "That seems to be very tough," you may think. "I'm sad to hear that," says the author. • Use your body language to demonstrate empathy and interest. It's possible that your buddy may not feel like chatting the first time you ask, so it's important to keep showing them how much you care. Continue to ask open-ended inquiries (without being aggressive) and voice your dissatisfaction. When feasible, try to conduct face-to-face discussions whenever possible. If you and your partner reside in separate cities, consider video chatting. 2. Assist them in locating resources. The person you're talking to may not be aware that they're suffering from depression, or they could be uncertain of how to get help. Even if they are aware that counseling may be beneficial, finding a therapist and scheduling an appointment may be a difficult task. If your buddy seems to be interested in therapy, offer to assist them in researching possible therapists. You may assist your buddy in creating a list of questions to ask prospective therapists as well as items to discuss during their first session. If they're having trouble getting to that initial visit, encouraging them and supporting them may be very beneficial. 3. Encourage them to continue with their treatment. If your buddy is having a terrible day, he or she may not feel like leaving the house. Depression may sap one's vitality and enhance one's urge to withdraw from others. Encourage them to keep their treatment appointment if they say something like, "I believe I'm going to cancel my therapy session," for example. "Last week, you said that your session was very fruitful and that you felt much better afterward." "What if today's session is also beneficial?" The same is true for prescription medications. If your buddy wishes to discontinue taking medication due to unpleasant side effects, be sympathetic, but urge them to consult with their psychiatrist about switching to a different antidepressant or discontinuing medication altogether. Antidepressants should not be stopped abruptly without the guidance of a healthcare professional. This may have severe effects. 4. Look for your well-being. When you care about someone who is suffering from depression, it's tempting to quit everything to be by their side and support them. Even while it is understandable that you would want to assist a buddy, it is equally essential to prioritize your own needs. If you devote all of your time and energy to helping your buddy, you will have little time and energy left for yourself. Furthermore, if you're exhausted or irritated, you won't be of much assistance to your buddy in need. Draw a line between what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. Setting limits may be beneficial. For example, you could tell your friend that you'll be ready to talk when you get home from work, but not before. If you're worried about them believing they won't be able to contact you, volunteer to assist them in developing a contingency plan if they need your assistance during your workday. In the event of a crisis, this may include locating a hotline they can contact or devising a code word that they may text you if they need assistance. Instead of attempting to assist daily, you might volunteer to stop by every other day or to deliver dinner twice a week instead. Involving additional friends may aid in the development of a larger support network. Self-care should be practiced. Spending a significant amount of time with a loved one who is depressed may be emotionally draining. Know your boundaries when it comes to unpleasant emotions, and schedule time for rest and recuperation. To inform a buddy that you will not be accessible for some time, you could say something like, "I won't be available until X time." "Do you mind if I check in with you then?" 5. Conduct your research on depression. If you had to teach every individual in your life about a mental or physical health problem you're dealing with, you'd be exhausted from having to repeat yourself over and again. It sounds tiring, doesn't it? It's OK to question your buddy about their particular symptoms or how they're feeling, but refrain from asking them to describe depression in broad terms to you. You may learn more about the symptoms, causes, diagnostic criteria, and therapies by doing your research. However, although each person's experience of sadness is unique, being acquainted with the basic signs and vocabulary of depression may enable you to have more in-depth discussions with your buddy. 6. Offer to provide a hand with routine chores. When you are suffering from depression, even the most mundane activities may seem overwhelming. Things like washing, food shopping, and bill paying may begin to build up, and it can be difficult to know where to begin with them. Your buddy may be grateful for your offer of assistance, but they may not be able to express themselves properly about what they need assistance with. Rather than asking something like, "Please let me know if there is anything I can do," try saying something like, "What do you most need assistance with today?" When you notice their refrigerator is empty, ask if you can "take you food shopping or pick up what you need from the store if you make a list." Let's go buy some groceries and make supper together," for example. If your buddy is falling behind on dishes, housework, or other home tasks, offer to come over, turn on some music, and work on a particular job together to make up for a lost time. Simply having someone to work with may make the task feel less overwhelming. 7. Extend invites that have not been accepted. People suffering from depression may find it difficult to communicate with their friends or to make or maintain appointments. However, canceling plans may lead to feelings of guilt. Because of a history of canceled arrangements, others may be less likely to invite you to events, which may contribute to feelings of loneliness. Depression may be exacerbated by these emotions. Continue to offer invites to events to your buddy, even if you know they are unlikely to accept them. This will help to reassure them. Tell them you realize that they may be unable to maintain plans when they are going through a difficult time and that there is no obligation to hang out until they are ready. Simply tell them that you are delighted to see them anytime they want to come to visit you. 8. Be patient with yourself. When depression is treated, it is generally alleviated, but it may be a long and laborious process involving a lot of trial and error. They may need to try many different counseling methods or medicines before they discover one that relieves their symptoms completely. Successful therapy does not necessarily imply that depression has been eliminated. Your buddy may continue to have symptoms from time to time. In the meanwhile, they'll most likely have some good days and some terrible days, depending on how things go. Avoid assuming that a good day implies your buddy is "cured," and refrain from becoming upset if a series of poor days makes it seem as if your friend will never get better. Depression does not have a well-defined healing period. The expectation that your buddy will be back to his old self after a few weeks of treatment will not benefit either of you. 9. Keep in contact with one another. Allowing your buddy to know that you are still concerned about them while they continue to struggle with depression may be beneficial. Even if you aren't able to spend a lot of time with them daily, send them a text, call them, or pay them a short visit to let them know you care. Even sending a short text message to say "I've been thinking about you and I care about you" may be very helpful in this situation. People suffering from depression may become more distant and reluctant to reach out, and you may find yourself having to put in more effort to keep the relationship going. However, maintaining a cheerful and supporting presence in your friend's life may make all the difference to them, even if they are unable to communicate this to you at the time. 10. Recognize the many forms that depression may take. Depression is often accompanied by feelings of sorrow or a depressed mood, but it sometimes manifests itself in other, less well-known ways. For example, many individuals are unaware that depression may include the following symptoms: • Feelings of rage and irritation • dizziness, disorientation, memory difficulties, or trouble paying attention. • extreme tiredness or sleep disturbances. Physical symptoms include stomach discomfort, frequent headaches, or back and other muscular pain. These are examples of physical symptoms. Your buddy may seem to be in a terrible mood all of the time, or he or she may be tired most of the time. Attempt to remember that what they're experiencing is still considered to be part of depression, even if it doesn't fall into the conventional definitions of the illness. Even if you have no idea how to make someone feel better, just expressing "I'm sorry you're feeling this way" can do the trick. "I'm here to assist you if there's anything I can do" may be of assistance. 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BAVAE 181 Solved Assignment 2019-20 \| Environment Studies BAVAE 181 Solved Assignment Environment Studies Solved Assignment 2019-20 Course Code: BEVAE-181 Assignment Code: BEVAE-181/TMA/2019-2020 Maximum Marks: 100 Q.1 (a) Explain the importance of environment in day to day life by citing suitable examples in about 120 words. (b) “Sustainable development is a goal toward which all human societies need to be moving.” Elaborate the statement in about 120 words. Q.2 Differentiate between the following terms by giving suitable examples in about 120 words: (a) Primary succession and secondary succession (b) Direct and indirect use value of biodiversity Q.3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words. (a) What is biodiversity hotspot? Why is India considered as a mega biodiversity hotspot? (b) Distinguish between Biota of the Pelagic and Benthic zones of the Oceans with examples. (c) Differentiate between the surface and ground water. Describe the factors responsible for degradation of water. (d) Write a short note on global carbon cycle with the help of diagram. Q.4 How does forest support ecological system and moderate global climate? Explain with suitable examples in about 250 words. Q.5 “India has tremendous potential in non-conventional sources of energy.” Elucidate the statement with suitable examples and arguments in about 250 words. Q.6 Explain the following terms in about 50 words: (a) Ecofeminism (b) Agenda 21 (c) Global Warming (d) Hazardous Wastes Q.7 Answer the following questions in about 150 words. (a) How does Landfilling act as an important method of waste disposal? Explain. (b) What is Acid rain? Describe its effect. (c) Describe issues emerges in enforcement of national environment legislations. (d) What is environmental ethics? Why do we need a set of ethics for the environment? Explain. Q.8 “Habitat destruction is recognised as most significant threat to global biodiversity?” Elucidate the statement in present context with suitable examples in about 250 words. Q.9 Differentiate between the primary and secondary pollutants. Explain how these pollutants are harmful for humans and environment in about 250 words. Q.10 Critically analyse a case of people’s movement in India against environmental degradation in about 300 words. Read More : MHI 10 Urbanisation In India MHI 06 Evolutoin Of Social Structure In India MHI 09 Indian National Movement MPSE 002 State and Society in Latin America MPSE 001 India and The World For Solved PDF Subcribe YouTube : My IGNOU Solutions WhatsApp Contact : 7827249164 Be the first to comment on "BAVAE 181 Solved Assignment 2019-20 \| Environment Studies" Leave a comment Your email address will not be published.
Believe it or not, many of the problems associated with oversleeping are similar to those of sleep deprivation, Bhopal tells mbg. “Oversleeping is linked with depression, diabetes, headaches, heart disease, weight gain, metabolic issues, and more,” she says. Research has also linked oversleeping with obesity and psychiatric disorders, and as Bhopal explains, the relationship between oversleeping and these conditions is “bidirectional.” This essentially means they compound each other. For example, oversleeping contributes to depression, which contributes to more sleep issues, and so on.
Inquiry Into Clean Air: Experts Agree Installing Air Pollution Technology Would Save Lives Today in committee hearings for the inquiry into clean air, Abigail questioned experts in the industry about the primary benefit of installing pollution filtering technology — it would save hundreds of human lives... Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: Dr Ewald, just to summarise it—if this bill was to be enacted and the coal-fired power stations in New South Wales were required to install this pollution filtering technology, how many lives do you think would be saved every year? Dr EWALD (Member, Doctors for the Environment Australia): That is a tricky question because we do not know the total reduction of pollution that would occur compared to what is allowed now. These standards are for the maximum allowable chimney stack concentration. How that would relate to a change in exposure in ambient air out where people live, that is a complex relationship. When I estimated the mortality burden from power stations in New South Wales, I got a much larger number than Richard Broome did—I got about 280 deaths per year. That was based on particle characterisation work done by David Cohen from Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [ANSTO]. There are different ways of estimating this. The health impact assessment part of it—from how much air pollution to how many deaths—that is a fairly standard method, and I think we would agree on that. The difference is in the model exposure to the air—how much air pollution people are exposed to. So from my figure of about 280, I think meeting the standards proposed in the bill would get rid of about three-quarters of that, but that is an approximation. Likewise, if we take Richard Broome's estimate of 45 deaths per year, then three-quarters of those would be reduced by enforcing these new limits in power stations. Of course, not all power stations are equal because it is dependent on wind directions. The summer conditions that favour sulphate particle production are associated with more likely north-easterly winds, and that blows the pollution from the Central Coast power stations down to Sydney where large numbers of people are exposed. So the Central Coast power stations will have a larger health burden than, say, Mt Piper around Lithgow or the Upper Hunter power stations that are much further away. It has not been exactly quantified how many deaths per terawatt hour of production each power station produces, but I think that the burden is greater from the power stations that are upwind of Sydney and that have a large surrounding population. Many more people live near the Central Coast power stations than they do near the Lithgow power stations or the Bayswater [inaudible] power stations. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: I appreciate that you are a researcher and very precise, and I guess I am trying to make a more general point. Do you think then it would be fair to say if the power stations installed the technology that would be required or—let's put it another way—if they were to comply with the limits proposed in this bill, that we would be likely to save at least 200 lives a year across the State? Dr EWALD: That is a reasonable guess based on my estimate of mortality, but I think that it is as likely that Richard Broome's estimate of mortality is also correct, so it might be two-thirds of that number. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: What was his mortality estimate? Dr EWALD: It might be 200 less deaths based on my numbers or 30 less deaths based on Richard Broome's numbers. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: Still a lot of lives either way. Do you perhaps have an idea of the reduction in the numbers of children presenting with asthma as a result of those pollution emissions technologies being installed? Dr EWALD: If the NO2 scrubbers can eliminate 90 per cent of the NO2 releases, then we would get about that same reduction in the local numbers of children whose asthma can be attributed to that exposure. So for Lake Macquarie, it would probably be 300 less children with asthma if we could get those NO2 scrubbers installed. That is in that LGA and an equal number from Central Coast LGA. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: Then statewide? Dr EWALD: I have not done the numbers statewide. I have published an analysis of this and I can send that to you. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: I think that is incredibly useful because it gives us who are not scientists a bit of an idea of exactly what the impact is at the moment of not requiring these power stations to install this technology. I think that is incredibly useful information. Abigail went on to question just how effective current penalties for pollutors are... Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: One of my colleagues was asking before about the difference between the load-based licence regime and what is being proposed in this bill. They are the same, I guess, only insofar as the load-based levies are sufficient to incentivise the coal-fired power station to actually install the filters. Is that correct? Is that your understanding? Dr EWALD: Yes. The current load-based licensing system has ineffective fees, so it does not work; it does not achieve its stated goal. Either setting a numerical value that should not be exceeded, which is what your bill does, or applying a fee that is adequate to alter production practices—they are two ways to get to the same goal. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: If, however, these coal-fired power stations were to look and say, "At least one of our stations might close within a short period of time," they could choose instead to just keep polluting at the high levels and paying the higher costs, could they not? Dr EWALD: Yes. Under the current load-based licensing, the size of the fee is not significant. They will pay the fee and keep polluting, yes. The numbers are all wrong and it would be a substantial increase, not just a little bit—50 times greater. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: I think they would probably prefer to have the bill. Dr EWALD: It is complicated. Liddell, obviously, is going to close next year. It would not make sense to be putting pollution controls on Liddell but other power stations that are going to keep going, if they are going to keep going for five or 10 years, then that is still a substantial health burden that should be avoided. Abigail then asked what community members are to do if they suffer the effects of air pollution from coal-fired power stations... Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: From a health perspective, if we knew, for instance, that there was a particularly high risk of air pollution—so, say here where I am on the Central Coast, if we knew that today there was particularly bad coal-fired power station pollution overhead for whatever reason, what could we do or what action would we take to protect ourselves and try and stop the worst of the impacts? Dr BROOME: So, typically, there is already an air quality information system and an alert system, that I suspect you are aware of? Yes. Each day DPIE predict what air pollution is going to be in the coming days and they use that to alert people if it is likely tobe poor. Generally speaking, in New South Wales, the issues that lead to poor air quality are bushfires or hazard reduction burns or, in winter as well, just inversion layers—so when people are lighting up their wood heaters and it is cold and you get an inversion layer so that the smoke settles. So, typically, those are the things that cause high air pollution—or dust storms, is the other thing. It is pretty unusual and I have not heard that you get—all these other sources tend to produce air pollution at a fairly constant and consistent way, so they do not tend to lead to high exceedances, high 24-hour averages. There is that system and so if you are alert to it and you know you are someone who is more sensitive, the idea is it helps you to take action and that action ranges from cutting back on outdoor physical exercise to staying indoors more, depending on the level. Ms ABIGAIL BOYD: So if you had chronic asthma and you were potentially being triggered by particular pollutants coming from coal-fired power stations your option, really, is to stay indoors? Dr BROOME: Yes, and I would always urge you to seek the advice of your doctor to make sure that, if you are having chronic symptoms, you are getting all the treatment that you can to get on top of those. One of the challenges with air pollution science is that it really does not give us a great deal of information about what it means for individuals. A lot of it is done at a very, sort of, broad population scale. So I think part of the messaging is always that people have to know how they respond themselves and if they do find that, for example, on smoky days that they are more sensitive, those people should be more cautious and those people should—again, if you are asthmatic and you know that smoke is a trigger, make sure you are talking to your doctor so that you have got the best plan possible. The full transcript can be found in Hansard, here. Join 6,721 other supporters in taking action
The Number of Americans With Bank Accounts Rises The Number of Americans With Bank Accounts Rises article image. Financial exclusion is a global issue, with 1.7 billion adults considered unbanked, or not having a bank account. Nearly half of all unbanked adults live in just seven world economies. For many, getting a bank account can seem impossible. There are two terms commonly used to describe that challenge: • Unbanked, where no one in a household has a checking or savings account. • Underbanked, where a household has a bank account but goes outside of the bank for financial services such as money orders, check cashing, payday loans and more. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's (FDIC) biennial National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households study, released in October 2018, reported that the share of U.S. households without a bank account continues to drop, as unbanked household rates declined to 6.5% in 2017 from 7% in 2015 and down 21% from a high of 8.2% in 2011. Unbanked households dropped 21% in the U.S. from 2015 to 2017 The 8.4 million households that were unbanked in 2017 equate to 14.1 million adults who don't have a checking or savings account. The FDIC reports that the decline in the unbanked rate is largely due to improvements in U.S. household socio-economic conditions. Nearly 50 Million Adults Considered Underbanked The number of underbanked households dropped to 18.7% in 2017 compared with 19.9% in 2015. That translates to 24.2 million households that were considered underbanked, or approximately 48.9 million adults. More U.S. consumers entering the banking system is a good thing, says FDIC Chairman Jelena McWilliams. "Our nation's banking system is serving more American households than ever before," McWilliams said in an FDIC press release. "The bad news is that even as the overall number of people who are unbanked has declined, 8.4 million households continue to lack a banking relationship." Reasons Households Are Unbanked Many households don't have a bank account because they don't have enough money to keep in an account, account fees are too high or too unpredictable, or they don't trust banks, according to the FDIC study. The top two cited reasons for not having a bank account: • 53% of unbanked households cited "Do not have enough money to keep in an account" • 30% of unbanked households cited "Don't trust banks" As a result, many unbanked consumers pay their bills with cash or money orders. Lack of Mainstream Credit It's no surprise that unbanked and underbanked consumers also have limited access to credit. In 2017, nearly 20% of households had not used mainstream credit in the past 12 months, according to the FDIC. Consumers with no bank account or limited bank account usage who also don't use credit are less likely to have a credit score—hurting their ability to get mainstream credit including credit cards and bank loans. As a result, these consumers may rely on more expensive credit options, such as payday loans and title loans, when they're caught in a financial emergency. The study found marked differences in the share of households with no mainstream credit by banking status: • 80.2% of unbanked households had no mainstream credit, compared with 21.9% of underbanked households and 14.1% of fully banked households. Improving Credit Access Improved access to mainstream financial services can help unbanked and underbanked Americans get on a path to greater economic stability. For example, just learning how to open a checking account can help consumers begin to manage and save their money more efficiently. And different from the past, paying utility and telecom bills from a bank account can even help consumers get a credit score today. With Experian Boost ™, paying these bills on time can help people who have a bank account get credit for the utility bills they pay on time. Once they have a credit score, they can begin exploring financial products, such as secured credit cards, that can help them build credit and have more financial stability. Promoting financial inclusion for American consumers is not a new idea, but one when paired with giving people control of their financial future, can be life-changing.
We generally think of hearing loss in personal terms. It’s about you and your well being, between you and your hearing specialist. Personal. And that’s accurate, on an individual level. But when discussing hearing loss in a larger context, as something that affects 466 million people, we need to understand it as a public health matter. Now, broadly speaking, that just means that we should be looking at hearing loss as something that affects society as a whole. We should consider how to deal with it as a society. The Cost of Hearing Loss William has hearing loss. He just found out last week and he’s resolved that he doesn’t really need to fuss about with any of those hearing aids right now (against the recommendations of his hearing professional). Williams job execution, unfortunately, is being impacted by his hearing loss; it’s harder for him to follow along in meetings, it takes him longer to finish his work, and so on. He also spends much more time at home alone. There are simply too many levels of conversation for you to try and keep up with (most people talk too much anyway, he thinks). So instead of going out, William isolates himself. These choices will add up over time. • Economic cost: Ignoring his hearing loss can impact his income over time. Some amount of unemployment can be caused by hearing loss according to the World Health Organization. Overall, this can cost the world economy around $105 billion in lost income and revenue. And that’s only the beginning because the effect of that lost income has a ripple effect all through economic systems. • Social cost: William misses his friends and families! His relationships are harmed because of his social separation. His friends might think he is ignoring them because they probably don’t even know about his hearing loss. They might be getting the wrong idea concerning his attitude towards them. His relationships are becoming tense due to this. Why It’s a “Public Health” Concern While these costs will definitely be felt on a personal level (William may miss his friends or be down about his economic position), they also have an effect on everyone else. William doesn’t spend as much at local merchants because he has less money. More attention will need to be given to William by his family because he doesn’t have as many friends. His health can be affected as a whole and can lead to increased healthcare costs. If he’s uninsured, those costs go to the public. And so, those around William are impacted quite profoundly. Now multiply William by 466 million and you will have an idea of why public health officials take hearing loss very seriously. How to Manage Hearing Loss Thankfully, there are a couple of pretty easy ways to help this specific public health issue: treatment and prevention. When hearing loss is treated effectively (usually through the use of hearing aids), you can have pretty dramatic results: • You’ll be capable of hearing better, and so it will be easier to participate in many day-to-day social areas of your life. • Communicating with family and friends will be easier so you will see your relationships improve. • With management of hearing loss, you may be capable of lowering your chances of several linked conditions, like dementia, depression, anxiety, or balance issues. Promoting good physical and mental health begins with treating your hearing loss. It makes sense, then, that more and more medical professionals are making hearing health a priority. It’s equally important to consider prevention. Public information strategies aim at giving people the information they need to avoid loud, harmful noise. But even everyday noises can result in hearing loss, like listening to headphones too loud or mowing the lawn. There are downloadable apps that can monitor background decibel levels and give you a warning when things get too loud. One way to have a big effect is to protect the public’s hearing, often with education. A Little Help Goes a Long Way In some states they’re even extending insurance to cover hearing healthcare. That’s an approach founded on strong evidence and good public health policy. We can considerably impact public health once and for all when we alter our ideas about preventing hearing loss. And that helps everyone, 466 million and beyond. Call Today to Set Up an Appointment
Peki was created to provide a community for parents who want their children to experience a world where cultural roots matter, where less can be more and nature is cared for even in a big and bustling city. The Peki approach is rooted in five key elements, which together we believe gives Peki its meaning "a state of being well"(derived from the Kaxinawa tribe's dictionary). 1. Heritage: Keeping tradition and CULTURE alive through play 2. Spontaneity: Promoting a sense of TIMElessness by unplugging from daily 3. Creativity: Encouraging a time-honored approach to games & basic toys 4. ECO: Respecting NATURE through environmentally friendly practices & community 5. Magic: Being surprised and LOVING it! Behind the 5 Elements 1. The importance in cultivating our family heritage Globalization makes families move around the world constantly and they end up missing connections with their own cultures. Without close contacts to share with their children while abroad, many multicultural families find it difficul to maintain and promote their traditions with their children. This feeling ends up evoking nostalgia; instead of becoming a reason to be sad, it could be one more reason to integrate the families, if there is place and way to celebrate their roots. 2. A toast to creativity Nowadays, very early in the children’s lives their routines become very compromised with busy agendas. Of course, that there is a positive side of stimulating them properly, according to updated studies and activities available to shape them up to an adult life. However, the children should not have their childhood consumed by schedule, especially not for recreational activities. Overly rigorous regimens are more harmful for their balanced development and parents can tend to become over-charged with high expectations for results. It is extremely important, even essential, that they have freedom and time to choose, imagine and simply play spontaneously. 3. The Delightful Benefits to Play the Old Fashioned Way Children have been exposed to excessive levels of information of all sorts and since very early on become attracted to commercial brands and media-generated characters. It is necessary to try to balance this scenario, creating routines that give them an opportunity of using more basic elements and influencing them on building their own toys and arranging their games. It is a way of developing the initiative to develop skills entertainingly and being emotionally satisfied with the whole process of it. 4. Playing and watching the Planet On the other hand, modern children are more familiar with the recycling movement and are probably teaching the parents more than we are teaching them because they are growing up with an increasing socio/ecological awareness. In their natural young lives, not recycling and not fundraising are not accepted! And perhaps using printing material are not welcome neither. But there is still the importance of highlighting that before recycling the most effective way of saving the environment is improving our habits—not wasting! Also, it is important while raising consciences to work on the language, teaching them to empower communities, more than just saying “helping unprivileged ones” ! It is all about the value of giving back and working together. It is fundamental and urgent to work shoulder to shoulder while learning how to take advantage of technology, processing the information available, but not damaging our way of being responsible citizens and giving human beings. 5. The Enchantment is the Childhood’ Soul A child should be surprised by joy! The academic studies are very important to raise a prepared and self- confident person. But happiness and success depends on a balanced childhood. Enchantment should be present in everything that we do with children. Accordingly, they will remember deep, powerful feelings of wonder and contentment. Peki Natura & Sustainability Peki has an authentic vision to help you and your children experience the world and its plurality by using as bridge our natural instinct to love and support each other and our connection to Nature • emphasizing the connection between Parents & Children, by exploring their Roots • reinforcing family bonding while looking at our bonds with Mother Nature
Wolfram Language Read Both Text and Data over the Network ReadByteArray can read bytes from a stream until a specified delimiter is reached. In this example, the text is read over an HTTP connection until the so-called "magic number" indicating the start of a GIF file is read, then the remaining bytes are converted to an image. Open an HTTP connection. Write a request to the socket. A GIF file must always start with the bytes corresponding to the string "GIF89a". Read until the byte sequence indicating the start of the GIF file is found. Convert data in the HTTP header to text. Read all remaining bytes. Join the data bytes with the GIF header and import the images. Close the socket. Related Examples de es fr ja ko pt-br zh
aug 292013 Titan has a Thick, Rigid and Weathered Ice Shell An analysis of gravity and topography data from Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, has revealed unexpected features of the moon’s outer ice shell. The best explanation for the findings, the authors said, is that Titan’s ice shell is rigid and that relatively small topographic features on the surface are associated with large roots extending into [continue reading] mrt 072013 Water from Europa's Ocean Sometimes Comes to the Surface okt 122012 Bouncing on Saturn's Moon Titan ESA’s Huygens probe bounced, slid and wobbled its way to rest in the 10 seconds after touching down on Saturn’s moon, Titan, in January 2005, a new analysis reveals. The findings provide novel insight into the nature of the moon’s surface. Artist’s impression of the Huygens probe on the surface of Titan. After a [continue reading] sep 182012 Characterizing the Surface Composition of Mercury NASA’s MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space Environment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) spacecraft, which has been orbiting Mercury since March 2011, has been revealing new information about the surface chemistry and geologic history of the innermost planet in the Solar System. Mercury, as taken from the spacecraft MESSENGER. The spacecraft captured nearly 100,000 images as it orbited the planet. [continue reading] sep 152012 Mystery Spheres on Mars (With Video) NASA’s long-lived rover Opportunity has returned an image of the Martian surface that is puzzling researchers. Spherical objects concentrated at an outcrop called Kirkwood on the western rim of Endeavour Crater differ in several ways from iron-rich spherules nicknamed “blueberries” the rover found at its landing site in early 2004. Using its Microscopic Imager, Opportunity [continue reading] jul 292012 Researchers Exploring Martian 'Oddities'
Object Detection Behavioral detection A method of observing human behavior which can include physiological, verbal and non-verbal indicators. These behaviors can indicate something potentially untoward or in need of further investigation. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis at dictum risus, non arcu. Quisque aliquam posuere tortor, sit amet convallis nunc scelerisque in. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Labore eius molestiae facere, natus reprehenderit eaque eum, autem ipsam. Magni, error. Tempora odit laborum iure inventore possimus laboriosam qui nam. Fugit! Pose Estimation Real-time vehicle and pedestrian detection Deep Learning Model For Semantic Image Segmentation Why Computer vision Computer Vision AI Computer technology that is able to identify the presence of people’s faces within digital images the process of identifying and analyzing the underlying emotions expressed in textual data A technology that processes a digital video signal using a special algorithm to perform a security-related function. Contact With Us Visit Us 302-76ho, 51 Maewha-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Call Us Email Us
Teach your children well • 6e838a2e5f100cb2f5cc5f4e8e42289d.jpg Teach your children well (Source: internationalschoolparent.com Are entrepreneurs born or made? This debate has been going on around the world for a long time now. Some people believe that entrepreneurs are born different, while most say they become different later on, as a result of their upbringing and the kind of environment they are exposed to. I too believe that entrepreneurs can be raised. They are not born entrepreneurs, but made entrepreneurial. Similar to how we nurture and grow everything else, in order to create an entrepreneur, we must first provide them the right foundation. And since attitude also plays a key role in defining a child’s future, the first thing that is required to groom children into becoming entrepreneurs would be to cultivate the right mindset. Here are a few ways to help our kids develop an entrepreneurial mindset. Ask your kids to take their own decisions (Source: s3.amazonaws.com If you want your children to grow up to become independent and strong individuals, ask them to decide things for themselves from an early age. This does not mean that you should pressure them into deciding everything on their own, but you should ask them to decide what to eat for dinner, what to wear, which toy to buy, how much to spend, how much to save, etc. Involving kids in decision-making will help them develop a coherent thought process. Even if they aren’t satisfied with the results later, they will always know that the decision was their own. Involve them in taking financial decisions pertaining to them. Asking your children to make decisions regarding money will make them more analytical, cautious and wise. You can start by asking how much pocket money they want and what they will do with it. If your kids ask you to buy them the most expensive chocolate at a shopping mart, hand over the money to them instead, and show the various options on offer. You can tell them that the amount they save by buying a cheaper chocolate will go into their savings. Allowing your kids to make financial decisions not only makes them sharp, but also independent. Involve your child in fixing problems (Source: discovermagazine.com Innovation takes place in scarcity and when people try to solve real-life problems. For kids, every problem is a big problem, and they will relentlessly seek the solution. You can start by involving them in solving real-life problems that arise at home. Involve your kids in activities like gardening and home decoration and have them lend a hand when you are fixing a broken gadget. When you involve them thus, your kids will learn to look into problems carefully, analyse the situation and find the solutions. Such activities will also turn them into more creative problem solvers. Share inspiring stories with them (Source: www.timeoutabudhabi.com First, take the the time to understand what values and morals mean to you, and then start teaching your children to be moral. Moral education plays a vital role in shaping people into good human beings. As your kids get a little older, expose them to the lives, stories and struggles of inspiring individuals. Also share stories about great entrepreneurs and how they created wonderful products that benefitted others. When our kids see that we are inspired by entrepreneurs and that we respect them, our kids will also want to one day become entrepreneurs worthy of such respect. Teach them to be diligent and resilient (Source: www.gannett-cdn.com Let them know categorically that there is no substitute for hard work. Perseverance is one quality that all great innovators and entrepreneurs share. It is also a determinant of one’s success. Our children will learn to work hard when they see us valuing hard work, and they will learn to stay the course if we show them that we will not give up when the going gets tough. If you raise them to believe that hard work pays off, that belief motivates your kids to leave no stone unturned when seeking a solution to a problem they have to resolve, and they will work at it until they find the right solution. Leave your comment Guest Saturday, 29 January 2022
Try A Nuc Next Year But Order Early By: Ralph Harlan During our beeschool, there is always discussion about the differences and benefits of packages and nucleus hives, both of which frequently contain approximately the same number of bees. While there is a pretty clear expectation of what comes in a package of bees, it seems that little is discussed of what defines a “nuc”. Since there is some variation in the size of what can be considered as a nuc, let’s first review the concept. A nucleus hive is a fully operational colony of honey bees that contains frames of drawn comb, a laying queen, some supply of food, and an area on the frame or frames that contains brood. The argument is often made that a nuc will outperform a package based on the facts that there is brood and food with drawn comb and the queen is related to the brood (new work force) in the nuc. That is why a nuc costs more than a package. The size of a nuc can vary, and is usually determined by the number of frames occupied by the colony inhabiting it. Mating nucs can be considerably smaller than what is typically offered for sale and may contain only two or three frames that are half the size of the standard Langstroth frame, really only one or perhaps one and a half Langstroth frames. The nucleus hives usually found in “queen castles” are either two or three Langstroth frames, and typically are deep frames but medium frames are recently becoming more common. The nucs most often offered for sale contain either four or five deep or medium Langstroth frames although occasionally a six frame nuc comes available. This variability in size by the number of frames directly affects the survivability of this colony. It is not the question of whether the colony can survive and thrive on its own, but how readily it will be able to do so without frequent intervention by a beekeeper. The smaller the colony is the less the number of bees in it, which directly limits the number of foraging bees available as well as the ability of the adult bees to cover the brood in order to properly keep it warm and feed it. Since brood is a critical factor the more brood of varying ages from eggs to capped brood then the better the chance of the colony survival. As five frames is half of the usual 10 frame colony and since that seems to be the most prevalent nuc available for sale, for the purpose of this discussion we will primarily be referring to a nucleus hive as being five frames. Keep in mind that whether you are buying a three, four, five, or even a six frame hive the “coverage” proportions of adult bees, brood, and food on the drawn comb should be consistent with the number of frames in the box. In the event you are offered a “full hive” of honey bees, you should expect the coverage should still be within the proportions we are discussing. Keep in mind that a five frame nucleus hive can be placed into an eight or a 10 frame box and still be considered a “hive” of honey bees. Again, let’s consider that the colony being offered is a five frame nuc. This should imply that it contains five frames of drawn comb with enough bees to cover them! Drawn comb is an expensive commodity for the bees considering the resources it takes to make it. With a limited number of bees available to procure the resources and to actually draw the wax, one frame of drawn comb amounts to a lot of effort by a nuc or a package; more than is implied by the 20% a frame of drawn comb physically occupies in a nuc. Each of those frames of drawn comb should contain food, pollen, or brood. I have heard the argument that a nuc can contain one frame of foundation, supposedly for “expansion” or growth room of the colony. Otherwise, a frame of foundation would only fill space in what would otherwise be a four frame nucleus, it certainly does not hold a food supply that will be provision for the colony or contain brood that is the growth of that colony. It seems there is an ethical question here. If a five frame nuc sells for more than a four frame nuc, then by adding a frame of foundation the cost would go up without providing the benefits of that added frame of food or brood? Considering that this is a nucleus hive, it is intended to be either moved into a full sized box or sold when it fills the five frames so why should there be “expansion” room? There is no doubt that a nucleus colony can and will swarm, or that it will swarm more quickly than a colony in a larger container simply because if the queen is doing her job well the bees will soon become crowded in such a small space. So, producers of large quantities of nucs, have a problem with the delivery time to the customer, especially if they are marketing through a bee supply company. They are locked into being able to provide a strong nuc with a certain number of frames through a middleman to the customer by a set deadline on the calendar, and if a nuc is getting too crowded one remedy is to pull a frame and replace it with one of foundation. The reasoning also is that if a nuc is growing well and the flow has started then the bees will draw the comb on the foundation and put nectar or brood in it by the time it is delivered to the individual purchasing it through the supplier. But if that does not happen, it is still a four frame nuc with an extra frame of foundation. If, by the time you receive the nuc and the frame of foundation is partially drawn and contains eggs and/or brood, food, or pollen, then we are entering a “grey area” in deciding between four and five frames that begs the question of how much of that frame is actually in use. In our five frame nuc the queen is perhaps marked in order not only for the beekeeper to more readily see her but also for the ability to verify that she is not a “replacement” queen in the colony since the last time the beekeeper saw her. Supercedure of a queen can and does occur in nucleus colonies, and usurpation of a queen is becoming more common. As we know, replacement of a queen can and frequently will affect the temperament and productivity of the colony. While the adult bees in the nuc may or may not be related to the queen in that colony, the queen being offered for sale with a nuc should be the queen that produced the brood you see in the frames. While there is the benefit of having five frames of drawn comb for the storage of food and for the queen to lay, having the laying queen with her brood and workers that all interact is the major difference between a nucleus colony and a package of bees and is the primary reason for the difference in cost. As we pointed out before, a nucleus hive is a fully functional colony. If a package of bees with a queen is placed in a five frame box of drawn comb with brood and food from another source, it should not be considered a nucleus hive since it lacks the working relationship between the workers as well as their working relationship with the queen that has been placed in the box with them. Only once a queen has been accepted by the workers (whether she was introduced as a queen cell, a virgin queen, or a mature queen) long enough for that queen to produce a good pattern of brood then the working relationship of that colony has been established. To some degree you must accept the integrity of the person or establishment selling you the nuc in trying to determine whether the brood was produced by that queen, but you can ask the question and you look at the pattern to see if it has a continuity in the pattern and from frame to frame. In a five frame nuc that is offered for sale the brood is a progression of ages from eggs to capped pupa or emerging adults should cover three or more of the frames. By looking at capped brood in these frames of brood you are able to determine that the queen is producing: 1. worker brood, 2. in a consistent pattern even if she is also producing some drone brood, 3. The pattern should not have the “shotgun” appearance that might indicate a severe mite/viral problem. Bearing in mind that this is a small and usually a young colony, often there is no drone brood present. A large quantity of drone brood in a nucleus hive should be considered when purchasing that colony as it could be an indicator that the queen was not sufficiently mated or has been injured. Occasionally queen cells will turn up in a nuc and should be assessed as either supercedure cells or as swarm cells. Queen cells in a nuc you are being offered should not cause an automatic rejection of that nuc because you are being presented with options that can be beneficial to you. You have the ability to remove either the queen or the cells to create another colony using a frame of nurse bees and food and keep the remaining four frames as the colony you are purchasing. Keep in mind that by doing so you may end up with another colony as the cells mature, emerge and get mated. Wow, two for the price of one! But (particularly if the cells are supercedure cells) you may lose the queen you received with the nuc, in which case you only have to combine the now queenless nuc back to the one with the new queen. Along with the three + frames of brood you should also find one or more frames of food, some of which may be capped. There may or may not be pollen stored in the frames depending on the time the nuc has been in shipping. Altogether each of the five frames should have drawn comb with brood, food, or pollen. When buying a nuc, you will find that some sellers will expect the number of frames with foundation that is equal to the number of frames in the nuc in exchange for the frames and drawn comb in that nuc. Some sellers will have you bring your equipment to them for them to place the colony into for you to take to your yard, while others will provide the frames without exchange and the box the nuc is in for you to take with you (although there may be a “deposit” required for the return of the box). It seems that if the seller is exchanging frames that there is a slight price difference to you while those installing your nuc into your equipment for you to take is a service that can be to your benefit. In some states, the apiaries producing nucleus colonies (as well as queens for sale – with or without a package) will be inspected by the state apiary inspectors for indications of disease and other problems. Buying a nuc that is produced locally has many benefits to you as the beekeeper compared to the nucs and packages that are produced elsewhere and shipped in, but that is a topic for other discussions. So in review, we find that a five frame nucleus colony should have: 1. Five frames of drawn comb 2. Enough adult bees to cover those five frames adequately 3. A queen that is perhaps marked 4. Three or more frames of brood of various ages from eggs to emerging adults from that queen 5. One or more frames of food which may contain capped as well as open cells of honey/nectar/sugar syrup and pollen 6. No indication of disease Remember, a three pound package has approximately 9,000 bees and a queen in a cage that must be introduced. A five frame nuc contains approximately the same number of bees and the additional resources of having the valuable five frames of drawn comb as well as the food and pollen that is stored there. A nuc has an established working relationship between the queen and the workers which reduces the likelihood of supercedure. A nuc also contains the coming next generation of workers which can put it weeks ahead of a package in terms of growth. And the brood pattern that is in the nuc can offer clues to the health of the queen and the colony. Leave a Reply
2020 Coronavirus prompts panic buying In March 2020, in an unprecedented wave of panic buying, supermarket customers cleared the shelves of non-perishable foods including canned foods, pasta, rice and flour, as well as commodities such as toilet paper and tissues. The rush was generated by fears of being isolated at home owing to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The new coronavirus was identified in early January 2020 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, where dozens of people had been affected. The first death occurred on 11 January. Cases were confirmed in Japan, South Korea and Thailand by January 20 and Australia’s first case was reported just days later. By mid-March there were more than 800 reported cases and dire measures were taken by the Federal Government to restrict immigration, quarantine returning travellers, ban large gatherings and, finally, close Australia’s borders. The impact on the restaurant and café business was dire – initially only establishments seating fewer than 100 could continue and even then patrons were staying away. Many attempted to cope by moving tables further apart and making appeals on Facebook and by email for customer support. Some establishments made all transactions card only, to avoid handling possibly contaminated cash. Later, all restaurants, pubs and cafés were forced to close completely to sit-down customers, although takeaway service and home delivery could continue. Some re-invented themselves as retail outlets, selling off their wine stocks, ingredients and pre-prepared meals. As restrictions continued, even top-end restaurants began to offer pick-up and home-delivery options in order to keep their businesses afloat. The prospect of people being isolated in their homes for 14 days or more prompted calls to stock up on essential food and supplies, which in turn caused shoppers to fill their trolleys with staples that could be stored indefinitely, including canned foods, pasta, flour and rice. Soon empty shelves became the norm in supermarkets, despite assurances that the food supply would not run out and that panic buying was unnecessary. Country towns found busloads of city people descending on their local store to clear out the shelves. Some employed security staff to manage the situation and tell “out-of-towners” that they were not welcome. The major chains put limits on the most sought-after items including hand sanitisers, toilet paper, and various foods. As major supermarkets employed more people to stock shelves, supply chains were re-engineered and, presumably, home pantries filled up, the situation began to ease. Some items remained difficult to find but, in general, shelves were adequately stocked. The coronavirus prompted other changes though. Dispensers outside stores provided wipes to clean trolley handles and, to maintain social distancing requirements, only a certain number of shoppers at a time were permitted in the store. Owing to some embarrassing mistakes with the program to quarantine returning travellers in hotels, Victoria endured a second wave of the virus, prompting a much longer shut-down than other Australian states. By September, the hospitality industry was in crisis, with predictions that many businesses would never recover. This website uses cookies but doesn't share them.
Toxic cane toads are invading Taiwan. Conservationists race to contain warty amphibians. Conservationists in Taiwan are racing to contain an invasion of non-native and highly toxic toads before the warty amphibians cause widespread damage to their new ecosystem. The cane toad (Rhinella marina) is a highly toxic species of toad native to the Americas, from the Central Amazon in Peru to the Rio Grande Valley in Texas. However, the species was also introduced across the globe in the early 20th century to various places, including the Caribbean, Australia and large parts of the Pacific, according to Amphibia Web. Adult cane toads range from 3.5 to 5.9 inches (9 to 15 centimeters) in length and have yellow and brown skin covered with irregular warts. When threatened, cane toads release a milky-white toxin from their skin known as bufotoxin, which oozes from glands behind their eyes and is lethal to most animals. Researchers in Taiwan learned of a possible cane toad invasion at a farm in a small town in Taiwan’s central mountain range, after a local resident shared photos of a cane toad online. After seeing the photo, researchers from the Taiwan Amphibian Conservation Society immediately came to the farm to investigate.PLAY SOUND “A speedy and massive search operation is crucial when cane toads are first discovered,” Lin Chun-fu, an amphibian scientist at Taiwan’s Endemic Species Research Institute, told French news agency AFP. They reproduce rapidly, and “they have no natural enemies here in Taiwan,” he added. When the researchers arrived at the farm, they found 27 toads in the immediate vicinity. Since then, they have captured more than 200 cane toads in the area surrounding the town, according to AFP. “I was shocked and worried when they found more than 20 [right away],” Yang Yi-ju, a toad expert at National Dong Hwa University who organized the search, told AFP. Cane toads are an extremely successful invasive species. They are only native to 14 countries but are now found in more than 40 countries, which has landed them a spot on the list of the 100 Worst Invasive Species overseen by the Invasive Species Specialist Group, an international advisory body of scientists and policy experts. Female cane toads can lay up to 30,000 eggs at a time and can mate year-round, Live Science previously reported. Unlike other toads, which are exclusively predators, cane toads can also act as scavengers, so they always have plenty of food to eat. Without natural predators, their numbers quickly explode, and they can seriously damage ecosystems where they’re introduced. In the past, people deliberately released these toads in countries that were suffering from pest problems. For instance, in 1935, Australia introduced the toads to eat cane beetles (Dermolepida albohirtum) that were ravaging sugarcane fields. But while the toads successfully squelched the beetle infestations, the toad population quickly grew out of control. Researchers believe that a black market pet trade could have caused the recent Taiwan cane toad invasion. Cane toads have long been a popular pet in Taiwan and are also used in traditional medicines, according to AFP. But in 2016, the Taiwanese government banned the import of cane toads, which led people to breed and sell them illegally. The leading theory is that the invasive cane toads either escaped or were abandoned by one of these black market traders. The researchers also think the invasion may have started months ago and gone unnoticed until now. “Taiwanese farmers generally ignore toads and even look favorably at toads when they find them, because they help rid the land of pests and are also a good luck symbol,” Yang told AFP. “It never occurred to them that this is an invasive species from a foreign land.” The researchers are now hopeful that they have contained the invasion, but it is too early to tell for certain. “Next spring during mating season is when we [will] truly know for sure if we have contained it,” Yang told AFP. Originally published on Live Science., 8 December 2021
I'm learning PHP now, and I'm trying to find out whether or not the following code structure has any faults: $loggedIn = false; if (isset($_GET["userpass"])){ if (strcmp($_GET["userpass"], $correctPassword) == 0) { $loggedIn = true; To me, it seems pretty bullet-proof. If the password isn't set, then the code doesn't execute. And if it is, then the user actually has to supply the correct password. Anything obvious I'm missing? Note: $correctPassword is defined in an external file, not accesible to the public Update: Can the user of this website explit the script so that he can log in to any arbitrary account? As in, this piece of code always sets $loggedIn = true; This is not secure at all. Apart from the GET issue (use POST) and the hashing issue (use bcrypt) already mentioned, and the fact that == is not timing safe (use hash_equals), an attacker can log in without knowing the password like this: The reason for this is that strcmp("STRING", [ARRAY]) returns NULL, and NULL == 0 is true. You should pretty much never use ==. Always use === for type-safe checks. Checking passwords / sending passwords via $_GET (in URL) as a absolutely nogo. You have to send that credentials via $_POST, using a <form> or Ajax. You also don't need to use strcmp(), a simple comparison for example if("pw" === "pw") is enough. Why is $_GET or passwords in url bad? So many reasons, it is just evil. Example, every logging between you and the website (browser, your provider, proxy, vpn, etc..) can see the password. Another thing as that you never ever should save a password in plain text wherever it is possible. Always use a hashing algorithm with salts. Example: http://php.net/manual/en/function.password-hash.php • 4 \$\begingroup\$ You're wrong about also when your site use https. True reasons of $_GET usage is bad are 1. server logs, 2. browser cache, 3. leakage referers. \$\endgroup\$ – vp_arth Nov 7 '15 at 19:06 • \$\begingroup\$ v@vp_arth Ok, you are right, didn't knew that. \$\endgroup\$ Nov 7 '15 at 21:44 • 1 \$\begingroup\$ To add to @vp_arth's comment: Without https, using POST instead of GET still leaves the data visible (see this SO answer) to all parties that are involved in the transportation of it. The only advantages (IMHO) of POST over GET are less restrictions on length/format and avoiding accidental publishing of your credentials when copying from the address bar to publish a link. \$\endgroup\$ Nov 8 '15 at 10:38 Your Answer
Karwan Omer – A Kurdish Dancer Who Dances to Liberate Kurdish Bodies By Khanda Hameed & Nabaz Samad In Kurdish culture, the body is largely ignored. Kurdish individuals are not aware of their bodies, though it is part and parcel of the human existence. This detachment from the body stems principally from the Islamic tradition. In Islam, the soul is more significant than the body because the soul is immortal and the body is temporal. In Islam, the body is in a confrontation with both the soul and mind at the same time. The soul is superior to the body because it is “pure” and “innocent”, whereas the body is deemed impure, guilty and sinful. It therefore must be punished. The soul is imprisoned in the body and it loses its purity. It is only after death that the soul is released from it and regains its purity. The body is also in battle with the mind. The body is treated as a slave, whereas the mind is a master. The Kurdish perception of the body likewise stems from Kurdish patriarchal and tribal traditions. In these traditions, the body is tied to women. Women are seen merely as bodies and, in turn, the female body is solely tied to sex and sexuality. Therefore, the body, and especially the female body, is subordinated to both the soul and men, respectively. For Kurdish people, the physical body is not an important issue. Kurdish bodies are occupied, colonised, and disciplined by political powers and religious and patriarchal rules because these rules hold sway over the entirety of Kurdish society. Karwan Omer is a Kurdish dancer and choreographer who denounces this understanding of the body as inferior to the mind and soul through his works. He wants to liberate Kurdish bodies through dance. Karwan encourages Kurdish people to be aware of their bodies and care for them. From Karwan’s art and dance, we understand the importance of the body’s role in human life since the body is neither inferior to the mind (mind/body dichotomy) nor to the soul (soul/body dichotomy in Islam). Humans manifest, express and identify themselves through their bodies. They are living within their bodies. Humans consist of both mind and body; thus, the body is an important part of human life and it is not subordinate to the mind. Mind and body are identical; they are not in a hierarchical position or in a master/slave relationship. The body is as equal as the mind and they shape the whole of human life together. The body is performed as art, especially in dance – the body, particularly the head, and feet and hands have significant roles in dancing. When a dancer dances, she stands on her feet, which tie her to the earth, to roots, to a place she belongs. Her head from above links her to a distance, the sky and transcendence. The head carries the dancer far away, but it takes her feet to move, to seek and find new places. Hands in the middle are the centre for the head and feet. They are doers; they protect the dancer from falling down while also helping to bounce back should there be a failure. If we look from a dialectical perspective, the hands are a synthesis of the head (thesis) and feet (antithesis). If feet are standpoints and the head is a place for looking, thinking and producing ideas, then the hands will practice these ideas and notions. Karwan Omer works in contemporary dance, which differs from the folk dance in terms of the significant role the individual plays. In contemporary dance, the body speaks, narrates and embodies thoughts and ideas. It means that thinking is within the body and is a process of movement. A dancer could perform individually and embody her ideas, narrate her stories through her body only. In contrast, the individuals’ role in the Kurdish folk dance is absent and the dancer has to dance in a group. Therefore, the collective sense constrains the whole dance. The Kurdish folk dance requires conformity. All dancers have to hold hands together and dance to the same rhythm and in the same fashion. As a result, Kurdish folk dance is a collective dance. The dancers cannot individually express themselves; they must follow the others. In Kurdish folk dance, every dancer must follow the first one who leads the whole dance performance. Kurdish people are estranged from their bodies, but Karwan wants to reconcile them and make them familiar with their bodies again through dancing. As a contemporary dancer and choreographer, Karwan wants to give a significant role to individuals and their bodies; he gives free rein to them. The individuals perform their bodies, tell their stories, and discern and express their pains, emotions, feelings, and happiness through dancing. In addition, they manifest their differences and release themselves from the restraints that controlled and disciplined their bodies. The dancer is liberated in contemporary dance and expresses her inner feelings; she spreads out her thoughts and feelings from within. Karwan tells his personal stories through dance. He also performs disasters, hardships, and the distress of Kurdish people – as we have seen in the ‘Pinadozakan’ (which means ‘the Cobblers’ in English), in which dance and play are combined. In this dance performance, the body tells stories; while the tongue was silenced, the body speaks. In the ‘Pinadozakan’, the body is completely liberated, the dancers in both genders are dancing together and their bodies are freely in contact. In the ‘Outbreak’ dance performance, Karwan uses a brisk pace and a beautiful harmony between music and his moves to express the inner conflicts of humans in our time. Outbreak starts and ends with running, as though the dancer wants to run from himself or in search of his identity in the crisis of our time. In Outbreak, Karwan dances in foreground and background; in the former, he dances quickly and aggressively, whilst in the latter, he dances slowly and calmly. This explains the dualism of human beings who can be both aggressive and calm, violent and tolerant, bad and good at the same time. In Outbreak, when Karwan dances beside the column from both sides, he holds a dialogue of sorts through his dance. In Outbreak, head and hands have a more significant role than feet. The hands move around the head and face as though they want to protect the dancer from a disaster, obstacle or a problem. The background against which Karwan dances provides a wide area for the dancer to go in different directions and to every corner. He uses the space in its entirety. In this space, the dancer does not have a fixed place because standing in one place would mean being stuck in it. Humans sometimes tie themselves down to a specific place, but Karwan liberates himself and strives to find new places. In dance, moving is thinking. Through movement of the head, hands, and feet, a dancer expresses emotions and ideas and a story emerges and narrates itself. You can watch the video here https://vimeo.com/175944703
ODO defines subtitles as both A subordinate title of a published work or article giving additional information about its content. The former is (I think) self-evident (sub in Latin means, among other things, under). For example, it is evident that a subtitle follows a title (e.g. in a book). However, I see no connection with the second definition. This is, why are captions called subtitles? Which is the origin of this association? According to the definition above, captions transcribe the main text of a script. Yet, you would not call the main text of a book its subtitles would you? Neither the aforementioned dictionary, nor Wikisource, nor Wikipedia offer an explanation of the origin of this association. According to etymonline.com • 2 But that explains only the normal subtitle under a title, not the movie captions. – NVZ Oct 4 '17 at 18:49 The title of a movie generally appears in the middle of the screen. Sub-titles appear at the bottom of the screen, below the placement of the movie's title. • 3 Umm.. not really what was asked for.. – NVZ Oct 1 '17 at 14:20 • 3 Is this a guess? Do you have a reference for this? – luchonacho Oct 1 '17 at 14:32 • It is not a guess. Anyone who has ever seen a movie with sub-titles knows from observation that the sub-titles almost invariably appear at the bottom of the screen whereas the movie's actual title almost never appears there. The OP is well aware that "sub" means below in Latin. Sub-titles in a movie normally appear below where the actual title of the movie normally appears. Oct 1 '17 at 14:59 • 2 So you think sub title means below the title? My belief is that the text itself is the "title" and the sub indicates that it is shown at the bottom. As for why the text itself would be called a title maybe a hangover from the title cards shown in silent movies? Oct 1 '17 at 16:08 • @Martin You may be correct about silent movies although the dialogue screens were shown as distinct frames. But my point is not why "titles" is included in a noun denoting printed dialogue shown at the bottom of the screen. My point is why "sub" is included in that noun. Oct 1 '17 at 16:17 Your Answer
You’ve likely never heard of Calcium-D-Glucarate (CDG), a salt-based substance produced naturally by humans and animals and found in many fruits and vegetables. It’s most abundant in oranges, grapefruit, and cruciferous vegetables, such as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale and cabbage. When treating infertility, natural medicine physicians will use CDG to facilitate liver detoxification, a process directly linked to estrogen metabolism. According to Judith Thompson, ND, this is especially relevant for women who have conditions such as PCOS or endometriosis in which metabolism may be impaired due to a buildup of estrogen levels. In response to this “excess estrogen” the body perceives progesterone levels to be low and may respond by “thinking” it doesn’t have enough progesterone to maintain a pregnancy. Other medical conditions (e.g., damage to ovaries, ovulation problems) are associated with excess estrogen and thus can hinder pregnancy. By supplementing with Calcium-D-Glucarate, the ratio of progesterone and estrogen can be brought into balance through optimal detoxification. There are no known contraindications, but CDG can affect how the liver metabolizes other medications. Therefore, it should be used under the careful supervision of a qualified health practitioner. Call Now
The shooting of US citizen and peace activist Tristan Anderson by Israeli soldiers occurred just days after the 6th anniversary of the killing by Israeli forces of another American peace activist, Rachel Corey. In both cases the killing was unprovoked and intentional but no official condemnation of Israel has been made by the US. It is safe to assume that had Palestinians, Iranians or Syrians killed these Americans, the President would have made a statement by now condemning the shooting and possible scenarios for sanctions if not retaliation would have been contemplated. What we do hear these days from Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is that the US would not support a Palestinian government unless it recognizes the state of Israel and vows to end the violence. While the US promises millions of dollars to rebuild Gaza after the latest destruction inflicted by Israel, these dollars are contingent upon Palestinian recognition of Israel and a unilateral Palestinian commitment to end the violence. But who will guarantee to protect Palestinian civilians from Israeli attacks? As Fatah and Hammas negotiate for Palestinian unity we are informed that they disagree on the issue of recognizing Israel. So let us explore what recognition of Israel means to Palestinians. Recognition means to forgive that in 1948 close to 500 Palestinian cities, towns and villages, were destroyed; to forgive that businesses and factories, mosques and schools were leveled and that Palestinians were forced into an exile that continues to this day. It means to forgive that in 1968, when Israel completed its conquest of Palestine it once again forced thousands of Palestinians into exile while taking over more land. It means to overlook the fact that for over 60 years Israel built towns and cities and farms for Jews only on Palestinian land and it continues to do so to this day in the West Bank. Israel speaks of creating a Palestinian state but it enacts policies that make the establishment of such a state impossible. Palestinian sociologist Jamil Hilal puts it this way: “Israel’s policy has amounted to a systemic negation of the basic conditions necessary for a viable and sovereign Palestinian state.” Palestinians are pushed out of their homes and their land and into small, unlivable enclaves that can barely sustain themselves, much less be considered viable for statehood. As we see in places like Na’alin, where Tristan Anderson was shot, Israeli response to Palestinian resistance is violent regardless of whether the resistance is violent or not. Israel holds an estimated ten thousand Palestinian political prisoners for belonging to the resistance, regardless of whether they actually participated in acts of violent resistance or not. So it realistic to expect that Palestinian recognition of Israel will be forthcoming? Juxtaposing the reality in Gaza and the West Bank with US rhetoric one may conclude that the US wants the fate of Palestinian to be similar to that of Native Americans, i.e., complete surrender of their country and their rights. Palestinians are asked, or more accurately, it is demanded of Palestinians that they recognize the total domination of a country that has taken everything away from them and continues to attack them viciously and without discrimination. Again, one is forced to ask: Who is prepared to provide protection for the lives of innocent Palestinians? Sadly, on this issue one hears absolutely nothing from the US or Israel. The first time Israel took over Gaza was during the Eisenhower administration. In those days Israel was receiving very little money or weapons from the US, but when the American President gave the word, my father, Matti Peled, who was the Israeli military governor of Gaza had 2 weeks to get out. He did it in two days. Today, Israel receives an estimated ten million dollars per day from the US. One would expect that in return Israel would protect the lives of US citizens and respect the human and civil rights of Palestinian civilians. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
The demand for banked human milk has been increasing, in large part due to the benefits associated with its use. Multiple levels of safeguarding built into the current milk banking process have resulted in an unblemished safety record for banked milk in North America. Holder pasteurization destroys many pathogens in human milk while preserving much of the biologically active content. Among the potential benefits of using banked human milk in the neonatal intensive care unit are promotion of breastfeeding, reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, and possible support of long-term positive neurodevelopmental outcomes in very low- and extremely-low birthweight infants. You do not currently have access to this content.
Browse our menu Image Snap - Snap Game Group activity Early Stages Find your stage Ive got 20 min 20 min Ive got 60 min 60 min About the activity & how to play it Image Snap supports cognitive stimulation therapy, while being a whole load of fun. The 36 cards with bright, bold and easily recognisable illustrations span four themes – animals, food, tools and transport. It is different than a traditional snap game, it’s about matching the themes and making new links in your brain. The cards can be played in three ways but this Snap game is suited to those at an Exploratory Level. It is a game that will be familiar to many who would play cards growing up or with children and grandchildren, so will also be great at sparking memories. The cards are easily recognisable to help people play the game as independently as possible. The Snap Game can be played with 2-4 people at a time. You'll need 1. Image Snap The Activity 1. Set up the game in a quiet room or space at a small table with a clear background 2. Explain the rules of the game and begin! 3. Support each person to play independently, offering prompts as and when needed 4. Give each person the same amount of cards face down 5. The players can either hold the cards in their hand, face down or place them on the table in front of them 6. Tell them that they need to shout, “Snap!” if someone puts a card on top of another from the same theme. If they do, they win the pair 7. Invite the first player to lay down a card in the middle of the table 8. Ask the next player to place a card down on top of that card 9. Encourage people to always keep an eye on the last card laid, so they’re ready to shout, “Snap!” if they see a match 10. Continue until all the cards have been matched 11. The player with the most pairs at the end is the winner! Activities for everyone For 100s more ideas download our app
A Beginner’s Guide to Birdwatching in Costa Rica Must Read Costa Rica attracts visitors from faroff corners of the world for a variety of reasons: excellent surfing, beautiful landscapes, peaceful populace, tropical climate. Not least among them is its excellent birdwatching. There are several reasons why Costa Rica is famous for the fascinating creatures that many of us so easily ignore. The country hosts a variety of diverse ecological zones, including the Pacific and Caribbean lowlands, cloud forests, high montane páramo, dry forests of the northwest, mangrove forests, wetlands, and the middle-elevation forests of the valleys. Each ecosystem harbors a unique collection of avifauna, and there are many species endemic to the region, especially along the border with Panama. All these ecosystems can be reached within just a few hours since the country is smaller than the state of West Virginia. Costa Rica also offers the chance for birdwatchers, who call themselves birders, to encounter many neotropical families that are rare or absent farther north, like toucans, trogons, manakins, and motmots. Migrants, like warblers, vireos, and tanagers, familiar spring sightings in the states, can be spotted living comfortably in tropical forests so far away from where they spend the breeding season. The mere chance to glimpse a resplendent quetzal, often celebrated as the most beautiful bird in the Western Hemisphere, is reason enough. So how can one prepare for the joy and challenge of identifying birds? Birding is an easy pastime to take up, and offers the additional benefit of having a quick but endless learning curve. Beginners will soon find themselves identifying common species with ease, but it can take tremendous patience, skill, and energy to catch a glance of some elusive species, like the antthrushes that so silently stalk the forest floor. Here’s a list of tips for how to begin this richly rewarding hobby. What You Need Only two items are truly necessary: binoculars and a field guide. Any pair of binoculars can be used, but there is a vast market of specialized birding binoculars. As for field guides, in Costa Rica there are two good ones. The legendary Stiles and Skutch is the original, and is still widely used. Richard Garrigues’s newly released guide, which builds off its predecessor’s success, carries the advantages of being lighter weight and displaying range maps for each species. The maps are very useful, but some claim that Stiles and Skutch has more accurate coloration, and it also features more natural history and species per plate than Garrigues. When to Go Birds are most active in the morning and late afternoon, when the sun is least harsh. Rising early and heading out before the dawn chorus begins is usually the best time for seeing lots of birds, and on a productive day there can be frequent sightings until almost noon. Birding in the afternoon is also productive, but has the disadvantage of fading light. Paying attention to the rain is another important factor for considering when to bird, especially in the tropics. Birds get hungry, and when the rain comes down they can’t feed themselves. When showers finish or lighten, birds usually come out in force and are easily spotted. Alone or With Friends It’s true that more eyes see more birds, but it’s not always so simple. A single person walking quietly through the forest is the least likely to startle birds and other animals that might otherwise be long gone with a noisy group. Choosing who you bird with is important. Pairing up with other enthusiastic learners or veterans increases your chances of noticing the long-billed starthroat perched high atop a tree crown, or the motionless Baird’s trogon that so eerily blends into the leaves all around it. Being quiet and observant, whether alone or in a group, is the best rule. This also goes for asking questions of more experienced birders. Most will be eager to teach, but frequent conversation can actually be counterproductive. It’s usually best to learn by watching others. Familiarize Yourself Beforehand If possible, it’s a good idea to learn what bird species you might encounter in a given locale beforehand. The internet and the wealth of birding sites now available can be a great tool. There’s also a good selection of printed literature on the subject, and Costa Rica is no exception. Studying the key diagnostic features of the birds you may expect to see, especially if the area has particular specialties, will give you an edge once out in the field. Go Where the Birds Are This seems intuitive enough, but a common mistake among beginning birders is assuming that to see the most birds you have to venture deep in the forest or other remote wilderness locations. In fact, sometimes the opposite is true. One of the best ways to bird is to simply setup and maintain a bird feeder in your backyard. Of course, not all birds attend feeders, and some can only be seen within the forest or in other specialized locations. Especially in the forest, it can be exasperating by how few birds appear, until a mixed flock arrives and it becomes nearly impossible to identify them all before they vanish as suddenly as they came. Walking slowly and carefully attuning your senses to your surroundings is more effective than covering lots of ground. Forest edges are oftentimes productive, and taking note of where there is water or fruiting trees where the birds might congregate can make all the difference. Study the Bird If you spot an unfamiliar species, don’t reach for the field guide. Study the bird for as long as you can keep it in your viewfinder. What color is its plumage? Look carefully at its face and what distinctive features it might have. What shape is the bill? What color are its feet? Does it display any unusual behavior? Study the length and shape of the tail. Jotting down features in a notebook is also a good idea, since details can quickly fade from memory. After the bird is gone, then reach for the field guide. You’ll be glad you took careful notice of all the bird’s features. Keep a List Birders tend to love keeping lists. Life lists. Trip lists. Year lists. Backyard lists. It can become excessive, but keeping lists is one of the best ways to track your progress as a birder. It’s gratifying to see your progress from common species to coveted rarities as your skills advance. Reading through a list compiled after many outings can bring back a sudden flood of wonderful memories with friends, loved ones, and the many interesting birds you’ve come to better know. By Frank Izaguirre - Advertisement - - Advertisement - Latest News - Advertisement - More Articles Like This - Advertisement - Language »
The Approaching Famine The most serious forecast that we see from our computer models has been a rise in agricultural prices caused by Global Cooling – not Global Warming. Crops cannot grow without the sun and water. Historically, when the weather turns cold, the crops fail. There is no question that food prices will rise during periods of war when crops cannot be planted and armies require food on a priority allotment.
Physics Van 3-site Navigational Menu Physics Van Navigational Menu Q & A: Thin and thick wires Learn more physics! Most recent answer: 01/17/2015 I did a science project with the question does the thickness of the wire affect the brightness of the light bulb. I used a 9volt battery and 12 14 16 20 gauges wire. Cut each 8 inches long. Used a automotive small light and hooked it to the battery. The light was the same for each wire. I looked on Internet and it says the light should have been dim with thinwire and bright with the thick wire. What have I done wrong? - madison (age 10) Ontario canada This sounds like the start of a good experiment. My guess is that the wires you used just weren't thin enough to affect the brightness of the bulb. You need to use very thin wire (or a really long piece) to make the bulb dimmer. Here's why: First, a little background that you may already know. A piece of thin wire has higher resistance than a piece of thicker wire with the same length, which means that it's harder for electric current to move through it. If you use the same battery but replace a thick wire with a thinner one, the electric current will get smaller and a light bulb in the circuit should get dimmer. Using a longer wire will also increase resistance. The thinnest piece of wire you used, the 20 gauge, is less than a millimeter thick, which may seem small. But a typical light bulb still has about 2,000 times more resistance than the wire! That's why it glows—as the battery pushes current through the filament inside the bulb, the high resistance turns the electrons' energy into heat. The filament heats up to thousands of degrees and produces light. Compared to the light bulb itself, the wires you used just don't make much of a difference. To get thinner wires, you can use some steel wool, which is made of tiny metal fibers (it's used for cleaning). Carefully separate out one of the fibers and use it as your wire. You could also try adding more steel fibers one by one, twisting them together, and see how that affects the brightness of the bulb. Can you think of a way you could measure, or quantify, the brightness? Good luck! Rebecca Holmes (published on 01/17/2015) Follow-up on this answer.
Posted in Tamil Nadu Kanchipuram – The Pallava Lion Twelve kings. Tales tell of twelve kings throughout the history of India who never lost a battle. Part 1: The Lord of the South Pulakesin sat enthroned in his splendour. His red military tent stood on a mound on the banks of river Palar. They called him Dakshinapateshwar “The Lord of the South”. The Deccan was his. The empires of Kadamba, Ganga, Konkan and Kalinga had crumpled under the might of his military. Only the fabled Pallava empire stood against him. Across the river stood their capital, Kanchipuram. The siege had gone on for months now but victory was near. The summer heat had depleted the city’s water stores. His army had laid barren the land around the city. The walls of the city were strong but the people inside were starving. It was time for the final push. He longed for the cool weather of his capital, Vatapi. He drank his sherbet and called for his Senapati. It was time for the Pallavas to feel the full force of the Chalukya might. The walls of Kanchipuram shook under the renewed attack. The archers on the city wall were running out of arrows. The main gate had almost collapsed under the last barrage by the elephants. The army had started moving. The end was near. The city would soon fall. King Mahendravarman sat in his war room surrounded by his generals. He looked around at their worried faces. The heat, hunger and the war had drained them of all strength and courage. He sighed in resignation. His son ran into the war-room and climbed on his lap. He hugged the king tightly; the noise of the war had scared him. A tear rolled across Mahendravarman’s cheek. He was never a king for battles. His love had always been art and culture. He had made Kanchipuram the centre of art and architecture in the world. The rock-cut temples in Mahabalipuram and the rock-temple at Trichy were testaments to his love for beauty. It had all come to naught. He looked with despair at his son, Narasimhavarman. Only a miracle could save the Pallava line from failing. He closed his eyes and said a silent prayer. The noise outside stopped. A messenger came running into the war room. His helmet was dented and he was bleeding from a dozen wounds. Mud, sweat and blood stuck to his body. He fell on the king’s feet. “Your Majesty! The Chaluka army is withdrawing. The Pulakesin has folded his royal tent and has ordered his men to march back to Vatapi.” It was like a flash of lightning had crashed into the room. The generals and commanders rose up in attention. Mahendravarman stood up and almost lost his balance. What was this sorcery? Why had Pulakesin withdrawn when he was so close to victory? Was he feigning? “You Majesty, King Harshavardhana of Kanauj is marching south towards Vatapi, the Chalukya capital, and has crossed the Ganges. Pulakesin has ordered to troops to march back immediately.” Harshavardhana. One of the greatest kings of Northern India. What Pulakesin had done to the south, Harsha had done to the north. The entire north was his. The bards called him Uttarapatheshvara, “The Lord of the North”. River Narmada was the border between North India and South India. The battle between the Uttarapatheshvara and the Dakshinapateshwar was fought there. The battle for all of India. Part 2: One of the twelve The Chalukya army marched in all its glory. Songs and slogans boomed across. Glorious in battle and undefeated. Their king marched ahead on an elephant. They would talk about his battle with Harshavardhana for ages. Harshavardhana’s armies had been laid to rout. A Chinese traveller, Xuanzang come had witnessed the battle and spread the story across the world. The bards sang about how Harsha lost his harsha (joy) when he confronted Pulakesin. King Pulakesin, the Parameswara, Satyashraya, Prithvivallabha. The possessor of all he surveyed, the abode of truth and the ruler of earth. He was now the Lord Paramount over India. All of India except Kanchipuram. After a decade consolidating his rule, Pulakesin turned his attention to the old thorn in his flesh. The Pallavas. His army marched across the Deccan again. It was time to raze the Kanchipuram to the ground and end the rule of the Pallavas forever. The fighting pits of Kanchipuram were abuzz. Two men were wrestling. One was a sinewy youth and another was the reigning champion. The young boy groaned, lifted the seasoned wrestler and slammed him on the ground. The wrestler was 20 kilos heavier than the youth but could not break his hold. The referee counted down. The crowed cheered. “Mamallan! Mamallan! Raja Narasimhavarman. Mamallan!” Mamallan. The wrestler. King Mahendravarman died of a weak heart soon after the Pulakesin withdrew to meet Harshvardhana. Narasimhavarman took up the Pallava crown after his death. He remembered the day he clinged to his father in fear during the siege. He would never put himself in that situation again. One of the first things he did after taking over the reign was to renovate and re-train his army. He the befriended the Sri Lankan prince, Manavarma, and invited him to oversee defences of his city. He strengthened the gates and walls of Kanchipuram. He heard tales about a young Shaivite monk, Paranjothi, and his knowledge about the art of war. Narasimhavarman appointed him as the General his army. “Mamallan” was ready for his fight. Pulakesin looked at the burning catapults and trebuchets in despair. The siege was not going as he had hoped. The Pallavas had launched a night raid and set his siege engines alight. They had poisoned the water of the river and his soldier were writhing with stomach cramps and dysentery. The Pallavas themselves did not touch the river and stockpiled water in the city. The city seemed at peace till the attackers reached the very edges of the wall; then fire and oil fell upon them. His soldiers sick or burnt. His siege engines turned to ashes. The Lord Paramount of India felt fear for the first time in his life. He was the scourge of Harsha. He could not lose to the insignificant Pallavas. The Chalukya cavalry and elephants geared up. They would push down the walls of Kanchipuram with their sheer numbers if need be. A cheer rang through the army. Their king was joining them. The elephants were the first to reach to walls of the city. The horses and infantry followed them. The city did not retaliate. The Chalukyas had covered the elephants with wet sheets to protect them from fire and oil. The elephants charged towards the walls. Not a single arrow was shot in return. As the elephants reached the walls. A black dust descended on them from above. Pepper powder. The elephants trumpeted in pain and ran amok. They trampled the cavalry which followed them and the unwell soldiers in the rear. The army was routed without a single arrow shot. Pulakeshin ordered his troops to regroup at the camp at Manimangalam, but horror awaited them. While they were attacking Kanchipuram, the Pallava soldiers had sneaked out through a tunnel and burnt the camp. The diseased and dishevelled Chalukya army lost heart and scattered. A cheer ran through the Pallava army. The Chalukyas were defeated. The dancing and cheering were short lived. The soldiers noticed that the king and his commanders were not celebrating. The army fell silent. The job was not yet done. “To Vatapi”, yelled Narasimhavarman. The soldiers looked at him in disbelief. Defending against the Chalunkya onslaught was one thing. To take the fight to their capital was something else. “Mamalla! Mamalla! To Vatapi”, yelled Paranjothi. The soldiers took up the chant. The army started their march to Vatapi, the heart of the Chalukya Empire. The scattered Chalukya army could not make it to Vatapi before the Pallavas. Paranjothi burnt the city to its foundation. The retreating Chaluka army could not believe their eyes as they saw their city turned to ashes. The Pallavas fell upon them again with renewed energy. The demoralized Chaluka army dispersed again. Narasimhavarman fought Pulakesin in single combat. He lifted the Chalukya king and slammed him on the ground. Pulakesin could not break his hold. Narasimhavarman took his sword and plunged it in his heart. The Lord Paramount of India breathed his last outside the burning embers of his city. There were twelve kings in the history of India who never lost a battle. Ajatashatru, Chandragupta Maurya, Karikala Chola, Cheran Senguttuvan, Kochengannan Chola, Rajasuyam Vaetta Perunarkilli of the Cholas, Nedunchezhian Pandyan, Samudragupta, Rajasimha Pallava, Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola. None of them fought against odds so high or a foe so mighty as Narasimhavarman I of the Pallava dysnasty. Kanchipuram, the rustic Pallaval capital lies across the now dry river bed of Palar river. It was once the heart of Tamil culture and architecture. Its artistic reach extended till the Ajantha and Ellora caves in Maharashtra. Its religious hold extended to China. Bodhidharman, a Buddhist Pallava prince took Buddhism to China. He is credited with starting Zen Budhism. He started teaching martial arts to monks in Shaolin monastery. The current Kanchipuram is a town lost in time, stretching on its hinges pulled by both past and the future. The Kanchipuram silk is still sought after and the weaver’s village is worth visiting. The Pallavas were masters of bending stone to their will. The Pallavaram architecture consisted of three styles: 1) Rock cut temples: These were temples hewn from a single rock, as seen in the Pandava Rathas at Mahabalipuram. 2) Bas-relief: Intricate carving on a rock face, like Arjuna’s penance at Mahabalipuram. 3) Traditional stone black temples: Shore temple at Mahabalipuram and Kalaisanthar temple at Kanchipuram. Kanchipuram is dotted with temples and ponds. The most beautiful is the Kalaisanthar temple; one of the oldest temples in South India. The sculptures and carvings are spell binding. Kanchi-kudil is a 100year old house built in typical Kanchipuram style and is definitely as place to visit. Twenty kilometres from Kanchipuram are Mamandur caves. These were built by Mahendravarman, Narasimhavarman’s father. The caves are covered with inscriptions, considered to be the earliest evidence of the Tamil script. Mahabalipuram was the port of the Pallava empire and their financial hub. The rock cut teples and shore temples are mesmerizing. The bas-relief showing Arjuna’s penance is a piece of art which shows the past glory and splendour of the mighty Pallavas. Mahabalipuram is also called Mamallapuram in honour of Narasimhavarman I, the Pallava lion. Indian history curriculum has a prominent North-Indian bias. Most people have not even heard of great southern kings like Pulakesin, Narasimhavarman, Vikramaditya, Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola. I have just skimmed over the battle between Harshavardhana and Pulakesin. It was one of the most significant battles in the history of the subcontinent. It pitted the ruler of North India against the ruler of South India. Harshavardhana’s defeat set in turn a series of complex socio-political changes that ended the golden age of northern India; which was ushered in by the Gupta Empire. Posted in Tamil Nadu Tranquebar – ‘The land of the singing waves’ P.S. – It did not survive long. Posted in Tamil Nadu Vellore – ‘Fierce and Fain’ Fire and gunpowder rained upon the British officers, drunk on the festivities of the wedding. The fireworks in the sky were overshadowed by the gunshots on the ground. Blood stained fort walls. More than a hundred British soldiers were killed in mutiny. Col. John Fancourt, the British commander of the Vellore Fort was also killed. In the chaos, Major Coopes one of the British officers, slipped away. He jumped into the moat, swam across and escaped to the British garrison at Arcot. Unaware of this, the sepoys were celebrating their victory. The Union Jack was lowered and the Tiger-standard of Mysore was hoisted. Sehezada Fateh Hyder, the son of Tipu Sultan was crowned king of Vellore. Wine flowed freely. Cheers and Chants made round. . Major Coopes in the meantime trekked 25 km overnight and reached Arcot. He informed COl. Gillespie, the commander of the Arcot Garrison of the fall of Vellore. Once informed of the mutiny, the British cavalry at Arcot rode forth swiftly to Vellore. They covered the 25 km distance in two hours. They blew apart the gate of the fort with canons and unleashed Hades on the celebrating sepoys. Within a couple of hours, all the mutineers were either dead or in chains. Canons and firing squads sounded the entire day. Retribution was swift and certain. The Fortress of Vellore was back in the hands of the East India Company. Some interesting reads: 1. First hand account of Lady Amelia Fancourt – the wife of Col. John Fancourt, the commander of the Vellore Fort who was killed by the mutineers: An Account Of the Mutiny at Vellore, by the Lady of Sir John Fancourt, the Commandant, who was killed there July 9th, 1806. ( 2. The poem ‘Gillespie’ by Sir. Henry Norton, depicts the muster of the cavalry of Arcot and the recapture of Vellore: Posted in Tamil Nadu The Battle of Sadras French Admiral – Bailli de Suffren Suffren realized that he was hampered by the need to protect the transport ships containing the troops. He had to safely get them away from the conflict. He diapatched his corvette to protect the transport ships and decided to draw Hughes away from them. Suffren thought the British would chase his fleet while leaving the transport ships to land the troops safely. The troops would then wreck havoc from land. By late afternoon, he caught up with the British ships. The battle lines were drawn and the canons were readied. Suffern lead the charge in his ship, Héros. The tide was high and waves made maneuverability difficult. Héros caught up with a British ship. It rained cannonballs and hell on it. The British ship was no match for the French speed and could not outmaneuver. The sailors jumped off the deck as the burning ship sank to his watery grave. Posted in Tamil Nadu Gingee – ‘Troy Of The East’ Unfortunately, the siege wasn’t going well. The Marathas were ingenious folks, they had tied ropes to monitor lizards, climbed the rocky walls of the fortress and captured it. The Nawab decided to try the same trick, but Tej Singh’s men were ready. They trained their kites and falcons to swoop down and snatch the lizards from the rocks. The Nawab cursed the blasted birds. (The drawbrige on the top of the hill) Life is cheap. Honour is not. They were no longer fighting for victory. (The fortress of Gingee) Gingee Fortress Posted in Tamil Nadu ‘Arcot’ – The Reason We Speak English The soldiers looked at their young captain with awe. They had not expected the twenty-six year old Clive to capture the fortress of Arcot, but he had defied all odds and managed it. He was now standing on top of the ramparts, surveying the fort’s defenses. Robert Clive was a scribe, a writing clerk who kept records. He had been kicked out of the house for being ‘naughty’ as a child. He joined the East India Company and was sent to the Fort St. George at Madras to copy texts and tally accounts. But then, destiny had other plans for him. Muhammad Ali, the Nawab of Arcot and a British ally, was hiding in Trichy. Arcot, was captured by Chand Sahib, a French ally. The French army marched out of Pondicherry, to lay siege to the Rock Fortress at Trichy and dispose off the Nawab for good. The Nawab begged the British governor at Madras for help. Trichy was far away. Pondicherry was closer. Help would not reach there in time to counter the French army. Clive, the governor’s scribe, suggested that they attack Arcot and distract the French, instead of sending the British army to Trichy. The governor appointed the young scribe as a captain and sent him to Arcot with a mere 100 soldiers, 120 sepoys and 3 guns. The Arcot fortress was weak. The walls were low, the towers crumbling and the moat dry at places. The mile long wall was too large to be defended by the feeble British force. The governor of Madras promised two artillery guns, but they would take time to arrive. Clive sent most of his force to escort the artillery guns. Chand Sahib and his army turned back from their march to Trichy to recapture Arcot. Chand Sahib’s 2000 men attacked the fortress to claim it back. With a mere 70 men and darkness for cover, Clive managed to repulse the attack and hold on to the fort. Chand Sahib’s army fled the next day when the artillery guns and Clives’s remaining men finally arrived from Madras. Clive’s ploy worked in distracting the French from Trichy. The French army turned towards Arcot. Chand Sahib’s scattered men joined the advancing army. Chand Sahib’s son, Raza Sahib lead the army. Clive and his 300 men set to task, strengthening the Fort. A 4000 men strong Indo-French army lay siege to the Fort. At night, Clive made a daring move. He attacked the siege and tried to steal the French canons. The plan almost backfired. Clive barely escaped with his life and lost 15 men in the misadventure. The siege of Arcot made Clive famous throughout England. A British scribe with a handful of men had repulsed an attack by the French army. Clive was presented a sword by the British Prime Minister. His military career took off from that point. Ten years later, Clive returned back to India and lead the British to victory in the battle of Plassey. That established the military supremacy of the East India company in India. And hence, we speak English. Arcot is now a small town on the Chennai-Banglore highway. Quiet and rustic, scattered with mosques and minarets. People stop over here on the highway for its famous Arcot biryani. The Fortress of Arcot has all but disappeared except for it gates, a mosque, a bathing pond and a lonely canon. A few hundred meters from the Delhi gate are the remnants of a bathing pond. Fondly called Raja-Rani pond by the locals. Nearby a forgotten mosque and a canon stand testimony to time. – Audrin Lenin Posted in Kerala, Tamil Nadu ‘Padmanabhapuram’ – God’s Own City Some kings are warriors, like lions riding into the battle, making the enemy tremble with fear just by their presence. They are dangerous, but even more dangerous are kings who fight with their minds. The tacticians. They stay behind the curtains and move their pawns one step at a time, always keeping an eye on the big picture. King Marthanda Varma was of the latter kind. Fate had never been kind to Marthanda Varma, but kings like him controlled their own fate. He was born into the last surviving house of the legendary Chera dynasty. Once among the three great kingdoms of South India, his family now ruled over a tiny kingdom stretching from modern day Kanyakumari to Trivandrum. Even in their kingdom, the king’s title was nominal. He had no army under him. The real power belonged to the madampis, the court nobles and the ettara yogam, the managers of the Padmanabhaswamy temple. When Marthanda Varma came into the picture, the political and social situation in the kingdom was at the verge of collapse. The heir of the throne according to the matriarchal Travancore system, he had to kill his cousins, who tried to usurp the throne from him. Problems, both internal and external, haunted the king as he sat on his wooden throne at Padmanabhapuram, the city of the god. Even though he wore the crown, the Ettuveetil Pillaimar, the Lords of the Eight Houses, were the true rulers of the land. The Eight Lords had supported the claims of his cousins over the crown and Marthanda Varma had an axe to grind with them for that.The other Kingdoms of Kerala were falling in quick succession to the European powers. The Portugese had taken over Calicut and Cochin was under the Dutch. The spice trade of Kerala was attracting other European powers like flies on a jaggery. The shrewd king wasn’t going to sit around and watch. The king signed a peace treaty with the rulers of Madurai and the British. The Eight Lords were enraged by the move and hired assassins to kill the king. The king barely escaped with his life. The murder attempt gave the king a golden opportunity. He had the Eight Lords either killed or exiled for treason and took over their property and armies. This move prompted many of the nobles to call for the nonrecognition of Marthanda Varma‘s kingship. Every other person in the kingdom was putting forward their stakes for the crown. In the face of mutiny among his ranks and advancing Foreign powers, the king played a masterstroke. He walked into the Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram and crowned the god as the king of the state. He took upon the title of Padmanabhadasa, the slave of the god, a steward who would rule the kingdom in the god’s name. The temple and its management came directly under the Padmanabhadasa. With that one swift stone, the king killed many birds. The king’s relatives who were putting forward their stakes for the crown found themselves competing against a god for the crown and backed down. The temple management which was proving to be a thorn in the king’s flesh was abolished. The temple guards provided an added boost to his army. Kerala is even today known as “God’s own country” because of Marthanda Varma’s coronation of Padmanabhaswamy. With the internal problems settled, the King turned his eye outwards. He annexed the nearby kingdoms of Kollam and Kottarakara. He then turned his eye towards the kingdom of Kayamkulam. Kayamkulam was under the protectorate of the Dutch. The Dutch ambassador warned Marthanda Varma to leave Kayamkulam alone or the Dutch would annex Travancore. The angry Varma threatened to take his army to Europe and annex Holland if the Dutch interfered in their affairs. With diplomacy failing, the king prepared for war. The Dutch navy approached the Travancore shores at a fishing hamlet called Colachel. The king made the fishermen from the village to hold their oars and stand on the shore. The Dutch Navy thought they were soldiers and got confused. In a short and swift battle, the Travancore army overhauled the Dutch. The Dutch admiral laid his arms in front of the king and was taken prisoner. For the first time in the Indian history, an Indian king had kicked an European power in its coccyx. Kayamkulam fell to Travancore and all land south of Cochin came under Marthanda Varma. With the fall of the Dutch, the entire black pepper trade was came under the control of the Travancore kingdom. Marthanda Varma was too clever to be lulled into a false sense of security after his victory over the Dutch. He knew there were other European powers, waiting for him to make a false move. He set the Dutch admiral – Eustachius de Lennoy free and appointed him as the General of his army. The Dutch admiral, in gratitude for the kindness, took up the post. The Dutch General modernized the Travancore army. The king moved his capital from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram. He signed a treaty with the British, which kept the kingdom safe from the British crown till it seceded to the Indian Union in 1947. (The Surrender of the Dutch East India Company) Colachel, the site of the famous battle between the Travancore army and the Dutch is now a small fishing hamlet. It is hard to imagine that the historically significant battle was fought there, among the fishing nets and boats. The only sign of the battle is a victory column, with the Travancore emblem of a conch with two wings on top, stating that Eustachius de Lennoy had laid his arms at Padmanabhadasa Marthanda Varma’s feet at that spot. (The Victory Pillar at Colachel) Padmanabhapuram, ‘The city of the god’ is now a small village on the Trivandrum-Kanyakumari highway. The king’s palace still stands tall in a forgotten majesty.The Padmanabhapuram palace is open to public and is located at Thuckalay. Though the town is now a part of Tamil Nadu, the palace and its complex is under Kerala. The palace is a perfect example of kerala architecture and wood work. The Gowdiar palace at Trivandrum is closed to the public as the desendants of the Travancore royal family still live there. (The Padmanabhapuram Palace) The Udayagiri fort is situated 1 km away from the Padmanabhapuram palace and used to be the garrison for the Travancore army. It is now under the Forest department and has a small zoo inside it. The tomb of Eustachious de Lennoy is also inside the Udayagiri Fort. (Eustachius de Lennoy’s tomb) The Padmanabhaswamy temple is in the heart of Trivandrum. It was recently declared the wealthiest place of worship in the world after a treasure chamber was rediscovered under it. The royal family still bears the title ‘Padmanabhadasa‘ and runs the temple trust. Posted in Tamil Nadu Rajendra Chola – I sat on the Chola throne for the first time as yuvaraja, the crown prince, under his father’s rule. He inherited a mighty empire from his father, Rajaraja Chola – I. Along with the empire, he also inherited his father’s wars. The Chola empire was plagued by wars and rebellions. In the North, they were at war with Kalingas, the Western Chalukas and the Eastern Chalukas. In the South, their archenemies, the Pandayas were a splinter on the throne. Even in Lanka, which his father had recently occupied, the Sinhalese king was fighting for his freedom. The yuvaraja rose to the challenge. He took command of the Chola Army. The Chola Army crushed all the rebels under his leadership. The Chola flag, a pouncing tiger, fluttered in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kalinga, and Lanka. The river Cauvery was the Chola lifeline. It flowed through the heart of their empire, the city of Thanjavur. The Temple that his father built towered high over the city skyline. Priests, ministers, and bureaucrats walked hurriedly through the wide streets. The city was his father’s pet project. The Chola port, Kaveripattinam, was situated at the mouth of the river Cauvery. It brought merchants from all over the world. Fair skinned Romans, bearded Arabs and diminutive Chinese strolled on the dusty the streets, selling their merchandise. Trade flourished under the Cholas. The Chola Empire was at peace. But the young Chola king grew restless. He wanted more. He wanted the holiest of all rivers. The Ganges. With the Bengal under him, Rajendra Chola looked east. He had heard tales from the merchants of Kaveripattinam of vast lands over the sea, filled with riches. He strengthened his Navy and sent it on an expedition to conquer the lands of the east. The Chola Navy did not disappoint their king. They proved to be the strongest naval force in the Indian Ocean. The kings of Burma, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, and the Indonesian Archipelago accepted the Cholas as their overlord. They sent tribute to the king, under the naval threat. All land around the Bay of Bengal belonged to the Cholas. During Rajendra Chola‘s rule, the Bay of Bengal was called ‘The Chola Lake‘. At the height of Rajendra Chola’s power, The Chola Empire held its sway over the Deccan, Bengal, Burma, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Andaman-Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands, Maldives and Sri Lanka, making it one of the largest empires to ever rule India. (Chola Empire under Rajendra Chola-I) After defeating the Pala kingdom, King Rajendra Chola came back south, bringing with him water from the Ganges. He built a new city and called it ‘Gangaikonda Cholapuram’ – The city of the Chola who brought the Ganges. He built a Shiva temple in the city, rivalling the one his father built in Thanjavur. He built a 22 km wide artificial lake near the city. He shifted the Chola capital from Thanjavur. He named his son, Rajadhiraja Chola, as ‘yuvaraja’ and placed him on the Chola throne. He renounced the throne and took up the life of a hermit. He left Gangaikonda Cholapuram and spent their last days as ascetics at Bramhadesam on the banks of Palar with his wife, Viramadeviyar. He died at Bramhadesam at the ripe age of eighty. The queen committed sati on his pyre. The queen’s brother, Madhurantakan Parakesari velan, the commander of the Chola armies, built a watershed at the place in memory of his sister and the greatest king of South India. The glory of Rajendra Chola’s city, Gangaikonda Cholapuram is now all but lost. The once mighty Chola capital is now a small village situated on the highway between Neyveli and Kumbakonam. The Royal palace, the city buildings are all one with the dust. The only proof that the place was once the capital of one of the might Chola Empire are the Shiva temple and man-made lake nearby. The Shiva temple is built along the lines of the one in Thanjavur. One of the most beautiful sculptures adoring the wall is the one of Shiva placing a crown on the King’s head. Clean lawns surround the temple premises. The place is now a world heritage site and thankfully the city of one of the greatest kings of India is not completely lost in the tides of time.
Home page Culturemain body How should the solar terms of summer heat be used to promote good health? What should we pay attention to? DailyBird Culture 2021-10-08 1 0 there are twenty-four solar terms in China. The first half of every twelve months is festival and the second half is Qi. There are twenty-four solar terms in total. It is China's unique calendar. The 24 solar terms are determined by the climate in which crops grow. It is clear at a glance what solar terms should be planted and what plants should be planted. Therefore, we know how to keep healthy in the 24 solar terms. So in the solar term of summer, how should we promote good health? And follow Dr. Zheng to understand. 1. What does it mean to relieve summer heat? According to the collection solution of the seventy-two seasons of the month: "place, go, and the Department's Qi will stop here." the "place" here means "end", that is to say, the hot summer is about to pass, and it's over. in ancient China, the summer festival was divided into three periods: "first, the eagle is to sacrifice birds; second, the heaven and earth begin to be solemn; third, the Wo is to ascend." it means that in the solar term of summer festival, the eagle began to hunt a large number of birds; Everything in heaven and earth began to wither; "He naideng" refers to the general name of millet, millet, rice and sorghum crops, and "Deng" means mature. Summer is a solar term that reflects the change of temperature. "Chu" means hiding and ending, "Chu Shu" means that the hot summer is over. 2. What should we pay attention to in summer and health preservation? When summer comes and autumn comes, it is golden. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that Jinwang is on duty in the lung meridian, and excessive lung qi can overcome liver wood. Therefore, health preservation should also focus on nourishing and protecting the liver. Therefore, we should try to eat more nourishing, dry and light food, and avoid spicy, barbecue and greasy food: for example, we can eat more tomatoes, pears, tremella, kelp, lean meat, fish and fresh vegetables and fruits; Eat less spicy food such as pepper, ginger, raw garlic, pepper, green onion and wine. If time permits, you can cook some tonic, cool and Runfei soup, such as kelp ribs soup, apple Sydney lean meat soup, fig undersea coconut soup, etc. Like radishes, eat less, because radishes are breathless, and on summer days, people are short of Qi and need to keep Qi. The solar terms of are in the alternating period from heat to cool. The Yang Qi in nature tends to converge from relief, and the rise and fall of Yin-Yang Qi in the human body also change. At this time, the daily work and rest should be adjusted accordingly. In autumn, the first thing to adjust is the sleep time. It is well known to go to bed early and get up early. Scientific health care requires a comprehensive grasp of sleep rules and methods. in addition, the ancients also emphasized the importance of noon sleep in the sleep regimen (i.e. sleeping at midnight and noon every day). They believed that at noon, yin and Yang intersected, flourished and declined, and there was an imbalance between Qi and Yang in the body. They must lie still to wait for Qi recovery. Modern studies have found that from 0 to 4 o'clock at night, the functions of various organs in the body fall to the lowest point; 12 to 13 noon is the most tired time of human sympathetic nerve. Statistics show that the nap of the elderly can reduce the incidence rate of heart and cerebrovascular diseases. in the summer solar term, it is suitable to eat heat clearing and calming products, such as tremella, lily, lotus seed, honey, yellow croaker, scallop, kelp, jellyfish, celery, spinach, glutinous rice, sesame, beans and milk. you may also like: what does the difference between small heat and large heat mean? What are the characteristics of people born in Chushu? Explosive Chinese medicine tells you the importance of sleep in the summer. When is white valentine's day? The origin of White Valentine's day? Copyright notice
Money After Graduation Do you ever feel like you have no idea where all of your money goes? You get a paycheck, you pay a few bills, you go out with your friends at the end of the week, and by Monday, you’re broke. Where did it all go? You might be afraid of keeping a closer eye on every dollar you spend, but doing so just might be the key to long-term financial success. How to Do It Tracking your spending is not as hard as you think! You can do it with the aid of technology or with pen and paper. It can be as simple as writing everything you spend in a notebook or notes app. Many banks have tools that automatically display how much you have spent on different categories, such as gas and groceries, in your online banking profile, and there are apps that do the same thing. No matter how you track your spending, it’s important to remember to include everything you spend. If you’re using an online tool that tracks your debit card, be sure to factor in money spent in cash or using a credit card. Be sure to break down your spending into different categories when you are finished tracking. Why It Matters Tracking your spending keeps you accountable. If you’re writing down a $3 mid-afternoon trip to Starbucks every day, you’re more likely to notice the wasteful habit. Breaking the spending down into categories makes it obvious where most of your money goes. Once you have the information, you can do something about it. How to Make a Difference Once you’ve analyzed your spending habits, you can change them. If you see that you’re spending a lot of money on non-essential items, you can find cheaper substitutes. Your habits can only change if you’re aware of them. As with any other subject, financial knowledge is power.
The Long History Of Pie Explained Almost every culture around the world has their own variation of a pie, whether it's handheld or baked in a pan. Historically, pies have been favored not only for their delicious flavors but their ability to preserve their fillings for extended periods of time. This was especially useful not only during the winter but for long sea voyages as well. In some places, pie underwent various transformations in public opinion, running the gamut from being praised to being considered deadly. But ultimately, pie has come out on top and is often brought out as a favorite treat during holidays. The very first pies were primarily filled with meat, more often than not a type of bird. But before long, pies had conquered every flavor from savory to sweet. They now come in every imaginable shape and size and have transformed in every culture that they've come into contact with, creating a worldwide range of pies that is changing and coming up with new combinations of flavors every day. This is the long history of pie explained. So what defines a pie? A pie is considered to be any sort of pastry shell that has a filling, either meat or sweet, and is covered with a top crust. The top crust is an essential component in traditional pies, for according to Everything Pies, without the top crust, the pastry simply becomes a tart. While a tart may be considered a subset of a pie, most American pies would be considered tarts in England. This discrepancy emerged when pies transformed in their travels to America. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word "pie" started being used in Medieval Latin around 1300. It's likely related to "pia," meaning "pastry," and is also believed to be connected with the word "pica," which refers to magpies. This connection is thought to be because of the birds' habit of collecting random objects, often like the ingredients that went into pies. While purists will maintain strict definitions of what counts as a pie or not, almost every culture has a version of a pie, especially ones that are handheld and portable. Pies around the world Rightly so, pies have proliferated around the world. While the form may vary across cultures, there seems to be a consistent urge across the globe to fill pastry shells with some sort of savory or sweet filling. Hand pies are especially prolific, because who wouldn't want a pie that's portable? According to The Takeout, while most hand pies have a semilunar shape, they can be found in all shapes and sizes around the world. Most hand pies are smaller versions of traditional meat pies, but no two are entirely alike. Empanadas and Jamaican patties are arguably the most popular hand pies in the world, but spanakopitas and samosas come in at a close second. Bastilla, also known as pastilla, is an example of a Moroccan meat pie that brings together the two ends of the pie spectrum, sweet and savory, into a rich blend of poultry, cinnamon, almonds, and sugar. Even pizza masquerades as a pie. But no matter where one travels, pies have surely gotten there first. Hieroglyphic pie recipes The earliest known dish resembling a pie comes from the Neolithic period in ancient Egypt, as far back as between roughly 9500 BCE and 2000 BCE. According to the BBC, one example of an ancient Egyptian pie was made out of barley, oats, rye, or wheat and filled with honey. The crust is thought to have been rather dense, and since the crusts of some of the early pies weren't meant to be eaten, it's possible that this crust was meant to hold the filling rather than be eaten itself, similar to a bread bowl. According to What's Cooking America, drawings of pies that used fruits and honey can also be found on the walls of the tomb of Ramses II, who ruled from 1304 to 1237 BCE. Ancient Egyptians also made classic meat pies as well, with a chicken pie recipe being found carved in hieroglyphs on a tablet. The first recorded use of yeast occurred around roughly 2600 BCE, so it's likely that they were making bread-filled pastries around the same time. Ancient Egyptian pie evolved into modern-day feteer meshaltet, which translates to "cushion-like pie." Feteer meshaltet is thought to have appeared in a semilunar form at one point as well, and it's believed that the semilunar feteer meshaltet traveled to France, where it transformed into the croissant. Pies for all of history From ancient Egypt, pies made their way into ancient Greece by the fifth century BCE. According to Visit Greece, pies were part of the everyday diet of ancient Greeks. And every city and village, whether on the mainland or on an island, has their own version of a pie, with different fillings, sizes, and shapes. According to Cycladia, the Northwestern region of Epirus is the most famous region for Greek pies, likely due to its high population of sheep, which produce a wide variety of cheese, and its plethora of herbs and vegetation. Spanakopita is likely the most famous Greek pie, known for its savory spinach and cheese layers. The Greek poet Philoxenus writes in his poem "The Banquet" of the hosts of a party serving a pastry made with honey and milk that was baked like a pie. Pies are even mentioned in the plays of Aristophanes, with multiple descriptions of small pastries filled with fruit. The Romans took the concept from the Greeks and made their pastry shells specifically for encasing and preserving the taste of the filling, rather than to be eaten. It was this version of the pie that made its way through Europe and to Britain. Pies get medieval In medieval Britain, pies were primarily filled with meat, and the pastry shells weren't necessarily eaten, like in Rome. The biggest appeal of pies was their ability to conserve space and preserve food for a longer time, especially on long sea voyages. These pies also had significantly more crust than filling and were known as "pyes." According to Slate, the pie crust was solely functional and was intended to be a hard shell that had to be broken open to get at the delicious filling inside. The crust was made to be incredibly thick so that it was able to withstand being baked over a fire for several hours. And funnily enough, the pie crusts themselves were referred to as "cofyns," which just means "box." This especially emphasizes the pie's ability to store food, since the thick crust also helped keep food fresh for longer. During this time, the most common filling was crow, and it's rumored that the feet were used as handles. Birds in general were often used as filling, and songbirds especially were considered a delicacy. But according to Pie: A Global History by Janet Clarkson, it's not clear exactly what the recipes for medieval pie crusts were. Medieval cookbooks weren't intended to be instruction manuals and were instead more for those who were tasked with provisioning the kitchen, rather than the cooks themselves. And since pies were so commonplace, almost every cook knew how to make the crust in their sleep. Breaking out of the pie shell Medieval pies sometimes included dinner and a show. Known as animated pies, a large crust would be baked over a wooden scaffolding with a hole in the bottom, from which the cook would afterward seal in live birds and a cooked pie. This way, when the top crust was cut open, the live birds would fly out of the outer pie. This custom is still referenced today in the nursery rhyme "Sing a Song of Sixpence." Live birds weren't the only things that burst out of pies. According to What's Cooking America, other small animals, such as turtles, rabbits, and frogs, were also frequently incorporated. Sometimes, people would also pop out for entertainment. One such person was Jeffrey Hudson, who was known for his small stature, reportedly standing only 18 inches tall at age seven. According to The Vintage News, when Hudson was seven, he was presented to King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria in London, bursting through the crust of a pie dressed in knight's armor. Queen Henrietta was so amused by Hudson's small stature that she took him on as her court dwarf. While there were some versions of sweet pies, in medieval Britain, they were distinguished from meat pies as tarts. And since sugar was expensive and rare, it wasn't commonly used as an ingredient, so medieval sweet pies might not be considered sweet to a modern palette. The queen always tries first While Elizabeth I isn't necessarily remembered for her role in the legacy of pie, she's actually involved in the story of what's thought to be the world's first cherry pie. According to the BBC, the first cherry pie was reportedly baked for Elizabeth, although no one knows whether or not she enjoyed it. During the 16th century, pies also continued the tradition of having appearances in plays. A pie plays a pivotal role in William Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, becoming a literal coffin for Chiron and Demetrius after they brutalize Titus' children. Titus not only kills Chiron and Demetrius and bakes them into a pie, but he goes on to serve that pie to their mother before murdering her as well. Pies were also a popular snack for people in the upper classes to eat while watching the plays of Shakespeare. According to The Star, those who sat in the gallery often enjoyed meat pies in addition to crabs and dried figs. People in lower classes who watched from the yard snacked on oysters instead. Pies travel the Atlantic As the British invaded and colonized North America, they brought pies along with them. With the different ingredients available across the Atlantic, American pies began to deviate from traditional British recipes. While the popularity of pies wouldn't explode until the 1800s, colonists often made pies in order to preserve the foods that were used for filling, which would keep during the winter months. According to Time Magazine, despite the fact that apple pie is considered to be quintessentially American, even that came over from England. And until sugar became included in the recipe, it was a far cry from the sweet treat known today. Mark Twain, also known as Samuel Clemens, was reportedly a big fan of pies, and when he visited Europe, he apparently disparaged the food he encountered, longing instead for the many different kinds of pie to be found back home in the United States. According to Slate, it was during their travel to America that the difference between tarts and pies became lost to the Americans. It was also around this time that sweet pies began to be more popular. With the establishment of sugar colonies in the Caribbean, sugar became much more common than it had previously been. The rise of sweet pies During their occupation and colonization of the Caribbean, the British established hundreds of sugar colonies that were kept running by the enslaved people kidnapped from Africa. On most of the islands, upwards of 80 percent of the population was enslaved. The spread of sugar plantations led to the proliferation of sugar across Europe and North America, demonstrative in the rise of sweet pies. According to Pie: A Global History by Janet Clarkson, while fruit wasn't entirely absent from pie recipes before the inclusion of sugar, it was rarely the primary ingredient. By the Victorian era, mince pies, made of an assortment of dried fruits and spices, were also a common sugary treat, and soon, "mincemeat" didn't even have to include meat. And recipe books began including meat-free versions alongside traditional meat pie recipes, allowing for the proliferation of hundreds of different types of pies. With the spread of dairy and eggs, cream pies also rose in popularity alongside fruit pies. The criticism of pies As pie became more popular, it also came under attack in the mid-1800s. According to the Los Angeles Times, Harper's Magazine published an attack on pies in 1866, which hyperbolically claimed that, "Pie in countless varieties waits upon us through life. Pie kills us finally." Claiming that the dough of pie crusts was indigestible, dietary reformers continually tried to steer people away from eating pies. According to The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, dietary reformers claimed to be interested in the science of nutrition, but a lot of their attacks seemed to be geared toward immigrants and low-income people. Claiming that if people changed what they ate, then the American spirit wouldn't be weighed down by so much dough, people like Sarah Tyson Rore, food editor of the Ladies' Home Journal, made sure to frequently warn people about how pies took too much energy to digest. The Century Cookbook, published in 1895, decided to include the comment that, "The American pie is perhaps the most ridiculed of dishes. [...] The mince pie, probably the most indigestible of all, is the one universally accepted as a treat, and seldom refused by the scoffer." According to Smithsonian Magazine, some even believed that eating pie was a cause of divorce, like alcoholism. But with the outbreak of World War I, eating pie became a patriotic activity. Pies became a symbol of that which soldiers missed while they were off fighting in foreign countries. This association with patriotism would continue. The alternating popularity of pie According to Slate, during the Great Depression, Ritz crackers began including recipes for "mock apple pie" on the backs of their boxes. Made with the times in mind, the recipe suggested soaking the crackers in vanilla, lemon, and cinnamon to be used instead of real apple filling, since apples were in short supply and too expensive to indulge in. By the mid-20th century, however, the popularity of pies began to rise again as canned fruit and instant pudding mixes made it easier to make filling. Ready-made pie crusts also drastically simplified the pie-making process, and with the spread of home refrigeration, chilled pie recipes also became increasingly common. But, according to The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, simultaneously, the amount of pies being made started to dip as a result of urbanization and industrialization. As more and more women joined the workforce, the act of making a pie every week was too laborious an activity, so it started to become more of an occasional undertaking for special occasions. All the same, pies continued to persevere as a symbol of America. According to Smithsonian Magazine, when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev went to New York City in 1960, someone sent an apple pie to his Park Avenue address. The American pie was meant to represent all the layers that America had, while "the Communist pie is nothing but crust." Pies endure Today, pies are considered a quintessential dessert for some holidays and remain a savory meal for any day of the year. Pies also continue to evolve as people come up with hundreds of types of crusts and fillings. After being called "an American evil" and an "unmoral food [sic]" by Kate Masterson in The New York Times in 1902, pies have remained a classic of not only American cuisine but of cuisines around the world. The pie-in-the-face joke even endures as physical comedy. Pies have even become punnily associated with Pi Day, celebrated on March 14 due to its resemblance to the mathematical number. But it seems that the exact definition of a pie still eludes us. According to Slate, Emily Elsen, founder of the pie shop "Four and Twenty Blackbirds," her European customers call her pies "cakes," and the debate of pies vs. tarts seems endless. According to Smithsonian Magazine, the phrase "as American as apple pie" didn't appear until 1924, when it was used in an advertisement for men's suits. But no one culture has a monopoly on pies. Pies have transformed in every culture they've engaged with, and even if no one can determine exactly what counts as a pie, few will pass up a free slice.
Mahmoud Daoud - (FB4) Winter Semester 2020/21 Design Theory In this class, we have explored several aspects referred to the concepts of emotions and design. One goal of this class was to examine approaches connected to design and emotions such as “Design for Well-Being”, “Positive Design”, “Emotional Design”, “Happiness”, “Human-Centered Design”, “Human flourishing”. Furthermore, we have explored different design research methods to conduct research. In this project I studied a book called „How Designers think, The design process demystified“ Bryan Lawson, 2005. The author gives many theories of design processes and styles of thinking, He discusses the RIBA process and Tom Maver process, and then he adds his own theory. A very interesting subject in this book was the creative process, Bryan lawson discusses a creative process by mathematician Henri Poincare 1924, we start off by first insight in which we investigate and study, and then prepare (this is where we work hard) and then incubation phase and illumination in which the idea suddenly pops up, and finally verification. It is said that when we study a subject for a long time and then get some rest, the brain keeps on functioning and tries to find solutions in the background. How can we put a definition on something so abstract as thinking? it is a very tricky subject indeed. one thing i believe in, our thinking process could be as unique as our fingerprint.
A piezophile (from Greek "piezo-" for pressure and "-phile" for loving) is an organism with optimal growth under high hydrostatic pressure or, more operationally, an organism that have its maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure equal or above 10 MPa (= 99 atm = 1,450 psi), when tested over all permissible temperatures.[1] Originally, the term barophile was used for these organisms, but since the prefix "baro-" stands for weight, the term piezophile should be given preference.[2] Like all definitions of extremophiles, the definition of piezophiles is anthropocentric, and humans consider that moderate values for hydrostatic pressure are those around 1 atm (= 0.1 MPa = 14.7 psi). Hyperpiezophile is defined as an organism that have their maximum rate of growth above 50 MPa (= 493 atm = 7,252 psi).[3] The current record for highest hydrostatic pressure where growth was observed is 130 MPa (= 1,283 atm = 18,855 psi), by the archaea Thermococcus piezophilus.[4] Obligate piezophiles refers to organisms that are unable to grow under lower hydrostatic pressures, such as 0.1 MPa. In contrast, piezotolerant organisms are those that have their maximum rate of growth at a hydrostatic pressure under 10 MPa, but that nevertheless are able to grow at lower rates under higher hydrostatic pressures. Most of the Earth's biosphere (in terms of volume) is subject to high hydrostatic pressure, and the piezosphere comprises the deep sea (at the depth of 1,000 m and greater) plus the deep subsurface (which can extend up to 5,000 m beneath the seafloor or the continental surface).[3][5] The deep sea has a mean temperature around 1 to 3 °C, and it is dominated by psychropiezophiles, in contrast to the deep subsurface and hydrothermal vents in the seafloor, which are dominated by thermopiezophiles that prosper on temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F). The high pressures experienced by these organisms can cause the normal fluid cell membrane to become waxy and relatively impermeable to nutrients. The high pressure decreases the ability of the subunits of multimeric proteins to interact. Thus, large protein complexes must interact to decrease pressure-related effects and regulate processes such as protein and DNA synthesis, which are sensitive to high pressure. Piezophilic bacteria have a high proportion of fatty acids in their cytoplasmic membrane, which allows membranes to remain functional and keep from gelling at high pressures.[6] See also 1. ^ Yayanos, A Aristides (2008-12-15). "Piezophiles". In John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (ed.). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 20 Volume Set. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. a0000341.pub2. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000341.pub2. ISBN 9780470016176. 2. ^ Yayanos, A A (October 1995). "Microbiology To 10,500 Meters in the Deep Sea". Annual Review of Microbiology. 49 (1): 777–805. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.004021. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 8561479. 3. ^ a b Fang, Jiasong; Zhang, Li; Bazylinski, Dennis A. (September 2010). "Deep-sea piezosphere and piezophiles: geomicrobiology and biogeochemistry". Trends in Microbiology. 18 (9): 413–422. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.006. PMID 20663673. 4. ^ Dalmasso, Cécile; Oger, Philippe; Selva, Gwendoline; Courtine, Damien; L’Haridon, Stéphane; Garlaschelli, Alexandre; Roussel, Erwan; Miyazaki, Junichi; Reveillaud, Julie; Jebbar, Mohamed; Takai, Ken (October 2016). "Thermococcus piezophilus sp. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic and piezophilic archaeon with a broad pressure range for growth, isolated from a deepest hydrothermal vent at the Mid-Cayman Rise" (PDF). Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 39 (7): 440–444. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2016.08.003. PMID 27638197. 5. ^ Kieft, Thomas L. (2016), "Microbiology of the Deep Continental Biosphere", in Hurst, Christon J. (ed.), Their World: A Diversity of Microbial Environments, Advances in Environmental Microbiology, vol. 1, Springer International Publishing, pp. 225–249, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28071-4_6, ISBN 9783319280691 6. ^ 1949-, Madigan, Michael T. (2014). Brock biology of microorganisms. Martinko, John M.,, Bender, Kelly S., 1977-, Buckley, Daniel H. (Daniel Hezekiah),, Stahl, David Allan, 1949- (Fourteenth edition, Global ed.). Boston. ISBN 978-1292018317. OCLC 880685515.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
This lesson is available only to Speaking Hebrew: Beginners Course subscribers. Try a Free Lesson -or- Sign Up Today Hebrew Lesson Number 22: Let's Practice What We Know #2 After reviewing our vocabulary from Hebrew Lessons echad ad eser (1 to 10), it's time to repeat and practice our grammar rules taken from these lessons. Hebrew grammar is Fun! Dikduk be-Ivrit ze kef! Introduction to Lesson 22: Let's Practice What We Know #2 Learn Hebrew Pod - Lesson 22 Articles, prepositions, and verbs . . . oh my! There’s no need to be afraid. And we don’t need to see the Wizard to ask him for a brain! We’ve got all we need right here, as Jonathan, Eran, and Liat review and consolidate for us the many grammar topics we learned in Lessons 1 through 10. So by the end of this lesson, we’ll remember: • Why it’s called the “cheese cream rule” • Why we’d ask Liat “ma shlomech?” instead of “ma shlomcha?” • What the pa-albuilding block is, and . . . • Why we ohavim et ha-shiurim shel Learn Hebrew Pod instead of ohavim ha-shiurim shel Learn Hebrew Pod. No, Toto, we’re not in Kansas anymore. We’re in Israel . . . the language is Hebrew, and we are well on our way! Kadima! Some Grammar from This Lesson: Gender Pertinence and Numbers Using numbers correctly in Hebrew requires a thorough understanding and awareness of gender pertinence principals in Hebrew. One of the best examples is when asking for or telling the time. Liat: In Hebrew, when we ask for or say the time we use the word sha-a – an hour. The question in Hebrew is “ma ha-sha-a?” Literally, the translation is: “What is the hour?” When replying, we may say, for example, "ha-sha-a chamesh" - the time is five. Eran: Another very important thing to know, when saying the time in Hebrew, is that we do not indicate AM or PM. Instead, we say the time of day, for example, “Seven PM” - Seven in the evening - “sheva ba-erev. And “Seven AM” – Seven in the morning - “sheva ba-boker”. sheva ba-erev – seven PM sheva ba-boker – seven AM Jonathan: Back to the gender pertinence aspect of saying the time. We emphasize again. Always be sure to choose the right adjective for a word. Eran: If our Hebrew word has masculine gender pertinence, the Hebrew adjective following it will be in the masculine form. If a word has feminine gender pertinence, the adjective following it, will be in the feminine form! Liat: Hebrew uses two different sets of words for numbers, masculine sets and feminine sets. Since saying the time describes a feminine noun, (an hour is feminine, it ends with the 'a' suffix) we use the feminine set of numbers to indicate the time. Jonathan: To practice how to say the time in Hebrew, please refer to Lesson 22-C, Exercise #4. Some Grammar from This Lesson II: Articles in Hebrew In English we use two kinds of articles. “The” which is a definite article and is used to refer to specific or particular nouns. The other is indefinite as in “a” or “an” which we use before non-specific or non-particular nouns. We had started our discussion of the proper use of 'articles' in Hebrew, by acknowledging the following two simple basic rules: חוק מספר אחת Eran: chok mispar achat - Rule Number One: In Hebrew there is NO indefinite article. We don't use “a” or “an” preceding the noun. For example: “a student” in Hebrew is: “student”. “a book” in Hebrew is: “sefer”. That’s it. Nothing can be simpler than that, just the noun without anything preceding it. חוק מספר שתיים Liat: chok mispar shta-yim - Rule Number Two: There is a definite article in Hebrew. It is connected to the noun as a prefix and not as a separate word. In its simplest form, the article 'The' is the letter hey with the vowel 'a'. That makes a 'ha' sound. We connect the definite article ‘ha’ to the beginning of the word. Therefore, it is transliterated as one unit: “ha-ka-izz” which is “the summer” and “ha-choref” …”the winter”. !אני אוהב את הקייץ *Subscribe to Learn Hebrew Pod - Speaking or Reading Hebrew courses and review all the Hebrew grammar rules we learned in our lessons 1 to 10 of the ‘Learn Hebrew Pod - Beginner Course’.
ga('send', 'pageview'); Bedbugs are parasitic insects of the Cimicid family that feed exclusively on blood. Bedbug bites can be infected with at least 28 human pathogens, no studies have found that the insects are capable of transmitting any of these to humans. If you suspect that you have bed bugs in your home, try looking for the tiny white or brown-colored bugs in the seams of mattresses. Or check for tiny bloodstains or insect waste on the sheets. Bed bugs can be found most often in the seams, folds, edges and labels of mattresses, and tend to be found around beds or couches but there are also cases where they have been found in the cracks and crevices of walls, furniture and floors. While bed bugs are tiny, it does not take an expert to find the bugs by looking at the above bed bugs pictures. However, these critters can be notoriously hard to get rid of since they can survive for more than a year without food until a new host comes along. To prevent against an infestation, entomologists and pest control experts recommend using an Integrated Pest Management approach.
NASA Mission Statement Q&A: Eyes on Earth UPDATE, May 31: After a mild firestorm erupted today following NASA administrator Michael Griffin's comments about the urgency of global warming, we thought the agency's earth-science priorities were worth a second look. Last February, NASA quietly dropped from its mission statement the phrase "to understand and protect our home planet." But should Earth scientists actually be worried? According to the National Research Council, that answer is a resounding "yes." In a report released this week, a committee appointed by the Council's Space Studies Board warns that a number of measurements providing critical information about Earth processes will cease to be made over the next few years. By 2010, it says, the number of Earth-observing missions will drop dramatically, and the number of operating sensors and instruments on NASA spacecraft will decrease by 40 percent. "The United States' extraordinary foundation of global observations is at great risk," the report's authors write. PM spoke with Carl Wunsch, a professor of physical oceanography at MIT, to find out how Earth scientists view the agency's shifting priorities--and how those may affect the study of the planet. Wunsch has been involved with three reviews of NASA's science plan, including this most recent report. The phrase excised from NASA's mission statement only dates back to 2002. Has Earth science always been a priority for the agency? If you look at the satellites NASA has flown over the years, much of that activity was directed at measuring the Earth--its land surface, biosphere, atmosphere and oceans. NASA had a real interest in Earth science. And it had scientists who really badly wanted to make these measurements. The reason the change in mission statement is troubling is because NASA has started chopping Earth missions. If it hadn't done that, people probably would have just shrugged. But the change seems to be more than symbolic. These days, it isn't clear why a good engineer or scientist interested in the Earth would want to work for NASA. What missions has NASA cut? Why is it important to make observations over many years? Long-term research is critical because the Earth changes comparatively slowly. If you live in New York and get three cold winters in a row, you might say, "Oh, the world is cooling off." But that would be a very foolish conclusion. The system fluctuates and in order to see trends you need very long records. Do you use satellite data in your own research? I'm an oceanographer. I study primarily the way the ocean affects climate. You can't put enough instruments in the ocean to get the kind of global coverage provided by NASA satellites. If they stop measuring the ocean, we won't be able to predict what's going to happen when we get events such as El Niño. Have NASA's plans for a permanent lunar base caused concern among Earth scientists? Of course. It is going to cost billions of dollars and it's not clear what the scientific utility is. I think most scientists, including me, would say yes. The country can afford both an Earth-oriented program and a planet and exobiology program. The trouble comes when you get crazy things like the space station, which has cost billions of dollars and seems increasingly pointless. It's not astrobiology that's the issue, it's the manned program that is eating the national budget--the space station, the shuttle, neither of which seems to make any sense. But couldn't political momentum just as easily shift back to funding Earth-oriented programs? Advertisement - Continue Reading Below More From Space
The Benefits of Lawn in Landscapes mower on the lawn Manicured landscapes trace back its origin on French formal gardens. A selection of plants is carefully chosen to showcase opulence and order. Everything is curated by the gardener and not even a single blade of grass is out of place. As Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie, a famous French garden designer once said, “the principal reason for the existence of a garden is the aesthetic pleasure which it gives to the spectator.” At present, this principle can still be observed and applied to everyone’s home garden. Landscaping lets us curate our own little space that makes us enjoy the wonders of nature. A landscape without proper use of greenery is dull and boring. A garden with sweeping lawns and lush plants evoke a sense of happiness and calm. Maintaining a garden can be overwhelming to an average homeowner, but there are residential and commercial grounds care professionals that they can employ. One of the crucial parts of landscape design is the lawn. It’s sometimes overlooked because there is a common misconception that grasses are low maintenance. But, the reality of it is that maintaining a lawn is much like taking care of the plants that surround the garden. Lawn Benefits Lawns are more than just carpeting for the landscape. They generate oxygen by absorbing carbon dioxide improving air quality around homes and buildings. It also reduces air and noise pollution by acting as a natural filter for the environment. Inclined areas can benefit mostly on turf by controlling soil erosion. The roots of the grass act as anchors and nets to the ground lessening soil level reduction. This also improves the quality protection of groundwater and provides flood control. Open green spaces provide high visibility zones in homes, thus deterring intruders. Lawns also reduce fire hazards by acting as a firebreak. Turf can also increase property values by enhancing curb appeal. home with a huge lawn All of the benefits would amount to nothing if the grass in your landscape is not properly maintained. Mowing is generally required to maintain a good turf. Keeping a turfgrass with a balanced top and root growth can minimize weeds by producing soil shade. Weeds don’t germinate in shaded areas. Mowing also balances the moisture of the soil, thus preventing the spread of plant pests and diseases. Established lawns like any other plants need proper watering. Water requirements vary on the season and soil conditions. Healthiest lawns are achieved with thorough watering at infrequent intervals — letting the soil dry out to prevent root and drainage problems. Fertilizers help lawns to stay healthy by encouraging better leaf and root growth. They replenish spent nutrients by bringing back sufficient nutrients for the optimum growing condition. Such an important material can be confusing for an average gardener because of the certain types and requirements of grasses. It would be advisable to ask professionals because getting a wrong fertilizer can not only kill your lawn, but cause tremendous environmental impact. Professionals also need to assess the soil by conducting tests which determines the acidity and alkalinity. Lawn care may be tedious, but the result of proper maintenance is a fulfilling reward. Improve the visual appeal and reap the benefits of your landscape by caring for your lawn. Share this post: Scroll to Top
Home \| My Profile \| Sign In News Jobs \| Blogs About Bihar \| People \| Districts \| Advertisement \| Festivals \| Cultures \| Religion \| Important Websites \| Education Chief Minister Council Of Ministers Elected Members Govt. Orders & Forms Bihar Diaspora Embassies & Consulates Passport / VISA Study in Bihar Travel Advisory Visit Bihar Important URL Links Indian Railways Check PNR Status Reservation Availability Train Running Information Chief Electoral Officer Baba Dham Deoghar Jharkhand High Court Jharkhand Govt Patna High Court Dept. of Tourism Bihar Govt Indian Airlines Sahara Airlines Jet Airways Air Deccan India Post Office Indian Passport Supreme Court of India IGI Airport, New Delhi festivals of bihar Fairs and Festivals of Bihar Ancient Vediv Religion Festivities of Bihar are steeped in history that has no means to fathom. Moreover, history is not always written by historians but by people who ake up legends. and legends to the skeptics are in fact revelations to the faithful. At one time Bihar was beyond the pale of Aryan culture and remained free fro the influences of Vedic religion. During this period, the people of ancient Bihar worshipped the forces of nature, like serpents, stones, trees, Chaityas (funerary mounds) Yakshas (semi divine beings), etc. Gradually these objects were incorporated into the Aryan pantheon and in exchange Brahmana leadership and Vedic sacrifices were accepted by the people of this region. The Festivities in Bihar The majority of people are Hindu. So all traditional Hindu festivals are observed - Holi, Saraswati Puja, Durga Puja or Dusserah, Deepavali, Bhaiya Dooj etc. But there is one festival that is uniquely associated with Bihar, and that is the festival of Chhath. festivals of bihar Muslims comprise a vast minority. (At the time of partition of India, in 1947, a very large number of Bihari Muslims migrated to Pakistan - then comprising of East and West Pakistan. When East Pakistan was liberated from Pakistani rule and became the nation of Bangladesh, these Bihari Muslims had a second migration, this time to West Pakistan, now simply known as Pakistan. This Bihari minority in Pakistan is known as "mujahirs" and they are engaged in a fierce fight for their survival in Pakistan.) Christians, although proportional to the whole population a small minority, are very large in absolute numbers. Many beautiful Catholic and Protestant church buildings dot the landscape of towns in Bihar. Special mention may be made of Patna and Ranchi. Some examples are: the St. Joseph's Convent, the St. Xavier's School with its chapel, Padri-Ki-Haveli, and the church at the Holy Family Hospital in Patna; and the Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church at Ranchi. Surprisingly, Bihari Sikhs, in the land that gave the tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, are very few in number. A large number of Sikhs from the Punjab migrated to Bihar during the partition of India in 1947. This uprooted, but highly enterprising, group of people quickly established itself as very successful member of the business and industrial community in Bihar. They are now an integral part of the Bihari population. The Harmandir Takht, the gurudwara that commemorates Guru Gobind Singh, is a sacred place of pilgrimage for the Sikhs. To the Sikhs this holy place is reverentially known as Patna Sahib. The amalgamation of Vedic and non-Aryan religion was not an easy affair. It is not surprising to find the Rig Vedic word for festival, Samana, which has been rendered both as ‘battle’ and ‘ ‘festival’. We hear of Bhima and Arjuna as destroying the great Chaitya on the hills of Rajgir in order to demonstrate their hostility towards Magadha. Likewise, the Asurs of Gaya were uprooted by Vishnu. The famous Sonepur Cattle fair (deeed to be the largest in the world) recreates the Gagendra moksha legend, associated with Hariharanatha temple in Sonepur, which was once strongly opposed to Vishnu. The Cattle fair, beginning with the full moon day of Kartik Purnima (November) commemorates the ancient concord accommplished at Sonepur, between the opposing sects of Vishnav and Shiva worshippers. The Legend associated with Kaun Hara Ghat The central venue is the kaun hara (who lost ?) ghat (river bank) which originates from a mythical encounter between the honest gaja elephant) and the shrewd graha (crocodile). The story dates back to the undatable past when the elephant. Jai and the crocodile, Vijai in their previous birth were fraternally related devotees of Lord Vishnu. Once they quarreled amongst themselves over the distribution of proceeds received from a fire sacrifice. Jai, the elder, cursed the younger Vijai for reneging on the promise of equal shares, while Vijaia insisted that each of them were given what they deserved and so there was no question of sharing it. For Vijai, the curse spelled rebirth as a vile crocodile. In retaliation the younger cursed the elder to be reborn as an elephant. When the anger subsided, the two brothers realised thir mistakes but the curses were irrevocable. Later, one Kartik Purnima day when the saintly elephant went to the Gandak river for a bath, the crafty crocodile caught his foot. A fierce battle ensued and finally Lord Vishnu had to hurl his disc to kill the crocodile. The Hariharanatha Temple at Sonepur, housing the images of Vishnu and Shiva, commemorates the temporary thaw in what was otherwise a more or less permanent war between themselves and their supporters. Sonepur Cattle Fair Legend apart, the famous Sonepur fair in more of a cattle trading centre where incredible number of birds and cattle are brought from different parts of the country. Besides, the bewildering array of wares are on sale and add to this the numerous folk shows about which the BBC once remarked, "there’s nothing like the Sonepur Cabaret." The time to start is very early in the morning when the fog is suddenly pierced by the sun and the huge gathering has just emerged from the holy dip in the cold absolving waters. The mela that lasts upto a fortnight, provides enough time to talk to the parrots, watch the elephants being bathed leisurely, followed by ear splitting trumpets and then the artists working up with colourful designs to decorate the elephants as if the pachyderm has been tatooed all over, see the horses being tested for their speed and stamina, big bulky buffaloes being milked and likewise all other animals demonstrating their skill, strength and productivity. By midday, it is the cacophony of strong decibels pouring in from all corners as the huge gathering becomes denser with more and more people adding to the sound and sight of the landscae. Ash smeared, saffron clothed holy men blow their conches and bang their gongs. Loudsspeakers, from various folk shows and jugglers rent the air together with the unison from the animals. Much before the sun sets in, flames and fumes of dung fire burning at different places appear to screen the sky in a very amusing way, as if some mediveval army has just camped for the night. and it is time to share a gossip with one of the villagers who may better summarise the stock and sale of the cattles for the day. Zesty snacks together with tea comes in from the open air restaurant. Nag Panchmi The rainy month of Sravana when there is danger of death from snake bite, people appease the snake god by offering milk during Nag Panchmi. The prime centre of naga worship is Rajgir and Mahabharata describes this place as the abode of serpents and excavations have revealed numerous objects used in serpent cult. In fact naga worship is wide spread through out India. Makar Sankranti Mela Famous Makar Sankranti mela is another festival unique to Rajgir in the month of Paus, corresponding to mid January. Devotees make flower offerings to the deities of the temples at Hot springs and bathe in the holy water. Another historic place associated with fifteen day long Makar Sankranti mela is the Mandar hills in Banka district. Puranic legends accounts for a great deluge which witnessed the creation of a Asura that threatened the gods. Vishnu cut off the Asura’s head and piled up the body under the weight of the Mandar hill. The famous panchjanya - the sankh (counch shell) used in the Mahabharat war is believed to have been found here on the hills. Traces, akin to serpent coil can be seen around the hill and it is believed that the snake god offered himself to be used as a rope for churning the ocean to obtain the amrit (nectar). Gaya-Buddhist Pilgrimage Center Gaya is another holy dot in Bihar, famous for the International Buddhist Gathering and the rallying point is the Mahabodhi tree and the adjacent temple. The occasions are Buddha Jayanti (Buddha was born on this day, he attained enlightenment on this day and also attained Nirvana on this day ) and in the month of Vaisakh (April/May) and the annual session of Dalai Lama in December. Mahavir Jayanti is celebated in April with much fanfare on the Parsvanath hill and also at Vaishali while Deo Deepawali, marking the attainment of Nirvana by Mahavira is celebrated best at Pawapuri, ten days after Deepavali. Gaya - Pitrapaksha Mela Arond september the sleepy town of Gaya is agog with people who come here for the famous Pitrapaksha mela or the ancestor worship typified in Sraddha ritual. It is time for the Gayalis (the descendants of Magga Brahmans who were once devotees of Shiva but later converted to Vaishnavism) to be prepared for the vedic Sraddha ceremonies or the pindan - a mandatory Hind rite that is supposed to bring salvation to the departed soul. In the early Dharmasastras, Vishnu provides a list of over 50 tirthas but it proclaims that dead ancestors pray to God for a son who would offer pinda (lymph of rice) to them at Gaya. The tradition traces its history to the time of Buddha, who is believed to have performed the first pindan here. Turning the pages of earlier history, one comes across the Puranic legend that ascribes Gaya as one of the holiest spots of the world. The Asura, named Gaya become so powerful that the gods felt threatened and thus thought of eliminating him. As a precondition to his death, the Asura demanded that be should be buried in the holiest spot of the world. This place is Gaya. Vishnupada Temple The central point of the Hindu pilgrimage in Gaya is the Vishnupada temple built by Rani Ahilyabai of Indore in 1787. The spot on which it stands is associated with the famous mythological event of Vishnu killing Gaya and leaving his footprints on the rock which is the main point of worship in the temple. The Shraddha is customarily performed under a fig tree while the women pilgrim perform it indoors as gayawal women live under strange customs, for instance, they never stir out of the house, married girl continues to get her daily ration from her parents. They can adopt a child or even an adult, who may assist her in their work. The Gayawals are believed to maintain centuries old records of the pindans performed under the supervision of their ancestors and accordingly people prefer the specific family of Gayawals who might have served their ancestors as well. Other Famous Festivities Though Bihar is in league with festivals like Holi, Dussehra, Deepavali but chaath puja (6 days after Deepavali) is Bihar’s prime festival honouring the sun god. Unlike the zestful Holi or the expensive Deepavali) Chaath is a festival of prayer and propitiation observed with solemnity. It is an expression of thanks giving and seeking the blessings from the forces of nature, prominent among them being the Sun and river. The belief is that a devotee’s desire is always fulfilled during Chaath. Simultaneously an element of fear is alive among the devotees who dread the punishment for any misdeed during Chaath. The city remains safe during this time when criminals too prefer to be a part of the good. Chaath in Bihar can best be seen at Deo in Aurangabad or Baragaon near Nalanda, noted for their sun temples. Unlike other sun temples in India that faces East, the temple at Deo faces west and during the festival time it is the most crowded place. It is strange to see a Brahmin standing in the river water next to a Harijan ! The festival is more of a sacrifice which entails purificatory preparation. It can be performed by men or women, irrespective to caste or creed. Chaath commences with the end of Deepavali when the house is thoroughly cleaned, family members go in for a holy dip, strict saltless vegetarian menu is observed (even onions and garlic are considered unwanted during the entire festival period), all earthen vessels are reserved for the period only and all possible purity of food is adhered to; clothes have to be unstitched and people sleep on the floor. The person observing the Chaath (known as Parvati) observes dawn to dusk fast which concludes with sweets. This is followed by another fast for 36 hours till the dawn of the final day when puja commences at the river bank much before sunrise. The disciplined parvatis remain in water from late midnight until the ray of dawn streaks the horizons. The river is now flooded with offerings to the sun which is followed by breakfast and distribution among the gatherings. Mithila- Marriage Market What once used to be the debating ground scholars debating ground in Mithila has now become saurath Sabha or the Mithila marriage market near Madhubani. In the summer of June, Mithila Brahmins prefer to gather in the vast mango grove (thanks to the Raja, Raghav Singh, the Mithila ruler of Darbhanga for gifting the land for the ever gathering crowd of Mithila matchmakers) in the village of Surath to explore the possibilites, discuss horoscope and finally to negotiate marriages within the community but atleast five generations beyond the family. The girl’s father is on the move trying to locate a prospective bridegroom and so in the Ghatak (middleman), all the more serious to earn commissions on marriage fixtures. Once the prospective families pass through the ordeal of question session and feel satisfied by the initial scrutiny of the horoscopes, they move on to the Panjikar (registrars) who verifies the records and credentials to ensure that matrimontial alliance was not being performed within the prohibited degrees (within the seventh generation on paternal side and the fifth on the maternal side). His satisfaction earns a talpatra (palm leaf certificate) marked in red symbolising ‘no objection certificate’ which permits the families to establish matrimonial alliance. The Panjikar too receives a token and he blesses the girl’s father, " May your daughter bathe in milk and bear many sons." The successful families finally call off the day with a visit to the nearby Shiva temple. The people of Mithila are believed to have followed the Panji Prabhadha (system of recorded genealogy) since the fourteenth century. These records were maintained by the Panjikars, who were later to examine the validity and purity of marriage settlements. In fact one was supposed to be are of his ancestors names and a daily rite of Tarpan ensured that people offered oblations of water in the name of each ancestor upto six or seven generations. If one recalls the name of one’s acestors daily, one can not forget their names 2014: All Rights Reserved
Everything You Need to Know About Clean Eating I often mention cleaning eating in my blog and I often receive messages about what I mean by that so I thought I would write a post explaining it. For starters clean eating is not a diet — You don’t have to count calories or eliminate a food group which is great news for those like myself that have very low willpower when it comes to sticking to diets. Clean eating is a lifestyle choice that embraces the consumption of more healthy items such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, healthy fats and proteins while cutting down on refined sugars, excessive salt, unhealthy fats and processed foods. If you are looking to improve your diet, nutrition, overall health and energy level, clean eating is definitely the way to go. Here are some tips to get you started: 1. Limit processed and pre-packaged foods Processed food refers to anything that has been altered from its natural state for safety reasons (such as pasteurized milk), convenience or shelf-life. Please note that not all processed foods are bad, for example: healthy cereal, dry roasted nuts, and frozen fruit. Nonetheless many processed foods such as hot dogs, and deli meat are full of chemicals and excessive sodium. Cake and bread mixes, packaged cookies and snacks, sugary cereals, canned fruit in sugar syrup, canned foods and soups that contain excess sodium, and frozen dinners are the types of processed foods that should be avoided. 2. Cook more often Cooking your own meals gives you the freedom to decide what exactly goes in your body. By buying organic meats and produce, you can reduce the consumption of food with chemical residues. When you choose to cook your own meals (rather than getting take-out, or buying pre-packaged foods), you will avoid artificial colours, flavours, and preservatives. You also have control over the quality and nutritional value of the ingredients used in your meal. Locally grown food is more fresh and therefore is more nutritious. Preparing your meals at home also gives you control over the cooking method used. You may choose to bake instead of deep-frying or roast vegetables instead of boiling (roasted vegetables especially with the skin on preserves a lot of the vitamins that may be lost when boiling). When cooking opt for healthy cold-pressed oils such as olive oil and use a limited amount of salt. 3. Increase veggie and fruit intake Many vegetables are loaded with fibre amongst many other nutrients. Fibre keeps you fuller longer and an adequate daily intake of fibre is essential for maintaining a healthy heart and preventing diabetes, high cholesterol, and certain types of cancers while improving digestive health. Because vegetables are low in calories, you can eat as much as you want without worrying about weight gain. To increase your veggie intake try adding a salad of dark greens such as baby spinach, arugula, or kale to your meals and opt to snack on fresh-cut veggies. Fruits are naturally sweet and they can easily take care of any sugar cravings. Adding fresh, frozen, dried fruits or a fresh smoothie to your daily diet is an easy and delicious way to increase fruit intake. Eating fruits and vegetables that are in season will ensure freshness and keep your costs to a minimum. 4. Choose whole grains Whole grains retain all the parts of the kernel (bran, endosperm, and germ) and contain fibre, protein, and minerals such as selenium, magnesium and potassium. In comparison, refined grains such as white flour, are processed to the point where they are stripped of their natural goodness. Refined grains are found in many pre-packaged foods such as baked goods, pre-packaged snacks, and junk items. However, it is quite easy to replace refined grains with whole grains — Instead of white bread choose whole grain bread, swap white rice with brown rice, replace white pasta with whole grain pasta, and most importantly limit store-bought baked goods which often contain refined grains and sugar, saturated fats, and excessive sodium. Some other whole grains you may wish to include in your diet include: quinoa, oats, amaranth, buckwheat, and barely. 5. Reduce refined and added sugar Most people consume a lot more than the recommended daily maximum intake of sugar. Over-consumption of refined sugars has been linked to obesity, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. To cut down on your daily sugar intake, you can start by slowly reducing the amount of sugar in your morning tea or coffee. You can also limit juices, baked goods, and pre-packaged foods. Snack on sweet fruits or even a fruit salad to take care of sugar cravings and make smoothies with fresh fruit rather than buying juice with added sugars. If your smoothie is lacking sweetness, consider adding a very ripe banana, a few dates, or some honey. Lastly, be aware of sugars that can be present in normally healthy foods such as cereals and tomato sauce. Always read the label to ensure that sugar is not the first few ingredients that are listed. NOTE: The recommended daily maximum intake of sugar for women is 6 teaspoons and 9 teaspoons for men. 6. Reduce salt intake Although salt is essential for proper body function, excess sodium in the diet can lead to high blood pressure as well as heart and kidney damage. You can decrease salt intake in your everyday cooking by reducing salt a little by little. Instead of using salt for flavour, use herbs, balsamic vinegar, or lime juice for added flavour. Avoid fast foods which may be contain excessive salt as well as MSG, pre-packaged foods such as frozen dinners, canned soups and vegetables, bouillon cubes, snack items such as chips, and deli meats. Look for low-sodium options when shopping for items such as crackers or naturally-brewed soy sauce. 7. Replace unhealthy fats with healthy fats Unhealthy fats are detrimental to your health — they may cause an increase in bad cholesterol and certain types of diseases. In contrast, healthy fats help increase good cholesterol thereby reducing bad cholesterol. Healthy fats such as Omega-3 fats, promote well-being by improving overall mood and cognitive functioning, fighting fatigue, reducing inflammation in the body, and lowering your chances of disease. Some examples of healthy fats include: high quality dairy, avocados, nuts, coconut, fatty fishes such as salmon, sardines, mackerel, and tuna, olives, eggs, flaxseeds, and cold-pressed oils such as olive and sesame seed oils. You can avoid most unhealthy fats by limiting processed meats, take-out, deep-fried foods, pre-packaged baked goods and snacks, and high-fat salad dressings, mayonnaise, and packet sauces. Always read the label and be on the lookout for trans fat or anything that contains partially-hydrogenated oils. NOTE: Unfortunately nearly all fish contain pollutants such as toxic mercury. Mercury is more prevalent in larger fish such as king mackerel, shark, and albacore tuna. Limit consumption of larger fish and choose seafood that may be lower in mercury such as shrimp, salmon, and pollock. 8. Eat less meat Reducing your consumption of meat is not just good for the environment — it’s beneficial for your body too. When you eat less meat or switch to a vegetarian diet you may notice that you lose weight and see improvements in your blood sugar and cholesterol levels. This will greatly diminish the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. Studies show those that follow vegetarian and vegan diets have very low risks of developing certain types of cancer. When you choose to eat less meat or become a vegetarian you will supplement your diet with sources of plant protein such as beans. Beans and other foods containing dietary nitrates are known to help improve energy levels over time. When shopping for meat, look for organic, grass-fed, and lean meats and poultry. NOTE: Most people tend to eat more than one serving of meat at a sitting. One serving of meat is actually just 3 ounces, which is about the size of your palm or a deck of cards. 9. Stay hydrated Researchers have suggested that staying hydrated helps improve both mood and memory as well as remove wastes and cleanse toxins from the body. It is important to drink plenty of water for optimal health. Water is necessary for good cardiovascular and digestive health, regulating body temperature, and for lubricating the joints. Other healthy beverages include: green, white, and black tea, cold-pressed juices with no added sugars, home-made smoothies, vegetable juices with no added sugars, organic aloe water, and organic coconut water. Be aware of store-bought juices, shakes, and smoothies, as they may sound healthy but contain added sugars. Making your smoothies, juices, and lemonades at home allows you control over the quality of the ingredients. Avoid pop, artificial juices, and sports drinks which may contain added sugars, caffeine, preservatives, artificial colours and flavours. 10. Limit alcoholic beverages If you consume alcohol, stay within the daily maximum limit (2 drinks maximum) and opt for a cleaner version such as wine rather than beer or mixed drinks which contain added colour, flavours, and sugars. Eating clean is about choosing more real, fresh, and natural foods which are grown on the ground, ocean, or local farms while avoiding and significantly limiting the readily available manufactured and processed foods. For those of you who don’t normally eat healthy, eating clean may be a difficult adjustment. If this seems overwhelming, start with one step at a time. The more healthier choices you make, the more easier it will get to commit to eating clean. Feature Image: motiveweight.blogspot.com Other Posts You May Like Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
African Education and its Say in Democracy Ghana has been admired by the international community this year for her recent election that granted a peaceful win for an opposition leader. In the African political scenario, Ghana’s case not only deserves applaud, but also should be followed by other African countries as a model. African elections rarely demonstrate transparency and barely end up with peace, but rather usually are characterized by political parties in each others throats. For Africans, the kind of crisis that followed the recent Iranian election is not an extraordinary phenomenon. The violence that erupted following the re-election of President Mahmoud Amhadinejad for another term in office resonates with the election experience of most African counties. This is bound to be the case as the mode of governance of any nation should be a summation of her culture and tradition. This is not to say that democracy is alien to Africa. In fact it is arguable that Africa’s democracy precedes that of Europe and North America since democracy in some form was in effect in pre-colonial Africa. An example could be the Yoruba’s of Ife, who had their own way of electing a chief. Few African countries attempted to examine democracy in line with already existing systems and practices. Botswana is exemplary in retaining an indigenous democratic system called ‘kgotla’, that is a communal system used to consult the general public before setting and implementing polices. This system that discourages violence and unlawfulness has helped Botswana to achieve successful and peaceful political practices. Ghana also is cited as a pillar in implementing traditional systems of participation, discussion and recognition of authority. This hasn’t been the case in other African nations, where the destruction of traditional methods of governance that is highly blamed on Africa’s colonial powers, could be a factor in the failing of governance systems. Africa’s lack of good governance is well demonstrated in the lack interest that most African leaders show to share and pass down power. Although many factors contribute to Africa’s woes in poor governance, there exists one major factor that is considered to have a major say to the crises in Africa: low level of education. The low level of literacy and education has been one point of note for failing to change desperate conditions and promoting democracy in most black countries such as Sierra Leone and Haiti with an illiteracy rate of 64.9 and 47.1 percent respectively. Education has been grossly neglected by African leaders, the chief reason being that when people know their rights they become a major opposition to government and its ill qualities. Various governments appear to be occupied either with solidifying their hold on power or embezzling funds, laying down a pretentious plan to improve education, which always remains unimplemented under the disguise of programs like that of the Millennium Development Goals. It is alarming that countries such as Niger have their illiteracy level hitting the roof at 71.3 percent. It is heart-rending that even wealthy African countries such as Nigeria have a high illiteracy rate of 32 percent. With a human population exceeding 140 million, that makes at least 44 million people. How is money being spent by our leaders? Poorer countries such as Trinidad have a higher literacy level of 98.6 percent. It must be clearly understood that there exist on earth two sets of human beings. One set that moves out of reason and the other that moves out of instinct. The difference between the two could be explained by the difference between literacy and education. The more educated a person is the less likely he is to react out of instinct as the reasoning capacity becomes more prominent in the person’s mind. Hence, violence is denounced or delayed as careful thinking and planning is employed in achieving the desired goals. It follows that one way of controlling the populace is through proper education, so education could be used as controlling tool. Debatable? Yes. Many might argue that some countries with a high literacy level such as Zimbabwe (90.7percent) are yet an embarrassment to Africa when it comes to democratic practices. Some countries also might have high literacy rate, but might be short in producing citizens that meet the requirement to higher learning. Quality of education versus the quantity of learners should also be taken into consideration. There is a difference between literacy and Education. The former signifying ones ability to read and write while the later signifies a condition were one acquires knowledge in order to enhance his/her ability to make sound judgement. There is a positive correlation between education and peace, and vice-versa. In fact the majority of peaceful countries can be grouped under the category of educationally advanced countries. One major attribute of such countries is the high level of literacy. Examples are Canada and Great Britain with a literacy level of 99 percent. When citizens and government officials have high educational level, democratic power transition (like election) is more likely to be smoother. This thus explains why even though a winner might emerge with two thirds of the votes, there is still a peaceful transition in the educationally advanced countries. The contrary being the case in Africa as even though one might have a two thirds victory, the remaining one third still make up a large chunk of the population and hence their opposition to election results might appear to outsiders as valid. This may have been the case in Iran where pre election polls showed Mahmoud Ahmadinejad would win with a high margin. Another example is the case in Zimbabwe. We might ponder that if high literacy rate is correlated with peace and development, why has Zimbabwe remained a chaotic political arena in the past many years. The kind and quality of education is even much more important to determine education’s influence on stability and peace. Hence, Zimbabwe’s high literacy rate should not be used as a yardstick in arguing against the positive influence of education on peace in Africa. When the education we provide is not in touch with the realities of people, their culture and traditions, it poses a big challenge. The educational system being implemented in most African countries is mostly Westernized, tailored in brainwashing the learners mind and diminishing African indigenous knowledge and contribution. In colonial times, education was used to justify the superiority of European values and in post colonial Africa, education is being used to support ideologies that respective countries follow. For example, in Kenya text books promote capitalist ways of thinking, while in Ethiopia and Tanzania, the focus was in preaching Socialism. In elucidating this point, Harber in his book ‘Education, Democracy and Political Development in Africa’ argues that in Africa, education has been contributing ‘more on the possession of ‘modern’ bureaucratic attitudes and behaviours than the democratic ones.’ The impact of quality/type of education could also be exemplified through the cases of North and South Korea. Though both countries achieved high literacy rate (99%), the former practices an authoritarian administration while the later exercises democratic governance system. It is about time that Africans re-evaluate their current educational system especially in bringing indigenous African thought and practices and democratic ways of thinking. The challenge, therefore, is not only that of lack of fund, teachers and schools, but also dependency on exclusive Western culture curricula, mode of thought and language. The same applies for the concept of democracy that doesn’t consider the unique cultural and traditional settings. If education has to contribute for good governance, therefore, these issues must be considered. This is of course based on the belief that a learned mind would better manage crisis and opt for diplomatic solutions rather than violent protests, which, if not handled properly, end up in war. The ability to accept defeat is what makes the difference between the developed and the underdeveloped world. Without a high level of literacy, democracy would always result in violent protest and if not handled properly, war. Gone are the days were peacekeeping forces were the solution to conflicts. Sanctions have been shown to be toothless. The only way forward for African countries is to invest in education that is designed to fight violence, corruption, poverty, elitism, greediness, and unwillingness to share power. Jovi Otite Jovi Otite (Ph.d) is the co-founder of BornBlack. He is an Animal Science Expert in Animal Reproduction, agriculture and alternative renewable energy. Leave a Reply
《愚公移山》⛰️Faith Will Move Mountains 中文成语故事解析 Chinese Story Book Read Aloud｜免费中文课 Watch on YouTube “The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain” is a fable essay in “Liezi”. The article narrates the story of Foolish Father, who is not afraid of hardships, perseveres, and digs the mountain, and finally moved the mountain away. The comparison between Yugong’s perseverance and wise old man’s timidity, as well as the contrast between “stupid” and “wisdom”, shows the confidence and perseverance of the working people in ancient China, and illustrates the principle of perseverance to overcome difficulties. The full text is neatly narrated, echoes from the beginning to the end, the plot is complete, the dialogue is lively, and the dialogue that meets the personality is an excellent promotion of the development of the story plot. The two mountains, Taihang and Wangwu, have a radius of seven hundred miles and are seven or eight thousand feet high. They were originally located in the south of Jizhou and the north of the north bank of the Yellow River. There is a man named Yu Gong below Beishan, who is nearly 90 years old, and lives directly opposite the mountain. Suffering from the obstruction in the northern part of the mountain, he had to take a detour when he went out and went in, so he summoned his family to discuss, “I will try my best to dig the steep mountain and make the road lead to the southern part of Yuzhou and reach the south bank of Hanshui River, okay?” Agree. His wife asked, “With your strength, even the hill of Kuifu can’t be flattened. How about Taihang and Wangwu? Besides, where should the dug soil and stones be laid?” The crowd said: “” Throw it to the edge of the Bohai Sea, to the north of Yintu.” So Yugong led three of his children and grandchildren who could carry a burden on the mountain, chiseled rocks, digged the soil, and transported them to the Bohai Sea with a dustpan. The neighbouring widow of the Jingcheng clan has an orphan, just seven or eight years old, jumping to help him. Only one round trip can be done when the season changes between winter and summer. The wise old man in Hequ laughed at Yu Gong and prevented him from doing this, saying, “You are so stupid! With your remaining years and strength, you can’t even move a grass on the mountain, and you can move the soil and stones. How is it?” Beishan Yugong sighed and said, “Your thinking is so stubborn that you can’t open your mind. You can’t even compare to orphans and widows. Even if I die, there will still be a son. Give birth to sons; sons have sons, sons have grandchildren; the descendants are endless, but the mountains will not increase and increase, are you afraid of digging uneven?” Hequ’s wise old man had nothing to answer. The mountain god holding the snake heard about this, fearing that he would dig endlessly and report it to the Emperor of Heaven. The Emperor of Heaven was moved by Yu Gong’s sincerity and ordered the two sons of the Hercules Kua’e to carry the two mountains, one in the east of Shuofang and the other in the south of Yongzhou. From then on, from the south of Jizhou to the south bank of the Hanshui River, there was no high mountain barrier anymore. Please subscribe to our newsletter, so you will receive Chinese learning materials for FREE! Please Support Our Website. Thanks!
Skip to Main Content Trichloroethane and trichloroethylene are organic solvents that have historically been used as ingredients in many products, including typewriter correction fluid ("Wite-Out"), color film cleaners, insecticides, spot removers, fabric-cleaning solutions, adhesives, and paint removers. They have also been used extensively in industry as degreasers. Trichloroethane is available in two isomeric forms, 1,1,2-trichloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, with the latter (also known as methyl chloroform) being the more common. Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) is another related solvent that is widely used in the dry cleaning industry, although some regulatory agencies, such as the California Air Resources Board, have mandated its gradual phase-out for this application. Similarly, recognition of the stratospheric ozone depletion potential of 1,1,1-trichloroethane has resulted in the substitution of other chemicals for most applications. 1. These solvents act as respiratory and CNS depressants and skin and mucous membrane irritants. As a result of their high lipid solubility and CNS penetration, they have rapid anesthetic action, and both trichloroethylene and trichloroethane were used for this purpose medically until the advent of safer agents. Peak blood levels occur within minutes of inhalation exposure or 1–2 hours after ingestion. Their proposed mechanism of action includes neuronal calcium channel blockade and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) stimulation. 2. Trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, their metabolite trichloroethanol, and tetrachloroethylene may sensitize the myocardium to the arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines. 3. Trichloroethylene or a metabolite may act to inhibit acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, blocking the metabolism of ethanol and causing "degreaser's flush." 4. Carcinogenicity. 1. In 2014, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) upgraded its classification of trichloroethylene from probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) to carcinogenic in humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence for kidney cancer and suggestive evidence for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and liver cancer. IARC continues to classify tetrachloroethylene as having limited evidence as a human bladder carcinogen, but showing sufficient evidence in animals (Group 2A). The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) classifies both trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene as "Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens." 2. Both 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethane are listed by IARC as "not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans" (Group 3), and neither has been systematically evaluated by the NTP. 1. Trichloroethane. The acute lethal oral dose to humans is reportedly between 0.5 and 5 mL/kg. The recommended workplace limits (ACGIH TLV-TWA) in air for the 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane isomers are 350 and 10 ppm, respectively, and the air levels considered immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) are 700 and 100 ppm, respectively. Anesthetic levels are in the range of 10,000–26,000 ppm. The odor is detectable by a majority of people at 500 ppm, but olfactory fatigue commonly occurs. 2. Trichloroethylene. The acute lethal oral dose is reported to be approximately 3–5 mL/kg. The recommended workplace limit (ACGIH TLV-TWA) is 10 ppm (269 mg/m3), and the air level considered immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) is 1,000 ppm. 3. Tetrachloroethylene. The recommended workplace limit (ACGIH TLV-TWA) ... Pop-up div Successfully Displayed
An Interesting Question about the Universe from a Reader… Here’s the question from a fellow reader who e-mailed this to me: Here goes, if I can express my question lucidly: Most of physical matter appears to be contained within something else. For example, protons and electrons are contained within atoms, and atoms are a part of all matter. All organisms found on this planet are contained on this planet which itself is contained within the solar system which in turn is contained within a galaxy which is considered a part of the universe which is thought to be INFINITE. So, going with this theme, in what is the UNIVERSE contained? If it is contained in something bigger than itself, then the universe is FINITE. If our UNIVERSE is contained in something else, then is that SOMETHING ELSE contained within something else, and so on and so on? Is this a different paradigm for analyzing our ‘UNIVERSE’ around us or Am I Just Being Silly?!! 🙂 Here’s my answer: There are some interesting new theories about this very question and some answers have come from String Theory. I’ll try to do a descent job of explaining what I’ve read on the subject and of course it will be in layman’s language and hopefully I won’t butcher any of the ideas too badly, so here goes. The first thing about string theory is the ideas in it are complicated and require something like at least 11 parallel dimensions in order for the theory to even work. The string part of string theory is derived from the notion that beyond the smallest known particles like quarks (which behave very unusually and in many ways prove some esoteric ideas, but that’s another story) are the tiniest of the tiniest bits that make up all known things. And once clumped together into something they take on certain characteristics. These strings are ubber tiny strings that vibrate and it is through their vibration that they attract other like strings and make stuff. I love this idea as the universe would literally be made up of inaudible music created from the tiny strings. So these strings vibrate at a certain pitch and collect to make different sorts of bigger compounds. But the most interesting part of String Theory is the question that it set out to answer which was the notion of how did the Big Bang happen? Or what came before the Big Bang? And something to note here is that the Big Bang is a more complicated idea than most of us are taught, here’s a brief synopsis. All of a sudden space-time blasted into being, it started out very hot and very close together and has been pushing out since then. The part that we often misunderstand is the notion of space-time which is a complicated idea. Literally everything that exits in the Universe, all of time and space was created in that one moment which came from nothing. That’s a pretty heavy and strange idea. Now the beautiful thing about String Theory, and in my opinion where it dovetails with the metaphors of all religions and the notion of “as above so below,” is the idea that what created the Big Bang was a bunch of universes all sort of floating around in what is now called a multiverse and two of these universes happened to collide into one another thus creating our universe (sort of like sex or the idea of the Goddess and the God or in esoteric Judaic and Christian traditions, the notion of God and his female soul Sophia or the feminine side of God co-creating the Universe). Of course one then asks where did this multiverse come from and so on which is the appeal of the easy answer/creationism/intelligent design. Here’s the thing from my own personal experience that leads me to believe String Theory is about as close as we’ve in come, in science, to the truth. When I was 12 my back was fractured and I had a herniated disc. I was put on bed rest for about 7 months. My father was dead by this time and my mother worked, so I spent 95% of my days alone. Besides watching Oprah on my little black and white TV there wasn’t much to do so I spent a lot of time, reading, thinking and meditating. A lot of my meditation was spent on God and how the Universe came to be as I was always psychic and very fascinated by this question. I had started my search for answers at about 9 when I began reading astronomy textbooks to learn about what made up the universe and peer into any clue I could find about how it worked. I found a lot of information about dwarf stars, black holes (which were still theoretical at the time) and approximations of how many stars were in our galaxy (about 300,000) but not much about how the universe came to be which I found very frustrating. I then searched through my occult books, the bible, mythology, etc. Again nothing satisfied so I thought about it and spent many days and nights meditating on the question until I came to the knowing that the Universe was like a circle within a circle within a circle. There was no end and no beginning, these circles went on for infinity in every direction. There was no end to how many parallel dimensions as that was infinite as well. Perhaps the greatest epiphany was that God was always and forever, meaning God had no beginning and no end. God was also not a “designer” but an energy source present in everything and everyone and there was no true beginning of time or matter, it just transformed as we did when we die. Hence we as human beings are both finite and infinite as our souls are eternal and part of God’s energy and our bodies are part of the earth which has a finite beginning, middle and end as do all physical things. The energy that makes them is infinite and forever but they have a finite period of time to “live” and develop until the next set of lessons and/or individuation process unfolds. Of course this brings up the notion of why God would want or need to expand Him/Herself. The answer I came up with was to experience Him/Herself and allow each piece of Him/Herself to individuate and ascend infinitely, reuniting with the Self/God after a period of expansion and learning. This theory would of course mean we reincarnate for as long as we want and perhaps in some cases for as long as we need to. I hope this makes some sense and is not to confusing. This is why ancient religions stated “All Gods are One,” and the spiritual seeker is to always see the God/Goddess in everyone he or she meets (-Namaste). This is sometimes hard when dealing with people who are asleep spiritually or run their lives as if they are worker drones or zombies. Those who have yet to awaken to the power and truth of our collective Oneness. Or what some call “conservatives.” I’m not going to go on about the health care zombies right now who basically argue that they have theirs so f everyone else. This is a sad state we are in and one I’ve thought a lot about lately. Is it that there are too many of us on the planet and there are the same percentages of selfish people? Or is it that we are so many we are starting to act like too many rats stuck in the same cage? Even simple courtesy seems to have dissolved into the whole “me first” way of our current world. Not only is this sad on a spiritual level and hurtful to our emotional and psychic development, but it also freaks me out because it makes me think we are calling down the worst possible fate by our behavior and sadly we are all going to have to suffer under it whether or not we partake of this intensely rude and mean spirited selfishness. We are all linked and we will all have to answer to the loud mouths who would rather let a stranger starve on the street than help them. I have to admit that my natural inclination toward feeling most human beings were ultimately good has been replaced by the feeling that there is a range of goodness and most people are heavy into the middle section of gray. I know there are many good, great loving people in the world, it’s just that their voices are often softer then those who are rude and mean spirited, this has always been the case. I wish there was some way to change it. Many blessings, An Interesting Question about the Universe from a Reader… Exoplanets, Multiverses and the Aquarian Age There have been over 300 exoplanets found in recent years. Exoplanets are planets that revolve around other stars, planets outside our solar system. So far those found exoplanets have been gaseous monsters more akin to Jupiter than Earth. And actually often many times larger then Jupiter. The reason being; they are easiest to find because they literally tug on the stars they revolve around. And with our new fan-dangled telescopes in space and telescopes with computer programs that compensate for our atmosphere, we have been able to peer into the universe actually back to the beginning of time. A freaky thought, we can actually look back (because light takes a long time to get here) back at the birth of our cosmos. By 2012 scientists believe they will find a planet that is not only earth-like, but has the makings and or markings of life. Oddly, the more scientists study our universe the more questions have been raised which are often relegated to the realm of philosophers, theologians and occultists. Such as; if there was a big bang, how did it happen? That question has actually been tackled and led to some very interesting theories that echo ancient philosophy. One such theory is well known, string theory which proposes a minimium of at least 11 dimensions and tiny strings that vibrate which basically sing everything into being; this idea seems very like the myth of Quaoar. And accordingly our universe was created by 2 other universes bumping together and suddenly Bang! Our universe was born. I like this idea, it’s very much in keeping with the Goddess/God myths and the idea of “as above, so below.” There is also the theory of an infinite amount of universes and dimensions, some compeletly barren of life others thriving like ours, where everything just happened to be perfectly tuned to allow it to exist. To me this seems the most logical and probable, it also doesn’t dismiss the idea of string theory or the notion of universes doing the bump and grind. And lastly is the anthropic principle which basically states, there are just too many coincidences for our universe not to have some sort of creator because everything in our universe is perfectly tuned to encourage life. If anything about our universe was slightly tweaked it would be barren. And perhaps, which is my personal opinion, all these theories are right in a way. Needless to say, chances are extremely remote that we are the only universe, and there are only 4 dimensions (time being one of course). In which case we are not only one star in a galaxy of about 250 billion, inside a universe of who knows how many billions of gallaxies. But we are in a multiverse with an infinite amount of universes, and an infinite amount of dimensions. This makes the possibility of us being alone extraordinarily unlikely. And this reality will challenge our current major Western religious traditions which rely on personal conversion via a special emissary from God. These theories threaten the idea of anthropomorphic God (if there’s so much life, and its so diverse why would we we God look like us? He could look like an alien eight legged space creature for all we know, but chances are He/She doesn’t look like anything but is pure energy). It also threatens the notion of one Messiah sent to save us. If God had to personally rescue every intelligent life form by sending his son or daughter down to every intelligent life in the multidimensional multiverse He/She wouldn’t be able to do anything except save His/Her creations from the forces of darkness. These theories make the idea of our specialness seem a bit egomanical and the religions built on these irrational feelings seem small and ill equipped to answer the big questions which they were designed to answer. It’s my belief that as science progresses on its course it will continue to bring us closer to the truth, and a real understanding of the multiverse. We will end up coming full circle to many of the older esoteric teachings which (having studied them) are remarkably akin to what science is digging up. The three major western religions, all very much Piscean age in their emphasis and spiritual teachings, will begin to crumble. This will be the end of the world as we have known it, Armageddon. But it won’t be the end of us, we will survive to find enlightenment outside this limited view which has had people killing each other over the fine print of the very same God’s word. It is no wonder that the extraterrestrial or UFO phenomena has really not been properly investigated by the scientific community and has been mired in government secrecy. My grandmother told me a story about listening to the radio show, “War of the Worlds,” when it came out. She said people were running down the street screaming. And there were actual suicides, people throwing themselves out of buildings because they not only believed they were being invaded by aliens, but people were so terrified by the very idea of alien creatures. People are frightened of other human beings from different races, imagine an alien race dropping down from the sky. Who would choose to believe this? And of course the government would want to cover it up. It takes away their power to protect their people if some alien race can swoop down and do experiments on their people and they can do nothing to protect those people. How does it benefit any government to acknowledge they have no power to stop these attacks? For me the lamest arguement against the visitation of extraterrestrial beings is a common one that goes something like this: “Well, if they are visiting us, then why don’t they land on the whitehouse lawn and meet with the president to prove to us they’re really here.” Here are the flaws in this arguement. 1. If they are advanced enough to come here from another universe, dimension, time or place in our universe then we are by comparison extremely primitive compared to them and potentially dangerous. Do our scientists tap the alpha wolf of a pack on the shoulder and ask, “Uhm, excuse me Mr. Alpha wolf would it be OK if our peeps here tagged some of your pack, and maybe did a little experimenting on them so we could get a better idea of what you guys are all about?” If any scientist was stupid enough to try that, not only would the alpha wolf not understand the scientist, chances are the wolf would rip the guys face off and eat his guts for breakfast. I’m pretty sure if an alien race came to earth, they would want to observe us first, make sure we weren’t violent and irrational. If however we were intelligent and civilized enough to negotiate with, they might then make some kind of contact with our government. But after observing us for as little as a week, it would be clear we were naturally hostile, violent and unpredictable kind of like a wild animal. We invaded Iraq because we thought they had weapons of mass destruction. What would we try to do if we knew without a doubt our people were being abducted, abused, tortured, experimented on, and who knows what else? Wouldn’t we demand our government kill these evil aliens? Answer: Yes. We don’t let other humans torture and kill without repercussions. We certainly wouldn’t let some creepy alien race do it for purposes of their personal edification. And number 2) Has anybody every considered we are being treated in the same way we treat animals? Perhaps we are an experiment to one or more alien races, and part of the experiment is observing us, the way we do animals in the wild, with as little meddling as possible. Perhaps, they don’t want to be found out! Maybe they don’t land on the white-house lawn because they don’t see us as equals. Wow, imagine that! A creature in the universe who is actually more advanced and thinks they are smarter than us! Now back to the theological question raised by alien life. I’m sure our universe is teeming with it. And besides finding life on other planets, I’m pretty positive life from out there has found us. There is too much evidence, too many witnesses, too many mass sightings and too much bizarro activity to keep pretending. Something is going on, and it has been for a long time. The shapes of the crafts have changed from saucers to triangular lights, but there are far too many credible sightings and physical evidence from witnesses to poo poo. I recently saw a case of two woman with a young boy who witnessed a UFO many years prior. The woman who got out of the car showed signs of severe radiation poisoning and was hospitalized 3 times for this, and isolated to the basement of the hospital with a hazmat sign posted outside her door. The other woman had milder radiation poisoning. She had remained in the car. The boy had the least since he was not only in the car, but away from the windows. According to the doctor who treated the woman for radiation poisoning the other woman and boy were shielded from the radiation due to the metal of the car. The boy was most shielded because he was under the dashboard. I guess the glass of the car allowed some radiation to spill through. And back to the theological question of extraterrestrial life: It’s my belief there is no creator type of God, but rather an infinite energy that is God/Goddess/Higher power. It has no gender and is actually simultaneously in everything, and everyone, joining all of the universe together in a giant web of energy. And when we die, we rejoin the core of this energy, get recycled through a process of co-creation, where we are active participants in designing our next lifetime in order to learn and grow. It’s my belief that as pieces of this divine being, we are each attempting to individuate through various lifetime, and like roots from a plant, our souls are in search of the water of knowledge which we each bring back like dutiful ants to our source the God/Goddess energy, or the infinite, which is like a multifaceted diamond with many faces and areas to reflect upon for deeper connection. Now back to my point about the end of the Piscean age and the earnest beginning of the Aquarian one. The Piscean age was about sacrifice, martyrdom, selflessness all as necessary tools to master for spiritual development. Its my belief that in the Aquarian age, being connected to the whole of creation/the Universe and personal individuation will be the main themes of how we get to the next step in our collective evolution. Science will play a major role in how we come to see both the connection between us and all things, and in our own uniqueness. Actually, I have the feeling that science itself will become fodder for spiritual revelations and confirm very ancient ideas like the old stand by, “As above, so below.” Which is really an ancient description of a fractal and the idea that we have everything available to us to unravel the mysteries of ourself and the universe if we just pay unbiased attention. Another ancient model which seems very prescient is the Kabbalah or Tree of Life which is a very elegant, simple and poetic way of describing creation. In it there are two pillars of creation. One side feminine the other masculine. Beyond the pillars is the unknowable region of GOD which is a genderless, unfathomable beingness called Kether on the Tree of Life, the Abyss beyond the two pillars or dual nature of our universe. It is oneness where we are connected directly to God/Goddess through our higher-self. It is pure energy, beyond our brain’s comprehension (it is a place unbound by the laws of our universe and our dualistic order). Our higher mind, our soul, our higher-self is able to go to touch this sacred space beyond space-time, beyond the laws that govern our universe or multiverse but if one tries to understand it or make sense of it, all knowing of it disintegrates. It’s like trying to carry a patch of air in your hand while diving under water. All you are left with is the knowing, the feeling. But Kether can not be brought back here it is a vibration too high and powerful for thick slow moving Malkuth (the final earthly plane on the Tree of Life) which is where we live and why we don’t remember our life inbetween lives and most of us don’t remember our other lives which are washed clean in the energy of Kether. Exoplanets, Multiverses and the Aquarian Age
Geoengineering, climate change and ‘albedo flips’ As it has become increasingly clear that we are well into a period of dangerous or even catastrophic climate change, discussions about geoengineering have become more intense and public. Now the US government is openly admitting that it too is discussing the pros and cons of geo-engineering. This article includes some fascinating insights into these discussions. Newly appointed White House science advisor, John Holdren, told the Associated Press, for example, that “as the global climate picture gets gloomier, geoengineering is sneaking into White House conversations”. “It’s got to be looked at,” Holdren said. “We don’t have the luxury of taking any approach off the table.” Percentage of diffusely reflected sun light in relation to various surface conditions of the Earth (source: Wikipedia) Sounds to me like geoengineering is very much on the agenda! There are various aspects which contribute to the diffuse reflectivity of the planet – such as clouds, ice and snow and even vegetation. The graph on the left shows the various contributions of different aspects of the planet to its albedo. These various characteristics have a powerful role in determining the earth temperature. The recent loss of summer Arctic ice is a case in point. Calculations show that the resulting “albedo flip” from reflective ice to darker ice-free ocean will dramatically increase the energy being absorbed by the earth and drive its temperature upward by over a degree Celsius. Various ideas have been floated about on how to increase the reflectivity of the earth – including pumping reflective particles into the outer atmosphere of the earth in order to bounce more energy back into space. These calculations suggest that relatively small amounts of material could lower the earth’s temperature by as much as 1-2°C. The contribution to lowering temperature such as this would certainly take some of the pressure off and buy us important time as we urgently struggle to get greenhouse emissions under control. But there is reason for great caution. Apart from the fact that there are many uncertainties and unknowns (i.e. are we certain that we know how much of these yet-to-be-invented particles to add to the atmosphere?), there is the concern that offering this option will take the pressure off governments to act decisively on the problem of fossil fuels and their emissions. It also has a range of legal and ethical issues. For example, should any particular government be able to unilaterally decide whether or not to manipulate the earth’s albedo and temperature without the agreement from all? And if manipulating temperature downward were to result in deaths from cooling temperatures or disturbances in the weather, what then? And it is important to remember that changing the albedo of the earth will not solve all the problems associated with upwardly spiralling atmospheric carbon dioxide. For example, decreasing the temperature of the planet will do nothing to solve the problem of ocean acidification. A changing climate of opinion? The Economist reports on geoscale engineering to avert dangerous climate change The Economist, September 4th 2008 Some scientists think climate change needs a more radical approach. As well as trying to curb greenhouse-gas emissions, they have plans to re-engineer the Earth. There is a branch of science fiction that looks at the Earth’s neighbours, Mars and Venus, and asks how they might be made habitable. The answer is planetary engineering. The Venusian atmosphere is too thick. It creates a large greenhouse effect and cooks a planet that is, in any case, closer to the sun than the Earth is to even higher temperatures than it would otherwise experience. Mars suffers from the opposite fault. A planet more distant from the sun than Earth is also has an atmosphere too thin to trap what little of the sun’s heat is available. So, fiddle with the atmospheres of these neighbours and you open new frontiers for human settlement and far-fetched story lines. It is an intriguing idea. It may even come to pass, though probably not in the lifetime of anyone now reading such stories. But what is more worrying—and more real—is the idea that such planetary engineering may be needed to make the Earth itself habitable by humanity, and that it may be needed in the near future. Reality has a way of trumping art, and human-induced climate change is very real indeed. So real that some people are asking whether science fiction should now be converted into science fact. Continue reading
Wednesday, 27 February 2013 Useful trick for sending HTML email Sometimes you want to send an email as HTML from a script or from script output anyhow. There's a couple ways to get the HTML page to the recipient. You can attach the HTML page or you can set your Content-Type to HTML. In my case, we're looking at scraping a web page as a cron job and sending it to some recipient(s) - the mainstay is: curl 'http://server/web/page.html' Attaching an HTML file is safe, but recipients may not like "opening attachments". For HTML email, the security risk is the same, but there's a perception that "opening attachments is bad" which I wouldn't discourage as a general practice. Rambling aside, "uuencode" will encode an attachment, any attachment, and can be used in general (word doc, zip file, etc). curl 'http://server/web/page.html' \| uuencode attachmentname.html The other way is to set the content type to HTML and the HTML becomes the body of the email. On some operating systems, namely Debian and Ubuntu, the mail / mailx command can add a header with the -a switch. This is pretty simple. curl 'http://server/web/page.html' \| mail -a "Content-Type: text/html" -s "An HTML email" However if you are on a Red Hat / Fedora / CentOS system, your mail command does not support the -a switch. Here you can use mutt and the mutt method will work in general. curl 'http://server/web/page.html' \| mutt -e "my_hdr Content-Type:text/html" -e "set charset=\"utf-8\"" -s "An HTML There you have it. Personally not a fan of HTML email (since it opens the doors to a lot of malware attacks), but if you've got to generate HTML email, using standard tools instead of writing your own perl script to wrap the scraping of a web page and generating an email is going to be much simpler. Thanks to the "telinit q" blog for helping with this answer. Tuesday, 19 February 2013 Blocking applications with AppLocker I've just been in a situation where there was a particular user whom we wanted to give some access to but needed to limit their general access which in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 you can do with "AppLocker" in a very clear way. AppLocker sets rules that look much like firewall rules allowing or denying access to run different programs and this can be controlled either locally or through Group Policy Objects. For example, you have a consultant helping you with your new ERP system (just saying). They need to launch the ERP application but you really don't want them firing up a browser or the RDP client and checking things out on your network. Getting started with AppLocker is pretty simple: • Launch the local group policy management tool • Enable auditing only initially for exe/dll control • Create the default rules to allow basic or general access (if applicable) Then you want to create your specific allow / deny rules. The AppLocker rules are going to be a collection of rules saying if they are allow or deny rules, who they apply to, what type of matching they use (path, or publisher), and then actual match. So you might have a rule like • Allow • Consultants • Path • Program Files\ERP\bin\* If the consultant only matches this one rule, they will be allowed to launch binaries in the ERP's installation path and will be blocked from anything else. The first thing to do is set your rules in audit-only which creates event logs for all access that is controlled by AppLocker. You can test out your rules very easily this way as there will be two types of events to look for: "access granted" and "access granted BUT applocker rules will block this when set to enforcing". Once you are satisfied you are not going to can all access to your regular users and that you are locking down the consultant sufficiently, switch to enforcing and you're golden. Or for another example, maybe you just want to block an out of date version of Acrobat Reader from running on your network. You can set a rule to deny "Acrobat" publisher's "Acrobat Reader" program from running "9.0 or older". Again, easy to test using "audit only" before setting enforcing. Looks like a dummy apparmor or selinux maybe? Honestly, I never made too much progress selinux. I would figure out how to get something working then wouldn't use it for a while and forget out how to work with selinux and have to start all over again. Popular Posts
The Accolade, a painting by British artist Edmund Leighton, depicts a a “knight-elect” kneeling in front of a monarch while being knighted. This form of genuflection is presumed to have been adopted by Alexander the Great after he observed its use in Persia. In the television drama Game of ThronesDaenerys Targaryen demands respect. She repeatedly directs Jon Snow to “bend the knee” to acknowledge his subjugation to her authority. That story, still unresolved, has had unexpected twists and turns. Yesterday, players in the National Football League protested by kneeling instead of standing during the pre-game renditions of the national anthem in defiance of U.S. President Trump. A survey by The Knot and Men’s Health claims that 76 percent of men believe they should propose on a bent knee, which many women also find appealing. In Japan, people greet each other by bowing to show respect, extending from a small nod of the head to a gesture that requires a deep bend at the waist. In Thailand, you will be greeted with a wai, which is a slight bow accompanied with a person’s palms pressed closely together. Culture matters. Is kneeling a mark of deference or disregard? When should one kneel and when should one stand? When is a wave a greeting and when is it dismissal? What about the extent of the bend at your waist when you bow? Students at global institutions, such as McMaster University, must routinely overcome such cultural challenges between themselves and with faculty members. For instance, there’s a contention that our expectation of students to produce and rigorously defend original research is contrary to prevailing norms in some parts of the world, where it could be acceptable to reiterate widely accepted truths. While Canadian culture largely accepts that rules should be followed, this may not be the case for students from countries with totalitarian regimes, where program regulations might be often circumvented. Cultural differences are merely challenges that can be overcome. If we are willing to understand our differences, we become empowered to finds ways to overcome them. Thus, outcomes are no longer destined to be problematic. Understanding requires respect. Simply listening to one another can lead to hopeful outcomes. As I tell my family, friends, colleagues and students, why go to war, why purposely seed discord when you can try to work things out? War and discord have consequences, more often than not ones that are undesirable. When we are able to overcome our differences, we kneel when we must, stand when appropriate, and bow when suitable. No one loses, whether it is a monarch, president, knight, scholar, or Daenerys Targaryen or Jon Snow. All of this begins with humility. It’s as simple as that. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
• Online, Self-Paced Course Description SELECT statements are used to retrieve data from MySQL tables or views. Explore the syntax and use of the most common SELECT statement elements, including SELECT, FROM, WHERE, and ORDER BY, as well as unions and joins. Learning Objectives MySQL Database Development: SELECT Statement and Operators • recognize the basic syntax of the SELECT statement and how it is used to retrieve data • create SELECT statements using the WHERE and ORDER BY clauses to limit and order returned records • create INSERT INTO statements using SELECT to copy data between tables • create SELECT statements using the JOIN clause to return records from multiple tables • create SELECT statements using the UNION clause to combine the result of multiple SELECT statements into a single returned dataset • use comparison operators on both number and string values in SELECT statements • use logical operators to test values in SELECT statements • use assignment operators in SELECT statements to assign values to variables • use control flow operators to control the results returned by SELECT statements • work with various operator types to create effective SELECT statements Framework Connections
clock menu more-arrow no yes Filed under: Could the City of New York Build a "Sixth Borough"? New, 13 comments What would it take to dredge and construct an entirely new sixth borough in the middle of New York Harbor? It's an interesting question that preoccupies writer Jon Methven over at The Awl. Methven recounts the history of land reclamation in the city—from the dredging of Battery Park City and Liberty Island, to the bizarre proposals to fill in both the East and Hudson Rivers. Once such plan was "LoLo"—or, "Lower Lower Manhattan"—a 2011 proposal put forward by Columbia University's Center for Urban Real Estate to connect Governors Island to Lower Manhattan and Red Hook via dredged land bridge. The plan, argues researcher Scott Hayner, was economically and physically feasible, and would have been less expensive than building a tunnel between Brooklyn and Manhattan. The reclaimed land would also provide much needed housing and other infrastructure. "Affordable housing, no matter who you talk to, is one of the things the city is lacking," Hayner tells The Awl. "You can provide developers the opportunity to build affordable housing, at a price that makes sense because you're able to dictate the amount of land and development rights to be used for office and residential use." However, Ted Steinberg—a professor at Case Western University specializing in New York City's ecological history—argues that such drastic dredging plans do not take into account longterm flooding models, which could be devastating within 25 years. He also brings up other issues, citing the need for a "moral impetus" behind such a project. "If you came to me and had this idea for a sixth borough that was going to solve our homeless problem, I might think of ways to proceed," he says. "But this is creating millions of square feet of space to make developers money. It's not solving the homeless problem, or any problems." Methven spends much time discussing the nitty gritty details of building a sixth borough (an engineer who worked on the Liberty Island dredging project estimates a cost of around $300 million). He and his interview subjects admit that a feat that would so fundamentally change the coastal landscape of New York is unlikely to happen in our lifetime, but it's a fascinating and timely read nonetheless. · Let's Build a Borough [The Awl] · All LoLo coverage [Curbed] · Thought Experiments archives [Curbed]
52 Ancestors In 52 Weeks: Free For William, Amos, John, and Andrew, it was the government reaching out with a free gift… not entirely free as it had an $18 filing fee and the promise of five years of time. It was the Homestead Act of 1862 which was signed into law by President Lincoln. Each of the men started their collected journeys from different starting points: William from England, Amos from Illinois, John from Ohio, and Andrew from Maine. Two of them were Civil War veterans. One possessed wanderlust in his soul. One felt a need to move on. All of them followed the rules for claiming their free land. They built homes on the property and made improvements. They gathered witnesses to attest to these truths in completing their paper work. They placed ads in the local paper to state that they had completed the requirements and to let fellow townspeople know that the land was officially theirs. They all had many things in common. They all settled in Osborne County, Kansas. They all are in my line of grandfathers. They all had a love of the land. They all were willing to make sacrifices to care for their homesteads. Thank you, Grandfathers. The men who enjoyed the free gifts were William Henry Stevens, Amos Howell Boultinghouse, John Nickel, and Andrew Storer.
Learn to Compute! Starting from Zero: Basic coding skills in all-purpose languages such as Python can be picked up through online courses, including Michigan Coursera (free to Michigan students!). You can commit to an hour or two a week (perhaps in the summer, or during a semester you have a lighter load) to easily increase your skill. An “easy” programming course, which will give you Rackham cognate credit, is SI 506 in the School of Information. Or you might prefer EECS 402 instead, which is designed for science and engineering students with no prior coding experience. Subject specific languages (such as Macaulay for algebraic geometry) can be learned by running a little project with a fellow student to explore some example, or attending a summer workshop where these skills are taught. Magma and Sage are common among number theorists, though both can also do computations in algebra, geometry, combinatorics, dynamics, and group theory. Even teaching Math 215/216 can give you an opportunity to develop or improve Matlab skills. Teaching as GSI for EECS courses is a real possibility for Math PhD students as well; talk to Karen Smith or Anna Gilbert if you might be interested in this opportunity. Consider organizing a summer seminar or workshop in which students present to eachother some computing they have done, or would like to try, in their mathematical work. This could be informal, in the way students currently organize “Learning Seminars” or QR study groups. Consider taking at least one course (eg. for Rackham’s cognate requirement) to improve your computing skills, even if they are already substantial. Be sure to get advice as courses vary with instructor and the numbers can be deceptive. Some instructors of computing courses (such as Math 571 or EECS 545) require students to simply know “any higher level computing language,” which would include Matlab. Typically, Python is used for data science applications, R in statistics, and Matlab in Engineering. About EECS courses and instructors: There are actually two departments (CSE and ECE) making up what used to be called “EECS.” They still share courses and take turns teaching them. ECE is more of the “hardware” side and CSE more of the “software” side. Always investigate the particular instructor for any course you are considering taking because courses can vary depending on the instructor and whether that instructor is CSE or ECE. Many math PhD students find they prefer courses taught by “theory” professors in CSE. A partial list of such instructors that have been recommended include Seth Pettie, Chris Peikert, Ilya Volkovitch, and Satender Singh. Students might also consider attending the Theory Seminar in CS, the Communications & the Signal Processing seminar, and/or the MIDAS seminar (which is on central campus). Often, you don’t need to know any actual software to enjoy the Theory Seminar.
A lot of people felt the earthquake at 2.27am, 105 km east of Te Araroa. Image: Geonet ScienceMarch 5, 2021 Three big quakes impacted NZ this morning. What are the risks in the hours and days ahead? Three future scenarios after today’s large offshore earthquakes. A trio of serious earthquakes saw parts of Aotearoa shaken, tsunami threats triggered, and tens of thousands of people heading inland after evacuation instructions. Of the magnitude-7-plus events, the first, shortly before 2.30am, was centered off East Cape. Measuring 7.1, it was felt across the large part of New Zealand. The latter two, a 7.4 at 6.41am and an 8.1 at 8.28am, were near the Kermadec islands. Location of the three large earthquakes The Geonet service received more than 52,000 reports of people having felt the quake for the 7.1 event, “easily breaking our last record holder, a 5.8 earthquake offshore Levin in 2020, which had 36,867″. Future scenarios Scientists at GNS have laid out three scenarios for potential seismic activity over the next 30 days. “We recognise these events are dramatic and unsettling for many people. Our experiences In Aotearoa-New Zealand with earthquakes over the last 15 years have been challenging, and at times, tragic and traumatic. While we do not know for certain what will happen next, we do know that there will be more earthquakes. How large these will be or what time they will happen is uncertain, but we do have some statistical models that help us know what could happen next,” explains a post at Geonet. “Based on our forecast models we have developed three scenarios for what earthquakes may happen over the next 30 days. Earthquakes that generate tsunami impacting the northern part of Aotearoa-New Zealand are possible in any of these scenarios. We expect there to be more felt earthquakes, particularly in the East Cape. The region considered for these scenarios extends from the central Kermadec region north of the March 5 M8.1 earthquake to offshore East Coast Aotearoa-New Zealand within the next 30 days, because this area of activity is closest to the land and people.” The scenarios follow, with notes from Geonet. Scenario One Very likely (up to 90% within the next 30 days) The most likely scenario is that further earthquakes of a smaller magnitude than occurred on March 5 will occur but will decrease in frequency over the next 30 days. This includes the potential for earthquakes in the M7.0-M7.9 range (more than 80% probability within the next 30 days). Larger earthquakes are more likely to occur in the central Kermadecs, near the northern part of the sequence. Similar sequences to these have occurred in this region in the last 50 years including a central Kermadecs M8.0 in 1976 and M7.7 in 1986. Scenario Two Very unlikely (15% or less within the next 30 days) The next most likely scenario is a similar sized earthquake of around M8.0. This scenario is similar to what occurred in the 2014 Iquique, Chile earthquake sequence. Should this occur, it is much more likely to be in the central Kermadecs, but it is still possible for it to happen near the East Cape. Earthquakes of this size can occur on either the subduction interface or farther away as an “outer rise” earthquake on the incoming Pacific plate, east of the subduction zone. Scenario Three Extremely unlikely (1% or less within the next 30 days) A much less likely scenario than the previous two scenarios is that the recent earthquakes will trigger a significantly larger earthquake (M8.5 or greater) within the next 30 days. For example, an earthquake could occur on the Kermadec subduction interface in the central Kermadecs. This scenario is very complex and when combined with the current uncertainty in our models, we cannot confidently put a probability estimate on it occurring; however, our models suggest this is even less likely to occur near the location of the March 5th East Cape M7.1 earthquake. This scenario is similar to what occurred in the Tohoku Earthquake in Japan in 2011. Although it is still extremely unlikely, the chances of this occurring have increased since the M8.1 earthquake. Mad Chapman, Editor Get The Spinoff in your inbox
Kingdom of Norway Continent: Europe Capital: Oslo National Language: Norwegian Government: Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Status in OTL: Active The Kingdom of Norway is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east. Norway is a constitutional, hereditary monarchy and parliamentary democracy. Norway in "Drang von Osten"[] Norway joined the German-led coalition to meet China's invasion of Russia in 2041. While the coalition was initially successful in meeting the invasion in European Russia, by 2043, the coalition's lines were collapsing, and Chinese troops were making their way into Ukraine.[1] Norway in In the Presence of Mine Enemies[] Norway fell to Germany in 1940, and became a part of the Germanic Empire when the Axis emerged from the Second World War victorious.[2] The country was controlled by the Nasjonal Samling, the nation's Fascist party. In 2011, when Führer Heinz Buckliger began reforms throughout the German Empire, he received an award from the Nasjonal Samling.[3] During the failed Putsch against Buckliger later that year, Norway joined with Britain, Sweden, Finland, and others calling for Buckliger's release and restoration to power.[4] As Aryans, the Norwegians were spared the horrors the Nazis inflicted upon non-Aryan groups.[5] It also had the dubious distinction of being able to "pay its way" in the empire thanks to the oil it struck in the North Sea.[6] Norway in "Last Flight of the Swan of the East"[] Norway was neutral during the Great War. However, its shipping was still subject to search by the belligerents. The German leviathan Emden stopped the steamer Dovre, but found no contraband of war. The Germans paid the Dovre to take the crew of the previously captured Clan Matheson[7] Norway in "Les Mortes d'Arthur"[] Norway was a member nation of United Europe. Norway in "Slue-Foot Sue and the Witch in the Woods"[] After departing from her Russian adventure, Slue-foot Sue drove the izbushka to the coast of Norway, to find a way across the Atlantic Ocean. The izbushka, not accustomed to water travel, instinctively dug its claws into the ground, creating the geological formations now known as fjords. Sue took a lariat made of reindeer hide and lassoed a whale, which she rode back to Texas. Norway in Southern Victory[] Norway was neutral in the Great War and attempted to remain neutral when a second round of warfare broke out in Europe in 1941. However, in the first year of the Second Great War, Britain invaded Norway, violating its neutrality and pushing Norway into an alliance with Germany and the Central Powers.[8] Norway in The Two Georges[] Norway was part of the Kingdom of Denmark's modest empire.[9] Norway in The War That Came Early[] Norway was drawn into the Second World War in mid-1939 when Germany invaded the country to "protect" it from Allied interference--interference in shipments of iron ore from Sweden to Germany through the North Sea, that is. Unlike Denmark, Norway attempted to resist the Germans. Its major population centers in the south fell quickly, but its underequipped army held the line in the north long enough for British and French reinforcements to arrive. However, the Germans had every advantage as the campaign progressed. After the Big Switch in 1940, the Allies abandoned Norway, leaving the whole country to fall under the occupation of the Germans. They quickly created a puppet government under Vikudn Quisling and the unpopular Nasjonal Samling. After the occupation, he and his party grew more unpopular still with Norwegians. Quisling had to be accompanied by two German body guards. Germans who were part of the occupation were frustrated by the situation.[10] After the 1941 British Military Coup, Norwegian ports, like Narvik, were used by the Kriegsmarine to prevent the BEF from returning to Norway. Norway remained under German control until 1944, when Adolf Hitler was assassinated by the Committee for the Salvation of the German Nation in April of that year.[11] After the Nazi Party was completely removed from power, Germany withdrew from Norway.[12] Quisling was toppled and immediately forced into hiding, knowing full well he'd be executed if caught.[13] Norway in Worldwar[] Norway was invaded by Germany in the spring of 1940 and occupied throughout World War II and the Race Invasion of Tosev 3. Norway was crucial to the German war effort in that it provided heavy water for making explosive-metal bombs. Norway was recognised as a German territory at the Peace of Cairo in 1944. George Bagnall and his companions traveled through Norway on their way home from Pskov, Russia to England in 1944. See also[] 1. See, e.g., We Install and Other Stories, loc. 417-820. 2. In the Presence of Mine Enemies, pg. 26, pb. 3. Ibid., pg. 287. 4. Ibid., pg. 422. 5. Ibid., pg. 250. 6. Ibid., pg. 41. 7. Leviathans: Armored Skies, pg. 323, loc. 4650. 8. Return Engagement, pg 299. 9. The Two Georges map. Denmark and Norway are not relevant to the actual plot of the novel. 10. Coup d'Etat, pg. 169, HC. 11. Last Orders, pgs. 300, HC. 12. Ibid, pg. 318. 13. Last Orders, pg. 370.
Is self-sufficiency the ideal goal for urban food policy? It is very difficult to compare self-sufficiency studies. The environmental benefits of self-sufficiency need to be studied further. Cities should aim for circularity rather than resource self-sufficiency. Building on great expectations regarding urban agriculture, many scientific studies have looked into cities’ self-sufficiency potential. What conclusions can we draw from this consolidated body of work? An article published in the Journal of Cleaner Production reviews this literature and shows that, on the one hand, that it is very difficult to compare such studies, and, on the other, that cities should focus on circular and sustainable practices rather than sufficiency. Many self-sufficiency studies, no single answer Self-sufficiency studies, i.e. the analysis of the potential of urban agriculture to feed the city, have blossomed over the last decade. Each time, these studies take one, or a very small number of case studies. The article shows that their results vary greatly, from urban agriculture being able to meet as low as 2% of fruit and vegetable demand to figures as high as 400%. How can we account for such a difference? Is this because cities have different layouts, and hence different growing potential? Surprisingly, answering this question is harder than expected, as the researchers found that the methodology chosen by self-sufficiency studies is more decisive than cities’ density. Different hypothesis leading to different results Indeed, self-sufficiency studies are hardly comparable because they rely on different hypothesis regarding: • The type of food considered: some studies look at multiple food categories while others focus on fruit and vegetables only. The latter tend to show better results, as it is unlikely that urban agriculture can provide food items such as cereals or transformed goods. • The area available for urban agriculture: it is not easy to estimate which proportion of urban land is available for food growing. Depending on the method used, results can vary greatly. The most robust methods are the ones that take into account all growing constraints. For example, it is not enough just to look at the amount of rooftop in a city. One should also consider whether they are shaded or not, and whether the building’s structure can accommodate urban agriculture. • Yields can vary greatly depending on food items and growing techniques. Many studies choose to apply figures from soil-based, non-conditioned growing techniques, which are less productive than techniques such as hydroponics or aquaponics. As a consequence, studies which take low yields hardly find self-sufficiency attainable. The researchers argue for more realistic yield data (coming from commercial scale projects, and including different crops) to be incorporated in these studies. • Urban diets: some studies consider actual diets, while other choose to assess sufficiency against recommended fruit and vegetable intakes. As people tend to eat less fruit and vegetable than what is recommended, studies assuming a change in diet find it more difficult to achieve self-sufficiency. Given the great diversity of methodology and hypothesis, it is quite difficult to draw a conclusion. What would be great would be to compare various cities with the same methodology. This is what Till Weidner, the article’s lead author, is doing as part of his PhD research. His recommendation for urban decision makers carrying out self-sufficiency studies it to pay particular attention to the growing techniques and crop types they plan to employ as those methodological choices can lead to very different results and hence very different policies. Sufficiency… and its environmental limits Although increasing self-sufficiency works as a great catch phrase, the review therefore shows that it is a somewhat elusive metric. Interestingly, this article also opens another set of questions regarding whether it is desirable from an environmental point of view. In other words, would it be more environmentally friendly to produce all the food urban dwellers need within the city? Here, existing literature shows that the image is not clear-cut. • First, literature shows trade-offs between high yields and energy consumption. Innovations such as greenhouses or vertical indoor farming, or, indeed, any kind of controlled environment that enables high-yields, come at a great energy cost. Whether they represent an improvement from conventional methods will depend on what these methods are, whether they use a lot of energy, and whether this energy come from fossil fuels. For instance, fruit and vegetable consumed in Lisbon come from open fields within the region, so replacing them with produce from rooftop greenhouses would increase their environmental impact. • Second, there is still very little literature regarding the overall sustainability of an urban food system that would heavily rely on urban agriculture. Which kind of storage and processing would it need? What are the means of (low-carbon) distribution? How would this impact transportation in the city? Research and practitioners still need to work on these topics before we can conclude that it makes environmental sense to bring back food production in the city. Should cities aim for circularity rather than sufficiency? If self-sufficiency is not achievable nor sustainable, what should cities do? According to Till Weidner, it is important that cities remember that their objective is not so much self-sufficiency, but decreasing the environmental footprint of their food system. Two approaches may be beneficial for cities to achieve this objective: • First, experiment with and promote participatory business models, such as community-supported-agriculture or pick-yourself schemes. People’s involvement in the growing and harvesting process might be best suited to elicit sustainable behaviour change (e.g. food waste reduction, plant-based diets, seasonal consumption and reduced packaging). • Second, cities should explore all available options to decrease the environmental impact of urban agriculture. Local resource circularity (i.e. the ability for urban agriculture to use urban waste streams such as water or organic waste) should be more systematically explored, as not much is known today about new integrated schemes (such as micro-scale, on-site, anaerobic digesters, or greenhouses utilizing building waste such as heat or CO2). Further, existing sustainable practices such as agroecology and permaculture could be adapted to urban contexts. Here, according to Till Weidner, it is key that urban food policies incentivise people to take the risk to try new things as much needs to be done before we can conclude regarding the benefits of urban agriculture options. As such, self-sufficiency should be considered as a potential means to an end, but its environmental (as well as economic and social) benefits and limits be seriously scrutinized before it is integrated in urban food policy. Going further Exploring urban regions’ food self-sufficiency Can urban waste become a resource for urban food production? What do we know exactly about urban agriculture’s environmental impacts? Follow us on Twitter Sign up! Sign up to our newsletter Read more Discover our latest blog posts Dive in! Annual article repositories %d bloggers like this:
The Mayfly is a member of the Ephemera family, there are three mayflies commonly found in the British Isles, these are Ephemera danica, Ephemera vulgata & Ephemera lineata, for the purposes of this email we are treating them all as one (as the differences as negligible). Mayflies can be found in both still running water, but the majority are found on our rivers, it does not seem to matter the strength of the flow. Mayflies are found throughout the British Isles in all types of river and stream. They are easily identified in May and June as they will be the biggest up-winged fly on the water and white in colour. Mayflies can range quite considerably in size, from 15 to 25mm long (usually a size 14 to size 10 hook). Where To Find Them Mayflies are found in every part of the British Isles. They are especially prolific in any river which has a silty bottom (fnar fnar - one for the Viz readers!). As with most of the up-winged family of flies, the Mayfly can be found in all running waters. When To Find Them The Mayfly hatch usually starts in the first two weeks of May and will continue until the end of June, depending on which part of the British Isles you are located. Mayflies usually start to hatch in the south from the second week of May, lasting for around 4 weeks. The further north you go the later the hatches start, in Scotland the Mayfly hatch is normally around two weeks behind the south, starting at the end of May and continuing until the end of June. What To Look For Mayflies are not renowned for their timing, but you can usually expect to see a hatch start (if it's a nice, warm day) sometime in the afternoon between 1pm and 2pm and it can continue until around 6pm. Initially, hatches will be quite sporadic, gradually increasing through to a crescendo later in the afternoon. It's like ringing the dinner bell for the trout! Hatches of Mayfly can be very localised, one pool may be on fire - and the one just a few yards upstream completely devoid of life. It is also worth noting that you may find very heavy hatches of Mayflies when it is very warm and sunny. you may also struggle to catch using a mayfly pattern and wonder why? This is usually because the trout take a few days to actually realise that the Mayfly are hatching, but once they do, they will rarely take anything else. The lifecycle of the Mayfly is outlined below. The Mayfly is one of the up-winged flies where all of the stages can be imitated by the fly angler. Mayfly nymphs are quite large and are found in the silt of a river/lake bed. The nymphal stage usually lasts either one or two years where they are buried in the silt. When the nymphs emerge the best imitation for these is a fat, long nymph (beaded when used in heavier flows). When imitating the Mayfly nymph, please take note of the body thickness, the body should be thick and long. Mayfly nymphs can be up to 25mm long and 5 to 7mm wide (just about the same as a size 10 or 12 hook): Once the nymph decides the time is right to hatch into a Dun (this can be anytime between 1pm and 6pm) the nymph swims through the water column to the surface. The nymph then transforms into the dun in open water and takes a few moments for its wings to unfold and dry out (it is at this point where it is able to fly). From the time the nymph arrives at the surface to when its wings dry out is the point that trout usually take them (either just below the surface or as they emerge), so don't be too quick to retrieve your fly if it should start to sink! You will also notice that when the trout takes the fly it will be a very splashy take, they know that the mayfly is one of the best meals of the year and need to make sure that they do not escape. I have even seen trout slash at hatching Mayflies just to disable them and then turn around to take it knowing it cannot escape. Mayflies famously only live for one day. From the time they hatch, they will fly off to some local vegetation (the underside of tree leaves is a favourite spot, where they will rest (which can be for up to 24 hours) then transform again into a spinner (the sexually mature adult). Once the adult mayfly is ready to mate they will form together in clouds above the river and dance (this is a stunning sight - when you are on a river in the early evening, just look up and watch them). Here the adults mate and the female will return to the water to lay her eggs (she can lay up to 10,000 eggs). Once the female has laid all her eggs, she will die and float away (this is called a spent mayfly). From a fly fishing perspective the stages which we must try to imitate are: • Spinners • Duns • Nymphs • Spent Mayflies The most popular imitations for emerging Mayflies are any of the flies below. Don't worry if you don't have these exact patterns, as anything which has the same general colour, profile and size will do. These flies should be fished as you would any other dry fly, and they should be used as soon as you start to see the Duns sailing down the river; this can be anytime from about 1pm until 6pm. Top Tip: Only apply floatant to the hackle of the fly, this will make the rear sit just beneath the surface. Mayfly Spinner Mohican Mayfly Loop-Wing Mayfly Dun CdC Mayfly Dun The Mayfly nymph is generally imitated by any of the standard mayfly nymph patterns (The Walker mayfly pattern is a favourite of ours). Take a look at these for some inspiration: Spent Patterns Once the female Mayfly has laid her eggs, she dies, these flies float down the river with their wings outstretched, and are easy for the trout to intercept. Due to the large number of Mayflies which hatch, there are usually lots which are malformed when they hatch, these are easy pickings for trout. Here's a fantastic pattern to imitate both the crippled and spent Mayflies: Stillborn Mayfly Image Sources Mayfly Header Image: Courtesy of Ben Lupton (thanks Ben, you're a star) Mayfly Lifecycle Image: Courtesy of Ben Lupton (thanks Ben, you're a star). This email is brought to you with the sole intent to spread the information around so we can all maybe learn something. If you would like to buy any of the flies contained within this email, we do hope that you will consider us and see what flies we have to offer. If you would like any further details on any of the above flies, they can be found using these links: Mayfly Spinner Mohican Mayfly Loop-Wing Mayfly Dun CdC Mayfly Dun Brown Mayfly Nymph Olive Mayfly Nymph Spent Mayfly: Stillborn Mayfly Previous issues of Hatch Chat can be found on our Hatch Chat blog, here:
Cranfield looks at recycling attitudes August 16, 2000 Researchers at Cranfield University's School of Water Sciences have recently completed a major survey of public attitudes to water recycling. The study, part of an EPSRC funded project on water recycling, was carried out between March and April this year and involved over 300 respondents throughout England and Wales. Although the UK may not appear to have a water supply problem, there is a continuing need to balance the demand for the supply of fresh water. The clustering of droughts over the past 20 years and changes in the spatial patterns of water demand raise important questions concerning the resilience of existing water supply arrangements. Consequently, the potential for water recycling and reuse in the UK is considerable. Although many technologies for water recycling are available, widespread implementation of working schemes has been hampered by debates over whether the public would accept water recycling, particularly 'in-house' systems. The most significant finding from the study is that the large majority of the public are supportive of water recycling as a concept. For example, 89% of respondents agreed with the statement 'I have no objections to water recycling as long as safety is guaranteed.' 88% of respondents were prepared to use recycled water from their own bath and shower to flush their toilet. Using recycled water from second party or public sources was less acceptable, although half the population were prepared to use recycled water for toilet flushing, irrespective of the water source. Water Sciences' Dr Paul Jeffrey, part of the survey team, is very pleased with the way the project has gone. "This was a comprehensive and independent study of England and Wales. The results are significant as they disprove the widespread theory that the public is against all water recycling." "The findings from the survey allow us to identify which types of water recycling are publicly acceptable and which are not, thereby helping us to identify niche markets and guide the design of appropriate technologies." Cranfield University Related Water Recycling Articles from Brightsurf: Paper recycling must be powered by renewables to save climate The study, published in Nature Sustainability, found that greenhouse gas emissions would increase by 2050 if we recycled more paper, as current methods rely on fossil fuels and electricity from the grid. Lighting the path to recycling carbon dioxide Combining solar-harvesting materials with carbon-dioxide-consuming microbes could be an efficient way to generate clean fuels. Plastics, waste and recycling: It's not just a packaging problem Discussions of the growing plastic waste problem often focus on reducing the volume of single-use plastic packaging items such as bags, bottles, tubs and films. Recycling plastics together, simple and fast Scientists successfully blended different types of plastics to be recycled together, providing a solution to the environmental problem of plastic waste and adding economic value to plastic materials. Chemical recycling makes useful product from waste bioplastic A faster, more efficient way of recycling plant-based 'bioplastics' has been developed by a team of scientists at the universities of Birmingham and Bath. New recycling method could make polyurethane sustainable Polyurethanes (PUs) are used in many products, such as mattresses, insulation, footwear and construction materials. Almond orchard recycling a climate-smart strategy Recycling orchard trees onsite can sequester carbon, save water and increase crop yields, making it a climate-smart practice for California's irrigated almond orchards, finds a study from the University of California, Davis. 'Deceptively simple' process could boost plastics recycling Plastics are a victim of their own success, so inexpensive, easy to use and versatile that the world is awash in plastic waste. New membranes for cellular recycling Cells produce the shell of the autophagosomes on the spot. Rethinking the science of plastic recycling A multi-institutional collaboration reports a catalytic method for selectively converting discarded plastics into higher quality products. Read More: Water Recycling News and Water Recycling Current Events is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to
Lighting up Britain October 1880 The electric light is making progress that is all the more sure because it appears to have outgrown the sensational stage. Inventors have discovered that there is no royal road to fortune in electric lighting, any more than in any other matter that requires long and patient study. Instead they have betaken themselves to the wiser effort of improving working details. Scientific theory is undergoing a gradual change and things once regarded as mathematically impossible are now, at all events, transferred to the alembic of experiment. It is certain that we are a long way from having arrived at an exhaustive knowledge of the phenomena of the transmission of the electric current. Another point of no small importance is the observation of the difference between intensity of light and useful illumative power. This difference, which at first was almost entirely overlooked, at all events by the public, has been happily compared by Mr Barlow, in his inaugural address as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to the difference between specific gravity and weight. The latest improvement in the lamp, candle, regulator, or by whatever name the radiant focus employed by for the production of the electric light may be termed is that of Monsieur Jamin. M Jamin uses parallel carbon rods, so arranged as for the combustion at the lower extremity and travel upwards. This indeed was effected by William Staite and William Edwards in 1846, the carbons being made to approach one another in the form of a V, but the Jamin regulator seems to take us a step further.
Displaying 455 definitions on 1 pages: Displaying 26 definitions on 1 pages: 20 mph limit A speed limit, indicated by signs and repeaters. There is no traffic calming requirement with 20 mph limits. See the example below, on Tottenham Court Road in Camden. 20 mph zone See also: A 20 mph zone includes design features aimed at keeping vehicle speeds below 20 mph, such as humps, speed tables, rough surfaces, tight geometry, road narrowings, and so on. Absolute Minimum value An 'absolute minimum' value is a design paremeter used when there is an existing constraint on a proposed or existing cycle facility. Access barrier A type of barrier designed to prevent (or discourage) illegitimate use of walking and cycling paths - in particular, entry using mopeds and motorcycles. Access only An 'access-only' road or street is that has a ban on motor traffic using it, except for access. Typically this signed with Diagram 620 'Except for Access' in conjunction with Diagram 619, 'motor vehicles prohibited'. Access road An access road is a road or street that should only be used by motor traffic that is accessing properties, businesses or dwellings on it. The lack of separation from motor traffic limits the appeal of cycling to those who are sufficiently fast and brave. An accident is an unforeseen mishap, but the word is often used to describe a road traffic collision. Active Mode Appraisal Toolkit The Active Mode Appraisal Toolkit (AMAT) is a model produced by the Department for Transport, which uses a spreadsheet to assess the overal benefits and costs of proposed cycling and walking interventions, ranging from capital investments to behaviour Active travel 'Active travel' refers to modes of transport which involve physical activity - most typically, walking, cycling or scooting. Advanced Stop Line Sometimes called a bike box or a cycle reservoir, Advanced Stop Lines (ASLs) are stop lines for cyclists at traffic signals, which are marked beyond the stop line for general traffic. Adverse camber A road design feature that involves the road surface sloping away from the inside of a bend, being higher on the inside of the bend than on the outside (the opposite of a banked corner). Advisory cycle lane A cycle lane bounded by a broken white line, which enables motor traffic to enter the cycle lane when legal to do so.Advisory Cycle Lane, City of London Angled rubbish bins Popular beside cycle facilities in the Netherlands and Denmark, allowing people cycling to throw rubbish away without stopping. Automatic Number Plate Recognition – camera system designed to recognise number plates and therefore exclude or fine all unrecognised users (while allowing buses, deliveries and/or residents vehicles etc. through). The All Party Parliamentary Cycling Group. The APPCG is a cross-party group consisting of MPs and Peers from the main political parties. See also: Small dividers bolted onto road surface to give degree of protection to cycle lanes from the roadway. Also referred to, confusingly, as ‘zebras’. Approved for use in the UK by the DfT in 2013. 'Aspect' refers to the lights in traffic signals. For instance, conventional traffic signals (below) have three aspects; a red aspect, an amber aspect, and a green aspect. At grade See also: 'At grade' simply refers to a crossing or junction being at the same level, with the users interacting directly with one another. One of the five main demands used to measure the quality of cycling infrastructure (the others are cohesionsafety 'Autoluwte' is a Dutch noun used to describe areas that have very low motor traffic levels. (The Dutch adjective 'autoluw' means 'low traffic'). Average Annual Daily Flow A measure of the total annual volume of motor traffic on a road or street over the course of a year, divided by 365 - giving the volume of motor traffic expected along it on one day. See also: Dutch makers of a range of cargo bikes. Barriers to cycling A term used to describe the obstacles to the uptake of cycling as a mode of transport. Essentially, the reason why people choose not to cycle for trips that could easily be cycled. Belisha beacon Named for Leslie Hoare Belisha, the Minister for Transport from 1934-37, this is the black and white pole, with yellow flashing bulb, that stands each side of a zebra crossing. Beyond the Bicycle 'Beyond the Bicycle' is a term used by the Beyond the Bicycle Coalition, to highlight the need to take into consideration types of cycle beyond the standard two-wheeled bicycle. Beyond the Bicycle Coalition The Beyond the Bicycle Coalition is a group set in 2017, which represents users of non-standard cycles (e.g. See also: The national programme of cycle training in England, Wales and Scotland. Bikeability is based on standards approved by the Department for Transport - however, it is entirely voluntary, and not part of the curriculum. Blister paving See also: Another way to describe tactile paving. An upright pole used principally to prevent motor vehicle access. Bus boarder A platform onto which bus passengers alight. Can be used in isolation, as a build-out from a footway, or as part of a floating bus stop arrangement. Bus cage The marked box where a bus stops at a bus stop. Bus gate In transport planning and campaigning, the term "bus gate" can mean one of two street design features: Bus lane A motor traffic lane that is specifically reserved for the use of buses, and cycles and taxis, where permitted by signs. A Dutch term (literally - 'bus lock/gate') that refers to a road feature preventing access by motor traffic, but allowing access by buses. In highway engineering, capacity refers to the ability of a road or street to carry motor vehicles (or, more importantly, people). See also: Capital (spending) refers to an amount spent on improving, or building, an asset. With regards to cycling, this might typically involve investment in the construction of new cycleways, improved junctions, or links between urban areas. Cargo Bike A catch-all term for a wide variety of adapted cycles, designed for carrying heavy or bulky loads, or passengers, including children. They can come in either two-wheeled, three-wheeled, or four-wheeled form, with or without e-assistance. The section of the highway that is generally used by motor vehicles and cycles - alternatively, 'the road'). Carriageway narrowing A form of design used to encourage slower traffic and to provide better (usually wider) pavement facilities for pedestrians, and indeed cycling infrastructure. The Campaign for Better Transport: http://bettertransport.org.uk/ Centre line A dashed marking used as a lane divider, or to indicate that a road, or a cycle path, has two-way traffic on it. A chaincase is a device that encloses the chain on a bicycle. It's a practical feature that is ubiquitous on bicycles ridden for transport in the Netherlands and Denmark. 'Channel' refers to the area adjacent to a kerb line, designed to collect water and guide it to drains. Christiania bike A manufacturer of cargo bikes in Denmark - most often seen as tricycles, and popular with businesses. The Chartered Instititute of Highways and Transportation. The "Community Infrastructure Levy". Clutter is those elements both visual and physical that detract from the simplicity of a street design. Sometimes used as an argument for naked streets, but also for more simply reducing unnecessary obstructions by other changes in design e.g. Coaster brake A coaster brake is a back pedal brake, typically found on bicycles ridden for transport in the Netherlands and Denmark. Also called 'Coherence'. One of the five main demands used to measure the quality of cycling infrastructure (the others are safety Cycling infrastructure should be surfaced in one consistent colour, as much as possible, to provide clarity, visual priority, legibility and continuity. Combined Traffic A term used to refer to cycles and motor traffic being 'combined' on the carriageway, i.e. without any separate cycle provision. 'Combined traffic' should only occur in low speed, low traffic environments. Compact Roundabout Also known as a Contiental Roundabout, this describes the concept of a reduced radius in the centre of a roundabout creating a layout in which motor vehicles traversing the design experience a need to slow down given by the need to take a series of cor Constituency Road Safety Dashboard The Constituency Road Safety Dashboard is a resource developed by PACTS (the Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transpor In the context of transport and highways, consultation is the process by which highway authorities discuss changes with local residents and transport users. Continuous footway A term used to describe an uninterrupted footway that extends across a side road. A one-way street for motor vehicles with provision for two-way cycling. Avoids forcing cyclists into detours, but can be intimidating to ride in. This is typically a low-quality solution compared to modal filters. Controlled crossing A form of pedestrian crossing that gives priority to pedestrians or cycles crossing a road. Controlled Parking Zone An area where parking is generally reserved for permit holders. These can be done many different ways, but typically the restrictions will be by time and location. Copenhagen-style bus stop bypass This layout is obviously found (a lot) in the Danish city of Copenhagen which is rather more cycle-friendly than London. The arrangement has a footway, then a cycle track and buses stopping next to the cycle track. Confusingly, this can mean two things. First, it can refer to the bus arrival times display on bus shelters. Critical Mass An informal, leaderless bike ride that meets on the last Friday of every month, in cities around the world. There is no route planned; the ride simply follows those who happen to be at the head of the group. In cycle campaigning, 'culture' is used as a way of explaining why cycling levels are so much higher in countries like the Netherlands and Denmark, compared to Britain. Cycle crossing (unsignalised) A cycle-specific crossing of a road carrying motor traffic, at grade. This type of crossing can either give cycling priority, or give motor traffic priority. Cycle Design Vehicle A term used to refer to a 'composite' of the many different types of cycle, used to provide design criteria that will accommodate all those types of cycle. Cycle gate A 'cycle gate' is a design used to separate the movements of cycle traffic and motor traffic at busy junctions. Cycle lane A cycle lane is a painted treatment for cycling on the road surface, and is defined as part of the carriageway. Cycle path A motor traffic-free route specifically for cycle traffic that does not run parallel to an existing highway. In other words, they are distinct routes, separate from the road network. Cycle Route Any infrastructure that can legally be used by cyclists, including cycle tracks, stepped cycle tracks, cycle lanes, carriageways and cycle paths. Cycle street A cycle street is one designed to handle large volumes of cycling, but very low volumes of motor traffic. Cycle Superhighway A marketing term commonly used by British local authorities to promote new cycle infrastructure, and not necessarily of good quality. Cycle time 'Cycle time' is the length of a cycle, in traffic signal control. Cycle track A route specifically for bicycle traffic that runs alongside a road or street, separate from it. Cycle Tracks Act 1984 Legislation aimed at converting public footpaths (which are paths away from roads, not footways, which run along roads) int Cycle Traffic Cycle Traffic is defined as 'a specific type of traffic on the network where the vehicles meet the definition of a cycle.' Cycle training 'Cycle training' refers to any programme of instruction in cycling proficiency, be it simply learning to ride and handle a cycle, learning road rules and behaviour, or attempting to deal with more complex road environments. A simple, catch-all term to describe a route for cycling, analogous to footway for pedestrians and roadway for motor vehicles. Cycling Level of Service Cycling Level of Service (or CLoS for short) is an audit tool developed by Transport for London. It is designed to assess the quality of cycling provision in existing (and proposed) schemes, with a final score out of 100. Cycling strategy (Also Cycling Plan and other similar names) A document usually prepared by a local authority setting out a strategic plan for provision of cycle infrastructure and related policies. Cyclists Dismount An information sign (white lettering on blue rectangle), rather than a 'no cycling' sign, meaning it does not require you to dismount unless it is already illegal to cycle (for instance on entering a pedestrian area or to use a pelican or zebra In cycle campaigning circles, 'dangerisation' is the claim that discussing safety, danger and potential risks suppresses cycling levels, and even causes people to give up cycling altogether. Definitive map A 'definitive map' is a document that county councils or unitary authorities in England and Wales (excluding inner London boroughs) have to draw up and maintain, to show all the rights of way in their ar Design Manual for Bicycle Traffic A manual produced by the Dutch CROW organisation, focused specifically on cycling infrastructure design, and general cycle design principles. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges A large multi-volume manual that sets out how trunk roads in Britain should be designed. It is still used to inform (often inappropriately) how streets and roads in urban areas should be laid out. Design Speed 'Design Speed' refers to the assumed speed of users of a particular route, and therefore determines the way that route should be designed, to accommodate that speed. Desirable Minimum value A 'desirable minimum' value is a design paremeter used when there is no existing constraint on a proposed or existing cycle facility. For instance, a 'desirable minimum' width of a one-way cycleway is 2.5m. Desire line A desire line represents the shortest and most obvious path between A and B. A piece of equipment that serves to provide information to traffic signal control systems about vehicles, people, or cycles approaching or waiting at junctions, and adjusts signal time accordingly. Detector Loop A detector loop, or induction loop, is an electro-magnetic loop built in a road surface that provides traffic data, or alerts a traffic signal system to the presence of a vehicle or bicycle. The Department for Transport - the body responsible for transport of all types in the UK. One of the five main demands used to measure the quality of cycling infrastructure (the others are safety, cohesion Disability Discrimination Act 1995 An Act to make it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in connection with employment, the provision of goods, facilities and services or the disposal or management of premises; to make provision about the employment of disabled pe Distributor road A distributor road is a road that links up access roads and through roads. Abbreviation of Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Door Zone The 'door zone' is an area next to parked vehicles where a door can suddenly open into the path of an unwitting bike user. Road furniture that can have a significant impact on the quality of cycle provision. An entrance to a property. Where a footway or a cycleway crosses a driveway, both should continue across it without interruption, with a smooth, level, continuous surface. An example of a footway crossing a driveway - Dual carriageway A dual carriageway is composed of two separate carriageways, separated by some kind of physical barrier or divider. Dual network The dual network is a concept which provides two types of cycling infrastructure. The theory is that experienced and confident cyclists will use the roads, while those less experienced or confident will use off-road facilities. Dual provision Dual provision is a design approach which involves employing two different (parallel) types of cycling infrastructure. Dutch Bicycle Master Plan A 1999 document, produced by the Fietsberaad, that documents the history of cycling in the Netherlands from 1890 up until 1999. Dynamic envelope 'Dynamic envelope' refers to the typical space someone takes up while cycling. It will be larger than the static width because people will 'wobble' while travelling along. A dynamo is a small electrical generator which uses the motion of the wheels to generate electricity. Early start The use of cycle-specific lights at a junction that go green prior to the main traffic lights enabling those cycling to move ahead and ideally clear the junction prior to the rest of traffic moving, but useless if arrived at during a green phase. European Cyclists Federation Effective width Effective width refers to the usable width of cycling provision. Elephants Footprints A term used to describe a series of square road markings, which delineate cycle crossings of carriageways. End of route "End of route" is a road sign (Diagram 965 in TSRGD) which traffic engineers use to mean "we've given up on this cycle path now, you're on your own from here." Entrance Kerb An 'entrance kerb' (called 'inritband' in Dutch) is a type of ramped kerb that allows footways and cycleways to run at a continuous, raised flat level across side roads and minor junctions. Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society. See also: An erf (literally meaning 'yard') is a Dutch term for a street where walking, cycling and recreation is formally prioritised over the flow of motor traffic. The plural is 'erven'. Except Cycles A road sign that can be added below other road signs to indicate exemptions to a rule, or information - for instance, No Entry except cycles, or the 'Dead End' sign. 'Exercise' is defined as physical activity requiring effort. Experimental Traffic Order See also: A form of Traffic Order, which traffic authorities have the power to impose without consultation. Facility of the Month Good and bad cycling facilities of the month, maintained by CEoGB and Warrington Cycle Campaign respectively. Faculty of Public Health Describes itself as '...the standard setting body for specialists in public health in the United Kingdom.' Fatality Rates 'Fatality rate' refers to the number of fatalities, by exposure - be that distance travelled by a particular mode, or time spent travelling by that particular mode. The Fietsberaad is the Dutch bicycle council. It is a government organisation, composed of experts in bicycle design, from across the Netherlands. It is a founding member of the Dutch Cycling Embassy. The Fietsersbond is the Dutch Cyclists Union, a campaigning group for better cycling conditions. It has around 35,000 members, and is a partner in the Dutch Cycling Embassy. A filter is infrastructure which permits one mode of transport through but prevents another. An example of this would be a bollard which prevents motor vehicles from passing but allows bicycles. Filtered permeability Filtered permeability describes design of our streets and urban realm that allows through journeys for selected modes of transport, typically walking and cycling (but sometimes also buses), but removes it as a through ro Floating bus stop Also known as a 'bus stop bypass', this is an arrangement that involves a cycleway running behind the passenger boarding area at a bus stop, between an island and the footway. Flush kerb A kerb which is level with the surrounding area. There is no height difference between the kerb and the carriageway, cycle track or footpath. Fly parking 'Fly parking' describes informally parking bicycles by (and locking them to) street furniture. Typically it is symptomatic of a lack of adequate designated cycle parking, and/or space to park bicycles. Flying motorbike A slang term for a road sign prohibiting motor vehicles - diagram 619 in the TSRGD. The red circle is a prohibition, excluding all forms of motor traffic. See also: A path away from a carriageway (or, in other words, a path away from a road). See also: The technical term for what is commonly called a pavement in the UK, and a sidewalk in the US. Forgiving kerbing 'Forgiving kerbs' are angled, or splayed, kerbs that can be easily traversed by cycles, while still presenting a clear physical height difference between a cycleway and a footw 'Forgivingness' is one of the principles of the Dutch system of Sustainable Safety. Formal crossing Any road crossing, whether signalised or not, that is clearly marked as such. Free parking Often considered to be the intervention that will save the High Street, despite much evidence to the contrary. Grade separation A junction treatment that involves vertical separation of two or more different routes, placing them at different heights. For bicycle traffic, this will typically involve an underpass, or a bridge over a road. Gradient is a measure of the degree of slope. While gradients on naturally occurring features (hills!) can be hard to avoid, they can (and should) be mitigated, particularly by extending routes. An example is shown below. A grating is a cover for a drain, allowing water to enter while preventing objects (and people!) from entering. Term used to describe the dense network of safe, pleasant cycle routes which is required to enable mass cycling. A fence along the outside edge of a footway, to prevent pedestrians crossing or walking on or across the carraigeway, along desire lines. Guided bus A bus that is fitted with special steering equipment to allow it to be driven along a narrow busway without the driver needing to steer. A gully is a drain built into the highway, designed to remove surface water from the carriageway (or cycleway). A type of cycle pedalled by hand, rather than by foot. They can either be a specfically-designed cycle, or an adapted wheelchair, with an (attached) front wheel powered by hand pedalling. E-assist is also available for handcycles. In traffic signal control, a head refers to the cluster of signals, on a signal pole. Health benefits The health benefits of cycling are well known. Cycling is typically considered one of the two best forms of exercise, along with swimming, as it provides exercise without impact on joints. Healthy Streets Healthy Streets is a policy approach adopted by Transport for London, which aims to improve public health by enabling more people to walk, cyc Healthy Streets Index The Healthy Streets Index is a tool created by experts from University College London (UCL), Healthy Streets and Tranquil City, which rates the 'healthiness' of ev HEAT stands for Health Economic Assessment Tool. Hi Viz Short for 'high visibility'. Used to describe clothing (or other aids) that aim to increase conspicuity of people cycling, or walking. Typically 'hi viz' takes the form of a bright yellow jacket, with reflective strips. Hierarchy of Provision The Hierarchy of Provision is a list of traffic interventions which was intended to help highways designers create better conditions for cycling. A way over which generally all members of the public have the right to pass and repass without hindrance. May be maintained by public expense (i.e. local highway authority) or private expense (land owner). Highway Authority A 'highway authority' is a body that has a duty of care to maintain the safety and usability of highways (including roads) that are kept at public expense. Highways Act 1980 An Act which sets out the powers and duties of highway authorities. Duties are things that these authorities have to do. Powers are things that the authorities may wish to exert. Highways England Formerly the Highway Agency, Highways England is a government-owned company with responsibilty for the operation, maintenance and improvement of the motorways and trunk road net Home zone See also: Home zones are a residential (typically urban) street treatment that involve reducing motor traffic speeds and the general dominance of motor traffic, more diverse use of street space (particularly by residents), increasing natural surveillance, and fo 'Homogeneity' is one of the principles of the Dutch system of Sustainable Safety. A hub is the central part of a (bicycle) wheel that contains the axle. A method of vehicle speed reduction using a raised section of road which cannot be driven over at high speeds. Humps are also colloquially known as 'sleeping policemen'. Hybrid Cycle Track A 'hybrid cycle track' is a British description for a stepped cycle track, a cycleway that is built higher than the carriageway, but lower than the footway - at an intermediate height, between the two. Inclusive bicycle A bicycle adapted in one way or another to accommodate its user's disability. This could be a tricycle, tandem, handcycle, or a wide variety of other types. Inclusive design Inclusive design - not specifically about cycling - involves ensuring that everyone is able to use places, buildings, equipment, tools and environments, and that they are safe and convenient, for all. The principle that design for cycling should not exclude any particular user, be it because it is too hostile, too intimidating, or cannot accommodate their type of cycle. Induced demand “If you build more space for motor traffic, you will get more motor traffic”. Induced demand is the idea that building more roads will generate more demand for those roads. Infrastructure safari A term used by the Cycling Embassy of Great Britain, and coined by Sally Hinchcliffe, to describe organised visits to particular areas to look at and understand cycling provision in a particular area. A Dutch term meaning 'driveway kerbs' or 'entrance kerbs'. See also: An intergreen period is the amount of time between the end of a green phase, and the start of another green phase. 'Intervisibility' is a technical term used in highway engineering, which in plain language simply means users being able to (mutually) see each other. A junction is the point at which roads meet; or the point at which cycleways meet roads, or each other. This creates potential conflict between users travelling in different directions, which has to be managed with good design. See also: High quality and modern child-carrying tricycle (similar to the Bakfiets or Bullit) made by Danish company Winthur. Kerb radius The (usable) radius available to vehicles turning into or out of a street – the wider the radius, the wider the entry/exit, and/or the shallower the angle of turn from one street to another, the faster vehicles will be able to take the turn. Kerbside activity A term used to refer to parking and loading (by motor vehicles) at the edge of the carriageway, adjacent to the footway. Abbreviation of "Killed or Seriously Injured". "London Cycle Design Standards". Transport for London's cycling design manual, covering requirements and guidance for the design of roads and streets for cycling. The "Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plan". Left hook A 'left hook' involves a motor vehicle overtaking a person cycling, then turning left across the latter's path. Particularly dangerous where pedestrian guard railings are in place at the edge of a pavement. Leisure cycling Cycling purely for pleasure, without any other purpose. The opposite of utility cycling. 'Liability' refers to councils or highway authorities being found legally responsible for defective roads, or road design, that leads to injury or death. Light protection Also referred to as light segregation, this is a method for separating a cycle lane from the carriageway by means of (typically temporary, or easily installed) physical objec Lightly protected cycleway A cycleway composed of a cycle lane separated from the carriageway by means of light protection.Cycle lane</body></html> A 'link' is a road or a street that connects between junctions. LIP is an abbreviation of Local Implementation Plan. LIPs are part of the structure that Transport for London (TfL) uses to deliver transport strategy in inner and outer London, by allocating money to the boroughs. Liveable Neighbourhoods (London) Aside from the general aspirartion that everyone should have a 'liveable' neighbourhood, this is a London-specific programme run by TfL for transport improvements around town centres, residential areas and transport interchanges, linked to the MTS, and Local Enterprise Partnership Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) are joint local authority-business bodies brought forward by local authorities themselves to promote local economic development – to replace Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) Local Transport Note A Local Transport Note (usually abbreviated to LTN) is traffic management guidance for local authorities, issued by the British Department for Transport. Low Traffic Neighbourhood A Low Traffic Neighbourhood (LTN) is an area-wide intervention designed to reduce motor traffic levels across a series of streets, by confining through traffic to main roads (or 'boundary' roads). Low-level signals Low-level signals are small repeater lights that mirror what is displayed by the larger, conventional, traffic signals at junctions. They make it easier for people cycling to see signals that apply to them, without having to crane their necks back. (Local Sustainable Transport Fund) An abbrevation, either for LTN 1/12 Current DfT guidance on Shared Use Routes for Pedestrians and Cyclists LTN 2/08 Cycle Infrastructure Design See also: The DfT’s cycling infrastructure design guidance. Local Transport Plan [lorem ipsum, etc.] “Middle Aged Man In Lycra”. A favourite of journalists and bloggers who seek to turn cycling into a tribal thing done by a minority … Mandatory cycle lane A cycle lane marked by a solid (unbroken) white line. It is 'mandatory' in the sense that drivers of motor vehicles are not permitted to enter it, rather than being mandatory for cyclists to use it. Manual for Streets See also: UK Government guidance for street design practitioners - abbreviated to MfS, or MfS2. Mesh density 'Mesh density' describes whether a cycle network is 'dense' or 'loose'. A good, dense cycle network will have parallel routes close to each other - a high mesh density. Minor side road A side road carrying only small amounts of motor traffic; typically only a small number of residential properties. Mobility scooter A mobility scooter is an electrically-powered scooter for those with mobility problems. UK law divides mobility scooters (along with powered wheelchairs) into two categories - Class 2, and Class 3, invalid carriages. Modal filter modal filter is a feature used to limit through-journeys along a street by certain modes of transport. Modal filters are used to achieve fil Modal share The percentage of the total share which a given mode of transport makes up. For example nationally cycling makes up a 2% modal share in the UK. 'Monofunctionality' is one of the principles of the Dutch system of Sustainable Safety. An acronym, standing for Microprocessor Optimised Vehicle Actuated control, a system developed by TRL in the 1980s, and used at signal-controlled junctions. MTS (London) "Mayor's Transport Strategy". Around every 10 years, the Mayor prepares a long-term document laying out the transport strategy and key associated targets that reaches far beyond the current term. See also: When used in a standard, 'must' is a statutory obligation. Naked streets [lorem ipsum, etc.] National Association of City Transportation Officials NACTO is a coalition of transport authorities in the USA, their mission being to "exchange of transportation ideas, insights, and practices among large central cities while fostering a cooperative approach to key national transportation issues.&qu National Cycle Network Much derided by cycle campaigners as a joke ("Notional Cycling Network" or "National Cycling Not-work" for example), the NCN is a bold attempt at creating a network of cycle routes across Britain. National Cycle Route One of the principal routes that make up the National Cycle Network. Often abbreviated to NCR or NCN, e.g. NCR1. Contrast with Regional Cycle Route National Planning Policy Framework A document that sets out the government's planning policy for England, and how its policies on planning are expected to be applied. Relevant passages on cycling include Paragraph 17 - Also often used as a shorthand for National Cycle Route (even though the letters don’t match!) Used to describe a number of connected cycle routes. In Britain this word has been used to describe very weak networks, such as the National Cycle Network. A more well-defined concept is the Grid, which is a network with specified density. Non-motorised user A 'non-motorised user' (or NMU) is someone walking or cycling, or a horse rider. Obesity is a term used to describe somebody who is very overweight with a high degree of body fat. See also: The classic Dutch bike design. Easily recognisable by the relaxed, upright posture of the rider and the curved bar on the frame. See also: ‘Opafiets’ means ‘grandfather bike’ but this classic design is ridden by men and women of all ages in the Netherlands. Very similar to the omafiets, but with a crossbar. A worldwide cycle map based upon OpenStreetMap data Overrun area An overrun area is a portion of road surface that is designed to accommodate the turning circles of large vehicles, while ensuring tight geometry (to slow down speeds) for conventional vehicles. Parallel alignment Parallel alignment describes separate parallel provision for walking and cycling along a given route. Parallel crossing A parallel crossing is a combined pedestrian and cycle zebra crossing which can be used as part of protected cycling infrastructure. 'Parapet' refers to a wall, fencing or barrier designed to stop people falling from a bridge or other elevated section of road, cycleway or footway. Passenger Car Unit A Passenger Car Unit is a measure used primarily to assess highway capacity, for modelling purposes. Different vehicles are assigned different values, according to the space they take up. Passing law A passing law refers to legislation that requires to drivers to pass people cycling at a specified minimum distance. Pedestrian path alongside a highway. This is the colloquial term for footway, which is the precise term in legislation. Pedestrian and Cycle Zone A form of pedestrianised street that allows cycling - or in other words, a street that bans motor traffic! Pedestrian phase [lorem ipsum, etc.] Pedestrian refuge A specific element of road infrastructure, used to allow pedestrians to cross larger roads in multiple phases. Often these have some physcal protection from traffic, and can be combined with pinch points. Pedestrianised street A 'pedestrianised street' is one that prohibits motor traffic, for either the whole day, or a large proportion of it. Pegasus crossing A push-button controlled crossing which permits equestrian as well as pedestrian use. A second push-button box is mounted higher up such that the horse rider does not need to dismount to operate the crossing. Pelican crossing PEdestrian LIght CoNtrolled (yes, that is where the name comes from) crossing is an example of a controlled crossing where pedestrians push a button to indicate they wish to cross. In traffic control a phase refers to an indication shown to motor traffic, cycle traffic, or pedestrians. Physical activity See also: The NHS recommends that adults (19 and over) should engage in 150 minutes of 'moderate aerobic activity' per week. For children (those aged 5-18) t Pinch point An element of road design which narrows the carriageway artifically - often at pedestrian junctions - with the intent of slowing and calming traffic. Pinch stile A gap between housing, railings, etc. Planning gain / Planning obligation See also: Land, and buildings, are worth a lot more on the open market with planning permission for development than without planning permission. Point Closure A point closure is another term for a modal filter. Porosity is a way to talk about the provision of crossing points - how can cycling 'flow' from one area to another. Low porosity means that there are few ways to exit a particular neighbourhood, making cycling a less inviting option. Pram arm [lorem ipsum, etc.] 'Predictability' is one of the principles of the Dutch system of Sustainable Safety. Presumed liability 'Presumed liability' (often referred to as 'strict liability') is an element of civil law that, in crashes involving vulnerable road users, finds the more powerful road user liable by default, unless it can be clearly proven that t Often described as ‘right of way’, priority concerns who should be yielding to whom at points of traffic intersection - road junctions, pedestrian crossings, etc. Private entrance An entrance to a private property, similar to a minor road. Cycleways across these entrances should be designed with clear visual priority - smooth, continuous and without interruption. Propensity to Cycle Tool The National Propensity to Cycle Tool (PCT) is an online and interactive planning support tool to provide an evidence base to inform investment in cycling. It is available at pct.bike. A term used to describe measures that separate cycling (and indeed walking) from motor traffic. For instance 'protected cycleway' would be a cycleway that is separated from motor traffic by either a physical kerb, or bollards, or parking. "Public Transport Access Level". This is a way of measuring the overall level of public transport access which places have. Public Right of Way Public Rights of Way include footpaths, bridleways, restricted byways, and byways open to all traffic (BOATs). They are all highways, and are shown on Definitive Maps. Puffin crossing A type of pedestrian crossing, the name “puffin” deriving from “Pedestrian User-Friendly INtelligent crossing”. Raised entry treatment A speed table which is built across the width of a side road at a junction. It creates a level crossing surface for pedestrians (and cycle users where part of a cycle track). Rapid Cycleway Prioritisation Tool The Rapid Cycleway Prioritisation Tool (RCPT) provides an interactive map for every transport authority in England. The Road Danger Reduction Forum. A group of transport officials and professionals who work on cycling walking, transport planning and other related areas. A physical, kerbed "island" placed in the carriageway design to assist pedestrians and cycle users to cross the road in more than one stage, but without giving any specific priority. Regional cycle route A cycle route planned and maintained by a local authority or other regional body. To be completed. Used in "20mph zone" Return on Investment (RoI) How the DfT evaluates whether it’s spending its money wisely. Cycling spending tends to provide ratios of 3 or more to 1 in direct and indirect benefits. See also: Revenue (spending), in reference to cycling, applies to the immediate use of cash on projects, usually day-to-day running, or maintenance. Rising bollards A rising bollard is a physical barrier which sinks into the ground when a permitted vehicle is approaching, but otherwise prevents unauthorised vehicles from passing through. RLJ (Red Light Jumping) An RLJ has occurred when a vehicle has crossed the stop line while the associated traffic light signal was red. Road Hierarchy A 'road hierarchy' refers to a system of classifying all the roads and streets in a given area, according to their function. Typically this will involve Road Hump The official, legal term for what are more commonly known as 'speed humps', designed to slow and control vehicular traffic. Road humps come in various forms - Road Safety Audit A Road Safety Audit (RSA) is an evaluation of a new highway scheme, before, during and after construction, with the intention of identifying potential safety issues, and to propose measures to eliminate them. Road Tax This is an incorrect term for Vehicle Excise Duty or vehicle tax - a tax on vehicles emissions. Road Traffic Act 1988 An Act of Parliament, concerned with licensing of vehicles, insurance and road regulation. Road Traffic Regulation Act (1984) The Road Traffic Regulation Act is a piece of primary legislation that allows highway authorities to lawfully restrict and manage traffic (including cycling and walking - both con RTA - Road Traffic Act A Road Traffic Act is an act of Parliament (i.e. a UK law or regulation) which relates to the public highways. RTC - Road traffic collision See also: "Road traffic collision" is the official Police phrase used to describe a crash. "Road Traffic Incident" - used alongside "Road Traffic Collision" as a replacement for "Road Traffic Accident". S4C (London) S4C or "Space for Cycling" was the 2014 London election campaign run by London Cycling Campaign. Safe Routes to School A major project lead by Sustrans to create safe cycling and walking routes serving schools located across the UK. Safety In Numbers 'Safety in Numbers' is the theory that there is a correlation between cycling levels in an area, or country, and the relative safety of cycling - that higher cycling levels correlate with higher safety levels. Saturation flow Saturation flow is the (maximum) flow across a stop line, during green from a discharging queue, typically expressed in Passenger Car Units per hour. School Street A 'School Street' is a term for a temporary restriction of motor traffic on a street (or streets) surrounding a school, at the start and end of the school day. School zones A misguided attempt to improve child safety by reducing motor speeds on roads outside schools. Sadly these roads tend to already be clogged by cars, and children spend more time on roads where they live. SCOOT is an abbreviation for 'Split Cycle Offset Optimisation Technique'. Section 106 A mechanism of planning gain whereby developers make a financial contribution towards infrastructure needed to support their development. Infrastructure can include transport, schools, etc. Section 278 Agreement This refers to S278 of the Highways Act 1980 (as amended) and is essentially a formal agreement between a highway authority and another party to make changes to an existing hi Section 38 Agreement This refers to S38 of the Highways Act 1980 (as amended) and is essentially a formal agreement for a highway authority to adopt (take over responsibility for) roads. Secured by Design 'Secured by Design' is a national police project focused on reducing crime through the design of buildings and the built environment. [lorem ipsum, etc.] See also: (See ‘Royal College Street’) [also soft segregation] [lorem ipsum, etc.] Service road A service road is a road running parallel to a faster, or busier road, which provides access to private properties, shops, industry, or farms (depending on the location. See also: When used in a standard, 'shall' is a requirement. Shared space A broad term that can be used to describe many different forms of street treatment. Shared use A term used to describe a footway that legally allows cycling. Sharks' Teeth A term used to describe the Dutch (and indeed European) equivalent of the British painted 'Give Way' marking. Sheffield stand A type of cycle stand, typically in an upside-down, squared U-shape. See also: When used in a standard, 'should' is a recommendation. Shuttle working Shuttle working refers to the use of traffic signals to alternate flows on a one-way section of road. Most typically found at roadworks, but can also be used to create attractive conditions for cycling on, say, bridges. See example linked to below. Signalised junction Group term [to be completed] 3 arm, 4 arm crossroad, 4 arm staggered, multi arm, roundabout Simple Priority Junction A junction on the road network, without signals, operating with priority markings ('Give Way' lines). Simultaneous green 'Simultaneous green' junctions (or 'all-ways' green, or 'scramble', junctions) give people cycling and walking a combined dedicated green phase, while motor traffic is stopped in all directions, which allows both types of road u Single surface [lorem ipsum, etc.] Sinusoidal hump A type of road hump that has a curved, sinusoisdal profile, which means they are smoother and more comfortable to cycle over than the 'conventional' hump with a round profile or flat profile. Sleeping policeman [lorem ipsum, etc.] Slip (lane) A road or cycle track that separates from the main carriageway, normally to enable a turn avoiding signal control. Slow marking The 'Slow' marking is a painted marking on the road surface, which has the intention of encouraging road users to slow down. [lorem ipsum, etc.] Sociable cycling 'Sociable cycling' refers to the ability to cycle side-by-side, or to hold conversations while cycling. It is an important requirement for a good cycling environment. Social Model of Disability A model that recognises that disability isn't caused by someone's impairment or physical conditions - instead disability results from inaccessible environments, pre-conceived ideas of what people can and can't do, and lack of support systems. Soft measures 'Soft measures' refer to methods of reducing car use through the use of promotion, marketing, personalised travel planning, training, and so on. Spatial protection A form of protection separating cycling (or walking) from motor traffic, that involves separating these modes physically. Speed table A large road hump across the width of a carriageway (or a cycle track). Has a flat top and can either run kerb to kerb or stop short to leave a channel for water to pass. Splay kerb A kerb that is angled - one that does not meet the ground at a 90° angle. In traffic control, a stage is a series of phases that run together - for instance, a green for motor traffic and cycle traffic to proceed ahead, while left-turning mo Staging diagram A staging diagram is a way of visually demonstrating the permitted phase movements in a series of stages, making up one compl Stats 19 [lorem ipsum, etc.] Stopping Sight Distance Stopping Sight Distance (or SSD for short) is is the distance required for a highway user to perceive, react and stop safely, before encountering a hazard or potential collision. It is measured in a straight line between two points at the cen Strategic Neighbourhood Analysis The Strategic Neighbourhood Analysis (SNA) is a Transport for London planning tool, consisting of a series of strategic-level spatial analyses used to inform the potential suitability of different areas for Strategic Road Network In England, the Strategic Road Network (or SRN) is made up of motorways and trunk roads (the most significant 'A' roads). Subjective safety [lorem ipsum, etc.] Sump buster A colloquial term for a road feature that prevents access by conventional motor traffic, but allows access by larger motor vehicles - particularly, buses and fire engines. A term used to describe Barcelona's approach to modal filtering. Sustainable safety 'Sustainable Safety' is the Dutch principle of design which makes roads and streets easy to use, self-explanatory and safe by default, preventing crashes from occurring. A better English expression is 'Intrinsic Safety'. Sustainable Transport [lorem ipsum, etc.] Short for Sustainable Transport, Sustrans is a national charity that promotes the use of sustainable transport. Flagship projects of Sustrans include the National Cycle Network, Safe Routes to Schools, Connect2, and Free Range Kids. Swept Path Analysis The calculation and analyis (now performed with software) of the movement and path of the wheels (and body parts) of a vehicle, when that vehicle is turning. In highway engineering, there are three main uses: Tactile paving Tactile paving (or surface) is a textured surface which gives different information to blind and partially-sighted people. Temporal protection A form of protection separating cycling (or walking) from motor traffic, that involves separating these modes in time. Temporary Traffic Order A Temporary Traffic Order (TTO) is a form of legal instrument used by highway authorities to implement traffic management controls on their roads - the power to do so lies with Through road A through road is for fast traffic, travelling longer distances, in large volumes. Motorways, trunk roads, bypasses, and so on. Tiger crossing Former (unofficial) term for what is now called a Parallel Crossing. A London-specific term, standing for the "Transport for London Road Network" (alternatively, the "Transport for London Route Network"). Toucan crossing Two CAN cross (sigh!). A crossing for use by pedestrians and cycle-users at once. Traffic Analysis Tool An online tool developed to conduct surveys of estimated motor vehicle journey times taking, account of traffic congestion as estimated by Google Maps. Traffic island Or ‘roundabout’ Traffic Management Order Or ‘TMO’ - used in some London locations instead of Traffic Regulation Orders. Traffic Order A traffic order is a legal document which formalises a highway authority's ability to regulate or manage traffic - 'traffic' will include cycles and pedestrians. Traffic Regulation Order A Traffic Regulation Order (or TRO) is a legal instrument, used by highway authorities to implement traffic management controls on their roads. Traffic stress Traffic stress is caused by safety issues (both perceived and real), as well as extended travel distance and difficulties in negotiating parts of the network. Transport Poverty [lorem ipsum, etc.] Abbreviation of Trip Rate Information Computer System. A bicycle with three wheels, whether the two wheels are in front (like a Christiana trike) or behind (like a Pashley trike) Trixi mirror A convex mirror attached to traffic signals to help drivers (especially HGVs) to see down the side of their vehicle for the presence of people on cycles, especially before turning left. The Transport Research Laboratory, at Crowthorne in Berkshire. Abbreviation of the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions. Turbo roundabout A specific form of roundabout for motorists, with a spiral pattern that commits motorists to choosing the correct lane before entering the roundabout. Lane changes on the roundabout itself are eliminated. Uniformity of provision 'Uniformity of provision' is a design philosophy that means cycling infrastructure is suitable for all potential users, whether they are young or old, fast or slow, experienced or inexperienced. One design approach is employed for all potential users. Unmarked junction An 'unmarked junction' is a road junction on the highway that has no road markings - for instance, no 'Give Way' lines. 'Unravelling' (or 'unbundling') refers to the deliberate separation of main cycling routes from driving routes, at a network level. The height difference of a kerb between different areas of a highway (for instance, between the carriageway and the footway, or between a cycleway and a footway). Utility cycling The act of using a bike for a day-to-day task, such as shopping, commuting, going to the cinema, visiting friends, etc. Any cycling done simply as a means of transport rather than as a sport or leisure activity. Vehicle Excise Duty. Commonly and incorrectly referred to as ‘Road Tax’, although media organisations will occasionally make the effort to use the more correct ‘car tax’. Vehicular cycling A term coined by John Forester to describe riding a bicycle as if it were a motor vehicle. Visibility Splay A measurement of the distance at which users should be able to see left and right as they approach a junction on the minor arm. It is composed of an 'x' distance and a 'y' distance, as shown in the Highways England diagram below. Visual Looming 'Visual looming' refers to changes in optical size as an object approaches. It allows us to perceive the speed at which an object is approaching us. 'Voorrangsplein' (literally, 'priority square') is a Dutch junction type that is superficially similar to a roundabout, but that takes the form of long lonzenge-shaped central island, designed specifically for situations where a major road (a distribut Vulnerable Road User A term used to describe pedestrians, cyclists, horse riders and motorcyclists, abbreviated to VRU. The term reflects the fact that these users are not surrounded by the protective shell of a motor vehicle and are therefore at greater risk of harm Vulnerable Road User Audit A vulnerable road user audit (VRUA) is an assessment of either an existing road network, or planned changes to the road network, including footways, cycleways, bridleways, and other links. Walking, Cycling and Horse Riding Assessment & Review The Walking, Cycling and Horse Riding Assessment & Review (WCHAR) has, since 2017, replaced the previous HD 42/05 NMU (Non-Motorised User) Audit as part of Wheelchair trike Also referred to as a wheelchair tandem, this is a three-wheeled cycle, designed to accommodate a wheelchair between the front axle. Typically this cycle is up to 2.3m long, and 1.2m wide. See also: The woonerf (plural woonerven) is a type of Dutch residential street that was developed in the 1970s, designed to be safe, and quiet, with no through-traffic except walking. The name literally means 'living courtyard'. X distance A measurement involved in visibility splays. Y Distance A measurement involved in visibility splays. Zebra crossing A controlled pedestrian crossing, with black and white stripes on the road running across the pedestrian walking line.
Line Graph and Performance Indicator Line Graph can show us the performance or the performance indicator of a process over time. Line graph is very easily understood by a layman though. For example, a graph of quality products from time to time. So that readers can immediately determine if the quality goes up or down between specified time interval. If the line tends to rise, it stands to reason that quality has increased, and vice versa when the line dropped it needs attention, do get improvement. If necessary when given the declining trend line in red to get more attention. Line Graph can show us the ongoing trend data, the performance standards which is the average of the existing statistical data, and estimated data to come. By looking at the trend in the management can take action quickly to the existing performance. Does it need to be done forcing the company’s performance, whether carried replace employees, whether conducted intensive training for employees to raise their performance, if necessary a thorough revamping of the company and so on. Line graph is the initial information to determine the attitude. And further analysis is still required to take appropriate action. So also from the customer, they just need to get data about the performance of its partner companies just by looking at the line graph. How does the company trend toward a given product quality. How the company’s service to the customer. Everything we can see in the graph that the software for commercial equipment repair companies puts up. Glance it would seem obvious visual performance of the company. In the company’s use of line graphs are widely used to display the information board, storyboard quality and so on. Line Graph can be applied to visualize for quality performance, Errors, Defect Rates, proportions defective, Physical parameters, Condenser Vacuum, Turn-around Times, Machine Start Times, Setup Times, Pressure, Temperature Readings taken Periodically, Salary Expense, Supply Costs, Sales, Volumes etc STARNETWORKING Unlimited Internet Service
Skip to main content Home » Why Does Bono Always Wear His Signature Shades? Ask our optometrist in Enid how Do Sunglasses Help People With Glaucoma? Ever wonder why rock superstar Bono wears sunglasses, even when indoors? It’s not due to his “look”, but rather is related to managing his glaucoma. Ever wonder why Bono always wears shades, even when indoors? U2’s frontman doesn’t wear sunglasses simply as part of his image. Bono has had glaucoma, a build-up of pressure in the eyeball, which can damage the optic nerve and potentially lead to blindness if untreated—for over two decades now. The real reason he wears his trademark shades is due to this progressive, sight-robbing eye disease, to protect his sensitive eyes from light and glare. How Do Sunglasses Help People With Glaucoma? People with glaucoma experience sensitivity to light (or photophobia) and glare, among other symptoms. When the sun is strong, those with this condition will be more affected by glare emanating from a variety of surfaces, like water, snow, sand or pavement, than the average person. Furthermore, certain glaucoma medications constrict the pupils, which can further contribute to acute sensitivity to glare and light, as well as redness and irritation. That’s why people with glaucoma — and lots of people without glaucoma — feel best wearing sunglasses when outdoors on a sunny day, in a bright indoor space, or while driving in the early evening. Here’s How You Can Protect Your Eyes By wearing sunglasses that offer 100% UV protection, you can reduce your risk of developing sight robbing diseases, like cataracts and macular degeneration, and reduce glaucoma symptoms. Polarized lenses, in particular, can help with glare. With yearly comprehensive eye exams, early diagnosis and consistent treatment, you can prevent vision deterioration from glaucoma or similar sight-threatening eye diseases. Contact Premier Eyecare of Enid in Enid to book your eye doctor’s appointment today. Premier Eyecare, your Enid eye doctor for eye exams and eye care Alternatively, book an appointment online here CLICK FOR AN APPOINTMENT Can glaucoma be cured? While there is currently no cure for glaucoma, there are many effective treatment options available. Treatments that can help stop or slow the progression of glaucoma include eye drops, oral medications, as well as laser and surgical procedures. How can glaucoma vision loss be prevented? The best way to avoid glaucoma-related eyesight deterioration is to undergo regular eye exams, as glaucoma can be detected and treated even in its early stages, which can prevent significant vision loss or blindness. That’s why routine eye exams that include glaucoma testing are so important.
Jem Finch Outer characterization Jem Finch is a main character in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. He is Scout’s older brother and is nine years old when the novel starts and nearly 13 by the end. He has “soft brown hair and eyes, […] oval face and snug-fitting ears” (p. 168), which he gets from his mother. Towards the end of the novel, Scout remarks his eyebrows are “becoming heavier” (p. 248) and he is getting taller, which shows that he is going through puberty and maturing. Inner characterization Jem is perhaps the character who changes the most throughout the novel and the one who matures the most, even more than Scout. At the beginning of the novel, Jem is characterized by his imagination and his boyish sense of adventure. For example, despite being older than Scout,... Teksten herover er et uddrag fra webbogen. Kun medlemmer kan læse hele indholdet. Få adgang til hele Webbogen. Som medlem på får du adgang til alt indhold. Køb medlemskab nu Allerede medlem? Log ind
Back To Top [Eye Plus] Hwangudan Altar, remains in the city but unfamiliar to many Hwangudan Altar, located next to the Westin Chosun Hotel in Jung-gu, Seoul, is an artifact in the middle of the city, but not many people know it. The altar, which was designated as Historical Site No. 157 on July 15, 1967, was where an emperor performed sacrifices to heaven. King Gojong performed sacrifices to heaven at the end of the Joseon Dynasty when he proclaimed the Korean Empire in 1897 after the First Sino-Japanese War. King Gojong’s declaration of the Korean Empire and his accession to the emperor‘s throne was seen as his determination to revive Joseon on the verge of a collapse. However, in 1910, the Korea-Japan Annexation Treaty was signed and the Korean Empire came to an end with only 14 years of short history. Most of the complex of Hwangudan Altar -- except some remains like the Hwangungu shrine -- were dismantled by the Japanese in 1913 during the early days of their occupation of Korea. The land was used to build the Joseon Gyeongseong Railroad Hotel, which was demolished after Korea’s liberation from Japan‘s colonial rule. Hwangungu is a three-story octagonal shrine that was built in 1899 for worshiping heaven and King Taejo, the founder of Joseon. The memorial tablets of the god of heaven, the god of the sea, the god of the moon and the god of the stars were said to have been kept here. In front of the gypsum outside the stone fence surrounding Hwangungu, three large drum-shaped stones are placed side by side as if connected to each other. These stone drums are in the form of musical instruments used during a ritual for the worship of the gods. The drums were installed in 1902 for the 40th anniversary of Emperor Gojong’s ascension to the throne. By Shin Ji-hye (
Things You Need to Know about Writing Articles for exams When you want to try a new food, there is a recipe. When you want to try a new sport there are rules to follow. When you want to write a college exam paper, there are also a set of rules that can potentially help you to be more successful! Just like trying a new recipe, you have to follow it to make the food turn out right! The Steps First things first, you have to select the topic on which you want to write. If your lucky, or maybe not lucky, the topic is potentially selected for you. It’s hard to gather thoughts into full sentences when you sit down in front of the paper. So write out a rough outline. Just hammer out the basic ideas of what you want to say and the basic thought process you are going to follow. This step doesn’t have to be extravagant, just something that outlines the basics and is quick and to the point. This is the place for bullet points! This is also the point at which the research is done. When you have the basic headings for your paper, do some research. Make sure you are citing your sources! Thats an easy step to forget and then you have to go back and re-track down where you got all your information! Not fun! Get some sources, get some information, and complete the research at this point in the process. It will make for faster writing later. No good writing comes out on the first try so the next step is to crack out a rough draft. This is by no means perfect. This is where there are major errors and large corrections to make. This is the step where the backspace key goes unused. If you can get out a basic rough draft it will be much easier to edit and make the rough draft perfect. Have you ever heard the saying “read, revise, repeat?” This is the point in the process where you are now at. It really doesn’t matter how good your original draft is, you will be potentially reading and revising 50 to 100 more times. This is how work is perfected! Read the paper aloud. Try to listen for any parts of the paper that sound jaded or like its work to read. You want everything to flow nicely. This is where you expand more on things you have outlined in your rough draft and melt everything together to make sense. The end of this process is spell checking. Microsoft word has a very convenient spell check but it doesn’t always catch everything. Have someone else spell check and read your paper, sometimes when you have looked at something a bunch of times you miss the little things! A fresh perspective can often times open up your eyes to new things in the paper. Lastly, write out your citations. You should have been keeping a list of your references as you were doing your research. This is the time that you should write out your references and add them at the end of your paper. A Few Helpful Tips What style does your professor want the paper? Typically, todays colleges use APA style. However, it greatly depends on your field of study. Make sure that you ask and find out what style the paper needs to be in. Towards the end of the steps in the process of writing a good paper, throw in the step of double checking that you have followed all the rules of the writing style that your teacher wants. Formulate a thesis. Make sure that you have a main point being met or question that the paper is answering. This will help you stay focused on the main idea of the paper and help keep it from bouncing across too many topics or getting confusing. Also, create a few little points for the paragraphs to answer. This helps everything flow from one idea to the next. If you create these main points in the first few steps of organizing ideas, then it makes the writing process much less overwhelming. When in doubt, practice, practice, practice. There is no way to get better at something without practicing. Successful writing takes practice! Although these are the basic steps to creating a successful paper, just like when reading a recipe, things can be contoured to fit your personal writing style or taste! No pun intended! Be The Writer You Want To Be In our modern society many individuals aspire to be famous writers. Whether it be book authors, poets, columnists, bloggers, product reviewers, or even simply producing comments on social media; people are finding avenues to get their work out there for others to read. Everyone appears to want their voice to be heard. And fortunately for us our worlds’ technology has allowed this to be more possible than ever before in history. If you have a computer and a way to become connected to the internet, it is very easy to begin writing. However, that is not to say you will come out of the gate as the strongest writer you are capable of being. A writer should keep in mind to be patient and always keep writing whenever it is possible. A lot of individuals lack the ability to realize just how difficult writing…and good quality writing…can be. They want to be a fantastic writer after completing their very first piece. They truly believe they will be the greatest writers. While having confidence is incredibly important, it is also important to realize your personal ability and understand there is always room for improvement. Being a writer is not just a hobby, it is a passion and a lifestyle. Writers tend to have a special passion inside themselves that draws them to expressing their thoughts and feelings through written language. They also have an urge to share this with others. It can be difficult to be successful, but if a person is, it can be extremely rewarding and even self-fulfilling. Sometimes writing is not only a way for an individual to express their opinions. It can also be a method of helping and even healing in certain ways. People can write exactly how they think and feel and it can be great for them. There are many ways to improve ones writing skills in order to achieve the status of “best writer you can be”. Most importantly, you should read, read, read! The more time a person spends investing in their education, the better they will be able to develop the skill level they are seeking. Simply by setting aside time to read literature, an individual can begin to understand different writing styles, proper grammar and punctuation, and add to their personal vocabulary. The saying practice makes perfect is true. It is extremely important for people to practice writing in order to develop and work on becoming the writer they aspire to be. Someone that is very serious about becoming the best writer they can be, should develop certain habits. These habits can vary, but should be worked into the everyday life of the individual. It is rare for someone to be able to jump into writing without a lot of practicing and experimenting. Experimenting with one’s work as a writer can lead to many discoveries. It can let you know new ways of writing, new ways of expressing thoughts, and it can even allow you to think differently about the content being written. As an author, you must always keep in mind that writing is a process it is not instantaneous. Composing a piece of work is not an easy task. People are not able to quickly sit down, write a large piece of work, and then walk away. Revision of one’s work is very important in the writing world. There are always ways to redo, rewrite, and rework before finalizing and producing a finished piece. When writing, the most important part is for the author to have powerful content. If a writer is composing a piece that may appear long but does not have valuable content, the piece has no purpose and therefore will not be noteworthy. Writers must have a purpose behind all of their work or it will be impossible for them to ever become a recognized author. People want to read pieces that are important, powerful, and stand out among other pieces. When working hard to become the best writer you want to be, it is important to remember a few simple tips. First, make sure you have a passion for writing. Further your education and read other authors and materials to better your personal growth as a writer. Practice, practice, practice anytime you possibly can. Step outside your comfort zone and experiment with your work to see what styles and methods fit you best. Do not forget the importance of revision in your writing process. And lastly, write with powerful statements and be sure you have a purpose behind all of your work. Jump to top Escorts in Las Vegas: Most Discrete Personal Companionship Available Runway Escorts Jump to top How to Avoid Getting Scammed! Well this is a little bit of a cautionary tale and some guidelines to help when you are on line. We hear about this every day on the news, see it on Facebook and Twitter and hear from friends and neighbors. Someone got their bank account hacked, or Facebook Account duplicated. Maybe a credit card was copied or stolen somehow. There is no end to the way unscrupulous people will try to steal from someone else. They have no respect or care about anyone else. So, you need to be careful. Verify who you are dealing with. Agencies. It may seem unbelievable but some people actually pretend to be from a government agency like the IRS and claim that you owe money and they need an immediate payment or you will be in trouble. The IRS will not do this. They will send an official letter. Do not believe this. You can report these calls to the FBI. Family. A young person calls and says they are your grandchild or other relative at college and have gotten into an accident and need money. Verify through other family members if this is true, but never give them your credit card number or agree to send money. Many older people have been scammed like this and it is heartbreaking. Prize Winnings. A person calls and says you have won a trip to Florida and if you just pay the processing fee, they will send your confirmation and will ask for your credit card number. This is a very popular scam. If you win a genuine prize, there will not be a processing fee. Many of the above type of scammers cannot be traced back because they are often calling from out of the US and can route their calls through a series of terminals and are impossible to find. On Line Safety Facebook Never put personal details like your address, phone number or email address on your page. Also, do not say that you are going on vacation and when and how long you will be away. This is a perfect way for people to target your home for break ins. Personal Accounts and Websites Do not let Google or any website store your login or password information. It is a good way for someone to hack your computer and have access to personal information such as banking, shopping sites and personal data. I recommend keeping a handy list of your logins and passwords to help you remember them and change your passwords twice a year. Select a date such as your birthday and one other date to do this. Shopping and Research It is fun to shop on line and very convenient. It saves from driving all over, especially during peak buying times, and you can often find some great prices and specials, but it also opens you up to having your information copied and used by scammers. Be careful. Never use or put your social security or personal banking numbers on line. Be careful when you use credit or debit cards and check your statements carefully to make sure charges are genuine. Contact your bank immediately if there is any trouble. Computer Security If you are not the most computer literate person and usually have someone help you with computer issues, beware of companies, even Microsoft or Dell or others who may send message to say your computer has a virus and in order to remove it they will need to have you give them access to your computer. Do Not Do This. Some will even say you have to pay for this service. Many of these messages are scams or viruses in themselves and can harm your system and you will be giving a stranger access to your personal information. Call a trusted friend or family member for advice or a reputable computer repair company and ask them for advice. Craigslist, Service Companies and Salespeople If you like to shop for bargains or services on Craigslist, be very careful who you are dealing with. Never invite a person to your home. Meet in a neutral place that is safe, such as a Police Station parking lot in view of the front doors. Many stations have areas set up for this so call around and see what they recommend. Do not go alone or late at night. If you are selling something, ask for payment in exact cash only. If a trades person, service person or sales person comes to your door, do not let them in unless you have made an appointment to see them. Even then, have a friend or neighbor be with you. Always ask for identification personal and from their business. Any reputable company representative will understand this. If someone is selling something at your door, be cautious. Do not pull money from your wallet in front of them. Now that you have a few tips, keep them in mind and protect yourself and others. Don’t put yourself in a dangerous situation. Not everyone is a nice honest person, so protect yourself. You can even do a little research on line and find many useful suggestions to keep yourself secure.
Who can get Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is usually seen in women after 65 years and in males after 75 years of age. What are symptoms of Osteoporosis? There are usually no symptoms of Osteoporosis. Fracture occurring after minor injury makes your doctor to suspect Osteoporosis. Some elderly patients get general body pain. How Osteoporosis is diagnosed? Osteoporosis is most accurately diagnosed by BMD (DEXA) method. The machine measures bone strength at lower spine, hip and wrists. QCT, Ultrasonography (qualitative) are other methods to diagnose Osteoporosis. Diagnosis done by Ultrasonography needs to be confirmed by DEXA method. WHO has defined parameters for diagnosis of Osteoporosis. What blood tests are needed to diagnose Osteoporosis? No blood tests are routinely necessary for diagnosis of Osteoporosis. Calcium, vitamin D levels, thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels can be done if necessary. If Osteoporosis is diagnosed at younger age; a stepwise investigations are done to find cause of Osteoporosis. What types of drugs are used to treat Osteoporosis? • In first step bisphosphonate group of drugs like Alendronate, Risedronate, lbandronate are used to treat Osteoporosis. Usually these drugs are given in weekly or monthly doses. These drugs are available usually in tablet form. They should be taken on empty stomach with large glass of water. Patient should not take tea, coffee or breakfast for 30-60 minute. They should maintain upright position for the same period. Patients who have diseases of food pipe or cannot sit for 30-60 minutes can be given injections of lbandronate 3 monthly or Zolendronic acid every year. • In patients who do not benefit after adequate trial of above drugs or who cannot be given above mentioned drugs-second line drug Teriparatide is given. This drug is available in injectable form. It needs to be given daily. • In select group of women with early menopause Raloxifene is used. • Calcitonin spray can be used to relieve pain related to vertebral fracture for short period. • All patients with Osteoporosis are given calcium and vitamin D supplements. What precautions should be taken by patients with Osteoporosis? Patients should take adequate amount of food which has high calcium/ vitamin D content like dairy products. They should make changes in home to reduce chances of fall. They can use walking stick. They should do gentle exercises to maintain muscle tone. How long treatment of Osteoporosis needs to be continued? Osteoporosis drugs acts after few months and they are continued for few years. Necessary precautions are taken to monitor side effects of these drugs. How to find us Fill up the form and ask your queries STAR Rheumatology Clinics 404-405, Aarya Epoch, Above Brand Factory & Opp. Radiance Hospital, Nr. Vijay Cross Roads, Drive-in Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad -380 009 85111 09300 85111 63300 Book your appointment
January 26, 2022 What is directional drilling best for? Tools are one of the most significant inventions ever made by humanity. This is due to their applications and the fact that they make our day-to-day tasks a lot easier than they used to be. Having been used in the field of construction ever since they were invented has made them easy to use and get work done in a relatively small period of time. But first, let us understand what tools are? They are tools or machinery that get electrical energy and then convert it into kinetic energy that is the motor inside the tools which actually gets the work done. Tools can be classified into two types; ones that can be used inside the homes and ones that are mainly used outside the homes. The ones that can be used inside the homes have one common property, which is that they need a relatively lower energy intake to work. That is the reason why they can work at the voltage that is normally provided in residential areas; 200 ton 240 volts. These include smaller tools like drills. The other type, the ones that cannot be used inside the homes are relatively large machinery that needs a large energy intake to work. In simpler words, they are ones that will not work at the voltage provided to residential areas and must be first attached to converters which increase the energy levels. These are the two types of tools that are provided by the common market for the common people. Drilling machines Drills are an example of power tools. They can be used inside and outside of homes thanks to their varying types and sizes. We generally understand drills or a drilling machine as a tool that allows us to make holes. This is possible through its rotating cutting tip. We usually handle this tool like a gun. This is not a machine that we are unfamiliar with, often using it around our house as well. When you need to hang a painting you would usually start with drilling a hole in the wall. Then there are drills that we use in bigger-scale industrial or manufacturing processes. These machines are larger with more power and made of harder materials. These drills usually find themselves of use during processes like directional drilling. Directional drilling in the industry Directional drilling is a process of large-scale drilling. In this procedure, holes are made in different directions in the ground from the same spot. This is not just limited to vertical or horizontal directional drilling but drilling in any specific direction can be classified as directional drilling. This technique is most useful during the extraction of oil and natural gas. The reason for that is that this process makes extraction a lot easier and efficient. Now multiple sites do not need to be chosen or drilled for the extraction process. By this method, a larger area in the ground can be covered making the production increase with minimum change of sites. This also decreases the negative impact of drilling on the population and nature as well. The process of directional drilling has become more accurate and efficient as technology has progressed making it an unbeatable method for oil and gas extraction.
Did “many nations” attack Tyre, or just Nebuchadnezzar and Alexander? “Yes, after all… • Alexanders forces were volunteers In addition to Alexander's Macedonians, forces were volunteered from multiple various nations in the siege of Tyre. Arrian of Nicomedia (ancient historian): “[Support came from] Aradus… Byblus… Rhodes… Sidonian triremes [from Sidon],… From Soli and Mallus… from Lycia… Not long after, too, the kings of Cyprus put into Sidon with about one hundred and twenty ships, since they had heard of the defeat of Darius at Issus, and were terrified.[The Anabasis of Alexander 19 (trans. by Chinnock, 2010)] Insofar as the forces volunteered on their own, we can properly say they were acting as independent nations. The number of nations involved in Alexander's attack, therefore, is more than one. It was several. • Tyre saw them as separate nations Tyre naturally saw Lycia, Sidon, Cyprus, etc. as a multitude of nations, attacking her from different angles. • Ancient historians saw it this way. (For example: Arrian of Nicomedia (ancient historian): “The Cyprians also sailed into the other harbour looking towards Sidon, …and made a speedy capture of the city on that side.[The Anabasis of Alexander 18]) • Alexander likely saw it this way, as did the nations themselves. Specifically, Alexander saw some of these submissive city-states as simply making a gesture to get on his good side. He knew each, given the opportunity, would turn on him just as quickly as they currently were turning on the Persian king before him. A nation's choosing to submit to the latest overlord's wishes need not involve their being subsumed into the overlord's nation (in this case, Macedon). So even if you or someone else thinks the forces involved in Alexander's attack were technically not independent, the prophecy was a communication to Tyre and Tyre would have very much understood itself as being attacked by several neighboring nations.
STEM Tuesday: Failure is Great for Success New studies show that IQ is not enough; neither is EQ. It takes Grit. Grit is perseverance and resilience. It’s not enough to be intelligent. Grit isn’t even related to talent. According to Angela Lee Duckworth, the best measure of success is something call Growth Mindset: the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, it can change as a result of effort. I love that she began to recognize this while teaching 7th grade math in Chicago. She says that ratios, areas and fractions are hard, but “these concepts are not impossible.” She believes all of her students are capable of learning these concepts. Then she noticed something interesting, IQ did not predict success. Find out what she discovered by watching this 6.5 minute video. (It’ll be even shorter, if you skip the movie trailer. – I’m a sucker for trailers, so I watched the whole thing.) Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, developed a learning strategy dubbed Brainology to teach kids grit. The program starts with a video of how the brain works like a muscle; the more you work it, the stronger it gets. For me, the most important thing about building grit is that making mistakes is part of the learning process. So is starting over and trying again. That’s how to develop grit. English: Chicago Bulls. Michael Jordan 1997 English: Chicago Bulls. Michael Jordan 1997 (Photo credit: Wikipedia) [tweetthis]Grit gives people the ability to stay in it for the long-haul, to pick up and start again[/tweetthis]. Edison had grit, Curie had grit, Michael Jordan had grit. Babies have grit. [tweetthis]Perhaps we should remember how very long it took to learn to walk, and how much struggle and perseverance it took.[/tweetthis] From the time a baby first begins to stand, to the time she can walk steady is at least six months. We all expect a toddler to fail, to fall, to get back up and try again. Considering that the average age to begin walking is 12 months, by the time she can walk with ease, she’s 18 months old. That’s devoting 1/3 of her life to learning to walk. That takes grit. Learning to walk. Learning to walk. In my years of working in corporate management, I recognized a problem. Even the smartest, most educated people have difficulty trying new things because they believe they will fail. Of course, they will. That’s how everyone learns. The pathway to success cobbled with failure. I took that for granted because I learned it in little and big ways on my own journey: learning to hula-hoop, studying spelling words, working a Rubrics Cube, or holding a candy in my mouth without chewing. Perseverance wins the day. Duckworth teaches kids that frustration and mistakes are part of learning. According to Dwek: Kids with a fixed mindset, who believe high-achievers are born, not made, don’t want to risk looking like a loser, so they run from challenge. But kids who believe success comes from effort are grittier and ultimately do best. Or as Mom said, “You can do anything, just practice, practice, practice and don’t give up.” And then she left me alone to fall, get back up, and try again.
Academic Catalog Foothill College Course Outline of Record Foothill College Course Outline of Record Heading Value Units: 0 Hours: 24 lecture per quarter (24 total per quarter) Degree & Credit Status: Non-Degree-Applicable Non-Credit Course Foothill GE: Non-GE Transferable: None Grade Type: Non-Credit Course (Receives no Grade) Repeatability: Unlimited Repeatability Focuses on the etiquette of appropriate interaction in the general public, educational settings, community involvement and employment arenas. Enhancement of self-esteem and socialization skills in order to increase confidence in personal and social interactions. Additionally, the course will assist students with developing and maintaining friendships, as well as identifying potential sources of friendships in the community. Course Objectives The student will be able to: A. Demonstrate an understanding and application of appropriate social skills B. Display appropriate behavior in professional and work situations C. Interact more effectively with peers, family members and others D. Politely start and stop conversations and to make small talk E. Notice and respond to non-verbal body language F. Express feelings and respond to the feelings of others G. Ask appropriate questions H. Engage in reciprocal conversation Course Content A. Developing self-awareness, self-esteem and strategies to improve self-image 1. Positive feelings and behavior 2. Positive self-talk 3. Interaction with others B. Social protocol 1. Standards for social behavior a. Introductions b. Greetings c. Compliments C. Appropriate forms of behavior in addressing strangers 1. Issues of safety in the community 2. Reading body language and facial expressions 3. Appropriate forms of greeting in the United States and other cultures D. Behavior in professional and work situations 1. Initiating appropriate conversation 2. Protocol for phone usage E. Relationships 1. Types of relationships 2. Boundaries for different relationships 3. Differences between professional, personal friendships, community members and peers F. Assertiveness training 1. Manifesting confidence through body-language and verbal empowerment 2. Anti-bullying strategies and techniques G. Appropriate usage of social media 1. Protocol for social media sites 2. Positive and negative effects of using social media sites H. Empathy 1. Understanding own feelings 2. Understanding feelings of others I. Asking questions 1. Asking on-topic questions 2. Avoiding questions that are too personal 3. Utilizing active listening techniques in order to know what questions to ask J. Reciprocal conversation 1. How to appropriately engage in back-and-forth conversation 2. How to avoid hogging the conversation 3. How to maintain conversation on a variety of topics Lab Content Not applicable. Special Facilities and/or Equipment Accessible classroom. Method(s) of Evaluation A. Progress on Student Educational Contract B. Class participation C. Instructor observation Method(s) of Instruction Lecture, small group discussion. Representative Text(s) and Other Materials Andrews, Bill. Social Skills: Improve Your Social Skills: Build Self-Confidence, Manage Shyness and Make Friends. Instant Help, 2018. Not applicable. Specialized Instruction (Disabled Students Programs and Services): Vocational Noncredit
How the Creative Canvas Works 1. Focus on the artists The Art Artists want to create art. This is what they are called to do, what they live and breathe. If they are not creating art, then what is the point? Artists need to make money. While some artists have noble goals (or a privileged background, nobody's goal is to be a "starving artist." Artists don’t want to “sell out” by creating solely to a market. This is more about the integrity of their vision, but for them it speaks to who they are. 2. Use proven system Business Model Canvas Developed by Alexander Osterwalder (2010) and now used worldwide for businesses in all industries and sectors. Visual Approach One-page visual representation of business models has proven to be a convenient tool for brainstorming and communication. Building Blocks Breaking business model down into essential components to provide a holistic view of the business as a whole. 3. Modify to fit The Blocks 9 building blocks in the business of an artist, covering four major aspects: 1. the art 2. the audience 3. support 4. financial viability The Core Create a model around the experience the artist wants to create, instead of a product to solve a problem. This is the Unique Value Proposition of an artist's work. The Sequence Specifying an order to complete the canvas, starting with the artist's desired experience and then moving out to the audience creates a seamless path to follow to build out the model.
Self-Management Skills-9 Quiz 2 Share with others Welcome to your Self-Management Skills-9 Quiz 2 School Name Q11. Which of the following is not an example of strength? Q12. _________________, also known as 'areas of improvement' are what we do not do well and are not good at. Q13. _________________ are the things that we enjoy doing. Q14. _________________ is an acquired or natural capacity that enables an individual to perform a particular job or task with considerable proficiency. Q15. Which of the following statement showing ability of Abhishek? Q16. Which of the following statement showing Interest of Rani? Q17. Which statement is showing weakness of Parth? Q18. Read the following statements and find who is confident, Naman or Anchal? Naman had difficulty in speaking English. He, therefore, avoided talking to his classmates. He believed that he can learn English by joining English speaking classes and in few days he was able to speak English fluently. Anchal, was preparing for her final board exams. She feared that she will not get good marks in English because of her poor memory. This made her nervous before the exam and she actually got poor marks in the exam. Q19. _______________ is a quality we build when we believe in our strength to succeed in anything we do in life. Q20. Which of the following are qualities of self-confident people? Share with others 1 thought on “Self-Management Skills-9 Quiz 2” Leave a Reply
Flavell 1979 pdf free Flavell, william, born 1855 in kaeo, northland, new zealand, died mar 01 1916 in waiuku, new zealand flavell, william, born jan 26 1896 in waiuku, new zealand, died jul 21 1979 in maraetai, new zealand flavell, william, born 1826 in boltonlemoor, england, died jan 18 1901 in waiuku, new zealand. The concept and instruction of metacognition ndsu virtual cell. This field has included research on what infants and children know about a variety of mental states, on possible causes and consequences of mentalistic knowledge, and on similarities and differences in this. In his 1979 paper, flavell proposed a formal model of metacognitive monitoring which included four classes of phenomena and their relationships. Richard anthony flavell born 23 august 1945 in chelmsford, essex, phd, frs is an english molecular biologist, and sterling professor of immunobiology, at yale school of medicine where he uses transgenic and genetargeted mice to study innate and adaptive immunity, t cell tolerance and activation in immunity and autoimmunity, apoptosis, and regulation of t cell differentiation. Metacognition has been shown to help students learn more effectively from experiences through reflecting, thinking, and acting upon what they learn a. In the 1979 paper, flavell proposed a formal model of metacognitive monitoring to include four classes of phenomena and their relationships. In 1650, he was ordained by the presbytery at salisbury. Metacognition and learning in adulthood prepared in response to tasking from odnichcoic leadership development office by dr. Metacognition is defined in simplest terms as thinking about your own thinking. Using an integrated topical approach, it explores the developmental aspects of social cognition, perception, memory, and language. Flavell j h 1979 metacognition and cognitive monitoring a new. The older subjects studied for a while, said they were ready, and usually were, that is. Studies suggest that young children are quite limited in their knowledge about cognitive phenomenaor in their metacognitionand do relatively little monitoring of their own memory, comprehension, and other cognitive enterprises. Flavell, department of psychology, stanford university. Metacognition plays an important part in childrens attention, problem solving, social cognition and various types of self control and selfinstructionflavell, 1979 which is why i have taken a key interest in this article. Richard flavell uses mouse reverse genetics to study innate and adaptive immunity, apoptosis, autoimmunity, interactions between the immune system and the microbiota, and the regulation of t cell differentiation. Cognitive development 4th, 02 by flavell, john h miller, patricia h miller, scott a paperback 2001 flavel. Metacognitive knowledge is ones stored knowledge or beliefs about oneself and others as cognitive agents, about tasks, about actions or strategies, and about how. Proposes a model addressing the question of what adultlike knowledge and. John flavel was educated by his father in the ways of religion, then plied his studies hard as a commoner at university college, oxford. The flavell family name was found in the usa, the uk, canada, and scotland between 1840 and 1920. Those of the name flavell derive their pedigree from one who was the third great officer that came over c 1066 with william the conqueror, so it is said, wrote john flavel the bromsgrove 1630 born non conformist preacher in the 17th century. Avfon barr stacks are the stanford stanford university. John flavel john flavel or flavell was born in 1628 in bromsgrove, worcestershire. Instructors can model the application of questions, and they can prompt learners to ask themselves questions during each phase. The term metacognition was founded by flavell, 1979 and can be defined as a knowledge that is based on reasoning related to cognitive occurrences dealing with the certain material. John flavell originally coined the term metacognition in the late 1970s to mean cognition about cognitive phenomena, or more simply thinking about thinking flavell, 1979, p. The older subjects studied for a while, said they were ready, and usually were, that is, they showed perfect recall. Flavell enrolled at northeastern university where he earned his bachelors degree in psychology. While it was originally described as knowledge and cognition about cognitive phenomena p. Then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer no kindle device required. Metacognition theory american developmental psychologist metacognition. Explores the psychology of children with updated, revised and. After graduating from high school in 1945, flavell joined the army. It refers to the unique human capacity to be self reflexive, not just to think and know, but to think about their own thinking and knowing. This new development has been much related to flavell 1979, where the notion of metacognition is. Metacognition and consciousness 5 other within experimental memory research. Each document is a pdf file created using acrobat 7. The term metacognition is most often associated with john flavell 1979, who proposed that metacognition consists of both. Book of common prayer, laid it down as a rule, that the particular forms of divine worship, and the rites and ceremonies appointed to be used therein, being things in their own nature indifferent, and alterable, and so acknowledged. Flavell is credited with introducing the specific notion and the term to the cognitive psychology literature. Similarly, flavell 1979, when trying to define the concept of metacognition, refers to all those conscious cognitive or affective experiences that accompany and pertain to an intellectual enterprise. Developing reading comprehension through metacognitive. He was the son of richard flavel, a minister who died of the plague in 1665 while in prison for nonconformity. In addition to developmental research methods, he is a coauthor on flavell, miller, and millers cognitive development, fourth edition prentice hall, 2002 and vasta, miller, and millers child psychology, fourth edition wiley, 2004. Metacognition and theory of mind cambridge scholars. Thinking about thinking, higherorder thinking skills. Brigadier edwin flavell, who has died aged 95, won the mc and two bars when serving with the machine gun corps during the first world war, and the dso when commanding the 1st parachute brigade in north africa during the second. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the us and the uk. Feel free to revise this list in accordance with your values and prejudices. Flavell 1981 distinguishes between metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experience and 1994 explains that metacognition refers to both peoples awareness and control, not only of their cognitive processes, but of their emotions and motivations as well. As of today we have 76,382,623 ebooks for you to download for free. His father was a civil engineer who was unemployed for a long period during the great depression. England under the tudors and stewarts by flavell marion. Free harley davidson motorcycle service manuals for download. King kong 2005 as greens landscaper it is 1933, and vaudeville actress ann darrow has found herselflike so many other new yorkers during the great depressionwithout the means to earn a living. Metacognition and theory of mind cambridge scholars publishing. He was educated at the university of birmingham bsc, 1964 in microbiology and at the university of east anglia phd, 1967 focused on the genetics of acetate utilization in neurospora crassa. Flavell 1979, 1987, metacognition consists of both metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences or regulation. The root meta means beyond, so the term refers to beyond thinking. Some of the publications below are available for download blue bold. The younger children studied for a while, said they were ready, and usually were not. Over 300 pages in a printable pdf file and no advertisements. Dictionary of idioms and their origins paperback march 10, 2016. Metacognition is cognition about cognition, thinking about thinking, knowing about. New jersey had the highest population of flavell families in 1840. Flavell was born in 1928 in rockland, massachusetts, the son of paul i. After serving in the united states army for two years from 19451947, john h. Pdf metacognition is one of the buzz words in educational psychology, but it is not always clear what is meant by metacognition. Metacognition describes a range of interrelated factors comprised of any knowledge or cognitive process that is involved in the interpretation, monitoring, or control of cognition. Metacognition, cognitive monitoring, and mathematical performance joe garofalo, state university of new york at buffalo frank k. John hurley flavell introduces piaget into american. However, the approach of cognitive development piaget, 1971 as well as cognitive and learning development vygotsky, 1978 exercised greater. Richard bailey flavell cbe, frs born 11 october 1943 is a british molecular biologist, chief scientific officer of ceres, inc. For our children to be creative and innovative they need to be thinkers and problemsolvers. Corvette 1978 corvette 1977 corvette 1976 corvette 1975 corvette 1979 corvette 1980 corvette 1983 corvette 1981 corvette 1982 corvette 1974 corvette 1973 corvette 1967 corvette 1966 corvette 1965 corvette 1968 corvette 1969 corvette. Thus, flavell and his two sisters experienced economic hardship during childhood. John flavell metacognition theory by laura koch on prezi. Flavell 1979 metacognition cognitive monitoring free download as pdf file. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science. Flavell 1979 metacognition cognitive monitoring pdf. One important distinction in understanding the development of perspective taking was proposed by flavell et al. A report on knowledge jeanfran ois lyotard translation from the french by geoff bennington and brian massumi foreword by fredric jameson. They can incorporate into lesson plans opportunities for learners to practice using these questions during learning tasks. The most flavell families were found in the uk in 1891. Enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free kindle app. Flavell j h 1979 metacognition and cognitive monitoring a new area of cognitive from personal d 105 at ashford university. Pdf the very concept of metacognition has been the focal point of metacognitive instruction for many years. Harley davidson service manuals for download, free. Flavell born august 9, 1928 in rockland, massachusetts is an american developmental psychologist specializing in childrens cognitive development. Download pdf magazines and ebook free usa, uk, australia. An example would be the work on childrens knowledge about perception and about the appearancereality distinction by flavell and colleagues e. Does human cognitive development advance through a series of broad and general stages. The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in intestinal health and disease. This was 100% of all the recorded flavell s in the usa. The following is taken from brigadier flavell s obituary, as printed in the daily telegraph on the 22nd december 1993. Filmography for paora flavell turner classic movies. Holds that young children are limited in their knowledge about cognitive phenomena metacognition and do relatively little monitoring of their own memory, comprehension, and other cognitive enterprises. Dawson1, developmental testing service, llc saturday, august 23, 2008. Original groundwater by freeze and cherry, 1979 now available online we are grateful to pearson publishing, alan freeze and john cherry for allowing hwb to post this textbook free of charge on our website click on the following chapter links for the pdf version of the original groundwater by freeze and cherry, 1979. Theories of learning in educational psychology john flavell. Unwilling to compromise and allow herself to sink into a career in burlesque, she considers her limited options while aimlessly wandering the streets of manhattan. According to flavell 1979, the monitoring of a wide variety of cognitive enterprises. Flavell s model of cognitive monitoring flavell s 1979 model of metacognition is the foundation for research in the field of metacognition today. One of flavell s significant accomplishments was the publication of his book, the developmental. Eric ej217109 metacognition and cognitive monitoring. In 1840 there was 1 flavell family living in new jersey. Theories of learning in educational psychology john flavell metacognition theory biography john flavell of stanford university is regarded as a foundation researcher in metacognition. These researchers pointed out that knowledge about which objects are visible at all from another viewpoint appears quite early in life. During colitis, a subset of the microbiota, termed inflammatory commensals, drives potent inflammatory responses, partially because of their presence in the mucus layer and proximity to the intestinal epithelial cells. Flavell 1979 metacognition cognitive monitoring pdf free. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring a new area of cognitivedevelopmental inquiry john h. The work within developmental psychology was spurred by flavell see flavell, 1979. Similarly, flavell 1979, when trying to define the concept of. It was introduced by john flavell in the early 1970s based on the term metamemory previously conceived by the same scholar flavell 1971. Flavells model of cognitive monitoring flavells 1979 model of metacognition is the foundation for research in the field of metacognition today. Lots of people charge for motorcycle service and workshop manuals online which is a bit cheeky i reckon as they are freely available all over the internet. 993 717 802 1210 297 987 358 112 1022 1228 1521 269 620 699 1032 1394 764 360 727 997 1337 224 1337 546 578 849 438 915 299 1521 238 1244 751 615 817 305 1062 396 1522 850 1115 651 1278 505 345 329 1486
Site Loader Autumn is the season that is full of changes within nature. It is also a fun time of year when people around the world celebrate and give thanks. Let’s take a look at all that autumn brings us. Red, yellow, orange and brown are the colors of the leaves before they fall to the ground. Best services for writing your paper according to Trustpilot Premium Partner From $18.00 per page 4,8 / 5 Writers Experience Recommended Service From $13.90 per page 4,6 / 5 Writers Experience From $20.00 per page 4,5 / 5 Writers Experience Autumn (sometimes called fall) is one of the four seasons of the year and is the time of year that transitions summer into winter. Along with the tree leaves changing color, the temperature grows colder, plants stop making food, animals prepare for the long months ahead and the day light starts growing shorter. The Autumnal Equinox The autumnal equinox occurs around September 23 each year. Why is this day important? On that day, the sun provides equal amounts of daylight time and night time. It tells us in the northern hemisphere (where the United States is located) that we are entering the season of autumn, and we will soon be losing daylight hours. The bottom left is a picture of the autumnal equinox in September. Notice how Earth has exactly half sunlight and half-darkness. There is an equinox for each season. While the northern hemisphere experiences autumn, the southern hemisphere experiences spring. When the northern hemisphere experiences spring, the southern hemisphere experiences autumn. If you happen to live close the equator (the invisible line around the center of Earth), you will never see autumn because it stays warm all year long. In the fall as the weather grows colder, many plants stop producing food. The short amount of sunlight makes the leaves begin to change to yellow, orange, and red colors before turning brown and falling off. The evergreen trees do not lose their leaves because they naturally produce a wax cover on their needles that protects them from freezing. This picture shows the beautiful, vibrant colors of autumn before they turn brown and shed. New England Trees Depending on where you live, you will start to see animals begin to store food in their nests and dens, like squirrels who gather acorns before winter. Some animals, like bears, eat extra food to build up extra fat on their bodies, while others will grow warmer coats of fur to stay warm all winter. The animals will find a private, hidden place to stay safe, warm and dry while they sleep through the cold months.Autumn is also when many birds fly hundreds and even thousands of miles to find warmer weather to live in for the winter months. One bird, called the Arctic tern, travels 11,000 miles each way, which is like going across the Unites States three and a half times! In the autumn, food is harvested around the world. The harvested foods vary due to soil and weather differences. Many common foods that are harvested around the world in autumn are grains, such as wheat and rice, vegetables and fruits. In the United States, autumn is a time to harvest wheat, pumpkins, squash, corn, apples and cranberries to name a few. This picture shows a combine harvesting wheat on a large field. combine harvesting wheat Harvest Festivals We can’t forget to mention how fun this time of the year can be around the world. This is the season that many countries take time to celebrate and give thanks, like at Halloween and Thanksgiving. One very important part of the harvest festivals is the food. People all around the world take the seasonal foods that they have just harvested and prepare them into delicious meals and deserts. Pumpkin is particularly popular in the U.S. Lesson Summary Autumn transitions the hot summers into the cold winters. The autumnal equinox marks the beginning of autumn in the northern hemisphere where the Unites States is. Autumn is the time of the year when plants shed their leaves and animals prepare for the winter. Foods are harvested and prepared into delicious meals for harvest festivals that are celebrated around the world. Post Author: admin I'm Eric! Check it out
Environmental Guide For Small Businesses There have been more volcanoes erupting recently, more earthquakes, bush fires, and hot weather issues globally. This rise in natural disasters has caused many people and businesses to consider their global impact on carbon emissions and to think about their footprint. People, especially the younger generation, demand that businesses reduce carbon emissions, implement more environmental policies, and concentrate on improving their sustainability initiatives. In the face of escalating environmental crises, consumers are beginning to vote green with their wallets. Organisations of all sizes must constantly monitor market sentiment since people’s purchasing habits are changing as they learn more about climate change and its effects. Becoming more ecologically responsible can be a huge task for big enterprises; however, if it is such a significant adjustment for larger businesses, how does a smaller start-up or a single marketer thrive in this new environment? It could be something as simple as turning off the lights, not printing out as many documents, or ensuring that we recycle. It can be a lot more than that, but we all have to start somewhere. What else can your company do to become even more environmentally friendly? Investing in perhaps plastic credits to help mitigate your plastic consumption is a positive step. Even though this might only be your first move towards a more sustainable practice, acquiring plastic credits will help fund activities that reduce sea plastic, discharge of non – recyclable plastic in a sustainable way, and assist waste pickers who are integral in clearing plastic pollution. However, you should not stop there. You could also encourage your customers to use reusable shopping bags by giving discounts, leveraging in eco – friendly packaging and developing new measures to minimise your overall environmental footprint. You may not be able to solve global warming on your own, but as a business owner, you can make some effort to protect and preserve the environment. Your environment – conscious actions could have a substantial influence on your neighborhood. There are businesses offering discounts to people who are “Double Jabbed”. Discounts for eco-friendly shoppers should also be considered and implemented to show support for sustainability. In your own team, there are also ways of reducing your carbon footprint. When it comes time for your company to replace devices, furniture, or electronics, consider donating them to local charities rather than throwing them away. Larger items not only cost more to dispose of at a landfill, but they also generate more waste for the environment and pollute the air. Please share our hub with the world!
From InfoVis:Wiki Revision as of 10:47, 5 October 2006 by (talk) Jump to navigation Jump to search Zooming is one of the basic interaction techniques of information visualizations. Since the maximum amount of information can be limited by the resolution and color depth of a display, zooming is a crucial technique to overcome this limitation. There are three different zooming techniques. There are three basic types of zooming. Geometric zooming allows the user to specify the scale of magnification and increasing or decreasing the magnification of an image by that scale. This allows the user focus on a specific area and information outside of this area is generally discarded. A great example is mapping software like MapQuest or Yahoo. The fisheye zoom is similar to the geometric zoom with the exception that the outside information is not lost from view; this information is merely distorted. Semantic zooming approaches the process from a different angle. Semantic zooming changes the shape or context in which the information is being presented. An example of this type of technique is the use of a digital clock within an application. In a normal view, the clock may show the hour of the day and date. If the user zooms in then the clock may alter it’s appearance by adding the seconds and minutes. If the user that zooms out, information is discarded with only the date remaining. The actual information did not change, only the presentation method. [Stephens, 2003]
This article covers how you can install the R programming language on Fedora 35. In fact, R is a programming language and programming software that is utilized for analyzing statistics, data modeling, graphical portrayal, and detailing. It involves the algorithms from machine learning, linear regression, time series, etc. R is the best software tool for programming developers, analysts, and data miners who are anticipating and trying to present the data in convincing manners. More Linux Tutorials
Synthetic tick-spit protein may save lives Synthetic tick-spit protein ma... There are evasins in that thar tick There are evasins in that thar tick View 1 Image There are evasins in that thar tick There are evasins in that thar tick One of the creepy things about ticks is the fact that not only do they suck your blood, but they're able to do so for a long time, undetected. Scientists have now synthesized the protein that lets them get away with it, and it may have life-saving medical applications. When a tick bites, it secretes proteins known as evasins in its saliva. These bind with molecules in the host animal's bloodstream, called chemokines. Ordinarily, in the event of an injury such as a bug-bite, these molecules trigger the body's immune response. This causes white blood cells to move to the wound site, which becomes inflamed. By binding to the chemokines, though, the evasins keep this from happening. As a result, the tick can continue feeding, with the host none the wiser. Because evasins do suppress the immune response, which can sometimes be harmful itself, scientists have previously looked to using them in medications. Isolating them from the tick saliva has proven challenging, though, as has designing a method of harvesting them in large quantities. Instead, scientists from Australia's University of Sydney have now succeeded in synthesizing the proteins from scratch. Additionally, PhD candidate Charlotte Frank has discovered that sulfate molecules attached to naturally produced evasins make them particularly effective at binding to chemokines. It is therefore hoped that the synthetic evasins, spiked with sulfates, could ultimately be used to treat inflammatory illnesses – these could even include COVID-19, which causes inflammation of the lungs. "We are now trying to engineer these sulfated evasin molecules to make them even more effective and more stable in blood," says Frank. "We can then start to explore how effective they could be for a range of inflammatory conditions in the clinic." A paper on the research, which is being led by Prof. Richard Payne, was recently published in the journal PNAS. Source: University of Sydney 1 comment 1 comment Is sure seems like there are so many medicinal cures that no disease is safe. All we need now is a cure for fast food so we can eliminate obesity.
IELTS Speaking. Your home (accommodation) vocabulary \| I know English Key definitions house: building where people (usually one family) live. Our house is near the park. home: place where someone lives, where they feel they belong. It’s nice to come home in the evening and spend time with my family. accommodation: a building or set of rooms where someone lives or stays. Oti started looking for accommodation as soon as her university place was confirmed. a property: building and the land it is built on. Our present house is too small now that we have children so we are looking for a new property. single storey: only a ground floor level. My elderly parents are buying a single storey house as they find it difficult to climb the stairs. two-storey: with two floors levels. Sanjay found a lovely two-storey property to rent close to his workplace. Types of home detached house: a house that is not connected to any other houses. We’d love to buy one of the new detached houses being built near the lake but they’re out of our price range. semi-detached house: a house that is joined to another house on one side. Meena lived in a semi-detached house and could sometimes hear her neighbours arguing through the adjoining wall. terraced house (UK) / row house (US): a house in a row of similar houses joined together on both sides. Having a property either side of us means that our terraced house stays warm in winter. townhouse: a house built in a row but larger in size than a terraced house, often having more than two storeys. Townhouses are popular with families as they often have extra bedrooms in the attic. bungalow: a house with only one storey; built all on one level. Many people move to a bungalow when they retire so they don’t have to climb the stair as they get older. cottage: a small house, usually located in the countryside. For lots of people, a cottage in the countryside is their idea of a dream home. flat / apartment: a set of rooms for living in that are part of a larger building and are usually all on one floor. It was a big day when their son left home and moved into his own flat. fully-furnished flat / apartment: one that you rent with furniture already in it. The young couple didn’t have much money so looked for a fully-furnished apartment to rent when they got married. studio flat / apartment: a small flat that has one main room for living, eating and sleeping in. Hilda had the choice of three studio flats in the converted property and chose the one with pink walls. bedsit: a rented room that has a bed, table, chairs, and somewhere to cook in it but a shared bathroom. The bedsit is small but has everything I need to create a little home for myself. condominium (condo): a building or complex of buildings containing a number of individually owned apartments or houses. Manuel decided that if he got the big promotion, he would buy a condo down by the river. apartment block / high-rise: an apartment building with at least 10 floors. There is little space for housing in my city and most people live in a high-rise. block of flats / tower block: a tall building with flats on many levels. They are clearing some of the old terraced houses in our town and replacing them with blocks of flats. penthouse: an expensive flat at the top of a tall building in a fashionable area of a city. The property manager says Matt had access to your corporate penthouse. mansion: a large, impressive house. If we were rich, I would buy a penthouse in London overlooking the River Thames but my husband would prefer a mansion on the coast. villa: a large, often luxurious house in the country or near the sea, especially in southern Europe, and often rented out for holidays. We stayed in a fabulous villa when we visited Greece. It even had its own swimming pool. student digs: student accommodation, often in a shared house. I was apprehensive about moving into student digs but I’m enjoying it and get on well with my housemates. hall of residence: a college or university building where students live in flats. Shishka lived in a hall of residence for her first year at university then rented a house with some friends. residential area – area in which most of the buildings are houses. Our town is growing rapidly with several new residential areas currently being developed. suburb – a residential area on the edge of towns or cities. Nearly all my colleagues at work live in the suburbs and commute by train each day. on the outskirts – the areas that form the outer edge of a town, city or village, that are furthest away from the centre. It’s great living on the outskirts. It’s easy to get into the city but we are also close to the countryside. downtown – near the centre of a town or city, especially the business or shopping areas. I’m looking for a flat downtown so I don’t have to commute far to work. housing estate – a large group of houses built at the same time and in the same style. In the UK, most new homes are built on housing estates. within walking distance – not very far; close enough to reach by walking. We chose to live here because it’s within walking distance of the school. close-knit community – a neighbourhood where people are helpful and supportive. This is a close-knit community and there’s always someone to turn to if you need help. to live on campus – to live on the university or college grounds. I like living on campus as I don’t have far to go to lectures or the student’s union bar. bedroom – room used for sleeping in. I’ve painted my bedroom yellow as it makes me feel cheerful when I wake up. living room / lounge / sitting room – room used for relaxing. In the evenings I chill out in the living room with a book or watch a bit of TV. bathroom – room with a bath and/or shower and often a toilet. With five people in my family, we have to queue for the bathroom in the morning. kitchen – room where food is prepared and cooked, and sometimes eaten. The kitchen is my favourite room in the house because I love cooking. dining room – room in which meals are eaten. I usually eat my breakfast in the kitchen but we always have family meals in the dining room. study – a room for doing paperwork and studying in. Kamal spent all day in the study working on his essay. hall / hallway – open area inside the main entrance which leads to other rooms and usually the stairs. Having a large hallway is so useful if you have a baby as there’s plenty of space to store the buggy. landing – area at the top of the stairs. I’m always telling the kids off for leaving their toys on the landing in case someone trips over them and falls down the stairs. utility room – room used for storage and equipment such as the washing machine, freezer, etc. It’s a rule in our house that all muddy boots are left in the utility room. basement / cellar – room below ground level used for storage and sometimes for accommodation. The children are so excited that our new house has a basement as we’ve promised to turn it into a playroom for them. porch – a covered shelter protecting the front entrance of a building. I’m so grateful for the porch on a wet day when I have to stop and wipe the dog’s feet before going indoors. conservatory – a room with a glass roof and walls, attached to a house at one side. It was Klaus and Meena’s dream to build a conservatory on the side of their house as somewhere to relax in the sun. attic / loft – space in the roof used for storage and often converted into accommodation. Margit regretted putting so much junk up in the attic now that she had to clear it out ready for the builders to start work on the loft conversion. pantry / larder – small, cold room used for storing food. We had a proper larder when I was young but nowadays, most people keep food in the fridge, freezer or a cupboard. balcony – a platform enclosed by a wall or bars on the outside of a building, with access from an upper-floor window or door. My dream home would have a balcony overlooking the sea. Owning and renting to rent – to pay money to the owner of a property to be allowed to live there. One day I hope to own my own home but for now, I can only afford to rent. to rent out / let out – to allow someone to live in your property for a fee. I inherited my mum’s bungalow when she died, and I’ve decided to rent it out. rented accommodation – a property for which a person pays a fixed amount to live in it to the person who owns it. Being a university town, Exeter has lots of rented accommodation for the students. landlord / landlady – the owner of a building or room that is rented out to others. I have an excellent landlord who always fixes things quickly when something needs repairing. tenant – someone who rents a flat or house from the person who owns it. The people renting Adil’s flat gave notice last week so he’s looking for new tenants. to give notice – to inform someone that you will be leaving or that they are required to leave. We gave the landlord the required 30-day’s notice that we would be moving out of the flat. to put down a deposit – to make an initial payment as part of a rental agreement or to secure a purchase. The landlord said that once we’d put down the deposit of £200, the flat was ours. lease – the contract a tenant signs when renting a property. We gave him the £200 deposit immediately and agreed that we’d visit the office later to sign the lease. short-term rental / lease – a rental agreement that lasts for a short time, usually 3-6 months. The flat was only available on a short-term lease as the landlord wanted to sell it. evict – to force tenants to leave a property if they fail to pay the rent or they behave unacceptably. The tenants in the flat above us used to play loud music all night long but thankfully the landlady evicted them. Fully furnished – a rented property with all furniture included. As a student, I didn’t have any money to buy furniture so always rented fully furnished accommodation. estate agent (UK) / real estate agent (US) – someone whose job it is to help people buy and sell property. Some deal with rentals as well. Tuyen told the estate agent what sort of property she was looking for and he gave her the details of ten houses she might be interested in looking at. to get on the property ladder – to buy a low-priced property with the aim of buying another bigger or more expensive one later in life. They were fed up with paying high rents and longed to get on the property ladder and invest in a home of their own. mortgage – a large loan given to buys a house or flat. Julio was delighted when his mortgage application was accepted, and he could go ahead with his house purchase. to take out a mortgage – to borrow money from the bank in order to buy a house. Taking out a mortgage is a big commitment and most homeowners spend all their working life paying it off. first-time buyer – someone buying a property for the first time. The developer converted the old house into four apartments that would be affordable to first-time buyers. repossess – to take back possession of something, especially a property when mortgage payments have not been made. Luther lost his job and couldn’t pay his mortgage so the bank repossessed it. Inside a house (all the) mod cons – appliances in the home that make it easy to do jobs like washing, cooking, cleaning, etc. The furnished apartment I’m interested in renting has all the mod cons, including a dishwasher and tumble drier which many rentals don’t have. appliances – a device, machine or piece of equipment, especially an electrical one, that does a specific job in the home, such as a cooker or washing machine. It must have been such hard work for my grandmother running a home without all the time-saving appliances we have today. fitted kitchen – a kitchen with the cupboards and units designed to fit the space exactly and then fixed in place. My new fitted kitchen has built-in appliances which make so much better use of the space. built-in wardrobe – a wardrobe that is part of a room and fixed to the wall. I didn’t need to buy much bedroom furniture for my first flat as it had built-in wardrobes. carpeted – the floors have carpet on them. Some people like bare floorboards in their home but I prefer the rooms to be carpeted. furniture – items in a home that make it comfortable and functional to live in such as chairs, tables, beds, etc. Wolfgang and Angelika went to town to choose some furniture for their new extension. utilities – gas, electricity, water. On top of the rental fee, they had to pay for the utilities as well. spacious – having a lot of space inside. Sally loved her friend’s new home, especially the spacious kitchen. cosy – giving a feeling of warmth, comfort and relaxation. Old cottages have really thick walls which makes them cool in summer but cosy in winter. natural light – light from the sun. I hate houses that are dark inside and like my home to be full of natural light. elevator (US) / lift (UK) – a box-like compartment housed in a shaft for raising and lowering people or things to different levels in a building. Vadim often walked up the stairs to his tenth-floor flat but took the lift if he was carrying shopping. Outside a house garden – area of grass or other vegetation beside a house and belonging to the property. I would hate to live in a house without a garden as I love to grow my own vegetables. lawn – an area of grass that is cut short, especially in someone’s garden. Our garden is mostly lawn with some flower borders and a vegetable patch. backyard – a small space surrounded by walls at the back of a house, usually with a hard surface (US – an enclosed area covered with grass). The kids are out playing in the backyard. terrace / patio – paved area close to the house for relaxing, eating, etc. In the summer we enjoy relaxing on the patio and often set up the barbeque there. hedge – a line of bushes or small trees growing close together around a garden or field. The property had a high hedge which gave it good privacy from the neighbours. fence – a flat upright structure made of wood or wire that surrounds a garden or other area of land. We had to put up a new fence at the side of the house as the old one blew down in a gale. shed – small wooden building in a garden usually used for storing garden tools. I don’t like going into the shed to get tools out as there are large spiders in there. garage – building intended for storing a car, usually attached to the side of a house. Most people in the UK use their garage for storage and don’t have room for the car. Improving a property to convert – to change the form of something. Our plan is to convert the garage into a study. loft conversion – to turn the loft/attic into living accommodation. Doing a loft conversion will mean that each of the children will be able to have a bedroom of their own. to add an extension – to build an extra room onto a house. Many people add an extension as their family grows rather than buying a larger house. to redecorate – to paint one or more rooms again or put new wallpaper on the walls. The colour scheme in their new house was dull and old-fashioned so they redecorated before they moved in. to do up a property – to repair and update an old property. Jai couldn’t afford the smart new houses he looked at so he decided to buy an old property and do it up. to renovate – to restore to a good state of repair. The property has been empty for several years but we’re planning to renovate it and turn it back into a nice home. to paper the walls – to put up wallpaper. My friend is a decorator and is going to help me paper the walls in my new flat. to tile the bathroom – to cover a wall with tiles to make it water resistant. We’ve nearly finished the new extension and just need to tile the bathroom. a lick of paint – a small amount of paint; one layer of paint. There was very little that needed doing before we move into the house but we gave the walls a lick of paint to brighten them up. Other vocabulary dream home – a home you regard as perfect. My dream home would be a cottage by the sea. modern – based on up to date styles. Most modern houses are very similar to look at and have small rooms and not much storage space. house-hunting – looking for a property to live in. We’ve been house-hunting for three months but can’t find anything that really suits us. house-warming party – a party to celebrate moving into a new home. I’m going to a colleague’s house-warming party on Saturday and can’t wait to look around her new home. to have a place of your own – to have your own home and not have to share it with anyone else. I love living at home with my family but I’m 21 now and have a good job so I feel it’s time to find a place of my own. to move in – to begin to live in a property. Niko was impressed with the recently renovated hall of residence and couldn’t wait to move in. to move out – to stop living in a particular place. Veronica broke up with her boyfriend and moved out of their flat. downsize – to reduce in size; to buy a smaller house. Many parents downsize when their children have left home as they don’t need such a large house. to feel homesick – to feel unhappy because you are away from home and are missing your family, friends, and home very much. For the first few months at university, Dalia felt very homesick but she began to feel better once she started to make new friends. there’s no place like home – an expression that means your home is a special place. I do enjoy travelling the world and visiting amazing places but there’s no place like home. next door – the property next to yours. A new family has just moved into the house next door. a view – what you can see from a particular place. The thing I remember most about my grandmother’s house was the lovely view of the mountains. Ways to improve your home vocabulary One of the best ways to improve your home vocabulary is through reading. Watching topic related YouTube videos and listening to podcasts is also hugely beneficial. Here are some online resources I recommend. Accommodation & Home Articles Our Property The Guardian — Property Rightmove — Renting & other articles One of the best reading resources is property listings. Google property for sale and read property listings on the websites that come up. They’ll contain much of the homes vocabulary we’ve been studying. TED Talks Search TED Talks — Homes to help you improve your home vocabulary. For home vocabulary, search Stitcher — Homes. You’ll find lots of shows to choose from. Also, remember that you may be asked about your own home, so think about other home vocabulary you might need that is very specific to your situation. Your home (accommodation) questions and model answers Вам будет интересно: Read about: - Pay off Mortgage Earlier
The following are the first 3 chapters from the book “Axe Murderers: 6 Horrific True Crime Stories, 1 Common Tool” Axeman of New Orleans The air was hot and humid, especially for March and even though it was midnight. Residents of New Orleans flooded into dance halls, where jazz music played loudly, or to parties where jazz bands were in full swing. Even those who stayed home had jazz playing. After all, it was what the Axeman ordered, and, as he put it: anyone who didn’t have jazz playing would “get the axe.” The Axeman of New Orleans was on the hunt. Residents obeyed his demand, hoping to be spared. The Axeman had already claimed five lives and injured four others; mostly Italian grocers and their families. Because the attacks were on Italians, people had attributed them to the Mafia, vendettas, or Black Hand. It soon became apparent a madman was stalking the streets of New Orleans. Italians had long been present in New Orleans, though it was mostly northern Italians. After the abolition of slavery, plantation owners had a need for cheap labor. The job opportunities brought Sicilian immigrants into the state, and into New Orleans. Read Now on Amazon One planter described them as, “A hard-working, money-saving race, and content with… few of the comforts of life.” By the 1890s, Italian immigrants were flooding into the port at New Orleans, with 80% of them being Sicilian. Sicilians, unaware of the racial hierarchy in the American South, had no qualms about working alongside African-Americans in the fields. Though Italians were commonly employed on plantations, they never entirely replaced African-American laborers. Italians were seen as lesser than the native Caucasians in the region for their willingness to work alongside African-Americans. The dark-complexioned Sicilians were not seen as white at all. Treating Italians with a sense of familiarity they wouldn’t use with other Caucasians. Italians were frequently stereotyped and looked down upon as filthy, degraded, and criminal. It may have served to uphold Louisianans’ prejudice that Sicilians brought vendetta with them; a system of justice which lasted into the 20th century in Sicily. There were enough knife fights and shootings on Decatur Street that it was dubbed “Vendetta Alley”. In the 1890s, a great fear came about regarding Italian criminal gangs; mostly what the media commonly referred to as “the Mafia.” One type of crime prevalent in Italian communities across the United States at the time was Black Hand, a type of extortion. Italians did have challenges in Louisiana, as well as opportunities. There were occasional threats of lynch mobs against Italians, but one of the most mysterious threats of all came in the form of the Axeman; a vicious serial killer seemingly targeting Italians. The killer was never captured, never identified. The Axeman used a chisel to remove the lower panel of his victims’ back door and crept into their bedroom, where he would attack. The Axeman never brought his own weapon to kill with; he typically used the victims’ axe or whatever else may have been lying around. He seemed to kill for sadistic pleasure, as nothing was ever stolen from the homes; leaving behind the bloody axe. It all began in the early morning hours of May 22, 1918, though some believe an earlier string of murders was the beginning. The modest home on the corner of Upperline and Magnolia Streets was a nightmarish scene. Joseph Maggio ran a grocery store and barroom near his home. He lived with his wife and two brothers until that fateful morning. The Maggio’s were Italian, and they’d likely come to Louisiana with dreams of a prosperous life; however, it was cut short. Joseph’s brother, Jake, woke in the early morning hours to hear groaning coming from the bedroom of his brother and sister-in-law. Jake’s other brother, Andrew, was asleep beside him. Andrew had been out drinking the night before, celebrating his deployment to World War I. Jake, growing concerned, roused Andrew awake. The two went outside and approached Joseph’s back door. They noticed the lower wooden panel had been removed. It was now on the ground, a chisel on top of it. The two men entered the house and made their way to their brother and sister-in-law’s bedroom. Nothing prepared them for their horrific discovery. Joseph and his wife, Catherine, were in bed, Catherine already dead and Joseph barely clinging to life, both surrounded by a pool of blood. The couple’s throats had been slit. Catherine’s wound so deep it had nearly severed her head. Later, it would be determined she died by asphyxiating on her own blood. The two also had severe head wounds, caused by an axe. A few minutes after his brothers found him, Joseph died. Police arrived at the home and, upon searching the house, found a pile of blood-stained men’s clothing in the bathroom and an axe, belonging to Joseph, in the bathtub. It appeared a rushed attempt to wash the axe had been made, but blood still clung to the blade. Reports vary on where exactly the straight razor used to slit the couple’s throats was found; some say on the neighboring lawn, and some say in the bedroom. Police realized robbery was not the motive; no money or valuables missing. Shocking as this scene was, it was one the police would see repeated over the next seventeen months. A block away from the scene of the crime, police discovered a note written in chalk on the sidewalk, in child-like handwriting. It read, “Mrs. Maggio will sit up tonight just like Mrs. Toney.” Investigators may not have drawn the connection right away but this note would cause a connection between the Maggio murders and a murder six years prior. May 16, 1912, the Schiambra family, a man and his wife, Tony, were shot by an intruder in their home. It had been the last in a series of murders of Italian families beginning in 1911. The Schiambras ran a grocery store, and Mrs. Schiambra was known as “Mrs. Tony” by customers. When the razor was discovered, suspicions were cast on Andrew Maggio, a barber; the razor belonged to him. An employee at his barbershop reported that Andrew had taken the razor home to get a nick in the blade repaired. He was arrested but maintained his innocence, stating he had been too drunk and in too deep a sleep. He told reporters from the New Orleans Times-Picayune, “It’s a terrible thing to be charged with the murder of your own brother when your heart is already broken by his death. When I’m about to go to war, too. I had been drinking heavily. I was too drunk even to have heard any noise next door.” Police, however, could not disprove his alibi, nor could they prove eyewitness reports of a strange man lurking around 4901 Magnolia Street around the time of the murder. Despite fingerprinting existing in 1918, it was allegedly not standard procedure yet, and subsequently neither Andrew nor the axe were fingerprinted. Andrew was released, and the case went cold. Over a month later, on June 27, the killer struck again. It was 7:00 that morning when John Zanca, a baker making deliveries, stopped at the grocery on the corner of Dorgenois and Laharpe Streets. He went to the door but found it to be locked. This was highly unusual, seeing as the grocer, a Polish-American named Louis Besumer, usually opened the store by that time. What he found when he entered the home in the back of the store, was likely just as shocking to him as the first scene had been to the Maggio brothers. This time, the victims were still alive. The bottom panel of the door, once more, had been removed, which probably added to John’s concern. Inside, he discovered Louis Besumer and a woman, who would be presumed to be Besumer’s wife, lying in pools of blood. There was a small axe, which Besumer would later state belonged to him, left in the bathroom, soaked in blood. When police arrived, they took note of the panel having been chiseled out of the door and the axe found in the bathroom. The female victim had been hit with the axe over her left ear. She was rushed to the hospital. Besumer had been struck over his left temple and would later tell police that he’d been attacked in his sleep. Police had little explanation for the attacks, outside of robbery, which didn’t prove to be a solid motive, since no valuables or money were stolen. The police had one suspect, a 41-year-old African-American man named Lewis Oubicon, who they quickly arrested. Oubicon was employed at Besumer’s grocery, and the only evidence against him was that he offered conflicting accounts of his whereabouts that morning. The female victim regained consciousness at the hospital, and it was discovered that she was not Besumer’s wife, but his mistress, Anna Harriet Lowe. She was interviewed by police and as she drifted in and out of consciousness, Lowe stated it was “a mulatto” that had attacked them, then added it had been Besumer himself. Law enforcement decided to discount anything she stated. Lowe and Besumer were soon caught up in a media frenzy for their scandalous affair. The police began to look into Besumer as a suspect. During a search of his house, they found letters written in Yiddish, German, and Russian, as well as opiates. Newspapers reported that “German spy papers” had been found in Besumer’s home. Police began to suspect that Besumer was either a part of a German spy ring or a spymaster for the Kaiser. During this time, Anna Lowe made shocking, usually false, statements against Besumer’s character to newspaper reporters. After the news came out about the discoveries made during the search of Besumer’s home, a neighbor interviewed for the newspaper stated that Besumer and Lowe were “crazed drug addicts.” To make matters worse for Besumer, his wife arrived from Cincinnati in the middle of the chaos. Besumer began to act strangely, asking police if he could investigate the case on his own. Anna Lowe continued to make statements against Besumer’s character, eventually claiming he was a German spy. Suspicions law enforcement had were backed up by these claims, and soon the federal government was called in and Louis Besumer arrested; though he was released shortly thereafter. The left side of Anna Lowe’s face had been paralyzed from her injuries and on August 5th, a facial reconstructive surgery was performed on her. The surgery was botched. She died two days later due to complications. As she lay dying, she told law enforcement it was Louis Besumer that attacked her that night. Besumer was charged with murder. He spent nine months in jail and at his trial, it was stated it would have taken a much stronger man to cause himself injuries such as the ones Besumer sustained. Besumer was acquitted after ten-minute jury deliberation. On August 5, 1918, the same day Anna Lowe died, Anna Schneider was attacked. Reports vary as to who found her, but each report makes it clear she was unconscious when discovered. Some reports state her husband found her shortly after he arrived home from work around midnight; others state her screams alerted neighbors, who rushed over and broke down the door, knowing she was home alone. Schneider was twenty-eight and pregnant and regardless of who found her, it was certainly a gruesome scene. Her head had been busted open with an axe and some of her teeth were knocked out. A few days after her attack, Schneider gave birth to a healthy baby girl. She recovered from her injuries. Schneider would later state she woke up to see a dark figure standing over her and was attacked with the axe. Though an axe was missing from their shed, Schneider’s husband, Edward, reported nothing had been stolen except six or seven dollars from his wallet. Police arrested James Gleason, an ex-convict, but only because he ran from them. He was released shortly after, due to a lack of evidence. He later stated he ran from the police because he had been arrested so many times; it was instinct. After this attack, police began to publicly speculate the three attacks were connected; committed by the same person. Five days later, on August 10, Pauline and Mary Bruno were woken by sounds of a struggle coming from their 80-year-old uncle’s room. Their uncle, Joseph Romano, was an Italian barber; it appeared the killer had returned to targeting Italians. Once more, accounts vary on where the sisters encountered their uncle’s attacker. Some state they ran into the bedroom, where they found a man attacking their uncle, while some state the Axeman was standing at the foot of their bed. Regardless of where they encountered him, they got a good enough look at him to describe him as, “dark-skinned, heavyset, wearing a dark suit, and a slouch hat.” Pauline would later recount, “He was awfully light on his feet.” Though injured, Joseph Romano was able to walk to the ambulance on his own; he would die two days later from the head trauma he sustained. Joseph’s room had been ransacked, unlike the other crime scenes, but nothing was stolen. A bloody axe was found in the backyard, and the bottom panel of the back door had been chiseled away. This latest attack caused an extreme sense of chaos and panic among the residents of New Orleans. Reports of sightings of the Axeman flooded in, as well as people claiming to have found axes in their backyards, and some claiming to have found chisels outside their doors. Newspapers played off the publics fears, with one headline giving the mysterious killer a name. It asked the question, “Is an Axeman at large in New Orleans?” Law enforcement were at a loss as to how to find the perpetrator. Fingerprints were not found at the crime scenes. Retired detective John Dantonio made the assumption the same man who committed these attacks was responsible for the attacks in 1911 and 1912. During an interview for a newspaper, he also stated the individual responsible was, “Someone with a Jekyll and Hyde personality; someone who was able to kill with no apparent motive, then return to his day-to-day life as if nothing had happened. We now know that this sociopathic personality is a common trait among serial killers. Students of crime have established that a criminal of the dual personality type may be a respectable, law-abiding citizen. Then suddenly the impulse to kill comes upon him and he must obey it.” He went on to state he was not convinced these were Black Hand attacks, since Black Hand attacks usually left no survivors. New Orleans Superintendent of Police Frank Mooney believed the killer was a “murderous degenerate… who gloats over blood.” The killings stopped for a few months, and law enforcement and civilians breathed a sigh of relief, hoping the threat was gone for good. The killer returned. This time taking the life of a little girl as she lay in her mother’s arms. It was March 10, 1919 in the immigrant town of Gretna, just across the river from uptown New Orleans. Sixty-nine-year-old Iorlando Jordano heard screams coming from his neighbors’ house at the corner of Jefferson and Second Streets. When he rushed into the home, he found Rosie Cortimiglia clutching the lifeless body of her two-year-old daughter, Mary, and her husband, Charles, lying in a pool of blood. Mary had been killed by a single blow to the head with an axe as she was held in her mother’s arms. Rosie had also been attacked with the axe, as had Charles. The couple were rushed to the hospital where they were treated for their skull fractures. Both survived. Upon inspection of the crime scene, police found the lower panel of the door had been chiseled away and the Cortimiglia’s axe, now soaked in blood, was found in the backyard. Once more, no fingerprints were found at the scene and nothing was stolen. Rosie told investigators she awoke to see her husband struggling with a large man, who had an axe in his hand. Her husband fell to the floor, then the intruder turned his axe on Rosie and her little girl, attacking them as Rosie clutched her daughter close and pleaded for their lives. The Gretna authorities didn’t believe this attack was connected to those in New Orleans. They set their sights on Iorlando Jordano and his 18-year-old son, Frank, as prime suspects. The Jordanos and Cortimiglias were both grocers, and business competition, with the Cortimiglias having even taken the Jordanos to court over a business dispute shortly before the attack. There was no evidence against the Jordanos, and Iorlando was too frail to have committed the crime himself. This didn’t matter to the authorities; they sought evidence by questioning Rosie Cortimiglia repeatedly as to who did this. “It was Frank, wasn’t it?” they’d persist. Rosie’s doctor stated Rosie would always reply she didn’t know who attacked her family. Once Rosie was released from the hospital, she was arrested and held as a material witness and only released once she signed an affidavit stating it was the Jordanos who attacked her. At trial, Iorlando Jordano was found to be too frail to have participated in the attack and given life in prison, and Frank was sentenced to death. The false testimony Rosie had been pressured to give weighed heavily on her conscience, especially considering young Frank received a death sentence. Nine months later, Rosie went into the Times-Picayune newspaper office and retracted her statement. She stated Saint Joseph had come to her in a dream and told her she had to tell the truth. She signed another affidavit, indicating she had not seen her attacker and had been pressured to identify the Jordanos as the attacker. However, it would prove difficult to get justice for the Jordanos. Rosie was threatened by the prosecution with perjury charges if she changed her story in any way. Eventually, in December 1920, the Jordanos were released. On March 13, 1919, the killer sent a letter to the New Orleans Times-Picayune newspaper, making a deal with the citizens of New Orleans. “Hell, March 13, 1919 Esteemed Mortal: Now, to be exact, at 12:15 (earthly time) on next Tuesday night [March 19, 1919}, I am going to pass over New Orleans. In my infinite mercy, I am going to make a little proposition to you people. Here it is: The Axeman” Citizens of New Orleans were desperate to obey the Axeman’s demands. The town seemed to be swept back into the panic they experienced after the murder of Joseph Romano. A piece of jazz sheet music, called, The Mysterious Axman’s (sic) Jazz (Don’t Scare Me Papa) was written by Joseph John Davilla and circulated for the occasion. The cover depicted a frightened-looking family frantically playing jazz. That following Tuesday at midnight, the dance halls of New Orleans were filled to capacity. Professional jazz bands were hired to play at parties across the town, and every home blared jazz music loud enough to be heard in the streets. The Axeman did as promised; nobody was killed that night. There had been no more attacks by the Axeman – at least none attributed to him – since the March letter had been sent. This few months of peace were broken on August 10, 1919, with the attack on Steve Boca, a grocer. Boca was attacked as he slept. Waking up during the attack, he saw a dark figure looming over his bed. When he regained consciousness, he rushed out of his house and into the street, where he realized his head had been busted open. He ran to his neighbor, Frank Benusa’s, house, and collapsed in the doorway. The lower panel of his door had also been chiseled out. He survived. Again, the peace was shattered on September 3, 1919, when 19-year-old Sarah Laumann was attacked. Neighbors discovered her when they went to check on her, knowing she was alone. When she did not answer the door, they grew concerned and broke it down, finding her in bed with visible injuries to her head. This time, the Axeman entered through an open window. A blood-covered axe was found outside the apartment. Laumann survived, though she never remembered the attack. The last known attack by the Axeman occurred October 27, 1919, with the murder of Mike Pepitone. His wife heard a commotion coming from his bedroom in the early morning hours, and rushed to the room, almost bumping into a man fleeing. She could not describe any details of his appearance. When she entered the room, she found her husband lying in a pool of his own blood. Blood spatter covered the walls, even gruesomely covering a painting of the Virgin Mary on the wall. Mrs. Pepitone stood over her husband as the police arrived and stated, “It looks like the Axeman was here and murdered Mike.” Mike Pepitone was still clinging onto life, though he died of his injuries after being rushed to the hospital. Police described Mrs. Pepitone’s behavior as odd. A panel had been removed from the door and an axe was found on the ground behind the back porch. Later, a story surfaced about Mrs. Pepitone that made her seem even stranger. Reportedly, Mrs. Pepitone shot a man named Joseph Momfre (spellings vary) in Los Angeles. Momfre died instantly, while Mrs. Pepitone calmly waited at the scene for police to arrive. She willingly gave herself up, telling police she recognized him as the man who killed her husband. As the story goes, Mrs. Pepitone (identified in some sources as Esther Albano) was supposedly arrested and ended up receiving ten years in prison for his murder but disappeared after only three years. This man, Joseph Momfre, had been in and out of prison for most of his life and during lapses in the Axeman’s attacks, he was incarcerated (most notably between 1912 and 1918). During the time of the killings, Momfre had apparently been free. And once he was killed, the murders stopped. However, the police were unable to find any evidence against Momfre. It is unclear whether this story has any basis in reality or was simply fabricated, or at the least, enhanced upon. The crime writer who reported this never provided any evidence to back it up and another true crime writer, Michael Newton, searched public records in both New Orleans and Los Angeles for a man named Joseph Momfre, as well as all variations of it, and found nothing. Additionally, he searched to see if a man by this name or any variation of it was killed or even assaulted in Los Angeles, but once more found nothing. There was no record that Mike Pepitone’s widow was ever arrested, tried, or convicted of any such crime. Momfre (etc.) was not an unusual surname in New Orleans at the time, and supposedly there was a man named Joseph Momfre/Mumfre, who was a member of the Mafia, but records from the time aren’t extensive enough to confirm this definitively. According to newspaper reports from the time, the prime suspect in the 1912 murder of Tony Schiambra was a doctor named Frank “Doc” Mumphrey, who used the alias Leon Joseph Monfre/Manfre. Perhaps, if the story about Mrs. Pepitone was indeed fabricated, the inventor of it took inspiration from this named suspect in one of the earliest murders linked to the Axeman. There are many theories surrounding the Axeman. It has been speculated he only killed or attacked men when they got in the way of him killing or attacking women; perhaps he, like many serial killers, was a sadistic sexual killer. There is also the popular explanation, from the time of the killings, that they were all vendettas or Black Hand killings, which has been rejected by experts on Italian crimes and criminal gangs. Most who research the Axeman go along with the story that Joseph Momfre was the killer. Another popular theory is that the Axeman was Jack the Ripper. However, these murders occurred thirty years after the Jack the Ripper slayings. The killer would have been getting older, and less physically able. An interesting theory is that the killer was the self-proclaimed leader of a voodoo cult, Clementine Barnabet, or, at least, some of her followers, who we will be discussing in a later chapter. It’s not entirely impossible; Barnabet, too, committed her crimes with an axe and attacked families in their homes. Perhaps one of the strangest theories is that the Axeman murders were committed for the purpose of promoting jazz music. Recently, on the website Reddit, a photo surfaced, supposedly found by the daughter of the photographer, which is allegedly of the Axeman of New Orleans. The photo shows a man, his facial features partially blurred from the motion of his body, walking into a house; the house of Mike Pepitone. This French photographer, Édouard Martel, traveled across the United States, testing out his new invention, a camera with a timer attached to a shutter mechanism and automatic exposure settings. He would often set it up somewhat obscured to capture candid shots of unsuspecting passersby. According to the story, his invention was not a success and he died unknown for his work as well as poor. There was an Édouard-Alfred Martel. He was a renowned cave explorer, not a photographer. If the Martel from the story did die in obscurity, perhaps he was real, and simply does not appear in public records. Or, the photograph, as well as the story, may be another internet hoax. The Axeman of New Orleans, like Jack the Ripper before him, become a thing of popular legend and myth. The question as to his identity may always remain unknown, but it appears that only adds to the intrigue. Villisca Axe Murderers That Sunday morning in June began just like any other in the sleepy, quaint town of Villisca, Iowa. However, before noon, eight bodies would be found, or, as the town marshal has been quoted as saying, “one killed in every bed.” By the end of the day, a coroner’s inquest would be held. However, the killer would never be officially caught, though confessions carried on until the 1930s. The family killed was beloved in their community. The town was torn apart not knowing who was responsible for the brutal slayings. To this day, the Villisca axe murders remain a mystery. On Saturday, June 9th, 1912, the Moore family went to the end-of-the-year Sunday School program at their local Presbyterian church. The family was made up of father, Josiah, mother, Sarah, and their four young children — Herman, 11, Katharine, 10, Boyd, 7, and Paul, 5. Sarah helped organize the services, called Children’s Day. Her children and their Sunday School classmates recited speeches. Katharine’s friends, Lena and Ina Stillinger, twelve and eight respectively, attended with them and had their parents’ permission to spend the night afterwards. Read Now on Amazon Josiah was a prominent businessman in their town of Villisca. He ran Moore Implement Company, a franchise of the John Deere Company. He had many competitors for business, but those in his community liked and respected him and Sarah. The attractive couple were described as friendly and helpful by their neighbors and were very active in their church community, further proved by Sarah helping to coordinate the Children’s Day services. The service and the social gathering afterwards lasted until around 9:30 that evening, after which the Moore family and the Stillinger sisters walked the short distance to the Moore home. The group had milk and cookies as a treat to wrap up the evening before bed. At 7:30 the next morning, an elderly neighbor of the Moore’s, Mary Peckham, grew concerned at how deserted and quiet the house appeared. Usually, the Moore family would have begun their chores by this time in the morning. Mary knocked on the front door. When no response came, tried opening it, but it was locked, so she called Josiah’s brother, Ross, who arrived at the house half an hour later to have a look around. He tried to look in a bedroom window, but the blinds and curtains were drawn. Then, he knocked at the front door and shouted in hopes of waking someone, but no answer came. Concerned, he pulled out his key and unlocked the front door and went inside. As he looked around the downstairs, he saw two people in bed in the back bedroom, covered with a sheet, and blood on the sheet. He went no further in the house, instead rushing out and telling Mary to call the police. Nothing could have prepared the small-town law enforcement for what they would see. In each bedroom, the bodies of the family and their young guests lay in beds, bludgeoned twenty to thirty times each in the head with Josiah’s own axe. Their heads were covered with the bedding after they had been killed, although Ina’s head was covered with a gray coat. All the curtains in the house had been drawn, except for two windows, which had no curtains. A pan of bloodied water and a plate of uneaten food were found on the kitchen table. And the axe, bloodied but with an apparent attempt to wipe it off, was found in the room with the Stillinger sisters, with a two-pound slab of bacon beside it. Two kerosene lamps were found — one at the foot of Josiah and Sarah’s bed, and one at the foot of the Stillinger sisters’ bed — with the chimneys off and the wicks turned back. The doors had all been locked and the upstairs ceiling showed gouge marks from the upswing of the axe. A part of a keychain was found in the downstairs bedroom. Investigating the crime scene, doctors believed that Lena and Ina, in the downstairs bedroom, were killed last, which is probably why the axe was left there. Inspecting Lena’s body, they noticed she was the only one with an apparent defensive wound, on her arm. They also questioned if she’d been sexually assaulted, but the only evidence was her nightgown pushed up to her waist, and no undergarments. Doctors assumed she had been awake when attacked, and moved around, but that doesn’t entirely rule out being molested post-mortem. Doctors also formed an opinion as to the timeline of the murders. They believed Josiah and Sarah were attacked first, then the children in the upstairs bedrooms. After this, Josiah and Sarah were attacked again, and lastly Lena and Ina were attacked. Josiah sustained more blows than the others and his face was disfigured beyond recognition. He was also hit with the blade of the axe, while the others were bludgeoned with the blunt end. It seemed the killer had it out for Josiah. Doctors estimated the time of the deaths to be sometime after midnight. The coroner who inspected the bodies, Dr. Linquist, called a coroner’s jury together late that afternoon, though they did not actually enter the house and view the bodies until several hours later. It was after 10:00 pm when Linquist gave the undertaker permission to remove the bodies, and 2:00 in the morning by the time all eight bodies had been transported. The fire station was used as a temporary morgue. The coroner’s jury assembled together on June 11th. Fourteen witnesses testified, the first of which was Mary Peckham. Mary explained she had not seen the Moore family and Stillinger sisters arrive home on the night of their murder; she’d already been in bed, having retired at 8:00. She heard no noises during the night that would have roused her suspicion. She told of how she hung her laundry between 5:00 and 6:00 the next morning and the Moore house was quiet and still by 7:00, which concerned her, because they would usually be doing their chores by then. She went over to the house and attempted to wake the Moore family, then let their chickens out for them. She checked on the rest of the livestock and found they were all still tied up. She then called Ross Moore’s house and spoke with his wife to find out if perhaps the Moore family had gone out of town. After she spoke with Ross’ wife, Mary saw one of Josiah Moore’s employees, Ed Selley, tending to the livestock. Ross arrived shortly after the phone call with a key, and Mary stayed on the porch while Ross looked around inside the home. Ross came out before long and told her to call the police. Mary also testified that the doors had all been locked with a key when she’d arrived at the house, but no key was left in the door. Ed Selley was next to testify. He stated that he opened Josiah’s store on the morning of June 10th and later received a phone call from Ross Moore asking him if he knew where Josiah was. Ed called Josiah’s parents’ house to ask if he’d visited his father, but Josiah’s mother explained he was not there. Ed next received a call from Mary Peckham, who asked him if Josiah was at the store, and told him the livestock needed tending. Ed then went to Josiah Moore’s house, fed the horses, and returned to the store, where shortly after, he received a call asking him to bring the town’s marshal back to the Moore house. He returned with the marshal, and the group planned to go in together, though Peckham and Moore had already been inside, according to Ed. The group entered and as soon as Ed saw the blood on the bed, he went outside. When the marshal came out of the home, he declared they had all been killed: “killed in every bed,” then left to call the coroner. Ed returned to the store to call the John Deere company to report the news. Ed additionally testified, upon being asked if Josiah had any enemies, that he had one brother-in-law that “don’t like [him]. Said he would get even with [him] some time.” That brother-in-law was Sam Moyer. Ed stated he had no more information about anyone who may want to kill the Moore family and was excused. Next to testify was the first physician to inspect the home and the bodies, Dr. J. Clark Cooper. Dr. Cooper accompanied Horton to the house, where Horton retrieved the keys, and he, Cooper, along with another doctor (Dr. Hough), and the Presbyterian minister (Mr. Ewing) all entered the house. Cooper first entered the downstairs bedroom where Lena and Ina’s bodies were. “All we could see was a [sic] arm of some one [sic] sticking from under the edge of the cover with the blood on the pillows, and I went over and lifted the covers, and saw what I supposed was a body — some entire stranger, and a mere child at the back of the bed, I did not recognize them at all, neither did any of the people, the others then that were with me, and we merely saw that they were dead, and that there were only two in the bed and then we stepped out into the parlor.” He then spoke of the condition of the bodies, which he admitted he personally did not touch. He stated that the bedding, stiff around the victims’ heads, was caked with blood and brain matter which had turned into a “perfect jelly.” He estimated the bodies had all been dead around 5-6 hours. He said he smelled no unusual odor in the house and the victims’ faces must have been covered after their deaths. “I saw no clothes sticking into any of the wounds, in my superfacial [sic] examinations, neither did I see any clothing that had any holes in it, I mean any of the sheets or pillows, nothing had a hole in it.” Jesse Moore, Ross’ wife, testified next and told her story of Mary Peckham calling her. Later that day, a neighbor came to her and told her the news of the murders. She went to the house herself to retrieve family photographs for the press. She, like Ed, had no information of anyone who might cause harm to the family. Next came the doctor who truly examined the bodies, Dr. F. S. Williams. He stated he was stopped on the street by Ed Selley, who told him a doctor was wanted at the Moore house. As he arrived, Dr. Cooper and someone he believed was Marshal Horton were stepping onto the front porch. Dr. Williams testified he smelled no odor of anesthetic in the house, nothing was noticeably out of place, and the faces of the victims were all still covered. When asked to describe the positions of the bodies. He stated that Josiah and Sarah’s bed was facing the east, with their heads at the west end. Josiah lay on the left side, on his back, with a hand on his chest and Sarah lay beside him. He stated that their faces were beaten in. In the bedroom to the south, there were three beds. In the one on the east side of the room lay a little boy, the top of his head beaten in. A gauze undershirt was laid over his head, soaked in blood, and Dr. Williams raised it to see which child it was. In the southeast corner of the room was another bed with a little girl, her head bashed in. “[O]n the top of her bed was a little dress and it was all blood spattered, and I think it was partly curled up over her head and covers pulled up over her face…” In the southwest corner of the room was another small bed, this one with two little boys in it. Both their heads were also smashed, and “blood spattered on everything, and blood over the pillows.” Williams entered the downstairs bedroom and found Lena and Ina. He described Lena by stating, “[S]he had evidently moved after having been struck, or had been moved, the blood was all scattered over the pillows, apparently she had been struck on the head, squirmed down in the bed, perhaps one-third of the way, and left hand was thrown back, was sticking up below the pillow, and her head was all beaten in…” The back of Ina’s head was beaten in, too. “I did not recognize either one of them little girls. Little girl in front of the bed [Lena], I thought looked familiar, but she was so mutilated that I wasn’t able to identify her at that time, and I think over the girl to the back of the bed [Ina] was a little boys grey coat, and it had been thrown over her head, and there was clothing, some clothing on the floor, some underwear, and [I] noticed some under the bed and also the dresses hanging up, laying or hanging up on the wall, or the foot of the bed, I forget which, there was no blood on it.” He did not see any evidence of rape in any of the bodies. He also testified he found no footprints at the crime scene. Another witness, staying at his mother’s house near the Moore house, Edward Landers, testified he had gone to bed just before 9:00 on Sunday evening and, shortly before he fell asleep, he heard a strange noise. He described this noise as being like, “one boy hooting for another on the outside somewhere.” He stated the sound occurred at regular intervals, but he did not think much of it and fell asleep. Upon hearing of the murders the next morning, he questioned whether or not it may have been a girl moaning. He testified the noise occurred approximately around 11:00 that night. The only strangers he’d seen in the area were paper cleaners that stopped by his mother’s house around 10:15 on the Saturday evening. Ross Moore testified as well, and he, too, could not name anyone who may wish to cause harm to the family. One of Josiah Moore’s brothers, Fenwick Moore, testified that he didn’t know much about Josiah’s business affairs and knew of no one who wanted him dead. Marshal Horton testified, as did another of Josiah’s brothers, Harry Moore, testified. He was questioned about Sam Moyer and the elder Van Gilder, but he knew nothing about Josiah’s business or personal affairs. The Stillinger family testified they found nothing out of the ordinary about the Moore’s request for Lena and Ina to attend church service with the Moore family, or to spend the night. The family also stated they tried to call the family on three separate occasions Sunday morning, but nobody answered. That did not draw their suspicion. Another of Josiah’s brothers, Charles, testified last. He could not positively identify the axe found at the crime scene as being Josiah’s but did state Josiah kept an axe in the coal shed. He also testified he thought it was habit for Josiah to lock the house before bed. He explained that when he visited the house in the morning in the past, the door was always locked, and he had to wait for someone to unlock it from the inside. Judging by this, it’s understandable why it is speculated the killer had to lie in wait within the house for the family to come home. One notable thing about the Villisca case is that, though it remains unsolved, there has never been a shortage of suspects, even at the time of the murders and the years that followed. There have been numerous confessions and even more suspects ranging from suspicious hobos to prominent officials in the state to serial killers. Despite the mass amount of leads, none of the leads officially panned out. On Sunday, June 10th, before the coroner’s jury had even gathered, Reverend George Kelley left Villisca, Iowa, by train. His leaving, coupled with his strange behavior after the crime, has caused countless people to believe he committed the crime. He was tried twice for the crime, though he was never convicted. Reverend Kelly was a travelling minister who, the evening before the murders, was preaching at the Children’s Day exercises in Villisca, coordinated with the help of Sarah Moore. He was mentally disturbed, having been troubled as an adolescent and even more so as an adult, reportedly a peeping tom who asked women and girls to pose nude for him. He also wrote letters to police and the victims’ families asking about the murders. He had been on investigators’ radar since he displayed such interest in the murders, but once he was admitted to a mental hospital in 1914, their interest in him peaked. In 1917, he was arrested, and he confessed, although it was after many hours of interrogation; amid rumors he was tortured into confessing. He later recanted his confession and ultimately tried twice for the murders. The first trial resulted in a hung jury, and the second ended in acquittal. In the days after the murder, the citizens of Villisca began to suspect any stranger in their town, namely vagrants and transients. One vagrant suspected of the crime was Andy Sawyer, whose name appeared in many Grand Jury testimonies and who many people still look at with suspicion to this day. Sawyer’s employer was the one who initially reported him to the police, suspecting him of being the murderer. The employer was Thomas Dyer, a bridge foreman and pile driver for the Burlington Railroad, in Burlington, Iowa. Dyer reported that Sawyer had originally approached his crew in Creston at around 6:00 in the morning on the day the bodies would be discovered, freshly shaven, though his boots were caked with mud and his pants wet up to his knees. Sawyer asked for a job, and Dyer, in need of another man, hired him on the spot. However, that evening, when the crew entered Fontenelle, Iowa, Sawyer bought a newspaper and went off to read it. The front page touted the grisly details of the mass murder in Villisca, and Sawyer was, as Dyers described, “much interested in it.” Dyer’s crew quickly began to complain to him about how Sawyer slept with his clothes on, holding an axe, and was nervous to be alone as well as frequently talking about the murders in Villisca, asking whether or not the culprit had been apprehended. Dyers had grown suspicious of him and called the police. Before the police arrived, Dyers walked up behind Sawyer and observed him rubbing his head with both hands before suddenly jumping up and saying to himself, “I will cut your goddamn heads off!” While swinging his axe, then hitting the piles in front of him. Dyer’s son, J.R., testified that, as the crew drove through Villisca, Sawyer told him he would show him where the killer made his escape. “He said the man that did the job jumped over a manure box which he pointed out about 1½ blocks away and then showed where he crossed the railroad track and there were footprints in the soggy ground north of the embankment. He then said for me to look on the other side of the car and he would show me an old tree where he said the murderer stepped into the creek.” When J.R. looked, he saw the tree about four blocks away, south of the track. In a turn of events that makes Sawyer’s actions stranger, it was revealed during the investigation into his whereabouts that night he was in Osceola, Iowa. He had been arrested for vagrancy and the sheriff recalled putting him on a train to leave town around 11:00 pm. However, it is unclear whether or not he would have been able to make it to Villisca around the time the murders occurred, a full 71 miles from Osceola. It may well be possible he did commit the crime. On June 15, 1912, a man named Joe Ricks was detained in Monmouth, Illinois, after stepping off a train with shoes covered in blood. A witness who had seen a strange man asking for directions to the Moore house before the murder was brought in to view Ricks as the same man. The witness was Fay Van Gilder, the 16-year-old niece of Joe and Sarah, who told Sarah about the strange man. Sarah was aware that a man matching the description had been hanging around their house. Upon seeing Ricks, Fay said he was not the same man she had seen. A newspaper wrote, “Ricks has given a fairly good account of himself to the authorities. He said that the bloodstained shoes he was wearing when arrested he had obtained in a trade from a tramp.” Detective James Wilkerson of the Burns Detective Agency would sleuth out his own culprits, and motives, for the murders. He believed a man named Frank Jones had hired William Mansfield to kill Josiah Moore and his family. Frank Jones was a reputable resident of Villisca, as well as an Iowa state senator. Josiah Moore had worked at Jones’ store for many years, but eventually left and began his own store. When he left, he took along a very profitable John Deere deal with him, and his store drew business away from Jones; which upset Jones. It was also rumored that Moore was carrying on an affair with Jones’ daughter-in-law, Dona. Both Jones and his son profusely denied any relation to the crime. The man accused of actually committing the murders was also known as George Worley and Jack Turnbaugh. This man, Mansfield, Wilkerson alleged, was a cocaine addict and serial killer. Wilkerson believed Mansfield was responsible for axe murders committed in Paola, Kansas, four days before the Villisca murders, of Jennie Peterson and Jennie Miller in Aurora, Colorado, and even the murder of his own wife, infant child, father-in-law, and mother-in-law in 1914. These murders, according to Wilkerson, were all committed in the same manner, which he believed proved the same man committed all of them. He also asserted that he could place Mansfield in all the areas on the dates of all the crimes. He stated that in every case, the victims were killed with an axe, every mirror in the house covered (though no evidence that truly occurred at the Villisca scene), and a lamp with the chimney off left at the foot of a bed. Additionally, in each case, there was a basin in which the killer washed himself off after the murder, and no fingerprints were found at any of the scenes. Wilkerson professed that the lack of fingerprints was the strongest evidence that Mansfield was the killer; according to him, Mansfield had worn gloves because his fingerprints were on file at the federal military prison at Leavenworth. Wilkerson, with his claims of what appeared to be strong evidence, convinced a Grand Jury to open an investigation into Mansfield in 1916. Mansfield was arrested. However, payroll records showed he was in Illinois at the time of the murders in Villisca. He was later released due to a lack of evidence and eventually filed a lawsuit against Wilkerson and was awarded $2,225. Wilkerson, meanwhile, was convinced that Jones had pressured investigators to release Mansfield and arrest Reverend Kelly instead. A federal officer assigned to the Villisca case stated, in May 1913, he had solved it, as well as 22 others that had occurred in the Midwest around the same time period. He stated Henry Lee Moore was responsible for all the crimes, thus making him the second serial killer suspect. Moore (no relation to the deceased) had been convicted of killing his mother and grandmother just months after the Villisca murders. The crime was committed in Missouri, and the weapon used was an axe, and the murder was committed with the same level of brutality as those in Villisca. Henry Moore lived in Iowa in 1900, at age 26, working as a farm hand. He was rumored to have had a child with the farmer’s daughter. He was arrested on a forgery charge and sent to Kansas State Reformatory and eventually released on April 11, 1911. After his release, during the winter of 1911 and the summer of 1912, he lived with his mother and grandmother. His father had passed away sometime before 1910. He would later leave to take a job working for the railroad, which may have enabled him to travel and kill all over the Midwest. During the Villisca investigation, other axe murders in the surrounding areas were brought to the attention of investigators. Just nine months before the crime, two families were bludgeoned to death with an axe in Colorado Springs. A month later, in October 1911, a family was axed in Illinois, and a week after, five members of a family were killed in Kansas. A week before the Villisca slaying, a man and his wife were killed in another Kansas town — Paola. Which was, ironically, where one murder William Mansfield was accused of, was committed. The murder Mansfield was accused of may have been committed by Moore, as it occurred four days before the Villisca murder. The federal officer on the Villisca case, M.W. McClaughry, heard of Moore’s conviction from his father, the warden of the Leavenworth Kansas Federal Penitentiary. McClaughry was convinced Moore had committed all 22 murders, including the one in Villisca. However, his statement accusing Moore went largely overlooked and unheard. Moore was never charged with any additional murders. He was paroled by the governor of Missouri on December 2, 1949, after serving 36 years of his life sentence. On July 30, 1956, when Moore was 82, the governor commuted his sentence. On March 19, 1917, a newspaper declared, “The Rev. J.J. Burris, of Terrillton, Okla., has arrived in Red Oak with a subpoena from the Montgomery county grand jury, which, for the past ten days has been investigating the Villisca murder mystery.” The minister stated that a man “whose name he was unable to recall” had confessed to him on his deathbed he had committed the murders in Villisca. The confession was made in a hotel in Montana in July 1913, just a little over a year after the murder. The reverend was quoted as saying, “When I arrived at the bedside I saw at a glance he was at death’s door. He was in torment and lived only a short time after I arrived. Death was said to have been due to delirium tremens [….]. He said he had been guilty of many wrongs and wanted to make a clean breast before he died. He seemed to know that he had but a short while to live. His life was passing rapidly, and it was with great difficulty that he spoke. He was physically unable to dwell much on details. The man sank back among the pillows. A great load seemed to have been lifted from his mind. In a few minutes he breathed his last.” The man, according to Reverend Burris, had been in the blacksmith business in Villisca, and still had relatives in the town. The reverend said the man was about twenty-five years old when he died. The newspaper stated, “Mr. Burris said he did not remember ever having seen the man before he was called to the bedside. He said the man claimed to have known him when he lived in Iowa years ago. Asked if he had ever heard the story told by Mr. Burris, Albert Jones, who with his father, F.F. Jones, of Villisca, are being investigated in connection with the ax (sic) murder Saturday, declared that he had and that he did not attach much importance to it.” Detective Wilkerson, who was seeking indictments against several citizens of Villisca, said the story did not stand up. A newspaper in Detroit in 1931, told of another confession: “George Meyers, 48, prisoner in county jail here awaiting sentence for burglary, has confessed to the axe murder of six persons (sic) — a man, his wife and their four children — in Villisca, Iowa, 18 years ago, it was learned here tonight. Meyers’ alleged confession came after five hours of grilling by detectives Max Richman and Earl Anderson who had received an anonymous tip by letter to check up on the prisoner. Fingerprints of Meyers, sent to the sheriff of Montgomery County, Iowa, are said to have checked with fingerprints found at the scene of the crime.” Meyers, true name Leroy Robinson, stated in his confession that a businessman he didn’t know hired him for $5,000 to kill the Moore family, who he also did not know. The offer came through an underworld acquaintance he’d met in Kansas City. This acquaintance took him to Villisca, where they met the businessman who placed the hit. The confession stated, “I never knew what the man’s name was. He pointed out the house of this family he wanted wiped out. I demanded part of my money from him before I did the job. He gave me $2,000 and said he would give me the rest afterwards. I got an axe and entered the house about midnight. I killed them all, the man his wife and their four children. They were all asleep. A little while after, I again met this man who had hired me and told him the job was done. I wanted the rest of my money. He said I’d have to wait.” Once the businessman told Meyers he would not pay him until he was certain the family was dead, Meyers panicked, thinking police might catch him, and left town. Meyers denied killing the Stillinger sisters. A newspaper published a report: “Leroy Robinson, alias George Meyers, who Saturday confessed the slaying of six persons in Iowa in 1912, and who yesterday was said to have headed a plot of 10 prisoners to break out of the county jail, was sentenced to from 14½ to 15 years in the Michigan state prison at Jackson today. Robinson’s confession that he killed six persons at Villisca, Indiana, does not tally with the record of the crime, officers said. Eight persons were killed, Robinson’s confession accounted for only six.” It is still possible that Meyers committed the crime. Perhaps he felt especially guilty about killing two children that he was not supposed to, per the agreement to kill the Moore family. Considering some of the evidence, it may very well have been a young, inexperienced criminal who had never taken a hit job before and did not truly want to. The covering up of the victims’ faces indicates that the killer may have actually known them, or, alternatively, that he felt remorse for his crimes. Who could this be? Reverend George Kelly had been preaching at the services; perhaps he was familiar enough with them to feel guilty for killing them, but there appears to be no motive for him to kill the family. It is unlikely that Andy Sawyer would have had the motive to cover the victims’ faces, since they were total strangers to him. It’s also unlikely that Henry Moore, who did not know the victims and was likely a remorseless serial killer, would have covered their faces, as well. Frank Jones may have hired someone to kill Josiah Moore, but it seems unlikely that it was William Mansfield, who appears not to have the motive to cover the victims. A likely suspect may be George Meyers; it seems that, according to his confession, he felt uneasy about the crime and felt even more uneasy afterwards. Perhaps he is the one who would have had the motive to cover his victims’ faces. It is said the little house on the quiet street, once the site of a crime that shocked the Midwest, is haunted by the spirits of the children killed there. Tours of the house go on today, and children’s voices being heard as well as objects moving often cut the tours short. Paranormal investigators flock to the home, and even try to ask the spirits who killed them. One such paranormal investigator, perhaps psyched out by the investigation, critically stabbed himself in the home in 2014. It seems this land may not be able to get enough bloodshed. Regardless of if the home is truly haunted by lost souls, the story of that fateful night in June has become, like many of these cases, the stuff of legend. A century has passed, and still no closer to discovering who committed the heinous mass murder. Like many time-worn cases, it seems everyone has a theory, but none of those theories fully pan out or stand up under scrutiny. The town changed immensely that night; people suspected each other. At this point, it is unlikely we will ever conclusively know who killed the beloved family and their two young guests. Witnesses and suspects have since died, though the shadow over the town has not. The memory of the mass axe murder and its victims lives on to this very day. Clementine Barnabet Law enforcement had been interrogating the teenaged girl for weeks now, and she hadn’t spoken a word except to proclaim her innocence. Now, however, she surprised them by openly confessing to seventeen murders, sparing none of the gruesome, gory details about how she hacked to pieces both adults and young children alike with an axe. This was entirely unexpected, though law enforcement had their suspicions even before her arrest, even before the dress covered in blood and brain matter was found in her closet. Clementine was seventeen with a petite and pretty face; a picture of her shows the sweet-looking face decorated with an impish smirk. She was biracial, though newspapers and police officers would usually state she was black, and it would be reported she was taller than every member of her all-male jury once she went on trial. Despite her sweet face, Clementine Barnabet confessed to brutal serial murders inspired by hoodoo and her necrophiliac habits with corpses. Reporters would later theorize she was the leader of a murdering voodoo cult, along the lines of the Manson Family. Then Clementine would vanish without a trace. Upon interviewing Clementine, she would allege she had committed 35 murders. In actuality, the murders of roughly ten families and one attempted murder occurred, six of which are believed to be tied to the Human Five; which was thought to be linked to Clementine Barnabet. Read Now on Amazon Clementine confessed to the seventeen murders by her own hand, all of which she committed before she even turned eighteen. Some assert the first murder in the chain of killings was that of Edna Opelousas and her three children, decapitated and dismembered in Rayne, Louisiana, in November 1909. The first murder Clementine confessed to seems to be the Opelousas family murder. Clementine would have been fourteen or fifteen at this time. If she truly did kill the Opelousas family, she began her murderous career at an early age. She stated in her confession she had moved with her father to Lafayette in that very year. Yet, after her first murder, she went back to her sister’s house, then took a train to Lafayette. If her sister’s house was in Clementine’s birthplace of St. Martinville, that was 35 miles from Rayne, where the murders took place, which means she could have easily made the trip. Just over a year later and just a little under eight miles away from the first crime scene, on February 11, 1911, Walter Byers, his wife, and son were slain in their home at 605 Western Avenue in West Crowley, Louisiana. The first police officer to arrive, Officer Ballew, found the family in their beds, the sheets saturated with blood. All three had their skulls split wide open with an axe, which stood in the corner near the head of the bed beside a bucket full of blood. Bloody footprints covered the floor and the scene was a sickening one. Though crime wasn’t uncommon in this poor section of town, it was certainly not common to have any this shocking and gruesome. An entire family slain by an intruder or intruders who, quite apparently, entered through the window: “Brained them with an axe,” as the newspapers would later put it, then filled a bucket with their blood and left, not stealing a thing from the house. Apparently, the assailant came only to kill. On February 24th, the killer struck again, this time slaughtering the Andrus family in nearby Lafayette. At 7:00 am, Nina Martin sat at her kitchen table when her son, Lezimie Felix, rushed in and told her that her sister and brother-in-law had been murdered. Nina went to her sister’s house and found the Andrus family dead. The crime scene was ritualistic, the bodies posed in a ghastly manner. The husband and wife were propped up, knelt at the bedside, with the woman’s arms about her husband’s neck, as if they were praying. The two children, a baby and a toddler, were on the bed. Blood soaked the bed and brain matter was caked on the bedding. Once more, the family had been brutally murdered with an axe. Nothing was stolen from the home, and it seemed the killer entered through the kitchen door. Suspects and leads surfaced, but none of them panned out. On March 22nd, when the Casaway family was murdered in Beaumont, a change appeared in the victims the killer targeted. In the previous two cases, the families had been black, however, Louis Casaway’s wife was white, and their children biracial. This caused law enforcement to suspect the unknown killer had targeted them because they were a mixed-race family. Police zeroed in on known criminal Raymond Barnabet, a sharecropper living in Lafayette, also a petty criminal, as their suspect for the Byers and Andrus murders, and considered him as possibly having something to do with the Casaway murders. Raymond’s common-law wife had grown suspicious of him; after a confrontation with him, she told a friend she suspected he might have something to do with the murders. Lafayette Parish Sheriff Louis LaCoste, who had been investigating the murders, arrested Raymond, but lacked the evidence to hold him, and subsequently had to release him. After investigating further, Sheriff LaCoste re-arrested Raymond, placing him in the Lafayette Parish jail. At Raymond’s trial in mid-October, his common-law wife, Nina Porter, his son Zepherin, and 17-year-old daughter Clementine, testified against him, which opened up a new avenue of leads for law enforcement. All three told different accounts of what had happened on the night of the Andrus family’s murder. Nina Porter testified that Raymond had left their house at around 7:00 pm that night, saying he had to go to nearby Broussard. He would jump a train heading that way. He, according to Nina, wore “a blue shirt or jumper.” He arrived home at 2:00 am and became angry that Nina had not saved him any dinner. He was also angry that he had lost his pipe, which he always smoked on the train. Though fuming, Barnabet simply went to sleep. Clementine, however, offered a far more horrific account. In her testimony, Raymond had come home around sunrise, wearing the blue shirt Nina had described, though it was covered in blood and brain matter. Raymond walked around in the house, smoking his pipe, though in his wife’s testimony, he had lost his pipe. Clementine stated she later washed the blood out of his clothes. She testified that Raymond declared he had just killed an entire family, and threatened to do the same to Nina, Clementine, and Zepherin if they snitched to anyone. Meanwhile, Zepherin told the court his father had come into the house that night wearing only an undershirt and trousers, which were covered with blood and brain matter. Raymond’s hands and face were also covered in blood. Zepherin said Raymond then proceeded to shout at him to bring him his pipe, after which he announced that he’d just “killed the whole damn Andrus family.” Zepherin ended his statement by begging the court to keep his father behind bars, due to his threatening and violent manner, which had gone on even before the murder. The authorities viewed the Barnabet family, particularly Clementine and Zepherin, as having “very bad reputations” and being “filthy, shifty, degenerate examples of the lowest African type.” Authorities also believed both siblings knew more about the murders than they portrayed. Defense attorneys, meanwhile, filed motions for a new trial. There were three bases for the motions: the first being that Raymond had been drunk during the trial and was not fully capable of having testified in his own defense, the second being that the jury had failed to follow the judge’s instructions during deliberations, and the third being that the prosecution had failed to provide a motive for the murders. The court ruled, on the basis that the prosecution’s evidence was inconsistent, that Raymond be granted a new trial. But, while Raymond was in jail, another brutal axe murder was committed. On November 27, 1911, the Randall family was murdered: Norbert Randall, his wife Azema, and four of their children, Albert Sise, 8, Renee, 6, Norbert Jr., 5, and Agnes, 2. The family were all in bed, in two beds in the same room, and were mutilated. All had been struck behind the ear with the reverse of the axe blade. Norbert had also been shot in the head. The axe stood at the head of the bed, washed clean of blood. The mangled bodies were discovered by the surviving Randall child, a ten-year-old girl, who had spent the night at her uncle’s house. Law enforcement began to draw the conclusion that the murders had been committed by multiple people, working together at one scene. Sheriff LaCoste arrested Clementine Barnabet on the day after the Randall murders. A women’s suit coated with blood and brain matter had been found in her closet. Police also arrested Zepherin, thinking it impossible for young Clementine to have carried the children’s bodies by herself. Also arrested were two other men, Edwin Charles and Gregory Porter. Law enforcement began to work on connecting each suspect to each murder. Clementine was interrogated about the bloody clothes found in her room, to which she merely laughed and stated she had nothing to do with the crime. Zepherin produced an alibi for the night of the murders, but until that was confirmed, he was kept in the local jail, along with Porter and Charles. Clementine was also in jail, held until more evidence was uncovered. The bloody clothes found in Clementine’s closet were sent to New Orleans for chemical analysis. During this time, Clementine maintained her innocence, though she never attempted to explain away the bloody suit. Several people came forward on Clementine’s defense, stating she had been “running the streets” the night of the Randall murders, and couldn’t be responsible. Meanwhile, police began to come up with a theory about what had happened on the night of the murders. Clementine had gone to the Randall residence, grabbing an axe on her way in. She killed Norbert Randall first, then his wife, then went to the children’s bedroom and murdered them one by one. According to the coroner, Norbert’s head wound occurred post-mortem, though police were unable to find the pistol used on him. They still clung to the theory that Clementine would have been unable to commit this crime, nor the others, without accomplices to assist her. Clementine’s background continued to be investigated by law enforcement, which consequently revealed a motive for the crimes, as well as proving that a group of people were responsible for the murders. Zepherin and the other two men were released, due to authorities being unable to prove they had participated in the crimes. During Sheriff LaCoste’s investigation into to Clementine Barnabet, he uncovered a cult which some of the victims belonged to called, the “Church of Sacrifice.” Taking inspiration from Reverend King Harris’s preaching, members were “intensely moved and impressed by the teaching of the testament sacrificial ideas and ceremonies that they [were] incited to commit heinous crimes.” (The Daily Picayune, January 12, 1912.) Though Clementine was in jail, more families were slain. On January 18, 1912, around noon in Crowley, Louisiana, Harriet Crane asked a neighbor if he had seen her daughter across the street, due to the fact that the house looked empty. Harriet’s daughter, Marie Warner, lived there with her three children, Pearl, 9, Garey, 7, and Harriet, 2. Her husband had recently moved to Beaumont, leaving her to care for the children on her own. The neighbor had not seen Marie, so he accompanied Harriet across the street and found the back door ajar. The two, now frightened, got a young man to go inside the house. There, he found the marred bodies of the family of four piled on a bed in the front room. When police arrived, they found a bloody axe in the room, as well as two sets of footprints in the mud outside the backdoor. Three days later, January 21st, at 10:00 am, in nearby Lake Charles, Louisiana, police found the bodies of Felix Broussard, his wife, and their three children, all of whom were under the age of eight. The children’s bodies, with their skulls crushed and disfigured by an axe, were all piled onto one bed. The axe was found underneath their parents’ bed. The killer(s) entered the house through the kitchen window. A Bible verse, written on the front door (some sources say in blood, though others state it was in pencil) read, “When he maketh the inquisition for blood, he forgetteth not the cry of the humble.” Above the door was written, “Human Five.” The killer or killers had placed a bucket under the children’s heads to catch the blood coming from their injuries. Each finger on each victim’s hand was held splayed apart, with wooden pins and rolled up pieces of paper. The connection between the five victims, the five fingers splayed apart, and the words “Human Five” were too strong to be overlooked by law enforcement. Sheriff LaCoste decided to investigate this cult and subsequently Reverend Harris, who he arrested just after the Broussard murders, partially for the reverend’s protection and partially to question him about the Church of Sacrifice. Reverend Harris stated that the Church of Sacrifice was an unofficial sect of the Christ Sanctified Holy Church in Lake Charles, Louisiana, but, as far as he knew, the sect did not condone or advocate the senseless killing of innocent men, women, or children. He told authorities, they hoped for people to “follow in the footsteps of Christ, believing in the Holy Ghost and [in] fire and not immersion, pouring, or sprinkling.” Reverend Harris further stated that nothing in the teachings of his church excused the recent string of murders. African Americans in the communities affected beseeched law enforcement to provide answers as to whether or not they identified the murderers, or, if not, how close they were. The killings continued despite two suspects being behind bars, and this greatly worried the community. In Breaux Bridge, Louisiana, a small farming community, the whole African-American community began sleeping with weapons and taking turns keeping watch at night. People began to grow suspicious of one another. On Sunday, February 11, 1912, 150 African-Americans from the areas in which the crimes occurred gathered at the Good Hope Baptist Church in Lafayette. The African-American citizens of Lafayette assured them they would “render all assistance” to the law enforcement of their city to help bring the perpetrators to justice, and they would supply any information that may help law enforcement capture the murderers. They even promised to act as agents of law enforcement to put a stop to the brutality. They ended by acknowledging the white citizens of Lafayette for their “instruction and advice.” On Tuesday, February 20, 1912, in Beaumont, Texas, another murder occurred, this time of Hatie Dove, 26, Ethel Dove, 16, Ernest Dove, 14, and Jamie Quirk, 13. An axe was found at the crime scene, having been stolen from a yard two blocks away. It had been wiped clean of blood, with the bloodied towel lying nearby. Law enforcement speculated that whoever committed this crime committed those in Louisiana. They believed that, with Clementine and Raymond Barnabet still in jail, the two (or even just Clementine) were dictating to followers who and where to murder next. A letter arrived to Sheriff LaCoste, from New Orleans. He didn’t know whether or not it was reliable information, but one sentence in particular stuck in his, and other law enforcements, mind; “There is a leader who goes from town to town selecting victims.” Two weeks after the Dove murders, Clementine finally began to talk. Though she had denied any involvement in the crimes and remained silent thus far, she now gave a full confession. Clementine began by telling how she was born and raised near St. Martinville, Louisiana, and moved to Lafayette in 1909, at which time her life became one of “degradation.” She then told how, during a visit to the New Iberia area, she and her friends, two men and two women, encountered an old black woman who introduced them to hoodoo. It was then that Clementine bought “candja” bags from a supposed hoodoo conjurer. The old woman informed the group that these bags would protect them from being caught by police should they commit a crime. It was then that Clementine decided to test out these candja bags. In the dark of night, Clementine dressed herself as a man and stole an axe to commit her first murder. She stated she saw the mother on the bed and decided she would enter the cabin and “there begin the work which we had planned.” She entered the house and struck the woman on the right temple, killing her instantly. It was then that one of the children woke up, from the noise of his mother being slain. “Before the child could raise his head from the pillow,” Clementine said, “I struck a blow somewhere near the left ear, then I struck the other two.” This was likely the Opelousas murder. After she was finished, Clementine left the men’s clothing and changed into her own clothing and went back to her sister’s house. From there, she took a night train to Lafayette, arriving home around midnight. Once more, it makes one wonder why she went back to her sister’s house, which may have been 35 miles away from the crime scene, only to go on home to Lafayette. Clementine added she only used a gun once; in the murder of Norbert Randall. She told the police about every murder she had committed, sparing not one gruesome detail. She also admitted to her necrophilic habit of fondling the bodies once she killed them, in which case, “the sex of the dead object of her caresses did not matter.” She told police she killed the children because she did not want them to be “orphans in the world.” It was Zepherin, she alleged, who insisted she testify against her father. Though Clementine maintained that it was she, alone, who committed the murders in Lafayette, police believed that Clementine, Zepherin, and Raymond led others to kill. The district attorney for the Lafayette Parish reasoned that the string of murders in Texas were copycat killings, unrelated to those in Louisiana. In his opinion, Clementine was, “a moral pervert” and he gave her “little credit for her attempts to involve [an]other and probably mythical person.” Despite his beliefs, the investigation into those who were believed to be doing Clementine’s bidding continued. The public could not believe, upon reading Clementine’s confession in the paper, that this teenage girl possessed the ability and desire to kill so brutally. Though law enforcement of the area began to lose their belief that Clementine actually led a murderous cult, charges were finally filed against her, though only for one of the murders. The district attorney filed these charges against Clementine Barnabet on April 4, 1912, stating, “On the 27th day of November A.D. 1911, [Clementine Barnabet] did unlawfully, willingly, feloniously, and of her malice aforethought kill and murder the Randall family.” Newspapers latched on to the cult theory immediately and reported the frightening details of Clementine’s confession and her statements of cult involvement. Clementine had reportedly eagerly told her story to any newspaper that would listen, and newspapers, in turn, went on to attribute 35 deaths to her and her supposed cult. The Valley Sentinel reported on April 5th that Clementine, “cleared the mystery that has surrounded the murderers of seventeen negroes in western Louisiana and has given clues which are suspected to fix the guilt for eighteen others in this state and Texas, which have been charged to the mysterious ‘axe man.’” From her tale, it appears she led a mysterious negro cult, the members of which preformed the rites of ‘human sacrifice.’ She declared she killed seventeen of the victims with her own hands, according to police. Also said by the Valley Sentinel was that the cult held the belief that “by life sacrifice alone may a person gain immortality” and that Clementine “told her tale of wholesale slaughter with no apparent appreciation that the taking of human life was a crime.” Two days before the Valley Sentinel had reported on the “Human Five” cult murders, as they would come to be known, the San Francisco Call reported, “[Clementine] gave the police the names of two women who, she said, participated in the sacrifices, but would not identify the two men who, she alleged (sic), assisted. Tonight the authorities of this part of the state are seeking corroborative evidence. The grand jury is in session but is not expected to return indictments until confirmation of the story is obtained.” Police were able to verify both Clementine’s meeting with Reverend King Harris on the night of the Randall murders and her whereabouts at the time of the murders in Crowley and Rayne. Sheriff LaCoste arrested the alleged hoodoo conjurer who gave Clementine and her friends the candja bags, Joseph Thibodaux. When brought to Clementine’s cell, she identified him as the same man. As it happened, Thibodaux wasn’t a hoodoo conjurer; he was merely someone who dabbled in root-based medicine, and one newspaper assured its readers that Thibodaux was actually quite “peaceful” and “harmless” and was “noted for the practice of conjuring warts away.” Meanwhile, Sheriff Fontenot, from Crowley, Louisiana, stated that Clementine’s confession was too inconsistent to be reliable. He doubted Clementine was responsible for any murders. During this time, in San Antonio, yet another axe murder was committed. On April 12, 1912, authorities found the bodies of William Barton, his wife, their two children, and his brother-in-law, Leon Avers, all gruesomely mutilated like the others. Once more, law enforcement suspected that the killer or killers who committed the murders were probably the same who had murdered the families in Louisiana. On April 21, 1912, Zepherin Barnabet confessed that he and his father, Raymond, had killed the Andrus family, though Clementine, another black woman, and a man named Ute Thomas and his son Darman had acted as accessories to the murder. Thomas and his son were subsequently arrested, and Raymond was re-arrested. Clementine would only be tried for the Randall murder until investigators were able to find more proof she was responsible for the other murders. So they could not devise lies together, the Barnabet family and their accomplices were separated and kept in different jails around the parish. Law enforcement continued to hope that, eventually, the killer or killers would be identified, the cases would be solved, and the murders would cease. On August 20, 1912, another axe attack occurred in San Antonio, Texas, though this time, the victims were not killed. James Dashliel and his family were not only targeted in this instance but had been targeted by an unknown attacker three months earlier. The attacker returned this time, entering through an open window, and made their way to the bedroom of James and his wife. The would-be-murderer attacked Mrs. Dashliel first, bringing his axe down onto what he thought was her head, but Mrs. Dashliel had her arm across the top of her head, which took the blow. Mrs. Dashliel screamed and began to kick at her assailant, who was attempting to deliver a second blow, but as she kicked, his axe landed on her right foot. Mr. Dashliel awoke during this commotion and shot at the attacker. Though he missed, the attacker still fled. Again, the similarities between this attack and those in Louisiana caused authorities to draw the conclusion that a group of murderers were prowling the area, continuing the work they had done in Louisiana. Pistol sales increased as African-Americans in both states began to fear even more for their lives. Though the murders had not stopped, the community was slightly relieved that proceedings against Clementine Barnabet were beginning. Around October 16, 1912, defense attorneys for Clementine filed motions to have her examined by psychiatrists, to determine whether or not she was sane. Her attorneys said, “they have reason to believe that said defendant is insane, and she should not be brought to trial herein until the question of her mental condition, and her consequent moral and legal accountability or non-accountability for her acts and her statements is inquired into by a commission of experts in the diagnosis of mental diseases.” Three psychiatrists were summoned to examine Clementine and testified as to their findings on October 21, 1912, saying, “We found the subject to be morally depraved, unusually ignorant, and of a low-grade mentality, but not deficient in such a manner to constitute her imbecile or idiotic.” They determined that she did not have “acquired insanity.” Being judged sane, Clementine’s trial began that same day. At the end of the trial, on October 25, 1912, the jury gave a verdict of guilty to Clementine Barnabet. She was sentenced to life in prison in the State Penitentiary at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. At the time, people truly believed this murderess and possible cult leader would definitely receive the death sentence. Authorities hoped that, after the verdict, Clementine’s followers would cease their rampage. However, on November 22, 1912, another similar axe murder occurred in a third state. Law enforcement in Philadelphia, Mississippi, discovered the bodies of William Walmsley, his wife, and their four-year-old child, murdered with an axe. This murder, too, was attributed to the “sacrifice sect” that had once been led by Clementine Barnabet. As 1913 dawned, the murders ceased. Leads as to who the perpetrators were went cold, and the cases themselves appeared to go cold as well. It seemed as if, with Clementine behind bars and time going by, her influence over her supposed followers had waned. What happened to her purported accomplices, Ute and Darman Thomas, is unknown; it has been lost to history. Zepherin Barnabet was released from jail but arrested for a separate incident around November 5th. After this date, there is no record of him, or Raymond Barnabet, either. Clementine was brought to Angola State Penitentiary October 29, 1912. She attempted an escape July 31, 1913, but captured the same day. In 1918, she was assigned as a cane cutter. On August 28, 1923, Clementine Barnabet walked out the prison gates and vanished without a trace. She was never officially identified or captured. In 1902, the Louisiana legislature passed an act that allowed for commutation or diminution of life sentences if the prisoner requesting it had abided by the rules of the prison system and deserved clemency. Clementine reportedly had become a model prisoner, with only the one incident of her escape attempt to tarnish her record. A story appeared online ninety years later claiming to reveal what had happened to Clementine Barnabet. A woman, identified only as “voodoogal11,” told a story of visiting her great grandmother in 1985 to celebrate her 103rd birthday. During the woman’s visit, her great-grandmother told stories of a serial killer going on a murderous rampage in southeast Louisiana in 1911, and described Clementine Barnabet as, “a black woman so beautiful with alabaster skin and eyes so piercing she would look at you and turn you to stone.” She also told how Clementine’s gaze was so alluring and sensual that no man could resist her. She said Clementine would then whip her suitors to demonstrate her brutality. Voodoogal11 asked her great-grandmother if the story was true, or if she’d just invented it. “She just sipped her iced tea and continued rocking in her chair,” said voodoogal11. Later that year, her great-grandmother died. Voodoogal11 had never seen a picture of her great-grandmother when she was young, so, while in town for the funeral, she asked her grandmother to show her a picture of the woman when she was young. She started trembling. Her great-grandmother was Clementine Barnabet. It will forever remain unknown what happened to Clementine Barnabet, and so will the motive behind her crimes. It is still unclear if she led a bloodthirsty cult, or if her four friends who had also been gifted candja bags decided to continue her grisly work for her. Perhaps, the murders were really committed by Zepherin and Raymond Barnabet, and Clementine merely covered for them. However, this would not explain how the murders continued while the family were all imprisoned in 1912, unless the murders in Texas were copycat crimes. It has been proposed that the Axeman of New Orleans killings were connected to the copycat killings, which occurred after Clementine was arrested. Since Clementine was imprisoned in 1918 and 1919, it seems unlikely she committed the crimes. Although, there is one facet of the Axeman case that is reminiscent of Clementine’s murders; the men’s clothes abandoned at the Maggio home. The six-year period between Clementine’s confession and the Axeman murders would have been plenty of time to begin spreading her cult beliefs through prison and to the outside world, until her preaching eventually reached the Voodoo capital of the United States: New Orleans. What caused Clementine to snap and begin her murderous rampage? Was it truly the temptation of the candja bags? If so, why did she kill to test them out instead of merely thieving? Without a doubt, she was poor; stealing would have brought instantaneous reward to her. Some have speculated that, due to her societal placement as impoverished and due to her race in the definitely racially-biased deep south, Clementine felt powerless and hopeless. A sense of injustice dominated her existence, in psychologists’ mindsets, and she felt outraged. Instead of retaliating against her oppressors, she retaliated by murdering her peers. It is possible, also, that her father truly was violent and abusive to her and her family, and perhaps that only added to her feeling desolate, unwanted, wronged, and helpless. She likely had a lot of resentment and anger building up inside, and she must have needed to release it, although she chose an appalling way to do so. When she received those candja bags, she may have thought that it was finally her chance to get revenge on a society that had wronged her and made her feel unwanted. She did not have a happy family, so why not kill other families? Clementine certainly got her revenge. She not only terrorized a community herself, but someone or some people inspired by her, whether directly or indirectly, terrorized two entire states, and seemed to start attempting to terrorize a third. Clementine left her mark on the world, a horrible dark mark, which has not been forgotten, even now, over one hundred years later. Explore The Rest Of “Axe Murderers” Stories on Amazon Read Now on Amazon Written by : Team Seven 1. Amanda Chancellor October 1, 2019 at 4:52 pm - Reply Hi, I read through your post. Did you hear the news about Ray Lewis? I guess he had to quit Dancing With The Stars. I guess it was just due to his injury. That’s pretty unfortunate. I was really enjoying him on that show. :) 2. November 11, 2019 at 2:58 pm - Reply En Çok Satan Türk Kitaplar Sahaf Leave A Comment
N° 76 \| March 2013 Risky behaviours in pregnant women To print Health is a precious commodity, especially when two people are concerned as in the case of pregnancy. During this important moment, women are open to considering healthy behaviours. This represents a significant opportunity that should not be missed. During pregnancy, alcohol consumption, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, unbalanced nutrition, and no influenza vaccination may cause serious short and long term health problems to both mother and child. Alcohol and tobacco consumption may lead to miscarriages, premature birth, dysmorphic or polymalformation syndromes or fetal alcoholism syndrome. Sedentary behaviours and unbalanced nutrition may favour weight gain that could lead to gestational diabetes, malformations, macrosomia, arterial hypertension, premature birth and increased risk of caesarean section. On the contrary, a diet rich in green leafy vegetables, fruits, fibres, calcium and omega 3 fatty acids has beneficial effects on pregnancy. This shows the importance of prevention efforts in order to acquire beneficial health behaviours. Unfortunately, pregnant women with low income status accumulate these risk factors and thus pay a heavy tribute to these pathologies. Identifying risk factors One study has attempted to identify risk factors and behaviours in a cohort of 22,604 pregnant Americans between the ages of 18 and 44 years in 2001 and to follow their evolution until 20091. Each year, 2,000 to 2,900 women were examined. The age adjusted prevalence for both leisure physical activities and influenza vaccination increased significantly (p<0.05). There was a non-significant decrease in alcohol consumption (p<0.065). No significant variation in binge drinking, smoking and fruits and vegetables consumption (≥ 5 times/day) was observed. Encouraging Healthy Behaviour During the nine-year follow-up study, the percentage of pregnant women with four healthy behaviours (no smoking, no alcohol consumption, regular leisure physical activities and influenza vaccination) steadily increased from 7.3% in 2001 to 21.2% in 2009 (p<0.001). Socio demographic factors influence behaviours. Thus in this study, pregnant women with high or satisfactory incomes were more likely to begin a physical activity. Similarly, women who perceive their health status as satisfactory are more inclined to eat over five fruits and vegetables per day. Much remains to be done. The recent literature review by Blumfield2 showed that dietary quality remained insufficient with respect to recommendations in pregnant women. The consumption of saturated fatty acids and lipids remained high and the consumption of carbohydrates, fibres, calories and polyunsaturated fatty acids was insufficient. Several studies have attempted to identify the levers for change. In a recent cross-sectional study, Gardner et al3 have shown that pregnant women with elevated lipid and carbohydrate consumption were paradoxically more willing to reduce these foods. However, the perceived benefits to both mother and child would seem to increase their motivation to eat more fruits and vegetables, less fat and slightly less sugar. Threats, barriers or societal norms had no impact. Testing Awareness and Assistance Awareness and dietary assistance are two actions that have been tested. In a Dutch study4, nutritional education was proposed to multiparous women of child bearing age who either did or did not wish to conceive at the time or were in their 1st, 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women were much more sensitive to nutritional messages than women in the other group, regardless of their pregnancy stage. There was no difference in impact between the groups of nulliparous women. A dietary assistance program in the form of vouchers for fruits and vegetables was instigated in 602 pregnant Americans5 for six months and then followed for an additional period of six months. The intervention led to increased fruit and vegetable consumption that was sustained during the following six months. Interventions occurred near supermarkets or near local farmer’s markets. Consumption increased by 0.8 portions in the former case, and by 1.4 portions in the latter. Both results were statistically significant. Thus, nutrition in pregnant women can be significantly improved and this is a very positive message. 1. Zhao G, Ford ES, Tsai J, Li C, Ahluwalia IB, Pearson WSet al. . Trends in healthrelated behavioral risk factors among pregnant women in the united states: 2001-2009. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012; 21:255-263. 2. Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, Macdonald-Wicks L, Smith R, Collins CE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of energy and macronutrient intakes during pregnancy in developed countries. Nutr. Rev. 2012; 70:322-336. 3. Gardner B, Croker H, Barr S, Briley A, Poston L, Wardle J. Psychological predictors of dietary intentions in pregnancy. J Hum Nutr Diet 2012; 25:345-353. 4. Szwajcer E, Hiddink GJ, Maas L, Koelen M, van Woerkum C. Nutrition awareness before and throughout different trimesters in pregnancy: a quantitative study among dutch women. Fam Pract 2012; 29 Suppl 1:i82-i88. 5. Herman DR, Harrison GG, Afifi AA, Jenks E. Effect of a targeted subsidy on intake of fruits and vegetables among low-income women in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:98-105.
Your LED Questions Answered! (Part 3) Ask an Electrical Engineer is a series where frequently asked questions from non-engineers will be answered by an engineer. For this video, our main topic is all about LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes). Hey guys, welcome back to Ask an Electrical Enginee. This is part three of the LEDs, and the final and maybe the best installment. We got so many questions about LEDs and we didn't want these videos to be so long that they cause people to die of old age before they finish them, so we split it up into three parts. So with that, we're going to jump right back into the questions about LEDs. 00:23 Why do LEDs need a resistor? LEDs need a resistor because as you increase the voltage across them, they don't go, "oh, I have more voltage, everything's great...if I go higher voltage, everything's good". No, as it happens the voltage goes up a little bit linearly, but then the current starts to curve and go crazy. So if you can very finely control the voltage, then you don't need that because you can say, "okay, 1.7 volts, I'm good to go 1.8 volts, I'm good to go...and I just know I will never go over 1.8 volt because by the time I get up to 2 volts, I'm going to start causing damage because by then that current has gone a little crazy". But you stick a resistor in there, and you make it so that once you get over that forward voltage, you basically have a semi constant voltage drop over the LED and then you have the resistor itself and the resistor makes it so you have a linear relationship between your voltage and your current, so there is a protection device. It's there to make it so as your voltage increases past the forward voltage of the LED, the current is still reasonable and not spiking up like a madman. So that is why we use resistors with LEDs. 01:42 Can LEDs be wired in series? Yes, they can be wired in series and that's a great thing to do because let's say you have a 9 volt battery, and you have your...I'm just gonna round this up to 2 because I'm terrible with math...your 2 volt LED, where you need 2 volts from this. Okay, so you have a 9 volt battery and two volts here. So what are you going to do with that rest of that 7 volts, that's where you need that resistor. But then you're wasting all of that power in the resistor that's trying to make it so the amount of current through this is okay, so since this is 2 volts, why don't I just put four of these in series and then it's 2 volts, 2 volts, 2 volts, 2 volts, which makes 8 volts. And then I have a 9 volt battery, I have 1 volt of overhead and then the other 8 volts will be dropped over these LEDs to make it so that I am having an LED that is basically producing four times the amount of light and I'm using the same amount of power. So LEDs in series – not only is it possible, it's recommended in a lot of situations. Again, going back to LEDs, the LED strips that you can buy for whatever purposes, that's usually what they're doing there, they are putting a bunch of LEDs in series to make it so that you have the equivalent forward voltage that you need for your system. 03:03 What's the difference between an OLED and LED TV? So I don't actually understand OLED very well as a technology, like what drives it, but I do know what's going on with an OLED versus an LED TV. So OLED TV is basically just a huge screen of actual RGB LEDs. So when you have your millions of pixels, it's able to say "hey, I want just this pixel to be green on that RGB LED right there", so the OLED LED TV will make the pixel green and say, "huh, here it is, and it'll turn on as bright as it needs to and if it's not turned on, it will just turn itself off." And that is basically how an OLED TV works. It's literally just a bunch of LEDs that can output their own light. An LED TV however, is not quite as cool. It has a screen over the front that has colors, and it controls those colors, and then behind it, it just has rows of LEDS that shine through and give it a nice uniform backlight. That is why OLEDs are so cool. With OLEDs, you can get a nice dark sky in The Dark Knight or when you're watching Interstellar and it's 90% darkness for some of those space scenes, with just a couple pin-points of light for the stars, the LEDs that need to be dark just turn off and so they are perfectly black. If you watch that same scene on an LED TV, all of the LEDs that are creating the backlight are always on. They have certain technologies for LED TVs where they'll turn off certain sections, but even then it's not as direct and when you need to produce a black output, what's happening is that screen in the front that's showing the colors is trying as hard as it can to block out that LED backlight but it's not perfect. You get some light that seeps through and that's why you don't get the same contrast ratios for LED TVs as you do with OLED TVs. Technically with OLED TVs you get infinite contrast ratios, the dark is completely black and then it gets as bright as needed and anything divided by zero is going to be infinite. Whereas LED TVs even with it being completely dark, it can't block out everything so some of that light seeps through and that's why the blacks will look a little bit white if you're good at noticing that sort of stuff. 05:17 Can LEDs overheat, explode, or catch fire? Overheat, yes. Explode, yes. Catch fire...maybe? I've never heard of these catching fire but if it produces heat then technically it can catch fire, right? It's just a matter of scale. So LEDs can overheat and this is something you'll see at the junction where the two materials meet. Again, most of the electrons that are dropping over, they emit a photon but sometimes they create heat. And even though it's way better than incandescents, it's not ideal to have LEDs bulbs upside if I took this and imagine this is an actual bulb, they want you to have the LED going up like this, because if you turn it upside down like that then the heat created at the junction and created in the electronics that are driving goes up and fries the electronics and that's actually a pretty common way for LEDs to burn out and that's one of the few things that an incandescent is better at, because the heat in an incandescent is in the bulb itself and the rest of it doesn't really matter – it's just conductors and there are no electronics that need to be worried about. But if you have an LED and you put it up like this, then the heat that's generated here and the heat in the electronics all kind of go up to the electronics and melt things and so that's where they can overheat. As far as exploding..I have had an LED explode on me I tried to get another led to explode on me and it failed, which was kind of embarrassing actually that I couldn't actually destroy an LED on purpose...and then it turned back on I don't know what in the world is going on with these LEDs, they're must just be here to mock me. There's nothing in the world it's completely safe. I mean, I can be sitting right here at this desk and get hit by a meteorite. There's nothing I can do and I kind of feel like it's the same thing with these bulbs. Yes, there is the chance that something could explode and catch fire. But it's pretty darn unlikely and I have a feeling that there's going to be a significant amount of human intervention involved and not very wise human intervention at that. 07:22 Can LEDs power solar panels? If you shine and LED on a solar panel, it will produce some electricity. Now, it depends on the LED, how efficient you are and the solar panels. Solar panels are designed to be most effective with the sunlight that they are expected to receive. And I've read about solar panels where they say, "hey, if you're in cloudy areas and the clouds are absorbing certain amounts of certain spectrums of light, then you want to use these solar panels because they're designed for the light that's going to actually make it through the clouds". Whereas if you're living somewhere in California, or Arizona, where it's just bright, sunny skies all the time, then you want the direct sunlight that you're going to be getting. So if you have an LED like this one, it's only emitting red, so it's not going to be super efficient because your solar panel is expecting a whole spectrum of light. And this is giving out a very, very narrow band of light. But you make it bright enough and as long as a solar panel is at all tweaked to accept it, then you should be fine. And it should create some power on the solar panel. 09:18 How can LEDs be protected in a circuit? So the most basic way is just throwing in a resistor, which makes it so any spike in voltage or even a slight increase in voltage does not fry your LED. The other means of protection are the things you're doing to protect everything else in your circuit. I mean, you got your TVS's, MOVs, fuses, breakers, you have your capacitors that are going to be absorbing any stray current and trying to suck up any voltage spikes and stuff like that. So really, other than making sure that you don't over-voltage your LED and get it into that crazy current spike area of the current voltage curve, then you just protect them like you'd protect any other electronic component. 10:13 How can LEDs be dimmed? So there are a couple of ways to dim an LED. For the first way, you can turn the LED on full brightness and then totally off really fast. And the way that works is our persistence of vision makes it so even if it's flickering on and off, it looks like it's on. But depending on how much it's on versus how much it's off, changes the appearance of how bright it is. So roughly, if it's on half the time, off half the time it's going to look about half is bright. And that's pretty cool, because it's pretty easy. Now the drawbacks are, you need something that's flickering on and off like that, so you need some sort of driver and if you want any flexibility, it has to be something somewhat intelligent. That's why Arduinos are so popular, because they're really, really easy to do this with. I mean, you can pick up an Arduino and 10 minutes later, you can have an LED doing whatever you want in terms of brightness and flickering on and off. It also depends on how big the LED is. You can actually start to create some electromagnetic interference, because you're pushing the current on and off so much, and you're getting oscillation that is actually putting out small, basically radio waves, and that can disrupt other electronics and you're going to start to have some conformance issues and so it just gets ugly. So for something simple, that's not a big deal, and probably the way you want to do it, but once you're getting into something like stadium lighting or something crazy, where you're getting amps of current and you don't want to have, you know, 10 amps of current flicking on and off 100 times per second – that's when you get into the second way of dimming an LED and that's simply by controlling that voltage directly. So if you know what you're doing with the I-V curve (voltage versus current curve) then you just change the voltage and measure the current and make sure, "okay, I'm creeping up the voltage, okay I hit my current" and it's good to go and that way you're getting a smooth persistent output and and you're not getting those huge current spikes and radio frequency emissions and stuff like that. 12:22 What are you hoping that LEDs can do in 5 years? I mean, if LEDs could just keep on doing what they're doing, but even better and last even longer and be even more efficient, that would be fantastic. And the thing is, the market just finds places for them. As LEDs become better, people will have brilliant ideas and think, "oh, wait a second, now that it's this cheap, I can do that, and now that it's this efficient, I can do that." And that's exactly how it's been up to this point. But that's that's really it. I don't have anything in particular that I am hoping that LEDs can do in five years. I'm just hoping to see them get even better even more robust. I'm hoping that we'll figure out the electronics so that they don't die so fast. I'm really excited to see where they go because LEDs are awesome, and they're only going to get better with time. 13:30 What are the coolest uses you've seen for LEDs? I think the coolest thing I've seen, and this is kind of ridiculous because I just made fun of them, is the fact that my kids have some shoes that my wife got for five bucks that have LEDs all around the bottom. And they come with a little remote and you can make them be red or green or you can make them do a disco thing. My four-year-old loves to go and do the disco party move and they start flashing and doing all these different crazy things. And honestly it's one of the dumbest things ever. And what is so is so cool about it is, the first red LEDs when they came out were around 200 bucks a pop. And now they're so cheap that we just put them into our kids shoes, and my wife can get them on clearance for a couple of bucks and my kids are literally walking on them. Whereas you go back 50 years, and not only were those colors not in existence, but those shoes would have been thousands, or tens of thousands of dollars, even if they were just red LEDs. And so I think that's one of the coolest things is that they're just everywhere. They can do so many different thing and they're so cheap and so ubiquitous. So that's that's what I think is cool. Make Bread with our CircuitBread Toaster! Get the latest tools and tutorials, fresh from the toaster. What are you looking for?
November 26 has been designated by the International Olive Oil Council as World Olive Day. The International Olive Oil Council chose November 26 to celebrate the olive tree, not by chance: The olive tree is “a global symbol of peace and harmony, which has now spread to the five continents and contributes to sustainable economic and social development and the conservation of natural resources.” . The olive tree lives and offers fruits for centuries, it is cultivated in every soil, it loves the Mediterranean climate, it requires minimal care and it is fully utilized: as a fruit, foliage and wood. Today, thousands of families in Greece live or supplement their income from olive cultivation. Greece, one of the countries with the largest production of olive oil in the world, is in first place in terms of per capita consumption of olive oil. According to the data of the European Commission, in our country each person consumes almost 17.9 kg of olive oil per year. This widespread use in traditional Greek cuisine has made it a basic cooking fat, but also a basic “sauce”, which is poured over countless dishes, from fish to legumes, while it is still used as a preservative of various foods (eg pickles) and in baking. Olive oil is so assimilated into Greek cuisine that there is a whole category of foods based on it, the well-known oily dishes “ladera”, traditional dishes of the Greeks. Edible olives and olive oil are inextricably linked with emblematic and internationally recognized cuisines, such as Cretan, etc., while they constitute the basic nutritional element of the Mediterranean diet and compose the well-known nutritional quartet of olives-vines-wheat-legumes which is ingrained in basic Greek Cooking. The relationship of the Greeks with the olive and olive oil, uninterrupted from antiquity until today, illuminating and enriching their lives and tables. An essential base of Greek cuisine, olive oil daily offers a healthy and flavor-rich food and is present in the events and ceremonies of the life cycle and the cycle of time. Hundreds of thousands of acres, millions of trees, thousands of producers. Manufacturing, exports, distinctions, serious investments. Wealth for our country since ancient times. The sacred olive was, is and will be the seal and the signature in the identity of our cultural heritage. It has nourished the land and its folk for thousands of years. Generations and generations have grown up in an olive grove. And today, olive cultivation remains the major player in the local economy, leaving millions of euros in income to rural families. Γράψτε το σχόλιό σας Ακολουθήστε το in.grστο Google News και μάθετε πρώτοι όλες τις ειδήσεις

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