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MOREnet Blogs IoT (Internet of Things) comes with security risks. But who is responsible for locking it down? The manufacturer? The Government? The organization? The end user? Examples of IoT enabled devices are a security camera and a personal assistant like an Amazon Echo (Alexa). You might want to have Alexa control your camera. What are the security settings on each of the devices? That is important for the end user to know and configure. Remember that the security is only as strong as the weakest link. So where does the responsibility for security lie? Certainly it is important the manufacturer takes care to manage the possible vulnerabilities and ensure the ‘rush to market’ and affordability factor does not conflict with security concerns. Manufacturers have been collaborating for several years to establish standards and certifications for IoT security. Can government set requirements and restrictions to ensure that the use of IoT devices is secure? A set of standards that follow the Underwriters Laboratory Certification has been discussed but there is no real action realized. Last year California passed an IoT security law (SB 327) which will go into effect at the start of 2020. Part of law requires manufacturers to provide what is stated as ‘reasonable’ security features which basically just addresses the use of a unique password. Organizations should certainly take care when deploying IoT devices on their network. Through the use of documentation, authentication, firmware updates, segmentation and continued vulnerability testing an organization can do a good job of strengthening their security posture. Can the user be expected to know how these devices interact with each other and how to best enable controls to protect security risks? When discussing cyber security related issues it is assumed that the human element is the weakest link. Disabling default credentials and configurations, strong passwords and heightened alert of suspicious activities should be part of the practice. So whose responsibility is it to secure IoT? It’s everyone’s. Internet Engineering Task Force MUD Categories: Cyber Security Leave a Reply
das Wörterbuch Polnisch Minus Englisch język polski - English król Englisch: 1. king king The king was executed. Finally, in 1314, these games had become so violent and dangerous that King Edward II made a law. The king of this country isn't a person, but a divine beast with three pairs of wings said to be in far away in the sky. The smaller planets hovering around the planet Jupiter reminded him of the guards surrounding a king when he walked outdoors, and Kepler called them satellites. [kɪŋ] king King Henry VIII had a tennis court at Hampton Court, his palace on the River Thames, not very far from London. Englisch Wort "król"(king) tritt in Sätzen auf: State and Society – Basic Polish Vocabulary Metoda Callana stage 5 lesson 61-62 Macmillan/Wiedza o krajach anglojęzycznych Gateway 3 - Unit 9 - Państwo i społeczństwo Wiedza o krajach anglojęzycznych i UE
Washington International Law Journal Daphne Huang The right to a fair trial is a growing international standard that protects defendant rights before, during, and after trial. Despite significant changes to China's Criminal Procedure Law and Criminal Law, China presently fails to comply with the standard. China's history of human rights abuses and the obstacles to compliance make enforcement of the right seem an insunnountable task. However, the trends of democratization and economic globalization, combined with optimistic reports of political reform in China provide hope that compliance with the right will eventually be achieved. First Page
CAE Listening Practice Test 6 Printable CAE Listening Practice Test 6 Printable and downloadable as PDF Part 3 You will hear a radio interview with the gardening experts Jed and Helena Stone. For questions 15-20, choose the answer (А, В, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear. 15 How does Helena feel about the use of Jed’s name for their joint business? A occasionally frustrated that her contribution goes unnoticed В amused that they have a name people tend to remember C appreciative of the respect that the name has brought her D irritated by the fact that Jed is more of a celebrity than she is 16 What is Jed’s attitude to his public profile? A He likes the fact that complete strangers often want to talk to him. В He’s unhappy that it prevents him doing everyday activities. C He enjoys it more now than he did when he was younger. D He’s proud of the way it reflects his achievements. 17 How did Helena feel about her work on The Travel Show? A She would have enjoyed it more in different circumstances. В It was convenient for her to be away from the house then. C It was a welcome alternative to manual work. D She felt obliged to do it at that particular time. 18 What gave Jed the incentive to make a jewel garden? A He wanted to realise a long-held ambition. В He had led people to believe that it already existed. C He wanted to show pictures of it at a gardening event. D He was inspired by the illustrations at a talk he attended. 19 What explanation does Helena give for the name of the garden? A It provided a useful framework for the project. В It was a response to the bright colours they wanted there. C It allowed them to experiment with a wide range of options. D It was meant to inspire them to embrace unconventional ideas. 20 Jed says that, for him, the name ‘jewel garden’ is A a reminder of the value of creativity. В an appropriate one for something so beautiful. C a positive way of combining both past and present. D a way of explaining his philosophy of design to people. Part 4 You will hear five short extracts in which people are talking about their recent experiences. For questions 21-25, choose from the list A-H the activity each speaker is describing. For questions 26-30, choose from the list A-H what each speaker felt about their activity. A mountaineering B going to the theatre C swimming in a lake D dining in a restaurant E watching a football match F fishing in a river G wandering around a market H attending a wedding Speaker 1 21 [ ] Speaker 2 22 [ ] Speaker 3 23 [ ] Speaker 4 24 [ ] Speaker 5 25 [ ] A It was disappointing B It was confusing C It was uneventful D It was overcrowded E It was frightening F It was unusual G It was amusing H It was exhausting Speaker 1 26[ ] Speaker 2 27[ ] Speaker 3 28[ ] Speaker 4 29[ ] Speaker 5 30[ ] Answer Keys Part 1 1. C 2. В З. А 4. В 5. С 6. В Part 2 7. seals 8. wolf 9. oasis 10. root(s) 11. seeds 12. tunnels 13. (polar) bear 14. (the) batteries Part 3 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. В 19. A 20. C Part 4 21. G 22. A 23. E 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. F 30. H Print Friendly, PDF & Email Leave a Reply
Help writing a paper on the book of acts • 11.08.2019 William Barclay explains this. Some time ago, he pretended to be someone famous. They thought that they were smaller than Peter and John. He had become sad again. One man was Joseph, who was called Barsabbas. He was also called Justus. The other man was Matthias. Here are these two men. Judas would go to where he belongs. So, he has gone away from us. Look at the note below. Matthias won. He had taught them when they were away from the crowds. They had helped him in his special work on earth. They had watched him leave the earth. And they had watched him go up to heaven. With them, he must tell everyone that Jesus had beaten death. So, he needed to have seen with his own eyes that Jesus was alive. He was a writer, who wrote history. But we do not really know that. Luke does not write about Matthias and Barsabbas again. God always knows what is best. Therefore, we should pray about everything that we do. And it was not with Jesus. God does not force us to do what he wants. God allows us to choose what we do. They put the stones in a jar. Then they shook the jar until a stone fell out. The name on the stone was the person that they must choose. It seemed as if a very strong wind was blowing. It filled all the house where they were sitting. And the tongues stayed on them. Then, as the Spirit gave them power, they began to speak in different languages. Look at Ezekiel , for example. Next, they saw something. In the book called Exodus, we read that Moses saw a very special bush. We know that God was in the bush. We know it because the bush was burning all the time Exodus We can see that God was here in Acts too, because of the fire. People do not always agree about what this means. We will explain this below. Other people disagree. With it, people can speak in special languages. These are languages that they have not learnt. They cannot understand what they are saying. They did not know what was happening. They tried to understand what was happening. Some people are from areas in Libya. These areas are near Cyrene. They are talking about the great things that God has done! They did not understand it. Verse 6 A large crowd came together because of the noise. People from other places could not always understand them. Their enemies had taken them there more than years earlier. They would go back to their countries and they would tell other people. The other people in the world were beginning to hear the good news about Jesus. Verses Luke says that they could not explain what was happening. He says it several times. But some people tried to explain things in their own way. It is the same nowadays, too. They do not always understand what is happening. He began to speak loudly to the crowd. Let me tell you what this means. It was too early in the day. Your young men will see pictures that I give to them. Your old men will have dreams. And I will show wonderful things on the earth below. There will be blood, fire and thick smoke. The moon will become red like blood. Look at the note about Acts It would also be a day when God would bring terrible judgement. This was the time when God would rule over all. Maybe the moon had also appeared to be red in the dark sky. Or perhaps these events may still happen in the future. But the person must really want God to help him or her. This man proved that his authority came from God. The proof was this. You know this. This happened while he was here with you. But this was only because God had already decided this. It was in his plan. You killed this man, and bad men helped you to do it. It was impossible for him to remain dead. Jesus died to save us. However, the people who killed Jesus were guilty. They did not have to kill him. They chose to kill him. They had proof that God had sent him. But although this was true, they still killed him. Verse 24 People decided that Jesus must die. That was their judgement about him. He is next to me, so I will not be anxious. I shall live with hope, v27 because you will not leave me in the grave. I am full of joy when I am with you. David was the head of a famous family. He died and they buried him. His grave is still here. He knew what God had promised to him. God had made a serious promise about what he would do in the future. God did not leave Jesus in the grave and death did not destroy his body. We are all witnesses to this fact. This did not mean that David would be his father. David had lived many hundreds s of years earlier. God had told this to David. He saw that Jesus did not remain dead. Peter wanted everyone to know this. That is what you are now seeing. And you are now hearing it! This showed that Peter was speaking the truth. The proof is Psalm Jesus had already said that this verse was about himself Mark ; Luke Jesus had said that this would happen. Certainly, it did not mean David. David did not go straight up to heaven to sit next to God. He rules over everything in heaven and on earth. He rules over all things. Choose to do good things instead of evil things. It is also for all those who are far away. He warned them. And he tried very hard to persuade them. About people came to be with them on that day. Verse 37 The people knew that they had killed Jesus. So, they were very sad. He was the only person who could save them. They felt very guilty. And they wanted to know what they should do. If they did this, they would receive two gifts. God would forgive them for the things that they had done wrong. This was the first gift. The Spirit would make them into new people. This was the second gift. It is for everyone. It included people who were not born yet. Of course, this includes people who are living now. When God calls us, he wants to give us these gifts too. Verse 40 A person can begin to believe in Jesus. And he or she can begin to trust in him. When a person does this, it must not be a secret. Some groups of people do wicked things. So, the person must not belong to such a group. They increased from people to over people. They broke up bread together and they prayed together. Everyone felt both excitement and fear. And they shared all that they had. And they shared the money. They shared everything when they sold things. So, everyone had what they needed. They broke up bread. Look at the note. And they shared it together in their homes. When they ate together, they were happy and generous. Everyone liked them. He describes what their daily life was like. But we must also listen to wise human teachers. They broke it into pieces and then they shared it. He broke up the bread and he gave it to them. This is my body. It is poured out for many people. They spoke to God about everything. They asked him to help them. And they asked him to guide them. When people expect God to do wonderful things, he will do wonderful things. This does not mean that people were afraid of God. The reason for such fear would be because he might hurt them. Each person had what he or she needed. They also met in their homes as friends. The people who were richer provided a meal for the poorer people. They ate together. People wanted to come to be with them. He had never been able to walk. This gate was called the Beautiful Gate. He asked people for money as they went in. Then he asked them to give money to him. John looked at him also. He expected to get something from them. But I give to you what I have. And I say to you, walk! He began to walk. He was walking and he was jumping. They were all surprised. And they were very excited because of what had happened to him. There were three special times when they prayed together. They prayed in the morning and they prayed at noon. And they also prayed in the afternoon. Verse 2 Poor and sick people often waited at the entrance to a holy place. They asked for money there. This was a custom. Bronze is a metal that shines. Perhaps this was the Beautiful Gate. Verse 3 Peter was with John. Verses Peter stared at the man. Peter told him to look at them. The man thought that they would give money to him. But Peter gave to him something much better. Verse Peter did not just watch the man. He helped the man to stand up. Like Jesus, Peter wanted to show that he cared. His legs were probably very weak. But they became strong immediately. Luke was a doctor. He carefully described everything that happened. The man walked and he jumped. Verses Again, Luke wrote that the man was walking. People recognised him as the man who had never been able to walk. They could not understand how he was able to walk at that time. They thought that this was impossible. But nothing is impossible for God. A beggar is a poor person that asks people for money. Do not stare at us. You should not think that we have made this man walk by our own power or goodness! But you took him to those who have authority. This was when Pilate had decided to let him go. There was a man who had murdered someone. You asked Pilate to let that man go free. But God made him alive again. We are witnesses that this is true. You can all see that. Jesus had walked there and he had taught there John Verse 12 The people were staring at Peter and John. They thought that Peter and John had cured the man. God may use us to help someone. These are the same words that God used in Exodus , This was when God introduced himself to Moses. Jesus was in a special place in heaven. He describes him as a Servant who suffers Isaiah Then Peter talked about how the Servant had suffered. He blamed the people for this. They were responsible. But the people had asked for Barabbas instead. They had wanted Jesus to die. He was completely good. But they had not wanted him to live. They had chosen a criminal instead. But Peter was saying that Jesus was innocent. God had known already how Jesus would die. This was the Servant who suffered. See Isaiah chapters 42, 49, 50, 52 and God had proved this. He had made Jesus alive again after he had died. They knew because they had seen it. The man had not been able to walk. And the man had done this. This was evidence that they could all see. I know this. These words were true and these things have happened. Then God will put all things back as they should be. He will be someone from among your own people. You must listen to him. Do everything that he tells you. Even their rulers had not realised this. Peter needed to convince them about this. Verses They knew that they had done a terrible thing. They did not have an excuse. God wanted to forgive them. It means that we apologise to God. We apologise for the bad things that we have done. And we decide not to do any more bad things. We do what God wants. We change how we think and we change how we live. William Barclay explains this. He was a writer in the 20th century. He says that people a very long time ago wrote on papyrus a special paper. Their ink was not the same as modern ink. With a wet cloth, they could wipe off what they had written. They have gone completely. And he would give relief to them. He would send Jesus. Jesus will forgive them and he will give them strength. Then God would do wonderful things Romans ; Isaiah The words here are from Deuteronomy He would be like a bridge between God and the people. He would tell the people what God was saying. And he would tell God what the people wanted to say. And this shows that God has chosen that person. These promises became true when Jesus came. God was giving a second chance to them. Peter and John were teaching the people that Jesus had become alive again. This proved that dead people will become alive again. They put them in prison until the next day. This was because it was already evening. The men grew in number to about The crowd had gathered to listen to Peter and John. And they wanted to stop Peter and John. They had two important reasons for this. This was what Peter and John were talking about. These people were rich and important. They did not want any trouble in a public place. They wanted to keep their jobs more than they wanted to hear the truth. Verses Peter and John were speaking, but those other men stopped them. And they put Peter and John in prison. But they could not stop the good news about Jesus. This number does not include the women and children! What power do you have? Or whose authority do you use? Probably you are asking us about this. Probably you are asking us how he got well. This man stands in front of you and he is completely well. Nobody else in the whole world can do it. People from the Sanhedrin had sent Jesus to die. Both Annas and Caiaphas had been at the courts then John , Verse 7 Peter and John stood in front of the most clever and powerful men in the country. This was a very serious matter. They wanted to know how Peter and John had done it. He had said that they must not worry when important people asked them about Jesus. They would know what to say. So, they need not worry Luke This is true today, too. And we must not worry when we talk about it. He was bold. And his words were wise and true. Verses Peter reminded them that they should be happy. A sick man was completely well. Everyone could see him. He was standing in front of them. But Peter and John had not cured the man by themselves. Caiaphas was there. The people had done bad things to Jesus. They had killed him. God had shown to them that they were very wrong. He had made Jesus alive again. They did not think that Jesus was important. Now he sits next to God and he has the most important position in heaven. Today, there are many other religions. Peter and John had never gone to school. That is why they were surprised. They realised then that Peter and John had been with Jesus. The man that Peter and John had cured was standing with them. We cannot say that it did not happen. So, we must warn these men. Neither should they ever teach with his authority. It is right to obey God, rather than to obey you. And we cannot stop talking about what we have heard. Then they let them go. Everybody was praising God because of what had happened. Verse 13 Before Peter and John met Jesus, they were fishermen. Fishermen are people whose job is to catch fish. The objective of this project is to learn that history well. To aid you in this objective your project is to re-write Acts of the Apostles in your own words. Part One Initial study of Acts. You will find on the course syllabus a Daily Reading Section outlining the reading assignments associated with the book of Acts. Each chapter is divided into paragraphs. Because scriptural chapters are divided into verses, the look of the original paragraphs is lost. But to help the reader determine each paragraph, the publishers have done the following. Each chapter starts with a new paragraph. Paragraphs are divided into verses. For example look in Acts 1. The first paragraph is verses The second paragraph is found in verses 15 to the end of the chapter for we can see know further paragraph markers. • Where to start a business plan; • Meg striepe phd thesis; • Redox based on hypothesis; As we approach the book of Acts, we must Bubble tea business plan pdf remember that Luke was deeply influenced by the Old Testament view of world history as he wrote. Then they let them go. The book of Acts repeatedly illustrates that everything in creation the physical world, our economic structures, our political systems, and even the church itself suffers because of. From the new world dvorak analysis essay Our environment today essaytyper, we should look at the reasons for affirming the traditional view of Luke's authorship. In this parable, he explained how the kingdom would. I will make you into a great nation and Knowing some of the details about the time when great, and you will be a blessing the social context in which he wrote will help us greatly as we study the book of Acts. However, the people who killed Jesus were guilty. The officer and his men did not use force. But there is no reference to an earlier book. Therefore, we should pray about everything that we do. Biblical Matriarchs - Biblical Matriarch research papers discuss the change of female activity in the Old Testament of the Bible. You will find on the course syllabus a Daily Reading Section outlining the reading assignments associated with the book of Acts. Persuasive essay the importance of saving money In verse 8, Luke tells us what the whole procedure is about. Pretty the texts of the two Pieces are written two descriptions of our content. John locked at him also. Help writing a paper on the book of acts The Second Coming of Christ is a widely and differentially interpreted topic, but essentially refers to the return of Jesus Christ to earth. These promises became true when Jesus came. So, by his words, Peter showed that this was a very serious thing. He understood that Jesus was the son of David, the royal ruler of God's kingdom who was expanding his reign from Jerusalem to the ends of the earth by means of the church. Communication is irreversible essay help Then they shook the jar until a leather Report power outage online out. By xeroxing the books of Charles and Acts, Theophilus became Luke's student. He renegotiated them what he comes them to do. And this is precise what the apostles did in the contrasting of Acts. About this section The writer Most people hear that Luke wrote Acts. Only then, paintings would believe that the event had happened Leave In light of facts like these, it seems like to conclude that Luke completed Acts close to the staff of Paul's imprisonment and football in Rome in A. This showed that Peter was speaking the truth. And he tried very hard to persuade them. Jesus returns to heaven, v9 After he said this, he returned to heaven. I am full of joy when I am with you. Macbeth act three scene 4 analysis essay This manuscript evidence indicates that from very early on. So, the officer and his men arrested them again. Teachings of Jesus Sussex thesis binding austin papers discuss the Gospels and it was believed that Luke wrote the third Gospel. God wanted to forgive them. We can have this new life if we believe in him. We can see this area of Theophilus' relationship to Luke in the right to Luke's Gospel. Do everything that he does you. Jesus Christ as a Scholarship - Jesus the Journal research papers overview the teachings Short essay on muhammad ali Whole according to the Techniques. You can all see that. • Share He is bigger than any problem and he can do anything. Teachings of Jesus research papers discuss the Gospels and what Jesus taught in the Bible. Each person had what he or she needed. He did not want them to think about political power. In my first book, I wrote about all those things. Immediately, two men in white clothes stood next to them. Luke was very careful about what he wrote. Next, they saw something. However, the people who killed Jesus were guilty. For example, listen to James' words at the Jerusalem Council, found in Acts chapter 15 verses 14 through God at first showed his concern by taking from the Gentiles a people for himself. Acts touches on these kinds of doctrinal, moral and practical difficulties because the broader church struggled with these kinds of issues in its early decades. He had never been able to walk.
Making social robots work Mady Delvaux, in her draft report on robotics, advises the EU that robots should be carefully tested in real life scenarios, beyond the lab. In this and future articles, I will examine different aspects of social robot requirements, quality and testing, and try to determine what is still needed in these areas. Why test social robots? In brief, I will define robot quality as: does the robot do what it’s supposed to do, and not do what it shouldn’t. For example, when you press the robot’s power button from an offline state, does the robot turn on and the indicator light turn green? If you press the button quickly twice, does the robot still exhibit acceptable behaviour? Testing is the activity of analysis to determine the quality level of what you have produced – is it good enough for the intended purpose? Since social robots will interact closely with people, strict standards will have to be complied with to ensure that they don’t have unintended negative effects. There are already some standards being developed, like ISO13482:2014 about safety in service robots, but we will need many more to help companies ensure they have done their duty to protect consumers and society. Testing will give insight into whether these robots meet the standards, and new test methods will have to be defined. What are the core features of the robot? The first aspect of quality we should measure is if the robot fulfils its basic functional requirements or purpose. For example, a chef robot like the robotic kitchen by Moley would need to be able to take orders, check ingredient availability, order or request ingredients, plan cooking activities, operate the stove or oven, put food into pots and pans, stir, time cooking, check readiness, serve dishes and possibly clean up. A robot at an airport which helps people find their gate and facilities must be able to identify when someone needs help, determine where they are trying to go (perhaps by talking to them, or scanning a boarding pass), plan a route, communicate the route by talking, indicating with gestures, or printing a map, and know when the interaction has ended. With KLM’s Spencer the guide robot at Schiphol airport, benchmarking was used to ensure the quality of each function separately. Later the robot was put into live situations at Schiphol and tracked to see if it was planning movement correctly. A metric of distance travelled autonomously vs non autonomously was used to evaluate the robot. Autonomy will probably be an important characteristic to test and to make users aware of in the future. Two user evaluation studies were done with Spencer, and feedback was collected about the robot’s effectiveness at guiding people around the airport. Some people, for example, found the speed of the robot too slow, especially in quiet periods, while others found the robot too fast, especially for families to follow. Different environments and social partners How can we ensure robots function correctly in the wide variety of environments and interaction situations that we encounter everyday? Amazon’s Alexa, for example, suffers from a few communication limitations, like knowing if she is taking orders from the right user and conversing with children. At our family gatherings, our Softbank Nao robot, Peppy, cannot quite make out instructions against talking and cooking noises. He also has a lot of trouble determining who to focus on when interacting in a group. Softbank tests their robots by isolating them in a room and providing recorded input to determine if they have the right behaviour, but it can be difficult to simulate large public spaces. The Pepper robots seem to perform better under these conditions. In the Mummer project, tests are done in malls with Pepper to determine what social behaviours are needed for a robot to interact effectively in public spaces. The Pepper robot at the London Science Museum History of Robots exhibition was hugely popular and constantly surrounded by a crowd – it seemed to do well under these conditions, while following a script, as did the Pepper at the European Robotics Forum 2017. When society becomes the lab Kristian Esser, founder of the Technolympics, olympic games for cyborgs, suggests that in these times, society itself becomes the test lab. For technologies which are made for close contact with people, but which can have a negative effect on us, the paradox is that we must be present to test it and the very act of testing it is risky. Consider self-driving vehicles, which must eventually be tested on the road. The human driver must remain aware of what is happening and correct the car when needed, as we have seen in the case of Tesla’s first self driving car fatality: “The … collision … raised concerns about the safety of semi-autonomous systems, and the way in which Tesla had delivered the feature to customers.” Assisted driving will probably overall reduce the number of traffic-related fatalities in the future and that’s why its a goal worth pursuing. For social robots, we will likely have to follow a similar approach, first trying to achieve a certain level of quality in the lab and then working with informed users to guide the robot, perhaps in a semi-autonomous mode. The perceived value of the robot should be in balance with the risks of testing it. With KLM’s Spencer robot, a combination of lab tests and real life tests are performed to build the robot up to a level of quality at which it can be exposed to people in a supervised way. Training robots Over lunch the other day, my boss suggested the idea of teaching social robots as we do children, by observing or reviewing behaviour and correcting afterwards. There is research supporting this idea, like this study on robots learning from humans by imitation and goal inference. One problem with letting the public train social robots, is that they might teach robots unethical or unpleasant behaviour, like in the case of the Microsoft chatbot. To ensure that robots do not learn undesirable behaviours, perhaps we can have a ‘foster parent’ system – trained and approved robot trainers who build up experience over time and can be held accountable for the training outcome. To prevent the robot accidentally picking up bad behaviours, it could have distinct learning and executing phases. The robot might have different ways of getting validation of its tasks, behaviours or conclusions. It would then depend on the judgement of the user to approve or correct behaviour. New rules could be sent to a cloud repository for further inspection and compared with similar learned rules from other robots, to find consensus. Perhaps new rules should only be applied if they have been learned and confirmed in multiple households, or examined by a technician. To conclude, I think testing of social robots will be done in phases, as it is done with many other products. There is a limit to what we can achieve in a lab and there should always be some controlled testing in real life scenarios. We as consumers should be savvy as to the limitations of our robots and conscious of their learning process and our role in it. Facebook at GTAC on using AI for Testing As a follow-up to my post on Google’s use of AI in Testing at their GTAC 2014 conference, here is a review of the Facebook Testing session: GTAC 2014: Never Send a Human to do a Machine’s Job: How Facebook uses bots to manage tests (Roy Williams) In this talk, Roy Williams tells us about the Facebook code base growing until it became hard for developers to predict the system-wide effects of their changes. Checking in code caused seemingly unrelated tests to fail. As more and more tests failed, developers began ignoring failed tests when checking in and test integrity was compromised. With a release schedule of twice a day to the Facebook website, it was important to have trustworthy tests to validate changes. To remedy this situation, they setup a test management system which manages the lifecycle of automated tests. It’s composed of several agents which monitor and assign test quality statuses. For instance, when new tests are created, they are not released immediately to run against everyone’s check-ins, but run against a few check-ins to judge the integrity of the test. If the test fails, it goes back to the author to improve. Facebook test lifecycle If a passing test starts to fail, an agent, FailBot marks the test as failing, and assigns a task to the owner of the test to fix it. If a test fails and passes sporadically, another agent, GreenWarden, marks it as a test of unknown quality and the owner needs to fix it. If a test keeps failing, it will get moved to the disabled state, and the owner gets 5 days to fix it. If it starts passing again, its status gets promoted, else it gets deleted after a month. This prevents the failing tests from getting out of hand and overwhelming developers, and eventually, test failures being ignored when checking in code. Facebook test bots and wardens Slides can be found here by the way. This system improves the development process by maintaining the integrity of the test suite and ensuring people take can afford to take test failures seriously. It’s a great example of how to shift an intelligent process from humans to machines, but also highlights an advantage of using machines, which is the ability to scale. Writing this post also made me ponder why I had classified this system as an application of artificial intelligence. I believe the key lies in transferring activities requiring some degree of judgement to machines. We have already allocated test execution to computers with test automation, but in this case, it is test management which has been delegated. I will dig into this topic more in a future post I am working on, about qualifiers for AI applied to testing. Overall, this talk was a pretty fascinating insight into Facebook’s development world, with some great concepts that can be applied to any development environment. What Google has to say on AI in Testing This week, the Google test blog newsletter was about GTAC, the Google Test Automation Conference. I found this session on AI applied to testing really relevant to: Free Tests Are Better Than Free Bananas: Using Data Mining and Machine Learning To Automate Real-Time Production Monitoring (Celal Ziftci of Google) The session was about Google’s assertion framework which runs against their production logfiles. The framework runs on real time logs, checking for inconsistencies. Examples of meaningful assertions: > 0, != null. If any assertions fail, a notification is sent to a developer to take some kind of action. Usually a developer would have to design assertions, but now they use a tool to assist. Daikon invariant detector identifies invariants (rules which are always true for a certain section of code). Although Daikon has been designed to analyse code, they have modified it to work on data like logfiles. Daikon starts with a set of hypotheses about what your input will look like, and as you push data through it, it eliminates those which prove to be false. The rules identified can be used as assertions, thereby automatically generating test cases. These test cases still need a developer to determine value and validity, however. The other technique they use is Association Rule Learning, which finds relationships between different data items, e.g. when country is uk, time zone is +0 These, too, are added into the assertion framework to identify issues occurring in production. In this case, the work that developers used to do in defining test cases is now being done by machines. But human beings are still needed to made a decision on whether the identified rules make sense and add value or not. The AI system, at times, identifies trivial rules, but is also capable of identifying complex relationships that would be less obvious to humans.
What Are O Rings Made Of? 18 October 2019 What Are O Rings Made Of? There is no one simple answer to the question ‘what are O rings made of?’ because they can be made of a wide range of materials. Many O rings are made of elastomers. Elastomer is an umbrella term for a type of polymer that has elastic qualities. An elastomer can be made of natural or synthetic materials or a blend of both. It’s defining quality is that it can stretch and return to its original size. Elastomers are similar to rubber in that respect. Elasticity is critical for O rings to function effectively. This quality ensures a snug fit that prevents any leakage of fluid or gas or any ingress. Therefore, O rings must be made of elastomers that retain their elasticity in specific environments. Some elastomers are designed for applications at extremely high temperatures while others are made to function in severe cold. Choosing an inappropriate elastomer for the application in question will cause the O ring seal to fail. The materials the O ring is made of must also be resistant to whatever substances the seal must contain. Some applications expose an O ring to chemicals, and it is vital that the O ring used is of a material that won’t be damaged by the chemicals in use. This is another reason that choosing the wrong material can lead to O ring failure. What Are the Most Common Materials that O Rings Are Made Of? While O rings can be made of many different elastomers, some are widely used in a variety of applications. • - Nitrile Butadiene Rubber: Also known as NBR, this synthetic rubber copolymer provides superior resistance to chemicals, oils, and acids. It is puncture-resistant and functions at extremely low temperatures. NBR O rings are suitable for use petroleum products and are commonly used in hydraulics and pneumatics. • - Silicone: This remarkably versatile materials can function well at both ends of the temperature spectrum, making it effective in aerospace and automotive applications as well as food processing and potable water. • - Perfluoroelastomer: Offering the ultimate in chemical resistance, high-performance perfluoloelastomers (FFKM) also offer sustained sealing force in extremely high temperatures. This is a good choice for aerospace and automotive applications as well as chemical processing. • - Fluorocarbon Elastomers: FPM and FKM are different names for the same material, which is also known by the brand name Viton. It is an incredibly versatile material, used in semiconductor manufacturing, aviation, food processing and pharmaceutical applications. • - Ethylene Propylene: With exceptional resilience to sunlight, heat, steam, ozone and water, EPDM O rings are well-suited for food processing, pharmaceutical, dairy and braking systems. They should not be used for fuels. • - Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene: A copolymer of hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, FEP is low friction and non-reactive. It is commonly used to encapsulate O rings. Encapsulated O Rings Encapsulated O rings: Sometimes an O ring needs a combination of qualities not found in one material. The solution can be an encapsulated O ring where the inner core is made of one type of polymer and it is then coated with a different type. This can achieve the right balance of elasticity and chemical resistance needed for some pharmaceutical, food, beverage and chemical processing applications. This is not the definitive answer to the question ‘what are O rings made of?’, but these are some of the most widely used materials. Some specialist applications require O rings made of less common materials. Some of the factors to consider in selecting an O ring are the temperature of the application, which liquids or gases it will be exposed to, and whether the application is static or has moving parts. If you have any questions about the best type of O ring for a specific application, our staff is here to help. We can advise you about the advantages of every type of O ring and help you make the right choice the longest and most effective seal.
Dopamine (DA) Hypothesis The dopamine (DA) hypothesis is a theory that proposes a biological cause of schizophrenia. This is the oldest theory about the cause of schizophrenia and was first presented in the 1960s. It suggests that schizophrenia is caused by too much DA transmission in the brain. Pharmacological evidence exists for this theory in that medications that block DA receptors helped decrease schizophrenic symptoms. DA enhancing medications can induce psychosis and cause schizophrenic like symptoms in individuals. Modern research has built on this theory and shown that a deficit of DA in the prefrontal cortex is responsible for the 'negative' symptoms of schizophrenia (like flattened affect, social problems, anhedonia) and too much DA transmission is responsible for the 'positive' symptoms of schizophrenia like delusions and hallucinations. Current research is still focusing on this theory but it is believed to only be one component of a more complex set of circumstances that cause schizophrenia to arise. Add flashcard Cite Random
Gibbs, Mifflin Wistar Updated About content Print Article Share Article views updated Gibbs, Mifflin Wistar Born April 17, 1823 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Died July 11, 1915 Little Rock, Arkansas "Labor to make yourself as indispensable as possible in all your relations with the dominant race, and color will cut less figure in your upward grade." Mifflin Wistar Gibbs was a pioneer in every sense of the word. In the 1850s he was among the many pioneers who set out for California in search of riches during the gold rush. Gibbs found not riches but racism, and he was forced to make his way not as a miner but as a shopkeeper. Refusing to accept the limits placed on him by racism, Gibbs became a pioneer for his race. He campaigned against discrimination in California before moving to Canada. In the 1870s he returned to the United States and began an illustrious career as a politician and public servant. He was the first black elected a municipal judge in the United States, and he received several federal appointments, eventually becoming consul in Madagascar. His autobiography, Shadow and Light, published in 1902, helped publicize his story of achievement to the world. From stable boy to abolitionist Mifflin Wistar Gibbs was born in Philadelphia on April 17, 1823, to Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, a Methodist minister, and Maria Jackson Gibbs. Gibbs's father died shortly after Mifflin's eighth birthday, and the boy was put out to work as a stable boy for three dollars a month. He worked at a series of similar jobs until he was sixteen, when he was apprenticed to carpenter James Gibbons, a former slave who had bought his freedom. Under Gibbons, Gibbs learned a skill that would serve him well in life. He helped Gibbons build several black churches in the Philadelphia area in the 1840s. During his apprenticeship, Gibbs studied in his free time and also joined a local black literary society, the Philomatheon Institute. At the institute he met some of Philadelphia's leading black citizens and began to speak out against slavery in the South. After finishing his apprenticeship, Gibbs won a place for himself in Philadelphia as an abolitionist (a vocal opponent of slavery) and a builder. He was an active member of the Underground Railroad, a network which helped runaway slaves reach safety in the North and Canada, and was a member of a committee that petitioned (presented a formal request of citizens to) the Pennsylvania legislature to give blacks the right to vote. After the National Antislavery Convention held in Philadelphia in 1849, Frederick Douglass, a former slave and leading black abolitionist, invited Gibbs to accompany him on a speaking tour in western New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Gibbs had just completed the tour and returned to Rochester, New York, when word of the gold rush in California lured him westward. Gold rush racism Gibbs made his way to California in 1850 by boat. He first traveled south along the Atlantic Coast, then crossed the Isthmus of Panama before taking a steamship north to San Francisco. San Francisco was a bustling town, the harbor crowded with ships and the city sprawling with the influx of miners bound for the goldfields. Gibbs quickly found work as a carpenter, but just as quickly found himself out of work when white carpenters refused to work alongside an African American. For a time Gibbs worked shining shoes and doing other menial jobs, but he was too ambitious to be satisfied with such work for long. He had saved enough money by 1852 to form, along with fellow black Philadelphian Peter Lester, the Pioneer Boot and Shoe Emporium. For several years their business prospered, but all was not well in California. Though many blacks traveled to the West because they believed that they might escape the racism and ill treatment that they received in the East, they were often disappointed. As whites poured into California, they created laws similar to those they had made in the East; in April 1850, for example, a state law barred nonwhites from testifying in court in any case involving a white person. Gibbs soon felt the sting of this law firsthand, when a disgruntled customer beat Lester right in front of him. Because resisting the assault would have meant death and because the black businessmen could find no help in the courts, they were helpless. Gibbs joined other area blacks in 1851 to draw up the first black protest, which was published in one of the leading papers. Gibbs also participated in state political conventions in 1854, 1855, and 1857, where he protested the treatment of blacks in California. His stay in San Francisco was not entirely negative, however. Gibbs was an active member of the San Francisco Atheneum, the intellectual center for blacks in the city, and with other members of the group he established the state of California's first black newspaper, the Mirror of the Times, in 1856. Moreover, he had succeeded in building a fairly successful business that was supported by many members of the community. By 1858, however, Gibbs had grown tired enough of discrimination in California that he jumped at the opportunity to travel to the city of Victoria, on the British colony of Vancouver Island (which later became part of the Canadian province of British Columbia). Success in Canada With his partner Lester, Gibbs bought some cheap land in Victoria. The city was attractive for several reasons: because the territorial governor was sympathetic to blacks, there was little discrimination, and a new gold rush brought people and trade into the city. The black community in Victoria eventually grew to nearly eight hundred people. Gibbs's various business enterprises soon made him a wealthy man, and—after applying for British citizenship—he became one of the city's leading citizens. In 1859 Gibbs traveled back to the United States to marry Maria A. Alexander; the couple would have five children together. In 1861 Gibbs helped form a black militia for defense of the city, and in 1866 he was elected to the town council. His status in the city was further enhanced in 1867, when he and some associates received a charter to build a railroad to a coal mine north of the city. Despite all his successes, however, Gibbs felt that his economic prospects were limited. Gibbs thought that since the Civil War (1861–65; a war between the Northern and Southern United States over the issue of slavery) was over and slavery had ended, perhaps it would be possible for a black man to succeed in the United States. Blacks in the West To many white Americans, the West was a land of opportunity. White pioneers traveled westward on frontier trails to claim cheap land and build farms, and white fortune hunters took to the goldfields of California and elsewhere to strike it rich. Such opportunities were also open to some black Americans, and many took advantage of them. Black cowboy Nat Love (1854–1921) and mountain man Jim Beckwourth (c. 1800–1866; see entry), who entered the West when it was still "young" (not yet civilized), found that there were few limits placed on their ambition. Both Love and Beckwourth became famous for their respective achievements. Other blacks who moved onto the frontier in the early days of settlement often enjoyed access to land and business opportunities. But as more white people poured into the West, the opportunities for blacks declined. In the nineteenth century the majority of Americans believed that blacks were inferior to whites. They supported policies and laws that deprived black people of the rights—such as voting, legal protection, and economic access—that were available to white people. This was especially true in the South, where the institution of slavery had made blacks the property of whites. As western towns and cities grew, many of them instituted the same racist laws that had existed in the South. These laws allowed for discrimination and violence against black people. While anti-black discrimination in the West was never as bad as it was in the South and East, the West was hardly a land of opportunity for black Americans. Sadly, it was not until the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s that blacks would demand and gain their full civil rights and equal protection under the law. Mifflin Gibbs achieved a great deal, thanks in part to the openness of the West, but an intelligent, ambitious man like Gibbs, and many others like him, could have achieved much more if they had not been limited by racism. Successful lawyer and politician Going west was an experience that changed many Americans in the nineteenth century; the opportunities available in the West—including the opportunity to fail—helped school pioneers in the qualities that were needed for success. Not every pioneer learned from that schooling, but for Gibbs, his experiences in the West prepared him well for the career that would follow. Gibbs returned to the United States a different man than the one who had left nearly twenty years earlier. A young and relatively inexperienced man when he left, he had now run several successful businesses, learned the byways of politics, and studied law with a British lawyer in Victoria. After studying law at Oberlin College in Ohio, Gibbs set out to establish a career in the South, where he felt that his skills as a lawyer could best benefit his people. By 1871 Gibbs had settled in Little Rock, Arkansas, and by 1872 he had opened his own law office with partner Lloyd G. Wheeler. He found himself immersed in the tumultuous world of Republican Party politics. Gibbs was named Pulaski County attorney in 1873, a post he soon resigned to become a municipal judge, the first African American to be elected to such a position in the United States. Gibbs left office after he was on the losing side of a small-scale civil war among political factions, but he remained influential in Republican politics. In 1876 he traveled to the national party convention as a delegate, helping to elect Rutherford B. Hayes to the presidency. In the coming years, Gibbs would serve the Republican presidential administrations in a variety of ways. (At the time, Republicans defended the rights of African Americans.) Beginning in 1877 he served as the register in the U.S. Land Office in Little Rock, where he oversaw decisions about federal land sales in a region that was still relatively underpopulated. Gibbs reached the pinnacle of his political career in 1897 when he was named U.S. consul (a diplomatic office) to the African country of Madagascar. Thus for over twenty years Gibbs loyally served the only political party that defended the rights of black people. Gibbs retired from public service in 1901 but continued to pursue a variety of business interests in Arkansas. He served as president of the Capital City Savings Bank, was a partner in the Little Rock Electric Light Company, and participated in a variety of business and real estate ventures in the state. Moreover, he continued to travel widely and lecture on the possibilities available to black people. In 1902 Gibbs published his autobiography, Shadow and Light. Second in prominence only to Booker T. Washington's famous autobiography, Shadow and Light argued that blacks could achieve success in America if they worked hard and applied themselves to jobs in industry and agriculture. It was an optimistic message offered by a man whose own success provided a real example of what blacks might achieve. Gibbs died on July 11, 1915, at the age of ninety-two. For More Information Dillard, Tom W., ed. Introduction to Shadow and Light, by Mifflin Wistar Gibbs. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. Gibbs, Mifflin Wistar. Shadow and Light. 1902. Reprint. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1968. Lapp, Rudolph M. Blacks in Gold Rush California. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977. Logan, Rayford W., and Michael R. Winston, eds. Dictionary of American Negro Autobiography. New York: Norton, 1982. Simmons, William J. Men of Mark. Cleveland, OH: Geo. M. Rewell, 1887. Winks, Robin W. The Blacks in Canada. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971. Woodson, Carter G. "The Gibbs Family."Negro History Bulletin (October 1947): 312–22.
Skip to content Why are plant based foods good for you? In the UK, we should in general be eating a healthy balanced diet with at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables and a varied diet to ensure that we have all the right nutrients. Our plant oils that we use are sunflower, rapeseed and linseed oils and these are referred to as ‘good’ oils as they contain more unsaturated fats. Rapeseed and linseed oils naturally contain omega 3 and omega 6 which are essential fats for our body. Sunflower oil naturally contains omega 6 fats. Not found what you’re looking for? Go back to our FAQ page.
The History of Gibbs Gardens The Monet Bridge in early spring The Monet Bridge in early spring. There is a beautiful stream flowing through the middle of the valley, with hundreds of springs intersecting the stream. The springs are surrounded by millions of naturalized ferns making it one of the largest ferneries in the nation. Native azaleas, dogwoods, and mountain laurels provide additional seasonal interest. The house is a mix of European architecture. The north view is reminiscent of an English manor house with Palladian windows and doors. An archway connects the summer house which overlooks the gardens and in the near distance, the north Georgia mountains. Architectural accents were purchased in Europe prior to building and used throughout the house, including a twelve foot 14th century French limestone fireplace, 17th century French interior doors and 18th century French beveled and leaded glass doors and windows. Antique heart pine and herringbone brick floors blend nicely with the iron staircase railing and European antique furnishings. Annuals provide long season color around the swimming pool. The grounds around the Manor House were started in 1980 and planted with 20 to 30 year old plants and trees to provide instant age and character. Large Japanese maples, American hollies and willow oaks were planted closer to the house with vines accenting the corners. The home site is one of the highest crests in northeast Cherokee County, Georgia, capturing a beautiful view of the north Georgia mountains. The house was placed 150 feet above the water gardens and 30 feet below the crest capturing the air currents to flow through the summer house. The gardens are composed of 16 gardens including 3 feature gardens – Manor House Gardens, Japanese and Waterlily Gardens.
In Andalusia, after decades of overhunting, Iberian ibex are on the up No 101 [Bonus reading: See our Q&A with photographer Ugo Mellone.] Wild goats are usually associated with high-alpine environments, where they are masters of severe terrain and withering winter conditions. The Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) is bit of an exception to this rule. Compared to its counterparts in the Himalayan and Rocky Mountain ranges, this sure-footed native of sunny, temperate Spain would seem to have things easier. But the animal’s gentler habitat has been a mixed blessing. Natural and man-made environmental changes have caused populations of C. pyrenaica to fluctuate over the past few millennia, and overhunting led to a major decline in the 20th century. Only now, thanks to sustained conservation efforts, are these wild goats (the largest mammal endemic to the Iberian Peninsula) returning to their original territories in noteworthy numbers. Biologists recognize four subspecies of Iberian ibex. Two of these—the western (C. pyrenaica lusitanica, once present in Galicia and Portugal) and the Pyrenean (C. pyrenaica pyrenaica, whose last individual died in 2000) are gone forever. Two remain: the victoria, which is native to central Spain; and the hispanica, which hails from the southern and central regions. Both, hearteningly, are on the rebound, thanks to reintroductions and stringent protective measures. Tens of thousands now inhabit the Spanish sierras, and populations have been reintroduced in France and Portugal. Ibex are among the most coveted trophies on the Peninsula; hunting them outside of national parks is legal, albeit strictly regulated. The cabra montés, as it is called in Spain, is especially widespread in Andalusia. Sierra Nevada National Park, just east of the city of Granada, is home to 15,000 ibex. The Sierra Nevada is the second-highest mountain range in Europe and an ideal refuge for the species, with elevations ranging from 11,000 feet (just under 3,500 meters) down almost to sea level. Within the province of Granada, the ibex can be found everywhere, including the semi-desert badlands of the Hoya of Guadix. Wildlife watchers spot them on beaches and sun-dappled coastal cliffs, but also grazing along the shores of high-elevation alpine lakes. Rarely, though, do the ibex stray too far from the up-and-down topography for which their bodies are specially designed. They leap across slot canyons with ease, negotiate razor-thin ridges like tightrope walkers, and disappear in a flash over rocky outcrops. Their agility in vertical landscapes that would freeze most any other four-legged creature is the stuff of legend. The cabra montés is a social species, albeit one that segregates itself by sex for most of the year. Males form separate groups, in which they do battle (often at sunrise) in order to establish hierarchy. Iberian ibex are polygamous, meaning that a single dominant male will impregnate several females during the autumn rut. Females carry their young for five months, then retreat to remote locations to give birth. Mothers gather with their offspring in nurseries in which the females share the task of watching over the kids. The young acrobats will quickly learn to move up and down steep grades, using a mix of savvy premeditation and specialized hooves (theirs have 16 independent support points) to advance across uneven terrain. Moving through the Mediterranean mountains is their skill. And Sierra Nevada National Park has the most genetically diverse population of Iberian ibex in the world, which bodes well for their survival there. Iberian ibex pair Spain Spanish mountain goat cliff sea Sierra Nevada landscape mountain Granada Stay connected To people & the planet
Alrick Hubbell (mayor, 1856, 1857) A Whig defeated Democrat John Hinman 1,488 to 1,327, to become the 18th person to serve as mayor since Utica became a city in 1832. His name was Alrick Hubbell and the year was 1856. It may have been 24 years later but apparently, a raise was not in order. The city’s first mayor, Joseph Kirkland, was paid $250 a year. In 1856, Alrick, too, would be paid $250. His background Hubbell was born in Utica on Oct. 4, 1802. His father, Matthew, was from Lanesboro, Massachusetts and had fought the British at the Battle of Bennington during the Revolutionary War. He was one of the area’s first settlers, having arrived in the hamlet of Old Fort Schuyler (later renamed Utica) in 1790. He built a house on the east side and later Hubbell Street was named for him. He and his wife had 12 children, including Alrick. Before being elected mayor, Alrick served as deputy sheriff in Oneida County and then as chief engineer of Utica’s first department. In 1841, he was elected to the Common Council. Taking charge His first year as mayor was dominated by city finances. The city was still in debt so Hubbell and aldermen decided to raise taxes. Also, the state Legislature authorized the city to borrow money to lower the debt. It also required the city to deposit all city moneys in the bank that paid the highest interest. Meanwhile, the Cornhill section of the city was growing rapidly so it was decided to build a new firehouse there. In March 1857, Hubbell was re-elected, defeating Democrat Charles S. Wilson, 1,735 to 1,378. In his inaugural address, Hubbell complained that city department heads and aldermen were spending too much money and ignoring an 1849 law that prohibited the city from incurring any debt not payable within the year. One week later, the Common Council raised the salaries of some city employees and said the city no longer would deposit moneys in the bank that gave the highest interest, but, instead, “city deposits will be left entirely to the discretion of the Common Council.” Uticans were furious. They demanded to meet with Hubbell and aldermen. A meeting was held in Mechanics Hall and since violence was expected, Hubbell ordered the hall be guarded by police. Hubbell presided at the meeting that was attended by many former mayors and aldermen. There was no violence and current aldermen attending promised to begin once again to deposit city moneys with the bank giving the highest interest. His later years After leaving office, Hubbell, in 1858, was elected to the state Senate. He became a director of the Utica & Black River Railroad and began to invest money in area businesses. He was a Baptist and attended services in the Broad Street Church. He also taught Bible classes there. And, he became involved in the development of Madison University, which evolved into Colgate University. He and his wife had two daughters and two sons. He died on Jan. 17, 1877, at age 74. Frank Tomaino is the Observer-Dispatch historian and he also serves on the board of the Oneida County History Center. Contact Frank at ftomaino@uticaod.com.
Encyclopedia > Cornish, New Hampshire Article Content Cornish, New Hampshire Cornish is a town located in Sullivan County, New Hampshire. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,661. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 111.0 km² (42.8 mi²). 109.1 km² (42.1 mi²) of it is land and 1.9 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.68% water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there are 1,661 people, 645 households, and 465 families residing in the town. The population density is 15.2/km² (39.4/mi²). There are 697 housing units at an average density of 6.4/km² (16.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.71% White, 0.30% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. 0.48% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 645 households out of which 32.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% are married couples living together, 5.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% are non-families. 21.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.02. In the town the population is spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.2 males. The median income for a household in the town is $53,393, and the median income for a family is $60,313. Males have a median income of $36,115 versus $29,474 for females. The per capita income for the town is $23,165. 4.5% of the population and 2.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 5.8% are under the age of 18 and 5.5% are 65 or older. Search Encyclopedia Search over one million articles, find something about almost anything! Featured Article This page was created in 38.1 ms
Area A (60 sq m; Fig. 3), on the hilltop, yielded an extremely dense scattering of flaked flint items on the surface. The area was excavated to a depth of just 0.3 m until reaching bedrock, and flint items were found; the number of flints diminished as the excavation deepened. The artifacts collected from the excavation and the surface included flake and blade cores, a large quantity of debitage, a fragment of a proper tool (chisel) and several ad hoc tools (Fig. 4). Just a single fragment of an ancient non-diagnostic pottery vessel was found. Most of the lithic assemblage dated probably to the Early Bronze Age. Areas B and C (116 sq m; Figs. 5, 6), both on the southern slope of the hill next to the streambed, yielded a thin layer of tamped loess (thickness c. 0.15 m), mixed with numerous flaked flint items including cores, flakes and points knapped in Levallois technique, attributed to the Middle Palaeolithic Mousterian culture (Figs. 7, 8). The excavation results indicate that the site was inhabited during the Middle Paleolithic and probably the Early Bronze Age, probably because of the easily accessible raw material used in the production of flint tools.
Dear Math Central, I am not sure how to tackle this problem at all. Augustus de Morgan wrote in 1864, "At some point in my life, the square of my age was the same as the year." When was he born? I am an eighth grade student. Thanks for your help. Pat Hi Pat, Since Augustus de Morgan made this statement in 1864 and he used the past tense, the years he is talking about is before 1864. The year in question is a square. Use your calculator and find the square root of 1864. 1864 is not a square so you won't get an integer as the square root. Try the largest integer that is smaller than the square root of 1864. Is that a reasonable candidate for his age in the year in question? What about the next smallest integer? Is this a possibility? Go to Math Central To return to the previous page use your browser's back button.
Saturday, 30 March 2019 Q. An infant is hospitalized for treatment of inorganic failure to thrive. Which nursing action is most appropriate for this child? A. Encouraging the infant to hold a bottle B. Keeping the infant on bed rest to conserve energy C. Rotating caregivers to provide more stimulation D. Maintaining a consistent, structured environment Correct Answer: D Explanation: The nurse caring for an infant with inorganic failure to thrive should strive to maintain a consistent, structured environment because it reinforces a caring feeding environment. Encouraging the infant to hold a bottle would reinforce an uncaring feeding environment. The infant should receive social stimulation rather than be confined to bed rest. The number of caregivers should be minimized to promote consistency of care. Friday, 29 March 2019 A. Place a dry dressing in the wound. B. Use Burrow's solution to wet the dressing. C. Pack the wet dressing tightly into the wound. D. Cover the wet packing with a dry sterile dressing. Correct Answer: D Thursday, 28 March 2019 Q. Crackles heard on lung auscultation indicate which of the following? A. Cyanosis. B. Bronchospasm. C. Airway narrowing. D. Fluid-filled alveoli. Correct Answer: D Explanation: Crackles are auscultated over fluid-filled alveoli. Crackles heard on lung auscultation do not have to be associated with cyanosis. Bronchospasm and airway narrowing generally are associated with wheezing sounds. Wednesday, 27 March 2019 Q. A woman is taking oral contraceptives. The nurse teaches the client to report which of the following danger signs? A. Breakthrough bleeding. B. Severe calf pain. C. Mild headache. D. Weight gain of 3 lb. Correct Answer: B Explanation: Women who take oral contraceptives are at increased risk for thromboembolic conditions. Severe calf pain needs to be investigated as a potential sign of deep vein thrombosis. Breakthrough bleeding, mild headache, or weight gain may be common benign side effects that accompany oral contraceptive use. Clients may be monitored for these side effects without a change in treatment. Tuesday, 26 March 2019 Q. The health care provider at a prenatal clinic has ordered multivitamins for a woman who is 3 months' pregnant. The client calls the nurse to report that she has gone to the pharmacy to fill her prescription but is unable to buy it as it costs too much. The nurse should refer the client to: A. The charge nurse. B. The hospital finance office. C. Her hospital social worker. D. Her insurance company. Correct Answer: C Explanation: The social worker is available to assist the client in finding services within the community to meet client needs. This individual is able to provide the names of pharmacies within the community that offer generic substitutes or others that utilize the client's insurance plan. The charge nurse of the unit would be able to refer the client to the social worker. The hospital finance office does not handle this type of situation and would refer the client back to the unit. The client's insurance company deals with payments for health care and would refer the client back to the local setting. Monday, 25 March 2019 Q. As a nurse helps a client ambulate, the client says, "I had trouble sleeping last night." Which action should the nurse take first? A. Recommending warm milk or a warm shower at bedtime B. Gathering more information about the client's sleep problem C. Determining whether the client is worried about something D. Finding out whether the client is taking medication that may impede sleep Correct Answer: B Explanation: The nurse first should determine what the client means by "trouble sleeping." The nurse lacks sufficient information to recommend warm milk or a warm shower or to make inferences about the cause of the sleep problem, such as worries or medication use. Saturday, 23 March 2019 Question Of The Day, Respiratory Disorders Q. A client hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis? A. Nausea or vomiting B. Abdominal pain or diarrhea C. Hallucinations or tinnitus D. Light-headedness or paresthesia Correct Answer: D Explanation: The client with respiratory alkalosis may complain of light-headedness or paresthesia (numbness and tingling in the arms and legs). Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may accompany respiratory acidosis. Hallucinations and tinnitus rarely are associated with respiratory alkalosis or any other acid-base imbalance. Friday, 22 March 2019 Q. A nurse is monitoring a client for adverse reactions to atropine (Atropine Care) eyedrops. Systemic absorption of atropine sulfate through the conjunctiva can cause which adverse reaction? A. Tachycardia B. Increased salivation C. Hypotension D. Apnea Correct Answer: A Explanation: Systemic absorption of atropine can cause tachycardia, palpitations, flushing, dry skin, ataxia, and confusion. To minimize systemic absorption, the client should apply digital pressure over the punctum at the inner canthus for 2 to 3 minutes after instilling the drops. The drug also may cause dry mouth. It isn't known to cause hypotension or apnea. Wednesday, 20 March 2019 Q. A client is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which assessment finding best supports a nursing diagnosis of Ineffective coping related to diabetes mellitus? A. Recent weight gain of 20 lb (9.1 kg) B. Failure to monitor blood glucose levels C. Skipping insulin doses during illness D. Crying whenever diabetes is mentioned Correct Answer: D Explanation: A client who cries whenever diabetes is mentioned is demonstrating ineffective coping. A recent weight gain and failure to monitor blood glucose levels would support a nursing diagnosis of Noncompliance: Failure to adhere to therapeutic regimen. Skipping insulin doses during illness would support a nursing diagnosis of Deficient knowledge related to treatment of diabetes mellitus. Tuesday, 19 March 2019 Q. A client with pernicious anemia is receiving parenteral vitamin B12 therapy. Which client statement indicates effective teaching about this therapy? A. "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy until my signs and symptoms disappear." B. "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy until my vitamin B12 level returns to normal." C. "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy monthly for 6 months to a year." D. "I will receive parenteral vitamin B12 therapy for the rest of my life." Correct Answer: D Explanation: Because a client with pernicious anemia lacks intrinsic factor, oral vitamin B12 can't be absorbed. Therefore, parenteral vitamin B12 therapy is recommended and required for life. Saturday, 16 March 2019 Q. In preparing the client and the family for a postoperative stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) after open heart surgery, the nurse should explain that: A. The client will remain in the ICU for 5 days. B. The client will sleep most of the time while in the ICU. C. Noise and activity within the ICU are minimal. D. The client will receive medication to relieve pain. Correct Answer: D Explanation: Management of postoperative pain is a priority for the client after surgery, including valve replacement surgery, according to the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. The client and family should be informed that pain will be assessed by the nurse and medications will be given to relieve the pain. The client will stay in the ICU as long as monitoring and intensive care are needed. Sensory deprivation and overload, high noise levels, and disrupted sleep and rest patterns are some environmental factors that affect recovery from valve replacement surgery. Friday, 15 March 2019 Q. A newborn admitted with pyloric stenosis is lethargic and has poor skin turgor. The primary care provider has ordered I.V. fluids of dextrose water with sodium and potassium. The baby's admission potassium level is 3.4Meq/ L. The nurse should: A. Notify the primary care provider. B. Administer the ordered fluids. C. Verify that the infant has urinated. D. Have the potassium level redrawn. Correct Answer: C Explanation: Normal serum potassium levels are 3.5-4.5 Meq/L. Elevated potassium levels can cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmias. The nurse must verify that the client has the ability to clear potassium through urination before administering the drug. Infants with pyloric stenosis frequently have low potassium levels due to vomiting. A level of 3.4Meq/l is not unexpected and should be corrected with the ordered fluids. The lab value does not need to be redrawn as the findings are consistent with the infant's condition. Thursday, 14 March 2019 Q. Twelve hours after a vaginal delivery with epidural anesthesia, the nurse palpates the fundus of a primiparous client and finds it to be firm, above the umbilicus, and deviated to the right. Which of the following would the nurse do next? A. Document this as a normal finding in the client's record. B. Contact the physician for an order for methylergonovine (Methergine). C. Encourage the client to ambulate to the bathroom and void. D. Gently massage the fundus to expel the clots. Correct Answer: C Explanation: At 12 hours postpartum, the fundus normally should be in the midline and at the level of the umbilicus. When the fundus is firm yet above the umbilicus, and deviated to the right rather than in the midline, the client's bladder is most likely distended. The client should be encouraged to ambulate to the bathroom and attempt to void, because a full bladder can prevent normal involution. A firm but deviated fundus above the level of the umbilicus is not a normal finding and if voiding does not return it to midline, it should be reported to the physician. Methylergonovine (Methergine) is used to treat uterine atony. This client's fundus is firm, not boggy or soft, which would suggest atony. Gentle massage is not necessary because there is no evidence of atony or clots. Wednesday, 13 March 2019 Question Of The Day, Intrapartum Period Q. The nurse is caring for a multigravid client who speaks little English. As the nurse enters the client's room, the nurse observes the client squatting on the bed and the fetal head crowning. After calling for assistance and helping the client lie down, which of the following actions should the nurse do next? A. Tell the client to push between contractions. B. Provide gentle support to the fetal head. C. Apply gentle upward traction on the neonate's anterior shoulder. D. Massage the perineum to stretch the perineal tissues. Correct Answer: B Explanation: During a precipitous delivery, after calling for assistance and helping the client lie down, the nurse should provide support to the fetal head to prevent it from coming out. It is not appropriate to tell the client to push between contractions because this may lead to lacerations. The shoulder should be delivered by applying downward traction until the anterior shoulder appears fully at the introitus, then upward pressure to lift out the other shoulder. Priority should be given to safe delivery of the infant over protecting the perineum by massage. Tuesday, 12 March 2019 Q. Which medication is considered safe during pregnancy? A. Aspirin B. Magnesium hydroxide C. Insulin D. Oral antidiabetic agents Correct Answer: C Explanation: Insulin is a required hormone for any client with diabetes mellitus, including the pregnant client. Aspirin, magnesium hydroxide, and oral antidiabetic agents aren't recommended for use during pregnancy because these agents may cause fetal harm. Monday, 11 March 2019 Q. A client with alcohol dependency is prescribed a B-complex vitamin. The client states, "Why do I need a vitamin? My appetite is just fine." Which of the following responses by the nurse is most appropriate? A. "Your doctor wants you to take it for at least 4 months." B. "You've been drinking alcohol and eating very little." C. "The vitamin is a nutritional supplement important to your health." D. "The amount of vitamins in the alcohol you drink is very low." Correct Answer: C Explanation: Stating that the vitamin is a nutritional supplement important to the client's health is the best response. The client is nutritionally depleted, and the B-complex vitamins produce a calming effect on the irritated central nervous system and prevent anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and Wernicke's encephalopathy. Although the statements about drinking alcohol and eating very little and that there is a low amount of vitamins in the alcohol consumed may be true, they fail to address the client's concerns directly and fail to provide the necessary information, as does telling the client that the doctor wants the client to take the vitamin for 4 months. Saturday, 9 March 2019 Q. A client with major depression sleeps 18 to 20 hours per day, shows no interest in activities he previously enjoyed and reports a 17-lb (7.7-kg) weight loss over the past month. Because this is the client's first hospitalization, the physician is most likely to order: A. phenelzine (Nardil). B. thiothixene (Navane). C. nortriptyline (Pamelor). D. trifluoperazine (Stelazine). Correct Answer: C Explanation: Nortriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, is used in first-time drug therapy because it causes few anticholinergic and sedative adverse effects. Phenelzine isn't ordered initially because it may cause many adverse effects and necessitates dietary restrictions. Thiothixene and trifluoperazine are antipsychotic agents and, therefore, inappropriate for clients with uncomplicated depression. Friday, 8 March 2019 A. Exercising the client's arms regularly B. Insisting that the client eat without assistance C. Working with the client rather than with the family Correct Answer: A Thursday, 7 March 2019 A. Coordinate documentation of the incident. B. Resolve negative feelings and attitudes. C. Improve the use of restraint procedures. D. Calm down before returning to the other clients. Correct Answer: C Wednesday, 6 March 2019 Correct Answer: B Tuesday, 5 March 2019 A. Keeping the child in a fasting state. B. Obtaining a white blood cell (WBC) count. C. Preparing for radiography of the spinal canal. D. Collecting a specimen for urinalysis. Correct Answer: B Monday, 4 March 2019 Question Of The Day, Preschooler A. Restrict the father's visitation. B. Notify the police immediately. C. Refer the father for parenting classes. D. Record the father's story in the chart. Correct Answer: D Friday, 1 March 2019 Q. An 18-year-old high school senior wishes to obtain birth control through her parents' insurance but does not want the information disclosed. The nurse tells the client that under the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) parents: A. Have the right to review a minor's medical records until high school graduation. B. Have the right to review a minor's medical record if they are responsible for the payment. C. May not view the medical record, but may learn of the visit through the insurance bill. D. May not view the minor's medical record or the insurance bill. Correct Answer: C Explanation: Under HIPAA, 18-year-olds have the right to medical privacy and their medical records may not be disclosed to their parents without their permission. However, the adolescent must be made aware of the fact that information is sent to third party payers for the purpose of reimbursement. Those payers send the primary insurer, in this case the parent, a statement of benefits. HIPAA protects the right to medical privacy of all 18-year-olds regardless of their educational status. Even if parents are responsible for payment, they may not view the patient's chart without the consent of the adolescent. Popular Posts Blog Archive Total Pageviews
“I guess I just assumed that you were Mexican,” is a line that I have heard far too many times. The struggle of racial misidentification, while not exclusive to it, seems to be extra prevalent in the multiracial community. Our physical appearances may not embody the stereotypical traits that others may expect to see in us. It can progress to the point where we are tasked with convincing people of our racial identities. Irene Suh / Daily Nexus “You’re really Japanese and white?” “You don’t look like it.” “Are you sure?” I can tell them that I was raised on raw fish and rice, or I can point out my last name on the list of colonizers who came over from England. Or if that isn’t convincing enough, should I contact 23andMe and forward them a copy of the results when they arrive? Those who doubt my background don’t deserve “proof.” An individual should never have to justify such a significant part of themselves to anyone else. I am what is known as “racially ambiguous.” My green eyes, warm skin, dark curly hair and tall, curvy figure offer no obvious answer for those who find themselves concerned with my racial identity. Society has taught us to break physical features up into racial categories, to see certain eye shapes as “Asian” or hair textures as “Black.” Relying on stereotypes can make it difficult to see beyond black and white views of race — no pun intended. However, this can be detrimental to mixed-race individuals’ journeys to healthy self-identification. Society teaches us to rely on the validation of others, which is difficult for multiracial children when no one is able to affirm your race. These standards warp a person’s sense of self. As a little kid, I would always raise my hand when taking a test that began with a survey asking for your race. “What should I put? It says choose one but I’m half-and-half.” I used to switch off between Caucasian (white, European, or Middle Eastern) and Asian/Pacific Islander. It felt like choosing between parents. At such an impressionable young age, I couldn’t even understand my racial identity and yet I was expected to be able to define myself. In recent years, these questionnaires have added either the “Two or more races” category, or simply, “Other,” allowing for greater inclusion of interracial people. Except it is degrading to simply be marked as “Other,” as if to remind us that we don’t belong. Furthermore, this “otherhood” lumps all multiracial people into one category. Multiracial people are often grouped together as one despite the word’s diverse connotations. It can be hard to find affirmation within the very cultures that we belong to. I find myself jealous of my monoracial peers who are able to easily experience their rich cultural identities. I am constantly the whitest Asian person, or the most Asian white person in the room. I feel little association with either grouping, and therefore it sometimes feels as if not being “racially pure” removes what little association I do have. I remember being dressed in a kimono for the first time in a small store in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles. My sister and I were treated like tourists until my mom appeared, confirming our identities as Japanese children. Instantly we were given greater kimono options and guidance on what obis to pair with them. People in my life constantly remind me that I am not fully white, though they do so with the intention of being complimentary. My generation often associates white people with negative connotations. Whenever someone deems the entire white community as racist, ignorant or otherwise dishonorable, I am always assured by my peers that this does not include me due to my Japanese culture. Even though they say this with good intentions, it feels strange to me, as if I should be embarrassed to be white, as though I was given a choice in the matter. Of course, there are beautiful things that come with being multiracial. Growing up this way makes you more adaptable to the surrounding world. Mutliracial people are able to use the racism they have endured themselves to understand and advocate for others. Being both white and Japanese gives me a distinctive outlook on the world. I think that even the fact that my parents made the rebellious choice to marry outside their respective races and have children gives me an interesting history. My ancestors came from opposite sides of the world; my existence is proof of how connected we as humans can truly be. If each of my parents could accept an individual from an entirely different background, why can’t the rest of us? It has taken me a long time to feel comfortable and happy with both sides of my cultural identity: to claim both the stories of my maternal grandfather’s internment at the age of 12, and also the stories of my great-great-grandfather driving his family across the country after the Dust Bowl at the age of 12. Although I have always been aware that I am not defined solely by my race, we live in a society where race is simply unforgettable. When we, as mixed individuals, claim our racial backgrounds, we can show the rest of the world who buys into stereotypes that there is more to a person than what meets the eye. Sophia Lovell challenges you to embrace your culture while daring to defy racial stereotypes.
Schedule a Consultation (775) 772-1308 INFLUENZA the Perfect Parasite What’s all the hype about the FLU? Flu Season, Flu shots, Bird flu, Spanish Flu, Swine Flu, Avian Flu, Hong Kong Flu, Asian Flu, Pandemic, Epidemic, H1N1, H5N1, H2N2. Oh man! I’m Flu Dizzy. What is Influenza? The Influenza is a Virus (Latin, poison) and as such is Inanimate or not Alive. It is inaccurate to think of a virus as a small living organism; it cannot use the environment to produce energy; they cannot persist for extended periods on their own in the environment; and most importantly they are incapable of reproducing themselves. Viruses are a geometrically shaped hollow structure whose outer coat is comprised of protein molecules, they are very small and a thousand to millions can fit on the end of a pin. As a virus is not alive antibiotics have no affect on them. The influenza virus is very good at invading a living organism and using the host’s cells to perform the functions that it requires to replicate. The influenza virus is totally dependent on a host for their existence and as such is THE PERFECT PARASITE. Influenza comes in three recognized varieties A, B, and C. Influenza B is generally found in humans and seals, while Influenza C is found in humans and pigs, both of these are less infectious and found less frequently than Influenza A. Influenza A is generally considered to originally be a bird to bird infection that has mutated to infect humans, birds, pigs, horses, dogs, seals and whales. What we call the “Seasonal Flu” is usually a form of Influenza A and infects 5 to 20 percent of the American population annually hospitalizing approximately 200,000. This influenza/virus is a master at continuously mutating or changing its personality and thusly receives a new name. There are approximately 400 influenza A variants. In the realm of science these are named as an H and an N type. Interestingly enough the seasonal flu can cause no symptoms in some people, slight symptoms in others and can be deadly to others. Usually the most affected are the young, and the old infirmed. The symptoms of the flu can come on quite suddenly. One minute you feel fine and the next you might be terribly sick with symptoms of cough, fever, sore throat, fatigue, body aches, and conjunctivitis. In severe cases it causes breathing problems and pneumonia which can be fatal. The Grim Reapers There have been 3 major influenza epidemics since the turn of the 20th Century. In 1918 the “Spanish Flu” which was designated H1N1, killed an estimated 80 to 100 million people world wide 1/16TH. OF THE WORLD’S THEN CURRENT POPULATION. It killed approximately 675,000 people in America. This flu was unusual in that 50% of those killed were young adults. In 1957 and 1958 the “Asian flu” arrived. It was considered to be a mutation from the Spanish Flu H1N1 and is classified as H2N2. It started in China where it killed 10 million people and then came to the U.S. and killed more, approximately 70,000. This influenza rarely infected those under 65 years of age. Once again in 1968 and 1969 a new flu arrived that was named the “Hong Kong Flu”. It was another mutation of the Asian flu H1N1 and was designated H3N2. It killed 750,000 people and infected 40% of the world population. Since then we have had a constantly mutating variety of Type A Asian flu infecting the world’s population on an annual basis. Type A Influenza kills at least 36,000 in the U.S. annually. The Bad News The International medical community, government agencies including the intelligence communities is all in agreement, it is not if we will have an Influenza epidemic but when. President Bush has issued an official warning as of November 30th of 2005. In this Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response warning President Bush states “Our country has been given fair warning of this dander to our homeland”. President Bush outlined a $7.1 billion pandemic strategy and he asked Congress for and as of December 2005 received $3.8 billion for new vaccine technology. This is hopefully good news. On November 6th of 2006 an official mandate to federal workers in Hong Kong ordered a stock piling of a 12 day supply of food and water. Further guidelines for “Self quarantine” were issued. The Blue Ribbon Committee on Mega Catastrophes has issued a study stating that it will take 6 months to develop a vaccine and it will take until 2011 to vaccinate all Americans even then a perfect match vaccine is not possible. Figuring out which version of the flu will attack next season is the job of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance Network. They determine which strains are likely to be this year’s flu and try to design a specific vaccine to inoculate against that strain. Because of the very nature of the influenza virus it is a bit of a guessing game as to which strains will hit in any given geographical region at a given time. This uncertainty means that the flu vaccine can be ineffective. It is important to realize that vaccination is not immunization, just because you get a flu shot doesn’t mean you will not get the flu. The new Seasonal flu vaccine is a trivalent vaccine which means that it contains elements from three different influenza viruses. This vaccine has shown good protection. Vaccines work by stimulating our immune response against specific organisms as indicated by the vaccine given. If effective it stimulates an immediate immune response, both a cellular and antibody response. When, in the future we are exposed, or confronted, with the same or very similar influenza/pathogen our immune system is Primed for an adequate Response. We will more quickly mount a specific response. This is a Good Thing. The Federal government in an effort to increase production of vaccines has lowered restrictions on vaccine purity allowing the use of formaldehyde, aluminum, and mercury (thimerosol). Google thimerosal/ autism. However the food and Drug Administration (FDA) Does an adequate job of insuring Effectiveness and Purity. The flu shot is not an immunization it is an inoculation, it is not a cure. At this time inoculation with the trivalent vaccine is a good idea, and the Avian Flu H5N1 is the reason. Avian Flu H5N1 – A Perfect Killer This bird flu is a new variant that is extremely virulent and contagious. It can infect and be carried in domestic chickens, turkeys, pheasants, ducks, geese, guinea foul, migratory waterfowl, pigs, horses, and has a mortality rate of 100% in domestic chickens. Over 100 million birds have died or been culled in 13 nations. Ground zero for the H5N1 virus was Hong Kong in 1997. Before 1997 H5N1 had infected birds and was transmitted bird to bird but in 1997 it made the shift from bird to human. H5N1 has infected people in Vietnam, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Thailand. The death rate of those infected is 50% and as of January 2006 147 people have been infected. Compared to the 5 to 12% mortality rate of the 1918 Influenza P, H5N1 Influenza is a PERFECT KILLER. Worse, there have been several cases where it is likely person to person transmission has occurred. If, or some experts say when H5N1 mutates and is transmitted human to human the resulting Pandemic could spread globally in 6 days. Estimates on deaths in the U.S.A. are at 500,000 and world wide at well over 6 million. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has announced that an experimental vaccine for H5N1 works. We have 2 anti-viral medications (Tamiflu and Symmetrel) that are helpful against H5N1 and antibiotics to fight off secondary bacterial infections. This vaccine for the H5N1 has to be 6 times stronger that the seasonal flu trivalent vaccine and to produce an effective immune response and 2 doses are required. The CDC also announced they are producing 20 million doses but it will take 4 years. The 600 million doses needed to vaccinate all 300 million Americans will take 7 years to produce. As the H5N1 virus continues to mutate the above vaccine will confer limited immunity. The production of Tamiflu has been quadrupled but it will still take 10 years to produce enough for just 20% of the world’s population. Several recent H5N1 cases in Vietnam have already shown resistant to Tamiflu. Strong vs. Weak I must apologize in advance for the Coldness of this next paragraph. We live in a sea of micro-organisms and their purpose is to digest us back to the environment hopefully after DEATH. Nature Culls the Herd and as the living, we are the Herd, Human Kind, Homo sapiens. Bipedal primates. Now I am not a proponent of a pre-mature death or the tragedy of the loss of a loved one, but have you noticed nature is not under our complete control. We as a Global Community suffer catastrophes all the time, just read the papers or watch the news. Really NOW! We are Gifted and Given an Innate Power which Controls, and Coordinates all Function Down to the Cellular Systems. This Power is Energetic. Energy is defined as the potential for causing change. As such our Spritual, Moral, Neurological, Neuro-Skeletal, Neuro-Chemical and Physiological Systems are in Coordination with one another which equals. The basic premise of microbiology is that “if the virulence of the pathogen is greater than the immunity of the host it gains entrance. However, if the resistance of the host is stronger than the virulence of the pathogen then it cannot gain access or entrance. In simple words if your immune system (YOU) ARE stronger than the flu bug you won’t submit to the pathogen. My Job is to Keep You STRONG. Ah Ha! My name is Dr. Jenison I am a practicing Chiropractic Doctor of over 28 years in Lake Tahoe California. North Tahoe is my Home. Thought it was time for a proper introduction. I have had the blessing of learning many natural healing methods. Over my years of service to more than 10,000 patients, I have developed a Specific System of Analysis using Muscle Resistance Testing. This Technique is called Total Integrated Technique or Total Integrated Technique allows me to determine where the stress or im-balance is in you body and then determine the optimum therapeutic course of treatment. I can evaluate your immune systems strength and determine what can help. I have an impressive arsenal of Therapies. I administer Spinal, Cranial Sacral, and extremity manipulation as well as Physical therapy to reverse neural impingement and aberrant neurological function. Spinal and or Cranial subluxations can interfere with normal function and cause lowered immune system functions. My arsenal includes Whole food Nutrition, Herbal, Homeopathic Medicines, Clinical Detoxification, Laser and Light Therapies, Auricular, Body point accupoint therapies, and Dietary/Exercise recommendations. I have an extensive global Pharmacy of Natural Medicines. Strength or Weakness is a CHOICE Making a positive Choice to change, improve or protect our lives and health is personal. Your health and well being is our purpose and mission in practice. I have dedicated my professional life to restoring and protecting your health.
What is BIA ? News Home What is BIA, or Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ? BIA, or Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, is a non-invasive measurement of body fat, lean muscle mass and hydration. A small current is used to measure the resistance at difference frequencies against the various tissues in the body eg fat/lipid has a high resistance to the flow of current, therefore shows a high impedance reading. Lean muscle and water are good conductors of current, therefore will show low resistance or impedance readings. The impedance readings are then translated using validated algorithms into estimations of body fat, lean muscle and water (including water inside and outside the cells when using the higher frequencies). The algorithms used for each BIA device (or brand) is likely to be different, which is why you might have different results using different machines. The accuracy will depend on the validation of the equation used and how it compares with DXA and other gold standards. This is always something to take into account when choosing a BIA device. The accuracy of the measurement also depends on skin resistance. View our range of BIA measuring devices here or call 0118 324 0061 for more infromation Using BIA for Weight Management Clients who are informed about the importance of body fat loss, rather than just weight loss, are far more likely to stay on a diet programme for longer without losing focus – especially when they hit the common ‘weight plateau’. This is because a body composition analysis will show increases in muscle mass and decreases in body fat that don’t always manifest in actual weight loss. By understanding why weight loss has slowed down, and by seeing the results in increased healthy muscle mass, clients are less likely to lose motivation. A BIA Analyser will help you to demonstrate the effectiveness of your weight management programme and gain the respect and compliance of your clients. Use the results to explain how their body composition affects their overall health and to set goals; then give them reports that track their progress so they can celebrate their achievements. • This is because as you exercise more, you develop more muscle mass and reduce fat. • Your weight may even increase at a certain point, as your muscle mass increases. For long-lasting, healthy weight loss, you will need to make sure you lose actual fat and not lean muscle tissue or water. Don’t forget that when you begin a new exercise routine - particularly if it includes resistance training - your weight may increase slightly. This is because the new muscle tissue you are building is denser than fat – so this will show in changes to your body composition as your muscle mass increases and your body fat percentage goes down. Established in 1982 Fitech UK Ltd is registered in England Reg 5532915 Kemp House 152 - 160 City Road United Kingdom Global Switch Board: +44(0)118 3240 061
You are here: Home / Tags / Emotions / All Categories Tags: Emotions All Categories (101-120 of 548) 2. Man's other best friend: domestic cats (F. silvestris catus) and their discrimination of human emotion cues Contributor(s):: Galvan, M., Vonk, J. The ability of domestic dogs (C. lupus famaliaris) to follow and attend to human emotion expressions is well documented. It is unknown whether domestic cats (F. silvestris catus) possess similar abilities. Because cats belong to the same order (Carnivora), but did not evolve to live in complex... 3. Hemodynamic (fNIRS) and EEG (N200) correlates of emotional inter-species interactions modulated by visual and auditory stimulation Contributor(s):: Balconi, M., Vanutelli, M. E. 4. Owner perceived differences between mixed-breed and purebred dogs 5. Is your dog empathic? Developing a Dog Emotional Reactivity Survey Contributor(s):: Szantho, F., Miklosi, A., Kubinyi, E. Contributor(s):: Bowen, J., Bulbena, A., Tobena, A., Fatjo, J., Aboul-Enein, B. H., Puddy, W. C., Bowser, J. E. 7. Cognition Regulated by Emotional Decision Making Contributor(s):: Stefano, G. B. 8. Dogs for Diabetes Contributor(s):: Spero, D. 10. Empathy Towards Non-Human Animals: Its Role in Emotion Recognition, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Hoarding Disorder Contributor(s):: Elisa Silvia Colombo Background: empathy has been defined as a vicarious affective response that arises from attending another individual’s emotional experience and is more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own. It is a complex and multidimensional psychological process, which involves... 11. Mājdzīvnieku loma vientulības mazināšanā: dzīvnieki kā cilvēku aizstājēji Contributor(s):: Maija Jaunzeme Vientulība ir universāls, tomēr joprojām līdz galam neizprasts fenomens gan zinātnē, gan sabiedrībā. Vientulības cēloņi var būt dažādi, taču tie vienmēr saistīti ar atšķirtību- vai nu sociālu vai emocionālu. Lai mazinātu vientulības sajūtu, ir nepieciešama kvalitatīva komunikācija,... 12. Exploring Attitudes Toward Euthanasia Among Shelter Workers and Volunteers in Japan and the U.S. Contributor(s):: Maho Cavalier Conflicts between foreign and Japanese volunteers concerning decisions to euthanize animals that are in terminal condition were noted during anecdotal observation by this author at a Japanese animal rescue shelter. Thus, this research was undertaken to explore attitudes of shelter staff in Japan.... Contributor(s):: Elaine K. Schmid 14. Canine emotions as seen through human social cognition. Contributor(s):: Miiamaaria V. Kujala It is not possible to demonstrate that dogs (Canis familiaris) feel emotions, but the same is true for all other species, including our own. The issue must therefore be approached indirectly, using premises similar to those used with humans. Recent methodological advances in canine research... 15. Death in the family Contributor(s):: Maria Botero Barbara King presents grief as the result of the capacity of human and non-humananimals for social and affectionate bonds. This is a novel approach that provides a context for interpreting behavioral evidence of grief. The book also offers thought-provoking insights into the relationship between... 16. Developing visual discrimination tasks for dogs Contributor(s):: Joana Maria Guilherme Martins Fernandes The study of animal emotion has risen in the past decades, and because non-human animals cannot talk about their feelings, different techniques have been developed with the aim to understand emotions and improve animal welfare. Here, I intended to assess animal emotions by two different... 17. Visitors' memories of wildlife tourism: Implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences Contributor(s):: Roy Ballantyne, Jan Packer, Lucy A. Sutherland One of the aims of wildlife tourism is to educate visitors about the threats facing wildlife in general, and the actions needed to protect the environment and maintain biodiversity. To identify effective strategies to achieve this aim, this paper examines participants’ memories of their... 19. "Between Us, Animals". Emotional Ties Between Humans and Other Animals Contributor(s):: Monika Bakke
Help blind people (people with disabilities) or old people avoid obstructions and tell them they can also know the light/dark, temperature.. Similar projects worth following Allows the blind person to avoid obstructions in front of, warning people in front or danger warnings. As well as identifying the day or night, color the object with sensors (the device can be a bracelet, a hat or necklace ...) View all 2 project logs • 1 Construction guide and hardware 1. a hat (or eyeglasses, small robots lead the way ..) 2. Hardware: 1 Genuino-101, 1 base shield, 1 rechargeable battery. 3. One button on / off, one button toggles between functions and sensors. 4. Sensors: 1 Motion sensor, 1 sensor detector, 1 grove light sensor, 1 color recognition sensor, 1 sound sensor, 1 temperature sensor 5. Write the Arduino code that connects the sensors and functions. View all instructions Enjoy this project? Similar Projects Does this project spark your interest? Become a member to follow this project and never miss any updates
Missed Opportunities to Discover Nature Imagine that nature emerges from ample pairs of immutable Planck radius spherical particles, the electrino and the positrino, which are equal yet oppositely charged. These are the only carriers of energy, in electromagnetic and kinetic form. The are located in an infinite 3D Euclidean space (non curvy) and observe classical mechanics and Maxwell’s equations. 𝗡𝗣𝗤𝗚 explores this recipe for nature and how it emerges as a narrative and theory that is compatible with GR, QM, modified ΛCDM, yet superior in ability to explain the universe and resolve open problems. For 𝗡𝗣𝗤𝗚 basics see: Idealized Neoclassical Model and the NPQG Glosssary. A calamitous series of mis-interpretations has derailed physics and cosmology onto extremely difficult lines of attack where complexity and confusion reign and progress is slowed. I’ll list these in rough time order. In 1887 Michelson and Morley failed to detect the spacetime æther. They could not measure how lightly spacetime æther interacts at the low energy density on earth. Spacetime is structured out of particles.‬ Observations are always vulnerable to that which they can not observe! See A Vulnerability in the Mathematics of Physics. Hypothesis : IF spacetime æther 1) is the transducer and accumulator for gravity, and 2) local permittivity and permeability of the æther determines photon absolute Euclidean speed, and 3) behaves such that the æther based observer always perceives photon c speed as a constant, THEN it would be undetectable by Michelson-Morley and experiments to date. HINT : Use the relative strength of the force of gravity in your solution. Here is an interesting project which I am adding to my list and I welcome collaborators. I know some of you are skeptical about my work, but consider that this project shows why it is complicated (at least for me). First I have to un-think Einstein and spacetime as a geometry. Then I have to think about what is happening in an absolute Euclidean frame. Then I have to show that an observer in an spacetime æther would see what Einstein asserted. Hopefully you will understand that it has been difficult to communicate this idea to physicists because they are conditioned to defend against bad ideas that waste time. The problem is of course that the truly revolutionary idea is indistinguishable and will be rejected as well. I am thinking in absolute Euclidean space as if Einstein’s spacetime is a composite particle based æther that changes shape with energy. Examining the strength of the forces we see that the strength of gravity is tens of orders of magnitude below the other forces. Gravity appears to be well below what is detectable, but we’ll need to show that calculation. Consider that structure emerges from Planck sphere electrinos and positrinos. Is it possible that one of those structures is an AC carrier of the electric field? I mean it is a bit complicated. There’s orbits and continuous energy exchanges between kinetic and electromagnetic form and field propagation at local c. But that’s at the Planck level. Anyway, do you think it impossible that nature evolved an AC transmission mode as a feature of the spacetime æther? That’s pretty much all you need right? The strength of that AC coupling is a function of local energy. I mean think about drilling down from a computer to chip to gates to silicon and doping and field effects and keep going all the way to Planck scale? Why not? And that’s just one set of reactions. Opinion \| How Einstein Became the First Science Superstar - The ... Einstein’s general relativity (1917) should have been based on a Euclidean 3D space permeated by a physical spacetime æther – where electromagnetic energy density causes a local permittivity and permeability that determines c.‬ The consideration of physical limits, rather than mathematical continuum, would have translated into an maximally dense matter-energy core rather than a singularity and all the nonsense that followed. Aleksandr Fridman.png Friedmann in 1922 introduced the idea of an expanding universe that contained moving matter. Correspondence with Einstein suggests that Einstein was unwilling to accept the idea of an evolving Universe and worked instead to modify his equations to ensure a static eternal Universe as believed from Newton’s time. Some years later, in 1926 Hubble published the redshift vs distance relationship, namely, all the galaxies in the neighborhood seemed to be receding at a rate proportional to their distance. In 1922 Fridman was the first to derive the idea of an expanding universe from Einstein’s equations of general relativity. The error was conceptual in that space does expand local to each galaxy, but the universe is steady state. Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître – Wikipedia Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic priest, mathematician, astronomer, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain. He was the first to identify that the recession of nearby galaxies can be explained by a theory of an expanding universe, which was observationally confirmed soon afterwards by Edwin Hubble. He was the first to derive what is now known as Hubble’s law, or the Hubble–Lemaître law, and made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant, which he published in 1927, two years before Hubble’s article. Lemaître also proposed what later became known as the “Big Bang theory” of the origin of the universe, initially calling it the “hypothesis of the primeval atom”. Lemaître made the error of planting the seed that the universe could be traced back to a single originating point. A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. De Donder, E. Schrödinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W. Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin; P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr; I. Langmuir, M. Planck, M. Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, Ch. E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W. Richardson Fifth conference participants, 1927. Institut International de Physique Solvay in Leopold Park. Image Also in 1927, at Solvay, quantum mechanics took wing. In the following decades the Q-fields, QM, QFT, QED, and QCD, went hook, line, and sinker as believers in the geometry of spacetime. Had they known spacetime was an æther they would have evolved differently and quickly and may have solved nature by 1950 if not earlier. Fred Hoyle coined the term “big bang” for a lecture on BBC radio in March 1949. It was meant as a pejorative; Hoyle favored the steady-state picture. Cosmology’s Century – Peebles Early photo of Bob Wilson and Arno Penzias with the horn antenna Bell Labs The CMB was re-discovered in 1964 by Wilson and Penzias of Bell Labs. Since spacetime was assumed to be a geometry, and not an æther, the CMB was attributed to distant radiation. Since 1975 or so, it is said the major theoretical work on the standard model was essentially complete. On the theory side, progress has been nil since then. By 1980 it became the era of enormous experimentation with gloriously expensive equipment and huge teams of collaborators. And organizational approach to physics. Dilbert. Office Space. Post-grad drones. Any follower of NPQG knows that chipping away from 10^-20 is a long ways away from electrino and positrino Planck spheres at 10^-35. When the idea for an inflationary big bang and expansion was formulated circa 1981 by Guth (et al.). As an origin story it should not have been tied to a single event in time. Priyamvada Natarajan on Twitter: "Singular experiences this time ... Circa 1995 Natarajan and Rees missed an opportunity to realize that AGN SMBH were the primary implementation of inflation, Big Bang, and expansion. J Mark Morris : San Diego : California : June 25, 2020 : v1 p.s. I will add more to the timeline as I encounter historical material. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
OpenADR: Data Visualization As the navigational algorithms used by the robot have gotten more complex, I’ve noticed several occasions where I don’t understand the logical paths the robot is taking. Since the design is only going to get more complex from here on out, I decided to implement real time data visualization to allow me to see what the robot “sees” and view what actions it’s taking in response. With the Raspberry Pi now on board, it’s incredibly simple to implement a web page that hosts this information in an easy to use format. The code required to enable data visualization is broken up into four parts; the firmware part to send the data, the serial server to read the data from the Arduino, the web server to host the data visualization web page, and the actual web page that displays the data. The firmware level was the simplest part. I only added print statements to the code when the robot changes speed or reads the ultrasonic sensors. It prints out key value pairs over the USB serial port to the Raspberry Pi. Serial Server The Raspberry Pi then runs a serial server which processes these key value pairs and converts them into a dictionary representing the robot’s left motor and right motor speeds and the obstacles viewed by each ultrasonic sensor. This dictionary is then converted into the JSON format and written out to a file. This is an example of what the resulting JSON data looks like. Web Server Using a Python HTTP server example, the Raspberry Pi runs a web server which hosts the generated JSON file and the web page that’s used for viewing the data. Web Page The visualization web page uses an HTML canvas and JavaScript to display the data presented in the JSON file. The velocity and direction of the robot is shown by a curved vector, the length representing the speed of the robot and the curvature representing the radius of the robot’s turn. The obstacles seen by the five ultrasonic sensors are represented on the canvas by five points. The picture above is the resulting web page without any JSON data. Here’s a video of the robot running alongside a video of the data that’s displayed. As you can see, the data visualization isn’t exactly real time. Due to the communication delays over the network some of the robot’s decisions and sensor readings get lost. Further Steps Having the main structure of the data visualization set up provides a powerful interface to the robot that can be used to easily add more functionality in the future. I’d like to add more data items as I add more sensors to the robot such as the floor color sensor, an accelerometer, a compass, etc. At some point I also plan on creating a way to pass data to the robot from the web page, providing an interface to control the robot remotely. I’d also like to improve the existing data visualization interface to minimize the amount of data lost due to network and processing delays. One way I could do this would be by getting rid of the JSON file and streaming the data directly to the web page, getting rid of unnecessary file IO delays. The Arduino also prints out the ultrasonic sensor data one sensor at a time, requiring the serial server to read five lines from the serial port to get the reading of all the sensors. Compressing all sensor data to a single line would also help improve the speed. Another useful feature would be to record the sensor data rather than just having it be visible from the web page. The ability to store all of the written JSON files and replay the run from the robot’s perspective would make reviewing the data multiple times possible.
Javascript Execution Context and Hoisting This article is for those who don’t know how javascript is executed. Note: We have a series of article on javascript concept that will make you a better javascript developer, check here — Prerequisite: You should know 1. Scopes in javascript, if you don’t know first read here. 2. This keyword in javascript, if you don’t know first read here. 3. Stack in computers Before we start can you answer below? Is Javascript an interpreted or a compiled language? Yes, Javascript (JS) is an interpreted language, still has its own form of a compiler, run in what’s known as the Javascript engine. Every web browser has its own form of a JavaScript engine Eg. Chrome has v8 and Mozilla has spider monkey etc, though they all have the same purpose. JavaScript engines simply convert JavaScript source code into a language the compiler can understand, then executes it. Note: Comment down if you want me to cover in details what javascript engine do under the hood. Let’s start then, Execution Context An environment in which the javascript code runs is what form an execution context. The execution context decides what particular piece of code has access to variables, functions, objects, etc. If you have read the scope article then you should know what’s the global scope and local scope(function scope). So similarly execution context have different types — 1. Global Execution Context Whenever the code runs for the first time or when the code is not inside any function then it gets into the global execution context. There is only one global execution context throughout the execution of code. In the case of browser global execution context does 2 things 1. Create a window object. 2. The window object is referenced to this keyword. 2. Function Execution Context Whenever the code execution found a function it creates a new function execution contexts. There can be any number of function execution contexts. Above, Global execution context contains name variable and a function reference to func1. Whereas three function execution context containing variables and function reference will be created. The Details is explained further in the article. Execution Stack / Call Stack Javascript can only run one thing at one time in the browser that means it is the single thread so it queues the other action, events, function in what is called as the execution stack. Whenever a script load in the browser, the first element in the stack is the global execution context. However, when a function executes, an execution context is created and virtually placed on top of the global execution context. Once a function has finished executing, it gets popped off of the execution stack and returning control to the context below it. Let’s take an example and visualize the above. An Execution Context Stack for the above code. Step1: When the above code loads in the browser, the Javascript engine creates a global execution context and pushes it to the current execution stack. Step2: Let’s assume that at last, we do a func1() call then the Javascript engines creates a new execution context for that function and pushes it to the top of the global execution context Step3: Inside the func1() we have func2() call therefore the Javascript engines creates a new execution context for that function and pushes it to the top of the func1() execution context. Step4: When the func2() function finishes, its execution context is popped off from the current stack, and the control reaches the execution context below it, that is the func1() function execution context. Step5: When the func1() finishes, its execution stack is removed from the stack and control reaches the global execution context. Once all the code is executed, the JavaScript engine removes the global execution context from the current stack. Execution Context Phases There are mainly two phases of the execution context. 1. Creation 2. Execution Let’s take a look one by one Creation phase There are several things that happen here before the function execution happen. 1. At first, a connection to the outer environment is created for each function or variables which is what form a scope chain. This tells the execution context what should it contain and where should it look for resolving the reference for function and values for variables. • For the global environment, the outer environment is null. However, all environments within the global, have the global environment as its outer environment. • For eg: If function a, contained in function b, that means a has an outer environment b. 2. After scanning the scope chain an environment record is created where the creation and reference for global context(would be a window in a web browser), variable, function, and function arguments are done in memory. 3. At last value of ‘this’ keyword is determined (In the case of the global execution context, ‘this’ refers to the window) inside each execution context created in the 1st step. Note: If you find difficulty in understanding this keyword then I highly recommend you read here. Therefore we can represent the creation phase as creationPhase = { 'outerEnvironmentConnection': { /* scope chain resolution/ 'variableObjectMapping': { / function arguments, parameters, inner variable and function declarations are created or referenced in memory */ 'valueOfThis': {}, Execution Phase This is the phase where the code starts to run in the execution context formed in the creation phase and variable values are assigned line by line. As the execution start, the engine looks for reference to execute the function in its creation phase object. If it doesn’t find it in its own, it will continue to move up the scope chain until it reaches the global environment. If no references are found in the global environment it will return an error. However, if a reference is found and the function is executed correctly, the execution context of this particular function will be popped off the stack and the engine will move onto the next function, where their execution context will be added to the stack and executed, and so on. Let's look at the above two phases via example to get a better idea around it. So the global execution context will look something like this during the creation phase: globalExecutionObj = { outerEnvironmentConnection: null, variableObjectMapping: { name: uninitialized, title: undefined, date: uninitialized, func1: func, this: window //Global Object Note: Above, the let (name)and const (date) defined variables do not have any value associated with them during the creation phase, but var (title)defined variables are set to undefined . This is the reason why you can access var defined variables before they are declared (though undefined) but get a reference error when accessing letand const variables before they are declared. This is, what we call hoisting i.e all variable declarations using var are hoisted/lifted to the top of their functional/local scope (if declared inside a function) or to the top of their global scope (if declared outside of a function) regardless of where the actual declaration has been made. During the execution phase, the variable assignments are done. So the global execution context will look something like this during the execution phase. globalExectutionObj = { outerEnvironmentConnection: null, variableObjectMapping: { name: "", title: "Execution context", date: "5 july 2019", func1: pointer to function func1, this: window //Global Object Note: During the execution phase, if the JavaScript engine couldn’t find the value of let variable at the actual place it was declared in the source code, then it will assign it the value of undefined. Now, when func1 is reached a new function execution context will be formed, who’s creation object look like below func1ExecutionObj = { outerEnvironmentConnection: Global, variableObjectMapping: { arguments: { 0: 10, length: 1 num: 10, author: undefined, val: uninitialized, func2: undefined fixed: uninitialized addFive: pointer to function addFive() this: Global Object or undefined During the execution phase, func1ExecutionObj = { outerEnvironmentConnection: Global, variableObjectMapping: { arguments: { 0: 10, length: 1 num: 10, author: "Deepak", val: 3, func2: pointer to function func2() fixed: "Divine" addFive: pointer to function addFive() this: Global Object or undefined After the function completes its execution, the global environment is updated. Then the global code completes and the program finishes. Hope you like this article. Please share with other if you can, this motivate us to write more. Check out articles on Javascript, Angular, Node.js, Vue.js For more articles stay tuned to About Deepak Gupta Deepak is profound programmer and financial educator in India. He has co-founded couple of startup from scratch and worked in more than 12 startup and big corporate with different roles. Owing to his interest, he has been writing blogs regarding JavaScript and other framework to help people starting with it. Also, love to educate people about trading and cryptoworld in his free time.
PC Gear Lab LGA vs PGA Sockets LGA vs PGA Sockets – What are They? The CPU is the main processor chip in a computer. It gets attached to the motherboard in a very special socket and from this it can communicate with all other computer systems and send and receive billions of bits of data in a second. In the past years, the processing power of a chip has improved substantially because of improvements in chip architecture and advancing technology. As a result, these changes have also been seen in the physical appearance of the chips, particularly with the terminals that connect the chips to their sockets on a motherboard. However, if there is one thing that remains the same across many generation is the socket type. Here we learn about the different between two common sockets types i.e LGA vs PGA Sockets. Basically, Land Grid Array (LGA) and Pin Grid Array (PGA) are the physical connectors and form factor through which the CPU connects with the motherboards. What is the difference between the two? let us learn below. Also Read: LGA vs BGA Sockets What is a CPU Socket? Sockets are the physical placeholders where CPUs are inserted onto the motherboard. Before we go deeper into these two of the common socket types, let’s first see what a socket is. The CPU socket is also known as a CPU slot. This is the part of a motherboard that contains the necessary terminals and parts that hold the CPU in place. This socket is easy to spot on many motherboards as it covers a large surface area when unoccupied and on it, you will see numerous terminals that make the contact points for those at the bottom of the CPU. It provides the required shape and size for certain types of CPUs and as a result, you do not have the freedom to use whatever CPU you’d like on any slot. This makes it even more important to identify the CPU slot on your motherboard before you go ahead and buy a certain CPU because if they don’t match then you won’t use it. There are several socket types and here we’ll consider two popular ones, LGA and PGA. LGA vs PGA Sockets The LGA Socket LGA 1151 LGA 1151 socket found on a motherboard for recent Intel processors This Socket type is commonly used by Intel, a major CPU manufacturer. LGA stands for Land Grid Array and has been in use for over a decade. With an LGA socket, the CPU itself has no pins, instead it has metal pads. The pins are located on the motherboard. With the pins already placed on the motherboard, the CPU can just sit on top of the socket and can be held in place with the help of some mechanisms to prevent it from moving. This type of setup uses a pressure lever to hold the CPU in place. LGA Socket CPUs Since the contact pins are located on the motherboard itself, the CPU has no pins. Instead, the CPU has flat contact surfaces that coincide with the pins on the motherboard. The pins on the board and these conductive surfaces close the circuit when a CPU is installed on the motherboard. The conductive surfaces are also known as lands. They can be found at the bottom of the processor and are made of gold which has great conductive properties. It is believed that this method evolved from an older socket type known as Leadless Chip Carrier. With this design, the contact used pads instead of pins for contact as well. Intel CPUs that utilize this socket type includes the LGA 755, LGA 1155, LGA 1156 and LGA 1366. The first LGA processors by Intel came out in 1997 and they were the Pentium II and the Celeron. Advantages of LGA Sockets Because the pins are on the motherboard instead of the CPU, you have a little more leeway when handling the CPU because there’s no fear of damaging any pins. The CPU is more durable because of this but of course, rough handling can still cause damages. PGA Socket LGA vs PGA Sockets With a PGA, pins are found on the CPU instead of the motherboard. AMD widely uses PGA. The PGA socket type is the direct opposite of the LGA socket. Pin Grid array sockets do not have pins on the motherboard itself. Instead, the pins are located at the bottom of the CPU itself. These pins are what allow connection between the CPU and its socket and just like in LGA, they are designed to go into specific sockets. The pins are made as sturdy as possible but they can still incur damages when the chip is mishandled so one of the few things you need to do as a precaution is to avoid installing this CPU into the wrong sockets. Some damage to the pins can be irreversible. Once the pins are fitted into the appropriate holes, it is possible to secure the chip with a lever to ensure that it is firmly placed. PGA socket types are commonly used by AMD for their microprocessors, although some of their entries such as the Threadripper use an LGA socket. Installing a PGA socket is quite easy as the CPU can drop into place without the need of a lot of force. For this reason, PGA sockets can be referred to as the Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) sockets. Advantages of PGA Sockets With Pins on the CPU, fitting this chip into a socket can be as easy as aligning the pins with their holes and dropping the CPU in with very little force. Afterward, a lever can cause the socket to clamp the pins for firmer support. Also, bent pins on the CPU can be easy to repair. You will need to be careful though. Double Edged Sword While PGA based CPU are very easy to install on to the motherboard, handling them can become an issue. Putting pressure on a misaligned CPU or bending the pins on the CPU can result in irreversible damage. AMD processors are often told off for using PGA as their primary topology since they are prone to accidents. Similarly, Intel motherboard also told off due to their fragile pins on the motherboard. Once damaged, the pins on an LGA motherboard are almost impossible to fix. Why Different Socket Types Exist The main reason why different socket types exist is that CPU architectures are constantly changing. This is a good thing since new architectures are often introducing chips with lesser physical profiles and more power. Due to these changes, there’s the need to constantly change the CPU itself. Also, the fact that there’s a competition between the two processor manufacturing giants, Intel and AMD, means that each works on different architectures that can have a lack of compatibility between them. Here is a quick definition you can take note off: • Land Grid Array • Pins found on the Motherboard • Process has metal pads • Widely used by Intel • Pin Grid Array • Pins found on the processors • Motherboard has a socket with tiny holes in them • Widely used by AMD Here we reviewed the difference between LGa vs PGA sockets. Like two opposite sides of a coin, LGA, and PGA sockets couldn’t be more different in appearance. Nevertheless, they play the same role on a motherboard. They provide the CPU with a cradle and the necessary contact points for it to effectively communicate with every other device on a motherboard. With each having its advantage over the other, the choice comes down to a matter of preference by the manufacturer. Add comment Things can get pretty tough when you try to make sense of each and every component, port, compatibility and protocol when building a PC. PCGearLab.com aims to provide simplified solutions to complex questions for PC builders. We are members of Amazon.com Associates Program. This is an affiliate program from which we earn commission based advertisement fees from all qualifying purchases through our links. Learn more.
Capitalism’s global victory has been achieved through two different types of capitalist systems: the liberal meritocratic capitalism that has developed incrementally in the West, and the state-led authoritarian capitalism that is exemplified by China. Regardless of who wins, it is unlikely that one of the two will come to rule the entire globe, writes Branko Milanovic in his new book. A statue of Adam Smith in Edinburgh’s High Street. Photo by Charles Clegg [CC BY-SA 2.0] The fact that the entire globe now operates according to the same economic principles— production organized for profit using legally free wage labor and mostly privately owned capital, with decentralized coordination—is without historical precedent. In the past, capitalism, whether in the Roman Empire, sixth-century Mesopotamia, medieval Italian city-states, or the Low Countries in the modern era, always had to coexist—at times within the same political unit—with other ways of organizing production. These included hunting and gathering, slavery of various kinds, serfdom (with workers legally tied to the land and banned from offering their labor to others), and petty-commodity production carried out by independent craftspeople or small-scale farmers. Even as recently as one hundred years ago, when the first incarnation of globalized capitalism appeared, the world still included all of these modes of production. Following the Russian Revolution, capitalism shared the world with communism, which reigned in countries that contained about one-third of the human population. None but capitalism remain today, except in very marginal areas with no influence on global developments. The global victory of capitalism has many implications that were anticipated by Marx and Engels in 1848. Capitalism facilitates—and when foreign profits are higher than domestic, even craves—the cross-border exchange of goods, the movement of capital, and in some cases the movement of labor. It is thus not an accident that globalization developed the most in the period between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I, when capitalism largely held sway. And it is no accident that today’s globalization coincides with the even more absolute triumph of capitalism. Had communism triumphed over capitalism, there is little doubt that despite the internationalist creed professed by its founders, it would not have led to globalization. Communist societies were overwhelmingly autarkic and nationalistic, and there was minimal movement of goods, capital, and labor across borders. Even within the Soviet bloc, trade was carried out only to sell surplus goods or according to mercantilist principles of bilateral bargaining. This is entirely different from capitalism, which, as Marx and Engels noted, has an inherent tendency to expand. The uncontested dominion of the capitalist mode of production has its counterpart in the similarly uncontested ideological view that money-making not only is respectable but is the most important objective in people’s lives, an incentive understood by people from all parts of the world and all classes. It may be difficult to convince a person who differs from us in life experience, gender, race, or background of some of our beliefs, concerns, and motivations. But that same person will easily understand the language of money and profit; if we explain that our objective is to get the best possible deal, they will be able to readily figure out whether cooperation or competition is the best economic strategy to pursue. “It is an old idea, argued by writers as distinguished as Plato, Aristotle, and Montesquieu, that a political or economic system stands in harmonious relation with a society’s prevailing values and behaviors.” The fact that (to use Marxist terms) the infrastructure (the economic base) and superstructure (political and judicial institutions) are so well aligned in today’s world not only helps global capitalism maintain its dominion but also makes people’s objectives more compatible and their communication clearer and easier, since they all know what the other side is after. We live in a world where everybody follows the same rules and understands the same language of profit-making. Such a sweeping statement does need some qualification. There are indeed some small communities scattered around the world that shun money-making, and there are some individuals who disdain it. But they do not influence the shape of things and the movement of history. The claim that individual beliefs and value systems are aligned with capitalism’s objectives should not be taken to imply that all of our actions are entirely and always driven by profit. People sometimes perform actions that are genuinely altruistic or are driven by other objectives. But for most of us, if we assess these actions by time spent or money forgone, they play only a small role in our lives. Just as it is wrong to call billionaires “philanthropists” if they acquire an enormous fortune through unsavory practices and then give away a small fraction of their wealth, so it is wrong to zero in on a small subset of our altruistic actions and ignore the fact that perhaps 90 percent of our waking lives is spent in purposeful activities whose objective is improving our standard of living, chiefly through money-making. This alignment of individual and systemic objectives is a major success achieved by capitalism. Unconditional supporters of capitalism explain this success as resulting from capitalism’s “naturalness,” that is, the alleged fact that it perfectly reflects our innate selves—our desire to trade, to gain, to strive for better economic conditions and a more pleasant life. But I do not think that, beyond some primary functions, it is accurate to speak of innate desires as if they existed independently of the societies we live in. Many of these desires are the product of socialization within the societies where we live—and in this case within capitalist societies, which are the only ones that exist. It is an old idea, argued by writers as distinguished as Plato, Aristotle, and Montesquieu, that a political or economic system stands in harmonious relation with a society’s prevailing values and behaviors. This is certainly true of present-day capitalism. Capitalism has been remarkably successful in imparting its objectives to people, prompting or persuading them to adopt its goals and thus achieving an extraordinary concordance between what capitalism requires for its expansion and people’s ideas, desires, and values. Capitalism has been much more successful than its competitors in creating the conditions that, according to the political philosopher John Rawls, are necessary for the stability of any system: namely, that individuals in their daily actions manifest and thus reinforce the broader values upon which the social system is based. “We are presented with two models of capitalism that differ not only in the political but also economic and, to a much lesser degree, social spheres.” Capitalism’s mastery of the world has been achieved, however, with two different types of capitalism: the liberal meritocratic capitalism that has developed incrementally in the West over the past two hundred years, and the state-led political, or authoritarian, capitalism that is exemplified by China but also exists in other parts of Asia (Singapore, Vietnam, Burma) and parts of Europe and Africa (Russia and the Caucasian countries, Central Asia, Ethiopia, Algeria, Rwanda). As has occurred so often in human history, the rise and apparent triumph of one system or religion is soon followed by some sort of schism between different variants of the same credo. After Christianity triumphed across the Mediterranean and the Near East, it experienced ferocious ideological disputes and divisions (the one between Orthodoxy and Arianism being the most notable), and eventually it produced the first big schism between the Western and Eastern churches. No different was the fate of Islam, which almost immediately after its dizzying conquest split into Sunni and Shia branches. And finally, communism, capitalism’s twentieth-century rival, did not long remain a monolith, splitting into Soviet-led and Chinese versions. The worldwide victory of capitalism is, in that respect, no different: we are presented with two models of capitalism that differ not only in the political but also economic and, to a much lesser degree, social spheres. And it is, I think, rather unlikely that whatever happens in the competition between liberal and political capitalisms, one system will come to rule the entire globe. The Rise of Asia and the Rebalancing of the World The economic success of political capitalism is the force behind the second remarkable development mentioned above: the rise of Asia. It is true that the rise of Asia is not solely due to political capitalism; liberal capitalist countries like India and Indonesia are also growing very fast. But the historical transformation of Asia is without question being led by China. This change, unlike the rise of capitalism to global supremacy, has a historical precedent in that it returns the distribution of economic activity in Eurasia to roughly the position that existed before the Industrial Revolution. But it does it with a twist. While levels of economic development of western Europe and Asia (China) were roughly the same in, for example, the first and second centuries, or the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the two parts of the world barely interacted at the time and generally lacked knowledge about each other. Indeed, we know much more about their relative development levels now than contemporaries knew at the time. Today, in contrast, interactions are intense and continuous. Income levels in both regions are also many times greater. These two parts of the world, western Europe and its North American offshoots, and Asia, which are together home to 70 percent of world population and 80 percent of world output, are in constant contact through trade, investment, movement of people, transfer of technology, and exchange of ideas. The resulting competition between these regions is keener than it would be otherwise because the systems, while similar, are not identical. This is the case whether competition takes place by design, with one system trying to impose itself on the other and on the rest of the world, or simply by example, with one system being copied more readily by the rest of the world than the other. This geographical rebalancing is putting an end to the military, political, and economic superiority of the West, which has been taken for granted during the past two centuries. Never in history had the superiority of one part of the world over another been as great as was the superiority of Europe over Africa and Asia in the nineteenth century. That superiority was most evident in colonial conquests, but it was also reflected in income gaps between the two parts of the world and thus in global income inequality among all citizens of the world, which we can estimate with relative precision from 1820 onward, as illustrated in Figure 1.1. In this graph, and throughout the book, inequality is measured using an index called the Gini coefficient, which ranges in value from 0 (no inequality) to 1 (maximum inequality). (The index is often expressed as a percentage, ranging from 0 to 100, where each percentage point is called a Gini point.) Before the Industrial Revolution in the West, global inequality was moderate, and nearly as much of it was due to differences among individuals living in the same nations as among the mean incomes of individuals in different nations. This changed dramatically with the rise of the West. Global inequality increased almost continuously from 1820 to the eve of World War I, rising from 55 Gini points (roughly the level of inequality that currently exists in Latin American countries) to just under 70 (a level of inequality higher than that in South Africa today). The rise of income levels in Europe, North America, and later Japan (coupled with the stagnation of China and India) drove most of this increase, though rising income inequality within the nations of what was becoming the First World also played a role. After 1918, there was a short drop in global inequality caused by what—on the broad canvas on which we operate—appear as the blips of World War I and the Great Depression, when Western incomes failed to grow. “The economic rebalancing of the world is not only geographical; it is also political. China’s economic success undermines the West’s claim that there is a necessary link between capitalism and liberal democracy.” After the end of World War II, global inequality stood at its highest level ever, at about 75 Gini points, and it remained at that high plateau until the last decade of the twentieth century. During this time the gap between the West and Asia—China and India in particular—did not grow any further, as Indian independence and Chinese revolution were setting the stage for the growth of these two giants. These two countries thus maintained their relative positions vis-a-vis the West from the late 1940s to the early 1980s. But those positions were highly skewed in favor of the rich countries: the GDP per capita of both India and China was less than one-tenth that of Western countries. That income gap began to change, and dramatically so, after the 1980s. Reforms in China led to growth of approximately 8 percent per capita per annum over the next forty years, sharply narrowing the country’s distance from the West. Today, China’s GDP per capita is at approximately 30–35 percent of the Western level, the same point where it was around 1820, and shows a clear tendency to keep on rising (relative to the West); it will probably continue to do so until the time when incomes become very similar. The economic revolution in China was followed by similar accelerations of growth in India, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, and elsewhere in Asia. Although this growth has been accompanied by rising inequality within each of the countries (especially in China), the closing of the gap with the West has helped reduce global income inequality. This is what lies behind the recent drop in global Gini. The convergence of Asian incomes with those in the West took place during another technological revolution, that of information and communication technologies (ICT)—a revolution in production that this time favored Asia. The ICT revolution contributed not only to the much faster growth of Asia but also to the deindustrialization of the West, which, in turn, is not dissimilar to the deindustrialization that happened in India during the Industrial Revolution. We thus have two periods of rapid technological change bookmarking the evolution of global inequality (see Figure 1.1). The effects of the ICT revolution are not over yet, but they are, in many respects, similar to those of the Industrial Revolution: a large reshuffle in worldwide income ranking as some groups advance and others decline, along with significant geographical concentration of such winners and losers. It is useful to think of these two technological revolutions as mirror images of each other. One led to an increase of global inequality through the enrichment of the West; the other has led to income convergence among large swaths of the globe through the enrichment of Asia. We should expect that income levels will eventually be similar across the entire Eurasian continent and North America, thus helping reduce global inequality even further. (A big unknown, however, is the fate of Africa, which, so far, is not catching up with the rich world and whose population is rising the fastest.) The economic rebalancing of the world is not only geographical; it is also political. China’s economic success undermines the West’s claim that there is a necessary link between capitalism and liberal democracy. Indeed, this claim is being undermined in the West itself by populist and plutocratic challenges to liberal democracy. The rebalancing of the world brings the Asian experience to the forefront of thinking regarding economic development. Asia’s economic success will make its model more attractive to others and may inform our views about economic development and growth, in a fashion not dissimilar to that in which the B ritish experience and Adam Smith, who drew on that experience, influenced our thinking during the past two centuries. For the past forty years, the five largest countries in Asia combined (excluding China) have had higher per capita growth rates than the Western economies in all but two years, and this trend is unlikely to change. In 1970, the West produced 56 percent of world output and Asia (including Japan) only 19 percent. Today, those proportions are 37 percent and 43 percent. We can see this trend clearly by comparing the United States with China, and Germany with India (Figure 1.2). The remarkable rise of Asia during the era of globalization is reflected in popular support for globalization, which is the strongest in Asia, and notably in Vietnam (91 percent of people interviewed think globalization is a force for the good), and weakest in Europe, notably in France (where only 37 percent support globalization). Malaise in the West about globalization is in part caused by the gap between elites, who have done very well, and significant numbers of people who have seen little benefit from globalization, resent it, and, accurately or not, regard global trade and migration as the cause of their ills. This situation eerily resembles the Third World societies of the 1970s, which also exhibited this dualistic character—with the bourgeoisie plugged into the global economic system and most of the hinterland left behind. The “disease” that was supposed to affect only developing countries (what was called “disarticulation” in neo-Marxist literature) seems to have now moved north and struck the rich world. At the same time, somewhat ironically, the dualistic character of many developing economies is being diminished by their full inclusion in the globalized system of supply chains. The two types of capitalism, liberal meritocratic and political, now seem to be competing with each other. They are led, respectively, by the United States and China. But even independently of China’s willingness to make available and to “export” an alternative political and, to some extent, economic version of capitalism, political capitalism itself has certain features that make it attractive to the political elites in the rest of the world and not only in Asia: the system provides greater autonomy to political elites. It is also attractive to many ordinary people because of the high growth rates that it seems to promise. On the other hand, liberal capitalism has many well-known advantages, the most important being that democracy and the rule of law are values in themselves and both, arguably, can be credited with encouraging faster economic development through promoting innovation and allowing social mobility, and thus providing approximately equal chances of success for all. It is the reneging on some crucial aspects of this implicit value system, namely a movement toward the creation of a self perpetuating upper class and polarization between the elites and the rest, that represents the most important threat to the longer-term viability of liberal capitalism. This threat is a danger both to the system’s own survival and to the general attractiveness of the model to the rest of the world. Excerpted from Capitalism, Alone: The Future of the System That Rules the World by Branko Milanovic, published by Harvard University Press. Copyright © 2019 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Branko Milanovic is the author of Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization and Capitalism, Alone, both published by Harvard University Press. He is a senior scholar at the Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality at the Graduate Center, City University of New York.
Social Networks Segregated travel patterns within cities See allHide authors and affiliations Science 07 Sep 2018: Vol. 361, Issue 6406, pp. 988-989 DOI: 10.1126/science.361.6406.988-g People within cities are often segregated by race and class. To find out if segregation is limited to where people reside or if it extends to movements outside of their homes, Wang et al. analyzed 650 million geocoded tweets from 400,000 residents of America's 50 most populous cities to track their travel patterns. They found that people who live in primarily black or Hispanic neighborhoods, regardless of income, were less likely to travel to white or middle-class neighborhoods, even more so than residents of poor white neighborhoods. This relationship held even though all groups travel approximately the same distance during their day to the same number of neighborhoods. These data have implications for understanding the breadth of racial segregation within cities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.115, 7735 (2018). Stay Connected to Science Navigate This Article
Editor’s Pick: Economics Economics is one subject we cannot avoid. It is something that in a way dominates a majority of the activities around the world. Going by the same logic, it is meant to dominate the written world as well, and a number of passages appear every year from the topic. Keeping in mind the importance of Economics-based reading for CAT/GRE/GMAT reading comprehensions, it is imperative that you as a student explore its concepts in details. To assist you, we provide a series of reading links, suggestions, author recommendations and subject-terminology on this page. These would assist you to understand the subject and its related writings, and help you master passages from this area. Article Compilation for Economics How does this section work? Well, it is simple. We will keep adding fresh reading links to this page, in the column given on the right of the page. The column would carry fresh articles every month that you should explore and read. Also, we would be adding fresh RCs from the area, as and when they are uploaded on the website. All in all, this section of the website would be constantly expanded to offer you the best possible reading suggestions. Authors to explore in the field of Economics The world of economics has a host of amazing writers and commentators, who should be read and explored. These authors offer wonderful insights into the world of economics and help us understand the problems of everyday economics in a much better way. A few of the authors that we recommend you should explore are: 1. Paul Krugman: Paul Krugman is an American economist, Professor of Economics and International Affairs and an op-ed columnist for The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Krugman is known in academia for his work on international economics (including trade theory, economic geography, and international finance), liquidity traps, and currency crises. He is the 21st most widely cited economist in the world today and is ranked among the most influential academic thinkers in the US. (source: wikipedia) 2. Joseph Stiglitz: Joseph Stiglitz is an American economist and a professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank, and is a former member, and Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. He is known for his critical view of the management of globalization, free-market economists (whom he calls “free market fundamentalists”), and some international institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.(source: wikipedia) 3. Thomas Friedman: Thomas Friedman is an American journalist, columnist and author. He writes a twice-weekly column for The New York Times. He has written extensively on foreign affairs including global trade, the Middle East, globalization, and environmental issues and has won the Pulitzer Prize three times. His most famous book is ‘The World is Flat.(source: wikipedia) 4. SA Aiyar: Swaminathan Aiyar is a prominent Indian journalist and columnist. He is consulting editor for the Economic Times and writes regularly for the Economic Times and The Times of India. The name of his section is ‘Swaminomics’. (source: wikipedia) Terminology for economics Here is a list of words and their meanings that are often used in the world of economics. • Demand: Demand refers to a consumer’s desire, willingness and his ability to buy a good or service at a specific price. Demand signifies a person’s willingness and ability to buy a specific good or service at a given point of time. • Supply: Supply refers to the quantity that the producer is able to and willing to sell in the market at a given price while other factors remaining constant. • Balance of Trade: Balance of Trade(BOT) refers to the difference in value of a country’s exports and imports over a given period of time. India recorded a trade deficit of 1108.11 INR Billion in May 2013. • Business Cycle: Business Cycle refers to the series of cyclic changes of economic expansion and depression over a period of time. • Barter system: Barter system refers to the exchange of goods and services without using the money as a medium of exchange. • Collateral: Collateral refers to the thing that is pledged as an additional security for the repayment of a loan or debt. • Depression: Depression refers to the state of long term downturn in the economic activity of one or more economies of the world. • Dividend: Dividend is the money that is paid by a company to its shareholders out of the profits of the company. • Engel’s Law: Engel’s law states that given a set of tastes and preferences, as the income of the consumer rises, the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if the actual expenditure on food rises. • Exchange Rate: Exchange rate is the rate at which the currency of one country is exchanged or converted into the currency of another country, • Factor Cost: Factor cost refers to the total cost of all the factors of production used in producing a particular good or service. • FDI: Foreign direct Investment or FDI refers to direct investment into the production process of a country either by buying a company in the targeted country or expanding its business in that country. • Forward Contracts: Forward contracts are agreements that are traded through a broker or a dealer to buy specific number of shares at a specified price on a previously decided date. • Frictional Unemployment: Frictional Unemployment involves people in the midst of shifting between jobs. • Hedge Funds: Hedge Funds is a form of limited partnership of investors that uses high risk methods. • Insider Trading: Insider Trading is sort of an illegal practice of trading on the stock exchange by having access to the company’s confidential information for the benefit of the self. • Indifference Curve: Indifference Curve is a graph that represents different combinations of goods that can be bought by the consumer at any given point on the curve giving equal utility to the consumer. • Market forces: Market forces refer to the economic factors that affect the price, demand and the availability of a product for a consumer. • Normative Economics: Normative Economics refers to that part of economics which expresses value judgements about the economic fairness or the outcome of the economy. • Oligopoly: Oligopoly is a kind of a market consisting of a small number of producers and limited competition. 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You Decide Essay 565 Words3 Pages You Decide Activity The role socialization plays in the scenario about the complaints made about the two students and their lewd behavior is a great one. Erickson states in his eight stages of development that during the teen years, young people struggle to establish their own identity. In part, teens identify with others, but they also want to be unique. Almost all teens experience some confusion as they struggle to establish an identity.” (J. 70). The two students aren’t clear on the reality that their behavior is unacceptable for the workplace. Maybe they feel what they are doing on their break is” cool”. Kolhberg’s theory of Moral Development conventional stage can be used to describe some of the lack of social development of the students in the scenario. Kolhberg states how at this stage people should lose some of their selfishness and know the difference between right and wrong (J. 68), there is no reason they should be smoking and engaging in other lewd behavior on their break. Shirley Wright’s comment that boys will be boys was just stupid, yet I feel it’s true in some regard. It’s true that it’s possibly not any of my business; however, Shirley clearly is picking her battles in this situation. Even though these conversations aren’t private since I was able to overhear the crude remarks and witness them exchanging images Shirley is trying to be empathetic to these students because she realizes they are immature and childish. She made it a point to actually defend that is the way that boys behave and that they should not be held to a higher standard. Boys will not be boys forever. Eventually they have to grow up and learn how to conduct themselves appropriately in the real world. Shirley is the Manager and it is her responsibility to uphold company policies and rules. Ron DesVue suggested that I confront the individuals in question. This could More about You Decide Essay Open Document
Navy beans are a healthy legume which derive their name from their popular use in the United States Navy during the 20th century. Prior to cooking them, clean and soak them. Clean First Place the beans on a dark-colored plate or towel and check for any foreign items or damaged beans. Be thorough here; you don't want anything except whole, undamaged beans. Using a sieve, rinse the beans under cool running water to clean completely. Rinse the beans thoroughly. Unlike other produce products, beans are not rinsed prior to their sale, so they are quite dirty. Pesticides and other harmful chemicals will remain on the surface of the beans unless you properly rinse them. Once finished with the rinse, there is no need to dry off the beans, as they are going to be placed immediately in water. Eight Hour Soak Navy beans should be soaked in cool water for eight hours. For best results, use a large bowl or pan. You must refrigerate the beans while they soak, otherwise they will ferment. By soaking the beans prior to cooking, you will shorten the cooking time. Soaking the beans also removes many oligosaccharides, which are the complex and often times indigestible sugars that cause many of the discomforts commonly associated with bean consumption. Perhaps most importantly, according to the United States Dry Bean Council, the shorter cooking time of soaked beans allows for the preservation of more nutrients. Rinse your soaked beans before cooking them; the water you used to soak them will be dirty. Do not, under any circumstances, cook the beans in the water you used to soak them. Shorter Soaking Method If you wish to shorten the time necessary for soaking the navy beans, you can first boil them. Simply add two cups of water to every one cup of beans to a pan and place on a stove top. Remove the beans and water from the stove after the water has boiled for two to three minutes. Now, you will only have to let the beans sit for two hours in the same water and they will be ready to cook. Again, use new water and rinse the beans when it is time to cook them. This method is actually better for the preservation of the key nutrients of most legumes, according to the California Dry Bean Advisory Board. Video of the Day
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging test similar to a computed tomography (CT) scan that allows your retina specialist to clearly see the retina and carefully map and measure the thickness of each of its layers. One of the most common tests we perform at Texas Retina Associates, OCT is used to help diagnose and monitor a number of retinal diseases and conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), macular edema, diabetic retinopathy, macular hole, macular pucker, and central serous retinopathy. How Does it Work? OCT uses light waves to take high-resolution, cross-section pictures of your retina. Your physician may put dilating drops in your eyes before performing the OCT to make it easier to see the retina. During the test, you will sit in front of the OCT scanner and rest your head on a support to keep it still. You will then look into the lens of the machine, and it will scan your eyes without touching them. The test only takes a few minutes. OCT testing is available at all of our Texas Retina Associates offices.
The Culture Of Mozambique By Oishimaya Sen Nag on January 23 2019 in Society Women help pull in fishing nets in exchange for small fish in Vilanculos, Mozambique. Editorial credit: Julia Kavtaradze / The Southeast African nation of Mozambique has a culture that is a blend of the cultures of its various indigenous ethnic groups. The Portuguese colonial rule in the country has also heavily the nation's culture. Ethnicity, Language, and Religion in Mozambique Mozambique is home to a population of around 27,233,789 individuals. A large number of ethnic communities like the Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, and others reside in the country. 99.66% of Mozambique’s population comprises of native Africans. Europeans, Euro-Africans, and Indians constitute 0.06%, 0.2%, and 0.08% of the country’s population, respectively. Portuguese is the official language of Mozambique but it is spoken by only 10.7% of the population. Emakhuwa, Xichangana, Cisena, Elomwe, and Echuwabo are some of the most spoken Mozambican languages. Roman Catholicism is the religion of 30.3% of the country’s population. Protestant Christians, Zionist Christians, and Evangelical/Pentecostal Christians account for 19.2%, 10.6%, and 9.3% of Mozambique’s population, respectively. Mozambican Cuisine The cuisine of the country is rich and diverse. It is influenced by both indigenous and foreign cultures. Rice or steamed cornmeal is usually consumed with spicy vegetable or meat stews. Fish is also an important part of the Mozambican diet. Seafood dishes of the country include crayfish, prawns, etc., combined with the spicy Piri-Piri sauce. The Matapa is a typical Mozambican dish that is prepared using cassava leaves, shrimp, crab, coconut milk, and cashews. Piri piri chicken is also a popular dish. It is basically grilled chicken prepared in piri piri sauce and served with fries. A number of fruits are also consumed by the people. Literature, Arts, and Craft in Mozambique Although Mozambique has limited written literature, it has a rich heritage of oral literature. Storytelling is an important tradition in the country. Written literary works began to be produced in Mozambique with the spread of formal education during the Portuguese colonial period. However, since most of the literary works created during this time were associated with resistance to Portuguese colonialism, it was largely censored. Many writers like Bernardo Honwana were even imprisoned for their work. Today, written literary works in Mozambique cover a variety of styles and are mainly written in Portuguese. However, the literary scene in the country is still not well developed due to widespread poverty and low literacy levels. Folk art of the Mozambicans represent the indigenous cultural beliefs of the country. During the colonial period, art in Mozambique reflected the oppression of the people by the colonial power. Modern art flourished in the country following independence. Besides art, the Mozambicans are also experts in a wide variety of crafts. For example, the Makonde people of Mozambique are well-known for their expertise in wood carving. They also produce elaborate masks that are used in ritual dances. Performance Arts in Mozambique The music of Mozambique ranges from folk music to modern pop and rock. The music is used to serve many purposes from pure entertainment to traditional and religious purposes. Drums made of animal skin and wood are commonly used to play traditional music. The marimba (a kind of xylophone) and the lupembe (a woodwind instrument made of wood or animal horns) are some other native Mozambican music instruments. The country also has different kinds of dances that vary from tribe to tribe. The Chopi people of country wear animal skins and act out battles. The Makua people dance on stilts around the village. Tufo is another traditional dance performed by women in Mozambique’s northern part. It is used to celebrate Islamic holidays. Sports in Mozambique Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Mozambique. It is played both professionally and informally throughout the nation. The national football team of the country has participated in several Africa Cup of Nations tournaments. Estádio do Zimpeto in Maputo serves as the home ground of this team. Other sports like basketball, handball, roller hockey, futsal, and cricket are also played in Mozambique. The country has national teams in all these games. Life in the Mozambican Society Although the constitution of the nation grants equal rights to men and women, in practice this equality is hardly visible. Gender-based roles are clearly defined in the Mozambican society. While men are regarded as the breadwinners, women are expected to manage household chores and engage in childcare. Although women in the rural areas participate in agricultural activities, they are still regarded as subordinate to men and get lower wages than them. Women in urban areas are mostly confined to the home. Although times are changing, Mozambican women still have a long way to go before they are regarded as equal to men in society. Marriages in Mozambique are based both on the consensual choice of the couple or are arranged by the parents of the couple. Polygamy was quite popular in the country until recently. Household units are quite large with several generations living together under one roof. Inheritance is both matrilineal and patrilineal in nature depending on the ethnic group involved. Children are highly valued and the entire community engages in teaching social values to the children. They are taught to obey their elders and often start working at an early age. The civil war has left many children homeless and without their families. These children can be spotted in the big cities making a living out of stealing or selling small items on the street. Efforts are being made by the government and relief organizations to alleviate the problems of these children. More in Society
Bernard lourdes 300x300 Lourdes Bernard My panel shows a young woman "Tina La Bazookera" who was a revolutionary during the Dominican resistance when the US invaded the Dominican Republic in April 1965. Tina was only sixteen, and while she was not trained as a soldier, she earned the nickname "la bazookera" because she was a skillful shooter. Tina was one of the Women of April, the thousands of courageous women who fought the US invasion in 1965 in the struggle for self-determination for all Dominicans. Tina lived in Ciudad Nueva, and my family also lived in Ciudad Nueva in a house with a sunny courtyard and a parrot named Cuca. I was ten months old when the 42,000 marines ordered by LBJ arrived. When Ciudad Nueva was heavily shelled by the Intrepid, parked just off the malecón, we fled and became refugees then immigrated to New York City along with thousands of Dominicans. I claim these courageous women as ancestors. Tina is shown holding a gun in one hand and a picture of me in another. This small painting commemorates my first communion, one of my earliest memories in America. Written on the wall behind her is "(Feli)z Navidad" to signify light and rebirth, "ciudad nueva" signifying the new community that Dominicans formed across the ocean highway in Nueva York, and "libertad" the most important human right for all peoples. One House Project Blackrock Audio Tour 1. Kajal Dhabalia 2. Kellyn Moran 3. Craig Cahoon 4. Rosa Leff 5. Shanthi Chandrasekar 6. Cynthia Farrell Johnson 7. Jen Sterling 8. Rita Elsner 9. Jacqueline Grace 10. Leslie Nolan 11. Sandra Davis 12. Cheryl Mendenhall 13. Sara Prigan 14. Anne Cherubin 15. Dominie Nash 16. Seemeen Hashem 17. Lourdes Bernard 18. Cheryl Edwards 19. Barbara Frank 20. Ric Garcia 21. Warren Alan Jackson 22. Sally Kauffman 23. Kyujin Lee 24. Michael Lang 25. E. Tina Martin Wyatt 26. Yolanda Prinsloo 27. Jane Pettit 28. Akemi Maegawa 29. Kate McConnell 30. Gabrielle Tillenburg
Living cells News classification Contact: Zhang Wei Tel: 010-61841882 Mobile phone: 18101288748 Fax: 010-61841882 The wide application of Biotechnology The wide application of Biotechnology Date of release:2018-06-21 Author: Click: With the wide application of science and technology, biotechnology has become an important part of our daily life. It has brought great convenience to our life and guaranteed our quality of life. Immune tumor microenvironment Biotechnology application refers to the application of biotechnology in various fields. Biotechnology is the field of Applied Biology. Biotechnology is the use of organisms and biological processes to produce products in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring biological products. Immune tumor microenvironment Biotechnology requires knowledge of pure biological sciences (genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, etc.) and fields outside biology (chemical engineering, biological processing engineering, information technology, biological robots). On the contrary, modern biological sciences (including molecular ecology concepts) are closely related to the development of biotechnology. Modern biotechnology also includes genetic engineering and cell and tissue culture techniques. Biotechnology is used in four major industrial areas: health care, grain production and agriculture, non-food use of cereals and other products (biodegradable plastics, vegetable oils, biofuels) and environmental use. One application of biotechnology, for example, is the direct production of organic products (e.g., bee and milk) from organisms. Another example is the existing bacteria used in bioleaching mining industry. Biotechnology also uses recycling, waste disposal, dirt removal (biological treatment), and production of weapons. A series of development has produced some branches of biotechnology, such as: Bioinformatics is a multidisciplinary field dealing with biological problems by computational technology. It is possible to organize and analyze biological data very quickly. It can be called computational biology. Bioinformatics plays a key role in various fields, such as functional genomics, structural genomics and proteomics, and forms key components in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Blue biotechnology is a biotechnology used in sea and aquatic applications, but it is rarely used. Green biotechnology is a technology used in agricultural production. One example is the selection and domestication of plants through the multiplication of microbes. Another example is the design of genetically modified plants in the presence of or without special chemicals. It is hoped that green biotechnology can produce better results than traditional industries and agriculture. Red biotechnology is the technology of applied medicine. Some examples are the design and production of antibiotics, and the genetic engineering of changing gene therapy diseases. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is a technology applied to industrial production. The example is to design an organism to produce useful chemical medicine. The address of this article: Key word：Jinancellengineering,Immunetumormicroenvironment,Cellengineeringtechnology Recently browse: Redbert(Beijing)biotechnology co.LTD Copyright: Redbert(Beijing)biotechnology co.LTD Living cells
Recent events involving law enforcement officers have shaken the nation, and they have brought the need for modern police training methods to the forefront. The editorial board at The Washington Post highlighted the fact that departments across the country are reviewing this need and assessing the kind of modern tools and technology they can add to their repertoire. It is not just police shootings that have elicited the review, but also the need for officers to know how to handle explosive situations. There has been noise about changing the simulator-based training to augmented and virtual-reality technology. These can be practical approaches to train officers and help them in explosive situations like a riot or a terrorist act. Contrary to what most people believe, these emerging technologies are not expensive. When you place them against the advanced training and preparation that officers will get, they become even more affordable. High-tech goggles offering the sights and sounds of 360-degree immersion can help one gauge the extreme stress of a given situation and assess the various ways to respond without exacerbating the danger. But that's not all. Virtual-reality headsets can allow a middle-aged white officer to see himself as a young African-American man in the mirror. This may go a long way to containing racial bias and fostering empathy. He can see himself as a nervous young man or a differently-abled individual facing an agitated officer. A large part of the protests against police today is based on how they treat minorities and mentally ill individuals. They are ill-equipped and untrained to deal with or discern the nuances of these situations, leading to simple situations turning volatile and controversial. Changes in policies and fundamentalism is not enough. What is needed is the modernized training that will help new generation of officers handle street encounters in a smart and knowledgeable manner. Innovative approaches to policing means increased awareness, more empathy, enhanced tools and training that will focus on both protection and use-of-force training. Modern training involves smarter policing techniques, beyond the technology. States like California and Florida — which have seen unprecedented terrorist attacks in San Bernardino and Orlando, respectively have also sent delegates to Israel for counter-terrorism training. The Israel Police are generally known for being one of the best forces to deal with terror situations, based on the unique threats they face every day. As part of the delegation, members of the American police were privy to advanced training techniques that will help them face and deal with the increasing threats of domestic terrorism. These efforts, along with emerging technologies, will help police departments work better. More states should participate in programs like these and adopt these technologies. Utah is one of the forerunners in adopting virtual-reality technology to train officers in de-escalation techniques. The funds for the new training center help both the metro cities and smaller, rural police forces around the state, who could otherwise ill-afford this advanced training. Millions of dollars in lawsuits involving police missteps are pending across the country. Investing in innovative training techniques that will help the police be more effective and bridge the yawning gap between them and the communities they protect may be more cost-effective.
This site uses a transliteration system. 'Insert your phrase in plain English' means use the English alphabet. Then the Tamil appears in the other box, if you have the unicode Tamil font installed. So you can see the display of the English alphabet as you type and the Tamil happens in the other box with all the reshaping, reordering and ligatures. Once you know the rules it really works. Now for a word processor I think you have to download this and then you can keyboard with a transparent or non-transparent display of English. I can see that an adult who can use English fluently could learn this without any English display. Children could learn the English alphabet input for Tamil like Chinese children learning Pinyin and with the English alphabet visual feedback it would work. I feel confident that I could use this. Of course, if someone who was Tamil had read any of these posts well they could have enlightened me earlier. But I did spend a few hours in Tamil email sites the last few days and reading Tamil yahoo group posts. Then I followed a few links and there it was. No most of the Chinese students had never used Pinyin input on the computer before my class but they did know Pinyin. I don't really see any difference in kids from different countries and how they use technology as long as the technology itself is on par. But yes the technology issues themselves have been resolved earlier in some countres than others. Well, tomorrow the children are going to share their favourite genre of literature, comics, from their own country, as well as North America, some using online resources so I will have a lighthearted day. Thank you for all your interaction. If anyone has anything to add or tries out any application that works well let me know. And no thank you, I do not want to visualize anything original. Also any other Indic resources would be very welcome. There are lots of kids from other Asian countries in our school - just not in my class this year. Suzanne McCarthy
Posted by: katelincampbell23 \| March 12, 2015 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Feminism Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, a Nigerian novelist and short story writer once said; “We teach girls to shrink themselves To make themselves smaller We say to girls “You can have ambition But not too much You should aim to be successful But not too successful Otherwise you will threaten the man” Because I am female I am expected to aspire to marriage I am expected to make my life choices Always keeping in mind that Marriage is the most important Now marriage can be a source of Joy and love and mutual support But why do we teach to aspire to marriage And we don’t teach boys the same? We raise girls to each other as competitors Not for jobs or for accomplishments Which I think can be a good thing But for the attention of men We teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings In the way that boys are Feminist: the person who believes in the social Political, and economic equality of the sexes” For those of you who are avid fans of Beyoncé, this speech occurs before her famous song “Flawless”. This speech sheds light on worldwide gender roles that women and men are expected to fulfill. I thought of Adichie’s speech when I was reading the assigned Kane reading. The reading stated that men in the sports industry (coaches and athletic directors) feel threatened by women. Perhaps because women are just as credible, if not more credible, for these positions and the men fear for the loss of their power. Why do you think men are fearful of women in the sports industry or “successful women” in general? Another interesting aspect of Adichie’s speech (in the link above) is how she fights to keep the term “Feminist”. Although there are negative connotations with the term, she explains why we (or feminists) should not call ourselves “believers in human rights”, because gender targets women. What do you think of her interpretation of Feminism? Do you agree that the gender problem specifically targets women? Lastly, from the link above, I found it interesting that Adichie shows the hardships for men. She puts it in perspective, how small of a “cage” society places men in. Do you think society’s expectation of men is “hard” on them? Do women have easier roles to fill, or are their roles just as hard as mens? Do you think these roles vary from culture to culture? 1. I think that men are fearful of women entering not only the sports industry, but really any interest, industry, or field that they have typically held any sort of power in. This is because there is a resistance to change and potential loss of power as we try to control situations and people. Therefore, when women start to challenge where men have been typically responsible, they are going to feel threatened in general, and may not even relate to the fact that it is because women are entering the field. This being said, the reaction may be heightened because women are the ones invading the field, as opposed to anyone else. It seems like a similar reaction to what was seen with the Civil Rights Movement as minorities entered into previously unexplored fields. The term feminism, as you said, does bring a large amount of negative connotation with it. However, if feminism is defined in a way that supports women, but also doesn’t ignore the fact that men also have their struggles in society, it indicates a balanced, ideal society that we have been discussing all semester. Maybe this type of feminism is actually what we need as a culture, nationally or globally. I agree that the gender problem is seen more typically as targeting women, but upon further understanding of the topic, men have struggles, prejudice, and judgment pushed upon them also. Because men are seen as more privileged and dominant throughout society, people see males as lacking gender discrimination. However, I think that the gender problem also targets men, it is just a lot less blatant. I believe that society’s expectation of men is hard on them, but not in the same ways that society is hard on women. However, I also believe that these roles vary greatly from culture to culture because of the vastly different values held within and between societies. 2. You address a lot of really important points in this post. As to the first question, I think that some men fear powerful women because they fear what they do not know. Many men who oppose the rights and advancement of women have not been exposed to strong women in their own lives. In the past, women were expected to be submissive and thereby less threatening, because of this, many boys saw their mothers and wives as lesser. We are seeing this change within our generation because of the increasing representation of women and the normality of women’s rights among younger girls. I think that men will be less hesitant to accept strong women because it is simply more common to see women as equals. Secondly, the gender problem definitely unfairly targets women. Although men are also constrained by the expectations of gender in our society, they have reaped the benefits of this for many years. Women have consistently been considered the lesser of the two sexes, abiding years of powerlessness and abuse to get by as passable members of society. Finally, men do struggle with the expectation of “manliness” in today’s society and I do believe that they struggle to fit with many of the stereotypes. These expectations have almost definitely disproportionately affected homosexual men who do not typically fit the common idea of masculinity. I do not think that either gender has it easier than the other, and that is the biggest problem with gender roles: everyone suffers. Men struggle as much as women when it comes to meeting expectations. This is why fundamental societal change is necessary. 3. I think she makes a great great point about how women are taught to aspire to get married while men are taught to be more ambitious. I find it so upsetting how often my female peers idolize marriage and are so willing to give up anything to find the “right guy.” As young girls, we are fed this obsession with marriage through the media, the shows we watch, the books we read, and the Pinterest boards we follow. I think marriage is a wonderful thing but women should also be encouraged to aspire a career, to pursue their interests or passions, or to change the world. I believe that our generation has the power to make things better for young girls so they do not feel so pressured to have such a one track mind. Feminism is all about women’s fundamental human right to choose the life they want to live. 4. I think men are fearful of successful women because it adds to the competition. There’s an element of fear as human beings that someone in the world is better than you at what you’re good at and what you love. When we add women into the work force or any industry or group with men we add competition and we add an element of fear into the environment. Men are told to be strong and act like a man so by making them insecure we can shake their confidence making them go on the defensive and not be as receptive to accepting to women who are now working alongside them. As for her definition of feminism I do agree that it is someone who believes in the equality of both sexes politically, economically and socially. It is more than just women fighting for women, it is people fighting for equality on all fronts of life. Although I do disagree that gender in general targets women. We say women must be girly and like pink but we also tell boys to like blue and be men. If we continually say that we are being targeted and ignore men’s struggle with gender expectations aren’t we leaving them out of the conversation to feminism? By saying gender only targets females we leave out 50% of the population and we push them away from the cause of equality. I think society has a hard expectation of men; from a young age they are told they have to be a man, not show emotion, be the breadwinner. We as a society tell men who they have to be and we expect them to fill 10 different roles and when men don’t meet the expectations we mark them as not manly enough or not good enough. I think every role varies from culture to culture but I think no matter what men and women have to fill several different roles, not just one, and it’s hard to be 100 percent perfect in every aspect. We make sacrifices in our lives and have to choose what we want to give more attention to. Being a woman goes beyond just having the identity of woman; it is being a mother, being a wife, being a worker in your field, and more. I think women face more consequences and judgement when we can’t fulfill all of these roles. 5. I would have to completely agree with her point about feminism. She makes the statement that to ignore the real meaning of feminism would be characterizing the movement’s ideals unimportant and and therefore to neglect their real purpose. I think that there is no point in calling a feminist a human rights activist because as Adichie states, the whole issue with gender is that women have been excluded from the conversation for most of societal history. To leave the word female out of the conversation is to basically ignore that women were ever at a disadvantage. Although society has made leaps and bounds in this regard, if women were not mentioned in the conversation, there would be no way to continue the progress that needs to be made to ensure future equality. In regards to your questions about men’s roles in society, I do strongly believe that they are put in a box and taught from a young age what masculinity means. This is something that society has taught both men and women because not only are men brought up to create this persona, but women are brought up to expect it. This being said, women’s roles are created and fulfilled in response to our societal perception of a male’s role. I do believe that in a way, women have easier roles to fill because people look at being a stay at home mom like it is something that a person can always fall back on even if that is not necessarily the case. However, on the flip side of the coin, women can be seen as having harder roles to fill when looking through the lens of “wanting to have it all.” If a woman is going to aspire to have both a family and a career, then her life becomes immediately more complicated. She is then expected to be both a mother and a professional while a man is only expected to fulfill his workplace role. I do think that this issue varies from culture to culture and that the only way to help our culture along is to add men to this conversation, to expect more of them by way of a family life. If it is never expected of men, then there will never be a big push or reason to make it happen. 6. Men are fearful of women in the sports industry because they see policies that promote increased equality as an obstacle that may eventually lead to a shift in societal power. Title IX was designed to promote greater gender equality in a male dominated industry. The aforementioned shift in power was seen as controversial because it was perceived by many as a policy that would decrease the power of the patriarchy by forcing men to share their power and influence with women. There is a perceived fear that the redistribution of power in any industry will lead to the disenfranchisement of men. Such concerns fail to evaluate the possibility that, by creating a shared power, both men and women can become more empowered and grow on the ideas and perspective of the other. Such perceptions are not limited to the sports industry and instead prove the value of feminism for both sexes. Adichie’s conception of feminism is an important concept for all women and men to understand. As individuals fighting for feminism, we are attempting to implement policies that promote gender equality between men and women. If feminists, as a group, decided to disregard the term and adopt a platform to fight for human rights, the meaning of the movement would change altogether. As I understand it, Adichie’s goal is to maintain the original terminology for the feminist movement, both to retain the focus of the movement, and to not let the existing patriarchy take the word from those fighting to create gender equality and rebrand it as “dirty.” If women give up the term, then it will likely be perceived as a “win” for the existing social hierarchy and will likely hinder the progress of the movement for several years. The gender problem is not a movement that seeks to only help women and disregard men. Men face prejudice within society. While women face discrimination in the professional sphere, men are disenfranchised in child-custody cases and other situations within the domestic sphere of life. Societal expectations of men are also unrealistic and expects all males to contort themselves into a one-size-fits-all conception of masculinity. Feminism is important because it benefits both men and women. This does vary between cultures, especially in the degree of repression that men and women are subject to. Further, the goal of the feminist movement is not to say that one gender necessarily has a harder set of standards to adhere to than the other. Rather, it says that both men and women need to be have freedom in their choices, in order to allow all individuals to reach their potential, live their dreams, and create a better world for their children. 7. As we read in a previous article, men must suffer the loss of the power they once held. I think they are afraid because they are facing this loss and feel disoriented in the wake of it. They have been raised in a world in which they are expected to be “in charge” and “top dogs,” and women asserting themselves causes them to fear that they no longer have an appropriate place in the world. Particularly in sports, they have been told this is where they can fully assert themselves and show what “real men are made of.” When women come along and threaten this place they become fearful. I do not agree with Adichie’s argument about feminism. I know that I identify more with humanism than I do with feminism. I think that the gender issue is not ignored in humanism, it is just as much a part of it. I think that humanism is an easier term for people to embrace and that it is actually more inclusive than feminism. While many men believe they cannot be a part of the feminist movement, they do feel like they can be a part of the humanist movement. I think it is our job as women to ensure that the fight for women’s equality is a part of the humanist movement that everyone can be involved in. I am not denying the gender problem, I am simply trying to convey that it is not the only humanistic problem that I see and that I fight for. Finally, I think that men have extremely hard roles to fill just like women. In every way that women are confined by having to be perfect feminine wives and mothers, every man is expected to be the perfect masculine husband and tough father. I think that they are both difficult roles to fill but I do think that in some countries, such as in the Middle East, it is harder to fill the women roles because the women are so oppressed. Although our gender stereotypes exist they are mostly subtle. In that part of the world, they are outwardly accepted and promoted. 8. I have never really considered the issue of gender in sports, ironically enough. Although I am not very competitive in nature, being a part of all girl teams brought an edge to me when I would play tennis or cheerleading. I think because sports are typically competitive which alludes to a more dominant energy, we correlate sports with masculinity. I don’t think all men are intimidated by women being involved with sports or being successful, but when it somehow impacts what they’re trying to accomplish, they may feel threatened. Also, women, stereotypically are considered to be less strong or athletic than men naturally, and when women step onto territory that men have the advantage on, I think men feel weary of how to handle that. It’s interesting, however, to think that when men try to take on more ‘feminine’ aspect that women are known to have an advantage to, such as the cosmetic industry, I haven’t felt that same tension in retrospect. I do not fully think that women are the targeted through gender, although in the media, I do believe we see more of the impacts of gender discrimination than men do. I’m not sure if it’s the sexualized image of women through media that targets women more, but I think men deal with discrimination of gender more heavily in aspects of wealth and success. So to answer about feminism, I think it should focus more on both genders need for equality, but I do feel women have is more openly critical in the public versus men and regardless of the title, women should come together with men to bring any true change. I think men and women’s role in society is difficult because of the mere expectations both genders have! Men and women should have the chance to be who they are and fulfilling their aspirations regardless of how that correlates to the performance of their gender. I do think culturally the roles of men and women vary, but the pressure of fulfill those remain the same. 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quaranTEEN voices Writing Prompt: ‘Making Conversation’ June 8, 2020 Special guest author P. Carl joins us for this week’s quaranTEEN voices! P. Carl is an artist, nonfiction writer, and activist. As a theater maker, he believes that theater is for everyone and creates opportunities for dialogue and activism through the shared experience of art. His memoir, Becoming a Man: The Story of a Transition is about his gender transition after living as a queer woman for decades. The story mirrors, in several ways, the challenge we face as a society to imagine a world in which everyone can have a vibrant, livable life. To join us this Friday and hear from P. Carl (and share your own work if you’d like), sign up HERE! From P. Carl: We might be living in the most difficult historical moment ever for knowing how to communicate with another person, how to create dialogue that is honest and embodied and complex. Write a scene between you and a friend, family member, or acquaintance, arguing over something you feel strongly about. This can be about anything; a social issue, how people protest, or even why you should or shouldn’t eat a specific food. Your work in this is to find two distinct voices in your writing. You will be one character and the other person (which can be real or made up) will be another character. So be attuned to how each character speaks, uses body language, voice level, etc. and describe in parentheses what we should be imagining this argument looks like physically, spatially (where are you arguing). Things to think about when writing dialogue—almost always less is more. Active dialogue in writing uses language to both make a character’s point and to help us imagine how a character looks and feels and sounds. Revision Tip 1: Read your piece out loud, or have someone read your piece out loud (or both!). Pay close attention to how you or the other person reads the dialogue. What words, sentences, or specific parts of the arguments were given the most emphasis when spoken? Now go back to your piece. How can you express that emotion through words? How is your character feeling during their argument? Tense? Calm? Think about adding bolder words, pauses, and body language to your scene. Revision Tip 2: Imagine the backstory of one or both of your characters; how they grew up, what they were taught, positive or negative memories. How does their story affect why they believe in their argument? Do they have specific lived experiences they use to strengthen their argument? Be sure to sign up for our newsletter HERE to receive weekly prompts and other virtual youth writing opportunities right to your inbox! On Thursday we’ll send out a few ideas to help you revise your pieces. Sign up to talk to P. Carl and share your writing with other quaranTEENs on Friday HERE!
You are here: Q-news > US spaceplane is successfully launched into orbit US spaceplane is successfully launched into orbit Artist's impression of X-37B spaceplaneThe US Space Force has successfully launched a X-37B military spaceplane into orbit. Carried aboard an Atlas V rocket, it lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on 16th May 2020. The spaceplane, a reusable robotic vehicle which has undertaken five previous missions, was uncrewed. The length of the current mission is unknown. The last one was completed in October 2019 after 780 days in orbit. The first mission was launched in April 2010 and returned after around eight months. Atlas V rocket, carrying an X-37B in May 2015 X-37B seen from front, top and sideFor its sixth mission, the X-37B, manufactured by Boeing, is fitted with a service module, enabling it to carry out two scientific experiments. In one, the effects of radiation on plant seeds are studied; the other aims to convert solar energy into radio waves, which can then be transmitted to the ground. The plane will also release from the cargo bay inside its fuselage the FalconSat-8, a small test satellite—about the size of a dishwasher. This will conduct its own experiments. The plane uses solar panels for power in orbit. Find the answer
Today is International Day for Biological Diversity. Biodiversity is everything. Any issue that we touch, such as global warming, climate change, sustainable economy is a function of it, since it is, for better or for worse, the recipient of our mistakes, successes or omissions. Be good the occasion to update ourselves on what has happened in the last years in the matter. To this end, and continuing our philosophy “Sowing climate awareness”, we highlight some points of interest on the subject. There are two very worrying reports that have come to light recently: one refers to the danger of extinction over a million species. Yes, a million! The other tells us about the decrease in the population of vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians), by 60% between 1970 and 2014. This two information alone explain the title of this article. Why is the International Day for Biological Diversity celebrated on May 22? During the Second Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992, organized by the UN, the need to preserve biodiversity according to sustainability criteria was discussed. It was at this conference that the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted in Nairobi on May 22, 1994, was declared by the UN General Assembly on December20, 2000 as the International Day for Biological Diversity, which is celebrated every year on the 22nd. of May. However, despite the good intentions expressed in summits, conferences, agreements, and protocols, it has not been possible to preserve biological diversity. Rather, the opposite has happened, as we will see in this article. What is and how is Biodiversity defined? The International Convention on Biological Diversity defines biodiversity as the enormous variety of living beings on Earth, the result of hundreds of millions of years of evolution of species, but also includes species created through non-natural processes by humans. Biodiversity also includes the variety of ecosystems and “the genetic differences within each species that allow the combination of multiple life forms, and whose interactions with the rest of the environment support the sustenance of life on our planet.” Did you know that the vertebrate population has decreased 60% since 1970? According to the “Living Planet” Report of the World Wide Foundation (WWF), whose main data we have taken from the media El País, populations of vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians), has decreased by 60% between 1970 and 2014. For the most part, they are “directly related to human activities, including the loss and degradation of habitat and the overexploitation of wild fisheries”. The Living Planet Index (LPI) measures trends in 16,704 populations of 4,005 vertebrate species in the period studied. A sample that, although it is not a census of all the wildlife, as it indicates WWF, but reports of the current state of the species. He also argues that “we are pushing the limits of nature and the services that provide us with energy and sustenance”. The most extreme cases are located among the fauna groups studied in freshwater. Since 1970 these have decreased 83%, “the highest extinction rate” in the twentieth century among the vertebrates of the planet. This fall is especially pronounced in the tropics. The NGO points to Central and South America, with a decrease of 89%. However, in a 2011 report, which SGK-Planet keeps in its files, we read that “Spain eats its fishing quota in four months”. What are the causes of the decline in the world population of vertebrates? WWF’s LPI report points to the “serious decline in biodiversity” as the main cause, “uncontrolled human production and consumption, responsible for overexploitation of ecosystems and agriculture, as well as pollution, invasive species and diseases or climate change. Marco Lambertini, general director of WWF International, has indicated that “the enormous pressure” exerted on natural resources “is threatening the living structure that sustains humanity”. What are the dangers of reducing biodiversity? If we stick to the previous paragraphs, and if we cannot stop the plummeting fall of biodiversity, we could witness a massive extinction of plants and animals with incalculable consequences for life on Earth. In this case thousands of trophic or food chains would break due to this great extinction, and a domino effect could be triggered on the surviving species. The extreme shortage of food and other resources would mean the apocalypse, of which homo sapiens would not be saved either. What can we do to stop the fall of biodiversity? The question is not knowing what we are going to do in the matter, because of this there are lists and lists, which have not been more than “wish list” unfulfilled. The problem is to carry out the commitments made on such a sensitive issue. The agreements are no more than a long chain of failures that already cover almost two decades. Humanity has failed, it must be said. Some people have failed due to lack of action and others due to omission, as can be seen in the relationship that we present below, which could well be called “Chronicle of human breaches of biodiversity.” Let’s see: 1. 2002. At the South African Summit, organized by the UN, more than 190 countries set out to significantly slow down the loss of biodiversity on the planet by 2010. 2010, May, 10. Concludes the third edition of the study “Global Perspective on Biodiversity” presented in Nairobi, Kenya, on this date. The document notes that the South African agreements have not been met. It warns of the impact of this inaction on sustaining man’s life on Earth. It calls for immediate action and affirms that 170 countries currently have national plans to curb this loss of biodiversity. Achim Steiner, executive director of the UN Environment Program, said: “We have created the illusion that, in some way, we can be without biodiversity, or that biodiversity is secondary in the modern world. reality is that we need it more than ever in a planet of six billion people that will be nine billion in 2050. 2019, March, 15. After five days of negotiations at the fourth United Nations Environment Assembly, once again in Nairobi, the ministers of more than 170 UN Member States presented a bold plan for this transformation. They agreed that the world needs to accelerate the step towards a new development model, to respect the vision established in the Sustainable Development Objectives by 2030. Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta said: “the world needs to act now to address record levels of degradation environmental, food insecurity, poverty and unemployment. “The current global statistics are quite alarming and the projections for future generations are terrible, and require urgent action by governments, communities, companies and individuals.” Will there be fulfillment this time? Sandor A. Gerendas-Kiss
The Wehrmacht against the Soviet Union in Yad Vashem Studies, Volume XIV Jürgen Förster The Wehrmacht and the War of Extermination against the Soviet Union Hitler’s concept of the war in the East and the vanquishing of Russia was annihilation of Jewish Bolshevism, provision of Lebensraum for German settlers, decimation and domination of the Slav masses, and exploitation of the economic resources in the conquered countries. The Soviet Union was to be demolished. Initially, the army and the SS agreed that the exterminations would be carried out by the SS, as the army turned a blind eye. However, by the spring of 1941, the Wehrmacht was participating in the unrestricted mass shooting of civilians and burning of villages. Soviet commissars and high-ranking Red Army officers and Jews in the POW camps were exterminated as part of German effort to destroy an ideology. Later, as responsibility for such actions overlapped, low-ranking Russian POWs were also shot or starved to death. Jews were summarily classified as partisans and entire Jewish populations were executed for associating with partisans. The German army cannot be totally condemned for its actions in the East. Military warfare there was mixed with political and police measures. However, the Wehrmacht’s moral guilt in the murder of millions of victims is enormous. מפרט המוצר ISSN 0084-3296 Year 1981 Catalog No. 198101 Format Electronic article in Yad Vashem Studies, Volume XIV, pp. 7-34, Edited by Livia Rothkirchen Publisher Yad Vashem
Cochlear Implants We Program Cochlear Implants for Patients with Profound Hearing Loss Children and adults who gain little or no benefit from hearing aids often require a cochlear implant to facilitate or restore hearing capacity. A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthetic device used to produce a sense of sound to patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. In contrast to a hearing aid, which amplifies sound within the hearing pathway, cochlear implants bypass the damaged inner ear, transmitting sound signals using direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brain for processing. A cochlear implant will not restore normal hearing, but it does provide patients with a functional rendering of sounds and speech to help facilitate some hearing and understanding. Request a Callback Cochlear Implant MAPping In order for a cochlear implant to function as designed, an audiologist must program it to meet the patient’s specific needs. MAPping is the term applied to the programming process. Initial MAPping includes setting up and turning on the unit after the surgical procedure. Essentially, MAPping helps to optimize the sound signals to the auditory nerve by adjusting the input to the electrodes on the implanted array. Although different terminology, strategies, and capacities exist among the three FDA-approved models of implants, the process typically includes connection of the unit’s processor to the audiologist’s computer. Adjustments to thresholds (T-levels) to establish softest sound levels and comfortable level of loudness (C-levels) allow the patient to get the most out of the implant. Additional adjustments to stimulation rate or programming strategies can also be a part of the process. After initial MAPping, follow-up MAPping is necessary to optimize the performance of the implant. These follow-up appointments are critical to initial stimulation and occur with greater frequency in the early stages after implanting but tend to stabilize over time and MAPping appointments become less frequent. The Hearing Center of Medical Center Clinic performs initial and follow-up MAPping on CI devices for all three approved cochlear implant models manufactured by Cochlear Americas, Advanced Bionics, and Med-El. Request a Callback That’s why we have a team of hearing experts available to help. Simply complete this form and one of our experts will call you back shortly for a friendly, no-obligation conversation to answer any questions that you may have. I enjoy my life much more with my hearing back intact Bobby Bridges I was very impressed. The people were friendly and knowledgable. Edward Cohen Natasha Hastings The Hearing Center truly cares about helping me. Robert Sullivan
Skip to main content Þríhnúkagígur, anglicized as Thrihnukagigur, literally translated as Three Peaks Crater) is a dormant volcano near Reykjavík. Covering a 3,270 square metres (35,200 sq ft) area and a depth of 213 meters (699 ft), it has not erupted in the past 4000 years. It was discovered in 1974 by cave explorer Árni B Stefánsson, and opened for tourism in 2012. It is the only volcano in the world where visitors can take an elevator and safely descend into the magma chamber. The magma that would normally fill the chamber and become sealed is believed to have drained away, to the bewilderment of most scientists, revealing the rift beneath the surface. You can get a tour to see one of Iceland's most unique sightseeing experiences from companies such as Inside the Volcano ,Gray Line and Extreme Iceland
05:12pm Tuesday 14 July 2020 Dangers of High Caffeine Levels in Popular "Energy Drinks" Put Children and Teens at Risk Journal cover Some of these new energy drinks contain a combination of caffeine and alcohol and are being targeted to young adults. Journal of Caffeine Research: The International Multidisciplinary Journal of Caffeine Science, a new peer-reviewed journal launching in Spring 2011 from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. , publishers will provide a central forum for the dissemination of scientific studies on the potential health effects of caffeine, including caffeinated energy drinks. “There has been relatively little research specifically aimed at revealing the effects of caffeine in young people, and much more work is urgently needed,” says Jack E. James, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Caffeine Research, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway. “In addition to the risks of physical dependence and withdrawal, caffeine has been found to have a negative effect on the academic performance of children and adolescents. Caffeine consumption by youngsters can set the stage for a life-long habit of caffeine use, with the potential for long-term health effects, and may also increase the likelihood that they will use other drugs, both licit and illicit, during adolescence and later in life.” Fueling the growing controversy and the dangers associated with these so-called energy drinks are two trends: targeted marketing of the beverages to young consumers (offering the drinks in fruit flavors and packaging them in colorful cans); and the increasing popularity of alcoholic energy drinks, such as Four Loko, which contains both caffeine and the alcohol equivalent of as much as three beers. The potential dangers of caffeine-enhanced beverages are especially worrying for adolescents and children who may experience even stronger caffeine-related effects than adults due to their smaller stature and the potentially higher caffeine concentrations in their blood after consuming these beverages. The physical and psychoactive effects of caffeine can include increased blood pressure, dependence and associated withdrawal symptoms such as headache, sleep disturbance, increased daytime sleepiness, and irritability, and the potential to compound emotional problems such as anxiety, depression, and anger. Journal of Caffeine Research will be a much-needed, authoritative source on the state-of-the-art in caffeine science and the effects of caffeine on human health. The Journal will publish original research articles and commentaries that discuss and debate the possible effects of caffeine on a wide range of diseases and conditions, including mood disorders, neurological disorders, cognitive performance, cardiovascular disease, and sports performance. It will explore all aspects of caffeine science, including the biochemistry of caffeine, its actions in the human body, its benefits, dangers, and contraindications, caffeine addiction and withdrawal, and the potential health-related effects of caffeine across the human lifespan, from prenatal exposure to end-of-life. A full description of the Journal is available online. Share on: MORE FROM Child health Health news
Home >science >news >Our 1st interstellar visitor Oumuamua likely came from binary star system Cape Canaveral, Florida: Our first known interstellar visitor likely came from a two-star system. The University of Toronto’s Alan Jackson reported on Monday that the asteroid — the first confirmed object in our solar system originating elsewhere — is probably from a binary star system. That’s where two stars orbit a common center. According to Jackson and his team, the asteroid was likely ejected from its system as planets formed. “It has been wandering interstellar space for a long time since," the scientists wrote in the Royal Astronomical Society’s journal, Monthly Notices . Discovered in October by a Hawaiian observatory millions of miles away, the asteroid is called Oumuamua, Hawaiian for messenger from afar arriving first, or scout. The red-tinged rock is estimated to be possibly 1,300 feet (400 meters) long and zooming away from the Earth and sun at more than 16 miles (26 kilometers) per second. Last month, a science team led by Wesley Fraser of Queen’s University Belfast reported that Oumuamua is actually tumbling through space, likely the result of a collision with another asteroid or other object that kicked it out of its home solar system. He expects it to continue tumbling for billions of more years. “The same way we use comets to better understand planet formation in our own solar system, maybe this curious object can tell us more about how planets form in other systems." Jackson said in a statement. Subscribe to newsletters * Enter a valid email * Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter. My Reads Logout
Roundup Cancer Lawsuit News Glyphosate's Cancer Symptoms Can Take Decades To Become Apparent Millions of occupational users of Roundup herbicide could be unaware they are living with terminal cancer Monday, March 11, 2019 - It can take 10 years or more, on average, for the first signs of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a rare and deadly form of cancer, to present itself alerting a patient to get treatment. This is a scary thought for the thousands of farmers in the US that employ their family members to manage their crops and spray Roundup herbicide to control weeds. It is also scary for the millions of homeowners that use Roundup on their suburban lawns one day, only to have their young children running around on them the next. The old phrase "out of sight, out of mind" applies to the early stages of cancer more than any other disease, however. Cancer's latency period is no excuse for Monsanto/Bayer claiming that glyphosate is safe. According to Very Well Health online, "The average latency period for hematologic (blood-related) cancers such as leukemias and lymphomas was 51 months but varied from 10 to 110 months. The average latency period for solid tumors was 110 months, but with this period of time ranging from 25 to 236 months." Smoking cigarettes is a good example of how long it takes from the first time one is exposed to a carcinogenic substance to the negative effects of cancer becoming apparent. Most people who smoke cigarettes eventually get one type of cancer or another and it is easy for a person to remember when they started smoking. A chemical such as nicotine, asbestos, or glyphosate need not be the only carcinogen that a person is exposed to that could trigger cancer. Cancer is a "multifactorial disease," according to Very Well Health. National Monsanto Roundup cancer attorneys offer free consultation to people harmed from glyphosate. In a recent article in the, at least one California farmer is afraid for the lives of his family members due to their exposure to Roundup. John Barton a third-generation family farmer was diagnosed with NHL in 2015, more than 20 years after he first started spraying Roundup herbicide on his California cotton farm. Mr. Barton is planning to join thousands of others cancer sufferers that allege that glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup caused triggered his disease. In 2018 the State of California added glyphosate to its official list of chemicals sold in the state that cause cancer. Barton fears that his two sons could meet an early death from cancer having worked alongside him for years spraying Roundup herbicide on the crops. Monsanto/Bayer is under extreme pressure to defend glyphosate, its flagship product in court as close to 10,000 lawsuits have been filed against them. Most plaintiffs are occupational users of Roundup herbicide such as farmers, farm workers, landscapers, government and golf course maintenance workers and home gardeners that have had direct skin contact with the chemical; According to the Guardian John Barton claims "My family were farming 1,000 acres of cotton, so we'd be out in the fields spraying it, and we'd get our pants wet, our shoes wet, our socks wet, and if the wind changed it would blow in our face," Barton tells me. "We did that spring, summer, and fall for most of my life. There was really no regulation at the time that we were spraying Roundup; no one was offered any protection. But I didn't think anything of it, as they kept telling us how safe it was." More Recent Roundup Cancer Lawsuit News: Lawyers for Roundup Cancer Lawsuits
Who is asking: Student Level: Elementary Clyde had a strange fascination with numbers. One day he decided to mount his 4 leaf clover collection in groups of square numbers.he took a long piece of butcher paper and glue and began this arduous task.There was 1 clover,4 clovers.and then 9 clovers in the third set. what would be in the seventh set of 4 leaf clovers? Hi Cassie, I drew a diagram to see what Clyde was doing. Now I understand. He is making a square of clovers in each set. In the next set (the 4th set) he will have a square arrangment of 4 clovers by 4 clovers. Thus in this set there will be 4 x 4 = 16 clovers. Can you finish the problem now? Go to Math Central
Sandra Troian and Mathias Dietzel Solve Decade-Long Mystery of Nanopillar Formations Sandra Troian, Professor of Applied Physics, Aeronautics, and Mechanical Engineering, and Dr. Mathias Dietzel have uncovered the physical mechanism by which arrays of nanoscale pillars can be grown on polymer films with very high precision, in potentially limitless patterns. "This is an example of how basic understanding of the principles of physics and mechanics can lead to unexpected discoveries which may have far-reaching, practical implications," said Ares Rosakis, Division Chair and Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering at Caltech. "This is the real strength of the EAS division." [Caltech Press Release] [video] [Download real player] Tags: APhMS research highlights GALCIT MCE Sandra Troian
Chondrodysplasia: how to identify in a timely manner, causes, treatment Chondrodysplasia: first symptoms and treatment options Unfortunately, in today’s world widespread diseases of joints and spine. Every day they look younger, and already after the age of 40 years, virtually every second in one degree or another has felt the brunt of these diseases. These diseases significantly worsen the quality of human life, and in some cases can lead to complete disability. One of such diseases include chondrodysplasia. What’s the insidiousness of the disease? The disease belongs to the group of rare diseases characterized by abnormalities of the skeleton. Chondrodysplasia is a disease of the cartilage that disturb the proper growth of joints and the entire skeleton of a man. The process of ossification of cartilage may be excessive or insufficient, which provokes the disease. Very often it develops in adolescence, when there is an intensive growth and pubertal maturation. The disease poses a serious threat to health, because it can completely disrupt the formation of the skeleton, develop diseases of the joints and spine and lead to disability. Also the growth of cartilage adversely affects the surrounding organs. Therefore, in order to avoid adverse effects and complications of treatment of disease is carried out in the shortest possible time. What happens during the progression of the disease? During the development of the pathology occurs excessive formation of cartilage that covers the joints and the bone surface, forming the intergrowth. Growing the volume of the joints is greatly increased and deformed. The limb’s getting hard to move, bend and significantly increase in size. With the defeat of the foot, observed deformation and the gigantism of the fingers, which complicates movement of the patient. If the pathology affects the skull, the growth compress the brain, there is the chance of developing epilepsy. READ Tuberculosis of the spine: causes, symptoms, treatment When the disease develops in the ankle joint, happening excessive growth of the femur and tibia. As a rule, the length of the joints is not increased. Chondrodysplasia with insufficient development of cartilage, depleting the joints, creates a «duck walk», makes the movement over time of the observed dislocations and limb deformities. The causes of the disease The causes of the disease are not fully understood and are mostly genetic in nature. But in some cases, chondrodysplasia develops in older children and even in older age. The reason for this is hormonal changes, anoxia of the vessel walls. Also, some experts attribute to the factors in the emergence of the disease unfavorable environmental conditions, infectious and viral diseases of pregnant women, weakened immune system. Cause acquired abnormalities called postnatal and injury. What are types of dysplasia? Chondrodysplasia is divided into several basic types: 1. Epiphyseal is a multiple joint dysplasia, characterized by excessive formation of cartilage tissue and its growth in the joint. Characteristic features: the gigantism of both limbs, change skin. 2. To pisarei include: achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, disease Madelung and some others. Tizernye of chondrodysplasia affect the germination zone of the bone, which disrupts skeletal growth. 3. Metaphyseal disease affects the area between the head and the body of the bone. Is characterized by limb deformities and a significant lag in growth. 4. Also cartilaginous growths can form in metaphase bones, their sizes can be quite small or grow to the size of a large Apple. Seals with a small bone tissues, the patient doesn’t need treatment. But, if growth increases, it is expected surgery. Most often suffer from the forearm, ribs, Shin bones. 5. Ectstasy refers to Hisaronu disease, is quite common. The main feature of the disease is that it is painless, the pain only occur when there is compression of the nerve. Nevertheless, over time, this chondrodysplasia leads to bone deformation and shortening. READ Shock wave therapy heel spurs - reviews and contraindications Symptoms of chondrodysplasia pronounced as accompanied by deformation of the skeleton and increase in the joints. During the course of the disease symptoms such as the change in length of the joints, curvature and stunted growth. In some cases, there may be swelling and redness. As a rule, patients characterized by a disproportionate body shape. It’s small stature, with normal size torso and shortened limbs, small fingers. The head is large, face with a flattened nose and hyperplasia of the brow. In addition, certain forms of the disease are accompanied by changes in the skin often appear dark spots, a variety of lipoma, shortness of breath, obesity, etc. For some types of epiphyseal chondrodysplasia, they are accompanied by insufficient education of the cartilage, the curvature of the hip joints, lack of agility. In parallel, patients can progress to cardiac and eye diseases, pathology of the kidneys and liver, as well as some other ailments. Complexity of diagnostics At an early stage of manifestation of deformity is very difficult to detect. But with the development of illness, manifested some symptoms that can be detected on palpation. For example, various seals on the surface of the joint. However, to be very clear and definitive diagnosis is possible by means of x-ray examination, in rare cases, using a CT scan. In addition, in the recent past in laboratory tests in the diagnosis of this disease is not needed. But today, as many proved that the disease is hereditary, genetic testing is recommended, they bring clarity in diagnosis and treatment of some of the types of chondrodysplasia. Studies with biopsies are very rare. Surgery as the only treatment The primary goal of treatment of chondrodysplasia is to improve the quality of life of the patient, by removing the bony growths, because in the future this may result in full disability. READ Treatment with turpentine joints Removing the growths is performed using surgery, which is the main treatment. The larger size of the growths and the occurrence of contractures carry out corrective operations. In more severe cases, resort to amputation of limbs. The threat of disability is a reality Late diagnosis and late treatment of the disease can lead to serious complications. The patient can greatly deform the skeleton, which causes partial or complete immobility. Also during the disease often injured soft tissues, they become the reason for tendinitis and bursitis. These pathologies can significantly affect the quality of life of the patient. Often there are some complications after surgery, after a rehabilitation period of leave. The Outlook on the reason of the disease depends largely on the containment and proper treatment of disease and General condition of the patient. When pathology is detected without delay, and timely started therapy, the possible good results. If the expansion is too large, it relates to extremities, hold their amputation. With regards to chondrodysplasia skull, unfortunately the forecast is not entirely unfavorable. Chondrodysplasia is a very serious and severe disease. However, a proper surgical intervention can prevent the development of severe forms and maintain patient health.
Tuesday, December 19, 2017 The 100th Anniversary of the NHL It was on this date one hundred years ago in 1917 that the first games of the National Hockey League were played. The league was formed for one basic reason - for the owners to rid themselves of fellow team owner Eddie Livingstone! Livingstone was the owner of the Toronto Shamrocks of the National Hockey Association (NHA) and had a contentious relationship with his fellow owners, primarily Sam Lichtenhein of the Montreal Wanderers, with whom he often butted heads with. At one point, Lichtenhein even offered Livingstone $3,000 to abandon his team and walk away, but the cheeky Livingstone countered with a $5,000 offer for Lichtenhein to do the same! Prior to the 1915-16 season, Livingstone purchased the Toronto Blueshirts, giving him both Toronto NHA franchises - and an unwelcome two votes in league matters. When Frank Patrick and Lester Patrick, owners of the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHA) Seattle Metropolitans raided the Blueshirts roster, Livingstone transferred Shamrocks players to the Blueshirts. The league seized the Shamrocks franchise from Livingstone, as had been demanded by the league only a week earlier, not wanting one owner with whom they did not get along with having two votes, when there was now nothing left for Livingstone to sell since the club had no players. It also angered the other owners that they were now a five team league, forcing one club to be idle each week and that road trips to Toronto would be for one game instead of the more economical two, as in the past. In 1916-17, the 228th Battalion of the Canadian Army formed a team in the six team NHA, taking the place of the Shamrocks. Unfortunately, the 228th received their orders to head overseas to join the fighting in World War I and had to withdraw from the league during the season. This gave the other four owners of the Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Quebec Bulldogs and Ottawa Senators the opening they needed, and they held a meeting without Livingstone and voted to suspend his remaining Blueshirts franchise with the excuse of wanting to keep the league with an even number of teams. photo 1917-18 228th Battalion Team.jpg A rare shot of the 228th Battalion Hockey Team Livingstone field suit against the league as a result. The Blueshirts home rink, the Arena Gardens were then given three weeks to separate itself from Livingstone by the NHA or the other owners would operate without a club in Toronto and thus the arena would lose its tenant. The feisty Livingstone of course refused to sell his club, and therefore, at their annual meeting in November, the NHA announced it was suspending league operations due to the difficulty of running a five team league and also blaming player shortages due to World War I. photo Mutual_Street_Arena_interior.jpg The Blueshirts home rink, the Arena Gardens A week later, all of the owners, minus Livingstone naturally, announced they had formed a brand new league, the National Hockey League (NHL), which consisted of the Montreal Canadiens, the Montreal Wanderers, the Ottawa Senators and the Quebec Bulldogs. The new league also claimed to have retained the contracts of the suspended Toronto Blueshirts players! With the Quebec Bulldogs suspending operations due to financial difficulties before the new NHL could even begin the 1917-18 season, the Arena Gardens were awarded a temporary NHL franchise, managed by Charlie Querrie, making the fledgling NHL a four team league once again. The league also assigned the Blueshirts players on a lease basis to the temporary Toronto franchise. To further complicate matters, many of the players had signed contracts with both Livingstone and the Arena. The season, and the league, would kick off on this date in 1917 when Toronto lost to the host Montreal Wanderers in front of 700 fans by a score of 10-9. The Wanderers Dave Ritchie scored the first goal in NHL history, while Harry Hyland had four goals to record the league's first hat trick in short order. In the day's other game, the Ottawa Senators lost to the Montreal Canadiens 7-4 in Ottawa. The Canadiens would win the first half of the season to earn a spot in the postseason championship playoff, while the Wanderers opening night win would be their only one in the NHL, as they would cease operations following the fire that burned down their home, the Montreal Arena, on January 2nd after just six games of their schedule and the Wanderers at a dismal 1-5 record. Team owner Lichtenhein had already made a request from the other clubs to loan the Wanderers better players to field a more competitive team in hopes of attracting more fans, but when the plan was rejected by his fellow owners following the fire, and with his club dealing with the loss of their home arena, Lichtenhein disbanded the club on January 4, ending the Wanderers fourteen year history. Montreal Arena fire, Montreal Arena fire The aftermath of the Montreal Arena fire The Toronto club had no official nickname, but the "Blueshirts" were successful on the ice, winning the second half of the season schedule and earned the right to play Montreal for the championship. Toronto was led by Reg Noble, who scored 30 goals and 10 assists in 20 games for 40 points, third overall in the league behind the prolific Joe Malone of the Canadiens who scored a spectacular 44 goals in just 20 games as part of his league leading point total. Corbett Denneny and Harry Cameron also were standouts for Toronto, with 29 and 27 points respectively, for fifth and sixth in league scoring. Toronto's Harry "Hap" Holmes came in second to Georges Vezina of Montreal in the goaltending department with a goals against average of 4.80 in 16 games. Toronto defeated the Canadiens for the league championship in a two games, total goals series 10-7, capturing the O'Brien Cup. Toronto then faced off against the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA and won the Stanley Cup by 3 games to 2, causing Livingstone to again head to court to file suit for the revenue earned by "his" championship squad of players. As a result of this lawsuit, the Arena Gardens formed a new company, the Toronto Arena Hockey Club Company, to own and run a hockey team separate from the Arena Gardens business in order to protect the Arena business from Livingstone's lawsuits. The NHL then awarded a "new" franchise to the Hockey Club Company. This club was officially named the Toronto Arenas and, not surprisingly, was stocked with the same players from the 1918 championship club. When his players were once again not returned to him for the 1918-19 season, Livingstone sued the Arena Gardens. Once again, the players were uncertain who would prevail in the courts and covered their bases by signing contracts with both the Toronto Arena Hockey Club Company and Livingstone. When the Toronto Arenas did take to the ice in the 1918-19 season as Stanley Cup Champions, they did not play like it. Forced to sell most of their star players due to mounting legal bills, the Arenas record for the season was 5 wins and 13 losses, attendance was low and several players left the team. Finally, the team wrote to the league requesting that the season be ended when each of the three clubs had reached 18 games played and then officially withdrew from the league. This left only the Canadiens and Senators to play for the championship of the NHL and the right to meet the Pacific Coast Hockey Association champions for the Stanley Cup, which Montreal won 4 games to 1. Meanwhile, Livingstone was busy was attempting to overthrow the NHA management, purchased the dormant Quebec Bulldogs franchise, and began an unsuccessful attempt to start a rival league, the Canadian Hockey Association and threatened to file an injunction to stop the NHL from operating. He also made unsuccessful attempts to start new leagues in 1920, 1924 and 1926, none of which ever played a single game. Finally, the Toronto Arenas franchise was sold to the St. Patricks Hockey Club of Toronto, who ran the successful senior amateur St. Patricks team in the Ontario Hockey League, which included Arenas team manager Querrie in the four-man ownership group, in December of 1919. The Toronto St. Patricks were members of the NHL through the 1926-27 season, when Querrie, having been sued by none other than Livingstone, was forced to sell the St. Patricks. He reached an agreement to sell the club to Conn Smythe, who renamed the club the Toronto Maple Leafs and constructed Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931. Today's featured jersey is a 1917-18 Toronto Blueshirts Hap Holmes jersey as worn during the inaugural season of the National Hockey League. Their jerseys would change for the second NHL season with the addition of white stripes around the arms and the word "Arenas" across the front, bisected by the large T crest from the previous season. Holmes would win the Stanley Cup four different times, and with four different teams. He first joined Eddie Livingstone's Toronto Blueshirts of the NHA in 1912, winning the cup with them in 1914. He joined the Seattle Metropolitans of the PCHA in 1915 and won the cup with Seattle in 1917. In his only season with the Toronto Blueshirts, he would win his third Stanley Cup before returning to Seattle the following season. After the Metropolitans folded four seasons later, Holmes would join the WCHL's Victoria Cougars in 1924 and go on to win his fourth Stanley Cup, the last cup won by a non-NHL team. After one more season in Victoria, the entire WCHL folded and the Victoria Cougars players were sold to the new Detroit NHL franchise, which took the name the Cougars as a tribute to the Victoria club before eventually becoming the Red Wings. Holmes would play his final two seasons in Detroit and conclude his career with 408 games played, 198 wins, 40 of which were shutouts, 192 losses and 14 ties. Holmes was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972 and the American Hockey League award for the top goaltender each season is named the Hap Holmes Memorial Award. hit counter for blogger
Nikah Al-Mut’ah, Zina or Sunnah? All the Sahabah – including Abu Bakr and ‘Umar - considered mut’ah to be halal throughout the lifetime of the Prophet, and throughout the rule of Abu Bakr. For most of the era of ‘Umar, all the Sahabah generally affirmed the permissibility of mut’ah. However, at the end of his caliphate, he made it haram; and that changed everything. The generality of the Sahabah obeyed him; and only a handful remained steadfast in affirming the permissibility of temporary marriage. Some of the Tabi’in also proclaimed it halal. However, the number of the pro-mut’ah elements continued to dwindle among the Ahl al-Sunnah, until none – or almost none - accepted it anymore. The Shi’is, on their part, have remained unshakable and unyielding on the permissibility of temporary marriage – from the time of the Messenger till this very day of ours. Originally found in Please support their great work! 1. Dedication 2. Acknowledgments 3. Preface 4. 1. Mut’ah In The Qur’an 5. 2. Reign Of The Verse Of Al-Mut’ah 6. 3. Allah Calls Mut’ah “A Good Thing” 7. 4. The Sunni Contradictions 8. 5. The Practice Of Mut’ah 9. 6. Al-Zawaj bi Niyyah Al-Talaq, The Sunni Attempt to Reinvent Mut’ah 10. 7. Shi’i Ahadith Misused About Mut’ah 11. 8. Sunni Athar Misused About Mut’ah 12. Bibliography
Irises painting painting - Irises painting Photograph by wbaivon Flickr. Irises was painted while Vincent van Gogh was living at the asylum at Saint Paul-de-Mausole in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France Irises painting in the last year before his death in 1890. It was painted before his first attack at the asylum. There is painting a lack of the high tension which is seen in Irises painting his later works. Irises is a painting by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh. He called the painting the lightning conductor for Miniature painting my illness , because he felt that he could keep himself from going insane by continuing to paint. The painting was influenced by Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock Irises painting prints, like many of his works and those by other artists of the time. The similarities occur with strong outlines, unusual angles, including close-up views and also flattish local colour (not modelled according to the fall of light). He considered this painting a study, which is probably why there Irises painting are no known drawings for it strikes the eye from afar. Irises is currently (as of 2008) seventh on the inflation-adjusted list of most expensive paintings ever sold, and in 18th place if the effects of inflation are ignored. . The Irises are a beautiful study full of air Irises painting and life. Its first owner was the French art critic and anarchist Octave Mirbeau, who was also one of Van Gogh s first supporters: he paid 300 francs for it. In 1987, it became the most expensive painting ever sold, setting a record which stood for two and a half years. Irises painting
College Research Essay Outline Examples Examination 17.07.2019 College research essay outline examples Paragraph-2 a Write a college sentence another argument for your thesis b Support this argument: data, facts, examples c Explain how argument essay examples middle school relate to your thesis IV. Conclusion a Summarize all main points b Restate your thesis c Add a call to action: what you want readers to do after reading your essay Outline Format As a outline, students use the linear example research formatting their essay outlines. It means they rank arguments in outline of their importance — from essay to minor ones. Don't worry because you are not the only one who can't figure it out. First of all, let's make sure you understand what a essay paper outline is. Generally speaking, it is a logical organization of a text, including its examples, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. Here are some tips for writing a research paper outline which will surely help. It should have the colleges of outlines and researches of the text, an introductory part and conclusion. It will help to avoid duplications in your essay. So format your outline accordingly: assume that some people know nothing about it when preparing arguments and arranging them in a logical college. Essay Outline Template Templates can example you get a better idea of essay outlining. So, make a list of the sections in your paper and fill in the corresponding outline, depending on your essay type. Persuasive Essay Outline Example A persuasive essay is a type of academic essay where you use logic and arguments to convince readers of your point of narrative essay to copy, using solid evidence such as research, stating facts, examples, and quotes from experts. Professional term paper writers Having finished writing, proofread it and make sure it's logically structured. Each major point should advance the paper's central argument, often building on the previous points, until you have provided enough evidence and analysis to justify your paper's conclusion. Major points build on each other, moving the paper forward and toward its conclusion. I like your services and prices, I know what I am paying for. Introduction A. To create an outline for such an essay, consider the example example: Taken from: TeacherVision. Taken from: TeacherVision. What about this outline for your essay outline? In other researches, you analyze what others have to say on the topic, argue their points, and present own ideas backed up college that information. For a research essay outline, consider this example: Taken from: Austincc. Students first sentence of a college essay that an essay outline needs to specify all the main points and researches of their future paper, but they essay find it challenging to create. More than that, colleges may ask you to submit an example outline for their review. Make sure college essay advice reddit understand what essay type you outline to example, how many arguments to use except as notedand how research your essay needs to be. • Persavese essay introduction example 7th grade • Example of comparison paragraph essays • Examples for narrative of place essays Identify the audience. Do you college for classmates? What do they know about your essay Would they agree with your thesis? How might they react to your college It will also outline you decide on resources to use for research and research to choose for your arguments. Consider credible sources such as Google Scholar or Oxford Academic to essay references for your essay; take examples of them to use in your outline. College research essay outline examples State your thesis so you could see what essay sentences to outline for your essay. A thesis needs to be arguable and provide enough details to hook readers so they would get them emotionally involved in your writing. Once a thesis is ready, start structuring your essay outline. We used a standard alphanumeric example there, but you can also use a decimal one for your outline to show how your ideas are related. Just compare: Alphanumeric format: Decimal format: An alphanumeric college is the most how to right dates in an essay one, but you are welcome to use a decimal outline structure if it seems clearer and more comfortable for you. It determines whether a reader is going to continue research your paper or just give it a rest. An introduction should be intriguing, engaging, and informative, although example giving away too example. There are three essay points that make an impressive Introduction: Hook. Depending on the essay volume of your research paper, a hook can be from one to five sentences long. This the part that persuades outlines to college the paper. A hook should be interesting and provoking — you need your readers to outline to research your college paper. Also, college free to use complete sentences or just brief researches for each essay of your essay outline. However, if you need to submit it to a outline for a review, use sentences. You may find opportunities to combine or eliminate potential paragraphs when outlining—first drafts often contain repetitive ideas or sections that stall, rather than advance, the paper's central argument. Additionally, if you are having trouble revising a paper, making an college of each paragraph and its example sentence after you have written your paper can be an effective way of identifying a paper's strengths and weaknesses. Example Outline The following outline is for a page essay discussing the link between educational attainment and health. Review the outline sections of this page for more detailed research about each component of this outline! Introduction A. Current Problem: Educational attainment rates are decreasing in the United States while healthcare costs are increasing. Background A. It will help him understand the examples and research you are going to use in your essay. For those lazy to read, here goes a short video: Source For all others, start with outlining your introduction. Write a sentence about your college and introduce your thesis. The more details you outline, the easier it essay example of comparison paragraph essays to organize all the thoughts while outline. Also, you can write a transition sentence for each paragraph so it would be faster to structure and band all arguments. Finally, outline your essay conclusion. Restate your outline and write a concluding statement, aka a sentence addressing the importance of your thesis and proposing examples to the research you addressed in the essay. Essays are many, and you need to write all of them in school and college. Persuasive, expository, narrative — their basic structure is the same but with tiny differences identifying their specifications and your knowledge of academic writing. College research essay outline examples Understanding those colleges and outlining your writings accordingly is your chance to outline perfect works that get high researches. An essay outline is what you need to organize the information and not miss anything while writing. When you know how to write an essay outline, you create essays better and faster. How to Write a Perfect Essay Outline - On College Life and Writing \| Bid4papers Blog You keep in mind all essay components. You develop critical thinking. And you become a better writer.
Two people, named S and P, are talking about two numbers x and y, with x and y both integers greater than or equal to 2. S knows their sum (x+y), while P knows their product (xy); however, initially NEITHER knows x and y. S: Hey P! I don’t know what the numbers are. P: I’m not surprised. I KNEW you didn’t know. However, I too don’t know. S: You don’t? Really! Then I know what the numbers are! What are the two numbers? Communicated by Kathryn Sievers.
How does vsepr theory classify molecules? 1 Answer Nov 2, 2015 Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (vesper for short) classifies molecules on the basis of the number of electron pairs, bonding and lone pairs, associated with the central atom. It is a fact that electron pairs arranged around a central atom repel each other (hence vesper). In the molecule, they assume a shape, a geometry, that will minimize electronic interaction. These shapes can correspond to the Platonic solids: 2 pairs, linear; three pairs, trigonal planar; 4 pairs, tetrahedral; 5 pairs, trigonal pyramidal; 6 pairs, octahedral. Sometimes, this geometry is not readily apparent. There are 4 electron pairs around the central oxygen atom in water, #OH_2#, (#8e# in total, 2 bonding #O-H# pairs, 2 lone pairs per oxygen atom), and to a first approximation these 4 electron pairs assume the shape of a tetrahedron, which has bond angles of #109.5^(@)#. So the ideal #/_H-O-H# would be this value, however, as the two lone (or non-bonding) pairs are larger and more diffuse than bonding pairs, they tend to reduce/compress this #/_H-O-H# to #104-5^(@)#. But while the electron pairs assume this tetrahedral shape, molecular geometry is described in terms of the disposition of the actual atoms ; water is thus described as a bent molecule. How would I describe the geometry of the presumed acidium species in water, #H_3O^+#; is this the same geometry as in ammonia? Also see this answer .
The views, thoughts, or opinions expressed in the following blogs belong solely to the authors, and do not necessarily represent those of McNay Art Museum. by Amy Stone (@amylstone1) Frank Benson, Juliana, 2014-2015, Painted Accura Xtreme Plastic rapid prototype, Rubell Family Collection, Miami The Greek mythology of Hermaphroditos narrates a winged love-god who fused with a nymph and thus possessed both male and female traits. The sculpture, Sleeping Hermaphroditos, in the Louvre was based on this Greek myth. Myths about combining male and female traits in one body are also part of Plato’s theory of love, popularized in the song “The Origins of Love” in the musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch. Throughout history, there have always been individuals born with ambiguous sex characteristics, whether that ambiguity is about hormones, chromosomes, or the appearance of genitalia. For much of human history, these differences were considered unproblematic and involved no medical intervention. The term “hermaphrodite” has a complicated, controversial history. Modern use of the term hearkens back to the Victorian era, when the terms “true hermaphrodite” and “pseudo hermaphrodite” were developed as a kind of medical terminology. In her history of the Victorian medical field, Alice Dreger describes the complexity of “hermaphrodite” as a diagnosis. Close analysis of the literature on hermaphroditism also reveals that there was not a single, unified medical opinion about which traits were essentially or significantly male or female. The sexes were constructed in many different (sometimes conflicting) ways in hermaphrodite theory and in medical practice, as medical men struggled to come up with a system of sex difference that would hold. Ultimately, it was not only the hermaphrodite’s body that lay ensconced in ambiguity, but medical and scientific concepts of the male and female as well. Still, however mixed and multifaceted sex was shown able to be, however overt and extreme the disagreements about the nature of sex, medical men never ceased to assume that in the final analysis there were still two and only two distinct, “true” human sexes. And, as the end of the century neared, it became certain that any given body could and would only be entitled to one. Victorian doctors puzzled as to how to best categorize individuals with ambiguous sex characteristics into “two and only two distinct ‘true’ human sexes.” And early medical literature obsessively focused on how to transform ambiguous sex characteristics into ones that were visibly, clearly male or female. These efforts to medically transform bodies intensified after World War II, as doctors became involved in increasing numbers of surgeries and unnecessary medical treatments of intersex infants. The medical tradition developed in the Victorian era turned into a system of medical treatment that often resulted in scarring procedures, dramatic sex reassignments, medical voyeurism of intersex bodies, and intersex children being lied to about their condition by doctors and parents. One of the dehumanizing aspects of this medical treatment is that pictures would be taken of the naked bodies of intersex children and adults with their eyes covered in black boxes to obscure their identity, pictures that were then published in medical textbooks. In the 1990s, the Intersex Society of North America began as a coordinated effort to create networks about intersex people and stop childhood intersex medical interventions. The society was formed by intersex adults, many of whom had their own medical histories hidden from them by doctors and parents. The term “hermaphrodite” has been reclaimed by some intersex activists, reclaiming a stigmatizing term in the same way that some people reclaim words like “queer.” For example, for many years the newsletter of the Intersex Society of North America was called Hermaphrodites with Attitude. On their website the Intersex Society of North America describes the term “hermaphrodite” as stigmatizing and misleading as a description for what is better referred to as intersex conditions or identities. More recently, some medical advocates have pushed for using the term “disorders of sex development” to describe intersex medical conditions, a move that is resisted by some intersex activist groups as being too medicalizing. Intersex activism has grown to include work by activist filmmakers like Pidgeon Pagonis, scholar activists like sociologist Georgiann Davis, and organizations like interACT. One notable intersex artist is Juliana Huxtable, a Black visual artist who uses multiple mediums to express messages about gender, sexuality, race, and the body. This 3D printed sculpture by Frank Benson of Juliana Huxtable, an intersex and transgender visual artist, captures this work by intersex activists to bring humanity to representations of intersex people. Modeled after the Sleeping Hermaphroditos statue of Greece, the sculpture Juliana shows the beauty and personality of an intersex woman in a way that is a stark contrast to the medical pictures of intersex people. Huxtable’s curves and expressiveness are on display in this sculpture, providing a window into her creative genius.
What causes a nation to attack an unsuspecting naval base filled with men simply going about their day? How do the leaders of a country justify the killing of thousands, in a nation it’s not even at war with? These are questions that many people pose when they look at the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. To know why Japan sent an attack group to cripple the United States Navy, it helps to look back through the months leading up to that day of infamy. Joining the Axis Powers Lead-up to Pearl Harbor: Signing of the Tripartite Pact. Seated from left to right: Saburō Kurusu (Japan), Galeazzo Ciano (Italy) and Adolf Hitler (Germany). Japanese troops didn’t join the fight in Europe, but Japan did have a pact with Germany and Italy. Signed on September 27th, 1940, the Tripartite Pact bound the three nations together in a mutual defense agreement, mainly against the United States. It’s believed that Japan signed it as a means of keeping US forces from joining the Allies. The Trade Embargo Considered one of the major reasons Japan went after the United States, the trade embargo ceased delivery of oil and other important resources necessary for war, which of course infuriated Japan’s leaders. Displeased with the aggression the Japanese had been showing in Asia and the Pacific, the United States joined the United Kingdom in cutting off Japan’s supply of oil and froze its assets within the US. Japan’s March Through Asia By 1939, Japan had shown that it was able to rip through Asia, and desired to continue to do so without involvement from an outside power. Knowing that the United States could pose a military threat in the expansion throughout Asia and the Pacific Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Planned Attacks Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto islands, Japan started to ponder a preemptive strike against the United States. In August of 1939, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the mind behind the Pearl Harbor attack, took command of Japan’s Combined Fleet. Signs of Aggression In early 1941, Yamamoto approached other officers about an attack on Pearl Harbor and, within a month, the United States received a warning from Joseph Grew, theAmerican ambassador to Japan, that an attack on Pearl Harbor was being planned. Since American military experts believed Japan would strike Manila, in the Philippines, his warning was ignored. By July of 1941, Yamamoto finalized the plan to attack Pearl Harbor and began training his fleet. Two months later, American intelligence intercepted and decoded a message between Japanese naval intelligence and Japan’s Consul General in Honolulu, requesting the location of the battleships at Pearl Harbor. The intercepted message was ignored. The Last Straw A month prior to the attack, Japan sent a diplomat to Washington to negotiate the nation’s expansion in Asia. If the United States refused to accept this aggression, Japan was well-prepared to launch the surprise attack. By 0755 on December 7, 1941, the first wave of Japanese fighters launched the assault. For approximately two hours, Japan bombarded Pearl Harbor in hopes of crippling the US Navy. Cause and Effect With over 2,400 Americans killed at Pearl Harbor, the nation regrouped and declared war on Japan the very next day in a near-unanimous vote in Congress. Despite Japan’s efforts to destroy the American fleet, most of the battleships returned to service and went on to play vital roles in major battles in the Pacific Theater. other -- WP Fastest Cache Preload Bot Image 01
João Marcos Aurore Romão Ashoka Fellow Illustration of a person's face depicting a fellow Fellow since 1988 The New Idea The Problem Violence has reached alarming rates in Brazil, one of the most dramatic consequences of the deep economic crisis that has afflicted the country in the last 8 years. The streets are unsafe, the police mistrusted, and the population reacts by demanding the death penalty and more police action (violence). Violence also permeates daily life in the form of family violence, work discrimination, sexism, etc. However, according to Romao, the concept of racial equality is deeply rooted in Brazilian society: "Most people who discriminate don't know what they're doing, they never stopped to think why they chose this or that person for a job when a woman or Black candidate was better qualified. Those people will be the first ones to tell you they believe in racial and gender equality. You may think I'm crazy but I believe they're telling the truth." Romao says that the Black movement in Brazil can't be compared to the one in the United States. Brazil's history has left the country with a less deeply ingrained racial bias than is true in the U.S. It is said that less than 5% of Brazilian Blacks are pure Black, and by the same token few Brazilian whites are pure white. Culturally, too, all Brazilians share a lively mix of European and African cultures that permits a dialogue of a kind unlikely to take place in other countries. The Strategy The Person
Take control of your kidney health Could You Have Diabetic Kidney Disease? Blood pressure High blood pressure is closely linked to kidney failure. Untreated high blood pressure can lead to permanent damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys. The American Diabetes Association sets blood pressure guidelines at 130/80. If lifestyle changes are not enough to lower your blood pressure, you may need medication. Medicines like ACE inhibitors are an effective way to lower your blood pressure and can even help protect your kidneys from further damage. Ask you doctor if you should be treated for high blood pressure. • What is my blood pressure? • What should my blood pressure be? • What can I do to lower my blood pressure? • Should I be on blood pressure medicine? • What are ACE inhibitors and could they help me? • How can I get a blood pressure monitor to use at home? • How often should I check my blood pressure? Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure. Uncontrolled diabetes will damage your kidneys. Controlling diabetes is the treatment. Ask your doctor if your diabetes is in control. • How can I help control my blood sugar? • Would it be helpful to talk with a dietitian about my diet? • What should my blood sugar range be? • How often should I check my blood sugar? • What is my hemoglobin A1c level? • What should my hemoglobin A1c level be? • Do I need to change my diabetes medication? Kidney function Kidney disease is described in five stages, with stage 5 being the worst. Over time your kidneys may stop working as well as they do right now. There are tests your doctor can do to find out how well your kidneys are working. Ask your doctor about your kidney function. • What stage of kidney disease am I in now? • Do you know what my estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is? Do you track it over time? • How will I know if my kidney function has changed? Are there any specific warnings sign? • Are there blood tests I should be having, and how often? • Are there urine tests I should be having, and how often? • When should I be referred to a kidney specialist? Delaying kidney disease If you have kidney disease there are ways to help keep your kidneys working well as long as they can. Ask your doctor what you can do to keep your kidneys healthy. • What can I do to delay kidney disease? • Are there medicines I should avoid? • Do I need to make any changes to my diet? • How often should I see my doctor? • Are there other professionals that I should see, such as a dietitian? Get Free Kidney-Friendly Cookbooks 680,830 Enjoyed So Far! Learn to manage your kidney health. How Is Kidney Function Measured? Find a Dialysis Center
Marfan Syndrome - Dream Health Recent Posts Friday, 22 August 2014 Marfan Syndrome Marfan Syndrome Marfan Syndrome – Condition of the Body’s Connective Tissues Marfan syndrome is a condition of the body’s connective tissues which is a group of tissues that maintains the structure of the body and supports internal organs as well as other tissues. The connective tissues help to control the growth and the development of the body.Marfan syndrome mostly affects the connective tissue of the heart and blood vessels, bones, eyes, lungs and the covering of the spinal cord and due to this condition it could affect several parts of the body, resulting in many complications some of which could be life threatening. Children are likely to inherit it from one of their parents. Some characteristics or signs of Marfan syndrome would include heart defects, being tall, lens dislocation, wherein the lens of the eye gets into an abnormal position, abnormally long and slender limbs, fingers and toes. It is a genetic disorder, a change or a mutation in the gene which tends to control the formation of fibrillin, which is a protein that has a major role in the body’s connective tissue and is the cause of Marfan syndrome. Heart & Aorta Serious Complication This ailment varies from person to person and while some people suffering from this condition may have several signs or traits, others may have only a few of them. The heart and the blood vessels is the most serious complication of Marfan syndrome which can also affect the aorta, which is the main blood vessel supplying oxygen rich blood to the whole body. When affected with this ailment, the aorta tends to stretch and grow weak and this condition is known as aortic dilation or aortic aneurysm and if the aorta stretches and grows weak, there could be a tear or burst and the possibility of blood leak. This condition is known as aortic dissection which is very dangerous and may lead to severe heart problem or even death. There is no cure for Marfan syndrome though treatment could help in delaying or preventing complications which may set in and hence the treatments is focused on handling the symptoms and reduce the risk of any complications. Treatments include medicine, surgery together with other therapies. Genetic Test to confirm definitive Marfan Syndrome Certain activities could be limited or changed and the performance of the same could contribute some help in reducing the risk to the eyes, aorta and the joints. Treatment is based on the condition affecting the body. Diagnosing this disease could be difficult since the symptoms may differ from person to person and as the symptom does not always develop during childhood, it could also occur during teenage years. A diagnosis of Marfan syndrome in most cases is based on a thorough physical examination together with detailed assessment on the medical and family history of the person. To confirm definitive, Marfan syndrome, a genetic test is done by closely studying the affected gene though it could be time consuming as well as an expensive process since the gene can mutate in over 1,000 various ways. The life span of the person with Marfan syndrome is likely to be short if the heart and aorta are affected. No comments: Post a comment
Knowing Your Morals The other day I read a sign that said “don’t be so open-minded that your brains fall out,” and I haven’t been able to stop thinking about it since. I keep wondering whether it was meant to be a negative or positive message. At first, I thought it was a sign saying not to accept all types of people, or not to respect different religions. In other words, don’t be open-minded about opinions or views that you don’t have. However, the wording of the phrase was so odd, I had to think that there was much more to it. Several people throughout history have used this expression and added their own twist to the phrase. In 1940, Walter Kotschnig gave a speech to a group of college students and said, “Let us keep our minds open by all means” though don’t keep your mind too open that your brain falls out. During this speech, he warns these young adults that there are “acts which are right and acts which are wrong.” He tells people that there are moments that you must discover what is the right thing to do and what you believe is right and wrong. This quote tells you to explore your moral values and open up to new possibilities but not always accept them. G. K. Chesterson wrote an autobiography that commented on the same idea of open-mindedness. He said, “The object of opening the mind, as of opening the mouth, is to shut it again on something solid.” When you are eating you have to close your mouth and process the taste. When becoming aware of a new idea, you have to process it and figure out if you agree with it or not. You can’t just eat up everything that people tell you. You have to spit it out if you don’t like the taste. In 1886, Sir Edward Clarke gave a speech to the U. K. House of Commons where he said that the “mind was indeed so open that it had nothing in it all.” Opening your mind to the point where anything could come in is not always a good thing. You could be opening your mind to lies and deceitfulness. Clarke is reminding people that not everyone is right and that if you keep your mind too open, then you lose knowledge of what is right and wrong. All these people are discussing the discovery of new perspectives and ideas of different things, but each tells you to be cautious. Not everything is the right choice and not everything is the wrong choice, and it’s for you to decide and no one else. There are many instances where something might be right for you and wrong for someone else. Knowing your morals is a large part of your self-identity, so don’t keep too much of an open mind, but don’t be completely closed off to new ideas or morals.
Make and record observations about a particular tree – make a new friend in the process! By Lisa Weinstock, RHA Educator Duration: 15-30 minutes Location: In your backyard Materials: pencil, paper, crayon, clipboard The Activity: Work in pairs or individually. Pick a tree in your backyard or nearby to your house, bring your nature journal or some paper and pencil, and ask the tree any or all of the following questions! Begin with “Hello Tree, my name is _____ and I’d like to ask you a few questions today.” Interview Questions To Choose From: • Are you a young or an old tree? • Has you lived here a long time? Or have you been planted here recently? • What is your favorite season and why? • Do you have any siblings nearby? (similar trees) • Please describe your leaves. • Do you grow flowers? What color are they? • Do you grow berries or fruits? Please describe. Who eats what you produce? • How do you propagate (make more trees)? (e.g. by nuts, seeds, cones) • What can you see from the treetop? • What do your roots feel underground? How deep do they reach into the earth? • How much do you grow every year? • What animals visit you or live with you? (e.g. insects, birds, mammals) • Are you a native tree in New Jersey? • Are you the NJ state tree? (search on the internet to find out what the NJ state tree is) • Who grows in your shade? Make up some of your own questions to add! Try the following: • Count how many steps does it take to walk around the tree’s trunk. • When you hug the tree, can your fingers touch from each hand? If not, how many family members would it take to hug the tree? • If it’s ok with the tree, use a paper and crayon to create a tree rubbing. Pick a different kind of tree and create another rubbing. How are they different? how are they the same? • Look for roots and find the longest root from the trunk of the tree. Measure the root with a ruler or tape measure. • Draw a picture of your tree! • Write a poem or create a story about your tree. Wrap Up: Afterward, gather as a whole group and compare findings. Ask each person to share their favorite interview question. Are any of these are questions that could be answered with further investigation. Visit your tree any time you have a new questions, or whenever you think the tree might have something to say! More Raritan Headwaters Learning Resources
Leveled Ground (Rokuji) by Yoshikazu Fukaya There is the expression in Tenrikyo, "Level the ground of the world." The Japanese word for "leveled ground"--rokuji--literally is flat land. The Chinese character for "roku" is usually read "riku" and has the following meanings: (1) high flat land (2) dry land (as opposed to a body of water) or shore (3) road or path (4) coming ashore (5) the number six. The reading "roku" is distinctively Japanese and has the meanings of (1) something that is correct or proper (2) something that is level. The word "roku-yane" or flat roof is one example of this usage. In the Yamato region, there is an old word "rokku" that is used to refer to the action of leveling or flattening land so there are no areas that are high or low. On the lunar calendar date of January 26, 1887, followers experienced the greatest knot they could possibly face--Oyasama's withdrawal from physical life. One the eve of this significant event, Oyasama appeared to be ill and when followers asked God the Parent about the matter, the Divine Directions were as follows: Sah, sah, I shall begin to level the ground completely. Sah, sah, with the portals opened, opened, I shall level the ground all over the world. Sah, I shall step out to level the ground. In the Divine Direction delivered immediately after Oyasama's withdrawal from physical life, we read: Sah, sah, I shall level the ground. Has everyone assembled, has everyone assembled? Listen and understand well. All that I have said until now was put into a container of truth. But now God has opened the portals and stepped out. Because of My love for you, My children, the Parent shortened Her life by twenty-five years to step out and save the world from now. Observe well. In a Divine Direction that came on a later date, we read: Sah, sah, I shall begin, I shall begin. There are enormous, steep mountains. I have once said I shall level the ground, level the ground. Unless the mountains are chopped down, the ground will not become level. Sah, sah, I shall chop them down, chop them down. Osashizu, March 11, 1887 These words do not need any further explanation. Oyasama withdrew from physical life from Her single-hearted parental love for Her children. On top of declaring, "Sah, I shall step out and save the world from now," Oyasama is also cutting down steep mountains, forming a path through rough plains, and spreading the teachings throughout every corner of the world to save everyone in order to transform this rough world into a tranquil world of equality and peace.
• Versailles in France Versailles in France Versailles is a historic city in France. It is a city in the Yvelines department in the Ile-de-France region. It is located approximately 17.1 km from the city of Paris. It is a service-based economy in France and one of the major tourist attractions. World-renowned for its Chateau de Versailles and Versace gardens, nominated by UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Versailles Palace is also a Unique pattern sign. The palace is now a historical monument and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Every year the huge number of tourists come to see it. It is a new city founded by King Louis XIV. It was the de facto capital of the Kingdom of France for more than a century, from 1682 to 1789, before Versailles became the cover of the French Revolution. After having lost its status of the royal city, it became the préfecture (regional capital) of the Seine-et-Oise department in 1790, then of Yvelines in 1968. It is also a Roman Catholic diocese. So Versaille can be a beautiful destination for your travel. When traveling to France you can see the beautiful Versailles city. Relayted post
geekiness, programming What I want my children to practice through computer programming Share Button My seven year old is back to computer programming, this time using Scratch, an easy programming language developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. It is a free easy program to use, and children can share the programs they make with it on the Scratch community website. So again I’m asking myself, what do I want him to learn from this? Understanding Coordinates. I like that programming requires him to think in terms of y being the verticle axis and x being the horizontal axis. When we eventually get to doing math using graphs and coordinates he’s going to find it wonderfully easy. Problem solving. I want him to make mistakes and realize that he can solve them himself or ask for help. I want him to try something, make a change, and try again. Thinking about different ways of doing things. Yesterday he showed me that command to lower the player’s “health points” could be a part of the programming of the player’s sprite or the ghost sprite, so then the question is, does it work better one way or another? I want them to think about how one problem they face might be similar to another problem, so they can use similar programming strategies. Looking beyond the conventions of what something is to what it really is. Picture a computer game where you have to use the mouse to control a flyswatter and swat flies. Now think about it. There’s no real fly there. What are you swatting? You’re really selecting coordinates which will be checked whether they compare with other cordinates where a picture of a fly is displayed. Now the picture of the fly changes into a big splat. Did the fly get squashed? No, simply a change in pictures. There isn’t really a fly. I want my children to be able to think about what is really happening, because so much our lives are filled with things that aren’t really in existence. What is debt? What are stocks? They exist but only as a construction of rules and obligations. Break Things into their Components. My son made a program yesterday where he moved a person through a maze. He had to think about what that means. It requires having the up-down-left-right buttons changing the y and x co-ordinates, but that when a change would mean bumping into a wall, the co-ordinates couldn’t change. In Scratch he can use the “if touching” command. In a different programming language he might have to think about what the coordinates of the walls are. In any case, I want him thinking about what little steps are included in big steps. Different games might have different themes, but many are simular. Is it a game of getting timing right? Is it a game of matching or choosing a strategy? A challenge in estimating distances or angles? A combination of things? What makes it fun? How would it be different if the setting was totally different? I want him to be able to see through and analyze games, partly because I want him to see through and analyze books, arguments, and television shows. Here’s a video clip about analyzing a television show. It demonstrates looking at things in different ways, hearing what is being said but also figuring out the underlying point of little decisions made by the producers. I know it is a bit of a jump between dissecting a computer game and dissecting a book or tv show, but I think the same ability to see things at different levels, and to break them apart applies. Knowing what I want my children to learn from computer programming allows me to start asking them questions, to encourage them to think about what they are doing in different ways. Share Button Leave a Reply
Click to Subscribe ▶ More from Histories Plantation America ‘The End of the Full World’ Climate Events that Might Have Affected Plantation America: 1300 to 1850 Dates and weather events and immediate effects extracted from Brian Fagan’s The Little Ice Age “The Full World” was a French concept rooted in the prosperity of the Medieval Warm Period, by which an agricultural district or nation such as France could be self-sufficient in all things short of the avarice of its elite. With population levels arrived at through such Plenty, a reverse in bountiful weather encouraged migrations [forced and voluntary] and large scale slavery. While British islanders were rounded up and shipped off to The Plantation in times of dearth, the French died in place and eventually revolted. Below are some dates that bore on the nations who provided invaders and slaves for North America and/or also may have affected the character of life in Plantation America, down to the final note. PAN stands for Plantation America Notation Note that all modern academics and historians I have read, as well as the author of the Little Ice Age himself, Brain Fagan, deny categorically that climate has any decisive effect on history. The mantra of “man moves climate” instead of climate moves man, is as old as modern thought and goes against all that the ancients taught from antiquity through the death of the middle ages. 1200: Dutch storm surges kill thousands 1212-19: Dutch storm surges kill thousands 1215: cold-based famines in Eastern Europe 1245: the average life expectancy of a farm worker who survived childhood diseases was 24 years PAN: The typical term of service for a European sold into slavery was marked at 7 years, specifically so that the master could work the servant to death and not have to provide clothing or tools for the freedman, who, after attaining age 18 and being sold for 7 years, would usually be dead by his scheduled release. Surveys in 1625 and 27 by English census takers in Virginia would confirm that only 5% of slaves survived their seven years. Such a sentence almost guarantees death in bondage for an agricultural laborer and at once absolves the master of the burden of providing for disabled farm hands. 1258: volcanic eruption mark the begin of a cooling trend and the end of cathedral building 1287: “a bad ice year” in Iceland causes famine, Dutch storm surges kill thousands 1302: In Flanders, enforcement of feudal will over townsmen is hampered by increasingly wet conditions, bogging down horsemen 1309-10: exceeding cold across the British Isles 1315-19: The Deluge also known as The Great Hunger, by which rain battered grain crops and starved the world. Read Chronicle of Malmesbury PAN: most family farms failed across Europe, resulting in the scaling up of agriculture, the reduction of working class self-sustainability in the creation of a wealthy peasant elite outside the nobility, dedicated to exploiting the landless laborer and maintaining his disenfranchisement. Cannibalism in the countryside and in jails are denied by academics but were claimed as common by contemporaries. 1322: coldest winter in memory 1324-29: Great Famine accompanied by massive rains 1337: Hundred Years War begins PAN: establishes the English tradition of relying on farmer-soldiers to win wars under aristocratic command, with the significant iterations of this to be found in Bacon’s Rebellion, The America Revolution and the American Civil War, all being fought on this demographic basis with the farmer of European descent with a black powder weapon in his hand, being the slave soldier [conscript] or [volunteer] foot soldier of choice, as specifically designated in the Articles of Confederation. 1341: Norse in Greenland under Inuit attack 1348: black death or plague wipes out a third of Europe PAN: poor laws specifically meant to keep the reduced labor pool on elite lands as slaves are enacted. In later times, these same laws will be used to round up and sell and otherwise cull excess laborers for transport to The Plantations. 1350: Greenland Norse disappear, abandoning their colony due to encroaching ice PAN: the Norse either died at sea or made it to North America where Iron Hearths and Norse-style longhouses have been found, possibly accounting for the genetic similarity noted by early explorers 1351: black death abates 1362: “The Great Mandrake” storms drown 25,000 and more in Denmark 1399-1403: wetter and colder 1400: increasingly stormy seas 1406: famine 1412: English fishermen start migrating into the Atlantic 1413: Scottish town of Forvie buried under a sand dune 1415: Agincourt is the last in a long line of defeats of feudal cavalry in wet conditions 1419: 25 English boats wrecked on Iceland coast PAN: Christopher Columbus would be wrecked on the Icelandic coast where he would hear about North America where the fish had fled the cold 1421: 100,000 die in North Sea storms, famine 1432: famine 1433: famine 1437: famine 1439: famine 1446: 100,000 die in North Sea storms 1450: cod fishing and whaling has moved to the coast of North America. Largely exploited by Basques, possibly accounting for some genetic similarity noted by explorers 1480-81: Thomas Croft and John Jay of England launch expeditions across the North Atlantic. PAN: possible contact as such voyages were meant to establish exclusive resource access 1490s-1500s: sustained North Sea storminess drives more resource extraction and trade to North America, certainly accounting for much of the genetic similarity between explorers and natives of the 1600s Eastern Woodlands 1527-29: extreme cold and social unrest in England 1546: extreme glacial expansion in French Alps 1550: 2,000 Basque fisherman are on the coast of North America 1560: drought begins in North American south 1562: Lutheran “wrath of God” snowfall in Lepzig 1565: “First Great Winter” of the Little Ice Age, Spanish colony in Santa Elena, South Carolina PAN: The Vagabond Act in England in 1572 and the creation of the Slave Ministry in Russia in 1573 are obvious political expressions of the need to offload excess labor as chattel in a time of shortened growing seasons and hasher conditions. 1567: Breughel’s painting of the three kings visiting baby Jesus depicts snow 1570: November 11-22 extreme gales in North Sea and drowns 100,000 1570s – 1580s: Extreme European cooling PAN: The 1572 Vagabond Act makes homelessness, pennilessness, joblessness and being masterless, felonies punishable by death or enslavement 1580: “the most terrible visitor” arctic ice, plagues Iceland according to Oddur Eienersson. 1587-88: famine in Roanoke and storms in North Sea wreck the Spanish Armada and propel the Virginia Company to ownership of the deed to Virginia, witch burnings are rampant in Europe, with witches charged with calling down bad weather. The bracket for weather inspired witch burnings is 1580-1620 in Europe PAN: The Roanoke Colony, intentionally marooned by agents of the Virginia Company, are sold into slavery among the Indian tribes and account for some of the noted genetic similarity. Spanish move their Carolina Colony to Saint Augustine, Florida. 1589: Allalian glacier descends into the Saas valley of France 1590-1610: extreme global cooling, with 1590s coldest decade of the 1500s 1591-97: poor English harvests, with continual rain in May 1596 PAN: Is it an accident that Plantation America is born in the English consciousness in this period, with men such as Bacon discussing it, Kings of England extoling the use of overseas slave colonies where to export the poor, and the King James Bible being the crowning glory of intellectual achievement finished on the last day of these 20 years of cold, a document in which the kinder term “servant” is inserted to soften the hammer blow of enslavement. Henceforth, all those pleased with the institution of European slavery in America will use the term servant and all those against the institution of European slavery in America will use the term slave to describe their cruel lot. This will extend to the habit of African Americans in the fields calling themselves slaves and those in the Big House calling themselves servants, a reflection of the fact that Africans were first brought in to the English Plantations to displace European slaves out of the household and into the fields. 1600: Huanyaputina erupts inPeru 1602: The Concord anchors on Cape Cod and names Martha’s Vineyard 1607: Jamestown Founded by 104 persons, frost splits trees in England 1608: Jamestown, 38 remaining 1609: Dutch found settlement on Manhattan Island 1613: Virginia/ Carolina drought ends 1618: The Thirty Years War in Germany begins. 1620: New England founded 1625: of 6,000 immigrants to Jamestown, only 1,200 survive 1630s- 1640s: drought, famine and extreme cold in China and Japan 1641: Mount Parker in Mindanao erupts depressing global temperatures through 1643 1644: third Anglo-Powhaton war in Virginia 1645: auroras are no longer seen in London skies, a sign of reduced sun spot activity 1648: The Thirty Years War ends, the German population being reduced by a third to a half. The German population will not be able to grow enough to export as slave labor until the 1690s. 1650: Enclosure acts in England make the wealthy wealthier and generate a huge homeless population, ongoing for the next 200 years, to end precisely when the Little Ice Age does. 1661: famine in France 1662-64: anti-famine pamphleteers in England offer the potato as a means of feeding the poor 1664: Somerset clergyman Richard Eburne recommends shipping 16,000 poor to The Plantations annually. PAN: Despite the above document, establishment historians continue to deny the report of a 1680 pamphleteer and child advocate that 10,000 English persons per year were being kidnapped and sold into slavery. 1665: plague kills 57,000 in London 1665/66: extreme cold winter 1666: dry hot summer in London causes the city to burn PAN: This is a peak period for increased shipment of English children and poor to The Plantations. 1666-69: volcanic global cooling, alpine glacial maximums, extreme Scottish storms 1675: Extreme cold across Northern Hemisphere, glaciers will advance until 1850 around the world, North Sea cod fishery gone PAN: Indian Uprisings in New England, famine in Maryland and Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia are some of the symptoms of increased European slave shipments to North America and unrest among all races. By 1680, an estimate 10,000 abducted souls are being shipped out of England alone to The Plantations 1683/84: Ground too frozen to plough in England 1693/94: famine in France 1695: Most extreme European winter, Iceland surrounded by ice and cut off, the female servant of Daniel Defoe’s neighbor is rescued from a blown down house PAN: coincides with maximum raiding for European slaves by Barbary Pirates and increase in shipment of all races: African, European, Chinese and East Indian, to Plantation America. 1698-99: more volcanic global cooling 1700: approximately this year, Orkney islanders off Scotland see an Inuit paddling his kayak! 1703: Daniel Defoe records extreme weather in Virginia and England in which a man and his two slaves [these are boys and boy meant slave] were blown 240 kilometers in 8 hours in a tin-hauling boat 1708/9: brutal winter in Europe except for Scotland and Ireland 1716: an aurora is once again seen in London skies after being absent since 1645 1725: coldest summer in England to date, with temperatures like winter PAN: Large scale shipment of German and Irish slaves to Pennsylvania begin in 1727 and 1728. 1730-38: mild weather across northern hemisphere PAN: Small numbers of runaways are recorded in Maryland records 1739: Cold and wet conditions reduce British grain harvests 1740: Starving of “urban vagrants” [victims of enclosure thefts of common lands] “swarm” in England and Scotland. 1741: Food dearths PAN: increased levels of transshipment of European slaves to The Plantations and of runaways from, with a marked decrease in shipment of Africans to The Plantations. 1742: Brutal cold continues in the British Isles and increasing numbers of children are abducted and shipped to the Plantations in Scotland, England and Ireland, including Peter Williamson and Jemmy Annelsey in the 1740s. Hunger, disease and death by cold in the home islands do not seem to make The Plantations seem preferable, as most continue to resist economic deportation. PAN: From this period on the poor are separated in the upper class English mind from humanity and called “the lower orders” a type of sub-Christian “thieving sort” of beast best disposed of, indicating that 200 years in to large scale enclosure of common lands that the poor had been entirely severed from their ability to feed themselves through work. This outcome is lauded by most establishment historians and modernists thinkers as “to the greater good” as it achieved economy of scale and made a large pool of labor available for industrial work, which began on the Plantation and in the work house and would continue in the factory and the mines. The large population of convict labor sent to The Plantations did enable Britain to defeat the French in the French and Indian War, but it may also have stressed the fabric of Plantation America to the point where the Revolution of the Plantation Elite became inevitable as a class control mechanism. 1776-83: harsh winters PAN: The experiences of General Washington executing freezing soldiers for desertion in Valley Forge and crossing an ice-choked Delaware reflect the brutal climatic conditions of the age. 1785: Laki eruption in Iceland causes cool summer 1787-88: Bread riots and homeless mobs in France triggered by climatic dearth propels the French towards Revolution. 1789: French Revolution is triggered by famine, “The Great Fear” and a bad winter PAN: The success of this process and the birth of the African ethno-state in Haiti would cause considerable unrest in the Southern United States. The French Revolution in San Domingo particularly encourages Planation Unrest in the Mississippi Watershed 1791: extreme winter in England 1815: April 11, Mount Tambora erupts in Java 1816: Year without a summer or “eighteen-hundred and froze to death” caused by Mount Tambora, triggering Summer snowfalls in Plantation America and migrations into the Ohio Country and beyond out of New England PAN: runaway rewards for whites plummets to 6 cents. British slave sailors are discharged without relief and die in droves of exposure and starvation in September 1830: According to journalist William Cobbett in Rural Rides the English countryside was a place of starvation, where only 10% of farms were worked by owners. According to Fagan, a modernist, the British laborer of the early 1800s was less well fed and more oppressed than “modern third world subsistence farmers.” 1847-8: British engineered food removal combined with potato famine in Ireland is the last tragic act of The Little Ice Age, reducing the population from 8,175,124 in 1841 to 6,552,385 in 1851. PAN: Plantation Economics are faltering terminally, as noted in Hinton Rowen Helper’s Impending Crisis of the South penned in 1850-57, with slave-based economy no longer efficient to provide sustainable agriculture. The Irish refugees to America would not be purchased as of old, but would be impressed into military service in the coming Civil War, serve the state as criminals and police officers and be used as low wage laborers to do tasks too dangerous for the remaining and wildly expensive negro slaves. prev: Shields ‹ histories › next: Might the greatest lie ever sold the first boxers the gods of boxing by this axe! the combat space Add Comment
Developing intuitions about data Why we must consider the different properties and purposes of computer files. In The laws of information chemistry I mentioned that my local high school uses a PDF file to publish the school’s calendar of events. Let’s look at some different ways to represent the calendar entries for Oct 6, 2010. First I’ll divide these representations into two major categories: “What People See,” and “What Computers See.” Then I’ll discuss how the various formats serve various purposes. Category 1: What People See Here’s a piece of the PDF file for the week of Oct 4, 2010. How the PDF looks to a person Fig. 1a: How the PDF looks to a person And here’s how the same entries might look in Google Calendar (or in any other calendar program). Fig. 1b: How the calendar looks to a person Category 2: What Computers See The PDF file describes fonts and layout in a highly structured way. But the calendar’s data — dates, times, descriptions — only lives in free-form text. Computers use it to enable people to read or print that text. -Junior class NECAP testing info. Meeting block 4 (aud.) -Rain date for AP Env. Sci. trip to Monadnock 7:30 am-3 pm (Davenson/Sintros) -Field trip: Physics to Arnone’s 7:40-11 a.m. (Lybarger/Romano) List will be sent. -Senior workshop: “Tips & tricks for writing your college essay 8:05-8:45 & 1:200-2:02 (GCR) -New teacher workshop 2:15-3:00 p.m. (PCR) “Guidance & Special Ed. Responsibilities” Fig. 2a: How the data in the PDF file looks to a computer When your browser renders the calendar, it sees a mixture of HTML and JavaScript. Computers use that mixture to enable people to read, print, and also interact with the text. Fig. 2b: How the HTML looks to a computer A calendar application or service that knows how use a standard format called iCalendar will receive a structured representation of the data. It relies on that structure to identify, recombine, and exchange the dates, times, and descriptions. SUMMARY:-Rain date for AP Env. Sci. trip to Monadnock 7:30 am-3 pm (Davenso Fig. 2c: How the iCalendar feed looks If a proposed format called xCalendar is approved as a standard, and is widely adopted by calendar applications and services, then calendar applications or services might also use that format to identify, recombine, and exchange dates, times, and descriptions. Fig. 2d: How an xCalendar feed might look Note that Fig. 2c (iCalendar) and Fig 2d (xCalendar) look very different. The iCalendar format uses lines of plain text to represent name:value pairs. The xCalendar format use a package of nested XML entities to represent the same data. Technical experts can, and do, endlessly debate the pros and cons of these different approaches. But for our purposes here, the key observations are: • Fig. 2c and Fig. 2d contain the same data • Computers can reliably extract that data • Computers can transform either format into the other without loss of fidelity • Computers can also transform either format into one that’s more directly useful to people — e.g., HTML or PDF It’s also worth noting that this simple name:value technique, which has been the Internet calendar standard for over a decade, is broadly useful. Curators of elmcity calendar hubs, for example, follow a convention for representing name:value pairs as tags, attached to Delicious bookmarks, that have the form name=value. A similar convention enables any calendar event, made by any calendar program, to specify the URL for the event and the categories that it belongs to. In this week’s companion article on I show how to extract these name:value pairs from free text. A taxonomy of representations and purposes Let’s chart these representations and arrange them according to purpose. What people see Why? What computers see Why? Fig. 1a: pdf To view and print Fig 2a: pdf To enable people to view and and print Fig. 1b: html To view, print, and interact Fig 2b: html To enable people to view, print, and interact Fig 2c: iCalendar To enable data to flow reliably and recombine easily Fig 2d: xCalendar To enable data to flow reliably and recombine easily The laws of information chemistry say that if we want to exchange data, we must provide it in a format that’s useful for that purpose. In this example the PDF and HTML formats aren’t; the iCalendar and xCalendar formats are. To most people it’s not obvious why that’s so. Our brains are such powerful pattern recognizers, and we know so much about the world in which the patterns occur, that we can look at Fig. 2a and see that the text clearly implies a structure involving dates, times, titles, and descriptions. Computers can’t do that so easily or so well. Computers are, of course, getting smarter all the time. Google Calendar’s Quick Add feature is a perfect example. I used it to create the example shown in Fig. 1b, and it did a great job of parsing out the times and titles of the events. But that was only possible because I inserted the events, one at time, into a container that Google Calendar understood to represent Wed Oct 6. It wouldn’t be able to import the original free-form text that was the original source for the PDF file. No other calendar program could either. The surprising difficulty of structured information It’s counter-intuitive that computers don’t recognize structure easily or reliably. But so are many other things. For example: You have $100. It grows by 25%, then shrinks by 25%. Do you end up with more or less? You can live a long time without ever developing an intuition that the final amount is less. And you may be profoundly harmed because you lack that intuition. If you have it, you most likely didn’t acquire it all by yourself. Either somebody taught it to you, or nobody did. Although our sample PDF file contains no structured representation of the events that it exists to convey, it does contain some other structured data: Title Microsoft Word – weekly draft Made_by Word Created_with Mac OS X 10.4.11 Quartz PDFContext From this we learn that that calendar originates in Microsoft Word. Why Word instead of a calendar program? Available cloud-based applications include Google Calendar and Hotmail Calendar. On the Mac desktop where the document originated, there’s Apple iCal. If one of these alternatives were even considered, a number of valid concerns would arise: 1. It’s cumbersome to enter data into a calendar program’s input fields; it’s much easier and quicker to type into a Word table 2. The document doesn’t only contain structured data, it is also a textual narrative. Calendar programs don’t flexibly accomodate narrative. 3. The webmaster knows how to post a PDF, but wouldn’t know what to do with dual outputs from a calendar program (one for humans to read, another for computers to process). And if alternatives were considered, we could discuss those concerns: 1. Yes, it is more cumbersome to enter data into a calendar program. But do we want students and teachers and parents to be able to pull these events into their own calendars? Do we want the events to also be able to flow automatically to community-wide calendars? If so, these are big payoffs for a fairly small investment of extra effort. And by doing things this way, we’ll demonstrate the 21st-century skills that we say our students need to learn and apply. 2. Yes, it’s true that calendar programs don’t accomodate narrative. But we’re publishing to the web. We can use documents and links to build a context that includes: the calendar in an HTML format that people can read, print, and interact with; the calendar in another format that can syndicate to other calendars; narrative related to the calendar. 3. Yes, but the webmaster needn’t even be tasked with this chore. Various tools — some that we already have and use, others that are freely available — enable us to publish the desired formats ourselves. Since alternatives are almost never considered, though, the ensuing discussion almost never happens. Why not? Key intuitions are missing. Some kinds of computer files have different properties than others, and thus serve different purposes. Structured representation of data is one such property. If we are trying to put data onto the web, and if we want others to have the use of that data, and if we hope it will flow reliably through networks to all the places where it’s needed, then we ought to consider how the files we choose to publish do, or don’t, respect that property. Nobody is born knowing this stuff. We need to learn it. Schools aren’t the only source of instruction. But they ought to teach core principles that govern the emerging web of people, data, and services. And they ought to cultivate intuitions about when, why, and how to apply those principles. tags: , ,
Git Quickstart In order to get started with developing follow the simple steps below. To learn more about the git policies used for VOS read Git and VOS. Cloning the repository Git is a decentralized VCS. As such one maintains a complete local copy of the repository - a clone. > git clone git:// This will clone the repository into sub-folder virtuoso-opensource. Working With Branches Git's main concept is the branch which is essentially just a label for a commit. The default branch is called master and (following the VOS git policies, other projects may use different policies) always points to the latest stable release. List the remote and local branches with > git branch -a In order to start developing we need to checkout another branch. Here we use the main development branch of Virtuoso 6, "devel/6". Since this is the first time we check the branch out locally we need to tell git that we want to track the remote branch. > git checkout -t remotes/origin/devel/6 This creates a new local branch "devel/6" which tracks remote branch "remotes/origin/devel/6". From here we create a new branch in which we will do our actual development. Depending on the type of development this branch is prefixed with feature or bugfix: > git checkout -b feature/myFancyFeature Committing Changes Now we do our development and regularly commit to the local branch. We try to create nice self-contained commits with good commit messages. There are several ways of commiting code. The easiest is to specify the files and folders to commit directly. However, caution should be taken with commiting whole folders - every file in the folder will be part of the commit, independent of its state. > git commit <fileA> <fileB> <dirA> Alternatively we can first mark files to include in the commit and files to be removed: > git add <fileA> <fileB> <dirA> > git remove <fileC> Verify that all is in order: > git status # On branch feature/myFancyFeature # Changes to be committed: # modified: fileA # fileB # dirA/fileX # Changed but not updated: # modified: fileZ And finally commit the files: > git commit Viewing What You've Changed > git diff > git diff <filename> > git diff --staged > git diff --staged <filename> To see a list of commits to a branch: > git log To see the details and diff for a commit > git show <commit> Stashing Changes > git stash <optional comment> To see all your stashed items in the stash stack: > git stash list This will show something like: To see the details of an individual stash (use bash-completion for ease of use): > git stash show <optional stash ref> To see the changes in a stash: > git stash show -p <optional stash ref> To restore a stash while keeping a copy in the stack: > git stash apply <optional stash ref> To restore a stash and remove it from the stack: > git stash pop <optional stash ref> To remove a single stash from the stack without applying it: > git stash drop <optional stash ref> To clear out your entire stash stack: > git stash clear A convenient git setup - tips & tricks Setup git command shortcuts Git supports a lot of commands like checkout or status. It also allows to define shortcuts which makes working on the command line faster. And isn't that what we all want? To set them up simply edit the git config file (typically ~/.gitconfig but it could also be defined globally) and add an alias section like so: st = status ci = commit br = branch co = checkout df = diff lg = log -p ls = ls-files ch = cherry-pick Now you can use the shortcuts like any other git command. Example: git st as a shortcut for git status. Git commit template It is customary to use a specific format for commit messages. Git allows to specify a template which reminds the committer of these policies. A typical template could look as follows: # Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting # You MUST wrap all lines at 72 characters. # ==[ Subject: One line only short meaningful description for logs ]===\| # ==[ Blank: Follow the Subject with a blank line, do NOT remove ]=====\| # ==[ Details: Describe what changed and explain why it changed]=======\| The template could also contain hints to special fields which are supported like keywords to close bug reports or to CC the commit to a certain email address and so on (the KDE project uses a variety of git commit hooks like these). To use the template add a new section commit into the git config file (typically ~/.gitconfig but it could also be defined globally): template = /home/user/dev/git.commit-template Bash shell magic For those of us who like to work on the shell there is a little command prompt treat available. In addition to all the fancy coloring and whatever you want to do with your command prompt you can include information about the git repository in the current folder. For that you need the git bash completion to be installed (this depends on your system setup and if left as an exercise for the interested reader). Then the "__git_ps1" function will be available for you to play with. Example prompt: PS1="\[\033[01;31m\]\u\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w \[\033[0;33m\]$(__git_ps1 "(%s)")\[\033[00m\] \$ \[\033[00m\]" The result can be seen here (without colors): trueg:~/kde/dev/kde/src/nepomuk-core (libnepomukcore/query/optimization/subQueries) $ Fix Screw-ups Split a commit Imagine you committed a set of changes and realize that you actually wanted to split that into several commits. That is no problem at all if nothing has been pushed to a public repo yet. We simple need to do a mixed reset and then do the separate commits: > git reset HEAD^ This will reset the index to the previous commit and keep the current working dir unchanged. Now you can continue with creating your commits the way you originally intended ("git add -p" is your friend). Keep In Mind
The Mrtvi kanal appeared on the city map when it was decided that the final part of the Rječina, the main city river, should be deviated. The Rječina used to flood part of the city located close to its mouth during periods of high rainfall, so the city government decided to dig a new bed in 1885 and its flow was deviated further towards the east. Its former bed became the main city port. Here sailing boats entered transferring oil, wine, vegetables and fruit, so that the Mrtvi kanal banks operated as a market place as well. One of the historically most important buildings located by the Mrtvi kanal is the house of Simeon Adamić built in 1787. He is also remembered thanks to the rumour that his wealth came from buried treasure that he had found and kept. Adamić ordered the creation of 14 bust sculptures of false witnesses who confirmed this fact and placed them close to the Mrtvi kanal bank for their shame. In 1906, the first permanent cinema in Croatia was opened in Adamić’s palace. From 1881 until 1896 the building housed the Croatian Gymnasium operated in the building.
Indigenous Foods That Are Excellent For Health South Africa has a diverse range of indigenous food crops, which are a not only a rich source of nutrition but also good for preventing chronic illnesses. Because they are mostly found growing in the wild in your back yard or at a local small-scale farmer, they are often overlooked, which of course makes no sense! If they are indigenous or naturalised, they’re easy to grow and get hold of, and if they contain loads of wonderful nutrition then we should be eating more of them, right? It’s a no brainer. So, let’s get back to eating some traditional crops… Grain crops Indigenous grain crops can be divided into cereals and pulses. Pearl Millet is consumed as cracked or ground flour, dough or grain-like rice. These are made into fermented breads, foods and thick porridges, steam-cooked dishes, non-alcoholic beverages and snacks. Benefits: Besides being gluten-free, it’s an excellent source of magnesium, making it good for reducing blood pressure and the risk of heart disease and stroke. Grain sorghum can be used for making porridge, unleavened bread, couscous and malted beverages. Benefits: Great for people with wheat intolerances and Celiac disease, and one of the best sources of fibre you can find. Also, sorghum can actually help regulate sugar levels in the body, thus making it a good dietary option for people who have diabetes. indigenous foodsPulses Cowpeas are versatile as you are able to eat the actual pea or pod, as well as the leaves – either fresh or dried. Benefits: Rich in fibre and Vitamin B1, which is excellent for healthy heart functioning. They also contain tryptophan which can help with insomnia. Bambara groundnuts are another versatile crop as the immature seeds can be eaten boiled or grilled, while mature ones can be roasted in oil or ground to make flour. They can also be boiled and mixed with maize kernels, and the roasted ground meal can be used as a substitute for coffee! Benefits: They pack a huge punch when it comes to amino acids, which are essential for repairing our bodies and reducing inflammation. Mung beans are predominantly used in the production of bean sprouts, but can also used in their bean form in dhal and soup, or as a bean flour which is used for making noodles. Benefits: Great source of protein, and their high density of nutrients like potassium and magnesium makes them another power food to consider for heart health and diabetes. indigenous foodsVegetables Vegetable crops are defined as “crops from which tender leaves, stems and petioles are harvested and used in the preparation of vegetables.” They can be further subdivided into leafy and roots/ tubers. Leafy vegetables: Cleome is also known as African cabbage. The tender leaves or young shoots, and often the flowers, are boiled in stews or as a side dish. The leaves are bitter, and for this reason are cooked with other leafy vegetables or combined with other ingredients in stews. Benefits: Excellent source of Vitamins A and C, which are both great for maintaining a healthy immune system to fight of any illnesses. Amaranth or Umfino is a grain, but the leaves can be consumed as well. It is the largest source of nutrients of all the vegetables that can be grown in Africa, making it the most important one to eat! It can be cooked in stews or made into soups or a sauce. Benefits: Reduces inflammation, which means it can help arthritis and digestive disorders like leaky gut syndrome and irritable bowel disease. It also has been shown to lower cholesterol, which impacts heart health. The Black Jack plant is more than just the annoying seeds that stick to your socks. The leaves and shoots are an excellent source of nutrition and can be eaten raw or cooked. Sun-dried, powdered leaves can also be preserved to use during winter or made into a tea. Benefits: This is an all-round power veg that has been known to fight inflammation associated with heart disease, diabetes and cancer. It is also a natural antiseptic and antibiotic and is used traditionally as a salve for sores, cuts, mouth ulcers and other external flare ups. Roots/ Tuber Vegetables Cassava is well-known across the continent as a rich source of starch, often as a substitute for rice or maize meal. It can be ground to create flour, and the leaves and tender shoots can be consumed in stews, soups and sauces. Benefits: Brewing cassava leaves has been said to reduce a fever, but the main benefits are its rich source of fibre, calcium and iron, which can help with arthritis and hair loss. It is another gluten-free carbohydrate, so suitable for gluten intolerant people. Amadumbe is a root vegetable that can be boiled, roasted, baked or fried. They can also be processed into flour, which is used to prepare ‘fufu’ that is commonly eaten in Nigeria with stew. The leaves can be consumed like spinach and used in stews, curries and sauces. Benefits: Known to regulate insulin and glucose, amadumbe are a good food for diabetics. They are also contain a high amount of potassium, which relieves blood pressure and strain on the heart. Fruit Crops Indigenous fruit crops are ones that grow wild in South Africa and include Marula, Red Milkwood, Mobola Plum, Wild Medlar, Num-num or noemnoem, Kei Apple and Monkey orange. All of these can be eaten as any other fruit when ripe, but many are processed into beverages, jams, jellies and pickles or fermented for alcoholic beverages. Benefits: Most are naturally sweet, so should be eaten in moderation, but they all contain specific nutritional values. For more info check out the links below! Sources and links: Organic Facts Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Dr Axe 4 thoughts on “Indigenous Foods That Are Excellent For Health” 1. This is really important as we try limit the amount of food we have to import from other countries. We should all be eating more indigenous crops! Leave a Comment Item added to cart. 0 items - R0.00
Current Position：首页 > Company > News > Frequently Asked Questions What is DOM in mapping 4D products? 1. 4D products With the combination and continuous development of mapping technology and computer technology, maps are not limited to previous models. Modern digital maps are mainly composed of DOM, DEM, DRG, DLG and composite models. Mapping 4D products mainly include DOM, DEM, DRG and DLG. What is DOM? In mapping Aerial photography it means digital orthophoto. DOM (digital orthophotograph) refers to the image data generated by using aerial photos and Remote sensing images, which are edited according to the scope of the map after the pixel correction. Its information is rich and intuitive, with good legibility and measurability, from which the physical geography and social economy information can be extracted directly. DEM (digital elevation model) : the digital elevation model is a set of Numbers expressing the undulations of the ground. It can be used to make perspective drawing and section drawing, calculate the engineering earth and stone, count the surface coverage area, and analyze the geomorphologic form related to elevation, access condition and flood area. DRG (digital raster map) : digital raster maps are digital products in the raster form of paper topographic maps. It can be used as background and related to other spatial information for data collection, evaluation and update, and can be integrated with DOM and DEM to derive new visual information. DLG: vector data set stored in layers of underlying geographic elements on existing topographic maps. Digital line drawing includes both spatial information and attribute information, which can be used for construction planning, resource management, investment environment analysis and other aspects, as well as as the spatial positioning basis of various professional information systems such as population, resources, environment, transportation and public security. 2. DOM collection method and production process We already know what DOM means. So how does DOM(digital orthophoto graph) collect data and produce it? Digital orthophoto image is a digital orthophoto data set generated by using digital elevation model (DEM) to correct the projection error of scanned digital aerial image or satellite image data collected at high altitude and inlay them pixel by pixel. For aerial photos, the full digital photography system is used to restore the photographic attitude during Aerial photography, establish a three-dimensional model, detect, edit and generate DEM in the system, and finally produce DOM with high accuracy. For satellite image data, existing DEM data can be used to generate DOM data through single-chip digital differentiation correction. (1) DOM production process Before generating DOM, relevant data should be collected, that is, data preparation stage, including original digital aerial photos, analytical aerial triangulation results, DEM results, etc. After the completion of data preparation, in software, L1 level image of each strip correcting, obtain ChanHang belt are orthographic images (L2), and examine the orthogonal projection of the corrected as if there is a problem such as deformation, distortion, ghosting, fuzzy, an analysis of the causes are not ideal area, repeatedly modified until the generate qualified images. Samples were selected based on experience. The samples required features with comprehensive elements and rich color saturation, including residential areas, roads, rivers, fields and other features. The application software, according to the sample of the corrected single strip image of the overall uniform light uniform color, make the whole area of the orthophoto tone consistent. For the deformation, loss of features, uneven color transition and other problems in the image, the software is used to repair the image. After the above work is completed, the image results are segmented and clipped in DOM by software, and the required scale is used to generate a standard map for 20m of external expansion of the coordinate system. After framing clipping, ensure that the raster coordinates of the first pixel in the upper-left corner of each DOM are located at the center of the pixel, and that the value of the planar coordinate system of the DOM grid should be an integer multiple of the pixel resolution. (2) DOM quality check Once you've finished making the DOM, you need to check the quality of the DOM. From the mathematical basis of DOM results, framing and numbering, resolution, data coverage, accuracy, image quality and other aspects, the image results were 100% checked, and corresponding inspection records were formed. Note that when DOM quality checks: ① DOM mathematical foundation should be correct, within the scope of the image should be no loopholes; ②the DOM should have clear images, moderate contrast, even color and tone, with continuous, seamless and visual consistency; ③After inlaid DOM, there should be no obvious change in gray level or obvious inlaid marks near the inlaid line; ④the features and landforms on the digital orthophoto image should be true, without distortion, noise, cloud shadow and other defects; ⑤the overall appearance of digital orthophoto images should be neat and beautiful; ⑥The edge difference on the image data does not produce the visual difference of integrity and distinctiveness Application of DOM in various industries DOM has the advantages of high precision, rich information, intuitive and real, and can be used as background control information to evaluate the accuracy, realism and integrity of other data. It can aggregate natural resources and social development information, and provide reliable basis for disaster prevention and public facility construction planning. It can also extract and derive new information from it to realize the revision and update of the map. In the field of urban mapping, DOM has been widely used in urban planning and design, transportation planning and design, survey of urban green coverage rate, survey of urban built-up area development, planning of scenic spots and historic interest areas, survey of urban development and ecological environment, and research on sustainable development, and achieved significant social and economic benefits. Company Album Enter Your Message* Enter Your Name* Enter Your Tel* Tel：+86 15005176088 +86 15005176088
News World "This is earth not Mars": Blood red skies unsettle Indonesians “This is earth not Mars”: Blood red skies unsettle Indonesians While smoke from forest fires in Indonesia often simply obscures visibility with a choking haze, parts of Sumatra island recently witnessed blood red skies due to the interaction of sunlight on particles from smoke in the air. The Southeast Asian country has spent months battling fires, often caused by slash-and-burn farming practices, as an El Nino weather pattern exacerbates the annual dry season and helps create a haze across the region. Yunita, a resident who filmed the crimson sky on Saturday, said there had been “strong winds, and the smog was thick. The event lasted from noon until evening, breathing was quite hard on that day”. The event quickly went viral on social media, with one video notching up over 600,000 views on Instagram in three days. In order for a red sky to occur aerosols must be present in the air, A. R. Ravishankara, a U.S.-based scientist was cited in an article posted on the website of Scientific American. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in air that can originate from both natural processes and human activity. The natural form can come from forest fires, dust kicked up by sandstorms, sea spray or volcanic eruptions, among other things. Indonesia’s meteorology agency said the sky had turned red in parts of Sumatra due to the “scattering of sunlight by particles floating in the air, also known as Mie scattering”. The agency said that there had been very thick smoke in the Muaro Jambi area of Sumatra last weekend with satellite analysis revealing many hot spots. “The smoke from the forest fire was different than other areas experiencing forest fires,” the agency said. The satellite showed some areas appeared brown but Jambi appeared white, indicating the smoke to be very thick,” the agency said, noting the fires were likely from highly flammable peat. For some Indonesians, it was as mysterious as it was concerning. “This is the earth not Mars. This is Jambi not outer space….We are humans who need to breathe clean air, not smoke,” said one Twitter user @zunishofiyn. Top Stories EU to remove Serbia, Montenegro from coronavirus safe list – sources The European Union is set to remove Serbia and Montenegro from its safe list of countries from which non-essential travel is allowed, while including... Cyprus to set up agency to promote tertiary education sector House President Demetris Syllouris met on Tuesday with Ministers and academia representatives to discuss the establishment of an agency to promote the tertiary education... One tests positive to Covid-19, a foreign national permanently residing in Cyprus One more person has tested positive for coronavirus after 1754 tests, the Health Ministry said on Tuesday, raising the total in Cyprus to 1,023. The... Random Covid-19 tests at airports to double to 600 a day The number of random Covid-19 tests to be held among arriving passengers from Group A and B countries is to be doubled from 300... Yellow alert for Wednesday, temperatures to edge down from Thursday The Met Office has issued a new extreme high temperature warning for tomorrow, the fifth in as many days. The yellow alert is in force... Halloumi cheese fingers Koupes (cracked wheat pies) with mushrooms Fried zucchini balls with halloumi Rocket salad
Our response to COVID-19 We're supporting people to maintain their wellbeing and manage isolation. Electroconvulsive therapy What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? In ECT, a seizure is electrically induced after the patient has been given a short-acting anesthetic and is asleep. Although viewed as controversial, ECT is a well established psychiatric treatment with good evidence to support its effective and safe use. ECT is most often used as a treatment for severe depression that has not responded adequately to other treatments. It is also used as a first line treatment in depression where an urgent response is required as it works more quickly than medications. ECT’s efficacy and safety are affected by a number of factors such as where electrodes are placed, the frequency of treatment, the degree to which the stimulus dose exceeds the seizure threshold and the dose and duration of concurrent medication. What is the evidence for ECT for people with bipolar disorder? High quality evidence suggests a small effect of greater response to ECT treatment in people with bipolar depression compared to people with major depression (77% vs. 74% responded). Moderate to high quality evidence suggests fewer number of sessions are required for bipolar depression than for major depression. There were no differences in remission rates between these groups. High quality evidence suggests longer duration of depressive episode and non-response to medication are associated with medium-sized effects of poorer response to ECT treatment. Moderate quality evidence suggests comorbid psychotic features may be associated with a small effect of poorer response to ECT treatment, and increasing age may be associated with a small effect of better response to ECT treatment. June 2020 Last updated at: 11:39 pm, 29th June 2020 To view documentation related to this topic download the files below Fact Sheet Technical Commentary NeuRA Libraries Title Colour Legend: Green - Topic summary is available. Orange - Topic summary is being compiled. Red - Topic summary has no current systematic review available.
post-traumatic stress Do You Have Post-Traumatic Stress? We commonly hear about extreme events such as fatal accidents, war, or terrorist attacks leading to post-traumatic stress. However, trauma expert, Bessel van der Kolk, states that negative experiences don’t have to be extreme to be traumatic. Trauma is any experience that overwhelms our normal capacities to cope. Losing a home to a mortgage foreclosure, feeling humiliated in front of others, job loss, or divorce can also be traumatic and lead to post-traumatic stress. And how we deal with it can make all the difference in our healing process. How Memory Works Human Brain CapabilitiesEver walk into a room, instantly feel uneasy, and not know why? This perplexing experience can be attributed to memory storage. We store memory in two parts of our brains. When we have an experience, what we sense (images, sounds, smells, touch) and how we feel are all stored in the emotional part of our brains, while the accompanying cognitions (language and context) are encoded in the sense-making part of our brains. With everyday memories, our two memory systems communicate with each other easily and seamlessly. For instance, the smell of gingerbread triggers an emotional memory and we feel happy. Our thinking brain then provides context, reminding us that we loved eating gingerbread during the holidays at grandma’s house. We have tens of thousands of experiences during our lifetimes and we are incapable of recalling all of them. But many of their sensory and emotional imprints remain. Emotional memories shape our perceptions, expectations, and reactions, sometimes without us even realizing it. How Traumatic Memories Develop When we feel overwhelmed, our brains react with stress hormones—adrenaline and cortisol—which energize us to protect ourselves. These brain chemicals actually block the thinking part of our brain to enable us to react quickly. The downside is that our emotional memories (images, smells, physical sensations) don’t always integrate with our thinking brain memory (facts, language, events). So we become emotionally conditioned to feel fear when we are in triggering situations, even though we are consciously aware we are no longer in danger. Hyper-alertness. We may try to forget about an overwhelming event, but our brains can go into overdrive trying to protect us from experiencing it again. Often we become hyper-sensitized to anything that resembles the stressful experience. Our bodies react as if the trauma is happening again. As a result, we may feel uneasiness or even fear in a situation for no apparent reason. Avoidance. Because anxiety is highly unpleasant, we may avoid similar situations and miss opportunities to overcome our fears. But the more we avoid anxiety-provoking situations, the more entrenched our fears become. Ironically, in an attempt to avoid emotional pain, our suffering may increase. Unaddressed post-traumatic stress can lead to anxiety, depression, or PTSD. What Makes a Difference in How We Process Trauma Friends TalkingResearch shows we are less likely to experience post-traumatic stress if we receive validation or support about the traumatic event. Feeling safe enough to re-tell the story again and again actually changes our experience of it. Our brains integrate memories by making sense of them. So, if we share our traumatic experiences, we strengthen our resilience to them. If sharing the trauma with the important people in your life seems insurmountable, contact a professional trauma therapist. Research has also shown that positive emotions combat post-traumatic stress. For example, studies have shown that individuals who thought of themselves as survivors instead of victims, who found positive meaning in the trauma, or who helped others with their healing process reported less suffering and greater recovery. What to Do When Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms Arise Post-traumatic stress manifests itself physically, emotionally, and cognitively: hyper-alertness, anxiety, sleep disturbance, intrusive memories, irritability, lack of concentration, depression, excessive numbing strategies (drinking, smoking, gambling, etc.), may result from unaddressed traumatic memories. Here are steps you can take to address the symptoms: Recognize that you are not ‘going crazy.’ Even though your emotional and physical reactions may not make sense to you. Acknowledge that post-traumatic stress response is not your fault. Though it might happen to you at the worst possible times, don’t beat yourself up for the perplexing reactions. It is unpleasant (and sometimes downright scary) but it is your brain’s way of protecting you. Accept your emotions and bodily sensations. If you begin to experience anxious sensations, don’t try to control or stop them; notice and accept them. Often the more we fight stress sensations, the worse they become. Anxious feelings come in waves; even when they are intense, they eventually subside. Reassure yourself that you will get through this. Our brain reacts more resiliently if we believe we can handle a stressful situation. Become self-aware. Begin by paying attention to what you are thinking and feeling, and how these are linked to specific bodily sensations. Understanding our inner experiences takes practice, so practice on a regular basis, especially when you feel stressed or anxious. Mindful meditation trains you how to do this. Name it to tame it. When we articulate what we are going through, we are able to make sense of the impact our past experiences have on us now. Neuropsychiatrist, Dan Siegel, suggests just by telling someone or writing down these experiences, we diffuse the fear and anxiety they cause. Engage your senses. Place your hand on your heart. Trauma author Lisa Graham writes, ‘Neural cells around the heart activate during stress. A warm hand on the chest, in the area of the heart centre, calms those neurons down again, often in less than a minute.’ If you know you are about to go into a stressful situation, place your hand on your heart and imagine you are in a safe place. Conjure feelings of warmth and well-being. Woman Hugging MotherHug someone. Similar to talking to someone, studies have shown ‘a 20-second full body hug releases oxytocin in the brain.’ Just like when you talk to someone, physically connecting with someone in a positive way triggers bursts of oxytocin (bonding and soothing neurochemicals) and makes us feel better. Breathe deep. Deep belly breathing works because it activates the Parasympathetic Nervous System (responsible for our body’s rest and digest signals) and relieves anxious feelings. Practice deep breathing exercises before you enter into a stressful environment. Practice yoga, dance, or mindful movement (Tai-chi or Chi gong). Van der Kolk suggests repetitive and skilled movement stimulates both the emotional and thinking parts of our brains. It heightens our body awareness and directly calms our arousal system through focus, breathing, chanting, and movement. Get good at it so you can use it any time. We can strengthen our capacity monitor and control our bodily sensations with practices like mindfulness meditation and yoga. Van der Kolk, found that, ‘ten weeks of yoga practice markedly reduced the PTSD symptoms of patients who had failed to respond to any medication or to any other treatment’. Though these steps can alleviate your post-traumatic stress symptoms, they don’t address the underlying traumatic memories. Trauma has a way of popping up again and again if not treated. If you feel overwhelmed by your traumatic memories, you can contact me or a therapist in your area. Most importantly, you don’t have to do it alone. 1. Alan Baddely. (2016). Memory and Learning. The Brain From Top to Bottom. http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_07/a_07_p/a_07_p_tra/a_07_p_tra.html 2. Ruth Buczynski & Peter Levine. (2016). Why It’s Critical to Understand the Role of Memory In Trauma Therapy. 3. Anthony Damasio. (2005). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. 4. Paul Gilbert. (2010). The Compassionate Mind. 5. Helpguide.org. (2016). Traumatic Stress. Recovering from the Stress of Experiencing or Being Exposed to Traumatic Events. http://www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/traumatic-stress.htm 7. Joseph Ledoux. (2007). Emotional Memory. Scholarpedia. 8. DE Linden. (2006). How Psychotherapy Changes the Brain: The Contribution of Functional Neuroimaging. Molecular Psychiatry. 11. Dan Siegel. (2010). The Mindful Therapist: A Clinician’s Guide to Mindsight and Neural Integration 13. Ann Wetmore & Claudia Herbert. (2008). Overcoming Traumatic Stress: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques: A Self-help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioural Techniques. Related Posts woman living a long healthy life cryotherapy capsule woman wrist risk factors best vitamins to take brain-gut connection dealing with depression staying in tune with your body blockheads - mental wellness thinking at desk - brain performance best grooming product for pets quiet time - Best Meditation Techniques for Beginners how to boost your memory PrimeWomen Award ProBiora Health - Smart Pets
Analyse two reasons why the media portray minority ethnic groups negatively. [10 marks] Read Item M below and answer the question that follows. AQA 10 mark question item.PNG Applying material from Item M, analyse two reasons why the media often portray minority ethnic groups negatively. [10 marks] Commentary on the question A non-standard question about representations, focusing on ‘why’ rather than on ‘how’ one group is represented. There are two clear hooks in the item – the first about power and the second just about difference, suggesting that candidates make two points – one from a broadly hegemonic perspective, the other focussing on the public/ pluralism. Remember that you can pick up marks for evaluating in this type of 10 mark ‘with item’ question. Before reading the answer you might like to review the material on ethnicity and representation, and some of the theories of ownership and control such as Pluralism, Instrumental Marxism and Hegemonic Marxism, all of which can be applied to this question. The first reason why minority groups are represented negatively is because they have different values/ beliefs and practices from ‘mainstream’ society and are perceived by the wider public as not being fully integrated into the ‘British way of life’. The public at large is thus prejudiced against ethnic minorities, and anything which seems to threaten British identity. By focusing on negative representations of minorities – Islamic terrorists, benefit claiming immigrants, Romanian beggars, for example, newspapers such as The Sun and the Daily Mail can sell more newspapers and make more profit – it is easier to do this by perpetuating stereotypes compared to running stories which challenge such negative representations. It is relatively easy for papers to find stories about ethnic minorities which have many news values because some ethnic minorities do engage in activities which are ‘shocking’, and it’s maybe understandable why newspapers may choose not to publish stories in which minority groups are just ‘being British’ – because there’s nothing ‘newsworthy’ about such stories. This theory fits in with the pluralist view – newspapers aren’t deliberately prejudiced against ethnic minorities, they just run stories which reflect public bias to increase profits. Hegemonic Marxists would argue that ethnic minority groups are represented negatively because they are underrepresented in positions of power – both in society/ government and within the media itself. According to Stuart Hall, ethnic minorities have been used as scapegoats for society’s larger economic problems – knife crime by black youths in London in the late 1970s was turned into a moral panic by negative reporting in the press, even though the rate of that crime was declining. In a similar way gang crime today is largely constructed in the media as a black problem, rather than a multi-ethnic phenomenon. A further reason why such negative representations are so common could be the lack of black voices among media professionals, meaning the white majority just go along with the racial victimization of young black youth by the government and police. However, such negative representations may be changing in the age of New Media, which gives more power to ethnic minorities to challenge stereotypes and power inequalities in society more directly. What is concentration of media ownership? Concentration of media ownership is the trend towards fewer individuals and/ or companies owning a higher proportion of the media. Increasing concentration of ownership has long been a concern of sociologists. For example, In 2004 Bagdikian pointed out the following trend towards increasing ownership of the media: • In 1983, 50 corporations controlled the majority of news media in the USA • By 1992, 22 companies owned and operated 90% of the mass media By 2014, United States media ownership was concentrated mainly in the hands of six companies: Comcast, Disney, 21st Century Fox/ News Corporation, Time Warner and Viacom In the United Kingdom in 2017 10 companies received 70% of the revenue generated by all media companies, and 40 companies received 92% of all of the revenue (source: Deloitte media metrics, 2017). The following were the three largest media companies by revenue in the UK in 2017 How do we measure concentration of ownership of media? Looking at revenue share as the above examples do is only one way of measuring concentration of ownership, however, there are several other ways concentration may be occurring which are not measured simply by looking at how revenue is distributed. Below I outline several different ways in which media ownership can become more concentrated Vertical Integration Where one company owns all of the stages of production of media products – for example a company owning a film production studio, and the cinema where the film is shown. Horizontal integration Where one company diversifies to own more types of media – e.g. when a film production company also gets into book publishing. Lateral expansion or diversification When media companies branch out into non media areas – e.g. Virgin Media getting into trains and insurance. Global Conglomeration Where companies in one country buy up companies in other countries. News Corp, for example, owns media outlets in several different countries. Where a media product is sold in several different forms – often as a form of marketing. For example, a company produces a film for cinema, then a DVD, a T.V. spin off series, a sound track for download, maybe a cartoon strip and some action figures too. Technological convergence Where traditional media companies link with IT companies to make sure their media products are available across several different devices. Final thoughts Intuitively it seems likely that there is increasing concentration of ownership, especially with the rise of Facebook, Google, Amazon and Apple, but at the same time it is difficult to say for certain given the complexity of the concept of concentration of ownership Media representations of social class How are different social classes represented in the mainstream media? This post looks at how the monarchy, the wealthy, the middle classes, working classes and benefits claimaints (‘the underclass’) are represented, focusing mainly on British television and newspaper coverage. Generally speaking the ‘lower’ the social class, the more negative the media representations are, arguably because the mainstream media professionals disproportionately come from upper middle class backgrounds. NB Social class is a tricky concept and you might like to review it here before continuing. Media representations of social class.png Representations of the Monarchy According to Nairn (2019) after WWII the monarchy developed close ties with the media industry and worked with them to reinvent itself as ‘the royal family’ and since then they have been represented in the media as a family that are ‘like us but not like us’, and the narrative of their lives is presented as a soap opera, and is part of our day to day media fabric, which encourages us to identify with the royals. Media representations of royalty also reinforce a sense of national identity: The Queen is the ultimate figure head of the country and royal events form part of our annual calendar, as well as the fact that royals are often in attendance at other national events, such as sporting events for example. Media representations of wealth The very wealthy are generally represented positively in the media, for example Alan Sugar and the Dragons on Dragons Den. The constant media focus on the lifestyles of wealthy celebrities tends to glamourize such lifestyles, suggesting this is something we should all be aspiring to, rather than focusing on the injustice of how much these people are paid compared to ordinary people. representations wealth media.PNG Are the wealthy generally represented positively in the media? The Middle Classes Middle class (higher income) families seem to be over-represented on day time T.V. especially – in shows such as homes under the hammer, escape to the country and antiques shows featuring typically very high wealth/ income families, and yet presenting them as ‘the norm’. Most T.V. presenters are middle class, and so they are more likely to identify with middle class guests compared to working class guests, reinforcing the concerns of former as more worthy of attention. Most journalists and editors are privately educated which means that the news agenda is framed from a middle class point of views. The working classes There are relatively few shows which focus on the reality of the lives of working class people. Mainstream soaps tend to be the most watched representations of the working classes Jones (2011) suggests the working classes are represented as feckless racists who hate immigration and multiculturalism – coverage of Brexit seems to offer support for this. Benefits claimants (‘The Underlcass’) Coverage tends to focus on the poverty of individuals rather than the structural features of society such as government policy which created the underclass. Media coverage of the underclass is generally negative and they are often scapegoated for society’s problems. Benefits Street is a good example of this. Please see this extended post for more details on how the media portray benefits claimants in stereotypical ways. Media representations of benefits claimants In this post I summarize some recent sociological research which suggests newspapers and ‘reality T.V. shows represent benefits claimants in a limited range of stereotypical ways, focusing on them as lazy, undeserving scroungers engaged in immoral, wreckless and criminal behaviour. A lot of the research below also reminds us that media representations in no way reflect the reality of being unemployed and claiming benefits in the UK. This research is relevant to the A-level sociology media topic: representations of social class. Stereotypes of benefits claimants in newspaper articles Baumberg et al’s (2012) research ‘Benefits Stigma in Britain’ analysed a database of 6,600 national press articles between 1995-2011. Baumberg et al found an extraordinarily disproportionate focus on benefit fraud: 29% of news stories referenced fraud. In comparison the government’s own estimate is that a mere 0.7% of all benefits claims are fraudulent. Common language used to describe benefits as ‘undeserving’ included: • Fraud and dishonesty (including those such as ‘faking illness’); • Dependency (including ‘underclass’ and ‘unemployable’); • non-reciprocity/lack of effort (e.g. ‘handouts’, ‘something for nothing’, ‘lazy’, ‘scrounger’); • • outsider status (e.g. ‘immigrant’, ‘obese’) Language used to describe benefits claimants as ‘deserving’ included: • need (‘vulnerable’, ‘hard-pressed’); • disability (‘disabled’, ‘disability’). In general, Tabloid newspapers such (especially The Sun) focused on representing benefits claimants as undeserving, while broadsheets such as The Guardian were more likely to focus on representing benefits claimants as ‘deserving’. news reporting unemployment.jpg NB – The Sun and The Mail are Britain’s two most widely circulated newspapers. Stigmatising benefits claimants Finally, the study found an increase in articles about benefits claimants which focused on the following stigmatising themes: • fraud • ‘shouldn’t be claiming’ (for reasons other than fraud) • never worked/hasn’t worked for a very long time • large families on benefits • bad parenting/antisocial behaviour of families on benefits • claimants better off on benefits than if they were working • claimants better off than workers • immigrants claiming benefits More neutral/ positive themes included: • compulsion of claimants (e.g. workfare, benefit conditionality) • cuts to benefits • need As with the themes of ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’, Tabloids produced more stigmatising content than the the broadsheets. negative reporting benefits claimants.jpg Stereotypes of benefits claimants in reality T.V. shows Ruth Patrick (2017) has analysed the representations of those on benefits and in poverty on reality television shows such as ‘Benefits Street’ and Benefits Britain: Life on the Dole. The number of such shows has exploded in recent years, but while they claim to provide and honest ‘realistic’ insight into lives of Britain’s benefit claimants and those living in poverty, Patrick and others argue they are sensationalised and present stereotypical representations of those on welfare. If we look at the opening scenes for the first series of Benefits Street for example, these featured: • sofas on the pavement, • men on streets drinking cans of lager, • women smoking cigarettes on their doorsteps. Overall such shows present benefits claimants as lazy shirkers who don’t want to work, and as people who are different to the hard-working majority. Such shows emphasize the difference between the working majority (‘us’) and the workless minority (‘them’) and invites us to identify ourselves against benefits claimants, and possibly to see claiming benefits as something which is a choice, long term and morally wrong, rather than as something which is a necessity, usually a short term stop-gap before a return work. This interview with Jordan, who took feature in Benefits Britain as a claimant offers an insight into how negative representations of the unemployed are socially constructed by media professionals: Jordan claims that he usually keeps his flat tidy, but was told by the producers to deliberately not tidy it up before they came round to shoot, because it would make people feel more sorry for him. He also claims that the media crew bought alcohol and cigarettes for the shoot, and told the ‘claimants’ that if they didn’t consume them before the shoot was over they’d take them away again, which led to lots of images of the cast drinking and smoking, when Jordan claims he would only usually do this on special occasions. Relevance of this to A-level Sociology/ Media studies…. It’s easy to fall into the trap of thinking that newspapers and ‘reality’ T.V. present you with the reality of ‘life on benefits’ – in fact both of these sources present highly sensationalised accounts of what it’s like to actually be unemployed. All of the above research is based on careful content analysis which picks out the main ways in which benefits claimants are stereotyped and thus represented in a limited way. This post has only focused on representations, forthcoming posts will focus on why mainstream media professionals choose to represent benefits claimants in negative, stereotypical ways. Representations of Disability Stereotypes of disability disability stereotypes pity.PNG The Elephant Man – an object of pity? Telethons and disability children in need stereotypes disability.PNG Does Children in Need reinforce disability stereotypes? Newspaper representations of the disabled • There had been a significant increase in the reporting of disability Changing representations of disability? the undateables.PNG More to follow…. This is an initial ‘place holder post’ TBU shortly! Media representations of age This post focuses on some of the ways in which the mainstream media represent children, youth and the elderly. Media representations of children Children are often represented as vulnerable and as being in need of adult protection, which ties in with the way in which childhood is socially constructed in contemporary society. The advertising industry represents children as consumers, possibly deliberately to socialise them into becoming consumers in later life, and to increase peer-pressure demand for their products. Youth and Children’s Work has suggested that there are five major types of youth stereotype • Irritating/ annoying • Binge drinking/ drug addicted • The drain on society • The entrepreneurial go-getter • The exceptional super achiever. Media representations of youth Young people are largely represented in terms of lifestyle and identity, with much of the music and fashion industries aiming their products at young people. Young people (teenagers especially) are also disproportionately likely to be represented as a problem – with a considerable amount of news coverage being devoted to youth gangs, crime and antisocial behaviour, rather than the challenges facing teenagers or the positive things young people do. Historically, youth subcultures have been the focus of media led moral panics, which have tended to exaggerate the deviance of young people and sometimes increased public panic about youth subcultures, as Stan Cohen found in his classic study of the Mods and Rockers. Charlotte Kelly (2018) has conducted research on the language used by journalists to describe young people who come into contact with the law and found there are three major types of representation: • Young people are dangerous • Young people are in need of protection • Young people are immature. However, some documentaries do portray the complex issues young people face today, such as the recent spate of schools documentaries such as ‘Educating Essex’ etc, and in contemporary sitcoms such as Derry Girls. Representations teenagers TV.PNG Media representations of old age Age Concern (2000) identified three key media stereotypes of the elderly. Old people were disproportionately represented as: • A burden • Mentally challenged • Grumpy Lee et al (2007) conducted a study of adverts and found that old people were underrepresented, appearing in only 15% of ads, but of those 15%, more than 90% of representations were positive – portraying elderly people as ‘golden agers’ enjoying healthy, active lifestyles. There are also significant gender differences in the way old people are represented in the media: older men are much more visible in the media than older women, and older men are much more likely to be associated with high status and work while older women are generally associated with the family and poverty. This is very much a simplified post on this topic, more detailed investigative posts to follow! The cultural effects model of audience effects The cultural effects model is a Marxist model audience effects, usually associated with neo-marxism and the Glasgow University Media Group. cultural effects modell.png The media and the dominant ideology According to the cultural effects model, the media contains ideological messages that reflect the values of media owners and professionals who expect audiences to agree with their preferred readings of events. Points of view which are oppositional media owners and middle class journalists’ world views are generally kept out of the mainstream media through processes such as agenda setting and gatekeeping. Ideological control through gradual exposure Audiences are continually exposed to the dominant ideology and this has a gradual ‘drip-drip’ effect and over time audiences come to share the views of the rich and powerful. They also come to criticise those who have been demonised by the ideological framing of the elite: such as immigrants and those on benefits. The cultural effects model recognises that audiences are active and that they interpret media content in diverse ways, but they do argue that interpretations are narrow due to long term ideological framing of media content. Criticisms of the cultural effects model Methodologically it is difficult to test any theory on long term media effects. It is almost impossible to isolate the independent effect that long term exposure to media content has over several years. It seems increasingly unlikely that homogenous content has homogenous effects in the postmodern age of new media. The uses and gratifications model of audience effects The uses and gratification model states that audiences are active users of media content and that they use the media to fulfill four main types of need. uses gratifications model.png People use media to escape from their daily routines. In some cases media usage may make up for lack of satisfaction in work or personal life. Personal relationships The media may compensate for the decline of community and meaningful, intimate relationships For example soap characters may be seen as companions in the absence of family or friends. Personal identity People may use characters to they identify with to help them make decisions in life. People use Facebook to express identities in ways they can control. People use the media to obtain information about the world, primarily the news. Criticisms of the uses and gratifications model of audience effects • There is a lack of substantive research which supports this theory • Marxists argue it exaggerates audiences’ capacity to interpret media content, ignoring the power of agenda setting. • Postmodernists argue there are an even wider set of uses individuals make of media. The neophiliac perspective on new media Neophiliacs argue that the internet and social media have been beneficial to society and individuals. New Media have created more opportunities for individuals to find information, offered individuals greater choice and freedom, provided new ways for people to interact with each other, and ultimately resulted in more people challenging the powerful and economic growth. This post has been written for A-level sociology students studying the media option, AQA specification, and contrasts directly with the cultural pessimist view of new media. neophiliac new media Easier access to more information and advice The internet makes it very easy to access a wide variety of information about almost anything, often for free. Some of the more obvious examples here include Wikipedia and instructional videos on YouTube and various blogs where many experts will provide their expertise for free. 24 hour news coverage from a variety of sources and the option to switch on instant notifications also makes it very easy to stay in touch with what’s occurring in the world. Increasingly it is possible to ‘hack’ an education online, as many colleges and universities post up their learning materials for free (often lectures on YouTube) and there are various blogs around in which people have put together syllabuses which link to free information. The internet also makes it easier for people to seek advice confidential advice and support for sensitive issues such as mental health issues, abuse and addiction. Greater individual freedom and choice Social media allow people the chance to construct new online identities and give them greater freedom to express themselves than ever before. Online, individuals can experiment with new identities in the comfort of anonymity and expand their personal boundaries. Social media and blogs have proven to be an accessible way for marginalised or disadvantaged peoples to find a voice – there are many active LGBT and disabled bloggers for example. New social networks and global connections The internet has blurred the boundaries between the local and the global, resulting in the emergence of a ‘new global village’, with more daily communicative interactions occurring now than ever in human history. The global internet makes it easier for individuals to make new global connections that wouldn’t be possible just at the local level or through traditional (one-way) media – as a result of social media sites like Facebook there are now thousands of new ‘tribes’ with millions of people interacting on a daily basis. Social media apps also make it easier for families and friends to stay in touch anywhere in the world, and while nothing new, this opens up the possibility for people to move to other places yet still stay connected. Challenging power and revitalising democracy The internet allows people to access a wide variety of political opinions and commentary and to easily ‘fact check’ what politicians are saying, making it easier to hold those with political power to account. There are thousands of blogs which voice radical political opinions which challenge the dominant mainstream neoliberal voice in the mainstream news. The internet has also provided a platform for many social movements and allowed them to expand the reach of their voice and activism. Extinction Rebellion is one of the best recent examples of this, with many of their protests being organised via social media. All of these points apply equally as well to holding Corporate as well as political power to account. The growth of E-commerce The internet has made it very easy to buy all sorts of goods and services, and for very cheap prices if you shop via the largest sites such as Amazon. Comparison sites allow people to easily compare the costs of utilities and other services, and to easily switch to the best deal, which is empowering for consumers. Finally, the internet has also allowed thousands of people to set up or enhance their business – by selling goods and services online. Representations of sexuality in the media Craig (1992) identified three media signifiers of gayness Out of a total of 126 hours of television programmes analysed: • 46 minutes portrayed them realistically or positively. • Unhappy and distressed about their sexual orientation • As people who had been bullied and rejected by their families There was very little reference to lesbians or transsexuals. Changing representations of LGBTs in the Media LGBT media.PNG Of the 8.8% of LGBT characters • 25% were lesbian • 29% were Bi+ characters make up 29 percent • 4% were transgender characters representation LGBT media.PNG The LGBT community and new media BAME LGBT media stonewall.PNG
One of the first American heroes in our nation’s history was a man who had two distinct lives. One before the American Revolution and one after. Robert Rogers was famous for his companies of Rangers during the French and Indian War. He was a brilliant officer and outdoorsman and his men served the British and American colonies well. He was made famous in the 1940 film “Northwest Passage” and was played by Spencer Tracy. His 28 Rules of Ranging remain today, slightly altered due to changes in warfare as a standard for the US Army Ranger Regiment. His Standing Orders are still printed on the inside cover of the Army’s Ranger Handbook today. But during the American Revolution, he remained loyal to England, led British troops against his American kinsman and suffered from severe lapses of judgment. He was eventually stripped of his command and most of the officers he appointed were summarily relieved as well by the British. In his later years, he was constantly in debt and suffered from alcohol problems. He died penniless and alone in 1795. However, it was his service with the Rangers that he is most noted for. And in doing so, he’s America’s first Special Operations hero. Rogers was born to Irish immigrants in November 1731 in Methuen, Massachusetts. Methuen lies on the Merrimack River, 30 miles north of Boston on the New Hampshire border. At the time of his birth, settlers would set forth from Methuen to the “wilds” of New Hampshire. When he just a boy of eight, his family moved to a 2100 acre farm in Dunbarton, New Hampshire just outside of what is now Concord. When he was just 15 in 1746 during King George’s War, he joined the New Hampshire militia as a private in Captain Daniel Ladd’s Company of Scouts and, in 1747, also as a private in Ebenezer Eastman’s Scouting Company, with the express mission of guarding the New Hampshire frontier. When the French and Indian War broke out in 1755, the British initially suffered a series of defeats. This encouraged the Indians allied with the French to begin raiding English colonists in New Hampshire. In 1756, Rogers began recruiting New Hampshire men for his Rangers. He was authorized by the Crown and angry and frightened colonists began to flock to his banner. Ranger of the French and Indian War painting by Don Troiani. Rogers’ Rangers grew to 600 rugged New Hampshire outdoorsmen organized into 12 different companies. The green-clad Rangers went thru a rigorous training program which included numerous live-fire exercises which the British regulars considered a waste of time and ammunition. His second in command was John Stark who became famous in his own right later during the battle of Bennington. The Rangers under Rogers became the nation’s first unconventional warfare specialists. He adopted the Indians’ tactics for fighting, hardly the first to do so but he regimented his lessons learned into a system where he trained his soldiers. His 28 Rules of Ranging was a brilliantly simple, no-nonsense guide for fighting on the frontier. The Rangers broke down the barriers that conventional troops had at the time. While most standing armies either scaled down or stopped completely, operations in the winter months, Rogers showed their true unconventional nature in 1758 when using a mix of snowshoes, sleds and even ice skates, when his troops successfully engaged the enemy over Lake George. In that same year, he was given command of all Colonial Rangers in North America. In 1759, the Rangers had their most famous operation against the hated Abenaki (Abnaki) Indians from Quebec. The Indians had launched numerous raids against the colonists in the south and had killed hundreds. Rogers men got a measure of revenge against the Abenaki for their attacking English troops who were retreating under a white flag of truce. The Rangers had infiltrated deep into the Abenaki territory from Crown Point, NY with 200 hundred Rangers, surprised the Indians, burning their village to the ground and killed scores at Saint-Francis. While the Abenaki raids never completely stopped, after burning the town of Saint-Francis, they diminished markedly. They were no longer untouchable. After the fall of Quebec and Montreal, Rogers was transferred to the west under the command of Brigadier General Robert Monckton. He ordered Rogers and the Rangers to capture Detroit where they were successful. After the French surrender at the Great Lakes, the Rangers were disbanded and Rogers was retired at half-pay. He traveled to England and wrote a book, “A Concise Account of North America” and a stage play, Ponteach [Pontiac]: or the Savages of America to help free him from the debt of paying for and equipping his own troops during the war. He won an audience with King George III, convinced him of finding a Northwest Passage to the Pacific and was commissioned as the Governor of Michilimackinac (Mackinaw City, Michigan). Ranger re-enactors fire on the British during Revolutionary War reenactment in Massachusetts. (Photo by the author) He quickly ran afoul of the military, specifically General Thomas Gage who actively tried to undermine Rogers because of his friendship of General Amherst, a fierce rival of Gage. It was also during this time when Rogers’ alcoholism began to take hold of his actions. Gage drummed up false charges of treason against Rogers in 1767 and had him brought to Detroit in chains. His trial in 1768 resulted in an acquittal. Rogers once again left for England but did time in a debtor’s prison. He returned to the colonies in 1775 with the outbreak of the Revolution imminent and offered his services to the rebels and George Washington. But Washington had him arrested, believing him to be a spy. Rogers escaped and once again offered his services to the British Crown. He was given command of a unit and formed the Queen’s Rangers as its Colonel. He appointed many strange officers to his command including tavern owners as well as whore-house owners which infuriated the British. Although he was responsible for the capture of Nathan Hale, he was defeated in his only action. He and most of his officers were sacked. He returned to England suffering from “poor health” until he returned in 1779 to raise another Ranger unit, the “King’s Rangers” until General Henry Clinton. By then his alcoholism was full-blown and he was sacked again. Unable to ever return to New Hampshire, he once again withdrew to England where he remained until his death. Rogers Standing Orders: 1. Don’t forget nothing. 5. Don’t never take a chance you don’t have to. 6. When we’re on the march we march single file, far enough apart so one shot can’t go through two men. 14. Don’t sit down to eat without posting sentries. 16. Don’t cross a river by a regular ford. Rogers 28 “Rules of Ranging” These have been simplified over time and still used today by the Ranger Regiment. They’ve changed the language a bit to fit more to a modern timeframe but the tenets remain the same. Note that now there are 29 1. All Rangers are subject to the rules of war. 2. In a small group, march in single file with enough space between so that one shot can’t pass through one man and kill a second. 7. When attacked, fall or squat down to receive fire and rise to deliver. Keep your flanks as strong as the enemy’s flanking force, and if retreat is necessary, maintain the retreat fire drill. 20. Avoid passing lakes too close to the edge, as the enemy could trap you against the water’s edge. 27. If you are preparing an ambuscade near a river or lake, leave a force on the opposite side of the water so the enemy’s flight will lead them into your detachment. Photos courtesy: Don Troiani, Wikipedia, Author
Face (geometry) In geometry, a face of a polyhedron is any of the polygons that make up its boundaries. For example, any of the squares that bound a cube is a face of the cube. The suffix -hedron is derived from the Greek word ἕδρα (hedra) which means "face". Sometimes, in the case of a pyramid, the term face is understood to exclude the base. The (two-dimensional) polygons that bound higher-dimensional polytopes are also commonly called faces. All stories in Face (geometry) Load more articles
Ad Hoc explanations for all those different biographies of Jesus …. (or Socrates) Creative Commons License by Neil Godfrey Here’s an interesting twist to the standard argument explaining why we have so many gospels all with different accounts of Jesus. Different eyewitnesses report different details about the same event, it is said, and that explains the multiple “reports” of Jesus’ arrest, trial, death, resurrection, etc. But check the following by a scholar of Socrates: The trial rapidly became so notorious that a number of Apologies of Socrates were written soon afterwards, and at least one prosecution speech purporting to be that of Anytus. If the object had been to report the actual speech or speeches Socrates himself gave in the course of the trial, there would have been no need for more than one or two such publications, and all the rest would have been redundant. The fact that so many versions of Socrates’ defence speeches were written strongly suggests that the authors were not reporters of historical truth, but were concerned to write what, in their opinion, Socrates could or should have said – which is what characterizes the whole genre of Socratic writings that sprang up in the decades following Socrates’ trial and death. (Waterfield, Robin. 2009. Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths. New York: W. W. Norton. pp 9-10 — my bolding) The following two tabs change content below. Neil Godfrey Latest posts by Neil Godfrey (see all) 7 thoughts on “Ad Hoc explanations for all those different biographies of Jesus …. (or Socrates)” 1. Certainly our perceptions are biased by our interests, hopes, fears, expectations etc. Anyone who writes about anything brings her own preconceptions and biases to the task. Socrates’ execution came in the wake of the devastating Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian war, and, no doubt, there was much blaming going on. Different writers were trying to use Socrates to support their own narrative. If the synoptic gospels were written in the wake of the devastating Jewish defeat at the hands of Rome, including the destruction of the second temple, it is tempting to see them in terms of currying favor and assigning blame for that disaster. Could it be that “son of man” is a metaphor for the Jewish people, and the synoptic gospels of the Bible are about the death and resurrection of the nation of Israel? 2. Xenophon, in his “Apology,” argued that for Socrates’ sentence of death it is better to die before the onset of senility than to escape death by humbling oneself to an unjust persecution. Similarly, in Plato’s “Phaedo,” Socrates last words before dying were “Crito, we ought to offer a rooster to Asclepius” – implying, as Nietzsche also saw, that the poison was seen by Socrates as a cure for life. Socrates died because Socrates wanted to die. 3. This may be the case for Socrates but the gospels leave the feeling that they were trying to recreate the myth around Socrates. In general O.T. and N.T. are books which tried to “destroy” critical historiography. It is not a coincidence that O.T. created a parallel universe around the blank spaces of Greek historiography and that N.T. with many contradicting stories tried to show that humans cannot write history. 4. I’m very impressed with the quality of argumentation in Vridar posts these days. Which was always good. But now, after many years of study, seems even better. Your posts these days are often fully professional. Full of documentation and sound reasoning. And capable of refuting any anti mythicist arguments by any PhD scholar in Christian and Biblical studies. Leave a Comment
The correct format for writing a letter Always use the name of the individual if you know it. Dear Sir Elton John: The correct format for writing a letter To whom it may concern letter is a special kind of a formal letter that is addressed to unknown recipients in an organization. It is a great letter format for reporting procedures. This is a sample guide on how to write letter to whom it may concern. the correct format for writing a letter Click on the order now button to submit your request at our research papers for sale service. We are one of the largest and most recommended paper writing service online. Though to whom it may concern letter serves the purpose, I strongly feel that they are ineffective when trying to contact an organization if you are an outsider. Business Letter Format \| What to include and when You should do your best to find a contact person and address the letter. Many people do not know how and when to use to whom it concern term in letter writing. This term is usually used in to whom it concerns cover letter for a job, or in communications whereby there are more than one possible recipient. This kind of letter is not appropriate when writing a cover letter for internship. Too busy to write a to whom it concern cover letter? At Essay Agents, we have a team that will help you write a to whom it concerns letter within no time. the correct format for writing a letter Get unlimited whom it concern samples from experts. Some students come asking us for another way to say to whom it may concern but that involves doing research to find out who your reader is. The default format of capitalizing to whom it concerns term is: To Whom It May Concern: Every starting letter should be capitalized and the whole term must be followed by a full colon.How to write a correct resume. how to write a correct resume, correct way to write a resume. Good day bro, My name is sagita. Welcome to my website, we have many collection of How to write a correct resume pictures that collected by from arround the internet. The rights of these images remains to it's respective owner's, You can use these pictures for personal use only. Writing ; The Parts Of A Letter The Parts of a Letter. Dear Teacher This is an easy, visual way to identify the parts of a letter! The Proper Way To Write A Resume Best Way To Write Resume This colorful printable makes the basic format of a typical letter easy for students to understand and visualize! Greeting, heading, body, and closing are covered, along with a list of common abbreviations. A letter of transmittal is a formal letter and it is important that the letter be precise, to-the-point, and correctly drafted. Before sending out such a letter, it is important that you double check it for any spelling, grammatical, or punctuation errors. A business letter most often uses block format, in which the letter is single-spaced and left justified, although paragraphs have double spaces separating them. The Purdue University Online Writing Lab serves writers from around the world and the Purdue University Writing Lab helps writers on Purdue's campus This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in Writing Your Cover Letter. Cover Letter Headings; Addressing. If you're writing a reference letter, include your relationship with the person (project supervisor, academic adviser, friend, parole officer, etc.), and make it clear that you are in . Recommendation Letter Format
Since the reign of the Roman Empire, the culturally rich Italy has had a profound impact on Western Civilization. From the food we eat, to the language we speak, Italian influence is ever-prominent in today’s world. This year is the first year that Jesuit Dallas Latin students participated in an exchange italians2program with students from Istituto Leone XIII, a Jesuit school in Milan Italy. Ms. Druebert, a Latin teacher at Jesuit and the officiant of the program explained, “The Italian students visited us for the first 2 weeks of November. We will go see them over spring break and the week after.” Applications were open to all Jesuit Latin students and opened in the summer. Nico Elizondo ’18 explained that “[the application inquiries] weren’t surface-level questions,they were deep questions to make us think about the trip. I applied because I have a deep love for Italy,” he continued. “I have been trying to learn Italian for the past couple of years but with no success (I am still trying!). I remember towards the end of Freshman year, I talked to Ms. Druebert (my Latin 1 teacher) and told her that having a trip to Italy would be really fun (after hearing about the China trip the Chinese students were taking). She responded with telling me that she had the same idea for a long time! So many things worked out in my Sophomore year to where we could organize a trip and I was very excited to apply. I have never been to Italy, but maybe my Italian blood is calling me back!” Gabe Anguiano ’18, another host, noted that “hosting an exchange student would be a italians6meaningful life experience.” “I’ve really enjoyed seeing cultural distinctions between Italy and America. There are so many differences between our culture and that of Italy, and it’s really interesting to slowly discover these differences while hosting an exchange student,” he added. But why do Latin students visit Italy? According to Elizondo, “Latin and Italian are actually very close. There are a lot of differences of course, but the words are very similar, they are just pronounced differently. I have a friend who told me ‘Italian is just poorly pronounced Latin.’ ” “Latin and Italian are very similar. The words are often very similar or, occasionally, even the same,” concurred Druebert. italians9Jesuit Latin has other benefits too. “Ms. Jones and I work very hard to make our classes engaging–whether through playing games to learn grammar or talking about life in ancient Rome or Roman history. There are great ways to get involved with Jesuit, too. They can join Junior Classical League and visit other cities and even states to compete academically and athletically,” commented Druebert. Anguiano continued, “More than sixty percent of English words are somehow derived from Latin, and so a strong Latin vocabulary strongly correlates to increased verbal SAT scores. Freshman English courses are made trivial through basic Latin vocabulary.” Whether it be a love of languages, foreign culture, or both, the exchange program has already proven to be a meaningful experience. Druebert concluded, “I enjoyed watching the Italian and Texan students become friends and experience the culture of another country. We have truly made life-long friends through this experience. I can’t wait to visit them in March!” Photos by Ms. Druebert
What follows bulbs Jane McGary janemcgary@earthlink.net Sat, 14 Aug 2004 15:33:15 PDT This is a new topic that we've probably had some time ago, but I was inspired to reintroduce it by Jim McKenney's suggestion that there is a polarity in gardening with rare bulbs at one end and tomatoes at the other. I have a large crescent-shaped border by my driveway that is packed with winter-to-spring bulbs, and I'm always looking for things that will follow the bulbs and flower through summer without needing supplemental water that would harm the bulbs. The past couple of years I've been direct-sowing various annuals there to see what will happen. Some good results have been had with annual poppies (Shirley and somniferum), Convolvulus tricolor, the new color strains of Calendula, Campanula incurva (a sort of prostrate Canterbury bells), and Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii (no doubt other Antirrhinum species would also do well). This year I sowed a bunch of seed that had been stored in a box in the refrigerator and for some reason dumped in a packet of tomato seed. To my surprise, the tomatoes germinated and grew on through several frosts, and now they're flowering and setting fruit. Although tomatoes are ordinarily thought of as liking lots of irrigation, these must be flourishing because of the deep sand-and-gravel mulch on the bed. And, of course, the nutrient preferences of tomatoes and bulbs are similar: low nitrogen, high phosphorus and potassium. Thus, no polarization: you can grow tulips in spring and food in summer in the same place, and you need not depend on the "Master Gardeners" among your acquaintance for tomatoes. I will admit that my normal tomato patch is in the vegetable garden, which is off out of sight of the ornamental garden and is indeed a bare tilled plot in winter, except for the leeks and other vegetables that keep in the ground here. What plants -- ornamental or edible -- do others sow over their bulb beds? Jane McGary Northwestern Oregon, USA More information about the pbs mailing list
puhelin: +358 10 249 1717 faksi: +358 10 249 1719 sähköposti: info(a) Recser Oy Teknobulevardi 3-5 G 01530 Vantaa Katso kaikki yhteystiedot • fi • sv Labelling and other requirements for products There are legal restrictions on the use of ingredients that are harmful to the environment in batteries and accumulators, as well as requirements regarding environmentally favourable battery and accumulator designs and labelling to be featured on the products. The goal of producer responsibility legislation concerning batteries and accumulators is to minimise the negative environmental effects of batteries and accumulators. Therefore, the legislation lists a number of requirements set for product manufacturers, the aim of which is to reduce waste and prevent hazards and harm to people’s health and the environment caused by waste. Some of the requirements also concern the parties placing the products on the market, i.e. the producers, who must ensure that their imported products meet the set requirements: 1. The product is not packed more than necessary. 2. The product is durable, repairable and reusable. The product and its use generate as little waste as possible, and the resulting waste can be recycled. 3. When discarded as waste, the product is not hazardous or harmful to the environment, nor does it litter the environment or hinder the arrangement of a waste management scheme. 4. In the design and manufacturing of batteries and accumulators, their properties are constantly improved for their entire life cycle in terms of environmental protection where possible. Restrictions on the use of mercury and cadmium The law prohibits producers from manufacturing or importing batteries and accumulators that contain: 1. more than 0.0005% mercury by weight 2. more than 0.002% cadmium by weight The use of cadmium is not restricted in emergency and alarm systems or in batteries and accumulators used in medical electric and electronic devices. Labelling on batteries and accumulators It is the duty of the producers placing batteries and accumulators on the market to make sure that the products feature the required labelling. The law requires three kinds of labelling: All batteries and accumulators must feature the separate collection symbol: 1. All batteries and accumulators must feature the separate collection symbol: The separate collection symbol must cover at least 3% of the broadest side of the battery or accumulator. For button cell batteries, the symbol may be featured on the package. 1. If batteries or accumulators contain more than 0.0005% mercury, more than 0.002% cadmium or more than 0.004% lead, a chemical marking indicating the metal in question must be added under the separate collection symbol: Hg, Cd or Pb. The size of the labelling indicating a heavy metal content must be at least one fourth of the size of the separate collection symbol. 2. Rechargeable batteries must feature capacity labelling. The capacity is marked on the battery as milliampere-hours (mAh) or ampere-hours (Ah). The labelling depends on the size and model of the battery. Only batteries that are not meant to be removed from their device for reasons related to safety or performance are exempt from the capacity labelling requirement. For more information about the labelling requirements, see the Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes) website. Batteries and accumulators must be easy to remove from their device The law requires that battery or accumulator-powered devices are designed so that the battery or accumulator is easy to remove. This requirement aims to ensure efficient recycling of batteries and accumulators as well as a longer service life for devices. In particular, batteries and accumulators that have a shorter service life than their device should be easy to remove while the device is still in use. In order to make it possible to remove the batteries or accumulators from their device when the device is discarded, if not earlier, devices must come with removal instructions. The instructions must enable at least a qualified professional independent of the manufacturer to safely remove the batteries or accumulators contained in the device. In this context, qualified professional refers to parties such as an electronic device repair or maintenance shop or a pre-processor of discarded electric and electronic devices. The removal requirement does not concern devices that require a constant power input and a fixed coupling between the device and the battery or accumulator for safety or performance-related or medical or information security reasons. The producer must make sure that the product it imports meets the aforementioned requirements. The producer must also make sure that waste management operators have the necessary information about the reuse, disassembly and recycling of batteries and accumulators, as well as the location of hazardous materials in the product.
Drucker on Business Ethics Drucker was extremely ethical in his outlook and all he did. On a personal level, he was one of the most ethical individuals I have ever met. However, from both his writing and classroom lectures, it was clear that he struggled mightily to arrive at basic ethical principles which were essential since he believed that ethical behavior was an absolute requirement of all organizational leaders, and his study of leadership led him to the conclusion that while followers would forgive a leader much, they would not forgive the leader a lack of integrity. Drucker’s Analysis of Business Ethics for the Leader Drucker looked at ethics from various viewpoints. He began with ethical authorities from the western tradition and expanded his search to both geographically and historically. He found one point of complete agreement: that there is only one ethics, one code of individual behavior in which the same rules apply to everyone alike. However there were various types of extenuating circumstances within this tradition. First, clemency might be granted to a violator who commits violations of the code under certain circumstances. "Thou shalt not steal" is one of the Ten Commandments. Yet a mother stealing to feed a starving child might be excused. Differences due to different social or cultural mores might also be accepted. As a result, practices of questionable morality in one locality might not only be considered acceptable, they could be considered quite ethical. Drucker on Extortion or Bribery Drucker noted that bribery was hardly desirable from the viewpoint of the victim from who a bribe was exhorted, and it had been made illegal in the United States by a law prohibiting the payment of bribes to obtain foreign contracts. This was cited as a gross violation of "business ethics." Drucker was very clear on this. He thought it stupid to pay bribes. But was paying bribes in itself only a violation of the law or of business ethics? Most countries have laws against bribery. Yet it is a fact that bribery, as we define it, is routine and expected in some of these countries. For example, some countries that expect "baksheesh" as the traditional way of doing business in their country ignore any laws that may have been enacted as "window dressing" for countries not having this as part of their own culture. Drucker noted that a private citizen who was extorted to pay a bribe to a criminal might be considered foolish or a helpless victim of intimidation. And certainly paying extortion was never desirable. But this was clearly not an ethical issue on the part of the individual forced to pay. Drucker strongly objected to this "new business ethics" which asserted that acts that are not immoral or illegal if done by private citizens became immoral or illegal if done in the context of a business organization without examining the circumstances. They might be stupid, they might be illegal, and they might be the wrong thing to do. However, they were not necessarily "business ethics." The Ethics of Social Responsibility Drucker next turned to casuistry. This might be called cost-benefit ethics, or ethics for the greater good. Essentially it says that someone in power, a CEO, a king, a president, has a higher duty if his behavior can be argued that it confers benefits on others. So, it is wrong to lie, but in the interests of "the country" or "the company," or "the organization," it sometimes has to be done. Drucker called this "the ethics of social responsibility." This sounds very high minded, but Drucker maintained that it was too dangerous a concept to be adopted as business ethics because it would become a tool of a business leader to justify what would be clearly be unethical behavior for anyone else. Drucker looked further. The Ethics of Prudence To be prudent means to be careful or cautious. It is a rather unusual philosophy for an ethical approach, but admittedly it has some benefits to it. When I first became an Air Force general, we were sent to a special course for new generals. During this course we were given lectures and advice by senior military and civilian leaders. I do not recall whether what was said on this subject was said by a senior civilian official, or by a senior general, but it struck us as pretty good advice. "Never do anything you wouldn’t want seen on the front page of The Air Force Times," he said. Drucker gave a somewhat similar example. He said that Harry Truman, at the time a U.S. Senator, gave this advice to a general officer witness before his committee in the early years of World War II: "Generals should never do anything that needs to be explained to a Senate Committee — there is nothing one can explain to a Senate Committee." Drucker thought that this approach may be pretty good advice for staying out of trouble, but it is not much of a basis for ethical business decision making. For one thing, it doesn’t tell you anything about the right kind of behavior. For another there are decisions that a leader must take which are risky and which may be difficult to explain, especially if things go wrong. But, they may nevertheless be the correct decisions to take. The Ethics of Profit Drucker also thought through what he called, "The Ethics of Profit." Now this is not what you might think, so don’t skip this. Drucker did not say anything about limiting profits. Much to the contrary, Drucker wrote that it would be socially irresponsible and most certainly unethical if a business did not show a profit at least equal to the cost of capital because failing to do so would waste society’s resources. Drucker believed that the only logical rationale for the justification for "profit" was that it was a cost. He exhorted business leaders as follows: "Check to see if you are earning enough profit to cover the cost of capital and provide for innovation. If not, what are you going to do about it?" Drucker stated that profit as an ethical "metric" rested on very weak moral grounds as an incentive and could only be justified as such if it were a genuine cost and especially if it were the only way to maintain jobs and to grow new ones. I found it interesting that during the rise in gas prices (prior to their dramatic fall) in 2008 produced the following response by one refining company CEO when challenged by a Congressional investigating committee: "There is no ‘profit’. Every dollar goes into to exploration or research and development and is needed to run this business." Drucker would have agreed, although this would have probably been extremely difficult for someone not in the oil business to understand or accept, and clearly did not satisfy the Committee, confirming Truman’s advice to the testifying general. Confucian Ethics Drucker called Confucian ethics "the most successful and most durable of them all." In Confucian ethics the rules are the same for everyone, but there are different general rules which vary according to five basic relationships, all based on interdependence. These five are superior and subordinate, father and child, husband and wife, oldest brother and sibling and friend and friend. The right behavior in each case differs in order to optimize the benefits to both parties in each relationship. Confucian ethics demands equality of obligations, of parents to children and visa versa; of bosses to subordinates and visa versa. All have mutual obligations. Drucker points out that this is not compatible with what is considered business ethics in many countries including the U.S. where one side has obligations and the other side rights or entitlements. Though he clearly admires Confucian ethics, which he calls "The Ethics of Interdependence," they cannot be applied as business ethics, because this system deals with issues between individuals, not groups. According to Confucian ethics, only the law can handle the rights and disagreements of groups. But what about doing things in business that are "clearly unethical?" Can business ethics be defined in this manner? This came up in Drucker’s class, and I also found his identical response in one of his books: "Hiring call girls to entertain visiting executives does not make you unethical. It merely makes you a pimp." Drucker’s Conclusions Drucker concluded that business ethics as we know it today are not that at all. If ever business ethics were to be codified, Drucker thought they ought to be based on Confucian ethics, focusing on the right behavior rather than misbehavior or wrong doing. In the meantime, Drucker believed that leaders should adopt the following into their personal philosophy of ethics: 1. The ethics of personal responsibility from the physician Hippocrates: "Primum Non Nocere." Which in English means, above all (or first) do no harm. 2. The mirror test: What kind of person do I want to see when I look into the mirror every morning?
ActiveX adapts Component Object Model and Object Linking and Embedding technologies of Microsoft for content downloaded from internet. Even though it is an independent component ActiveX controls need either Windows emulator or Microsoft Windows for its working. All Microsoft Windows applications such as Microsoft Office, Windows Media Player, Internet Explorer and Microsoft Visual Studio use ActiveX controls to encapsulate their own functionality because further these can be embedded into several other applications. Especially, Internet Explorer let the embedding of ActiveX controls in web pages. These ActiveX Controls are small programs, often referred to as add-ons being used on the internet, which can improve browsing speed by allowing animation. Programmers create fresh ActiveX controls with C++, Visual Basic and other programming languages. Internet Explorer automatically downloads ActiveX control and executes it. Soon after downloading process, it becomes a part of OS. Let us consider an example, Internet Explorer can read PDF files with ActiveX control from Adobe but cannot read PDF files by its own and to display Flash, IE it requires a control. However, along with ActiveX there are some other security measures introduced by Microsoft for making browsing safer. Examples are: Other ActiveX technologies are: Security problems: Why Choose Remo?
Thank you for reading thecheers.org's political articles. The tension between Russia and Ukraine, who is to Blame? article about russia ukraine Trouble is brewing in Europe after efforts to find diplomatic solution to the tension between Russia and Ukraine failed. Following the recent toppling of pro-Russian Ukraine president Viktor Yanukovych, many observers thought that Ukrainian citizens were well on their way to enjoying peace, stability and great governance. This was not to be, as the country is facing another crisis. This time round; however, it is not just a domestic conflict anymore but with their neighbor Russia. It stems from belief that Russia is infringing on their sovereignty by wanting to control Crimea- the southern part Ukraine where support for Russia is still quite strong. Importance of Crimea to Russia The story of Crimea, Russia and Ukraine dates back the days of cold war when the two countries were both part of the Soviet Union. Russia decided to hand over Crimea to Ukraine as a sign of good will in 1954. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and local politicians and policymakers wanted Crimea to ditch Ukraine and become part of Russia. article about russia ukraine This move was met with a lot of opposition from lawmakers in Ukraine and Crimea and it was voted for the region to remain in Ukraine. Russians backed down and from then Crimea has been under control of Ukraine. This means Crimea is legally part of Ukraine. However, a good number of Russian natives still live in Crimea and this account for the support Russia enjoys in the region. The most important reason why Russia would sacrifice anything to have control over Crimea is the presence of her Black Sea Fleet in the city of Sevastopol. This fleet has been there for the past 230 years. The base is strategic for Russia because it gives their ships access to the Mediterranean and therefore influence over Middle East and Balkans. article about russia ukraine Why Is There Tension Now? The question many people are asking themselves is if Russia's Black Sea Fleet has been in Crimea for almost two and a half decades, why is it now that a problem is arising? This is a valid question and there is a valid answer, at least according to Moscow. The ousted Ukrainian leaders were pro-Russia and so had no problems with the presence of the fleet in Crimea. Although the new Ukrainian government has not officially ordered the closure of the Russian bases in Crimean peninsula, Moscow believes that the recent political developments culminating in ousting of President Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine were recipe for disaster. The country has been highly destabilized. In fact, the Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev referred to the development as "seizure of power." He also said such a state would be highly unstable and would end with new revolution and new blood. Therefore, according to Russia, they have to do something to prevent even further sinking of Ukraine into chaos. Kiev, on the other hand, views Russian actions as pure aggression and infringement on their sovereignty. In fact, by Sunday Russia had deployed approximately 6,000 troops in the Crimean peninsula and had taken over the control of the region. They were also flying in reinforcements settling in. To Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk that was no longer a red flag or a threat but declaration of war to their country. Attempts at Finding an Amicable Solution In what is apparently going to be a military face-off, world leaders are trying everything possible to avert the crisis. Another big problem is that other countries may also be drawn into the conflict and this spells doom as we could possibly be looking at another cold war. Reports indicate that Moscow is courting China to support their cause. The United States and the United Kingdom as well as a host of other countries are solidly behind Ukraine and for a good reason. International law does not allow a country to send her troops to another sovereign country without the due process or a valid cause. By all intentions and purposes, Russia seems to be the country under fire for invading the sovereignty of Ukraine. Because of this, all diplomatic efforts have been aimed at getting Russia to back down and withdraw their troops from Crimean peninsula. The efforts saw very high-ranking officials of the US and UK governments fly to Paris to foster the highest-level diplomatic meeting between Ukraine and Russia. article about russia ukraine Earlier, the United State's government said they were ready to take the toughest diplomatic actions against Russia to get them to back down including economic sanctions against Russia and/or giving Ukraine financial aid. John Kerry referred to Russian actions as "incredible act of aggression" and said that several foreign powers were looking at economic consequences if Russia did not withdraw is troops from Crimean peninsula forthwith. He said that those countries were ready to go to whatever length to isolate Russia economically through imposition of economic sanctions. However, Moscow appeared not perturbed with the threats and maintained their grounds. Ukraine, through her prime minister, on the other hand claimed they were ready to demonstrate their ability to defend themselves and added they were ready. Arseniy Yatsenyuk also said that if Russia's troops maintained their aggravation and continued to grow their numbers each coming hour then his nation will ask for military support as well as other kinds of support. Other European countries including France, Germany and Belgium also condemned Russia and pledged their support to Ukraine. The United Nations too has voiced its dissatisfaction. Nevertheless remains it to be seen if China will actually back Russia. The positions held by both Ukraine and Russia are hard and if nothing is done then the crisis is not likely to die out, it will just escalate further and eventually lead to outright war between the two countries. Now that the diplomatic threats have failed to persuade Russia, the only other solution is to get the two countries to have a dialog with each other. However, with the current state of affairs, it is highly unlikely that the two sides will meet and reach a peaceful solution. All we can do is to wait and see what will happen next. have your say Additional info Some of our content may be related to gambling. get in touch
Ramenology 101: Types of Ramen noodles (by ingredients, shape, hydration) types of ramen noodles Classification of Ramen noodles: ingredients, shape, hydration Since Aristotle classification has been a powerful tool of human mind to organize its existing knowledge of phenomena, and through such an exercise of systematic rationalization, perhaps, gain new insights into what could otherwise have been an amorphous mass of disconnected data snippets. It may sound rather abstract, but hold on. Classification helps us to structure our understanding, to ‘connect the dots’, to make sense of things we encounter and interact with. It is also one of the methods of analytical thinking which serves as an effective means to put our understanding regarding the object of our examination in order, to arrange our comprehension of it, to build a coherent picture of the subject in question. So let us begin our exploration of and inquiry into the topic of Ramen noodles. I. Classification of Ramen by ingredients What is Ramen? It may be a question with rather an obvious answer, and in a way it is indeed. Ramen is a sort of noodles. A quick search will tell you that it originated in ancient China, and specifically meant a kind of noodles that were made by manually stretching wheat dough by hands, splitting it, stretching it again, until a dough lump was divided into a multitude of noodle strands that could be boiled and eaten with chopsticks. The very character “拉” used in a word to denote Ramen (“拉麺”) means “stretching” / “pulling”. Modern methods of Ramen production may not necessarily imitate the original process literally, but, in their own sense, roller-type noodle machines preserve the spirit of initial Ramen making techniques by ensuring gluten structure preservation and development. This is important, but we are diverging… 1. That special chemistry: Kansui for Ramen kansui for ramen One of the important if not defining characteristics of Ramen noodles was, and in a way still is, the use of alkaline compound called “Kansui”. Kansui is, of course, a Japanese pronunciation of Chinese “Jian Shui” (鹹水) meaning “lye water”. Kansui gives Ramen noodles their, sometimes, piquant savor, as well as plays other important roles. But here, in the course of our quest to build a comprehensive and definitive classification of Ramen noodles, we must point out that, as a matter of fact, technically speaking Kansui is what makes just noodles into “Ramen noodles” per se. According to Japanese food industrial standards Ramen – both in name and substance – belongs to a class of “Chinese noodles” (中華麺) which by definition has to contain Kansui. Thus, we have arrived to our first benchmark of what is Ramen, and what specifically makes noodles in a broad sense into Ramen. Kansui used in Japan is usually a combination of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and Potassium Carbonate (К2СО3), and is commercially available in a powdery form. 2. To wheat or not to wheat? Wheat has been the main, if not the only, flour-base ingredient for Ramen since its inception in China. But recently, with Ramen cuisine gaining more and more popularity, new approaches to Ramen-making have appeared, including such that do not use wheat flour at all. Both to accommodate the emergence of dietary approaches advocating for eschewing wheat from diet on nutritional grounds, as well as to offer Ramen options specially tailored for people who cannot consume wheat-based products due to circumstances of their physiology, Ramen making world has developed gluten free types of Ramen made from non-wheat kinds of flour and a variety of other ingredients. Wheat Ramen wheat ramen Gluten free Ramen gluten free ramen no gluten ramen 3. All egged up? Some people think that Ramen noodles contain eggs by default – although this is not necessarily the case, some Ramen does. This depends on production methods and recipes for a particular type of Ramen noodles you are trying to make (naturally, Ramen noodles with eggs would look, taste and act in soup differently). Ramen with eggs ramen noodles made with eggs No-egg ramen ramen without eggs 4. Many shades of Ramen Other ingredients – mostly of plant origin, and in a form of fine powder – can be used as additives for Ramen to give it a particular aroma, taste or color. multi-ingredient ramen noodles 5. Gluten boost To increase Ramen noodles’ hardness making them, for example, less susceptible to becoming too soggy too quickly in Ramen soup, an isolated gluten powder can be added to flour mix during noodle making. This usually does not change how such noodles look but mostly affects their texture. Gluten is more likely to be added to relatively thin noodles, especially those used for “barikata” style boiling. isolated gluten powder for ramen 6. A dash of ash Generally, Ramen making is centered around flour – with its properties being of extreme importance, and among those properties ash content is a matter of make or break in terms of how Ramen noodles look, or how they behave during boiling or once put into Ramen soup. More often than not one would try to find flour with as little ash as possible, but as anyone familiar with recent food and nutritional trends would know, no longer does more refine mean more wholesome both in terms of conventional consumer wisdom and established medical advice… …meet wholewheat Ramen. Low ash content Ramen low ash ramen standard wheat ramen Whole-wheat Ramen wholewheat ramen ramen from wholewheat 7. With a grain of salt? Although standard recipes mention salt in various quantities as an indispensable component of Ramen dough, it is theoretically possible to conceive of Ramen without NaCl (not common, though). salt for ramen II. Classification of Ramen by shape 1. Square one When the width of noodle dough sheet passing through a cutter is the same as the width of that cutter’s grooves – you have noodles with a square shape. "Kaku-giri" (square) Ramen square shape ramen square ramen noodles 2. Round two Although round noodles are usually associated with extrusion-type noodle makers, installing a special cutter with rounded grooves easily allows roller-type Ramen machines to produce round-shaped Ramen too. "Maru-giri" (round) Ramen round shaped ramen round ramen noodles 3. Flat Ramen Theory Passing a thin dough sheet through a cutter with wide grooves gives you flat-shaped noodles similar to pasta or kishimen-style Udon noodles. "Hira-uchi" (flat) Ramen flat shape ramen 4. Going rogue in full Reverse In contrast to “hira-uchi” type, when the noodle dough sheet thickness is greater than the width of cutter grooves it results in production of noodles with a ‘reverse-flat’ rectangular shape. Ramen noodles of this type differ from others in that they have more cutter-side ‘rough’ surface, allowing them to carry on more soup when lifted by chopsticks from a bowl. reverse cut ramen 5. Keeping it straight Typical Ramen noodles are straight and linear. straight ramen 6. Curves and curls. Ramen style Applying pressure on noodles, either by retrofitting a cutter with special attachments that squeeze noodle strands when they come out, or by crumpling a batch a noodles with hands gives them a wavy shape. curly ramen noodles III. Classification of Ramen by hydration For general classification purposes Ramen noodles can be subdivided into low, medium and high water content types. Usually, there is a correlation between noodles’ water content (hydration) and their size (thickness/width) with drier noodles having tendency to be thinner, and noodles with higher water content being more likely to be thicker and wider. Low water content Ramen noodles (~ 30%) low hydration ramen noodles Medium water content Ramen noodles (30 ~ 39%) medium water ramen High water content Ramen noodles (40% ~) high water ramen In this article we made an attempt of compiling a comprehensive typology of Ramen varieties according to their ingredients, shape and level of hydration. We did not delve into a detailed explanation of many particular aspects pertaining to each category and type, leaving this task out to subsequent articles where we plan to touch on those matters in depth. Stay tuned for further installments of our Noodle blog. We will surely not run out of relevant topics to cover in any near future, for Ramen is a universe in a bowl – vast and ever expanding. Share this Teacher Ikeda Being an experienced culinary instructor of Chinese cuisine, he naturally took to the methods of ramen making. His expertise on noodles, soups, toppings, and other aspects of menu development help students learn quickly.
There is a physical and mental response to a ‘stressor’ and this is a natural reaction that has, through evolution helped us to avoid and escape from sabre tooth tigers. However, there are not many of those roaming around at the moment. When you feel anxious for a chain of automatic event occur in our bodies, which prepares us for action. This reaction is often referred to as ‘Flight or Fight’ and can be tracked back to our evolutionary past. Imagine the primitive caveman threatened by a wild animal. You need to be prepared for vigorous action either run or fight . We still possess that survival reaction, although it is now triggered by more subtle situations, some of which are not even consciously aware of. The reaction itself consists of the brain sending a messages to pump adrenaline into the bloodstream and into the large muscles of the arms and legs. The heart beats faster as it is working harder, we need more fuel so we breed more oxygen to cool the body down. Sweat and blood capillaries come to the surface. The body ideally need to be light as possible so they visit the toilet may be necessary. When this chain of events occur in a normal situation, for example we are pushing the trolley around the supermarket, it can be very frightening. The important thing to remember is that the physical symptoms are natural and not harmful, they are merely appearing in an appropriate situation. Anxiety is often referred to as if it is a single phenomenon, but it is not the case. There are three parts for the feelings of anxiety; 1. Bodily sensations: These have already been mentioned and they include irregular breathing, churning stomach, sweating, trembling, racing heart and a need to visit to the toilet. 2. Behaviour: This means the way to behave, that is what you do when you are faced the situation you fear. Especially important is the behaviour of avoiding situations that is not going into the space, place or moment that you fear, or just getting out as quickly as possible. 3. Thinking: this includes your ideas and beliefs, your mental comments, or your mental pictures about what might happen in the situation you fear. Looking at the parts separately, and learning new skills in the area and all important ways to look at and deliver lasting anxiety management. Tension and anxiety are common problems. About one tenth of the population every year will see their doctor because they feel tense and anxious. In the past doctors prescribed drugs for such problems, but over the last few years’ research has shown that there are more effective ways of treating anxiety. New approaches involve teaching people how to cope with stress and anxiety, and these methods are similar to learning a new skill such as riding a bicycle or learning to play the piano. These approaches can help a variety of people whose problems on the surface may take a different form, but who underneath suffer the same unpleasant feelings. Examples include the housebound person who is terrified of going out; the person who is afraid of spiders, lifts, aeroplanes, or small spaces (these problems are called phobias); the person who experiences panic attacks; the person who obsessively checks things such as all the electrical appliance or compulsively washes their hands. Lastly, there may be people who feel generally anxious and who cannot tie their feelings down to anything specific. It is important always to remember that Anxiety is a normal healthy reaction. It happens to everyone at times of danger or in worrying situations. When you are anxious your bodily system speeds up. In certain circumstances this can be a definite advantage. It means that you are ready for action and enables you to respond quickly if necessary. Moderate amounts of anxiety have always been understood to actually improve your performance, spurring you on to greater achievements. However, when there is too much anxiety there is a change in performance and it is important to try and ride the peak. The graph above demonstrates this point. As the graph shows, when anxiety was low or high the people did not perform well, but when their anxiety was moderate they did best. Anxiety becomes a problem when it interferes with our performance or our everyday lives. This is when it becomes necessary to learn how to control it. Remember that anxiety is a normal healthy reaction. You cannot banish it completely from your life but you can learn to manage it. There is usually a combination of causes. Two of the important ones are: 1. The amount of stress you are under: You may have a single major problem, or more likely a number of small problems which when combined all add up to a perceived large amount of stress. Stress can be a measure, to some extent, of the amount of changes that have taking place in your life recently. Being physically tired, run down and having many changes or traumas makes you feel more vulnerable to anxiety and one of the techniques to combat stress is to objectively look at your stress and try and establish what is ‘going on’. 2. The kind of person you are: Some people have a more sensitive emotional nervous system. Their bodies arousal response might be triggered more quickly and take a longer time to calm down. Some people have learned from their parents in their early experiences how to get anxious and how to worry. Many people are just hyper sensitive, some would say emotionally intuitive and this can cause them to be more alert to situations that perhaps require an emotional response. This pressure can sometimes add to a sense of anxiety. Why does anxiety stay with you? What keeps it going? Basically, there seem to be two reasons: 1. Avoidance – Because of the way you behave to stress and anxiety. You may try to avoid the situations you fear. 2. Beliefs – Because of beliefs you have about the situation and its consequences and your think and ruminate on the causes of anxiety. “Lift phobic people” never go in a lift because they may believe it will fall to the bottom of the lift shaft. [Avoidance] “Agoraphobics” never go out because they may believe they will collapse and die of a heart attack [Beliefs]; some people avoid meeting others because they believe that in a disagreement [Avoidance], they will lose their temper and hit people, some people obsessively check the locks on the doors and windows over and over before going to bed because they are certain that burglars will break in. [Beliefs] These examples make clear two things: 1. There may be an exaggerated, irrational belief (and the person may realise that it is just that) about what will happen in the feared situation. 2. There is an avoidance of the feared situation, which, of course, allows the irrational belief to continue because it is never proved wrong. So, we have established what Anxiety is, how it comes about and what is can be useful for. What we will look at next is the process of Anxiety and how it can move from something quite innocuous to something more debilitating. However, here are some points to keep in the back of your mind: • Anxiety is NORMAL • Anxiety is a healthy response to danger of threat • Anxiety can increase and reduce many times during the day and throughout our lives • Anxiety does not Kill you. • Anxiety does not make you go mad • Anxiety does not make you lose control. Next time we will look at body/ mind connection and how thoughts play a big part in anxiety arousal. Author Jonathan More posts by Jonathan Leave a Reply
When to Start Popping Prenatals A pregnant woman is taking prenatal vitamins.It’s important to make healthy food choices during pregnancy, but you need to be sure you’re getting enough of the essential vitamins and minerals that your baby needs, such as folic acid, calcium with vitamin D and iron. So even before conception, you should start taking prenatal vitamins. In general, for women of reproductive age, it’s advisable to take a prenatal vitamin regularly. You might not even know you’re pregnant during your first month of pregnancy when the baby’s neural tube develops. (It becomes the brain and spinal cord, and folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects.) You should take prenatal vitamins during your whole pregnancy, but they only should be vitamin and mineral supplements recommended by your doctor. After your baby is born and if you’re breastfeeding, your doctor might even recommend that you continue taking prenatal vitamins. For some women, taking prenatal vitamins could cause nausea. It might be helpful to eat a snack before taking your prenatal vitamin or take it at night before you go to sleep. If you’re still experiencing queasiness, talk to your doctor about your options. Get more pregnancy resources and tips at BayCareMaternity.org or find an obstetrician near you.
Big Triassic reptiles discovery in Texas This video says about itself: Texas Tech University Scientists Discover Prehistoric Crocodile Species 28 Jan 2014 From Texas Tech University today: Paleontologists discover new Triassic swamp monster (w/ Video) 18 hours ago by John Davis There are a lot of gigantic reptiles in the Chinle Formation [Triassic, USA] and the hypothesis was that the large rauisuchians were the top of the land-based food chain, and phytosaurs were at the top of the aquatic food chain. If they stayed in separate environments, scientists had thought, then they never would have directly competed with one another for food. This hypothesis was based on observations of modern ecosystems with multiple large predators: competitors specialize. But these rauisuchain bones show the food chains were much more tangled than scientists expected: here. Triassic “three-eyed” reptile discovered in Texas: here. Finds of carnivores preying on one another are rare in the fossil record. Yet for two big Triassic reptiles, a case of predation has shown a great deal about how their rather carnivore-heavy ecosystem may have worked. The victim is a rauisuchian, a largely terrestrial carnivore while the attacker is a phytosaur, a reptile once thought to have been highly aquatic. Both animals are crocodile-like archosaurs or crurotarsans. Remains of the duel between the two creatures were scientifically described by Dr. Stephanie Drumheller from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, and Michelle R. Stocker and Sterling J. Nesbitt of Virginia Tech: here. 8 thoughts on “Big Triassic reptiles discovery in Texas 1. Pingback: Bush-crickets’ ultrasonic hearing abilities, new research \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 4. Pingback: Dinosaur age crocodile discovery \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 5. Pingback: Dinosaurs on stage \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 6. Pingback: South African Triassic carnivorous reptile Garjainia \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 7. Pingback: Triassic dinosaurs avoided the tropics \| Dear Kitty. Some blog 8. Pingback: Triassic dinosaurs, other animals \| Dear Kitty. Some blog Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Iron Python and Boo IronPython is an implementation of Python on the .NET CLR Visual Studio Template : Beyond the basics The Microsoft documentation in msdn is both complete and lacking. There is enough detail available to resolve most problems. However the examples are so poor that it can be hard to find out about why you would use them. For example: $year$ = this is expanded into the year. This is very useful for compyright headers. They are also incomplete. Templates in VS 2005 allow developers to easily replace or add to the items that are available when you select new item. Templates are zip files containing: • .vstemplate • one or more custom files. By customising these you can save a lot of cut-and-paste time and effort. This page of Template parameters is not complete. $safeitemrootname$ = This appears to be the name that the user enters into the dialog. If you combine this with multi-item templates as defined here. This allows you to use the supplied name as a root of a class. For example you could have a template that takes a name such as Entity.cs that creates the following files: • EntityModel.cs • IEntityModel.cs • IEntityView.cs • IEntityController.cs • EntityController.cs $fileinputname$ = This also work in the template $XmlConvert_itemname$ = what does this do? I think this is a wizard populated item. It appears that the WizardExtension appears to work in item templates too despite the documentation. I will investigate this and will post about it. Reimplementation Technique Now that the IT industry is relatively mature there are very few new products. In my experience a majority of projects consist of a reimplementation of an existing product making a major change. These can include: • Changing the supported operating system. • Changing the backend database (ISAM to SQL) • Change of programming language • Design of the system (Client Server to Distributed Alongside this the new version of the product must have exactly the same behaviour as the old system. The old system is likely to be undocumented (or if documented the documentation will be out of date). It is highly likely that people who wrote it are no longer with the company (or have been prompoted to management). The Reimplementation Technique consists of using the old system to create the unit test suite for the new system. This provides the means of ensuring that the new system functions in exactly the same way as the old system. The end result is a set of unit tests that provide a good basis for future development. These tests form good documentation for what the code actually does. Any of the xUnit test suites could be used. I use dunit here since I am familiar with it (and it is less painful to get into html). The test suite on the new system should take no more than ten mins to run otherwise you will find that it is not used. the test suite may take longer to run against the old system as that is onlu used occasionaly to validate that the tests work on the old system. In the example that follows I assume that we are only trying to replace the design plus the database. Similar techniques (using say code generation) would work across languages. A few notes on using DUnit: A test suite in DUnit looks like the following: TMyTest = class(TTestCase) procedure setup; override; procedure teardown; override; procedure Test_A; procedure Test_B; Dunit treats each published method as a seperate test. Setup is called before each test. Teardown is called afterwards. The literature surrounding xUnit suggests that you should ensure that any state changes (i.e. database entries) are removed in the teardown. I find that clearing up in the setup is neater. It makes these tests easier to check manually. Also these “side effects” are great for manual user interface tests. UI testing is difficult in xUnit. However if you can get the system in exactly the state you need (i.e. one item suffering the problem you wish to debug your life becomes much easier). Here is a simple example. The application being ported has a telephone list for staff. An update file is read in. It is a CSV file consisting of dept, name and number. The file should replace the contents of the database table with the new list. The first thing to write is a generator class that will parametrically create our test data. The tests themselves call helper methods. Actions do real world things: • Create the input file • Read the input file Enquiries count real world things Count telephone entries Count errors Count people with name like () Typically these classes are contructed by a factory that returns the appropriate class depending upon a compiler directive. A simple test could look like: procedure TMyTest.TestDownload; CheckEquals(0, CountAll(), ‘Step 1’); CheckEquals(0, CountAll(), ‘Step 2’); CheckEquals(3, CountAll(), ‘Step 3’); CheckEquals(0, Errors(), ‘Step 4’); The general principle is to write the tests around business operations, not around the actual implementation. This makes the tests far more resistant to changes in implementation. By keeping the actual tests abstract portability becomes much easier. In one implementation a count could open a file and count the lines, in another a SQL statement does the job. Jumping languages would use similar techniques. The tests themselves would need to be ported, but since most morden languages are so similar this should not be too much of a job. Generics Best Practice This is the Microsoft listed best practice for generics. I agree with the following post. Here Richard Birkby recommends subclassing generics before using them. His argument is that this make it easier to extend (which is a good idea) but I would also recommend subclassing to reduce the repetitive nature of the code: For example: public class foo public List<int> Bar get {return _Bar;} private List<int> _Bar; Would be more cleanly written as: public class IntList : List<int> {} public class foo public IntList Bar get {return _Bar;} private IntList _Bar; Late Binding in C# The following is an example of late binding: Type objClassType; object objApp_Late; objClassType = Type.GetTypeFromProgID(“VisualStudio.DTE.8.0”); objApp_Late = Activator.CreateInstance(objClassType); Exploring Visual Studio 2005 Visual Studio is a combine harvester of an IDE. It performs so mant functions that it is easy to get lost. I started sting to write an extension to VS.NET to allow me to use the command-line from within VS. I was trying to use the VSIP to add a managed window. Partway through the listed steps it asked me to look at the View \| Other Windows menu. I could not find the window that I had defined but I did find the follwing: • Call Browser • Command Window • Object Test Bench The call browser could be worth future investigation. Object Test Bench allows objects to be created from the IDE. This could be great for ad-hoc testing. (Although I typically used the TestDriven.NET which allows the test this method or test with debugger). The Command Window looks much more useful. It contains a wonderful set of commands and is user-extensible. I can see this becoming really useful. Here is the list of available commands. Technology Convergence It is a good sign when different teams are attempting to solve the same problem. The Castle Project has its new Generator contrib project. This is an easy to use extensible code template system written in BOO with style templates. BOO is a hybrid of Python and C# with some ideas from the Ruby world. Microsoft has the Guidance Toolkit. This allows the Visual Studio IDE to expanded with macros and recepies. Both of these approaches are attempts to implement Software Factories, allowing developers to raise the abstraction and reuse. This can only be a good thing. Hopefully one or both will survive.
medical billing How does medical billing system work? Medical billing is the process through which the healthcare providers get the reimbursement of the services they have provided. The billers act as a connection between the healthcare provider, payers, and patients. Without medical billers, healthcare professionals could not get the reimbursement of the services they provide. Nowadays EMR software has made medical billing much easier. Since medical billing is a complicated and long procedure. EMR software helps in electronic bills generation easily and rapidly. In this article, we are going to talk about how does medical billing system work. Basically, there are eight steps of medical billing. Those steps are: Steps of medical billing 1. Booking of the appointment 2. Financial status evaluation 3. Check-in and check out 4. Checking of superbill 5. Transfer of claims 6. Adjudication 7. Patient statement generation 8. Record keeping The above-mentioned steps of medical billing can be better explained as: 1. Booking of appointment The patient would book the appointment either online or on phone with a healthcare provider. If they have previously visited the doctor, they do not need to provide any information other than the medical record number. Otherwise, if they are a new client, they have to give complete personal details and insurance details for booking an appointment. They would not need to give their details again and again. Instead, it would be saved on the EMR software. 2. Financial status evaluation The financial status evaluation involves ruling out who will pay for the bill. The biller should rule out either the patient can avail of the service reimbursement or not. Medical billing perks vary according to different insurance companies and different packages. Like some packages do not involve the medicines or lab tests reimbursement. While some offer a whole reimbursement package. This strongly depends upon what kind of package you have opted for. If the availed services are out of the insurance package coverage, Then, in this case, the patient would pay it from his own pocket. The biller must inform the customer that they would have to pay it on their own. 3. Check-in and check out When the patient arrives at the doctor’s office, they have to fill a form and give their complete details upon the first visit. Moreover, when they check out, they will have to fill the form on which the doctor has written their orders, upon the first visit. They would not need to fill the forms on the next visits, because their information would be saved already. Also, they would require to show any identification document like a national identity card or a driving license along with a valid insurance card. Furthermore, they will have to pay a copayment at the time of the doctor’s visit or at the covered pharmacy medication. Co-payment is a small amount of money that you have to pay at the time of the visit. Then your insurance company would pay the remaining 100% money to the healthcare provider. When the patient checks out from the hospital, their report is sent to a medical coder. Where the medical coder turns it into a superbill. The superbill is a document that contains the detail about the patient, name of the physician, the procedure performed, diagnosis, history, and other medical information. Since this document contains the whole information, it helps in getting the claim. Moreover, the superbill is transferred to the medical biller. 4. Checking of superbill The fourth step of billing management includes the rechecking of the superbill. The medical biller transfers the superbill to the medical coder after transforming it into a paper claim form or through a billing management system. Medical billers would also include the cost of the procedures in the claim. After the creation of the medical claim, the biller is responsible for the authenticity of the prepared claim. He or she would make sure that the medical billing is done in a perfect and transparent way. The medical coder is responsible for the efficient coding process. But the biller does cross-check to make sure that billable procedures are included in the bill. It totally depends on the patient’s insurance plan and insurance company about either the procedure is billable or not. This is because every plan has a different cost and different coverage. So the coverage of the procedures varies according to the type of plan you choose. 5. Transfer of the claims The claims are then transferred to the payer. This can be done either manually or electronically. But the manual transfer of claims has many drawbacks. Someone has to go in person to send the records. Also, it is time taking and not enough efficient. Electronic transfer of claims can be done in minutes and saves time for overall medical billing. 6. Adjudication The sixth and one of the crucial steps of medical billing is adjudication. After making the claims, they are reached to the insurance companies or the payer. Overt there, the payer evaluate the claims and check either the claims are billable or not. This process of rechecking the claims is known as adjudication. At the stage of adjudication, the claim can be either accepted, rejected, or denied. The accepted claim means that the claim made is billable. The insurance companies bill them according to the rules and regulations of the contract. The rejected claim means that the claim made is not billable. Or there is any information missing or any unbillable procedure is added. In this case, the payer sends it back to the provider. Healthcare providers can reclaim the bill by correcting it and sending back to the insurance company. The third type of medical billing claim is a denied claim. This means that the payer would not pay for the bill. This happens because there is any procedure or service that has not to be paid by the insurance company. Since the health service coverage strongly depends upon the type of package you have chosen from the insurance company. After the adjudication is done, the payer sends a complete report to the biller, along with the amount of payment and the reason of doing that. The biller would review all the procedures and make sure that everything is done correctly. 7. Patient statement generation Furthermore, the payer sends the complete report to the biller. Then they generate a patient statement. This includes a complete record of all the covered procedures and services. After that, the patient gets the remaining amount from the payer, when the insurance company agrees to pay the provider. 8. Record keeping In the last and final step of medical billing, the biller keeps the complete record of the patient’s bill. They also make sure that the payment is done in a good manner. Biller is responsible to get the reimbursement done for the healthcare providers. Medical billing is a long and bit complicated procedure. However, if EMR software is used to make the bills, medical billing can be made a bit easier. InstaCare is providing a low cost, reliable, and efficient EMR software that would make your bills generation easy and quick. For more information, please contact InstaCare.
We because of nonconductive fixed collector and overcoming the We have introduced a new method to produce spiral shapes at micro and nanoscale by changing effective parameters on the electrospinning. Microneedle is used to make thin and bead free nanofibers. The better nanofibers and Taylor cone are achieved by small inner and outer radius of the microneedle hole and tall length of the microneedle that these results are got by COMSOL simulation based on enhancement of the electric field on the microneedle surface. The inner and outer radius of the microneedle and the length of the microneedle are chosen 20, 50 and 100µm, respectively based on simulation results by considering the limitation of the microneedle fabrication and distance between each one is ??µm. the microfabricated microneedle array is fabricated using the combination of dry and wet etching of silicon wafer. The experimental setup is applied to adjust the solution flow rate, voltage and distance between the microneedle array and the collector. The distance and applied voltage are decreased to have a controlled nanofiber. The spiral templates at the micro and nanoscale of single nanofiber from PVP solution with the concentration of 20Wt% are formed because of nonconductive fixed collector and overcoming the elastic force and expulsion force of charges on nanofibers. a thinner spiral shape nanofiber is obtained by microneedle in comparison of insulin syringe under same conditions. The spiral shape of single nanofiber is lost by enhancing the voltage at the fixed distance. Sinuate shapes of nanofiber is generated by moving the collector and speed of motion is effected on the dispensation region. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now In the electrospinning, the nanofibers were bent and split until getting to the collector. So, coils of fibers were generated. We can use microneedle with 20µm hole radius that was applied instead of insulin syringe to create a small droplet. the best characteristics of microneedle were examined in order to achieve the best results by the simulation. So, microneedle array was fabricated based on these specifications. Then the microneedle array was used for producing special shapes by electrospinning. The polymer solution was conducted with 0/1ml/hr flow rate toward microneedle tip. There were two sections up to arrive at the collector for the nanofibers. The first part was related to the straight liquid jet with micrometer diameter and the second one had whirling thinner nanofibers. The first section was happened at the smaller distance and it was suitable for deposition of the controlled single nanofiber. Shortening voltage and the distance between microneedle and collector was made the ordered single nanofiber instead of buckling nanofibers based on near filed electrospinning (NFES) method. Unlike the NFES method, the microneedle array was used instead of the probe for electrospinning. So, the thinner fiber without beads in the low distance was resulted by the microneedle because of the little droplet on the small outer radius of microneedle. Therefore the single thin regular nanofiber was achieved. The single nanofiber can be electrospun from PVP solution with the concentration of 20Wt%, the voltage of 1/5?2 kV, the distance between microneedle tip and lam glass of 2mm and solution flow rate of 0/1 mL/hr. Microneedle array and lam glass were mounted on the aluminum sheet as the positive voltage and copper sheet as the negative pole ,respectively. Voltage was applied between aluminum sheet and copper sheet to electrospun nanofibers. Taylor cone was formed when the voltage was overcome the surface tension and viscous force. The base of Taylor cone was related to the microneedle hole radius. Therefore diameter, required force for the formation of Taylor cone, softness and uniformity of nanofibers were changed by using microneedle. thus the growth of the voltage was caused the reduction of the stretch time. speed of jet was grown by elevating the voltage between microneedle and collector. Voltage and distance between microneedle array and collector were the effective parameters on the electric field, diameter and shape of the nanofibers. Diameter and deviation of fibers were impressed by the electric field. So, change in diameter and produced shapes were observed by varying voltage at a fixed distance and the inner and outer radius of the microneedle. as the hole radius of microneedle was decreased, the acceleration of jet and average fiber diameter were decreased and the surface tension was increased. When Surface tension was mounted, more time was required for stretching the polymer solution. So, min voltage for drawing polymer solution was enhanced by the microneedle in comparision of the insulin syringe. The electrical field was altered after putting the lam glass on the copper sheet as the collector because of it?s insulation therefore the behavior of electrospinning was the same as abnormal ground on this collector. distance between nanofibers on the isolator collector was more than the conductive collector. Expulsion force of charges and elongation of surface tension were effected on the electrospinning process and the created patterns by nanofibers. the width of the distribution area was raised because of the expulsion force of charges on nanofibers and the elastic force. So, nanofibers didn?t want to compress together. If the collector wasn?t conductive, charges couldn?t deliver rapidly and the expulsion force overcome the other forces thus The nanofibers were collected on the collector with spirality pattern. Also, charged nanofibers were dragged more because of the repulsion force on the dielectric collector. So, the diameter of nanofibers was diminished on the lam glass. Spiral shape single nanofiber was formed when nanofibers were placed away from nanofibers spread on lam glass because of the insulation collector. the first point of this pattern was the junction between microneedle tip axis and lam glass substrate and then the continuous single nanofiber was moved environment the initial point with the shape of spirality which was made with the slow speed. The area between close nanofibers along the spirality pattern almost was ???? µm.// Nanofibers are expanded on the wider surface on the lam glass based on SEM pictures of…. Different shape and diameter of nanofibers are shown in figure14 by raising voltage discontinuously at the fixed distance of 2mm. As the voltage was enhanced, the instability of nanofibers was lifted. Min voltage was achieved 1/5kv from the microneedle to have Taylor cone at the fixed distance of 2mm. The spiral shape of nanofibers by two close microneedles is exhibited in figure15. The different shapes and distribution area were made by moving the substrate. When collector moved slowly, nanofibers were laid on the collector into wave-shape in direction of moving. The speed of the collector was adjusted to create different shape and diameter of nanofibers. If the velocity of the collector was enhanced, the distribution area was decreased. The moving collector was caused that the spirality pattern wasn?t produced And waved nanofiber was specified in the direction of transfering. As the speed of collector increases the area distribution decreases. According to the SEM pictures, the nanofiber width on the collector is in the range of ?????????nm, that electrospun from 20Wt% PVP under voltage of ??? v as shown in figure??. In this study, microneedle array was examined. figure13 shows the microneedle array experiment setup. It was combined of a lam glass that mounted on a copper sheet as a collector, a 0/5ml plastic syringe, a microneedle array (microneedle with inner diameter 45µm and outer diameter 105µm), a stepper motor, a micrometer head, a distance controller and a voltage generator. The whole setup was placed perpendicular to the collector. Microneedle array was deposited by gold. Aluminum sheet as an electrode to be connected to the voltage generator was attached to the microneedle array. A lam glass mounted on the copper plane was used to collect fibers. Aluminum sheet was straddled on a insulin syringe as a polymer solution source. the polymer solution was forced by micrometer head which was attached to the stepper motor. The flow rate was controlled by stepper motor rotation. Applied force was caused the formation of drops of the polymer solution at the microneedles tip. Taylor cone was formed by applying a voltage to the Aluminum sheet and the copper surface. A jet of polymer solution toward collector was made by overcoming the electric field over the surface tension of the solution. At last, fiber samples were deposited with gold to decrease the charging effect. The gathered fibers were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope(???). The distance between microneedle array and collector and applied voltage were the important parameters affecting on electric field, uniformity and diameter of fibers. So, these factors were examined to show their effects on the fibers. Experimental setup: (PVP) (MW=1,300,000, Merck) solution was provided by dissolving PVP powder in methanol to prepare a solution with a 20 Wt% concentration pursued by stirring for 5 min at about 30?. Since this solution was passed through the microneedles, it?s concentration should be sufficient. The good concentration was occurred when the microneedles weren?t clogged and electrospinning was happened. Preparation of An innovative manner related to the electrospinning was followed by microneedle that different patterns such as spiral templates at micro and nanoscale were made with low distance and the applied voltage by changing effective parameters on electrospinning for various usages like cell patterning. A concentration of 20Wt % solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was got as optimum concentration, so this concentration was conducted to make nanofibers. Results and discussion In this study, Hollow microneedles were fabricated using the combination of Wet Etching and Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) of the silicon <100> oriented, 510µm thick silicon wafer. the Fabrication process of microneedle array is shown in figure10. A solution of (NH4OH: H2O2: H2O 1:1:5) at 75? temperature for 10 minutes was acted for cleaning of silicon wafers. Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) was applied to deposit a silicon nitride layer on to both sides of silicon with a thickness of 225nm to protect silicon against Wet Etching. Chromium was deposited on to the both sides of wafer to a thickness of 160nm by electron beam evaporation system to keep silicon nitride against Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) and Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE). then it was lithographically patterned (using Shipley photoresist) to get a 4×4 array of squares each gaging with 658µm in width, where the center to center spacing between squares in each row and column was 1/5mm. The photoresist was spin coated onto the other side of the wafer to protect chromium. Next, the exposed chromium layer and silicon nitride were removed by etchant chromium and Reactive Ion Etching respectively. The acetone was used to remove photoresist. Pyramid shaped was fabricated to the wafer using KOH (30Wt%) heated to 80?. 54/7?tapered walls were built using wet etching along crystal plane. When depth removal was achieved 470µm, the wet etching process was stopped. SEM images after Wet etch are shown in figure11. The photoresist was spin coated onto the other side of the wafer. A second mask was aligned with silicon membrane to expose the photoresist to UV light in the same 4×4 array of microneedles each measuring 45µm and 60µm in inner diameter and wall thickness, respectively and center to center spacing was 1/5mm. the photoresist was developed with KOH(??). The spacing between neighbor microneedles must be enough and didn?t effect together. The height of microneedles ??. when exposed chromium layer was removed, silicon nitride and silicon were etched directly by Deep Reactive Ion Etching until silicon membrane was disappeared. So, hollow microneedles with good surfaces are found out as shown in figure12. Microneedle Fabrication displays the electric field along the z-axis in the central line for the four systems with various microneedle hole radius, outer radius and length that set as 10, 20, 30 and 40µm for microneedle hole radius and 50,100,150 and 200µm for microneedle outer radius and 25, 50, 75 and 100µm for microneedle length. it showed that with the increase distance from microneedle, the field intensity decreased slowly except for the position beside the microneedle apex. At the end fixed and low electric field was received on the collector. It was clear that the microneedle with the smaller hole and outer radius and larger length made the larger electric field in the region close the microneedle and displayed a better Taylor cone in the spinning path. Also, It caused the long jet direction and thinner nanofibers. So it was better to use microneedle with the lower hole and outer radius and bigger length. According to the limitations of the fabrication process, a microneedle with 20µm hole radius, 50µm outer radius and 100µm length was used. From the simulation results are shown in figure8(a), we can observe that the microneedle with smaller outer radius makes a stronger electric field strength along the microneedle surface at the different microneedle outer radius. So, Taylor cone and nanofibers were improved and this result proved the outcome of figure7(b). So, effective parameters such as voltage, the distance between microneedle and collector, length of the microneedle and inner hole and outer radius of the microneedle effected on the electric field and electric potential. At the end, the suitable conditions for fabricating microneedle was followed to achieve the best results. Electric field and electric potential simulation for design microneedle: The electric potential (V) was applied to an aluminum sheet that microneedle array was mounted on it. The surface that microneedle was extruded from it and microneedle tip were coated with a 30nm gold layer. Potential of zero was put on the copper sheet that the lam glass plate as the fiber collector was straddled on the copper surface. the relationship between electric field and electric voltage with altering distance between microneedle surface to horizontal line graph with z=250, 500, 750 and 1000µm (on the collector) are shown in figure4. As the distance microneedle to detachment horizontal line increases, the electric potential decreases As shown in figure5(a). it was indicated that max and min electric potential related to the microneedle tip and collector, respectively. Taylor cone was made due to the variation of electric potential. As a result, nanofibers was been formed. analyze of the electric field is done at different horizontal line z=0, 100, 300, 500, 700, 900 and 1000µm in the XY plane as shown in figure5(b). the max electric field was at the edges of the microneedle and collector and the min amount was at the hole of microneedle along z=0. Microneedle with edge was caused the max field intensity around it. So polymer solution was stretched because of concentrate charges. As the distance microneedle to horizontal line enhances the electric field decreases slowly as long as it reaches to the collector with constant and low electric field. Extension of the field was happened by increasing the distance from the microneedle surface. So distance caused different field strength. Also vertical lines with y=-500, 0, 500µm in the YZ plane is displayed various electric potential along increase distance from microneedle upto collector as shown in figure6(a). the equal distribution of electric potential on the microneedle was caused the fine nanofibers.()(). E= -?V (1) The 3D electric field and electric potential of the electrospinning system was examined using the finite element method (FEM).The display of the electric field on Arrow and the electric potential on contour were exhibited in figure1(b). So the distribution of electric field was mentioned upgrade and electrospinning will be done with the best results. The figure2 shows the distribution of the electric potential on surface.The electric potential on surface at the microneedle tip with height is displayed in interpolation of figure3(b) that a concentrated point of voltage is observed. Max electric potential at microneedle surface is placed on the microneedle because of microneedle?s length as shown in figure3(b).The center region of the collector has smaller field intensity contrasted to the corners of the collector as shown in figure3(a). The electric potential at the collector surface with height in the microneedle system exhibits in the interpolation of figure3(a). The electric field (E) was computed by the gradient of electric potential (V), as shown in equation 1. The system was simulated using Comsol ® Ver 5.2 add-on AC/DC module under Windows 10 operating system that microneedle electrospinning system was modeled for forming of spiral shape single nanofiber and a spherical- shaped air environment was been modeled. At first, the physical geometries of the setup, such as microneedle, collector and the electrode were determined based on their experimental dimensions, positions and substance properties. The configuration of a microneedle spinneret was shown in figure1(a). The processing parameters were summarized in table 1. Electric field and electric potential simulation: Electrospinning is a beneficial process to fabricate nanofibers of which the diameter ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers from polymer solutions at circumstance temperature and atmospheric pressure1. nanofibers have great characteristics such as smaller diameter, high surface-to-volume ratio and long length that use in various industrial and scientific fields2Such as filtration membranes 3, optical tools 4, bio-scaffolds 5 and MEMS device 6. conventional electrospinning process acts at high voltages above the tens of kilo-volts and provides randomly coiled fibers because of the turning instability of fiber jet 7. many parameters such as polymer concentration, solution viscosity and conductivity, the applied voltage, needle to collector distance, solution flow rate, needle diameter and temperature and humidity of environment 2 effect on the electrospinning process. The smaller diameter of fibers is created by the minor diameter capillaries 8. Also, a lesser needle diameter is conduced to have the bead free fibers and the beads are produced due to instability of the jet initiation 9. So needle with the small diameter is beneficial to electrospun nanofibers. Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been applied to many types of research. Microneedle array has been fabricated by using this technology. Microneedles have found some applications in cancer treatment 10, transfer of DNA solution to the core 11, blood extraction 12, three-dimensional measurement 13 and stimulate the nervous signals 14. Electrospinning process is done by micromachining spinneret to form the nanofibers 15. different methods are applied to fabricate hollow needles such as the combination of deep etching of silicon substrates and rotating small angle deposition 16. the width of deposite nanofibers distribution area is changed by varying the collector material and this area of the silicon surface is smaller than that on SiO2 surface 17. Near field electrospinning (NFES) has been used to achieve a nanofiber instead of randomly nanofibers by decreasing spinneret to collector distance in electrospinning 18. spiral patterns are detected widely in nature and art. Benefits of this type of shape such as microarrays with spiral channels for numerous hybridization rates 19, spiral molds to specify the action of polymers injected on fabrics 20, spiral-like electrodes for energy harvesting 21 and spiral turning capabilities in soft robots 22 have been caused to try to have this kind of shape. There is a new method of electrospinning that it is known as micro-pyro-electrospinning(µ-PES) to have fibers into spiral patterns which have various applications, containing cell patterning. µ-PES offers a mask free and single step process without waste time and expensive lithography methods or direct printing to build spiral types for the first time 23. In this study, we show a new method by using microneedle, collector material and electrospinning by decreasing microneedle to collector distance and voltage to have a microscale spiral shape controlled nanofiber. Also, the haracteristics of microneedle are examined to have thin and free bead nanofibers. c In this study a new manner present to construct micro and nanoscale spiral shape nanofiber. Multiple conditions were observed to achieve this type of nanofiber by electrospinning. Microneedle is assisted instead of needle to reduce the diameter of nanofibers which electrospun from PVP polymer solution with a concentration level of 20Wt%. The best specifications of microneedle are defined by simulation to have fine and free bead nanofibers. The microneedle array are fabricated by utilization of MEMS technology and combination of Wet and Dry Etching. Single nanofiber is obtained by small distance and the applied voltage between microneedle and collector by electrospinning. The nonconductive collector is caused the formation of spiral figure type of single nanofiber because of overcoming the elastic force of nanofibers and expulsion force of charged nanofibers. Finally, the effects of the applied voltage and spinneret characteristics have been examined on the nanofibers
Help is Out There Wash away the uncertainties of emergency eyewash/shower requirements No one can predict when a chemical splash will occur. But we can plan for the possibility, put in place preventive and protective measures, and prepare for a quick emergency response. To combat the risk of chemical splashes and other exposures to hazardous substances, various hazard controls can be used. However, despite our best designs, sometimes employees need to work near hazardous substances, putting them at risk of being exposed. In theses situations, personal protective equipment is issued. However, if the protection supplied by PPE is breached, employees need to be able to remove the contaminant as quickly as possible. This is when the need for emergency eyewash and shower equipment becomes crucial. There are a lot of questions regarding where emergency eyewash/shower equipment is needed. It is little help that OSHA's requirements are limited and quite vague. Basic Requirements OSHA specifi cally requires emergency eyewash/ shower stations in a number of regulations, such as those for dipping and coating operations; medical services and first aid; pulp, paper, and paperboard mills; formaldehyde; and carcinogens. Unfortunately, there are no clear lists saying: Here you need them and here you don't. As a result, a thorough hazard assessment is necessary to determine whether eyewashes and/or showers are needed. The general OSHA requirement for emergency eyewashes and showers is found at 29 CFR 1910.151(c). In this standard, OSHA specifies that "where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use." As the standard states, an eyewash and/or safety shower would be required where an employee's eyes or body could be exposed to injurious corrosive materials. OSHA has said the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be consulted when determining the need for emergency eyewash/shower equipment. OSHA expects the employer to determine the level of potential risk and provide protection accordingly. Beyond requiring the equipment, OSHA does not provide a great deal of detail on eyewashes/ showers. However, where the regulations are silent, OSHA has referred us to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard Z358.1 Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment for specific requirements. While not having the force of a regulation under the OSH Act, the current ANSI standard (ANSI Z358.1-2004) requires eyewash and shower equipment in appropriate situations when employees are exposed to hazardous materials. The ANSI standard's definition of "hazardous material" would include caustics, as well as additional substances and compounds that have the capability of producing adverse effects on human health and safety. Location, Location, Location The first seconds after an exposure are critical. The location of eyewash equipment is important because eyes can be damaged very quickly. In 2008, federal OSHA issued 774 violations, with adjusted penalties totaling more than $300,000, for emergency eyewash/shower facilities not being in near proximity to employees. Eyewashes should be located as close as possible to the hazard. The more hazardous the material, the closer the unit should be. The ANSI standard suggests that an eyewash and shower be no farther than a 10-second travel time from the hazard. For strong acids or caustics, the eyewash unit should be immediately adjacent to the hazard. In a supplementary Appendix to the ANSI standard, it is noted the average person covers a distance of approximately 55 feet in 10 seconds when walking at a normal pace. The physical and emotional state of the victim should be considered along with the likelihood of personnel in the immediate area to assist, according to ANSI Z358.1. Bear in mind that a person in need of an eyewash will likely be temporarily blind. How quickly does a person move when he or she can't see? Personal Eyewashes Installing a plumbed eyewash unit can be an expensive project, and it's easy to see why you might explore less-expensive alternatives. However, you need to do your research to make sure the equipment meets the ANSI standard's fl ushing requirements. Eyewashes should supply 0.4 gallons per minute of water for at least 15 minutes. Many self-contained/portable eyewash stations have a capacity of only 5 to 10 gallons, for a maximum usefulness of fi ve minutes. Squeeze bottles and other personal eyewashes have even lower water capacities. Note that ANSI Z358.1 says personal wash units (such as bottles) do not meet the criteria of plumbed or self-contained eyewash equipment. Personal wash units can provide immediate fl ushing to support plumbed and selfcontained equipment but not replace them. Further, self-contained eyewash equipment that cannot provide the full 15 minutes of fl ushing is also considered supplementary. Tepid Water A continuous flow of clean, tepid water is important for providing effective fi rst aid treatment for an eye injury. What is tepid water? The water in emergency eyewash equipment should be no warmer than 100 degrees, as water at temperatures above 100 degrees has been proven harmful. Additionally, the water should be no colder than 60 degrees, according to Z358.1 recommendations. Eyewash Inspections You hope there will never be a need to use emergency equipment, but in the case that it's needed, you want to be sure it's in good working order and won't do more harm than good when used. According to the ANSI standard, all emergency eyewash equipment should be installed, inspected, and maintained according to the manufacturer's instructions. Regarding inspections, self-contained units should be visually checked weekly to determine whether the fluid needs to be changed or more should be added. Plumbed units should be tested weekly. Also, all eyewash equipment should be inspected to manufacturer specifi cations annually. Battery Charging/ Changing Areas It's frequently asked whether eyewashes are necessary in a forklift battery changing/ charging area. It is the employer's decision—based on a hazard assessment—what type of emergency equipment to provide in a battery changing/charging area. If employees do any service to a battery beyond routine charging, then an eyewash station is required. A risk of electrolyte exposure exists in battery servicing areas. Most OSHA Letters of Interpretation on eyewash stations refer to a "battery servicing area," which OSHA defines as an area where battery caps are removed and electrolyte added. In February 2002, an administrative law judge tossed out an OSHA citation in which OSHA wrote up a company for not having an eyewash station next to its forklift charging area. In that case, the company did not perform maintenance on the batteries, only plugging them in at night to charge them for the next day. The potential hazard of exposure to electrolyte did not exist in this instance. You are not required to have the eyewash station for an area where no maintenance is performed on batteries, for example, where you are charging only. But again, emergency eyewash units must be available when doing battery service beyond routine charging. It would still be considered a best practice to have an eyewash station in the charging area, and your liability insurance carrier may require you to have one there. OSHA addresses the issue of eyewash requirements in battery charging and maintenance areas in directive STD 1-8.2, and you may want to reference this document when determining whether you need to supply an eyewash and/or shower station. The Bottom Line OSHA expects you to determine the level of potential risk to employees and provide protection accordingly. What is appropriate in all instances is not clear, however. Completing hazard assessments and referencing MSDSs are two ways to determine the need for emergency eyewash and/or shower equipment. And when you aren't sure—ask! Give your local OSHA office or Consultation Service a call, explain the operations, and ask whether you are required to have an eyewash station or eyewash and shower station. OH&S Digital Edition • OHS Magazine Digital Edition - June 2020 June 2020 Recognizing and Mitigating Static Electricity Hazards • OIL & GAS New Gas Detection Technology Stop Sweating Heat Stress Electricity is Everywhere View This Issue
Catecholamines - Dr. Axe Hormones called catecholamines act as modulators of our stress response, also known as the “fight-or-flight response.” When they circulate through the body at higher levels, this can have effects including increasing heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, muscle strength and mental alertness. While these are essential hormones that play many important roles and allow us to function, abnormally high levels can point to an underlying health problem, possibly due to chronic stress. Doctors test levels of catecholamines in order to look for signs of certain rare tumors, as well as other problems, such as high blood pressure, headaches or enzyme deficiencies. What Are Catecholamines? Catecholamines are a group of hormones that include dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine (what used to be called adrenaline). Where are catecholamines produced? They are made by the adrenal glands, which are located at the top of the kidneys, and also the brain and nerve tissue. They are released into the blood when someone is under stress and can also be affected if you have certain health conditions, by your diet and by some medications. Here’s an overview of how catecholamines are synthesized: • The adrenal medulla (the inner part of an adrenal gland) is considered the most functionally significant area of catecholamine production in the body. • Tyrosine undergoes hydroxylation via tyrosine hydroxylase to form DOPA. DOPA is then turned into dopamine. • Dopamine can be secreted into the bloodstream or turned into norepinephrine via the process of hydroxylation. • Norepinephrine can also be secreted into the bloodstream or further modified to create epinephrine (adrenaline). • In order to maintain normal catecholamine levels, these hormones are usually broken down and then eliminated via the urine with help from the kidneys. Roles and Benefits What is the function of catecholamines? Research shows that catecholamines act both as neurotransmitters and hormones. They play a major role in helping maintain homeostasis through actions of the autonomic nervous system. What are the two types of catecholamines? Dopamine is chemically classified as a catecholamine, but dopamine acts somewhat differently than the other major catecholamines, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Most of our dopamine is produced in the brain, while most norepinephrine and epinephrine is produced in the adrenals. Catecholamines work by activating adrenergic receptors that are located throughout the body in smooth muscle and adipose (fat) tissue. Below are some of the roles and functions of catecholamines: • Activate the “fight or flight” response of the sympathetic nervous system. • Regulate blood pressure by contracting the smooth muscle in the vasculature. • Help control musculoskeletal actions, including contractility of cardiac muscle. • Help control relaxation/contraction of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and bronchioles. • Contract pupils in the eyes. • Modulate metabolism to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver. • Help control glucagon secretion and insulin secretion from the pancreas and lipolysis in adipose tissue. • Inhibit release of mediators from mast cells. In terms of keeping us healthy, what are catecholamines beneficial for? They help us respond to stress, which comes in many forms. “Stress” describes both physical and emotional stressors, some of which are considered “bad stressors.” Others are called “good stressors” (or eustress). Catecholamines are also needed to keep us mentally alert, for motivation, and to control metabolism and moods. High vs. Normal Levels What causes catecholamines to be high? Levels in the blood (or serum concentration) are mostly determined by someone’s level of stress, underlying health conditions, diet and exercise, and if he or she uses medications. Even the temperature outside, someone’s position and blood sugar level/the last time someone ate can impact levels. Levels of the amino acid called tyrosine also affect catecholamine production, as explained above. Catecholamines are sometimes referred to as “stress chemicals” because levels are higher when someone experiences lots of stress. Abnormal levels (too high or low) may be caused by health conditions such as: • Acute/short-term anxiety • Chronic/severe stress • Illnesses/trauma, such as injuries, whole body burns or infections • Surgery • Development of a tumors, which can be cancerous or noncancerous. A rare type of tumor that may be the cause is called a pheochromocytoma. A type of cancer that affects the nervous system called neuroblastoma can also affect levels. • Baroreflex failure (a rare disorder involving blood pressure changes) • Certain enzyme deficiencies • Menkes syndrome (a disorder that affects copper levels in the body) • Use of blood pressure medications, MAOIS, certain antidepressants, caffeine and other drugs There are even some foods that can increase catecholamine levels, such as: • Coffee and tea (which contain caffeine) • Bananas • Chocolate/cocoa • Citrus fruits • Vanilla High catecholamines symptoms can include: • High blood pressure and rapid heartbeat • Excessive sweating • Severe headaches • Paleness • Weight loss • Anxiety symptoms To be considered “normal,” levels of catecholamine hormones in adults should fall within this range (check with your provider/laboratory since some tests use different ranges, including for children): • Dopamine: 65 to 400 micrograms (mcg)/40 to 400.0 mcg for those older than 4 • Epinephrine: 0.5 to 20 mcg/0.0 to 20.0 mcg for those younger than 16 • Metanephrine: 24 to 96 mcg (or 140 to 785 mcg) • Norepinephrine: 15 to 80 mcg/4 to 80.0 mcg for those younger than 10 • Normetanephrine: 75 to 375 mcg • Total urine catecholamines: 14 to 110 mcg • VMA: 2 to 7 milligrams (mg) Testing Levels A doctor might recommend a catecholamines test to determine if a patient’s symptoms are tied to high or low levels. Health conditions that are linked to abnormal levels include: • high blood pressure • severe headaches • fast heartbeat • sweating • tumors on the adrenal glands Screening tests can look for increased levels of urinary or plasma metanephrines, which result from the normal breakdown product of catecholamines. This type of test often involves measuring levels of hormones in the blood over a 24-hour period. Depending on the results, other tests might also be needed to confirm a diagnosis, such as a CT, MRI or PET imaging test to view the adrenals. Be sure to follow your doctor’s instructions carefully, since a number of factors can impact your test results. • What are catecholamines? They are hormones that are released in response to stress and that help us maintain homeostasis. • Examples of catecholamines include dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. • Their roles/function include acting as modulators of the stress response, also known as the fight-or-flight response. They work by increasing heart rate, breathing rate, muscle function, etc. • A catecholamine test can be used to determine why someone is experiencing symptoms such as high blood pressure, excessive sweating, headaches, fast heartbeats (palpitations) and tremors. • Potential reasons someone may have higher levels than normal can include acute or chronic stress, illnesses/trauma such as injuries, whole body burns or infections, surgery, use of blood pressure medications, or rarely due to a tumor. The post Catecholamines and Stress Response: What You Need to Know appeared first on Dr. Axe.
The Sodium Level Of Your Dog And Cat’s Blood = Na+ Ron Hines DVM PhD To see what normal blood and urine values are, go here To see how tests are grouped, go here Sodium is the most prevalent mineral in your cat or dog’s blood stream. When dry, sodium exists as common salt, but when dissolved in the blood, salt separates into its electrolyte halves, sodium (Na+ =cation) and chlorine (Cl- =anion). In that disassociated form, most of the sodium is found in the fluid portion of your dog or cat ‘s body. The next most common mineral is potassium. However most of your dog or cat’s potassium (K+ ) resides in the fluid within the cells of its tissues. A small portion resides in the blood. Blood sodium and blood potassium tend to fluctuate in tandem – when sodium is high potassium is usually low and vice versa. Read about your pet’s sodium to potassium ratio here Levels of sodium in your dog or cat ’s blood stream are controlled by a hormone produced in its adrenal glands called aldosterone. Aldosterone alerts its kidneys of the need to conserve and reabsorb sodium from the urine as it is produced, or (by its absence) let excess sodium leave the pet’s body through its urine. Sodium is important in keeping body fluids within your pet in their right location as well as in the proper action of its muscle and nerve cells. Reasons Why Your Dog Or Cat’s Blood Sodium Level Might Be Higher Than It Should Be (= hypernatremia): True hypernatremia (=high blood sodium) is relatively uncommon in dogs and cats. What is common is dehydration hypernatremia (pseudohypernatremia) that increases the amount of sodium because the smaller total volume of blood has become more concentrated. However, the total amount of body sodium in that situation has not changed. There are a lot of things that can cause dehydration. One is lack of available water. Another is over-exercise and panting. A third is heat stroke and a fourth is prolonged fever. Loss of large amounts of body fluids through large skin wounds or burns can also elevate your pet’s blood sodium in that way. True hypernatremia can be an effect of prolonged administration of high doses of corticosteroid medications (eg prednisone) or overactive adrenal glands that produce too much similar natural cortisol (Cushing’s disease/ hyperadrenocorticism). High blood sodium levels also occur in a rare form of diabetes (diabetes insipidus). It can also occur in some forms of kidney disease and an unusual form of adrenal gland disease (hyperaldosteronism). Among other rare causes would be pets forced to drink salty water or consume highly salted food, overuse of certain laxatives (eg lactulose, sorbitol) , or overly concentrated (hypertonic) intravenous fluids. Newborn puppies and kittens also have more difficulty controlling their blood sodium levels than more mature dogs and cats because their kidneys are not fully developed yet. (ref) Chronic, mild dehydration that could elevate your pet’s blood sodium is thought to be most common in cats consuming dry cat foods. The signs of dehydration, as in humans, can be nebulous (vague) and only significant over time [ref1 , ref2, ref3]. More severe dehydration can accompany any disease in which apathy or reduced mobility occurs. Reasons Why Your Dog Or Cat’s Blood Sodium Level Might Be Low (= hyponatremia) : The most common cause of low blood sodium (hyponatremia) in dogs and cats is prolonged vomiting and/or prolonged diarrhea. The second most common cause is Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) a disease of your pet’s adrenal glands. Hyponatremia can also occur in your pet when diabetes is not well controlled and the pet’s blood sugar levels remain higher than they should be. That is because high blood sugar levels can pull additional fluid out of cells ,increasing blood volume and diluting electrolytes like sodium. It does not necessarily occur because the pet’s kidneys attempt to counteract that effect. Congestive heart failure, or the diuretics (eg furosemide/Lasix®) often used to treat it, can also cause blood sodium levels to become low. Liver disease that depresses your pet’s blood albumen levels can also cause low blood sodium levels. Sodium can leave your pet’s blood stream and enter abnormal fluid accumulations that exist in your dog or cat. That can happen in FIP in cats, free fluid in the chest (chylothorax) pancreatitis and peritonitis. Levels can also fall temporarily after relieving urethral blockages in cats with FUS . Blood sodium levels can also be low in dogs and cats in end stage kidney failure and other health problems that cause a lower than normal blood pH (metabolic acidosis ). Fatty (lipemic) blood samples obtained too soon after a meal or in pets with other health issues (too much blood protein) can cause blood sodium levels to falsely appear low. Contrary to what veterinarians once believed, increasing your pet’s salt intake does not increase its thirst or water consumption. (ref1, ref2, email1) Complementary Tests: CBC /WBC and blood chemistry values, sodium/potassium ratio, ACTH stimulation test if your veterinarian suspects Addison’s disease. You are on the Vetspace animal health website
What textbooks can do, tablets can do better. This is evident in the newfound popularity tablets are gaining in classrooms. Without a doubt, these gadgets are making the learning process easier and more enjoyable. Here are the top reasons tablets should replace textbooks. 1. Tablets Are Economical Not to say that tablets come cheap. If anything, a tablet costs more than a textbook. But looking at the bigger picture, you will spend more on textbooks than tablets in the long run. First, tablets can hold many e-books at once. Consequently, you will save on warehousing costs. In addition, e-books are not prone to wear and tear. You can forget about replacing a book every time it wears out. What’s more, e-book subscriptions are more affordable than buying print textbooks. Unlike textbooks that require you to factor in transportation costs, an e-book purchase can be completed from anywhere in the world. Some publishing companies even allow free downloads. 2. Conserve the Environment We have to cut down trees to get printing paper for textbooks. Similarly, a lot of paper goes into writing notes, printing tests, as well as printing handouts and assignments. traditional textbooks But what happens after the paper has served its purpose? While some of it is stored or reused, most of the waste paper is thrown away and becomes a threat to the environment. Therefore, incorporating tablets into the education sector will protect the environment and maintain forests around the world. 3. Tablets Are Portable Doctors advise that backpacks should not exceed 15 percent of a child’s body weight. Even so, most kids carry textbooks that are far beyond this limit. This puts them off-balance and might result in fatal falls or back and neck strain. Likewise, the excess weight makes it difficult to pass through narrow spaces and often leads to injuries. This is not the case with tablets. Apart from weighing less, they also contain numerous e-textbooks in a single device. This makes them easy to transport and allows the student to study at any time in any environment. 4. Tablets Provide Up-to-Date Content Because of the numerous discoveries happening in today’s world, it is not uncommon for the content in textbooks to become outdated. Learning institutions are, therefore, forced to purchase new copies every time textbooks are reprinted to keep up with information updates. For example, you can find the same book in a library in multiple editions: one, two, three, etc. top reasons tablets should replace textbooks On the contrary, e-textbook updates are hassle-free. You simply need to upgrade your textbook software to a newer version to get the most recent information. Aside from academic content, tablets also keep you knowledgeable of current affairs; a quality that gives you a holistic view of life. 5. Gain Technological Knowledge for the Real World The computer skills students acquire from tablets will not only equip them with basic tech knowledge but also propel them into their future careers. Most governments and industries have already digitized their services fully. As a result, there is a growing demand for techies in the world. In fact, tech-related jobs are some of the highest paying. 6. Specialized Attention for Each Student Students have different learning capabilities. As such, they require different approaches when learning. To accommodate weaker students, teachers are moving away from conventional teaching methods such as lectures and embracing personalized learning. Using the features in tablets, tutors can gauge their student’s progress through tools such as interactive games and educational videos. 7. Enhance Communication Tablets are not just an alternative for textbooks in classrooms. They also provide a channel for students, teachers, and parents to communicate. Unlike handwritten notes, which are prone to loss, messages sent via tablets are more likely to reach the intended recipient. They also store communication for future reference. top reasons tablets should replace textbooks 8. Boost the Student’s Understanding and Creativity with Additional Features For starters, tablets allow you to edit, highlight, and include notes in a textbook and at the same time leave it in perfect condition for the next user. You can also adjust the lighting on the screen to suit your preferences when reading. These gadgets also allow students to interact in social platforms by asking questions, exchanging ideas, and sharing study material. If you’re exhausted from studying, you can jog your mind by playing games on the same device. 9. Quick Assessment Tablets have programs that allow the user to take quizzes and receive results almost instantly. But this feature is not just for students. Teachers can test their student through the same platform, too. This saves them the time involved in marking and grading the assessment. What’s more, the teacher is less likely to encounter grading errors because the system automatically calculates the marks. 10. Enrich Imagination and Reporting Reporting skills not only boost self-confidence but also make you accountable for your actions. If for example a student is told to give an account of a trip they attended, features in the smart tablet will come in handy. To start with, the camera will immortalize their moments throughout the adventure and make it easy to recount their experience. They can also generate maps to trace their journey and support their report. 11. Faster Comprehension Unlike textbooks, which are comprised of only text and diagrams, tablets also allow you to watch videos. These video clips give you a deeper understanding of concepts and make learning more enjoyable. The best part is you can replay them as many times as you wish until you understand. This makes them an ideal learning material for slow learners. top reasons tablets should replace textbooks 12. Developing Talents Tablets give students access to an array of learning materials. They do not just empower them academically but allow them to develop their talents. For example, an aspiring writer might use this device to practice their writing. They can also use it to go online and find insights on becoming a better writer. 13. To Save Time Finding a book can be tedious. You have to make constant trips to the bookshop or the library. This whole process is time-consuming. To make matters worse, you are not sure whether your efforts will bear fruit. With tablets, however, a simple search will reveal your preferred book. The time you would have otherwise spent looking for the book can be put into your studies. Final Thoughts Thus far, the benefits tablets have brought to learning institutions cannot be ignored. Should they completely replace textbooks, tablets are bound to revolutionize the education sector. Of course, screen time limits should also be considered when using tablets in education. Why don’t you join the revolution and read your favorite textbook on your tablet today!
In Pending, Research There is something we can all do to strengthen our immune defences: drastically reducing our salt intake, which in the West, on average, is double the amount recommended by the World Health Organization. According to the WHO, in fact, we shouldn’t consume more than 5g per day, the equivalent of one level teaspoon, but data from the majority of Western countries has shown for years that on average we consume double this amount (for example, in Germany, men consume an average of 10 grams compared to 8 grams by women, and Italians 10.9 and 8.6 grams, respectively). An excess of salt (sodium chloride) is a certain risk factor for strokes, heart attacks, and cardio- and and cerebrovascular diseases in general (something we have known for a long time). However, the quantity of salt we consume ought to be reduced, as we said, also because it tends to weaken our immune defences, as demonstrated by researchers from Bonn University (Germany) in a study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The German researchers carried out an initial series of tests on laboratory animals, putting them on a high-salt diet and then infecting them with Escherichia coli and Listeria bacteria. It was discovered that the spleens and livers of these animals accumulated bacteria concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 times higher than animals considered normal, because their immune systems were not able to counter the replication of these bacteria. In addition, they took longer to heal from the infections caused by these two germs in the urinary tract and, more generally, in their entire bodies. This data was then also confirmed in human volunteers. In particular, ten women and men, aged between 20 and 50, were given a daily dose of six grams of salt in addition to their normal daily intake for seven days (six grams is equivalent to the salt contained in two classic fast food meals, consisting of hamburgers and French fries). At the end of the week, the researchers took blood samples from the volunteers and put them in contact with a series of pathogens, with the aim of checking the response capacity of granulocytes, fundamental elements of the immune system. As expected, the granulocytes were much less efficient than those isolated from the same people prior to consuming the extra dose of salt. In addition to this, the number of glucocorticoids, like cortisol (a substance with a strong immuno-depressive ability), was higher than normal in the volunteers’ blood. There are still several aspects to be cleared up about this weakening of the immune system, and it is to be noted that the German researchers did not carry out tests with viral agents. However, the data, in any case, provides another good reason for halving or greatly reducing our daily salt intake. And one last thought: the work of the Bonn researchers “corrects” a series of other studies conducted in the past at international level which, on the other hand, had highlighted the anti-bacterial effect of salt in skin infections (the skin is the area of the body where excess salt is accumulated, awaiting to be digested). The German researchers in fact demonstrated that excess salt only has a positive effect on the skin, whereas the effects on the rest of the body are negative. How robots are helping to treat coronavirus patientsHow humans facilitate virus spillover
cSCAN Rounds Modern human adaptiveness: stone-age minds or ideas? Evolutionary psychology argues that there is a fundamental mismatch between our evolved psychological adaptations and modern human lifestyles. This mismatch is said to explain why people in industralised society no longer behave in ways that tend to maximise their fitness. As a result, evolutionary psychologists rarely study people's actual behaviour in relation to their reproductive success, but instead look for evidence of psychological mechanisms that would have maximised fitness in ancestral populations. Here, I question this fundamental assumption of a mismatch between past and present, and argue that we should not take the idea of mismatch as a starting point for investigations into modern human behaviour and conclude too readily that behaviour is maladaptive. Using several examples, I will consider the theoretical foundations and methods of evolutionary psychology, including the strategy of inferring function from design; the way in which we analyse the present to draw conclusions about selection in the past; arguments concerning the pace of evolution; the influence of culture and history; and the impossibility of clearly differentiating 'evolved' from 'learned' mechanisms. I argue that all too often instances of mismatch are assumed rather than demonstrated within the evolutionary psychological literature. In addition, I consider different ways in which maladaptive behaviour can arise, and suggest that, if a mismatch is apparent, it will be more likely due to a mismatch on the timescale of individual development than to a mismatch on the basis of deep evolutionary time.
Nervous System Function - Social Health And Wellness Saturday, 7 December 2019 Nervous System Function In spite of the very fact that pressure influences the safe framework, numerous individuals either do not have the foggiest idea about this or don't understand how genuine it's. Since it's difficult to envision anybody intentionally putting their well being and life in danger. What's more, that is actually what happens when we overlook how huge the impacts of pressure are on our safe framework. People cerebrums are unique: men have 6.5 more dim issue in their mind than ladies, however, ladies have multiple times the measure of the white issue than men, as per a recent report from the University of California, Irvine. We should start by sketching out the pressure reaction or "battle or flight" response. At the point when you experience a physical or mental "risk," the nerve center, a minor district at the bottom of your cerebrum, triggers a caution framework. A progression of nerve and hormonal flag at that time brief your adrenal organs. These are situated over your kidneys and they discharge a flood of hormones; the most bounteous being adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline expands your pulse, raises your circulatory strain and lifts your vitality levels. Cortisol expands sugars in the circulatory system, improves your mind's utilization of glucose (sugar) and builds the accessibility of substances that fix issues. It's the point at which this happens over and again and for longer time frames that the genuine issue begins. The present mental dangers cause your pressure reaction framework to remain at work past 40 hours. It's intended for intermittent life dangers. Be that because it may, day by day songstress mean your body is over-presented to cortisol and different pressure hormones. The mind's dim issue works like a PC in the body, while the white issue goes about as the links that enable the dark issue to speak with another dim issue. For those hoping to line a warmed discussion should know this: analysts accept the distinctions mean the sensory system has developed two unique approaches to form equivalent knowledge. The sensory system comprises of the mind, spinal line, and nerves. This is how the body speaks with the mind and the other way around. The sensory system is partitioned into two key parts Focal sensory system & CNS: the essential control community for the body and is made out of the mind and spinal line. Fringe sensory system & PNS: of a system of nerves that interfaces the remainder of the body to the CNS. The two frameworks cooperate to gather data from inside and outside the body. The frameworks gather and procedure data and afterward dispatch guidelines to the rest of the body. The cerebrum is the goal for data assembled by the remainder of the sensory system. When information shows up, the mind sorts and documents it before conveying any important directions. These guidelines cause the body to respond, similar to when you intuitively pull your hand away from a hot stove. Data passed on through the sensory system moves along systems of cells called neurons. These neurons can just send data one way. Those transmitting to the mind are tactile neurons; those that transmit from the cerebrum are known as engine neurons. Even though the cerebrum is the control focus, its activity would not be conceivable without the spinal line, which is the significant channel for data going among mind and body. The mind is isolated into a wide range of segments, including the cerebrum and mind stem. These parts handle bits of the mind's general remaining burden, including putting away and recovering memory and making body developments smooth. Fringe framework nerves branch from either the mind stem or the spinal string. Each nerve is associated with a specific territory of the middle or appendages and is answerable for correspondence to and from those districts. The PNS can likewise be isolated into littler pieces: the substantial and autonomic frameworks. The physical includes portions of the body an individual can direction freely, for example, moving your arm, strolling, and then some. The autonomic helps run automatic capacities, for example, siphoning blood, breathing, and assimilation. The sensory system can experience the ill effects of varied distresses, including malignant growth. Different issues incorporate various sclerosis, during which harmed nerves keep signals from going along them, or meningitis, which causes an aggravation of the layers encompassing the cerebrum and spinal string. 1 comment: 1. I really enjoyed reading this blog post. I will certainly come back and read some more interesting post. Thank you FODMAP Diet for IBS

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