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Marlis Petersen 1280x680 © Yiorgos Mavropoulos When he began his engagement at the Theater an der Wien, Beethoven also committed himself to writing an opera for the venue. For it, Joseph Sonnleithner translated the popular libretto Léonore ou L’amour conjugal by Jean Nicolas Bouilly. The genre of the rescue opera reflected the desire for freedom and justice. Accordingly, Beethoven’s Fidelio also deals with the political prisoner Florestan who has been incarcerated by his adversary, Governor Don Pizarro. Disguised as a man and using the alias “Fidelio”, Florestan’s wife Leonore wins the trust of the gaoler Rocco, suspecting that it is in his cells that her husband is being held. She succeeds in rescuing him from prison at the last moment. The earliest extant version of Beethoven’s only opera has three acts, and neither its music nor its plotting are fully developed. That Fidelio was performed only twice following the premiere probably had more to do with the audience: one week before the premiere on 20 November 1805, Napoleon and his troops occupied Vienna. Consequently, the city, and the audience at the Theater an der Wien, was full of French soldiers who, in the middle of their European campaign, were probably not especially receptive to the German text and the message of liberation that is central to the opera.
A+ A A- At the Winter Solstice, the two God-themes of the year's cycle coincide. Yule, which according to the Venerable Bede, comes from the Norse Iul meaning "wheel", marks the vanquishing of the Holly King (Dionysus), God of the Waning Year, by the Oak King (Apollo), God of the Waxing Year. The Goddess, who was Death-in-Life at Midsummer, now shows her Life-in-Death aspect; for although at this season she is the "leperous-white lady", the Queen of the cold Darkness, yet this is her moment for giving birth to the Child of Promise, the Son-Lover who will re-fertilize her and bring back light and warmth to her kingdom. An extraordinarily persistent version of the Holly King/Oak King theme at the Winter Solstice is the ritual hunting and killing of the wren - a folklore tradition found as far apart in time and space as ancient Greece and Rome and today's British Isles. The wren, "little king" of the Waning Year, is killed by his counterpart, the robin redbreast, who finds him hiding in as ivy bush (or sometimes in Ireland in a holly bush, as befits the Holly King). The robin's tree is the birch, which follows the Winter Solstice in the Celtic Tree calendar. In the acted-out ritual, men hunted and killed the wren with birch rods. As for traditions, the modern personification of the Christmas Spirit known as Santa Claus was at one time the pagan God of Yule. To the Scandinavians, Woden was once known as "Christ on the Wheel", an ancient Norse title for the Sun God who was reborn at the time of the Winter Solstice. St. Nicholas, in early folklore, rode not a reindeer, but a white horse through the sky - like Woden. The burning of the Yule Log stems from the old custom of the Yule Bonfire that was burned to give life and power to the Sun, which was thought to be reborn at the Winter Solstice. In later times, the outdoor bonfire custom was replaced by the indoor burning of log and red candles etched with carvings of solar designs and other magical symbols. As the Oak Tree was considered to be the Cosmic Tree of Life by the ancient Druids, the Yule Log is traditionally Oak. Some Wiccan traditions use a Pine Yule Log to symbolize the dying God Dionysus. Mistletoe was considered very magical by the Druids, who called it the "Golden Bough". They believed it possessed great healing powers and gave mortal men access to the underworld. The living plant, which is actually a parasitic shrub with leathery evergreen leaves and waxy white berries, was at one time thought of as the genitalia of the great God Zeus, whose sacred tree is the Oak. The phallic significance of mistletoe stems from the idea that its white berries were drops of the God's Divine Semen in contrast to the red berries of the Holly, which were equated with the Sacred Menstrual Blood of the Goddess. The life-giving essence which mistletoe suggests provides a symbolic divine substance and a sense of immortality to those who hang it at Yuletide. In ancient times, ecstatic sexual orgies frequently accompanied the rites of the Oak King; in modern times, however, the custom of kissing under the mistletoe is all that remains. The relatively modern tradition of decorating the Christmas tree is a custom that evolved from the silver fir and pine groves associated with the Great Mother Goddess. The lights and ornaments hung on the tree as decoration are actually symbols of the Sun, Moon, and Stars as they appear in the Cosmic Tree of Life. They also represent departed souls who are remembered at the end of the year. Sacred presents (which evolved into modern day Christmas gifts) were also hung on the tree as offerings to various deities such as Dionysus. There is an ancient Egyptian ritual involving Isis and Osiris, and his brother/enemy Set, who kills Osiris and is driven away by the shaking of Isis' sistrum, to bring about Osiris' rebirth. For the festival, people decorated the outside of their houses with oil-lamps that burned all night. At midnight, the priests emerged from an inner shrine crying, "The Virgin has brought forth! The light is waxing!" and showing the image of a baby to the worshipers. Osiris and Horus, his son/other-self, represent at the same time the solar and vegetation God-aspects; Horus is both the Sun reborn (the Greeks identified him with Apollo) and "Lord of the Crops". The lamps burning all night on the eve on Midwinter survive, in Ireland and elsewhere, as the single candle burning in the window on Christmas Eve, lit by the youngest in the house, and as the modern lights that are strung on the outside of houses. Placing cakes in the boughs of the oldest apple trees in the orchard and pouring on cider, as a libation was an old pagan Yuletide custom practiced in England, and known as "Wassailing the Orchard Trees". It was said that the cider was a substitute for the human or animal blood offered in primitive times as part of a Winter Solstice Fertility Rite. After offering a toast to the health of the apple trees and giving thanks to them for producing fruit, the farmers would then enjoin the trees continue producing abundance. One ancient belief is that dreams during the Twelve Nights predict the events in one's life for the coming year. An interesting activity would be to keep a log of one's dreams for each of the Twelve Nights. Gift Giving The tradition of gift giving goes back to Heathen times when gifts were exchanged throughout the Yuletide and not only on one day of the tide. Therefore, it is fitting that Heathens do this as well. Gifts need not be expensive and handmade gifts are often better than something purchased at a store. Ideal gifts are those relating to our religion, books, ritual gear, art, tapes, and of course drinking horns. Holly, Ivy, and Yule Decor Morris Dancing Morris dancing, particularly the variety consisting of swordplay also took place during the Yuletide. Morris dancing to quote Linetwigle of the Ealdriht in her paper, Dance in Northern Tradition consisted of "stamping, leaping and hopping, rapping of swords or planting rods against the ground (these denoting a connection to fertility of the land), and the wearing of bells, plus a plethora of regional variations." Morris dancing also consisted of blackening of the faces (as did often mumming and hoodening) to either scare off evil spirits, or to mock the Wild Hunt. Something more practical for Heathens than Morris Dancing is mumming. Mummer plays take place in all of England, usually in pubs. All of the plays consist of five to twelve cast members and follow the same basic plot. 1) A hero returns from a distant land. 2) The hero is challenged and killed. 3) A doctor is called and revives the hero. 4) All hostilities are ceased. Some see this as a ritual reenactment of the birth and death of a sun god. This is highly unlikely, as Heathen lore seems to have preserved no myths of this particular type. More likely, the plays were for entertainment value alone, and if anything to celebrate the healing powers of the gods, particularly Woden as a healer, and to educate that Yuletide is a time for kinship and wishes that come true. Day 8 of the Yule rites presented here consists of a Mummer Play. Sword Dancing Another form of dance performed at Yuletide besides the Morris Dances were the Sword Dances. These were at one time performed with the long sword and seem to be quite ancient. Most of the dances consist of a procession and the clashing and leaping of swords as well as the formation of various patterns with the swords. Often the dance ends with a mock death and revival by a "doctor" as with the Mummer Plays. The wassailing of Victorian times resembled caroling more than it did its earlier counterpart, and is the form most are familiar with. Ancient wassailing consisted of making the drink wassail, originally mulled ale, curds, apples, and sometimes nuts. A group of wassailers would then go out with bowls filled with wassail from house to house and wassail the apple and cherry trees with songs and loud noises to ensure a good crop from the orchards the next year. A few wassailing songs survive, but these seem to be of a later variety. Yule Log The Yule log has not survived into modern celebrations for the most part, and for most modern Heathens would be difficult to do without a fireplace or wood burning stove. You may therefore wish to set up a symbolic Yule log. You can carve it with wishes for the New Year, garland it, do what you wish. If you have a place you can burn it outside during Yuletide, you may wish to do so. Traditionally, the Yule log was brought in on Mothers' Night, it was then set ablaze and hoped to burn all Twelve Nights (remember this log was nearly an entire tree to be burned in the long pits of a long house). Different areas had different customs concerning the Yule log. Everywhere the log was garlanded and decorated with ribbons before the procession to the longhouse. The procession was, as most procession during the holidays, a joyous one. Once burning no one could squint in the presence of the log, nor were barefooted women allowed around it. In Yorkshire, England, they practiced what is called mumping or gooding. Children would go begging and singing from house to house as the log was brought in. In other areas, the children were allowed to wassail the log the first night and drink to it. Symbolism: Rebirth of the Sun, hope born amidst the darkness Symbols: evergreen trees, Yule log, holly, eight-spoked wheel, wreaths, spinning wheels. Foods: roasted turkey, nuts, apples, caraway rolls, dried fruit, fruitcakes, gingerbread men, mulled wine, eggnog, wassail. Plants & herbs: holly, mistletoe, evergreen, poinsettia, bay, pinegingermyrrhvalerian, cinnamon, nutmeg, oak, orange. Incense and oils: rosemarymyrrhnutmeg, saffron, cedar, pine, wintergreen, ginger, bayberry. Colors: red, green, white, gold. Stones: Bloodstones, ruby, garnet, cat's eye. Animals and mythical beasts: stags, squirrels, wren/robin, phoenix, trolls, memecolion. Some appropriate Goddesses: Albina (Tuscan), Angerona (Roman), Anna Perenna (Roman), Fortuna (Roman), Gaia (Greek), Grian (Irish), Heket (Egyptian), Isis (Egyptian), Kefa (Egyptian), Lucina (Roman), Persephone (Greek), Rhiannon (Welsh) Some appropriate Gods: all reborn and Sun Gods; Apollo (Greco-Roman), Attis (Anatolian), Balder (Norse), Cronos (Greek), Helios (Greek), Hyperion (Greek), Janus (Roman), Lugh (Irish), Oak/Holly King (Anglo-Celtic), Odin (Norse), Osiris (Egyptian), Ra (Egyptian), Saturn (Roman), Sol (Roman) Decorations: mistletoe, holly, small Yule log, strings of colored lights, Yule/Christmas cards, a candle in the shape of Kris Kringle, homemade wreath, presents wrapped in colorful paper. Traditional activities: decorating the Yule tree, exchanging gifts, storytelling, making wreaths, throwing holiday parties, sending greetings. Spell/ritual work: peace, harmony, love, increased happiness, a healthier planet. Midwinter's Eve: Yule by Mike Nichols Source Here ©2011-2019 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. CrystalWind.ca is free to access and use. Thank you! ॐ Namasté - Blessings! © 2008-2020 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. Please buy us a coffee! Pin It Free Reading Here!! Cut Through The Illusions! Available On The Apple / Android / Amazon NEW Expanded Version - 53 cards! Who is Online Now We have 1312 guests and no members online Featured This Month Sun in Cancer Sun in Cancer Birth Totem - Woodpecker Birth Totem - Woodpecker The Holly Tree: July 8th - August 4th The Holly Tree: July 8th - August 4th Strong Sun Moon Strong Sun Moon Lugh - Celtic God Of The Sun Lugh - Celtic God Of The Sun Cancer Mythology Cancer Mythology Lughnasadh (Lammas) - The Celtic Harvest Fes… Lughnasadh (Lammas) - The Celtic Harvest Festival © 2008-2020 CrystalWind.ca. Site Creation by CreativeInceptions.com. Right Click No right click
Saturday, November 23, 2019 National Cashew Day - November 23rd Today is the day we celebrate that tasty nut called the Cashew. It's National Cashew Day! And technically cashews aren't nuts. They're seeds. They grow on trees and the fruit above it is even something known as a cashew apple. The seed grows from the bottom of the cashew apple. We had the opportunity to see and taste one on a Hawaiian Plantation Tour. That cashew apple is not good. I'm happy we only eat the seed. 1. Amazing how that strange-looking seed hanging from such a colorful fruit contains a delicious cashew! Btw, interesting Hawaiian Plantation post where you got to taste the fruit's "interesting flavor" :-) EOM 1. And it's no wonder they're so expensive! It's not like peanuts or walnuts where they're tons in a small area.
September 3, 2019 Five reasons why theatre is still important Whether you prefer Broadway theatre in New York or theatre shows in Las Vegas, Theatre is simply a nurturing fine art at its purest. As much as there is a larger audience for film which is also a visual experience and treat to the eyes, theatre lovers will always know the difference. It makes available a real or imagined event through a wide array of expressions, gestures, massive lights ,sound and vibes that people are ready to pay a huge lot to see. They say art is the only salvation from the horror that is existence. This is exactly why theatre is a widely loved form of art. Theatre can transport one from reality, even if it is just for a short while. There are several reasons as to why one should engage in practicing or enjoying an art form. Here are five pointers that remind of us of the importance of Theatre 1.Theatre is therapeutic. Theatre can offer life-changing experiences. Being a forum where one can indulge in a lot of self-expression, theatre allows for a form of liberation that people yearn for. There is a slice of comfort that art forms such a theatre gracefully gives away, letting one be self – aware. 2.Theatre is an educational ordeal Many pieces that are performed are excavations of culture and history pertaining to a particular era or an iconic character from back in the day. Theatre has been proven to be one of the most interesting ways to introduces historical and cultural themes. 3.Theatre brings people to unite. For artists, theatre puts ourselves in pockets of emotional and intellectual stimulation that may not never exist in the daily lives of many of them. Theatre gives power to truth, to new diverse expressions. Being exposed to this as a community garners a sense of unity amongst the people. It allows people to be vulnerable or even strong in situations that they wouldn’t have had access to. 4.Theatre gives us a sense of belonging. The emotions felt during a theatre experience are shared completely by both the audience and the performers. This sort of intimacy cannot be experienced Movies or even television fails to participate in the same intimacy. Human connection is celebrated in theatre. 5.Theatre accentuates student performance. It has been proven on several occasions that students who participate in theatre perform better in their academics. This can be attributed to the mind space and well-being that theatre gives to anyone participating in it, thereby facilitating sharper thinking. Theatre is essential, it is the expression of what can be called the basic human need. Living in the shell of another character that is completely separate from oneself, projecting stories onto an audience and coming together as a community to listen to each other, forming one of the oldest societies that humans have made. Theatre is a part of what makes us the human beings that we are. importance of theatre About Cheryl J. Baker
Assassination 101 JFK was perhaps America’s most charismatic President. He entered the highest office of the land at the dawn of a new decade in a time of great hope, promise, and prosperity. He was an advocate of many forward-reaching causes, ranging from Civil Rights to Nuclear Non-Proliferation. During some of the greatest Crises of the Cold War, President Kennedy relied on his intellect rather than brute strength to broker for peace. In his short tenure as commander-in-chief, President Kennedy avoided war with Cuba, Vietnam, and the Soviet Union. His cool and compassionate intellect had the great power of putting out the flames of many hotter heads. Kennedy was also a pioneer in a golden age of television, using his good looks and sharp wit to win voters through the airwaves. The importance that television plays in electoral politics to this day is a direct legacy of President Kennedy’s panache. A beautiful and urbane first lady on his arm, and two charming children at his feet, President Kennedy’s First Family came to represent all that Americans could accomplish in the newer and freer 1960s. Of course, not everyone appreciated President Kennedy or his policies. Kennedy had enemies on all sides and of all sizes, foreign, domestic, federal, state, and private. There was the usual crowd of wealthy right-wing industrialists who use their money and influence to hinder the more progressive Presidents and the typical militant segregationists filled with bile and hatred, but there were also Pro-Castro Cubans, Anti-Castro Cubans, Mobsters, and KGB operatives who were all dying for a shot at Kennedy. Within the United States itself, is said to have Kennedy had made enemies with the FBI, CIA, Federal Reserve, and some say even the Armed Forces of which he was the Commander-in-Chief. On the afternoon of November 22nd 1963, President Kennedy cruised Dallas, Texas in an open top limousine as part of a whirlwind goodwill publicity tour which took the President through the major cities in the state. The rationale behind the risky trip was highly political. Electoral support in Texas had been crucial to his narrow victory against Richard Nixon in the Presidential election of 1960. JFK was pulling out all the stops to keep Texas in his column in 1964. He wanted to be seen out in the open, among the people, using his tremendous charisma to win voters over one crowd at a time. He even convinced his charming wife, the elegant but inauspicious First Lady Jacqueline “Jackie” Kennedy to join him on the trip. She had not campaigned with her husband since the loss of their infant son Patrick earlier that year, and when she did appear to the public it was generally in dark glasses. Knowing that Jackie might be Jack’s best chance to hanging onto the Presidency next November, he finally convinced her to take off her glasses and return to the people. Jack and Jackie cruise Dallas with minimal protection Dallas was certainly the most radically conservative stop on the President’s trip, and his appearance there was bold message to Kennedy’s detractors. UN Ambassador Adlai Stevenson had been assaulted during his visit to the town, and JFK’s Vice President, legendary Texan Lyndon Johnson had been spit on Dallas. Many of the President’s advisors warned him to call off the trip to Dallas. Assassination plots had already been narrowly avoided in Miami and Chicago, and Dallas was a hotbed of right-wing extremism. Kennedy went ahead with the mission to Dallas, knowing the risks. The morning of the fateful Dallas motorcade, Kennedy apparently mused about the ease with which he could be killed. “All you’d have to do,” the President is reported to have said, “is get up in a high building with a high-powered rifle with a telescopic sight, and there’s nothing anybody could do.” These mug shots were distributed in Dallas the morning of the shooting Kennedy’s motorcade was the perfect opportunity to do just what the President mentioned. The visit had been publicly planned for five months, the route of the President’s motorcade was published in the newspapers, the bubble top was removed from the presidential limosine, the Secret Service had no military or police support in the streets, and the windows to countless potential sniper nests were left open. The final turn of the motorcade forced the President’s car to slow to 11 miles an hour. Although Secret Service protocol required Agents to cover the vehicle in circumstances such as these, and indeed they had done so earlier in the motorcade, no agents hopped on the President’s car or even bothered to run beside it during this highly venerable and ultimately fatal turn. Many allege this was because agents were allegedly ordered off the back of the limo in order to make the President seem more accessible to the people. Just where exactly this order came from has been debated for decades, but whoever gave it made a fatal error. If there was a perfect time and place to do the President, it was that lazy Friday in Dallas. Jackie gives the camera a haunting glance moments before the fatal shots rang out. As the motorcade rounded the corner of Houston and Elm in Dealey Plaza at 12:30, a shot rings out. Most of the witnesses thought this first sound was from fireworks or motorcycle backfire, but Texas Governor John Connally, seated in front of Kennedy, heard what he immediately knew was a high-powered rifle. Shots ring out in Dealey Plaza A second shot rings out. JFK cries out, “My God, I am hit!” as his arms come to his neck and he turns to his wife with a “quizzical” look. These will be the last words of one of the most eloquent orators to ever occupy the office of the Presidency. John Connally feels a sudden impact in his upper body. As if in a call and response prayer with JFK’s last words, Connally bellows “My God, they’re going to kill us all!” Another shot rings out, hitting the president directing in the head and sending a portion of the President’s skull and a large amount of his brain matter into the air. President Kennedy’s head explodes from the fatal headshot. From the front or back? In between the second and third shots, Secret Service Agent Clint Hill, the man in charge of protecting the First Lady, leaps into action. He hops off the follow car and rushes to the back of the President’s limousine. Just as Hill grabs ahold of the car, the third shot rings out and the President’s massively traumatized head falls into the lap of the First Lady, bloodying her dress and the limo. Agent Hill grabs ahold of the limo after the headshot Jackie pulls herself out of the car and climbs onto the trunk, reportedly to retrieve part of the President’s head. Hill pushes Mrs. Kennedy back into the car, and spreads himself across the back of the vehicle as driver William Greer speeds off to Parkland Hospital. As the motorcade barreled across the freeway at breakneck speeds, Jackie desperately tries to hold together her husband’s exploded head as she calls out her love for him and asks if he can hear her as Agent Hill pounds his fist on the trunk in sorrow. The limo arrived to the hospital within minutes, but despite the valiant efforts of the trauma doctors and staff, Kennedy is declared dead. A stunned nation is shocked and scarred for generations. The traumatized First Lady had no memory of climbing on the trunk What exactly happened in Dealey plaza at 12:30 that day has been the subject of the most heated debate in American history. Scientists, lawmen, lawyers, historians, and experts in every field of thought and reason have endeavored to solve the mystery. Rumor has that Cuban exiles, mob hitmen, Corsican assassins, French gunmen, CIA spies, and militant right wingers were all gunning for Kennedy’s motorcade that afternoon. There had been rumors of other assassination plots against Kennedy in Chicago and Miami, one run by angry gangsters, the other filled with enraged Cuban Exiles. But whatever dark plans may have been put into motion that day by sinister forces, history alleges that one man just happened to be in the right place and the right state of mind to fire the fatal shots on November 22nd. Lee Harvey Oswald Lee was a 24-year-old former marine who had once defected to the Soviet Union only to return with a Russian bride named Marina. The morning of the assassination he left his wedding ring in a cup, put a strange package under his arm, and carpooled to his job at the Texas School Book Depository, a 7 story building situated on the last turn of the President’s motorcade through downtown Dallas, which had a clear view of Dealey plaza as the limousine slowed to 11 mph on Elm Street. A few minutes after the assassination, Lee left the depository without his package and worked his way home. Minutes after the assassination, eyewitness Howard Brennan—who was standing across the street from the depository at the time of the shooting—tells authorities he saw a gunman who matched Oswald’s description. Throngs of people crowd the Depository and the Knoll after the shooting The hunt was on for a subject matching Brennan’s description, and within minutes of the shooting, the entire Dallas area was brimming with police officers, detectives and federal authorities looking everywhere and talking to everyone. Meanwhile, Lee Oswald returns to his boarding house in the Dallas suburb of Oak Cliff, puts on a coat, grabs his revolver and hits the streets. A few minutes later, Oak Cliff Policeman J.D. Tippit is brutally murdered by a pedestrian with a pistol. The assailant mutters something about a “poor dumb cop” or “poor damned cop” before dashing off on foot. At about the same time, Dallas Police find a rifle on the Sixth floor of the Book Depository, which is eventually traced to Oswald’s alias A.J. Hiddell. Lt. Day shows the alleged murder weapon to the press Oswald is next seen lurking in an Oak Cliff shoe store. He leaves quickly, but the manager of the store senses that Oswald is acting suspiciously and goes to get help. Oswald slips into the nearby Texas theater without buying ticket, and sits down as the film War is Hell flickers in the darkness. Police officers rush into the theater, and Oswald is pointed out as the suspect. Oswald strikes one of the officers, allegedly pulls out his revolver. Oswald is struck and subdued by the officers, and then calls out that “I am not resisting arrest!” The suspect is then carted out of the theater exclaiming “Police Brutality!” By then a mob had already formed in front of the theater. Oswald is carted out of the Texas Theater Oswald is endlessly interrogated by all manner of authorities, but the man in charge of the questioning is Dallas Homicide Captain Will Fritz. Despite his reputation as a masterful interrogator, Fritz is unable to get Oswald to admit to anything. Unlike ever other presidential assassin in the history of the United States, Oswald says he didn’t do it. Oswald claims that the real reason he was taken in was because he had lived in the Soviet Union, and that he was merely a “patsy.” Oswald insisted to the press and authorities he was just a “patsy” Nonetheless, Oswald is charged with the murder of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Officer Jefferson Davis Tippet. Whether he was guilty of these crimes or not, Oswald never did get to tell his side of the story. Oswald is shot by nightclub owner Jack Ruby, a friend of cops and mobsters As Oswald was being transfered from the Dallas Police Station to the County jail, Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby thrust himself out of the crowd of reporters and shot the alleged assassin in the gut. A doctor attending Oswald’s wounds tried to wrench a confession out of the dying prisoner. Oswald shook his head “no” and expired, his story silenced forever. The President’s Commission Speculation ran wild. Lee Oswald was reported cavorting with pro-communists and anti-communists the summer before the assassination in New Orleans. Jack Ruby, who had been drifting around the Station all weekend masquerading as a reporter, had pals both in the Mob and the Dallas Police Force. Were any of these organizations involved in the assassination of JFK or the subsequent murder of his alleged assassin, or ? In a poll taken after the assassination, a resounding majority of Americans believed some one else was involved in the crime. In order to clear up the apparent confusion, the newly sworn in President Lyndon Johnson formed The President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy. to present a report on the circumstances of the assassination. Johnson wanted Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren to head up the Commission, but Warren was reluctant to divide his time between two duties as important as heading up the Court and the Commission. Johnson insisted that the good word of Earl Warren might be the only voice the country could trust, and possibly the last hope to avoid paranoia about the assassination plunging the world into a Nuclear Holocaust. The President’s hyperbole was apparently convincing, because Warren relented and agreed to head up the investigation. The President’s Commission would henceforth be commonly referred to as “The Warren Commission.” The Commission was initially vaunted as an auguste jury of statesman, but some the members most influential to the proceedings were of questionable moral caliber. Prominent commission member John McCloy has become infamous for various questionable acts over the years. He was instrumental in implementing the shameful internment of Japanese-American citizens during the Second World War, and helped convinced President Franklin Roosevelt not to bomb the Auschwitz supply lines which brought Jews to their death during the Holocaust. After the war, McCloy helped Nazi officer Klaus Barbie, the despicable “Butcher of Lyon,” escape to South America. Barbie was eventually convicted of war crimes. Commissioner Allen Dulles, who dominated the proceedings, participated in numerous illegal foreign Coup d’Etats as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He is responsible for turning America’s intelligence apparatus into a international assassination ring, a legacy that the CIA lives with to this day. Republican Congressman and prominent Commission member Gerald Ford, who was known to have supervised the Commission proceedings while Earl Warren attended to his Supreme Court duties, is the only member of the President’s Commission who ever became the chief executive himself, when Richard Nixon resigned to avoid impeachment. Ford’s reputation will forever be tarnished by the shameful pardon he granted to Nixon after assuming the Presidency. He also admitted to moving the location of President Kennedy’s wounds during the investigation for the sake of “clarity.” The report concluded that three shots were fired. The first shot missed the limousine entirely. The second shot hit the president in the back, exited his throat, hit Connally in the back, exited his body, hit his wrist and eventually his thigh. A bullet found on a stretcher at Parkland Hospital, known as Commission Exhibit 399. The third and fatal shot hit Kennedy in the back of the head. Finally, Commission members firmly stated that Oswald had acted alone in the shooting and there was no evidence of a conspiracy. Some found the theory that the second shot caused so many injuries highly suspect, and began to regard it as the a “magic” bullet. They also claimed that the bullet was too “pristine” to have caused as much damage as it was purported to, although the bullet is clearly warped from certain angles. Commission member Hale Boggs wasn’t satisfied with the theory, and was in support of the Commission releasing a dissenting opinion. Despite these concerns, the Commission released their findings as conclusive. President Johnson publicly accepted the Commission’s findings, and lauded their efforts as comprehensive. After leaving office, Johnson admitted that he still had doubts about the conclusions of the commission he had formed, and admitted he was still concerned about the possibility that some sort of international conspiracy was involved in the murder of President Kennedy. Shadows of Doubt Many ordinary citizens shared President Johnson’s fears, and continued to believe that assassination may well have been the result of a conspiracy. While the results of the Warren Commission were accepted at face value by the mainstream news outlets, numerous independent writers and investigators began expressing their doubts, criticisms, and alternate theories. At the behest of Lee Oswald’s own mother, the eccentric and overbearing Marguerite Oswald, attorney Mark Lane took on the responsibility of acting as the accused assassin’s posthumous legal defense. The defense of Lee Harvey Oswald’s innocence became Lane’s life work Lane captured the public imagination with his controversial book and accompanying film Rush to Judgement. Edward Epstein analyzed the flaws in the Warren Commission investigation with his 1966 book Inquest. Josiah Thompson tried to blow a whole through the government’s official version of the assassination 6 Seconds in Dallas. The greatest debate in American history had begun, with many parties pointing their fingers at numerous suspects other than Oswald. Meanwhile, a secret investigation into the Kennedy murder was underway in New Orleans. The results of this investigation would not only polarize Warren Commission supporters from critics, but also cause a crucial schism in the critical community itself that remains to this very day. That Summer in New Orleans The summer before the assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald had been rebel-rousing in his home town of New Orleans, the notoriously outrageous Delta port of call. New Orleans had inherited a healthy population of displaced anti-Castro Cubans after the communists took Havana, and Oswald immediately became fascinated with all the communist intrigue they brought with them. When Oswald arrived in town in the summer of 1963, he at first played friendly with a group of Anti-Castro Cubans, then got in a fight with them for distributing Pro-Castro fliers in the street. The fliers, which read “Hands off Cuba” incensed the publicity head of the group, Carlos Bringuier and they decided to go rustle Oswald up. A brief altercation ensued. Oswald was arrested and fined $10 for the strange “Hands off Cuba” incident. Afterward, Oswald debated the Bringuier on a local radio broadcast. Most interestingly, some of the fliers had been stamped with the New Orleans address 544 Camp Street, a unit in the same building as the office of Guy Bannister, former head of the Chicago FBI, and perhaps the most virulent anti-communist in the Delta. Why was New Orleans most notorious communist sharing walls with it’s biggest anti-communist? Some say Oswald, who generally stamped his home address on the fliers, decided to print the Camp Street address to embarrass Bannister. Others claim that Oswald and Bannister were not only neighbors, but that Oswald was really working for Bannister and the “Hands off Cuba” affair was really a smokescreen to set up Oswald. Another New Orleans anti-communist who was a known associate of Lee Oswald was a mysterious figure named David W. Ferrie. Ferrie had tried to be a pilot and priest, but always sabotaged his own career with sexual scandals involving young men. As a teenager, Oswald had been under Ferrie’s command in the Civil Air Patrol. Some say that Oswald was cavorting with Ferrie in New Orleans during the summer of 1963, but no photographs or documents have surfaced to confirm these allegations. The day of the assassination, Ferrie took an unplanned trip to Texas, where he apparently spent most of the day in an ice rink phone booth. After Oswald was announced as the assassin, New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison decided to bring in David Ferrie for questioning. Whether Ferrie was involved in a conspiracy or not, he certainly understood that being a pilot who was a known associate of Lee Oswald and took a trip to Texas the day he murdered the President didn’t look good. Garrison was suspicious and decided to hold Ferrie for further questioning. Higher authorities released Ferrie and chastised Garrison for holding him as a suspect. In 1964, The Warren Commission staff interviewed an eccentric New Orleans attorney named Dean Andrews, a law school pal of Jim Garrison. Andrews claims to have done some legal work for Lee Oswald in the summer of 1963, charging him 15 or 25 dollars to change Marine discharge to “honorable.” Andrews says that this little bit of work came to him through a man named Clay Bertrand, who he claims regularly sent him swarthy “swishers” who were in legal trouble for cross-dressing and other petty offenses related to the the New Orleans homosexual underworld. According to Andrews, Bertrand called him the day of the assassination and asked him to be Oswald’s lawyer. Andrews was sedated in a hospital at the time and allegedly told Bertrand that if he couldn’t represent Oswald himself, he could find someone else to do it. Oswald meanwhile, was trying to get representation from a famous civil rights attorney in New York, turning down his brother Robert Oswald’s offer to get Lee a lawyer himself. Andrews’ description of Clay Bertrand varied in the accounts he gave to the FBI and the Warren Commission. To the Feds, Andrews said Bertrand was over 6 feet. To the Commission staff, he says Bertrand was under 6 feet, but that he couldn’t really tell because Bertrand was sitting down. His description of Bertrand’s hair and complexion varied wildly in his accounts the FBI and the Warren staff as well. The Commission staff member who questioned Dean Andrews seems incredulous of Andrews’ story, pointing out the discrepancies in his description of the Bertrand character. Andrews said he didn’t think Oswald could have done the shooting, and that he was determined to find Bertrand and the real shooter. Andrews claimed that the last time he saw Clay Bertrand, Bertrand had gotten up and ran away. The FBI, who initially questioned Andrews on the matter, was unable to locate anyone by the name of Clay Bertrand. The Conspiracy Movement is Born Although the mainstream press and the majority of government officials publicly supported the conclusions of the Warren Commission, the American people couldn’t quell their suspicions that other groups or individuals must have been involved in the Kennedy assassination. Even several key public figures who officially sided with the governments version of the case are reported to have privately expressed their doubts. JFK’s brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy believed that the assassination was a retaliation from one of the Kennedy family’s many enemies according to his aide Edwin Guthman. Richard Nixon’s reference to the Bay of Pigs in the infamous Watergate tapes is also actually a veiled reference to his belief that there was a Cuban connection to the assassination according to Nixon Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman. Even President Lyndon Johnson, the man who commissioned the Warren Report told Walter Cronkite that he believed there may have been international connections to the President’s murder (Footage of this shocking admission is readily available on the internet). In 1966, civil rights attorney Mark Lane published the book Rush to Judgement, the first mainstream publication to challenge the conclusions of the Warren Report. The book, which was also adapted into a documentary film, is essentially an attorney’s brief offering a legal defense of Oswald, pointing out holes in the Warren Report. Lane’s book was a bestseller and established a cottage industry of books challenging the government’s version of the assassination which continues to be a lucrative business to this day. The Jim Garrison Case The same year that Rush to Judgement was published, the District Attorney of New Orleans Jim Garrison began investigating Oswald’s New Orleans connections. Eventually, Garrison became convinced that the assassination was part of a broad-ranging conspiracy and in 1969 tried the only case in the Kennedy Assassination. The accused was New Orleans-based businessman Clay Shaw, whom Garrison alleged was a government agent who planned a conspiracy with Dave Ferrie to assassinate the President. Garrison’s case was plagued by public controversy due to his inconsistent statements and allegations of unethical methods of interrogation. In the end, Garrison was unable to get credible witnesses on the record and failed to offer any concrete evidence linking Shaw to the crime. Shaw was acquitted of the crime but never managed to recover fully from the ordeal of the trial and died shortly thereafter.The major achievement of his investigation was subpoenaing the Zapruder film of the assassination from Time/Life which would eventually figure prominently in many subsequent conspiracy theories. Garrison and his investigation remain controversial to this day, even among conspiracy theorists. Was Garrison a crackpot who staged an arbitrary vendetta against an innocent man or was his investigation sabotaged by the media and the intelligence community? Garrison himself has become a symbol of those who challenge the Warren Report’s conclusion, serving as the inspiration for Oliver Stone’s 1991 film JFK. The Zapruder Film Goes Public In the late sixties, a young photographic technician Robert Groden who had turned 18-years-old on the day of the assassination was working on a contract with Time/Life and managed to make a copy of the Zapruder film. Groden became convinced that the back and to the left motion of the President’s head after the kill shot proved that the gunshot came from the front and could not have been fired by Oswald. Groden screened the film on Geraldo Riveria’s late-night talk show in 1975 and convinced many viewers of his theories. Groden remains a key figure in the conspiracy theory movement, especially the photographic record of the event, authoring several books on the subject. The Church Committee In 1975, a Senate Select Committee led by Senator Frank Church shocked the nation when it exposed the United States Intelligence Committee was involved in the assassination of several world leaders including Patrice Lumumba of the Congo and the Diem brothers in Vietnam. These incendiary discoveries reawakened the nation’s suspicions that there was more to the assassinations of JFK, RFK and MLK than the government’s official story that each of these key leaders in the 1960s had been murdered by lone nuts. If the government was involved in other assassinations of world leaders, could the attacks against our own public figures be a retaliation against these abuses of power? Even worse, was the government itself involved in the assassination of its own leaders? The House Select Committee on Assassinations Growing public unrest regarding these concerns led to the formation of the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), which was charged with investigating possible conspiracies regarding the JFK, RFK and MLK assassinations. The committee re-evaluated the evidence from the case and explored several of the loose ends left open by the Warren Report. Up until the end of the investigation, the HSCA generally agreed with the conclusions of the initial investigation. Just before their conclusions were to be announced, newly discovered “audio evidence” led them to believe that there had been additional shots from the grassy knoll and there was a probably a conspiracy. However, the validity of this evidence has been challenged by several credible sources. The Committee requested that additional resources be allocated to the investigation of the assassination but that request was never fulfilled. Public opinion Kennedy was killed by a conspiracy had been steadily climbing since the late sixties and reached a fever pitch by the end of the investigation. According to a Gallup poll, at the time of the assassination 52% of Americans believed that JFK was killed by a conspiracy. This number dipped slightly by the time the Warren Report was released but by the end of the HSCA investigation, a staggering 81% of Americans believed that a conspiracy was involved in the assassination. Enduring Questions Throughout the 1980s a steady stream of conspiracy-related books on the assassination including David Lifton’s bestselling volume on the medical evidence Best Evidence, Anthony Summers’ Conspiracy and Jim Marrs’ Crossfire continued to fuel speculation that a conspiracy was involved in the assassination. In 1988 Nigel Turner’s documentary The Men Who Killed Kennedy brought many of the theories espoused by these and other authors to a more mainstream television audience. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories gained an even more prominent mainstream voice with the release of Oliver Stone’s JFK in 1991. The film uses the story of the Garrison investigation to showcase almost all of the major conspiracy theories that had been developed over the years. JFK also reignited the controversy over the Garrison case and many news outlets attempted to discredit Oliver Stone’s “countermyth” of the assassination. The film indoctrinated a new generation of Americans born after the assassination into conspiracy lore, and dominated the public’s perceptions of the case for years to come. The Assassination Records Review Board Public outrage over the film’s revelation that many government files related to the assassination would remain locked for decades to come prompted Congress to pass the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992. The Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB) was formed to facilitate the release of all government files with information on the assassination. Although the Board had no investigative mandate or authority and no “smoking guns” were revealed during its existence, many conspiracy theorists contend that the documents support their conclusions. Most notably, ARRB Senior Analyst Douglas Horne claims that during his work on the Board he found evidence that there was a cover-up related to the President’s autopsy and authored a multi-volume tome challenging the official story. The popularity of shows such as the X-Files and a preponderance of conspiracy-related cable programs fueled distrust of the American government and proved a fertile ground for continuing the spread of JFK conspiracy theories throughout the rest of the 1990s. By the end of the decade, the percentage of Americans who believed that there was a conspiracy behind the President’s murder once again reached a high of 81%. The Assassination in the 21st Century The tragic events of September 11th, 2001 traumatized the American psyche in much the same way as the Kennedy assassination had almost 40 years before. A movement of so-called “truthers” began to challenge the official government story of the attacks and prompted a renaissance of conspiracy theory in the United States. With each passing anniversary of the assassination, a new batch of documentaries, TV specials and books emerges to challenge the conclusions of the Warren Commission and its supporters Most significantly, video streaming, podcasts, blogs and social media have provided the modern JFK research community an open platform to promote or disprove theories regarding the assassination. A number of sites have emerged promising definitive information that “solves” the case. Youtube has made the photographic record of the assassination available to anyone and hundreds of videos have been uploaded espousing or debunking a wide range of theories. And while the debate over the assassination often devolves into petty rivalries and ad hominen attacks in the comment sections and forums of these various websites and videos on the subject, a vibrant JFK research community has emerged on Facebook which has connected those interested in the Kennedy assassination to various authors, experts and even eye-witnesses around the world. In 2013, the nation commemorated the 50th anniversary of the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy with a media frenzy of documentaries, films, books, magazines and news reports on the event. Although public opinion has shifted (only 61% of Americans now believe there was a conspiracy to kill the President), it is evident that this tragic event will continue to dominate the public imagination for another 50 years. Meanwhile, the American people are still waiting for that “smoking gun” that will reveal once and for all who really killed our President. Until then, the mystery endures. 14 Comments Add yours 1. Nice comprehension of the whole thing! As you know, everybody who has the time and the political consciousness to do decent research on the JFK-murder and it’s cover-up and who has got some brains will find out that the official version is wrong. Lee Harvey Oswald was set up as patsy and JFK was murdered by several hit-teams in corssfire instead, the whole thing and Dealey Plaza was prepared for the assassination by a mud-pool of corrupt CIA-assets, police-men, “secret-service-men”, Cuban exile fighters and a lot of extra, for example TSBD employee Jack Dougherty, who was on the 6th und 5th floor, when the shots rang out. You can see one of the real assassinators in the Bothun photo walk away. Learn more about him on CIA-mastermind David Atlee Phillips was the main orchestrator, CIA-general Ed Lansdale supervised the scene, he is on photo on Dealey Plaza even, together with the “3 tramps”, as well as “radio man” Orland Bosch, “firestairs man”, “apron man”, “umbrella man”, Lucien Conein, Milteer, Hemmings. There were far more bullet imprints on ground/limo/flesh than 3 bullets can produce. LBJ washed the limo clean at Parland Hospital already. It’s all on photo, you can see the bucket and the ss-man clean the limo! It was not possible for Oswald to do these shots with this rifle and run across the 6th floor afterwards, hide the rifle close to the stairs, run down without meeting anybody and then meet Marrion Baker and Roy Truly in the 2nd floor some 70 seconds after the shots without being out of breath as he was. Look how police captain Will Fritz “ignored” the shot sound of mafia-guy Ruby silencing Oswald INSIDE his police building! Watch it! It’s on film on youtube for everybody! Watch all the videos Gil Jesus aka GJJdude has collected regarding the JFK-case on youtube, if you want to know more! But do something about the present corruptcy in the government and above in the plutocratic money system as well! 2. Stuart Rodgers says: Now weather the ‘Badge Man’ picture is not all it seems to be or not, there was someone on that knoll or behind the picket fence, a disguise of a police officer makes perfect sense, i mean there were enough ‘fake’ secret service men around. 3. James Porter says: This photo was found in Jack Ruby’s sock drawer with a note on the back…Sparky, Can’t wait to play happy hour at your place. Ozzy 1. author337 says: Haha, pretty funny. So this is the original backyard photo huh? Haha. I like how even though they photoshopped the rifle into a banjo, they left the revolver on his side. They should changed it to a harmonica or something. Thanks for the link. 1. Jim Porter says: They didn’t remove the stock of the rifle, you can see it sticking out, just below the revolver. 4. Paul says: Hit me with your best shot – – – come on and hit me with your best shot – – – fire away. John Kennedy was heard singing this song, after turning the corner. But thats okay, because reptilians rulers are tuff. Watch youtube ” Reptilians Exposed part 2.” 5. steve says: ok..just a few more things to ponder..the CIA and FBI who were inept sorry pathetic and would later wash the real evidence to hide their shame..Would always prosper when included in the Conspiracy..If the are thought to be smarter than they appear..they win..if the are guessed to be the boogie-man..they win by fear and guess is the Conspiracy was hatched by the Rothschild Clan..when John began printing Silver certificates..Which would have put the screws to the entire mess we live in today..The exact same kills were done to Abe Lincoln and Mckinneley when they decided to put the illegal and Unconstitutional Bavarian tweeks first named Bauer ..later a name upgrade to become Jewish and oh so Davidian..It really matters less to me who squeezed the head shot off..than who could have put this plan together..made it so basic and pedestrian..that it would eventually be picked up by a stupid bunch of white trash and than be carried out by some who actually thought that bullets ..ballots..who gives a rip..?..also .Please once again review the remarkably cool demeanor of a lone nut simple and slow nut job..who in my opine did not fire anything that day..was working for both the dicks at CIA..and FBI..and didn’t seem to be very upset about all this babble..He did bear a remarkable likeness to a “Patsy” that should have gotten us all to pay attention.. Go check out a 5 part tape series called “Two Men In Dallas” that will make you sick with rage and shame as a good and decent Police Detective named Roger Craig tells you the truth about that old worn out phrase has always been ..:”All roads Lead Out of Dallas”..which means you are not gonna get these turds who I know are still directing the sad ship USS America to a destiny not unlike the Titanic’s end..without first putting this National scandal to rest.You keep doing the be-bop o Obama is at fault melody..and what good is that?..he is the spokesman for the Corp.that owns us..WAKE UP..and get bad stupid and brain dead are not painful huh? 6. `** I am very thankful to this topic because it really gives up to date information :.~ 7. Steven Berry says: I had to read this excellent essay a couple of times for fear that my brain pan had finally gone so far south that I could not remember placing this report on this site..Yes really..I am no detective and wouldn’t ever be held in the same regard as Mark lane or my personal favorite Jim Marrs..But my alter ego I believe has it spot on..For anyone to really become familiar with just who and what runs this world…and who has the power and the wealth to order a murder from a far away place not even remotely connected to their name, you have to first and foremost accept the “Golden Rule”..No not the Biblical one..But the reality one..”He who has the most gold …rules”..The wealthiest and most powerful of all is the Bauer/ Rothschild Clan who own most of the eorlds banking interest..Absolutely own the debt of the USA..and are the architects and Masters of the worlds financial infrastructure..And regardless of what you chose to believe ..The illegal thing called our National Debt is 100% owed to the Rothschilds..Who of course are the largest stock owners of The Federal Reserve Corp..he estimated wealth of these thieves and con artist is said to be $66 Trillion ..But because you never have any right to audit the Oligarchy of the biggest swindle ever perpetrated on a country..and that is what happened to us in 1913 and continues to this day..In June of 1963 JFK issued a Presidential order #111110 that would put these crooks out of our lives and would restore our money to the best plan evr created..By making every dollar we had in circulation backed by precious metals..Gold and silver..thus the worry of market craSHES…AND THE TOPSY TURVEY game of inflation…stagnation..and the crash of a depression would never be a worry point anymore..That order was awaiting his signature upon his return from Dallas..My friend told it right ..our Treasury Dept had produced something like $55 Billion silver certificates that cost we the people .$0 to produce..where as the same fiat currency that the Fed Reserve wold produce would cost us taxed to death folks about a million dollars plus interest to produce..You can go on and boo-hoo my theory all you want..but have not put in the time and the hours of studying the the history and diabolcal plan that makes the Rothschild Organization truly the most evil and wicked people on earth..Do not believe that the Rockefellers are top dogs my friends..The Bank of England Rothschild front..yells jump and David Rockefeller answers ..”How High Boss”..and finally..How is it that perhaps the most honest cop in Dallas that day..Roger Craig is never quoted…few even know his name..and fewer have even cared enough to find out what is so important about Roger Craig..”Two men in Dallas” will answer that question…than you will have the unfriendly weight on your conscience to believe Roger told the truth..or he was a lying bastard who was seeking fame and the Presidents Death..He sied tragically young and broke as our countries heart few years after JFK -…and that is maybe more tragic than the death of Camelot 8. Steven Berry says: Oh..just a couple other questions for those of you who still believe that giving up on finding those who are responsible for our world falling from grace with blood on our where we are today is the inevitable suicide of to much guilt and to many questions about why we are the way we have become..ok..Who was the expert who put together…the “magic bullet” theory that was accepted as the Gospel by the Warren Misfits..?…Jack Rubenstein was a busy man in the late 50’s..Who did Jack Ruby work for in the late 50’s..and what was his was no Mafia Godfather..?.. What was the original report regarding the “found rifle” in the Oswald snipers nest?..was it the Italian Carcano Rifle..or did Walter Cronkite tell us ….that a far different rifle had been found?..OK..and finally..What charges were filed regarding Lee Oswald by the Dallas police Dept? 9. beepee says: A conspiracy is: An outcome controlled by ‘more than one’ person, and ‘vision’ is not a gift. . . it’s a curse. Oliver Stone’s commentary (“The Untold History of the United States”) mentioned, for the first time ever in American history, ‘Prescott Bush’ and ‘Joseph Kennedy’ in the same sentence. Start there, as the internet can now, as never before, provide very clear answers. It will NOT be nice when you can see how deep the rabbit hole really goes. It will be hurtful and depressing, but it will answer a lot of other questions. “Telling children about Santa Claus, particularly coming from a loved one, develops a skewed rationale that alters ALL subsequent perception of reality throughout life”. A 3 or 4 yr old has a concept of time and motion, and should therefore reject the notion that their is or even could be a Santa Claus, but because of where the notion comes from, most children will accept the notion. This could be why, as time marches on, children subconsciously ‘reject’ their parents – even if the child doesn’t really know why (they’ve been lied to – now their rationale is maturing, and it’s no fun because nothing really makes sense – and it never really did). 10. Jack says: A rather interesting read. Thanks for sharing…two thumbs up! It’s way past time to put the fairytale about a lone gunman to bed. Leave a Reply to Christoph Messner Cancel reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. GSGH/Virginia Tourism Corporation Once the capital of the Confederacy, Richmond is the capital of Virginia and the seat of Henrico county. Its gracious homes and its museums reflect a rich history dating from the early 18th century. Richmond is located at the head of navigation of the James River in eastern Virginia. © James Kirkikis/Shutterstock.com Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. LC-USZC2-2452) Richmond’s historic buildings include the neoclassic State Capitol, which was designed by Thomas Jefferson, and St. John’s Church, where Patrick Henry delivered his “Liberty or Death” address. Also in the city are the old Confederate White House and the home of Chief Justice John Marshall, which is Richmond’s only surviving 18th-century brick building. The Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site preserves the residence of Maggie Lena Draper Walker, a prominent businesswoman and leader of Richmond’s African American community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jackson Ward, an African American residential district dating from the 19th century, is a national historic landmark. Richmond National Battlefield Park commemorates the American Civil War. Monument Avenue, a residential street of hand-laid stone, is lined with statues of military figures. It is also a national historic landmark. © Jim/rvaphotodude David Bjorgen The University of Richmond and Virginia Commonwealth University are among the city’s many educational institutions. Museums include the Edgar Allan Poe Museum and the Valentine, with exhibits of Richmond’s history. The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts was the first state-supported museum of art in the United States. The Science Museum of Virginia is housed in Broad Street Station, a former train station dating from 1919. Richmond’s economy was long centered on tobacco. Tobacco is still valuable to the city’s manufacturing sector, along with chemicals and plastics, packaging and paper products, and metals. The VA Bio+Tech Park in downtown Richmond is home to numerous companies, research centers, and labs focusing on life sciences and biotechology. Most of the city’s workers are employed in the service sector. The leading sources of jobs include trade, transportation, and utilites, professional and business services, government, education and health services, and finance. The site of Richmond was explored in 1607 by English colonists who sailed up from Jamestown. In the 1630s and ’40s a trading post and fort were built in the area. The city was laid out in the 1730s and named for Richmond upon Thames, England. In 1780, during the American Revolution, it replaced Williamsburg as the state capital. A British force under the command of Benedict Arnold raided the town in 1781. The State Capitol was built between 1785 and 1800. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. As the capital of the Confederate States during the American Civil War, Richmond was a chief target of the Union Army. On April 2, 1865, the city was evacuated, and the retreating forces set fire to stockpiles of supplies. Much of the business district was burned, but the city recovered rapidly during the Reconstruction period on the strength of its tobacco industry. Tobacco production continued to carry the economy into the mid-20th century. A boost in manufacturing during World War II (1939–45) helped the city to expand its industries in the decades that followed. The rise of technology industries and services in the late 20th and early 21st centuries enabled Richmond to further diversify its economy. Richmond’s population peaked in 1970 at about 250,000. It declined over the next few decades, falling to a low of 194,000 in the mid-2000s. Then the population began to climb once again as the city experienced a construction boom. Population (2010) 204,214; metropolitan area (2010) 1,258,251.
Skip to content The Stones of The Revelation Painting Category Archives: SARDONYX Sardonyx-The Fifth Stone SARDONYX-The Fifth Gemstone File:Carnelian sard (mineral specimen).jpg Left Carnelian Right Sard The 5th stone is Sardonyx (a.k.a Sard/Sardius/Carnelian) and the darker Onyx. Mysteriously the stone was known for its “fleshy” appearance. As noted in the bands of the sample above, every skin tone is represented, therefore the stone is representative to mean “the flesh of man”. More in depth, from an artistic standpoint, orange contains red and yellow. It is expected that the more red used, the darker the orange and the more yellow used, the lighter the orange becomes. If an artist were to start with a red sample and add yellow intermittently, the color will become orange. Red to Orange As noted on the spectrum, the darker orange is nearer to the left side, or red and the lighter orange, nearer to the right, or yellow. Interestingly, from a medical standpoint, blood is mainly composed of red blood cells (red) and plasma (yellow). Blood accounts for 8% of the human body weight, with an average density of approximately 1060 kg/m3, very close to pure water’s density of 1000 kg/m3. The average adult has a blood volume of roughly 5 liters (1.3 gal), composed of plasma and several kinds of cells (occasionally called corpuscles); these formed elements of the blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%. If we thought of the previous stone; Bixbite and its blood red color, then this stone is fading into yellow but has more red connected to it. As the red “blood” (Jesus’ blood shed) from the stone Emerald and what it represents dilutes, could it possibly be shedding the red colors to create the variety of the skin of man as represented in the stone Sardonyx? Blood is its reddest when alive and darkens as it ages, even to black! The fingernails of men from the lightest to darkest tones is nearly the same. When we are born, we are without spiritual blemishes, we do not know sins. Could the skins which hold our spirits and souls be colored by the blood of Jesus? We are born pure. It is time and exposure which destroys that “sin-free” beginning. Although we are sinner’s, we still carry that blood of Jesus in our skins which give us a chance. The Greek word translated “precious” is timios. Timios means costly or dear (Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, by W. E. Vines). Commentator Matthew Henry comments thus on “precious blood of Christ:” Let us now turn our attention to briefly considering some of the accomplishments of the blood of Christ. One is made nigh unto God by the blood of Christ. Paul wrote to the Ephesians as follows: “But now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ.” The contextual reference is to the Gentiles. The Law of Moses had been a religion especially designed for the Jewish race (Deut. 5: 1-3). However, Jesus’ blood made it possible for the Gentile to enter covenant relationship with God. All sinners can be “made nigh” (brought close) by Christ’s precious blood. Through Jesus’ blood, perfect peace is given. Paul said that Jesus “made peace through the blood of His cross” (Col. 1: 20). This peace is so profound and complete that it “passeth all understanding” (Phili. 4: 7). Not only can Jesus’ blood provide racial harmony (context of Colossians 1: 20), but also can cause man to be at peace with his God and with himself. Redemption is obtained through the shedding of Christ’s blood. The writer sought to encourage the Hebrews when he wrote, “by his own blood he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us” (Heb. 9: 12). This redemption is one reason Jesus’ blood is so dear and costly (I Pet. 1: 18, 19). Through Christ’s precious blood, we are reconciled to God. Paul wrote thus to the Christians at Colosse: “And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself…” (Col. 1: 20). Man is estranged from God because of man’s sins (Isa. 59: 1, 2). Only the blood of Christ can create friendship between man and God (2 Cor. 5: 14-21). The blood of Jesus makes our sanctification unto God possible. Hear the Hebrew writer: “they counted the blood of the covenant,” the writer states in showing the consequences of falling away from Christ, “wherewith they were sanctified, an unholy thing…” (Heb. 10: 29). “Sanctification” means a separation unto God from evil things. The word of God is also said to sanctify (Jn. 17: 17). However, without Jesus’ shed blood, sanctification would not be possible. Through Jesus’ blood, man is justified before God. The Roman Epistle is a great Epistle pertaining to justification. Justification or being pronounced right is not a result of the Law of Moses (Rom. 11: 6). Law only cannot justify man. This is why grace was made possible by God (Tit. 2: 11-14). Concerning justification, Paul exclaimed: “Much more them, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him” (Rom. 5: 9). As a result of Jesus’ blood, man can have forgiveness. Paul wrote to the Ephesians, “In whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of his grace” (Eph. 1: 7). Christians are a forgiven people (I Jn. 2: 12). When God forgives, he forgets (Acts 3: 19). The stone following this stone is Sardius, which means orange (not red-orange but pure orange), and is a Carnelian. Please see information on Sardius. The core here, is that the rarest gemstone in the world is representative of red; blood red and the stones before and after it depicts the blood fading into man and out of Jesus. Sardonyx is a stone of strength and protection. Used to enhance willpower, and a heart, kidney, nerve, capillary, hair, eye and nail strengthener. Supports integrity, stamina and vigor. It is believed to bring lasting happiness and stability to marriage and partnerships. The lucky gem for Leo individuals born in August is the sardonxy. They share this fortunate jewel with those Virgo individuals who were also born during the same month. The sardonyx is also referred to as the Gem of Courage and the Gem of Virtue. The color bands of sardonyx are white against a black or brownish-red background and it is usually cut into beads or used to fashion cameos and intaglios (reversed cameos). Indeed, the first cameos ever discovered were fashioned from sardonyx. The name derives from the Greek sard and onyx, which means “brownish red” and “white stone.” In addition, sardonyx is credited with decreasing sexual desire and promoting a change in bad habits. Once considered to be a charm against such assorted afflictions as warts, boils, cramps, the “evil eye” and the wicked thoughts and impulses of witches, this gemstone was a favorite of the Ancients and used by the Egyptians to carve scarabs and beetles which would be worn as talismans. Roman legions would carry sardonyx images of Mars (God of War) or the valiant Hercules into battle to guard against evil, bring good fortune and hopefully bestow the courage and daring of such heroic figures upon their armies. During the Renaissance, the sardonyx was thought to eloquently bless those public speakers who chose to wear it. Sometimes referred to in modern times as the “fancy wallpaper of nature,” the early astrologers believed that sardonyx was a gift bestowed upon the Earth from the planet Saturn…doubtless due to the multi-colored bands which adorn this stone. Useful in the art of mental self-control, this gem is traditionally said to aid in the cure of depression and anxiety but is particularly helpful in the easing of grief. Associated with the Apostle Paul, sardonyx is purported to have been the fifth of the Foundation Stones of Jerusalem. Today, the supply of traditional sardonyx appears to have drastically dwindled and the majority of modern stones are cut from South American agate, modified in color by artificial treatment. Onyx is the traditional gem for the 7th Wedding Anniversary, while black onyx is the traditional gem for the 10th Wedding Anniversary. Known to aid sleep by keeping emotions and passions under control and said to bring spiritual inspiration. This gemstone helps to eliminate apathy, stress and neurological disorders. This gemstone eliminates negative thinking, it is also believed to sharpen the wits of the wearer. Black Onyx is used to help one change habits. The chief localities of onyx are India and South America. Other locations include Russia, Pakistan, USA, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, Czechoslovakia. A blend of sard and onyx, this stone is found worldwide but the best specimens are mined chiefly in Brazil, India, California and Uruguay. and Africa. South America South America is a continent with great geographical and cultural diversity, and over 200,000 American expatriates live there. Brazil and Argentina own the region’s most prosperous economies and host the largest number of American expatriates. Other popular locations for expats are Ecuador, Chile, Peru, and Venezuela. Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina, pronounced [reˈpuβlika arxenˈtina]), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous. Argentina’s continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories. The hottest and coldest temperature extremes recorded in South America have occurred in Argentina. A record high temperature of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F), was recorded at Villa de María, Córdoba, on 2 January 1920. The lowest temperature recorded was −39 °C (−38.2 °F) at Valle de los Patos Superior, San Juan, on 17 July 1972. File:Panoramica mar del plta.jpg The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion but also requires the government to support Roman Catholicism economically. Until 1994 the President and Vice President had to be Roman Catholic, though there were no such restrictions on other government officials; indeed, since 1945, numerous Jews have held prominent posts. Catholic policy, however, remains influential in government and still helps shape a variety of legislation. According to the World Christian Database, Argentines are 92.1% Christian, 3.1% agnostic, 1.9% Muslim, 1.3% Jewish, 0.9% atheist, and 0.9% Buddhist and other. Argentine Christians are mostly Roman Catholic. Estimates for the number professing this faith vary from 70% of the population, to as much as 90%, though perhaps only 20% attend services regularly. Evangelical churches have been gaining a foothold since the 1980s, and count approximately 9% of the total population amongst their followers. Pentecostal churches and traditional Protestant denominations are present in most communities. Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, claiming over 330,000 (the seventh-largest congregation in the world), are also present. File:Catedral de Córdoba, Argentina.jpg Chile is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. File:Glaciar Grey, Torres del Paine.jpg Currently, Chile is one of South America’s most stable and prosperous nations. It leads Latin American nations in human development, competitiveness, quality of life, political stability, globalization, economic freedom, low perception of corruption and comparatively low poverty rates. It also ranks high regionally in freedom of the press and democratic development. However, it has a high income inequality, as measured by the Gini index. In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the OECD. Chile is also a founding member of both the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations. The Congress of Chile has a 38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. Senators serve for 8 years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every 4 years. The current Senate has a 20-18 split in favor of pro-government senators. The last congressional elections were held on December 11, 2005, concurrently with the presidential election. File:Bachelet Jefes Estado2.jpg The current lower house-the Chamber of Deputies-contains 63 members of the governing center-left coalition and 57 from the center-right opposition. The Congress is located in the port city of Valparaíso, about 140 kilometres (84 mi) west of the capital, Santiago. File:Palacio de La Moneda.png The culture of Chile is one of a relatively homogeneal society where historically its geographical isolation and remoteness has played a key role. Since colonial times the Chilean culture has been a mix of Spanish colonial elements and indigenous culture. Traditional Chilean culture is of rural and agrarian origin where horsemen, the Huasos of Central Chile, are the most emblematic symbol. While Chile has a geographically diverse territory the lifestyle of the Central Chile have not been possible everywhere and different customs exists towards the north and south of Chile. To this it must added that while some regions of Chile have very strong indigenous heritage such as Araucanía Region, Easter Island and Arica y Parinacota Region other lacks indigenous peoples and other regions have noteworthy non-Spanish European immigrant heritage. However, the mainstream Chilean culture that emanates from the historical core of central Chile is of predominant Mediterranean climate rural criollo and mestizo origin. File:Músico chileno tocando cueca.jpg Polka The national dance is the cueca (short for zamacueca) and first appeared in 1824. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody. Chile’s most famous contributions to literature have come from Nobel Prize poets Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral, whose homes and birthplaces are now museums that attract literary pilgrims to Chile. Neruda’s Heights of Machu Picchu, Canto General and the autobiographical Memoirs are widely available in English, however Mistral’s works are harder to find. Chilean cuisine rests on the variety of products due to Chile’s geographical condition and seaborne nature. The cuisine arose from the fusion of traditional indigenous ingredients with Spanish culture and traditions. Further European immigration also brought with them various styles and traditions in cooking heavily influencing the cuisine of Chile such as the Italians and Germans. In the 20th century French cuisine marked an important turning point influencing culinary methods and creating a type of Criollo style that has been implemented in Chilean gastronomy. Many Chilean recipes are enhanced and accompanied by wine and Pisco. Throughout Chile each region spanning from north to south contain a variety of culinary recipes special to each location.
Fire + Merkley Summer 2019 The forest has adapted to fire, shouldn't we? bark alert banner with logo reads: defending and restoring Mt. Hood and bark: to make known by sustained outcry Fire season is approaching, which means misinformation about forests and fire will be soon coming your way! In order to prepare, I invite you to read this excellent article about fire history, ecology, and policy. One important topic the essay doesn't address is the intersection of forests, fire and climate change - a complex relationship currently being (mis)used to justify increased logging in National Forests. First, a refresher on the role of forests in the carbon cycle: Forests remove CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and store the carbon in their wood, leaves, needles, root systems, fungal networks, etc. Globally, forests account for about one-half of terrestrial carbon stores! When trees naturally die or burn, they decay and CO2 is released back to the atmosphere, some immediately, but mostly over hundreds of years. At large scales, the processes of storage and release of carbon were once in approximate balance. Individual forest stands might be affected by fire, wind, insects, or disease, but across entire landscapes, the cycle of growth, decay, and combustion produced a balanced level of carbon emission and storage. Historically, forests were a crucial part of maintaining fairly stable global levels of atmospheric CO2. Profit-driven, industrial logging severely diminished native forests’ capacity to regulate carbon in the atmosphere and now over half of the world's forests are gone. Even so, the forests that remain are still pulling carbon out of the atmosphere and could store it for hundreds or thousands of years if left to grow. What happens to all that carbon when a fire comes through? Perhaps surprisingly, almost all of the carbon stays in the burned forest! I could explain at length – but it’s more fun to have Dotty the Spotted Owl tell you how in this short video. In a very recent study scientists agreed with Dotty, finding that less than 5% of mature forest biomass is consumed in fires. The lead author was inspired to do the study because he kept hearing people, even other scientists, overstating the amount of CO2 emitted from forest fires. In contrast, logging leads to the loss of 85% of the carbon stored in the forest, with only 15% remaining in long-lived wood products. Now, while forest fires don’t affect climate change, climate change is affecting forest fire (though not as much as you might think!). Between the media and politicians' statements, I understand why folks think climate change is causing “record wildfire seasons.” However, isn't true if we go back more than a half century. As illustrated in this graph, forests in the western U.S. burn far less today than they did before the mid-20th century. We need to bring more balance to the carbon cycle and more truth to policies and management around forest fire! Unfortunately, politicians like Oregon’s Senator Jeff Merkley are pushing for exactly the wrong approach to wildland fire policy reform. In his “Wildfire-Resilient Communities Act,” Sen. Merkley throws science out the door by calling for a billion dollars to be pumped into fuels reduction efforts on National Forests to “reduce the risk of catastrophic blazes.” Senator Merkley’s bill could lead to more “fuels reduction” logging like the Crystal Clear Project, where the Forest Service is using the fear of fire to justify logging thousands of acres of mature and old growth forests. Why is this exactly wrong? Because reducing fuels does not impact the behavior of “catastrophic blazes”! Large fires, like the 2017 Eagle Creek burn, are influenced most by the weather, not fuels. If the weather is dry enough and the wind is strong enough, a forest will burn regardless of the amount of available fuel. In rare situations where fuels reduction does impact a fire’s severity, carbon emissions from fuel-reduction logging generally exceed carbon savings by a 3:1 ratio. Simply put, logging won't change the behavior of the biggest fires and emits extra carbon compared to the fire and we need policymakers to recognize this. Just as we must keep fossil-carbon in the ground, we must also keep as much forest-carbon in the forest as possible. Please take a moment right now to remind Senator Merkley that the most climate-smart position he can take is to “Keep it in the Forest!” and to focus on protecting homes and communities affected by fire instead of pouring more money into logging in the backcountry. Brenna Bell, Staff Attorney/Policy Coordinator P.S. Want to learn about and enjoy the useful plants in a burned forest? Join us for the next Bark-About on July 14th for an informative hike in the Eagle Creek burn. free mt hood campaign banner reads our forest our future
Relationship between Family life cycle and consumer behavior Although thirteen distinct stages were suggested, there is no unanimity among research studies as to the most appropriate categorization of life cycle. For example, the dividing line for terms such as young and older might be 40 years of age in one study and 45 in another, which makes it difficult to compare results among various research studies. In spite of these definitional difficulties there is nevertheless widespread agreement on the relationship between life cycle and consumer behavior. Sears & Roebuck Inc did a large study to find out who purchased what at what stage of life. They found that people leaving the young single stage and entering the young family stage were far more likely to buy and own all types of appliances. Such information helps Sears corporate buyers, marketers advertisers and desks staff. For instance sales people are encouraged to identify the customer’s position in the lifecycle – how many kids, what are their ages, and so forth to sell products to appropriate prospects. The financial services industry clearly recognizes that households act out different stages in the family life cycle, various financial needs arise. For example, research has shown that the family lifecycle is a key determinant of banking interest and behavior. Implementation of this philosophy is illustrated by citizens Savings Bank of Ithaca, New York, which began using selling system based on family life cycle. The system used a visual sales aid book and customer data gathering forms that enabled bank branch personnel to analyze new customer’s needs when accounts were opened thereby helping them to present other financial products. Using colorful point of sale graphics and a computer based household central information file the program became very successful and won industry awards. In a test group of customers, Citizens increased its penetration level from 1.8 services per household to 3.4 services per household in just six months. Research done using the family life cycle model has revealed many consumption differences across house holds lifecycle stages indicating that the model is a useful segmentation tool. It is a good prediction of individual attitudes and leisure activities. The model is strongly and significantly related to food and beverage consumption, major and minor appliance ownership, dollar value of major household acquisitions (first and second homes, autos, RVs, boats, etc) and dollar value of home entertainment devices (stereo, TVs, VCRs etc) and furniture. A dimension related to the family life cycle concept is the household’s acquisition pattern of durable goods. Research on this subject has sought to classify households based on their durable goods ownership and / or purchase plans. Thus, newly formed households start out with a set of durable goods acquired through gifts, purchases, lease / rentals previous ownership or as part of the first home dwelling. But because newly formed households are seldom able to purchase the complete set of durables needed to furnish a household, families must decide on an order of purchase and a decision plan for how the purchases will be made over time. Researchers have demonstrated the existence of some underlying priority pattern or order in which household durables are brought. For example, a set of comfort products (such as washer, dryer, dishwasher, freezer, and microwave oven) were found to be acquired in a pattern. A more extensive study that tracked the decision and purchase behavior of the same households for ten durable items for a thirteen year period also found an order of acquisition for household durables. Such findings can have relevance to marketers interested in forecasting consumer demand and targeting market segments. Further evidence is provided by cross national research studies in which the sizes and compositions of household expenditures were found to be systemically reacted to the stage of the family cycle. Such findings are relevant to marketing mangers when developing forecast, for example. Demand for different products and service categories may be estimated from knowledge of the relationship between demand and stage in life cycle and the predicted number of households in the various stages. A number of other studies have related shopping behavior to life cycle stage.
Driving a Stepper Motor Without a Microcontroller. Introduction: Driving a Stepper Motor Without a Microcontroller. In this Instructable, I will drive a 28-BYJ-48 step motor, with a UNL2003 darlington array board, sometimes named x113647, without a micro controller. It will have start/stop, forward/backward, and speed control. The motor is a uni-polar step motor with 2048 steps per revolution in full step mode. The datasheet for the motor is found at http://robocraft.ru/files/datasheet/28BYJ-48.pdf The two devices can be bought together from several vendors. I got mine from kjell.com Bing it or google it to find a vendor near you. I will first go through some steps and parts needed to get it running, and then add some steps and parts for some more control. You should be warned that the parts that I use, are those that I happen to have in my treasure chest, and not necessarily the parts best suited for the purpose. Also, you should be warned, that this is my first Instructable, and that I'm quite new to electronics. Please add comments if you think I have done something that I shouldn't, or if you have suggestions for improvements, or suggestions for better suited parts. Step 1: Part List The parts used for this project are • Breadboard • Stepper motor 28byj-48 • Darlington transistor array ULN2003 board (x113647) • 74HC595 shift register • 74HC393 binary ripple counter • DS1809-100 Dallastat digital potentiometer • 74HC241 octal buffer • 3 × tactile buttons • 3 × 10kΩ resistors • 2 × 0.1µF ceramic capacitors • 1 × 0.01 µF ceramic capacitor • Connection wires • 5V power supply Step 2: The Main Parts The 74HC595 shift register The motor is moved by repeatedly giving the four input pins of the UNL2003 board this sequence: This will drive the motor in what is called full step mode. The pattern 1100 is repeatedly shifted right. This suggests a shift register. The way a shift register work is, at every clock cycle, the bits in the register shift one place to the right, replacing the leftmost bit with the value of the input pin at the time. Hence, it should fed with two clock cycles of 1 and then two clock cycles of 0 to generate the pattern for diving the motor. To generate the clock signals, an oscillator is needed, that generates a steady series of pulses preferably a clean square wave. This will form the base of the shifting patten of signals to the motor. To generate the "two cycles of one and then two cycles of 0", flip-flops are used. I have a 74HC595 shift register. This is a very popular chip, that is described in numerous Instructables and Youtube videos. The data sheet can be found at http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74hc595.pdf A nice Instructable is 74HC595-Shift-Register-Demistified by bweaver6, The 74HC595 shift register works so that at every clock cycle, the data in its 8 bit register is shifted right, and shifting in the value of the input pin at the leftmost position. Hence, it should fed with two clock cycles of 1 and then two clock cycles of 0. The data is shifted at the rising edge of the clock pulse. Henc the flip-flop should toggle at the falling edge of the clock, so the 74HC595 will have stable data input at the rising clock edge. The 74HC595 in can be wired like this: Pin 8 (GND) -> GND Pin 16 (VCC) -> 5V Pin 14 (SER) -> Data in Pin 12 (RCLK) -> Clock input Pin 11 (SRCLK) -> Clock input Pin 13 (OE) -> GND Pin 10 (SRCRL) -> 5V Pins 15, and 1-3 will output the pattern to drive the motor. Connecting RCLK and SRCLK ensures that the chip data register is always in sync with the output register. Putting Pin 13 to ground makes the content of the output register immediately visible to the output pins (Q0 - Q7). The 555 timer To generate the clock pulse, the 555 timer chip can be used. This is also a very popular chip, and is even more described and discussed than the shift register. Wikipedia has a nice article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC. The data sheet is here: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/ne555.pdf This chip can, among other things, generate square wave clock pulse. External resistors and capacitors are used to control the frequency and duty cycle (on-fraction). When set up to repeatedly generate pulses, the 555 chip is said to be in astable mode. This is done by wiring it like in the picture above. (picture by jjbeard [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons): Pin 1 -> GND Pin 2 -> R1 (10kΩ) -> Pin 7 Pin 2 -> Pin 6 Pin 3 is the output Pin 4 (reset) -> 5V Pin 5 -> 0.01µF -> GND Pin 6 -> 0.1µF -> GND Pin 7 -> R2 (10kΩ) -> 5V Pin 8 -> 5V The output of Pin 3 will be connected to the input clock pins (Pin 11 and Pin 12) of the 74HC595 shift register. The frequency of the output signal (and hence the speed of the step motor) is determined by the values of the resistor R1 and R2, and the value of the capacitor C. The cycle time T will be ln(2) C (R1 + 2 R2) or approximately 0.7 C (R1 + 2 R2). The frequency is 1/T. The duty cycle, the fraction of the cycle time that the signal is high, is (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2R2). The duty cycle is not very important for this project. I use 10kΩ, for both R1 and R2, and C = 0.1µF. This gives a frequency of about 480Hz, and is near the maximum frequency I found that the step motor can handle without stalling. To generate the 1100 shifted, repeated pattern from the 74HC595, pin 14 (SER) should be kept high for two clock cycles, and then low for two clock cycles repeatedly. That is, the pin should oscillate with half the frequency of the clock. The 74HC393 dual binary ripple counter The 74HC393 count in binary, and that also means that it can be used to divide pulse frequencies by powers of two, Its data sheet is here: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn74hc393.pdf The 74HC393 is dual, it has one 4 bit counter on each side. At the falling edge of the clock pulse, the first output pin toggles on and off. Hence, output pin one will oscillate with half the frequency of the input clock. At the falling edge of output pin one, output pin two toggles on and off. And so on for all the four output pins. Whenever pin n turns off, pin n+1 toggles. Pin n+1 changes half as often as pin n. This is binary counting. The counter can count to 15 (all four bits 1) before it starts on zero again. If the last output pin of counter 1 is connected as a clock to counter 2, it may be counting to 255 (8 bits). To create a pulse with half the frequency of the input clock, only output pin 1 is needed. That is, only counting from zero to one. So, if the counting is done by the clock pulse from the 555, the pin on the 74HC393 counter that represents bit 2, will oscillate with half the frequency of the clock. Hence this can be connected to the SER pin of the 74HC595 shift register, to make this generate the wanted pattern. The wiring of the 74HC393 binary counter should be: Pin 1 (1CLK) -> 74HC595 Pin 11, 12 and 555 Pin 3 Pin 2 (1CLR) -> GND Pin 4 (1QB) -> 74HC595 Pin 14 Pin 7 (GND) -> GND Pin 14 (VCC) -> 5V Pin 13 (2CLK) -> GND (not used) Pin 12 (2CLR) -> 5V (not used) Step 3: Make It Run We now can make the motor run, If Pins 0-3 of the 74HC595 are connected to the Pins 1-4 of the ULN2003 board respectively. For now, replace the 0.1µF capacitor at Pin 6 of the 555 timer with a 10µF. This will make the clock cycle hundred times longer, and one will be able to see what is going on. The LEDs on the ULN2003 boards can be used for this. Unplug the motor from the ULN2003 board. Connect Pins 1 to 4 of the board to the output QA-QD (pins 7, 9, 10 and 11) of the 74HC595. Connect the - and + of the ULN2003 board to the ground and 5V. If the power is turned on, you should see the wanted pattern on the LEDs. If you want to see what's going on in the 74HC393 binary counter, connect to pins 3-6 of that one in stead. If the pattern seems right, power down, replace the capacitor with the 0.1µF again, connect input pins 1 - 4 of the ULN2003 board to the output pins QA - QD of the 74HC595, and plug in the motor again. With the power on, the motor should now run. Step 4: Speed Control The speed of the step motor is governed by the frequency of the output of the 555 timer. This again, is governed by the values of the resistors R1 and R2 and the capacitor C1 connected to it. By connecting a 100kΩ potentiometer in series with R2, the frequency may be between the 480Hz and 63Hz. The steps pr. second of the motor, will be the half of the 555 timer frequency. I used a DS1809-100 digital potentiometer, which is made for push button usage. Push buttons connecting pin 2 (UC) and Pin 7 (DC) to 5V makes the resistance increase/decrease between the RH (Pin 1) or RL (Pin 4) terminals, and the wiper Pin 6 (RW). Holding a button for more than a second, makes the button auto-repeat. The datasheet can be found here: https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/DS180... The wiring is like this: Pin 1 (RH) unused Pin 2 (UC) -> tactile button 1 Pin 3 (STR) -> GND Pin 4 (RL) -> 555 Pin 2 Pin 5 -> GND Pin 6 (RW) -> 10kΩ -> 555 pin 7 Pin 7 (DC) -> tactile button 2 Pin 8 -> 5V The wiring for tactile button 1: Pin 1/2 -> DS1809 Pin 2 Pin 3/4 -> 5V The wiring for tactile button 2: Pin 1/2 -> DS1809 Pin 7 Pin 3/4 -> 5V Now, the speed can be regulated. Step 5: Start / Stop To start and stop the stepper motor, Pin 4 (the Reset pin) of the 555 timer can be utilized. If this is pulled low, there will be no output pulses from Pin 3. A tactile button will be used to toggle start and stop. Pressing the button once, should start the motor, snd pressing it again, should stop it. To get this behavior, a flip-flop is needed. But the 74HC393 that is already there, can also be used. The 74HC393 has two parts, and only one half is used as a frequency divider for the clock pulse. Since the binary counter is actually just a set of toggling flip-flops in series,the first flip-flop of the other part can be used. By connecting a tactile button such that Pin 13 (2CLK) is low when the button is pressed, and high if it is not, Pin 12 will toggle on each low. Connecting Pin 12 to Pin 4 of the 555, will start and stop its output, and hence the motor. Tactile buttons are a bit tricky, because they are mechanical. They may 'bounce', that is they may send multiple signals on each push. Connecting a 0.1 µF capacitor over the button, helps avoiding this. So a tactile button (button 3 is added, and the connection to Pin 4 of the 555 is changed. The wiring of the button: Pin 1/2 -> 10kΩ -> 5V Pin 1/2 -> 0.1µF -> Pin 3/4 Pin 3/4 -> 74HC393 Pin 13 (2CLK) The following changes are made to the 555: Pin 4 (Reset) -> 74HC393 Pin 11 (2QA) Button 3 should now work as a start/stop toggle. Note that a motor stopped this way, will still consume power. Step 6: Direction Control To control the direction of the motor, another push button is needed, and then another flip-flop. However, I will cheat, by using the next flip-flop of the 74HC393, after the on/off flip-flop, and the on/off button. When the direction pin (Pin 2QA) goes low, the next pin (Pin 2QB) is toggled. Hence repeatedly pushing the push button will result in To make the motor run backwards, the pattern fed to the ULN2003 should be reversed. That might be done with a bi-directional shift register, but I don't have one. The 74HC595 is not bi-directional. However, I found I could use my 74HC241 octal buffer. This buffer has two 4 bit parts, with separate OE (output enable) pins. The first OE pin controls the four first output pins, and the second the last four output pins. When the OE is on the output pins have the same value as the corresponding input pins, and when it is off, the output pins will be in high impedance state, as if they were not connected. Further, one of the OE pin is active low, and the other is active high, so when connecting them together, only half of the buffer will be active at the time. So, for the same input, one half of the buffer can drive the motor forwards, and the other half backward. Which half is being active, depends of the value of the OE pins. The data sheet for the 74HC241 is found at http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn54hc241.pdf. The wiring could be like this: Pin 1 (1OE) -> 74HC293 Pin 10 (2QB) Pin 2 (1A1) -> 74HC595 Pin 15 Pin 3 (1Y4) -> ULN2003 Pin 1 Pin 4 (1A2) -> 74HC595 Pin 1 Pin 5 (1Y3) -> ULN2003 Pin 2 Pin 6 (1A3) -> 74HC595 Pin 2 Pin 7 (1Y2) -> ULN2003 Pin 3 Pin 8 (1A4) -> 74HC595 Pin 3 Pin 9 (1Y1) -> ULN2003 Pin 4 Pin 10 (GND) -> Ground Pin 11 (2A1) -> Pin 2 (1A1) Pin 12 (1Y4) -> Pin 9 (2Y1) Pin 13 (2A2) -> Pin 4 (1A2) Pin 14 (1Y3) -> Pin 7 (2Y2) Pin 15 (2A3) -> Pin 6 (1A3) Pin 16 (1Y2) -> Pin 5 (2Y3) Pin 17 (2A3) -> Pin 8 (1A4) Pin 18 (1Y2) -> Pin 3 (2Y4) Pin 19 (2OE) -> Pin 1 (1OE) Pin 20 (VCC) -> 5V Now, the wiring should be completed just by powering up with 5V. Make sure that the power supply can deliver enough current to drive both the motor and the circuits. Step 7: Conclusions The step motor may be controlled without microcontroller. The ICs used here, were some that I had from before. Most of them are not optimal for this, and several alternatives could be used. • To generate the pulses, the 555 timer chip is a good chice, but several alternatives exist, e.g the one described in this Instructable. • For the speed control, any potentiometer could be used, not only a digital one. If you have a 10kΩ potentiometer, rather than a 100kΩ, the 10kΩ resistors could be replaced by 1KΩ, and the 0.1 µF capacitor with a 1µF capacitor (divide all resistors and multiply the capacitor with the same number to keep the timing). • Using a bidirectional shift register, e.g. the 74HC194 would make direction control easier. • For button control, the 74HC393 could be replaced by a flip-flop, e.g. 74HC73. The 555 may also be wired to act as a toggle. First Time Author Participated in the First Time Author Be the First to Share • Audio Challenge 2020 Audio Challenge 2020 • Maps Challenge Maps Challenge • Backyard Contest Backyard Contest 7 Discussions Question 1 year ago Hello, I was wondering how would I go about replacing the digital pot with a 10k rotary which pins are connected. Answer 1 year ago I don't know what you mean by 'which pins are connected', but you may well replace the digital pot with an analog rotary. However, my pot was 100K. if you replace it with a 10K, you will not ba able to slow the motor as much. In the calculations for 555 frequency, the R1 resistor will be the sum of the 10K resistor and the current resistor value of the pot. If you look at the formula for the 555 frequency, you see that it always includes the multiplum of the resistors and capacitor. So what you could do, if you want to use the 10K pot, is to replace the capacitor C1 one with 10 times the value, and replace the resistors R1 and R2, with 1/10 of the value. There are many good resources on 555 astable mode to be googled (or binged) which will explain this with larger authority than mine. I hope this somewhat answered your question. Reply 1 year ago Thanks for they reply, I'm going to change the resistors and capacitor was just wondering how to wire in the analog pot to the 555 that's what i meant by "pins connected" sorry not familiar with the terminology still learning. Reply 1 year ago The pot normally has 3 pins, where there is 10KΩ (in your case) between the outer two (pin 1 and 3), and the middle pin divides that. Pin 1 will correspond to RL on the digital pot, pin 2 to RW, and pin 3 to RH. You could couple the pin 1 and 2 in series with the resistor to pin 7 of the pin 1 -> 555 pin 2 pin 2 -> 1KΩ resistor -> 555 pin 7 pin 3 not connected. Hope this will work. 1 year ago That's a helpful instructable indeed. An A4988 stepper motor driver could make the setup simpler and cleaner but your approach is appreciated. All the best for your future projects and welcome to the community! Reply 1 year ago Thanks, yes. This could replace both the 74HC595 shift register, the 74HC241 buffer, and the UNL2003 board. I belive I would still leave the 74HC393 ripple counter, to provide two flip-flops for the direction and start/stop toggle buttons. This would be almost too simple :) However, I think the A4998 needs at least 8V and works with bipolar steppers. But Pololu has several similar others to choose from. Great first Instructable. Thanks for sharing it with the community.
Mindful Eating with Ahuva Magder How often have you been able to sneak a couple of vegetables into your kiddo’s mouth without them noticing if you let them play with their favourite toy? Or recognized that you can get your kids to eat ANYTHING when you put them in front of a screen? That’s because sometimes we encourage our kids to eat mindlessly. You know- the same kind of eating we do when we’re eating lunch at our desk trying to work through the latest sales reports, or watching TV while eating a “Few chips” and end up eating the whole bag. When we feed our kids mindlessly we may get in a few extra veggies or a couple of more bites that one night, but because they are distracted this doesn’t often have a long term impact. In fact if you asked a child who ate tomato ten times while distracted they would probably tell you that they’ve never eaten a tomato before in their life! For that reason when we are working toward creating healthy food relationships for our kids in the long term it’s important to create an environment where we can support our kids in eating mindfully. YES even if that means that their veggies don’t get finished every night. My top three strategies for promoting mindfulness during mealtime are: Reduce distractions! Consider the distractions during your mealtime, include the television, homework, the radio on in the background, parents on the phone. When we’re eating distracted we ALWAYS overeat or under-eat and so will our kids because it’s incredibly difficult to listen to what your body and tummy are telling you when there are distractions around you. Think about the last time you went to a movie and got some popcorn- my guess is that the bag was either done before the previews were or was completely full even as the credits were rolling. There is no real in between! So to create a more enjoyable mealtime consider removing distractions from your mealtime EVEN if you’re not all sitting down to dinner together every night. Shift statements at mealtime from “Try it” statements to “What is it” statements. So often at mealtime as parents we focus on convincing our kids to eat food because it’s good for you, or ask our kids to eat a few more bites when they say that they’re done their meal. To encourage our kids to eat more mindfully we need to encourage them to be more curious at the dinner table both about the food they are eating and about how their bodies are feeling throughout the meal. Look what colour this strawberry is! Can you smell this orange- what does it smell like to you? What do you think would happen if you snapped this green bean? What kind of sound would it make? Is your tummy feeling happily full or is it asking for more food? Is your tummy saying it’s all done? Questions like these encourage them to consider all aspects of the meal, the sights, smells, sounds and feelings that are there rather than JUST how much food is getting eaten. 3. Remove rules- within reason! Don’t get me wrong, I am all about table manners. I also believe that sometimes they need to go out the window. Encouraging our kids to feel, smell, or even lick with food is a great way to have them explore their senses and become more mindfully engaged with the food. Interacting with new food through play is also a great first introduction to new foods and can happen at mealtime or away from. Before dinner you can give your kids the opportunity to stir the pot, or add an ingredient to a recipe for dinner and then talk about the transformations after. You can play games with food or build structures with new foods! Or make a taster plate for dinner and encourage your kids to eat with their hands instead of utensils (yes! I know this is a BIG one for lots of mamas) To begin creating a more mindful eating experience tonight shift the mealtime question form “What” can I get my child to eat tonight to “How” can I set up a more mindful eating experience for the family tonight. Choose one way to talk about the sights, smells and feelings you are experiencing at the dinner table and see how that changes mealtime for the whole family! Ahuva Magder is a registered Dietitian and mom on a mission to end mealtime stress and reduce the mental load of feeding your family. ©2019 by Little Yogis.
• Beowolf Your iPad must be signed in to Google using your browser (Safari or Chrome). ONCE upon a time, in the far north of what is now called Europe, there was a kingdom known as Geatsland, and its ruler was named Hygelac. It was a harsh country, with high mountains and narrow valleys, and it had a long seacoast with many harbors and inlets, and the men who lived there were famous for their bravery, on both sea and land. Like their neighbors the Danes and the Frisians, the Geats were warlike, and for the greater part of every year Hygelac and his warriors were engaged in fierce battles with various tribes, who would enter the territory of the Geats, to steal cattle and lay waste the fields of grain, and burn the farms of his retainers. There were other foes, too, to be dealt with. The great caves along the coast were inhabited by all manner of evil monsters that lived partly in the sea and partly upon the land, huge serpents with scales of brass, that patrolled the coast and devoured fishermen when they could be taken by surprise at their nets. In Geatsland were vast forests where loathsome beasts made their homes in the hollow trunks of dead trees and prowled only by night, feeding upon sleeping pigs and young rabbits and other innocent animals. It was not safe to travel in those woods after dark, and the wandering minstrels who went from place to place in the country-side were careful not to be caught in their ghostly depths. But for the most part the sea-monsters and the forest terrors kept to their own lairs and seldom invaded the more populous districts. Only when an incautious farmer or fisherman had been foully killed by one of them did the lords of Geatsland wage war upon the strange inhabitants of the coastal caves and the forest fastnesses. Now, for many years Hygelac ruled over his people with a stern but kind hand. Beside him was his queen, named Hygd, and called the Wise and Fair. About the king and queen were gathered the finest lords of the land. All were valiant warriors whose courage had been tried in many battles. They were tall like the trees of their forests, and broad like the stout beams of their boats, and each man had the strength of ten. They were yellow of hair; their eyes were deep-set and burned blue like the sea; on their arms and around their necks were great circlets of beaten gold; and upon their heads they wore helmets decorated with the horns of bulls or the black wings of ravens. Last Modified on October 12, 2014
Why Go Vegan? Just as with vegetarianism, becoming vegan is not an overnight change. It takes time, practice and a lot of dedication -- after all, you aren't only cutting meat out of your diet, but all animal products including dairy, eggs, and honey. When you embark on your journey into veganism, it's important that you think about your impending lifestyle change and why you are beginning a transition so drastic. Why are you going vegan? About six percent of the U.S. population live a vegan lifestyle. People decide to embrace veganism for many different reasons, but the popular reasons for veganism are animal rights, the health benefits and to benefit the environment. The Animals Working against animal cruelty is commonly cited as the reason people choose to go vegan. Taking on a completely plant-based diet, as well as avoiding other animal products such as wearing fur or leather, is one of the main ways you can eliminate animal suffering from your life. Many people who practice veganism believe animals are sentient creatures that, like humans, have a right to life. Unlike vegetarians, vegans also eliminate dairy, honey, and eggs from their diets. Even though an animal did not have to be killed to make these byproducts, the animals that produce the milk and eggs are often exploited for their goods. They are kept on mass production farms and often in less than ideal conditions. dairy cows in industrial farm being fed grain Ruslan Sitarchuk/Shutterstock The Environment Avoiding animal products isn't beneficial to only animals, but to the environment as a whole. The meat production industry has a major impact on the environment -- about 30 percent of the world's ice-free surface is used to support the chickens, pigs, and cattle we eat; livestock is estimated to be responsible for 18 percent of human-related greenhouse gas emissions; and a cow raised in North America or Europe consumes between 75 kg to 300 kg of grass or grain to produce one kg of protein. Your Health Many argue that going vegan is not only a more ethical life but ultimately a healthier lifestyle to live. A plant-based diet provides you with high levels of vitamin C, fiber, calcium, vitamin D and potassium. Those who eliminate animal meat from their diet can also reduce the risk of colon cancer and lower the risk of obesity. woman eating salad with spinach and avocado Make A Plan If you thrust yourself into the vegan world with no preparation, you likely won't last very long. It's important that you come up with a game plan for meals and nutrition. Plan Your Meals A common misconception about veganism is that because there are limited types of food you can eat, that you will end up eating the same few things over and over. But this isn't the case -- along with standard fruits and vegetables, there are many vegan-friendly substitutes and recipes you can try out. Make a list planning out your week's breakfasts, lunches, dinners and snacks and make sure there is a lot of variety in your food. Once you discover all the vegan-friendly foods out there, you won't miss animal products. chalk board that says protein surrounded by vegan foods Rimma Bondarenko/Shutterstock Know Your Nutrition Take note of all the food you are able to eat and understand its nutritional benefits. Now that you can't get your protein from meat and calcium from dairy, you need to understand what vegan-friendly foods provide you with the necessary vitamins and minerals your body needs to properly function. Beans, soy products including tofu, nuts, seeds and vegetables including peas, kale and broccoli are all high in protein. Kale, okra, chia seeds, dried figs and almonds supply your body with calcium. For your daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids, eat a tablespoon of chia seeds or six walnut halves. By coming up with a game plan for nutrients, you are living an ethical life while caring for your body. woman drinking green vegan drink Ease In If you're trying to go vegan and sometimes falter, that's OK. Veganism is a big lifestyle change for many people, and the transition might not go smoothly. While some people can become vegan overnight, some need to enter the lifestyle more slowly. Instead of going all-in at once, try slowly substituting your food. Try doing this by meal -- for example, you can substitute all your breakfasts into vegan-friendly alternatives first, then move onto your snacks, lunches and dinners. You could also ease into veganism by slowly incorporating vegan-friendly substitutes into your life based on product -- for example, instead of using cow's milk in your cereal and cooking, add soy milk or almond milk. Find the method that works best for you and keep adding to it until you are relying completely on a plant-based diet. glass of soy milk on white wooden surface somrak jendee/Shutterstock Spread The News Before you start your journey into veganism, tell people about your new lifestyle choice. If you are the only person who knows that you're trying to go vegan, it's harder to hold yourself accountable. If you tell your friends, your family or your coworkers that you're vegan, it can be easier to stick with your plan. Try New Things Don't just stick to the fruits and veggies you've always eaten. When you're exploring veganism, branch out and try different foods that you've never had before. You taste buds will be stimulated by new flavors, and you might just find a new favorite food that will make you forget about how much you love scrambled eggs and bacon. tofu and tempeh on white plate Virginia Garcia/Shutterstock Tofu And Tempeh Tofu and tempeh can be your saviors for vegan-friendly meat replacements. They're both soy-based, high in protein and can be prepared in a wide variety of ways for a many different dishes -- burgers, soups, salads, tacos, stir fries, stews, etc. Tempeh has a strong nutty flavor while tofu has a mild flavor that can be changed drastically depending on how you cook it, so you can manipulate it to fit your tastes. Remember Why When you find yourself struggling and craving a burger, just remember why you decided to go vegan. Whether it be because of animal cruelty, the environmental impact, your own health or for all three reasons, taking a step back to remind yourself why you are making this lifestyle change can put everything in perspective and help you stay on the vegan path. 7 Best Fruit Beers For Summer 7 Best Fruit Beers For Summer
About 4G 4G is the fourth generations technique for mobile network. Before 4G The mobile network today is far from where it was when it was first launched. Several versions have been released over the years to meet increased need for speed and capacity for more users. Each new version has a number, followed by a G, which stands for generation. 1G was thus the first generation mobile network and was launched during the 1980s. 1G was a completely analog system, only when the second generation (2G) came the system became digital, during the 1990s. 2G is still used today by certain payment terminals and alarm systems. 3G came in 1998 and did so we got faster surfing and now we could start surfing with our mobiles. The launch of 4G With 4G units with a 4G receiver (a SIM card) can reach internet, telephony and text in a speed of 100 mbit/s to stationary units. To stationary units the max speed is 1000 mbit/s. For mobile units the max speed is 100 mbit/s. The first commercial mobile network with 4G was introduced in Oslo and Stockholm in 2009. Thereafter it spread to large parts of the world. 4G was however not as big and revolutionary as the update from GSM to 3G. 3G is 40 times faster than GSM while 4G is only 10 times faster than 3G. The quality of calls with 4G is much better than 3G. To be able to stream content such as podcasts and videos directly in your phone is no big deal with 4G because the speed allows much faster buffering of the content. Today’s mobile phones are developed to offer energy saving for 4G. • 4G is the fourth generations mobile network for mobile units. • The first commercial 4G networks were introduced in Stockholm and Oslo. • 4G+ was introduced in Sweden during the summer of 2016. • 4G requires units that have a receiver for the 4G network. • The best use of 4G is for mobile broadband. • Sweden has one of the most expanded 4G networks. • 4G offer among others better sound quality in calls. 4G for mobile broadband To be able to connect to 4G it requires a unit that has a 4G receiver. The service that you’re subscribed to also needs pertain to 4G. The mobile users that stream podcasts, videos and other content directly from internet are those who will have utility of 4G. 4G has therefore had its’ breakthrough in mobile broadband because the speed is faster and of more use than in your mobile. In addition, 4G will be upgraded so that the speed and technique become more reliable. The expansion of 4G in Sweden is relatively big, outside of big cities. 4G+ is a further expansion of the fourth generation’s mobile network. In the summer of 2016 it was released in Sweden for the first time and means an improvement in form of quality and reliability. It’s mostly the connection that will improve. However, not all 4G receivers can connect to 4G+. Soon to be surpassed by 5G 4G was a huge step from 3G in regards to downloading large amounts of data as fast as possible. It did however take a while until 4G mobiles and 4G reciprocal units were launched on the market. The same goes to say for the 4G expansion but today the majority of Sweden’s population have access to 4G networks. The development of 5G is meanwhile really caught speed and is expected to launch year 2020 in Sweden – If not earlier in Stockholm. This means that 4G as established technique for the mobile network will soon be obsolete because 5G will be 100 times faster than the theoretical max speed for 4G (that doesn’t even exist commercially). 4G will however still coexist with 5G for a long time due to the restricted use of 5G during the transition period. It’s moreover just advanced things such as self-sufficient cars that will need to connect to the 5G network for the time being. Therefore 4G will soon completely replace 3G. What makes 5G better than 4G? Okay, so 5G is a newer generation of the mobile network than 4G. But what’s upgraded in this generation? 5G is created for IoT (internet of things). When more devices are connected to the internet to be able to collaborate, it simply requires more of the network to handle the load. 5G will be able to give us significantly higher speeds than 4G could. But things like reduced delay and higher frequency will also help. Imagine driving in a self-driving car and the delay is one second. This can mean death if something unexpected turns up on the road. 5G should reduce the delay to as little as one millisecond. MIMO and better throughput will also be able to help 5G become a big step forward in technology. Want to read more about 5G? We have written a blog post about everything you may need to know about 5G. There we explain things like MIMO, throughput and whether 5G can be dangerous for you. CO Neutral website
Vassa: 6 definitions In Buddhism Theravada (major branch of Buddhism) Source: Access to Insight: A Glossary of Pali and Buddhist TermsRains Retreat. A period from July to October, corresponding roughly to the rainy season, in which each monk is required to live settled in a single place and not wander freely about.Source: Pali Kanon: Pali Proper Names Mentioned with Bhanna in the compound Vassabhanna, as dwellers of Ukkala and as denying cause, consequence and reality. There were certain aspects of the Buddhas teaching which even they would accept (E.g., S.iii.73; A.ii.31; M.iii.78). Buddhaghosa explains (AA.ii.497; MA.ii.894) Vassabhanna as Vasso ca Bhanno cati dve jana. Source: Dhamma Dana: Pali English Glossary M / N (Rain. Rainy period). Rainy season. The term does usually designate the period of retreat being observed by the bhikkhus during the three months of monsoon (since the first full moon of July up to the one of October). vassa also means year of monastic life (for example: We wil say of a bhikkhu who integrated the sangha ten years ago that he has ten vassas). See also: The vassa context information Discover the meaning of vassa in the context of Theravada from relevant books on Exotic India General definition (in Buddhism) Source: Amaravati: Glossary Buddhist Lent, Rains the monsoon season retreat period. A bhikkhus seniority is determined by the number of Rains he has spent in the Order. Languages of India and abroad Pali-English dictionary Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary vassa : (m.) 1. the year; 2. rain. Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary Vassa, (m. & nt.) (cp. Vedic varṣa (nt.) rain. For etym. see vassati1) 1. rain, shower J. IV, 284; VI, 486 (khaṇika sudden rain); Miln. 307; Mhvs 21, 31; DhA. III, 163 (pokkhara° portentous); SnA 224 (mahā° deluge of rain); PvA. 55 (vāta° wind & rain).—fig. shower, downpour, fall M. I, 130=Vin. II, 25 (kahāpaṇa°); DhA. II, 83 (kusuma°).—Esp. the rainy season, lasting roughly from June to October (Āsāḷha-Kattika), often called “Lent, ” though the term does not strictly correspond. Usually in pl. vassā (A. IV, 138), also termed vassā-ratta “time of rains” (J. IV, 74; V, 38). Cp. BSk. varṣā, e. g: Divy 401, 509.—Keeping Lent (i.e. spending the rainy season) is expressed by vassaṃ vasati Vin. III, 10; Mhvs 16, 8; or by vassa-vāsaṃ (vass’āvāsaṃ) vasati (see below), vassaṃ upeti S. V, 152, vassaṃ upagacchati S. V, 152; PvA. 42. One who has kept Lent or finished the residence of the rains is a vuttha-vassa J. I, 82; Mhvs 17, 1; or vassaṃ vuttha Vin. III, 11; S. I, 199; V, 405; PvA. 43. Cp. BSk. varṣ’oṣita Divy 92, 489.—Vassa-residence is vassa-vāsa (see below).—vassaṃ vasāpeti (Caus.) to induce someone to spend the rainy season PvA. 20.—anto-vassaṃ during Lent; cp. antovass’eka-divasaṃ one day during Lent Mhvs 18, 2; antara-vassaṃ id. S. IV, 63.—2. (nt.) a year A. IV, 252 (mānusakāni paññāsa vassāni); Sn. 289, 446, 1073. satta° (adj.) seven years old Mhvs 5, 61; satta-aṭṭha° 7 or 8 years old PvA. 67.—See cpd. °sata.—3. semen virile, virility: see cpds. °kamma & °vara. —agga shelter from the rain, a shed (agga=agāra) J. I, 123; DhA. III, 105=VvA. 75.—āvāsa vassa-residence A. III, 67.—āvāsika belonging to the spending of the rainy season, said of food (bhatta) given for that purpose J. VI, 71; DhA. I, 129 (as one of the 4 kinds: salāka°, pakkhika°, navacanda°, vass’—āvāsika°), 298; IV, 129 (°lābha a gift for the r. s.).—upagamana entering on the vassa-residence PvA. 42.—upanāyikā (f.) the approach of the rainy season, commencement of Vassa residence (BSk. varṣopanāyikā Divy 18, 489; AvŚ I. 182, where Ep. of the full moon of Āsāḷha). Two such terms for taking up the residence: purimikā & pacchimikā A. I, 51; i.e. the day after the full moon of Ā. or a month after that date. See upanāyika.—vass’ûpanāyika-divasa the first day of Lent Vism. 92; DhA. IV, 118; °ûpanāyikaṃ khandhakaṃ the section of the Vinaya dealing with the entrance upon Lent (i.e. Vin. I, 137 sq.) Mhvs 16, 9.—odaka rain-water Vism. 260=VbhA. 243.—kamma causing virility D. I, 12 (=vasso ti puriso, vosso ti paṇḍako iti; vossassa vassa-karaṇaṃ vassa-kammaṃ, vassassa vossa-karaṇaṃ vossa-kammaṃ DA. I, 97).—kāla time for rain J. IV, 55.—dasa (& °dasaka) a decade of years: see enumerated at J. IV, 397.—pūgāni innumerable years J. VI, 532, cp. Sn. 1073.—vara a eunuch J. VI, 502.—valāhaka a rain cloud A. III, 243 (°devā).—vassana shedding of rain, raining DhA. II, 83.—vāsa Vassa residence S. V, 326; PvA. 20.—vuṭṭhi rainfall SnA 34, cp. 224.—sata a century Sn. 589, 804; A. IV, 138; Pv. II, 115; PvA. 3, 60, 69.—satika centenarian Miln. 301. (Page 605) Pali book cover context information Discover the meaning of vassa in the context of Pali from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
Lake Wentworth and Crescent Lake Russ Schundler Video Lake Wentworth is the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of Wolfeboro. Earlier called Smith’s Pond, named after the well known colonial governor of New Hampshire. Depending upon who is counting, Lake Wentworth has 19, 20, or 21 islands, more or less, the largest of which at about 90 acres and measuring nearly a mile long from east to west is Stamp Act Island. Comprises about 15 miles of shoreline surrounding about 3,037 acres (about five square miles) of water surface. Lake Wentworth is fed by brooks of varying size, named as follows, in clockwise order beginning at the Smith River outlet: Harvey (or Hooper), Tyler (earlier Hersey), Fernald, Willey (called Willey’s Mill Stream at the turn of the 20th century), Clay Pit (or Frost), Ryefield, Warren, Townsend, Red, and Heath. Then there is Whitton Brook, tiny and omitted from most maps. (Courtesy of David Bowers) Statistics (Wentworth + Crescent) Watershed Area 35.6 sq. milesMax Depth80 ft. Surface Area3018 +147 acresMean Depth25 ft. Shore Length20 + 4 milesVolume73,997,266 + 1,814,665 cubic meters Elevation534 ft. Wentworth Watershed Association Web Site Most Recent Water Quality Reports Site 1, Fullers Site 2, Triggs Site 12, Governors Wolfeboro Waters Water Quality Summary for Lake Wentworth and Cresent Lake How Can I Help?
New Public Spaces And Exhibit At WWII Museum Oct 25, 2019 The National World War Two Museum is opening a new $25 million building called the Hall of Democracy. The space will house education programs and exhibits. It’s also opening exhibition is about the capture and trial of holocaust mastermind Adolf Eichmann. The temporary exhibit is called Operation Finale and was prepared in Israel. It focuses on Eichmann, who played a major role in the Nazi’s systematic mass murder of millions of Jews. After the war, Eichmann managed to escape from American custody, ultimately making it to Argentina. Israeli intelligence agents from Mossad and the security agency arrested him there in 1960 and took him back for a war crimes trial. He was ultimately hanged. Former Massad agent Avner Avrahman curated the exhibit. It includes a replica of Eichmann’s bullet-proof courtroom partition and some disturbing footage of concentration camp victims. Avrahman says it’s a pivotal story in early Israeli history. “If you ask people that grew up with this they can tell you that they remember all of the family listening to it live, or they saw it on TV," he said. "The Eichmann trial is related to the capture of Eichmann, and the capture of Eichmann related to the Mossad and all of the stories connected to the Holocaust. So it’s four big stories that came together to one exhibit.” And he says it’s a compelling spy story. The exhibit runs through January. The Hall of Democracy, which is the Museum’s sixth building, will also feature distance-learning programs with out-of-state universities, as well as an auditorium and a library. A hotel and conference center are also in the works for World War II facility, which has become one of the top museum destinations in the entire country.
Wild Pantex – The Swallows of Pantex • Posted: Monday, April 27, 2015, 12:00 am Article by Jim Ray, Pantex Wildlife Biologist/Scientist Pantexans are quite familiar with the bird nests made of mud that adorn our buildings each spring and summer. You may even have these on your house, whether you live in town or in the country. The nests that are most numerous are made by swallows, although the Say’s phoebe and American robin also construct a nest made largely of mud, which also commonly occur on buildings and other structures. At Pantex, two species of swallows are present during the nesting season: the barn swallow and the cliff swallow. Swallows are very beneficial birds, consuming a diet that includes a wide variety of flying insects. No, they are not going to wipe out mosquitoes in your neighborhood, but you can be sure that they are going to eat insects from sunrise to sunset. The barn swallow is blue on top and has a rust-colored breast. It has a characteristic deeply-forked tail. Barn swallow pairs nest alone or in small, loosely-situated colonies. Its nests are bowl or cup shaped, and its interior is lined with grasses and then white feathers. Formerly a cave nester, the barn swallow now nests under eaves, on porches, in abandoned buildings, under bridges and in culverts. At Pantex, I’ve even seen them nest under a utility box erected on a post. Barn swallows incubate four to six eggs at a time, and usually raise two broods per year, rarely three. The cliff swallow has a dark chestnut and blackish throat and a pale forehead. However, its square tail, buff-colored rump, colonial nesting habitat and gourd-shaped nest easily differentiate it from the barn swallow. This is the swallow of Capistrano! Formerly, this species was confined largely to overhangs on cliff faces, but now is also adapted to nest on the sides of buildings and under bridges and other protective “canopies.” Like the barn swallow, its nest is comprised of pellets of mud, but access to the nest is limited to a small entrance hole and short tunnel. The nest interior is lined with grass, feathers and hair, and contains two to six eggs at a time. Normally, only one brood is raised per year, rarely two. A colony of these birds may number in the hundreds, with nests crowded against each other. By the way, many Panhandle residents erroneously refer to these two swallows as Purple Martins. Actually, the Purple Martin is in the swallow family, but is twice the size of either the cliff or barn swallow. East of the Rocky Mountains, if you see a Purple Martin nesting in any situation, but within the cavities of a man-made bird house/gourd, you have either made an error in identification or someone is going to get a note published in the literature! That is how rare and newsworthy such an observation would be! Unlike with cliff and barn swallows, where males and females resemble each other in coloration, the two sexes of Purple Martins differ in coloration. Only the after-second-year male is all blue black (approaching purple) in coloration. Swallows are extremely valuable birds. For the most part, Pantex loves the service that these birds provide in terms of insect control. However, their nesting in certain situations is often despised due to the mess they can create. Normally, by the time they are really messy, the young are about ready to leave the nest. This is because they have grown into such “consumers” that waste cannot be hauled away fast enough by the parents, as is the case when the young are small. A sky-blue paint used under the eaves and porches at Pantex is showing promise of encouraging the birds to nest elsewhere. In theory, it gives the birds the feeling that there is not a protective overhang under which they could attach their nests. The jury is still out on this technique, but its use appears to be successful. The goal is that they will choose a place that is good for the birds and Pantexans alike. Blue paint to ward off swallows A Pantexan applies sky-blue paint to ward away barn and cliff swallows from placing their nests under the overhang of the building.
fr en es pt rss astronoo Pierre Simon Laplace 1749-1827 Automatic translationAutomatic translation Category: biography Updated June 01, 2013 Pierre Simon Laplace is among the giants of science of all times, the so-called, rightly, the French Newton. This scholar Norman born in Beaumont-en-Auge, March 23, 1749, was one of the most influential scientists of his time. Born during the reign of Louis XV, he sees the revolution overthrowing the old regime and establish a new social and political order. From a family of wealthy farmers, the young Pierre Simon received an excellent education. At 18, he arrived in Paris with a letter of commendation Lecanu father, to meet the famous mathematician Jean Le Rond d'Alembert. D'Alembert and Laplace boss gets him a job teaching acting at the military academy. As part of his duties in 1785, Laplace examined a candidate for certification as a second lieutenant, the candidate 16 years old, it was Bonaparte. Laplace first worked with Lavoisier between 1782 and 1784. Together they perform calorimetric measurements on specific heat and chemical reactions. Establishes the formula for Laplace transformations adiabatic gas and develop a general theory of capillarity. It also sets out two fundamental laws of electromagnetism. Then he directs his efforts towards the analysis of perturbations and stability of the solar system. It shows, in 1787, as the moon gradually accelerates in its orbit than has previously explained. He attributes this effect to decrease the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth under the gravitational influence of other planets. With the mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813), it shows that the total eccentricity of planetary orbits in the solar system must remain constant, if a planet sees his increasing eccentricity, the other will decrease. The same is true for the inclination of the orbital planes. As the margin of difference between the eccentricities and inclinations is very low, few changes are possible. The solar system has not been disturbed since its formation and its stability is assured for a long time, unless the arrival of a massive body. Laplace sums up its work and meet those of Newton, Halley, Clairaut, d'Alembert and Euler, for universal gravitation, in the five volumes of his celestial mechanics (1798-1825). About the book, Napoleon said to Laplace "Laplace, they tell me that you wrote this voluminous work on the system of the universe without a single mention of his Creator." "I did not need this hypothesis", replied the scientist. Its prestige and its ability to allow it to survive the many bursts of turbulent politics of his time. Napoleon 1st, appointed interior minister and senator. He became chairman of the Senate in 1803 and was appointed Count of the Empire by Napoleon. After the fall of Napoleon, Laplace rallied to Louis XVIII who does Marquis. In 1817, Laplace became president of the French Academy. Laplace is best known for its famous exhibition of the world system (1796), where he formulated his theory of cosmological formation of the solar system from the condensation of a "primitive nebula." The cooling of the outer layers around a core highly condensed, combined with the rotation of the whole, would have resulted in the equatorial plane of the nebula of successive rings. These gave rise to the planets and their satellites, while the core would have formed the sun. This position greatly influenced the development of the thought of the 19th century, long believed that the "spiral nebulae" (galaxies) were solar systems in formation. Finally, considering the possibility of obtaining a condensed body, with a gravitational force large enough for the escape velocity equals the speed of light, Laplace was the first to have considered the possibility of existence of black holes. The Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace died in Arcueil, March 5, 1827. Pierre Simon Laplace Image: Prefer, in education, the most general methods. Stick to present the simplest way, and you will see at the same time they are almost always the easiest. Pierre Simon de Laplace. Laplace is best known for its famous exhibition of the world system (1796), where he formulated his theory of cosmological formation of the solar system from the condensation of a "primitive nebula." Biographies men of science Aristotle (-384 -322 av JC) Ptolemy (90-168) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (1738-1822) Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827) Caroline Lucretia Herschel (1750-1848) Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) Michael Faraday (1791-1867) John Frederick Herschel (1792-1871) Charles Darwin (1809-1882) James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) George Ellery Hale (1868-1938) Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921) Willem De Sitter (1872-1934) Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Harlow Shapley (1885-1972) Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) Walter Baade (1893-1960) Bernard Lyot (1897-1952) Jan Hendrik Oort (1900-1992) Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) John Wheeler (1911-2008) Stanley Miller (1930-2007) Frank Drake (1930- 1997 © − Astronomy, Astrophysics, Evolution and Earth science. Contact Mentions légales les satellites d'uranus satellites of Uranus... rings of saturne Rings of Saturn and their divisions... gravity according to Einstein Image of gravity from Albert Einstein...
Autumn Term 1 in Reception The children in Reception have had a very busy first term in school. They have been getting to know each other and making special friendships. The children have listened to old and new stories which they have drawn using the ‘Tales Toolkit’ approach: character, setting, problem and solution. The children have been developing their pencil control leading many of them writing letters in their name and sounds that they have learnt in phonics. Numbers and shape have been everywhere enabling them to count, record and build with. The children have been very interested in the season Autumn. They have been collecting leaves and autumn seeds in the playground. The children were introduced to the artist Andy Goldsworthy which supported their learning in creating art using the autumnal objects. %d bloggers like this:
About Contact Privacy Policy Home / Tips For Healthy Eating Habits\| Healthy Food \| Diet Tips For Healthy Eating Habits\| Healthy Food \| Diet Health Tips - Aug - 2019 485 views Healthy Eating Yoga step by step What Is Healthy Eating ? Getting a balanced and nutritious diet is one of the key factors that can help you achieve good health. Here are some tips on how you can eat your way out to a healthier mind and body Step By Step Healthy Eating Yoga Eat a Balanced Diet While eating nutritious foods can help you achieve a healthy body, it is not often enough.Healthy eating also means getting a balanced intake of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and fiber. This means that even if you are eating a lot of starch based foods such as whole wheat bread, pasta and rice but you deprive yourself of fruits, vegetables and dairy, your body is not likely getting enough nourishment. If you do not like to eat some of the foods that can provide you with the right dose of nutrients that your body needs, your best option is to get them from alternative sources such as from yor health products. If you are not getting enough fruits and vegetables in your diet, for instance, the yor health Supergreen supplement can provide you with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fatty acids that come from fruit and vegetable extracts. Cut Down on Salt Eating too much salt can raise your blood pressure and may put you more at risk of developing heart disease and other health conditions. You should therefore cut down on your salt intake by avoiding pizzas, noodle soups, pre-packaged snacks and other foods that contain too much salt. Eat Your Breakfast There is a popular misconception among people who want to lose weight that skipping breakfast can help them achieve their ideal weight a lot faster. Unfortunately, skipping your breakfast can make you feel less energetic within the day. People who miss their breakfast also tend to binge on their snacks and lunch. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day so make sure you do not skip it. See to it that you also include healthy food choices in your breakfast to keep you going all morning and all day. Drink Plenty of Water Around 70% of our body is made up of water so you should drink enough liquid to keep your body from getting dehydrated. Water, milk and fruit juices are healthy sources of fluid and you should drink more of them when you are active and during warm weather. Try to refrain from drinks with high sugar content though because they are not good for your body. Benefit Of Healthy Eating Yoga One person can get a very longer and healthy life by keeping the above four tips in their regular life.It helps into cardiac reports and makes your heart stronger, Overcome the fatigue and laziness, overcomes the tiredness during the hardwork times. It keeps you energized everyday.Water habit is also good for glowing skin and moisturized skin. Eating Healthy food can give you amazing hair growth and shiney hair.These tips can give you younger body and younger heart.
Futures sdg10 Reduced inequalities Envision ways to reduce inequalities. For example: Game-example: The World’s Future The game is an interactive role-playing simulation game which enables players to face the great challenges of our time: How can we use limited resources to achieve the goals? Is it possible to meet competing needs without trade-offs? Can food production provide for all without negative effects on essential natural ecosystems? How can we increase our efforts in climate change mitigation, while at the same time generating enough energy for all? And what role do we – consumers, producers, governments and NGOs – play in the implementation of the goals? Learners can shape the future of this micro-world and improve the wellbeing of the planet and its inhabitants. Dive into the role of a consumer, an energy or food producer, a federal government or an organization of civil society and strive for the global goals together.
2. Hi Guest, welcome to the TES Community! Don't forget to look at the how to guide. Dismiss Notice What to say when Parents say their child doesn't learn phonetically Discussion in 'Primary' started by Dalian Daisy, Nov 15, 2010. 1. The main reason for so many non-readers is not any particular teaching method but the irregular sounds for identical letters, like the o in the following words: wolf, womb, won, wonder, word, work, world, worm, worn, worry, worse, worship, worst, worth. If a 'closed' o, as in 'pop' (as opposed to an an open one, as in 'bone, tone, so, go') always had the same sound as in '<font size="2">block, blond, blot, bob, bog, bomb, bond, boss', we would not have nearly as many non-readers as we do.</font> <font size="2">The variant pronunciations for identical graphemes are also the reason why no phonics (analytic, synthetic, systematic) works as well in English as in other languages.</font> <font size="2">I used to think that this would make advocates of SP really keen supporters of improvements to English spelling, and was quite shocked by their dislike of my work.</font><font size="2"> All I have done is show in detail what English spelling is really like.</font> <font face="Times New Roman">Reading problems:</font> Summary of main and variant spellings: Listing of all exceptions: http://englishspellingproblems.blogspot.com/2010/11/english-spelling-rules.html<font size="3"> </font> 2. f The word the tes knocked out was the one for a male chicken! 3. What is most likely to happen is that if the child knows that the letter 's' represents the sound 's', the neural representations of all the words beginning with 's', sound or letter, are activated. The most frequently used in spoken language or in written language will be activated most readily. Children with poorly developed working memory are quite likely to be unable to inhibit this activation. They might even have an inkling that the word doesn't say 'sad', but 'said' is the first word to spring to mind and they can' t think what else it might be. If they have an eye movement deficit, they might not even have registered that there is an 'i' in 'said'. I have reservations, not about SP as a means of teaching reading, but about its magic bullet properties. The research evidence suggests that SP is the most effective way of teaching reading. It doesn't suggest it will succeed in teaching all children to read and I have an uneasy feeling the proportion of children with reading problems will not change significantly. I also have concerns about the way the phonics test is likely to be used. As feedback for teachers and parents it could be very useful; as a performance indicator it could be very damaging. 4. My impression on reading through the posts is that there is a tendency to get too hung up on individual words and how these can be approached. First of all, there is the 'scale of things'. SP opens up the door to thousands of words which a look and say approach does not even begin to touch. We have traditionally had the 45 'sight' words in Reception, for example, which many of us have witnessed many children not even knowing by late key stage 2. That speaks volumes for highlighting such a group of words and flogging them to death as 'wholes'. In contrast, SP teaching can introduce hundreds of words cumulatively even in reception - literally hundreds. But it does much more than this: Good SP teaching leads to a very flexible and unafraid reader. 'Tweaking' or modifying pronunciation of the sounded out graphemes is a feature of the teaching. Some on here would call that a form of 'guessing' - that's their choice of describing it. I suggest that what this does is help children to realise pretty early on that the reading system is tricky and that it is OK to make mistakes - and that it is OK to try sounding out graphemes in different ways. For example, the single vowel letters in their short vowel sounds and if that doesn't work, try the long vowel sounds. When we provide good SP teaching, we get a different 'product' of reading profile for the children. They get very efficient at sounding out, they get very efficient at 'discerning' the real word, they get very efficient at orally segmenting the word. It really is very impressive to see this happen. I sometimes wonder if there isn't a lot of scepticism on this forum because so many people contributing to it just haven't witnessed the outcome of good SP teaching - or have never really provided good SP teaching because they have been that busy not letting go of their plethora of access to words - for example, mixing onset and rime phonics with SP phonics and mixing the process of sounding out and blending with guessing words from various clues. The latter processes are often the only way to access books when the books are of the look and say (predictable and repetitive text type and so it is a self-fulfilling thing). By the way, I'm typing very fast so there'll be lots of typos no doubt. SP proponents are not giving their pupils dry diets - they have very rich language and literacy diets. They acknowledge that children can learn differently - some children, for example, quickly remembering words just read - and other children needing to do plenty more reading and sounding out before recalling commonly used words. There is no denial to all of this. Regarding discussions about individual words - in some ways this can serve a purpose to clarify how different teachers would approach the words - but it may depend on whether it is for reading or spelling in the main. For example, I would approach the words 'said' and 'again' and all the other words listed such as 'curtains' by sounding out 'ai' as /ai/ and then tweaking the pronunciation as I have described above. I would introduce these common words at the same time as introducing 'ai' as a letter/s-sound correspondence where 'ai' is code for /ai/ and point out the words as specific words. If children can recall letter/s-sound correspondences, then they are going to be able to recall specific words - but I would still not be approaching this as look and say (whole word shape) because the 's' is straightforward and the 'd' is straightforward. So, in our English language we know there are numbers of words which need special attention but there are many more which don't - especially when the alphabetic code is taught comprehensively and well. As for mashabell providing yet another long list of words which include the letter 'o', why on earth would she mix the list of those words where 'o' is code for /o/ and those words where 'o' is code for /u/ or /oo/ and so on? Yes, SP does not make our English language any different, but it goes a very long way to equipping our children with great capacity for reading and spelling - beyond just a shrug your shoulders and give up on the language and the struggling children. It is a form of really organising the alphabetic code and of really equipping the children with core skills to become more proficient at reading than they would be without the SP teaching. The trick is for teachers to know when to let go of some of their old and contradictory practices and when to try something which so many people acclaim as raising their past standards. I have recognised that the world is full of begrudgers and fudgers - people who say, 'OK, I recognise the need for phonics teaching, AH BUT.......'. We have not yet given our country's children a chance with phonics teaching, and the begrudgers and fudgers are raising their heads everywhere. 5. Debbie, the way you talk about phonics as though it is something new is astonishing. Of course phonics works - it's about the basic units and code of written/spoken language. Anyone who thinks you can learn to read without reference to that is a crank. It totally escapes me why anyone would not 'believe' in phonics. On the other hand, phonics is hard for children. They have to remember so many different combinations and versions of letter/sound correspondences, with no meaning to hang it all onto (although we have tried to support all that by using gestures and little stories a la Jolly Phonics). You say children remember the correspondences readily. In my experience some do, some don't. Even when they do, the act of remembering and applying a succession of possibles as they read is not always going to be very supportive of reading for meaning. Some children are so hung up on sounding out every word they come to (sometimes the same word repeatedly) that they lose all track of any meaning. Ask them about what the sentence is about? They are lost. Sometimes they look quite puzzled by the question. While mystified why anyone would deny the usefulness of phonics I am equally mystified why anyone would deny the other cues to children. Words are not only successions of sounds, they are units of meaning. Please don't call me a begrudger or fudger, I haven't thrown insults at you. The fact is, I disagree with the emphasis of your approach. That's my opinion, and using insults to discredit an opinion is not feature of reasonable argument (it's a bit Brainjim [IMG]. 6. Well, I wouldn't go so far as to say that (the bit in bold), all words can be accessed through phonics, at least to arrive at an approximation. 7. I regret using my expression 'begrudgers and fudgers' in this context and I really apologise.[IMG] Perhaps I'm just long-term frustrated with all the discussions - despite the fact that I think the discussions are very, very important - and very interesting. My expression was not intended as a personal insult - or even 'personal' at all, although I can see that that is how it could seem. If a child can decode a word in his or her oral vocabulary, the meaning is automatically activated. If the child decodes /k/ /a/ /t/ 'cat' and knows what a 'cat' is, then the decoding has supported comprehension. I don't know why anyone thinks that phonics is anti meaning because this is nonsense. If a child struggles to decode a book fluently, then perhaps the child's stage of learning is not ready for that book. Many teachers tend to give children books to attempt to read largely independently very early on. 'To read independently' is the key issue here. In such books, children invariably have to use any strategy possible to get the words - but these are frequently the 'multi-cueing' reading strategies that amount to guessing the words - and which take children's eyes away from the words. I remember a resource which came out as part of the National Literacy Strategies materials. This was a photocopiable resource which was a set of 'cue' cards of different 'reading strategies'. There were 14 different cue cards if I remember correctly. So, a young child is handed 14 different ways of reading books! Which strategy, or strategies, should the young reader actually decide to 'choose'? 8. I don't regard phonics as being anti-meaning. As I said in an earlier post, reading words accurately is essential to understanding the meaning. However, sometimes phonic decoding gets in the way of children accessing the meaning because it is focused on sounds, which do not carry meaning. If we allow this focus to become too important in our approach to reading with children we will fail to support the child's task of discovering meaning - not just of individual words (1 word on its own only carries limited meaning), but of sentences, stories and texts. I am convinced that a major problem in comprehension is that children do not listen to themselves when reading. In applying phonics they will listen to the individual sounds and the blended word, because they want to read it right, but they have trouble accessing the whole sentence and beyond. 9. Sorry to continue being pedantic, but that's not always the case. There are several types of agnosia, where someone is familiar with a word, and what it means, but can't access it especially when under sensory stress. Donna Williams, who had a diagnosis of autism, gives a vivid description of visual agnosia brought on by flashing neon lights. You don't have to have to be diagnosed as autistic to experience this. And some children are hyperlexic - they can read fluently with no understanding of what they are reading. So although I agree that, obviously decoding does support comprehension, comprehesion of read material doesn't always follow. 10. This sounds to me like someone's theory of what happens in the reading process. Is that so, or is it what is known to happen? Would you then postulate that going a bit further through the word and finding that the second letter is 'a' would activate neural representations of all words beginning with 'sa'? And that if you looked as far as 'sai' it would activate all the neural representations of words beginning with 'sai' etc. etc. And perhaps, at some stage in this process, the brain would start invoking context as a prime for what the word might be? It sounds a bit tortuous to me, but if this is proven to be how word recognition takes place I shall have to go along with it... 11. It's known to happen. But, again, the brain isn't a computer. Its default mode of operation is not to process information in a logical, sequential manner, although it can do so. Networks of neurons are just that - networks. Think veins on a leaf or blood vessels. Lots of connections activating simultaneously. Ones that are used most frequently, or have recently been activated, or are most important to the reader get activated more strongly than others. Word representations and their associations are activated by letters other than the initial letters, but not in strict sequential order as if they were in some sort of dictionary. I would strongly recommend getting hold of a copy of Snowling and Hulme's book 'The science of reading' and looking through the first section. The work on reading errors is very informative about how accurate reading takes place. 12. not here - but i have posed many questions in general that have not been addressed 1. number of words you can recognise without sounding out - was it 1000 or 3000 - like, when was the last time anyone here sounded a word out in everyday reading? no - me neither - so what's the validity for this statement (maisie) 2. synthesis: i have a 17yo 3A* daughter who could read logos/ads at 3 and could sound c- a -t but could not synthesise them to cat - she was so distressed i hired a tutor to teach her whole words reading - she has told me she still can't synthesise and uses words-within-words and dictionaries to help with new words, and she still has daft mis-pronounciations - tell me she's unique - yeah right - but i'm a ;liar till maisie can evaluate her personally, i gather 3, oh yeah - she is dyslexic - so this was the answer for her dyslexia - sure 13. Sorry, but what evidence do youi have for that statement? If a routine has been created to consciously do 'letter->sound, letter-> sound, letter-> sound -> blend all the sounds, why would that not have created a network which reproduces the same procedure? I'd be a little bit upset if, while driving, my brain wouldn't let me perform the gear changing procedure (which is automised to the extent that I do not have to think about each component part) correctly because it was dotting around all over the place in it... The bit that always worries me is that most reading research in the last few decades has been carried out on a population which has been taught mostly by whole word/ look and say methods. This produces quite different responses and errors from those made by SP taught readers (or those readers who have 'intuited' the phonics for themselves). Whatever a reader's brain does in response to written words is surely influenced by the way they have been taught to read? 14. I'm sorry you feel so aggrieved about that. It's just that I have been told all sorts of things about children's reading skills (or lack of) which have turned out to be not quite the true picture. That doesn't make the people who told me those things liars, they were just seeing something from a different perspective. Sometimes they are right, sometimes I am, but nobody can make an informed judgement from something written on a message forum. 15. well - apparantly you can 16. But do you remember that bit, before you could gear change automatically, when your gears were all over the place, you had to look at the gear stick, your foot would not work in synch with your hand and your head was spinning? Don't forget children are learning to read. They are not going to be systematic, they are going to be chaotic, because they are trying to remember and co-ordinate all the component bits of information. They will grab hold of the easy bits they already know to try to solve the problem of the unknown word, and gloss over the bits they find more difficult. They may have a stab at bits they are unsure of. They are very likely to kangaroo down the road in the early stages. This is completely understandable and happens in spite of the expertise of the teacher and their fantastic method. Children may have been taught systematically all the letter sounds, how to blend etc etc but this is not a guarantee that they have learnt it all. They may be confident on one day and have forgotten the next. Your vision of the ease of learning by SP, and all your talk of rigorous and systematic ignores the fact of children. The teacher may be rigorous and systematic but the children are higgledy piggledy. Someone above flagged up the problem of blending. Some children can learn all the sounds - they have good memories and they learn to make the right sound to match the symbol, and even remember the alternatives. However the sticking point comes when they have to try to blend the sounds. There does seem to be a group of children for whom this just does not click painlessly into place (I feel like that reverse parking). 17. Children will generally learn what they have been taught. You teach them to be chaotic, then they will be chaotic. 18. maizie - have i missed your citation for the limit on the number of words anyone can remember by sight? this is at least my third time of asking also - wrt to my daughter who can't blend/synthesize - for at least the third time, she is 17 and it is she who now says so, not me as a parent you do not seem to wish to address my comments directly 19. Oh, I am so sorry. There has been so much going on on this thread that I must have missed your request. Try Prof. Diane McGuinness (1998) 'Why children can't read' . I believe there is reference to it somewhere on this site, too: www.dyslexics.org.uk No, I don't now as you seem to be intent on flaming me. 20. When I was a psychology student in the 1970s, there was already a substantial body of research on reading errors (ie the errors that expert readers make in certain situations); the Stroop effect, priming and masking effects and so on. It was apparent then that the order of letters was not the only factor involved in reading words. When my son had problems learning to read, I tried to catch up on the reading research that had taken place during the intervening years. It's vast. It was very difficult to piece together. But because I was interested, I got a copy of Snowling and Hulme's book from the library because review books like theirs can highlight areas of work and make the search easier. I've read the first section 'Word recognition processes in reading' which contains chapters by Coltheart, Plaut, Lupker, van Orden and Rayner, and a few other chapters. They told me what I wanted to know about my son's reading abnormalities, and have helped me identify which researchers are doing work that might be relevant. I can access most of their work through Google scholar. In answer to your specific question, here's a quote from Lupker's chapter, 'Visual word recognition: Theories and findings' (references omitted) on prelexical coding. That's a good question, but it assumes the brain does only one thing at a time, and no other processes (visual, auditory, semantic) can interfere with that routine. But that happens. You try thinking about changing gear whilst changing gear. Or taking an important (hands-free) phone call whilst doing so. Or doing so when you have flu. Other things can interfere with automated processes. The brain dots about. That is also a good question. But the research on reading errors goes back to the mid-19th century and no-one appears yet to have slapped their forehead and gone "Of course! Subjects A and B make totally different errors because they were taught to read differently." That's because reading errors are remarkably similar across individuals, and across different cognitive functions. Primacy effects (first impressions are lasting impressions), recency effects (I've just seen one of those) and salience effects (that is so relevant to me) crop up across all human cognition. It would be interesting, but difficult, to explore the effect of the method of learning to read, because a lot of adults wouldn't remember how they were taught to read, and intuitive methods or hotchpotch methods vary considerably. Share This Page
Treaty of Darin The Darin Pact signatories Percy Cox on behalf of the United Kingdom The Treaty of Darin, or the Darin Pact, of 1915 was between the United Kingdom and Abdul-Aziz Al Saud (sometimes called Ibn Saud) ruler of Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, who would go on to found the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The Treaty was signed at Darin, on the island of Tarut[1] on 26 December 1915 by Abdul-Aziz and Sir Percy Cox on behalf of the British Government.[2] The Treaty made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define its boundaries.[3][4] The British aim of the treaty was to guarantee the sovereignty of Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States.[5] Abdul-Aziz agreed not to attack British protectorates, but gave no undertaking that he would not attack the Sharif of Mecca[6] Also, he agreed to enter World War I in the Middle East against the Ottoman Empire as an ally of Britain.[2] The Treaty was the first to give international recognition to the fledgling Saudi state. Also, for the first time in Nejdi history the concept of negotiated borders had been introduced.[5] Additionally, the British aim was to secure its Persian Gulf protectorates, but the treaty had the unintended consequence of legitimising Saudi control in the adjacent areas.[5] The Treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Jeddah (1927). 2. ^ a b Abdullah I of Jordan; Philip Perceval Graves (1950). Memoirs. p. 186. 3. ^ Wilkinson, John C. (1993). Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert. pp. 133–139. 4. ^ Dahlan, Malik (2018). The Hijaz: The First Islamic State. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-093501-6. 5. ^ a b c Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz (1997). The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East. p. 53. ISBN 978-0801484308. 6. ^ Al-Naqeeb, Khaldoun Hasan (1991). Society and State in the Gulf and Arab Peninsula: A Different Perspective. p. 69. ISBN 978-0415041621.
The Psychology of Shakespeare/Chapter 8 From Wikisource Jump to navigation Jump to search In the time when Shakespeare wrote, and of which he wrote, there existed no "Imputed Lunatics' Society." At least there are no records of its existence, and not even a tradition thereof. Is it possible that one of the members may have immolated the Secretary on a funeral pyre of the proceedings, and thus converting the whole into the "baseless fabric of a vision, left not a wreck behind." If so, the more's the pity; for if the writings of Shakespeare may be taken as a guide, it was more needed then than it is now; inasmuch as the false imputation of insanity appears at that time to have been quite a common incident. These characters of imputed insanity were needful to bring Shakespeare's psychological delineations "full circle round." The various phases of real and feigned insanity, which he has depicted with such marvellous skill and truthfulness, needed this one link to complete the chain. In its way it is perfect, as representing not only a masterly and most amusing sketch of the fabrication of imputed lunacy, but also of the treatment thought to be suitable for the insane in those days. Some incidental references to the treatment of the insane are to be found in several of the dramas. Thus Cominius says to Coriolanus, "If, 'gainst yourself you be incens'd, we'll put you (Like one that means his proper harm) in manacles." In Romeo and Juliet also is the following: “Benvolio. Why Romeo art thou mad : Romeo. Not mad, but bound more than a madman is : Shut up in prison: kept without food, Whipp'd and tormented.” In “As you like it,” Rosalind incidently refers to the treatment of insanity. why they are not so punished and cured is, that the lunacy is so ordinary that the whippers are in love too.” Malvolio only gets the half of Rosalind's recipe, which he endures without exciting much commiseration; a fact which may lead to the reflection that the ill-treatment of a real madman is an offence of very different colour to a frolic, however mischievous, with a vain egotistical coxcomb like Malvolio, or a drunken humorist like Sly. A sane man who has behaved himself like a madman, deserves some sort of punishment; the misfortune of real disease claims ever enduring forbearance and kindness; from whence it results that the interests of an insane person, who has really suffered ill treatment, and those of a sane person who has brought upon himself the imputation of insanity, are very far from being identical. - In the frolic of Twelfth Night, Shakespeare prefaces his character for the imputation of madness, with the same skill he has elsewhere displayed in Saying the ground plan for the reality. unalloyed egot in of the major-domo' at first vents itself in a querulousºttack on the Fook-and on those who ºugh at his folly. Aſhe is one of those men to self-impºrtant is an insult. Olivia gives the key nôte-of. Missisposition; a testy temper mea whose suring all things by the rule of his narrow self-esteem. “Oli. O, you are sick of self-love, Malvolio, and taste with a distempered appetite. To be generous, guiltless, and of free disposition, is to take those things for bird-bolts, that you deem cannon-bullets.” Though he has right on his side in objecting to Sir Toby's saturnalia, the same priggish vanity is evident in the method of reproof, bringing down upon him the pungent sarcasm of that moist moralist : “Art thou any more than a steward 2 Dost thou think because thou art virtuous there shall be no more cakes and ale 7” He offends Maria also with his Jack-in-office reproofs. Maria, the “wittiest piece of Eve's flesh in all Illyria,” instantly forms the plan of consummate revenge, namely, to “gull him into a nay-word, and make him a common recreation.” She has taken the exact guage of his self-esteem, and knows every pebble in the hover of vanity where the great trout lies, which she will lure into her grasp with tickling false hoods. complexion, he shall find himself most feelingly personated : I can write very like my lady, your niece; on a forgotten matter we can hardly make distinction of our hands. Sir To. Excellent 1 I smell a device. Sir And. I have’t in my nose too. Sir To. He shall think, by the letters that thou wilt drop, Malvolio has made enemies on every side, by the tale bearing arts of upper-servant diplomacy, so that recruits to the ambuscade of frolic are easy to find. Fabian will be boiled to death with melancholy, “rather than lose a scruple of the sport,” and Sir Toby will “fool him black and blue.” The poor victim's proclivity to folly is carefully elaborated before Maria's wicked device of the letter makes the cup brim o'er. “He has been yonder in the sun practising behaviour to his own shadow this half hour. Observe him for the love of mockery, for I know that this letter will make a contem plative idiot of him.” Malvolio's egregious vanity expressed in his overheard soliloquy is so preposterously flagrant, that it scarcely needed the dish of poison dressed for him in the feigned letter from the Countess, to bring it to a climax so closely resembling madness, that Olivia should accept the fact, without further proof than the absurd demeanour which the poor “baffled fool” puts on before her : “Mal. 'Tis but fortune; all is fortune. Maria once told me, she did affect me : and I have heard herself come thus near, that, should she fancy, it should be one of my com plexion. Besides, she uses me with a more exalted respect, than any one else that follows her. What should I think on’t 2" The steward's conceit has not the common quality of good nature to redeem it. He is testy and quarrelsome among his fellow servants, and a willing tell-tale of their failings, an ill-disposed sheep-dog of the domestic flock, a “niggardly rascally sheep-biter,” as Sir Toby calls him. He is a man who has no pity for others, having himself put into prison the captain who rescued Viola, for some unspecified offence. His adhesion to Olivia is founded upon selfishness alone. He not only displays no real affection for her, not even that of a faithful servant, but from the first he treats her with that off-handed upper-servant want of respect, which seems to say that she is honoured by his service. The folly of his aspiration to her hand has not therefore a breath of excuse or palliation. He can love no one but himself, and the demeanour, which he puts on in consequence of Maria's letter, is but the expression of his own previous thoughts and aspirations. He dons himself in yellow stockings, a colour which Olivia abhors, cross garters himself, a fashion she detests, and presents himself before—not the goddess of his idolatry, but the step ping-stone to his ambition, with the apish manners of an underbred dandy. Maria having previously prepared her mistress's mind for the most obvious explanation of his absurdities. He's coming, madam ; But in strange manner. He is sure possess'd. Oli. Why, what's the matter does he rave 7 No, madam, He does nothing but smile : your ladyship Were best have guard about you, if he come ; For, sure, the man is tainted in his wits. Oli. Go call him hither.—I’m as mad as he, If sad and merry madness equal be.— How now, Malvolio ! Mal. Sweet lady, ho, ho, [Smiles fantastically. Oli. Smil'st thou ? I sent for thee upon a sad occasion. Mal. Sad, lady ? I could be sad : This does make some obstruction in the blood, this cross-gartering; But what of that, if it please the eye of one, it is with me as the very true sonnet is : Please one, and please all. Oli. Why, how dost thou man what is the matter with thee ? Mal. Not black in my mind, though yellow in my legs: It did come to his hands, and commands shall be executed. I think, we do know the sweet Roman hand. Oli. God comfort thee! Why dost thou smile so, and kiss thy hand so oft? Mar. How do you, Malvolio ! Mal. At your request ? Yes; Nightingales answer daws. Mar. Why appear you with this ridiculous boldness before my lady ? Mal. Be mot afraid of greatness.-'twas well writ,” &c. “Oli. Why, this is very midsummer madness.” In what midsummer madness is supposed to differ from that of the rest of the year is not certain, unless it may be that the heat of the weather is supposed to increase that of the brain, and render its vagaries more rampant. Olivia's injunction to Maria, to “let this fellow be looked to,” and that the people should have special care of him, though immediately following the expression of her opinion that he is mad, has so little the effect of opening his eyes, dimmed with the scales of egotism, that he draws from the half contemptuous expression a perverse and flattering meaning. “Let this fellow be looked to ; fellow ! not Malvolio, nor after my degree, but fellow ! nothing that can be, can come between me and the full prospect of my hopes.” Not even the direct accusations of the conspirators that he is mad, can excite a suspicion of the foolery of which he is both the agent and the butt. They are idle shallow things, not of his element; they will know more shortly, and have reason to behave more respectfully. This bantering scene is pregnant with comicality, and with reference to the old fashioned ideas of madness and disease. While Sir Toby and Maria wickedly refer the cause of the supposed insanity to demoniacal possession, Fabian hits the more sensible expla– nation afforded by humoral pathology. “Fab. Here he is, here he is :—How is't with you, sir? how ist with you, man 7 Mal. Go off; I discard you ; let me enjoy my private ; Lo, how hollow the fiend speaks within him I did off. goMar. not I tell you ?—Sir Toby, my lady prays you to have a care of him. Mal. Ah, ah does she so : Sir To. Go to, go to ; peace, peace, we must deal gently with him ; let me alone. How do you, Malvolio 7 how is't with you? What, man defy the devil: consider, he's an enemy to mankind. Mal Do you know what you say ? Mar. La you, an you speak ill of the devil, how he takes it at heart \| Pray God, he be not bewitched : Fab. Carry his water to the wise woman. Mar. Marry, and it shall be done to-morrow morning, if I live My would not lose him for more than I'll say. Fab. No way but gentleness; gently, gently; the fiend is rough, and will not be roughly used. Sir To. Why, how now, my bawcock? how dost thou, chuck 2 Mal. Sir 2 Sir To. Ay, Biddy, come with me. What, man 'tis not for gravity to play at cherry-pit with Satan: Hang him, foul collier \| Mar. Get him to say his prayers; good sir Toby, get him to pray. }} My prayers, minx : Mar. No, I warrant you, he will not hear of godliness. Mal. Go, hang yourselves all ! you are idle shallow things : I am not of your element: you shall know more hereafter.” The unscrupulous tormentors have some apprehension that he may verily go mad, from the complete success of their device. Sir Toby at first thinks that he may become actually insane from disappointment, when he finds that the castle building of his ambition is all in the clouds. “Why, thou hast put him in such a dream that when the image of it leaves him, he must run mad.” Now, however, they think that the very excess of his morbid vanity will bring him to this consummation. “Fab. Why, we shall make him mad, indeed. Mar. The house will be the quieter. Sir To. Come, we'll have him in a dark-room, and bound. My niece is already in the belief that he is mad; we may carry it thus, for our pleasure, and his penance, till our very pastime, tired out of breath, prompt us to have mercy on him ; at which time we will bring the device to the bar, and crown thee for a finder of madmen.” He is put in the dark room and bound; and to carry on the riotous fun, an exorcist is provided in the Clown, repre senting Sir Topaz the Curate. “Clo. What, hoa, I say, Peace in this prison 1 Mal. [In an immer chamber.] Who calls, there? Clo. Sir Topaz, the curate, who comes to visit Malvolio the lunatic. Mal. Sir Topaz, Sir Topaz, good Sir Topaz, go to my lady. Clo. Out, hyperbolical fiend how vexest thou this man 7 talkest thou nothing but of ladies? Sir To. Well said, master parson. Mal. Sir Topas, never was man thus wronged : good sir Topas, do not think I am mad ; they have laid me here in hideous darkness. Clo. Fye, thou dishonest Sathan . I call thee by the most modest terms ; for I am one of those gentle ones, that will use the devil himself with courtesy: Say'st thou, that house is dark 2 Mal. As hell, sir Topas. Clo. Why, it hath bay windows, transparent as barricadoes, and the clear-stories towards the south and north are as lustrous as ebony; and yet complainest thou of obstruction ? Mal. I am not mad, sir Topas; I say to you, this house is dark. Clo. Madman, thou errest : I say, there is no darkness, but ignorance; in which thou art more puzzled, than the Egyptians in their fog. Mal. I say, this house is as dark as ignorance, though ignorance were as dark as hell; and I say there was never man thus abused : I am no more mad than you are ; make the trial of it in any constant question. Clo. What is the opinion of Pythagoras, concerning wild fowl 2 Clo. What thinkest thou of his opinion ? Mal. I think nobly of the soul, and no way approve his opinion. Clo. Fare thee well: Remain thou still in darkness: thou shalt hold the opinion of Pythagoras, ere I will allow of thy wits; and fear to kill a woodcock, lest thou dispossess the soul of thy grandam. Fare thee well.” This interview represents, a caricature of the idea that madness is occasioned by demoniacal possession, and is curable by priestly exorcism. The idea was not merely a vulgar one in Shakespeare's time, but was maintained long afterward by the learned and the pious ; more than a trace of it, indeed, remains to the present day in Canon LXXII. of the Church, which provides, that no Minister without the license of the Bishop of the Diocese shall “attempt, upon any pretence whatsoever, either of possession or obsession, by fasting and prayer, to cast out any devil or devils, under pain of the imputation of imposture or cosenage, and deposition from the ministry.” I have known more than one ceremonial of exorcism performed without this reference to episcopal authority, which was doubtless intended to check injudicious zeal in the employment of a superstitious rite. The exorcism of the false Sir Topaz is supposed to be proceeded with in the proper place, namely, the Church, and hence the reference to the bay windows and to the clear-stories. This ceremonial must have been of no uncommon occurrence in Shakespeare's time. In Catholic countries it is still resorted to ; and in the lunatic colony of Gheel, in Belgium, it appears to be the usual active treatment to which recently admitted patients are subjected. There is nothing new under the sun, at least, in human nature; to this conclusion, a careful study of Shakespeare must inevitably lead, for either from contemplation or obser vation, he seems to have known all the absurdites, and all the shades of man's intellectual weakness and pride. Could he arise again, would he not find this century rather dull and uninteresting, compared with his own 7 Material improve ments excepted, would he not find the world rather worse for wear, more crowded and less merry, more pretentious and less truthful, more knowing and less wise; and would he not find existing follies as numerous as old ones, only less picturesque ! If the old world system of exorcism is caricatured by the false Sir Topaz, one of the modern tests of insanity is also keenly quizzed. The idea of testing the existence of insanity, by questions on the doctrine of transmigration, may find its counterpart in more than one recent legal investigation, S in which it has been argued by very learned counsel, and maintained by very eminent physicians, that, because an educated gentleman retains some knowledge of his previous acquirements, it is impossible that he can be insane. It is noteworthy that Shakespeare does not introduce the exorcist in the grave and tragic instances of insanity, but only to cope with the comic instances of falsely imputed madness, in Malvolio and the Antipholi. The Clown puts off the character of the reverend exorcist, and appears in his own. He well advises Malvolio to “endea vour thyself to sleep and leave thy vain bibble babble;” and in the very acme of pretended good faith, he exhorts the victim, “tell me true, are you mad indeed ? or do you but counterfeit?” and in reply to the strenuous denial of both, he closes the argument with the assertion which might have prevented it, “nay, I'll never believe a madman 'till I see his brains.” The Clown provides the poor dupe with materials and means to write a letter, and undertakes to carry it to Olivia, whom Malvolio thinks the cause of his ill-usage. The Clown, how ever, does with the letter much as the letters of insane pa tients are too often treated at the present time. He detains it until the writer comes in question respecting the imprisonment of Viola's friend, the sea captain, and then presents it with the remark that, “a madman's epistles are no gospels, so it skills not much when they are delivered.” The Duke rightly thinks that the letter “savours not much of distraction.” Malvolio comes into the presence, and gives a temperate account of the treatment by which he has been “made the most notorious geck and gull that e'er invention played on.” It is to be feared, however, that if the steward's vanity is diminished under treatment, the gall and malice of his dispo sition are increased. He takes leave with the threat, “I’ll be revenged on the whole pack of you," foreshadowing a criminal information for conspiracy, or at the very least an action for assault and false imprisonment. The theme of Christopher Sly's imputed madness in the Induction of Taming the Shrew turns on the old point of indis tinguished identity. The frolic, to “practise on the drunken man” by letting him awake from the insensibility of his liquor, surrounded by the circumstances of a lord, at once suggests the old question, “Would not the beggar then forget himself?” Sly, we fear, is a sad rogue, though he denies it. “The Sly's are no rogues. Look in the Chronicles, we came in with the Conqueror.” But descent barreth not bad qualities, and a man's lineage may have “crept through scoundrels, ever since the flood.” He would almost barter his birthright for a pot of small ale, and it is not therefore surprising that he should readily enough give up his identity, when bribed with an atmosphere of sensual gratification. Consciousness and conscientiousness are not merely allied in sound. There is exquisite drollery, if there is also some inconsistency in making Sly, who is sane, accept this oft repeated test of alienation. Sly's readiness to submit to a change of identity, is proof positive, if other proofs were wanting, that this test is not trustworthy. He is at first very positive. “What, would you make me mad : Am I not Christopher Sly, old Sly’s son of Burton-heath ; by birth a pedlar, by education a card-maker, by transmutation a bear-herd, and now by present profession a tinker ? Ask Marian Hacket, the fat ale-wife of Wincot, if she know me not : if she say I am not fourteen pence on the score for sheer ale, score me up for the lyingest knave in Christendom. What I am not bestraught !” Here is identification with circumstance : but, alas, the tempter comes to prove all this is but a strange lunacy, and to proffer the delights of lordly luxury, and the sensualist gives up his past existence to embrace that of the sybarite. After all it is but a change of manner. “Am I a lord? and have I such a lady ? Or do I dream, or have I dream'd till now I do not sleep: I see, I hear, I speak; I smell sweet savours, and I feel soft things:– Upon my life, I am a lord, indeed; And not a tinker, nor Christophero Sly.— Well, bring our lady hither to our sight; And once again, a pot o' the smallest ale.” Self-identification is, indeed, no test of sanity or insanity. An insane man, who fancies himself made of butter, or of glass, is not convinced to the contrary by fire not melting him, or blows not breaking him, and is not likely to be convinced by the persistence of ordinary sensation in a sub stance which ought to be senseless. The power of the delusion which overlooks the attributes of that which it believes to exist, is not likely to succumb to the attributes of that which it believes not to exist. Moreover sensation may be de fective or perverted, while emotion and intellect remain sound. The prick of Lear's pin might be inflicted on a limb which had lost the sense of feeling; and if the organs of vision had been affected, Sebastian might neither have seen the glorious sun nor the pearl, or might have seen them multiplied or distorted. In the Comedy of Errors, madness is imputed to four of the principal characters, namely, to the two pairs of twins. There is more of fanciful incident than of delineation of character in this piece. The idea of insanity first presents itself to the mind of the courtesan to whom Antipholus of Ephesus denies the ring he has had from her. The idea once suggested is eagerly seized upon by his shrewish wife and her partisans, to interpret the violent and absurd conduct of her lord. Mis taken identity is again the pivot of the imputed madness, but in this instance the mistake is not made by the subject of it, but by the public. Adriana procures the assistance of a conjuring exorcist, Pinch. The marks of anger are inter preted into the signs of madness. “Alas, how fiery and how sharp he looks : “Mark, how he trembles in his extasy" “Pinch. Give me your hand, and let me feel your pulse. Ant. E. There is my hand, and let it feel your ear. 1xx Pinch. I charge thee, Satan, hous'd within this man, To yield possession to my holy prayers, And to thy state of darkness hie thee straight; I conjure thee by all the saints in heaven.” This of course adds fuel to the fire of the angry man's excitement; discussion leads to violence; master and man over powered and bound together are put in a dark and dampish vault. Antipholus and Dromio of Syracuse, the other halves of the identity, as they may be called, take refuge from their persecutions in the sanctuary of the cloister. The interview of the Abbess with the zealous and jealous wife is the fine passage of the play. Adriana must have drawn upon her fancy for the account of the premonitory symptoms, or have thus interpreted the ill-humour caused by her own shrewish temper. The Abbess makes a wrong guess or two at the cause, but her keen eye reads the only probable one in the feature language of the wife. The manner in which she inveigles the latter into self-accusation, and then describes the distracting effect of domestic cark and worry is finely graphic. Abb. How long hath this posession held the man 7 Adr. This week he hath been heavy, sour, sad, And much, much different from the man he was ; But, till this afternoon, his passion Ne'er brake into extremity of rage. Abb. Hath he not lost much wealth by wrack of sea 7 Buried some dear friend ? Hath not else his eye Stray'd his affection in unlawful love? A sin prevailing much in youthful men, Who give their eyes the liberty of gazing. Which of these sorrows is he subject to ? Adr. To none of these, except it be the last; Namely, some love that drew him oft from home. Abb. You should for that have reprehended him. Adr. Why, so I did. Abb. Ay, but not rough enough. Adr. As roughly, as my modesty would let me. Abb. Haply, in private. Adr. And in assemblies too. Abb. Ay, but not enough. Adr. It was the copy of our conference : In bed, he slept not for my urging it : At board, he fed not for my urging it : Alone, it was the subject of my theme; In company, I have often glanced it ; Still did I tell him it was vile and bad. Abb. And thereof came it, that the man was mad : The venom clamours of a jealous woman Poison more deadly than a mad dog's tooth. It seems, his sleeps were hinder'd by thy railing; And therefore comes it, that his head is light. Thou say'st his meat was sauc’d with thy upbraidings ; Unquiet meals make ill digestions, Thereof the raging fire of fever bred ; And what's a fever but a fit of madness Thou say'st, his sports were hinder'd by thy brawls : Sweet recreation barr'd, what doth ensue, But moody and dull melancholy, Kinsman to grim and comfortless despair; And, at her heels, a huge infectious troop Of pale distemperatures, and foes to life 2 In food, in sport, and life-preserving rest To be disturb'd, would mad or man, or beast : The consequence is then, thy jealous fits Have scar'd thy husband from the use of wits.” The imputation of disordered mind is cast upon many other characters in these dramas, but in no other is there a discussion, or so to say, an inquisition upon the truth of the fact, except in Measure for Measure, when Isabella throws herself before the Duke, praying for justice upon his hypocrite deputy, the saintly Angelo. The imputation of disordered intellect is here made in all seriousness, to discredit the accuser, and avert the punishment of crime. Angelo replies to the maiden's denunciation. “Angelo. My lord, her wits, I fear me, are not firm. She hath been a suitor to me for her brother Cut off by cause of justice By cause of justice Angelo. And she will speak most bitterly and strange. Isabel. Most strange, and yet most truly will I speak.” Isabel. The accusation is made, and the Duke answers in well assumed belief in Angelo's truth and Isabella's distractedness; thus eliciting from her that discrimination between the impossible and the improbable, which ought never to be lost sight of, in estimating dubious statements of suspected minds. “Duke. Away with her ;-Poor soul, She speaks this in the infirmity of sense. Isabel. O prince I conjure thee, as thou believ'st, There is another comfort than this world, That thou neglect me not, with that opinion That I am touched with madness; make not impossible That which but seems unlike.” The duke accepts the distinction, and applies the best possible test to the reasonableness of the statement, namely, the just consequence of one idea on another, the “dependency of thing on thing.” “Duke. By mine honesty, If she is mad as I believe no other, Her madness hath the oddest frame of sense, Such a dependency of thing on thing As e'er I heard in madness. Isabel. O gracious Harp not on that ; nor do not banish reason For inequality; but let your reason serve To make the truth appear where it seems hid.” This imputation of insanity to smother truth is as old as the time when it was replied to by the great apostle of truth, in the very spirit of Isabella's appeal: "I am not mad most noble Festus, but speak forth the words of truth and soberness." The test which the Duke applies is the only one valid in regard to the reason, although it is opposed to Locke's theory, that madmen reason right on wrong premises. But the right statement of the premises is a great part of the reasoning process: the dependency of one premise on another being duly set forth, the conclusion follows as a matter of course. Hence it follows, that although it may be needful to apply other tests to ascertain the soundness of other functions of the mind, that of the reason, strictly so called, must ever be estimated by the due sequence of ideas, the "dependency of thing on thing."
How to Build a Universe I always like to be reading a popular science book, and I’ve recently finished this excellent book by Professor Brian Cox & Robin Ince. It’s based on the acclaimed BBC Radio and podcast The Infinite Monkey Cage. It’s witty and comedic, an irreverent celebration of science and the wonders of the universe; totally silly in places and incredibly thought-provoking and mind-blowing in others. Having three young children has meant that my reading habits have declined of late, but this was one of the books helping me get back into it; not least because this one is in a magazine format with diagrams, photos and lines drawings enhancing the text and dividing into manageable size chunks. The title The Infinite Monkey Cage comes from the infinite monkey theorem which states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In fact, the monkey would almost surely type every possible finite text an infinite number of times. However, the probability that monkeys filling the observable universe would type a complete work such as Shakespeare’s Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time hundreds of thousands of orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe is extremely low (but technically not zero). Wikipedia
June 11, 2020 2 min read In the wake of the June protests in response to George Floyd's death and systemic police brutality against black people, many folks are equating the Black Lives Matter movement with the revolutionary spirit of the Stonewall Riots. Beginning on the early hours of June 28, 1969, the Stonewall Riots began when New York City police raided the Stonewall Inn, one of the few remaining gay (and gender inclusive) bars open in Greenwich Village. As the raid progressed and police arrested the bar's patrons, a sizable crowd grew in the street. Tensions escalated, and while accounts vary of what exactly started the riots, two prominent POC figures have emerged as faces of those fateful nights and the leaders of pride: Stormé DeLarverie and Marsha P. Johnson. Stormé DeLarverie, a lesser known name from the Stonewall Riots, was a biracial lesbian and drag king. Before June 28, 1968, she performed as a drag king and MC in the Jewelbox Revue, the first racially integrated drag revue. The night of Stonewall, many recalled that she threw the first punch as she was arrested and brought out of the bar in handcuffs; this punch is what started the rioting in the streets and the altercation between the people of Greenwich Village and the police. The second, more prominent figure to arise from the Stonewall Riots is Marsha P. Johnson, a trans black woman, drag queen, and outspoken gay rights advocate. She is also credited as one of the sparks for the riots that night: in some accounts, she threw a shotglass at a mirror behind the bar (deemed "the shotglass heard around the world"); in others, she threw a brick at a police officer. The most corroborated story is that she climbed a lamppost on the second night of the riots and dropped a brick on a cop car's windshield. Regardless, Johnson's involvement those nights and activism in the following years had a profound impact on the gay rights movement and visibility for trans people and drag queens within conversations about LGBTQ rights. Often, it is the voices of the oppressed and marginalized that rise to great heights because they are put under enormous pressure. We can look to DeLarverie and Johnson's boldness and resilience to realize that we can, in fact, change the parts of society we can no longer accept. The actions of these two courageous individuals resonates all the louder through the perspective of the years that followed. For a more intensive look at the Stonewall Riots and Pride in the last 50 years, we recommend the Stonewall 50-year anniversary coverage by the Atlantic. Kelly Boner is a staff writer for LED Queens who joined the team in September 2019. She is a designer, drag artist, member of the Chicago LGBTQ community, and avid email marketing enthusiast. Leave a comment
Northern Ireland, Sport and Sectarianism in Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapter With the exception of South Africa under the apartheid regime, it appears that there are few more appropriate examples regarding the use of sport to create, exacerbate, or at least reflect division than the case of Northern Ireland. With a total population of 7 million, the island of Ireland, situated on the western seaboard of Europe, is divided between the Republic of Ireland, an independent nation-state, and Northern Ireland, which despite having a devolved assembly, remains constitutionally tied to Britain. In the latter case, notwithstanding a decade of relative peace, there exists a society broadly divided along ethnosectarian lines. During the latter part of the 20th century, from 1969 to 1998, Northern Ireland was the site of conflict between Irish republican paramilitary groupings, principally the Irish Republican Army (IRA), and British state forces over the country’s constitutional future. Some 2,087 civilians died as a result of the conflict, 910 members of the security forces (including the police and army) and 395 republican paramilitaries also lost their lives during a dark period in the country’s short history. Deep wounds remain to this day and reflect the fact that the majority Protestant and Unionist population in Northern Ireland has a set of political and cultural beliefs that reaffirm their attachment to Britain, while the minority Catholic and Nationalist community retains a constitutional and cultural position that aligns more closely with the rest of Ireland. Of course neither of these communities is an absolute monolith and, on both sides, a fair degree of moderation is apparent. Original languageEnglish Title of host publicationSports around the World: History, Culture and Practice Place of PublicationUSA PublisherABC-CLIO, LLC ISBN (Print)9781598843019 Publication statusPublished - 1 Mar 2012 • Sectarianism • Northern Ireland • Sport Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Northern Ireland, Sport and Sectarianism in'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. • Cite this Hassan, D. (2012). Northern Ireland, Sport and Sectarianism in. In Sports around the World: History, Culture and Practice (pp. 145-148). USA: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
Self introspection and correction: critical skills for learning a foreign language [Intermediate/Advanced] By \| December 25, 2013 In my time studying Japanese I’ve been fortunate enough to have several pen pals and conversation partners who have corrected my grammar mistakes, and in some cases pointed out more natural phrasing. Unfortunately, experiences like that are few and far between, not only because it can be tedious and time consuming to correct someone’s language mistakes, but also because explaining why something is incorrect can be quite difficult. Add to that the fact that correcting someone mid-conversation can disturb the flow of the discussion, leading to frustration on both parties. The farther you travel on the road to true fluency, the more you realize that self introspection and self correction are really two of the most important skills required. Its always amazing how children acquire language at such a breakneck pace, but if you watch them carefully you’ll realize they made all sort of mistakes from wrong pronunciation to bad grammar. This is one of the secrets behind their accelerated learning – they use a relentless process of trial and error to polish their language skills. I’ve even read in some books on education that its best to not directly correct children by saying “That is wrong!”, but instead simply repeat the proper phrase back to them nonchalantly and they will figure it out for themselves eventually. This is the linguistic version of the common proverb “teach a person to fish…”. Besides diligently going over my Japanese emails with a fine tooth comb to look for mistakes and awkward phrasing, I found it’s also good to try and keep a mental note for things I said that I was not comfortable with. Usually what happens is I manage to communicate with unsure or unnatural phrasing, but then later on I end up hearing a similar phrase that is the natural way to say what I tried to convey. At that point in time something clicks in my head, and I can easily remember the proper phrasing, so that next time I need to say something similar I just repeat it back. The most important thing is that you aren’t afraid to try and say whatever comes to mind given your limited knowledge, even if it’s unnatural, grammatically incorrect, or just plan wrong. Without the “trial” step, when you hear the proper phrase spoken by someone you probably won’t care as much and odds are it won’t stick. If you’re still young, or linguistically gifted, then you might already be doing these things without any problem. But as we get older, we loose some of the plasticity of learning new languages, and need to compensate by keeping good habits like this. I find that pronunciation is one of the more difficult things for me to refine since I don’t pay as much attention to it while I am speaking. So occasionally I try to record my speech and listen to it carefully. It’s usually quite embarrassing at first, but in the end it gives me more confidence about what I am doing right and pointers to where I am going wrong. Often when I am reading a novel or manga book I’ll also read dialog lines out loud slowly, focusing on clear, natural pronunciation. And by all means, keep up the search for those who will do detailed correction of your Japanese. Just don’t expect most people to be able to put in the requisite time and thought required to do it properly. If you have a pen pal whose English grammar you are correcting in exchange, you’re more likely to get detailed feedback on your mistakes. (Visited 178 times, 1 visits today) Leave a Reply
battle of iwo_jima Download Battle of iwo_jima Post on 09-May-2015 1 download Embed Size (px) • 1.Battle of Iwo Jima By:Moneer Saghafi 2. Location of Iwo Jima Iwo Jima is a tiny volcanic island that lays some 750 miles south of Tokyo, Japans Capital It is 1/3 the size of Manhattan 3. Japans Iwo Jima Strategy1. The Japanese didnt fight above ground. Theyfought the battle entirely from beneath theground. They dug 1,500 rooms into the rock.These were connected with 16 miles of tunnels.2. Japanese strategy called for "no Japanesesurvivors." They planned not to survive.3. Japanese strategy was for each soldier tokill 10 Americans before they themselves arekilled. 4. Facts about Iwo Jima General Kuribayashi was the Japanese commander of Iwo Jima. Iwo Jima was Japanese home soil No foreign army in Japans 5,ooo year history successfully trod on Japanese soilIn order to provide a better base from which to launch these raids, American forces set out in Febuary 1945 for Iwo Jima. The islands rugged terrain was heavily guarded by Japanese soldiers.American troops greatly outnumbered the defenders For the first time in the war, the Japanese troops were fighting for land that was actually a part of Japan. Japanese soldiers fought ferociously hidden in caves, tunnels, and were protected by concrete bunkers. Early in the battle, marines managed to capture the islands tallest point, Mount Suribachi. Twenty-one thousand defenders of Japanese soil, burrowed in the volcanic rock of Iwo Jima, anxiously awaited the American invaders. The US sent more Marines to Iwo than to any other battle, 110,000 Marines in 880 Ships. The convoy of 880 US Ships sailed from Hawaii to Iwo in 40 days. 5. Facts about Iwo Jima cont. At 8:30am, the order, "Land the Landing Force," sent the first wave of Marines towards the deadly shores. Once ashore, the Marines were bedeviled by the loose volcanic ash. Unable to dig foxholes, they were sitting ducks for the hidden Japanese gunners. Heavy fire made it impossible to land men in an orderly manner. Confusion reigned on the beaches. Heavy fire made it impossible to land men in an orderly manner. Confusion reigned on the beaches. On Mt. Suribachi, Japanese gunners zeroed in on every inch of the landing beach. The invading US Marines fought above ground. The defending Japanese fought from below ground. The US Marines on Iwo rarely saw a Japanese soldier. Every Marine, everywhere on the island was always in range of Japanese guns. Historians described U.S. forces attack against the Japanese defense as "throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete." Easy Company started with 310 men (the Flag Raising Company) Only 50 men boarded the ship after the battle. Seven officers went into the battle and only 1 survived Nearly 7,000 Americans were dead and many more were wounded. More than 20,000 Japanese defenders had been on Iwo Jima when the Americans Landed. All but 1,000 fought to the death. 6. The Flag Raising 7. The Flag RaisersMike Strank 8. The Flag RaisersHarlon BlockClick to see a large view.Franklin Sousley 9. The Flag RaisersIra Hayes Rene Gagnon 10. Iwo Jima Battle Photos 11. Photos 12. Photos cont. 13. Photos cont. 14. Strategy Maps 15. Maps cont. 16. Maps cont. 17. The importance of the Battleof Iwo Jima to the U.S Americans found the island a wanted treasure. Saipan, Tinian, and Guam(Marianas Islands) were the closest American occupied islands from Tokyo. They were about 1300 miles from Tokyo, which meant a B-29 bomber took a 16 hour round trip mission only to find itself minutes from running out of fuel. The island was a must-have for Americans. The island would provide fuel for bombers, and would be a resort for damaged planes. Previously, all B-29s had to fly out of Saipan, which left pilots with very long flights and no room for error or mischance, a state of affairs that led to very high operational losses. 18. Impact of Battle of Iwo Jimaon World War II Most people remember the battle as a victory but dont understand the importance of the triumph. The victory atthe Iwo Jima Island was a huge stepping stonein the fight with Japan during World War II.The island was used as an air force base thatwas much closer for the planes to land whenthey could not make it back to the states foremergency repairs. These planes were used tocarry bombs on long range missions which laterplayed a vital role in the defeat of Japan.The victory was an important one that helpedincrease the hope of the American people. 19. Bibliography
helpline 01494 601 400 Young people and epilepsy Information for young people about epilepsy including how it may affect your life, education, relationships, driving or worklife. young man in a patterned shirt in front of a blue wall Introduction to epilepsy An introduction to epilepsy and treatment for young people. What is epilepsy? Epilepsy is the tendency to have seizures that start in the brain. The brain uses electrical signals to pass messages between brain cells. If these signals are disrupted, this can lead to a seizure. Epilepsy is usually diagnosed when someone has had more than one seizure. Seizures can affect your feelings, awareness or movement. Different types of seizures involve different things. These may include confusion, strange feelings, repetitive movements, 'blank' moments (where you are briefly unconscious), muscle jerks, sudden falls, or convulsions (jerking movements while unconscious). Sex and relationships It's not unusual for people to worry about their sex life, whether they have epilepsy or not. Getting close to someone else can be great but it can also leave you feeling vulnerable. What if they go off me? What if something embarrassing happens? Do I tell them about my epilepsy? You may worry about having a seizure during sex, but it is usually no more likely than having a seizure at any other time. Going out with someone who you can really talk to and who understands your epilepsy can be great. Sometimes it can be helpful for you to find out how they feel about your epilepsy too. blurry image of a woman running through countryside in the sunshine Sports and spare time university hat icon School, college or university Information for young people about getting the most out of their time in education Learning to drive If you have had no seizures for at least one year, you can learn to drive a car or motorbike at 17. When you apply for your provisional driving licence, the driver and vehicle licensing agency (DVLA) (opens new window), will need to know about your epilepsy, even if you are not currently having seizures. The DVLA will ask you to fill in some forms. They may also contact your doctor to ask about your epilepsy before they send you your licence. woman in a pink sweater driving a red car past some brick buildings Driving and getting about Getting around and being independent is an important part of growing up. Find out about epilepsy and driving, transport and travelling. What jobs can I do? If you have the right qualifications or experience and your seizures don't put you or the people you work with at risk then you should be able to apply for most jobs. If you have seizures, you may not be able to do jobs that risk your safety or the safety of other people. These include: • jobs that involve driving • working at heights, near open water or fire • working with unguarded machinery. Whether or not you can work on active service in the Armed Forces (Army, Royal Air Force and Royal Navy) depends on your epilepsy. For example, if you have epilepsy now you wouldn’t be able to join the Armed Forces. If you had epilepsy as a child (under five years old) or a single seizure more than ten years ago, you may be able to join. a woman's arms with hands hovering over a laptop keyboard Getting work Answering young people’s questions about work, employment and epilepsy. young woman with long hair and glasses smiling Your feelings Whether you've had epilepsy for a long time or if it's something that's new, you might have questions or concerns about it. Taken from our Your epilepsy - now and next booklet. Order this booklet from our online shop as part of our 'first five free' offer, or download the pdf using the link below.
Apricot Tree The apricot tree is a fruit tree of the Rosaceae family, the same family as peach, cherry and almond. It can reach more than 6 metres in height in a favourable natural situation. It tends to have strong vegetation. The trunk has a crunchy brown-black bark. Its name comes from the Arabic word “albarquq” which means “early” because of the early spring flowering. Originally from China, it was long considered, by mistake, as coming from Armenia (hence its Latin name).
A megszokott módon folytatjuk tevékenységünket. Értékesítési csapatunk és gyárunk a rendelkezésére áll. Blog Power bank töltés Here we explain the relationship between the stated capacity of a Power Bank in mAh and the number of times a user can charge their mobile or tablet device before a Power Bank recharge is required. Power Bank Capacity Power Banks have a capacity rated in mAh (milliampere hours). This is a measure of the charge stored within the Power Bank. The industry standard is that the total cumulative charge stored within the Power Bank cell(s) is stated as its capacity. It is sometimes incorrectly assumed that all of the charge within a Power Bank can be transferred to the battery of the device it is charging, with no loses. The physical reality is that energy is lost at different stages as charge is transferred from the Power Bank cells to the recipient's device. This is the same with all Power Banks, regardless of the brand. Where is the energy lost? As charge moves from the Power Bank to the device (the connected phone for example) energy is lost at various stages on its journey: 1) The industry standard cell(s) used within the Power Bank commonly output 3.7 Volts. This voltage has to be boosted up to 5 Volts via the Power Bank's internal circuitry as this is the standard voltage of a USB interface. Energy losses during this boosting phase are around 10-15%. 2) As the energy leaves the Power Bank, it will encounter some electrical resistance within the cable. Cable quality and cable length are important factors. For example a cable of 1 meter in length made from low quality wire, can result in significant energy loss due to its high resistance value. 3) As the charge arrives at your device the voltage will again be changed, this time stepping down from 5V to around 4V to match the requirement of the device’s internal battery. This conversion leads to further energy losses. 4) The characteristics and behaviour of the circuitry in your connected device influence the amount of energy lost at this stage. If your device has a fast charge function, its likely energy transfer will be less efficient than a standard rate of charge as efficiency has been traded off for speed. Lower quality (often cheaper) devices tend to be less efficient overall at energy conversion, even at normal charging speeds. 5) Finally the quality and longevity of the battery within your device plays an important role in the amount of charge it can successfully capture. If for example your phone is 1-2 years old, it likely charges much less efficiently than a new phone whose battery has not endured as many charge cycles. Effectively, each charge cycle makes the process of charging on the next cycle fractionally less efficient and over time these inefficiencies add up. What happens to the lost energy? Energy is typically lost in the form of heat, and this is why devices being charged typically become warm. All our Power Banks contain multiple levels of protection, one of which shuts down the Power Bank should the temperature move outside expected operational levels. If you’d like to know more about our Power Banks please fill out our Quick Quote Form. A dedicated Account Manager will be in touch as soon as possible. flashbay Szerző:Sam Sanchez Be first to leave a comment: * Nem jelenik meg (ha elérhető) Replies from Flashbay will be sent to you by email. Az űrlap beküldésével adatai az Adatvédelmi Szabályzatnak megfelelően kerülnek feldolgozásra.
Why Small Particles Stick – Clean the Cleanroom We all know that the smaller the particle, the harder it is to clean. They always get stuck in those tiny, hard-to-reach spaces. Here’s why. Dispersion forces. They make a gecko’s feet stick to walls. They also make small particles get stuck in really tiny places and cause them to be so hard to clean. Let’s see why this kind of force is making your life cleaning the cleanroom so difficult. Molecules that have dipoles, or permanently positively and negatively charged sides are associated with polar and hydrogen bonding forces. However, dispersion forces are a property of all molecules regardless of an inherent dipole. Since electrons are always in motion, momentary fluctuations can occur when more electrons are on one side of a molecule than the other. This causes a momentary negative charge on the side with more electrons and a positive charge on the opposite side, creating a momentary dipole. When a molecule comes close to a molecule with a momentary dipole, its electrons are compelled to move. This creates an attractive force between the molecules. If the colliding molecules don’t have enough energy to bounce back, they stick together. The dipole then lasts as long as the molecules are bound together. The pair becomes a dipole in itself, creating a chain reaction. Since the molecules have to be very close together in order to adhere, crevices become fertile grounds for dispersion forces. This is also true when soil dries. Soil molecules that are in liquid become close enough together during evaporation to attract the dispersion force. Thus, dried soil is tougher to clean than wet. You see why it is so important to perform critical cleaning as soon as possible. The longer you wait, the harder the job will be. You can’t beat science! For cleanroom validation and certification, contact Gergig Engineering Company. Check out the services on our website for more information or contact us at: 888-628-0056; info@gerbig.com. Cleaning the Components in Electronics Manufacturing: Part 2 More options for cleaning electronic components and maintaining a cleanroom for electronics manufacturers. When electronic components are exposed to humidity or fluctuating temperatures, protective layers can erode, thereby releasing ionic substances. The risk of electro-migration and dendritic growth makes cleaning electronics in these environments necessary. In part 1, we covered solvent options. Here we will explore water-based media. Ultrasound cleaning with water-based media offers practical solutions to electronics manufacturers. The electrical signals from the ultrasound influences the cleaning action for the cleansing agent. The lower the frequency, the more energy is released by sound waves. Cleaning tests will help you figure out the right combination of cleansing agent and ultrasound frequency. Carbon dioxide offers a nice dry alternative. Compressed carbon dioxide possesses excellent properties as a solvent on nonpolar impurities like grease and oil. With low viscosity and interfacial tension, supercritical CO2 has a strong capacity for penetrating crevices. This works well for small, drilled holes and other complex geometries. This environmentally-friendly, dry, residue-free procedure can clean complete PCBs and assemblies. The chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of CO2 snow-jet cleaning removes surface films and particulate contamination without leaving residue. This type of cleaning can be used on contact points, in preparation for bonding processes, equipping PCBs and foil-PCBs, and manufacturing of metal-insulator semiconductors. Plasma is another medium used to clean electronics. The physical and chemical reaction during the cleaning procedure allows plasma to efficiently surface treat parts and components while cleaning away organic impurities like oils and grease and activate the surface. Depending on the application, low-pressure plasmas or inline-capable atmospheric pressure plasmas can be used. For all water-based media, solutions will depend on your plant technology as well as the components that need cleaning. For other cleanroom solutions, like certification, validation, and modular construction, contact Gerbig Engineering Company. Our experts understand compliance and electronic manufacturing: 888-628-0056; info@gerbig.com. Cleaning the Components in Electronics Manufacturing: Part 1 Electronic components in adverse environments require careful cleaning to remain compliant. This series explores the means of doing so. Thanks to no-clean fluxes and soldering pastes, the need to clean components in electronics manufacturing has decreased significantly. However, this is only the case for components used in non-critical atmospheric environments. Adverse environments, like humid or fluctuating temperatures, can erode the protective layer applied in the no-clean process. This releases ionizing substances that promote electro-migration and dendritic growth. You’ll find this in narrow spaces under components and between connections and contact surfaces. Additionally, fluxes, residues of soldering agents and adhesives, and dust need to be removed from electronic components. In choosing a cleansing agent, you need to consider the subject material as well as the nature and quantity of the impurities to remove. Cleaning agents for electronics include solvents, water-based media containing alkaline surfactants, and water-based tenside-free solutions. In this article, we will discuss solvents. Solvents for the electronics manufacturing industry contain non-halogenated hydrocarbons, modified alcohols, or hydrofluorethers (HFEs). HFEs are the alternative to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were found to have a high potential for breaking down ozone about 20 years ago. Both have similar properties, but HFEs don’t persist in the atmosphere and pose no danger to ozone. Monosolvent, bisolvent, and cosolvent systems use these solvents. • Monosolvent: Using a pure HFE or azeotrope, these systems remove slight impurities like halogen compounds, particles, dust, light oils, and residue of easy-clean solvents. • Bisolvent and Cosolvent: Both systems combine HFE with a low-volatility organic solvent. The solubility promoter of the organic solvent removes impurities while the HFE rinses them away. These are great for stubborn impurities like wax, adhesives, heavy oils, hot-melt glues, grease, and C-flux residues. The biggest difference between these two systems is that the solvent and rinsing agent are mixed together in a cosolvent and kept separate in a bisolvent. In part two, we will look at water-based cleaning agents containing alkaline surfectants. If your electronics cleanroom requires validation or certification, contact Gerbig Engineering Company. We excel at cleanroom applications for the electronics and pharmaceutical industries. 888-628-0056; info@gerbig.com.
Porter's Five Forces And Norton's Balanced Scorecard Words: 1312 Pages: 6 Strategy is fundamental in an organization's overall performance. The strategy selected depends upon numerous factors. The environment has a direct influence on the relationship between strategy and performance. The combination of several factors contributes to the strategies chosen and influence the performance of an organization. The current dynamic and competitive business environment influences companies to survive, grow and be profitable as an essential goal for all industries. Organizations are challenged by identifying the benefits and limitations of Porter's Five Forces and Kaplan's and Norton's Balanced Scorecard. These powerful strategic management tools can be linked to interact with each other. Porter's work can facilitate …show more content… It does not mean that Porter's theories are invalid, but when the model is adopted there must be an understanding of its limitations to use it as part of the management techniques, tools and theories. Kaplan's and Norton's Balanced Scorecard however, is an organizational framework for implementing strategies at all company levels combining strategy objectives and measures. Integrating key performance indicators with financial measures the scorecard can provide an enterprise view of an organization's overall performance. The balanced scorecard purpose is to provide a measuring tape by which someone can determine whether the goals have been met or exceeded. Balanced Scorecard allows companies to bridge the gap between mission statement and how the day to day activities support the company's mission and objectives. The balanced scorecard can also provide a visual mean of demonstrating how different goals are related, it is a beneficial tool to assist management to better communicate the strategy, to motivate and prioritize the team to common and long term goals. By using the balanced Scorecard approach, the immediate future is not the only thing being evaluated, it allows stakeholders determine the health of short, medium and long term objectives at glance. The balanced scorecard methodology helps leaders move from reactive to proactive mode. A good scorecard contains not only outputs or result metrics, but also metrics that provide insight about
Covid-19 /Coronavirus Disease 2019 Please note when you are ill- call your docotor and follow the instruction. Q & A How does the COVID-19 spread? The virus can spread from person to person through direct contact with respiratory droplets of an infected person and touching surfaces contaminated with the virus. Can people who are asymptomatic spread coronavirus? Yes. What is the incubation period? Five days (2-7days) on average, but it can be as long as 14-30 days. What are the symptoms COVID-19 infection? • Fever, fatigue and dry cough. • Not common: Nasal congestion, runny nose, pharyngeal pain, diarrhoea, and other symptoms. • In severe cases, dyspnoea or hypoxemia usually occurred one week after the onset of the disease. Is there any vaccine or specific treatment for COVID-19 at present? No. Can people who recover from the coronavirus still be carriers and therefore spread it? It is possible. People who get COVID-19 need to work with your doctor to determine when they are no longer contagious. How to kill the virus around us? The virus is alcohol (70%) and heat sensitive: Dead when Temperature = 56 degrees for 30 minutes. Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water. Hot bath can reduce the number of virus on the body, therefore reducing the chances of infection. What is the safe distance between me and a patient: > 2meters. How long the new coronavirus can live outside the body? stainless steel 70% alcohol (degree C) Living time 240 minutes 24 hours < 5 minutes < 8 hours 48 hours 24 hours < 5 minutes USA Trail: Hydroxychloroquine 200mg twice daily for 5 days Azithromycin 500mg once a day for 5 days Zinc Sulfate 220mg once a day for 5 days What are the managements in China? Wash hands, nose and mouth. Wash hands: 3 times each wash - total >20 seconds. This method is used by doctors who work in the infectious hospitals. Nose and mouth wash: After going out, wash your nose and mouth with warm saline. Chinese Medicine for provention: - individualized formula for our clinic patients only. Tong Xui People's Hospital in a Chinese town, 1200 medical staff wearing usual working uniform when treated Covid-19 patients, using these Chinese medicine for prevention, 100% no infection. The patients they treated were 100% recovered. Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth Especially when you go out. Make the room warm: >22 degree. SARS research has shown that the best temperature for coronavirus to spread is 18-22 degree. Above 22, the virus can not spread. Having hot bath: Have a hot bath: Especially when you feel cold. Have a hot bath as long as you feel comfortable. Ideally the water temperature should be above 42 degrees all the time, have it longer than 30 minutes each time. Research has shown that above 38 degree, the virus activity started to decrease faster. Hot bath to increase your body temperature one degree, your immunity will increase 5-10 times. Bath can also dilute the virus. Taking raw garlic: Support treatment recommended by doctors in China. Cut garlic in slices, leave it for 15 minutes, put in mouth, or put a clove of garlic in mouth for 24 hours. (Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016 Jul-Aug; 6(4): 458–267) Tea: Using puer and black tea. (Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2005 Jun; 2(2): 209–215) Chinese medicine effective formula for Covid-19 Official guideline by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chinese) Acupuncture treatment for Covid-19 pneumonia in China Official guideline by the China Association of Acupuncture-Moxbustion (Chinese) Nutritional Medicine daily for immune system support: by Dr. Gifford-Jones Correct selenium-deficient vitamin C, lysine, magnesium vitamin D 3,000 IU, Zinc 20 milligrams . Vit E 1000iu. Vit C dose: Start taking 2000 mg twice a day to build up immunity. If flu symptoms develop, take 2,000 mg every hour.
Diet and dementia risk The combination of foods individuals consume may influence dementia risk as much as which foods they eat, new research suggests. Investigators from the University of Bordeaux in France examined "food networks" and found that individuals whose diets consisted mainly of highly processed and starchy foods were significantly more likely to develop dementia than those whose diets also included processed foods and incorporated a wider variety of healthy foods. The study was published online April 22 in Neurology The current findings align with multiple previous studies that show strong associations between specific food groups and the risk for cognitive aging and dementia. For example, the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes high intake of plant foods and low consumption of meat and dairy, among other factors, is associated with lower risk for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Participants came from the 3-City study, an ongoing population-based cohort on dementia launched in 1999-2000. It includes 9294 noninstitutionalized community-dwelling adults older than 65 years from Bordeaux, Dijon, and Montpellier, France. At 12-year follow-up, 215 participants developed dementia. A total of 209 participants were each matched with two control persons (n = 418). The researchers found that although there were few differences in the amount of foods individuals ate, overall food networks differed substantially between case participants and control persons. The food network, or "hub," in those who developed dementia was "strong and focused" and was characterized by what the investigators describe as "charcuterie," which consists of highly processed meat as well as potatoes and other starchy foods, other meats, alcohol, and highly processed snacks. The study's strengths include its large population and long follow-up. Limitations include potential errors in self-reported food intake and assessment of diet at only one time point.
Structure-based Protein Function Prediction The three-dimensional structure of a protein is highly conserved compared to the primary sequence. Thus, comparing the overall structure and shape of a protein, rather than its sequence, is considered to be a more eloquent way of assigning a function to a protein. Proteins on cell membrane - an illustration by urfinurfin \| Shutterstock Predicting the function of a protein The function of a protein is usually determined by the ligands that it binds to. The 3D structure of the binding groove or pocket can be compared to other proteins and similar residues used to make educated guesses about the function of the protein. This is called structure-based prediction. There are several approaches to structure-based prediction, and these fall into two classes: geometry-based approaches and energetics-based approaches. • Geometry based approaches identify pockets within the protein and examine them for any key residues that could be involved in ligand binding. • Energetics-based approaches use biophysical equations to quantify the binding energies of residues speculated to perform a binding function. Geometry-based approaches In geometry-based approaches, computational programs are used to identify sites of biochemical activities in or on the protein. Examples of these programmes include Surfnet, CASTp, Ligsite, and PocketFinder. These programmes survey the proteins or active site pocket to determine the identity of the amino acids that form them. Surfnet uses the amino acid coordinate data stored in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to generate a series of protein surfaces such as pockets, grooves, and spaces (called voids) between proteins. The output of the program is a series of depictions of these surfaces that show the atomic density across the surveyed region in a grid-like format. Residues present in the regions of the highest atomic density are important in protein-binding function. Contrastingly, programmes such as CASTp locate voids in protein structures. CASTp also uses data from the PDB and another annotated protein database, called SwissProt to characterise the amino acids that form the void. Finally, CASTp searches a database called OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), which catalogues human genes and genetic disorders. Similarly, the programme Ligsite generates a series of ligand-receptor complexes to detect the presence of pockets on proteins. PocketFinder searches for envelops or folds within, rather than on the surface of the protein Energetics-based methodologies When a protein binds a ligand, the resultant complex is stabilised due to the dissociation free energy of the complex at a given ligand concentration. The stability of the complex alters the energetic properties of the protein, such as an increased thermodynamic stability. Energetics-based approaches exploit changes in the energetic properties of a protein that result from ligand binding to characterize the identity of its partners and infer function. Ligand binding site prediction tools, such as Q-Site Finder uses an energetics-based approach to identify ligand binding pockets. In this computational programme, the protein surface is covered in methyl (-CH3) probes to calculate non-covalent forces called Van Der Waals interaction energies between the protein and the probe. The regions of the protein that display the most favorable interaction energy are noted by their coordinates which are subsequently used to locate them in the structure. Individual probe coordinates are them grouped according to their relative positions to one another, and the total energy of each cluster is calculated. Each cluster is then ranked, and the cluster that possesses the most favorable energy is identified as the binding site. Disadvantages of choosing one method Reliance on structure-based methods alone increases the probability of misannotation. The prevailing methodology for protein function prediction, therefore, relies on the use of parallel methods. For example, sequence-based methods alongside structure and genomics-based methodologies. Further Reading Last Updated: Jan 4, 2019 Hidaya Aliouche Written by Hidaya Aliouche • APA Aliouche, Hidaya. (2019, January 04). Structure-based Protein Function Prediction. News-Medical. Retrieved on July 14, 2020 from • MLA Aliouche, Hidaya. "Structure-based Protein Function Prediction". News-Medical. 14 July 2020. <>. • Chicago Aliouche, Hidaya. "Structure-based Protein Function Prediction". News-Medical. (accessed July 14, 2020). • Harvard Aliouche, Hidaya. 2019. Structure-based Protein Function Prediction. News-Medical, viewed 14 July 2020, You might also like... × Study of glycosylation on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
Purple Death When the 1918 flu pandemic came to Pittsburgh Summer 2020 University of Pittsburgh Archives. Adapted from our January 2003 issue. The student body was the very picture of robust good health in mid-September 1918. Indeed, all draft-eligible University of Pittsburgh male students had been pronounced physically fit for military service and conscripted into the Student Army Training Corps for the war in Europe. As the academic year began, the students were issued uniforms and officially sworn into military service. A few weeks later the Pittsburgh campus was transformed, placed under quarantine by state order. Guards at Bigelow Boulevard and Fifth Avenue prevented anyone from entering or leaving. The football schedule was canceled—in a year when Pitt again expected to be national champions under Pop Warner—along with all other gatherings, indoors and out. The medical school, like the rest of the University, suspended classes. Sixty-three juniors and seniors performed emergency intern duty at hospitals. And the students who were presumably healthy in September were now coughing, wheezing, doubling over in pain, shivering with fever, dropping where they stood—and dying. That was the horrifying fall of 1918, when a pandemic of the most virulent influenza anyone had ever known swept across the world. Eight million died in the preceding four years of ugly trench warfare. Striking in the closing months of World War I, the “flu” directly claimed nine million lives world-wide, according to the National Library of Medicine. In total, more than 20 million were lost to the pandemic, including deaths from pneumonia and other illnesses associated with the flu. Some 548,000 victims were Americans, 20,000 of them servicemen. Because of crowded quarters, unsanitary conditions and the transfer of troops between continents, the flu spread like wildfire among military personnel. Before it had fully subsided, more than 23,000 men, women and children had been sickened in Pittsburgh and about 5,000 had died. During the worst days, one Pittsburgher fell ill every 70 seconds, and someone died every 10 minutes. The pandemic occurred a century ago. But those dreadful days still haunt many families and the few survivors still alive. My own father shook off the flu in a military camp, but my grandfather’s lifelong aftermath was postencephalitic parkinsonism, which brings about tremors and rigidity associated with Parkinson’s disease. An old colleague of mine was orphaned by the flu at age 5 and was brought up by two aunts. He was not unique. Seven hundred Pittsburgh children were orphaned by the pandemic. On June 9, 2002, others remembered the flu victims at a simple ceremony in a sunbaked, overgrown field in Winfield Township, near Saxonburg, in Butler County. While a Ukrainian Catholic priest chanted prayers and lit incense, community members erected a new granite cross to replace the rotted railroad ties marking five mass graves from 1918. The graves were believed to hold the bodies of 24 Eastern European immigrant miners buried hastily, to prevent further infection, with neither ceremony nor identification. Some had been simply wrapped in sheets and dumped because of the shortage of coffins. Jonathon Erlen, a medical historian at the School of Medicine, helped a Saxonburg women’s club prepare for the ceremony. “It was touching,” he says, “how people turned out to honor these poor unknown fellows who died in the prime of life and whose families back home may not even have been aware of their deaths.” Pittsburgh and western Pennsylvania were late victims of the pandemic. Actually, its classic pattern of headache, fever, muscle pain and raspy breathing was considered a regular visitor everywhere. Flu appeared every winter, like Santa Claus. People expected—even accepted—a few days of misery, including a few deaths among the very young and the elderly. So when the first European cases turned up in the spring of 1918, no one was terribly alarmed. But as the disease spread and began to fell ostensibly healthy young soldiers on both sides of the war, its ravages could no longer be glossed over. Millions of Europeans were sickened, more than eight million in Spain alone, including King Alfonso XIII. (Because the first indications of a pandemic came from Spain, the disease was called “the Spanish Flu.” There’s little evidence that the flu originated in that country; it may instead have been brought by sailors from Asia. Still, the name stuck.) The first US case turned up at Camp Funston (now Fort Riley), Kansas, in March and leapfrogged through the civilian population. And then, as mysteriously as it had arrived, it disappeared. As if it had merely taken a summer vacation, the flu returned in September, this time with a vengeance, roaring across Europe. The US Congress had declared war on Germany in April 1917, but the flu almost stopped the war in its tracks. German Major General Erich von Ludendorff was so short of manpower, he was forced to postpone the last grand offensive that was to win the war for Germany. The first American troops had gone into battle, and the commander in France, John J. Pershing, called for reinforcements. In vain. There were no healthy men to send. Unlike previous flu strains, which targeted the very young and the very old, the 1918 version struck heavily among the 25–34 age group, devastating many young families as well as military personnel. The toll was particularly high among pregnant women. They called the devastation “The Purple Death.” Victims became cyanotic—their faces turned as “blue as huckleberries,” one doctor wrote, then a darker, purple hue, sometimes accompanied by blisters. Victims complained of chills, headache, fatigue, pain from head to toe and raging fever. Swaddled in blankets, previously healthy young draftees dropped dead while lined up for sick call. When the flu ravaged Camp Devens, Massachusetts, where divisions were being assembled for shipment to France, the surgeon general of the army, William Gorgas, dispatched the country’s most prominent pathologist, William Henry Welch of Johns Hopkins, and a blue-ribbon team of physicians to investigate. Welch’s first autopsy, on a 19-year-old, left him aghast. “Gentlemen, I believe we are facing a new infection,” he told his colleagues grimly as he peered at the victim’s devastated lungs. “Or plague.” Ordinary flu sometimes develops into pneumonia. The tiny air sacs in the lung, where carbon-dioxide-rich blood is exchanged for the oxygenated variety, become inflamed and swollen. Breathing is difficult and labored. What Welch saw went dangerously further. The air sacs were being destroyed, leaking—pouring—blood into the lungs, filling them with fluid. Victims were drowning in their own blood. Within a few days, half the 45,000 troops at Devens were ill. Bodies were “stacked like cordwood” outside the autopsy room, according to one description. The flu spread among Boston’s civilian population, then throughout Massachusetts and beyond, moving south and west, advancing 100 miles a day. New York caught the flu, then Trenton. And then Philadelphia. Of all the flu-ravaged American cities, the City of Brotherly Love was hardest hit. More than 3% of its residents died within a few weeks. At the peak, 300 Philadelphians were dying each day. How the flu came to Pittsburgh is uncertain. One version says a soldier from Blawnox, who was home on emergency leave, fell ill, was confined to the military cantonment hospital at Point Breeze, and the disease spread from there. Pittsburgh’s first flu death was recorded on October 5. (It is possible flu deaths had occurred earlier, because doctors were not yet required to report flu cases.) Four others died that week, 22 more the next. The city health department director, William H. Davis, sought to be reassuring, declaring that the flu was mostly of the mild variety and had already peaked. Still, he urged anyone with a cough to stay home. The industrial suburbs and small nearby communities were hit harder. My own hometown of Turtle Creek had so many cases that local residents frantically built and equipped a 70-bed hospital in 48 hours—and filled it up. In the mining hamlet of Unity, population 1,000, 500 fell ill, including the only doctor. Adolph Koenig, Allegheny County medical supervisor, warned, “There is a danger that some small, isolated settlement might be completely wiped out before help could reach them.” By October 10, Davis called the situation “very grave.” As cases mounted across the state, Pennsylvania Deputy Health Commissioner B. Franklin Royer enforced an anticontagion program. He ordered all public gathering places closed, including saloons, movie and vaudeville theaters, dance halls, poolrooms, swimming pools and skating rinks. Restaurant diners could eat but not drink nor “congregate.” Churches could hold services, but anyone with a cough or visible illness was to be turned away. Trolley operators were instructed to keep all windows open at least six inches. The trolleys were to be swept, mopped, and fumigated after each trip. Schools remained open. Pittsburgh’s 112,000 pupils were supervised by 64 doctors and 18 nurses and were said to be safer in classrooms than in public. Pittsburghers at first complied with the restrictions, then began to chafe under them. After all, many wage earners were still going to work and were as likely to be exposed to disease there as in taverns afterward. Some protested that the open-windows rule allowed noxious infected air inside. Further, open trolley-car windows brought Pittsburgh’s autumn rains onto the passengers. Dampened passengers slammed the windows shut. The problem was, no one knew what had caused the flu, how to treat it, or how to stop it. (Not until 1933 did scientists discover a flu virus.) There were a thousand explanations and a thousand home remedies. Slice red peppers into half-inch strips and eat them in a sandwich twice daily to burn out coughs, colds, and fever, it was said. Sprinkle sulfur in your shoes each morning to become immune to infection. Sixty years later, in an oral history interview, Pittsburgher Benjamin Green recalled how children were equipped to fight off the disease: “Everybody went to school wearing these little flannel bags with camphor in them. Foul smelling. The more foul smelling, the better. You’d pull it out and say, ‘Mine smells worse than yours.’” Physicians emphasized keeping the bowels open, getting plenty of fresh air, and going to bed at the first symptom. They dosed patients with quinine, coal tar products, gum camphor, and opium. Koenig ordered sheets hung between patient beds, certainly no barrier to passage of a virus, and recommended that everyone wear a gauze mask over nose and mouth. The Pittsburgh Red Cross dutifully ordered 10,000 masks, but flu rates in cities where masks were worn and where they were not amounted to the same. Royer’s edict shut down Pitt, Duquesne University, and Carnegie Mellon University (then known as Carnegie Tech). At all three campuses, the Student Army Training Corps (SATC) was walloped by the flu. The Pitt infirmary was quickly overwhelmed; so the army commandeered Elizabeth Steel Magee Hospital, first occupying a floor and eventually 300 beds. Soon, St. Francis and Mercy Hospitals were taken over, too. The military combined morbidity and mortality figures for student-soldiers for all campuses, so exact totals for Pitt are unclear. But figures were, generally, astronomical, doubling and even tripling day by day. One report shows 1,392 flu cases in a detachment of 7,000. At one point, 673 of Pitt’s SATC contingent were hospitalized. Of those whose cases developed into pneumonia, 99 died, a mortality rate of 44%. Three student-soldiers died in a single day at Magee, along with their physician, W. L. O’Hagan (MD ’07). Many other physicians treating flu victims were themselves stricken, including, for a time, health department Director Davis. One group of 11 physicians was directed to establish a new convalescent hospital; all were patients before the hospital opened. Physician ranks were already thinned because many doctors had entered military service, including 58 of the medical school’s part-time faculty. Health authorities urged specialists to suspend their specialty practices to treat flu victims. Davis mobilized hospitals into a single consortium to house the ill. Yet neither hospitals nor specialists helped much. Koenig had been placed in charge of recruiting physicians. (Sadly, “for all his medical skill, he could not save his 20-year-old son, Eugene,” wrote to Kenneth A. White in the Western Pennsylvania Historical Society Magazine.) Other key personnel were in short supply, too. Drug prescriptions increased 800%, and pharmacists intermittently had to stop filling them; pharmacy students normally counted on for part-time assistance were either ill or quarantined. Overwhelmed morticians simply let bodies pile up, partly because harried doctors hadn’t time to file death certificates. At one point, 33 bodies awaited burial at a cemetery because grave diggers were ill. Family members dug graves and buried loved ones themselves. As October wore on, the shortage of facilities turned acute. The courthouse annex in downtown Pittsburgh was turned into an emergency hospital. Churches, convents, even fraternity houses became convalescent facilities. Tent hospitals were set up on city playgrounds. With one-third of students absent either because of illness or because parents feared exposure, the Pittsburgh schools were finally closed. The area’s economic base came to a standstill, along with public services. Some firehouses had only one man available. Coal production was cut in half. Steel mills banked furnaces or operated with skeleton crews. Stores and offices emptied. The desperate quest for some treatment, any treatment, went on around the clock. The medical school assigned two of its most respected scientists, Oskar Klotz and W. L. Holman of the Departments of Pathology and Bacteriology, to set up a flu laboratory to investigate the cause of the disease, its mode of transmission, and possible treatments. Their work first focused on Pfeiffer’s bacillus, historically found in many flu cases. The frustrated scientists concluded that Pfeiffer’s piggybacked on the flu, but wasn’t the cause. Scientists elsewhere strove to develop a vaccine to protect those not yet exposed. The most popular serum was made from survivors’ blood. Doctors were dubious, but the effort answered the call to “do something.” The Red Cross ordered 10,000 doses, and Carnegie Steel Corporation announced plans to inoculate all workers. Florence Marcus of Shadyside Hospital, who was a nursing student in 1918 and later became an MD, recalled in 1991: “Hundreds of sufferers arrived at the hospital by ambulance. . . . I remember one family. The whole family died on the way in—except one little boy. We all felt dreadful about it.” In her magnificent novella set during the pandemic, "Pale Horse, Pale Rider," Katherine Anne Porter wrote, “It was funerals all day, and ambulances all night.” “Everybody is sick at the present time and you’re almost out of style if you’re okay,” one Pittsburgher wrote a relative at the flu’s height. “I wish this terrible ‘Spanish’ would disappear. It is some menace.” When armistice was declared, people poured into the streets, rejoicing. An official celebration followed—as did a spike in flu cases. Photo: Historical Society Of Western Pennsylvania. Then, around October 25, Pittsburgh’s siege began to lift. Although deaths continued, new cases steadily declined. Pittsburgh Mayor E. V. Babcock decided that the state’s more stringent regulations against crowding could be relaxed. The restrictions, including the quarantine, were lifted on November 9. Two days later, on November 11, armistice was declared. Thousands of Pittsburghers poured into the streets, rejoicing. An official city celebration followed. The two mass gatherings apparently caused a new spike in flu cases. The horrors of the past weeks, however, were quickly shouldered aside with newfound jubilation. But neither the city nor the country could be considered back to normal. An official tally of the flu’s ravages in the nation’s 46 largest cities showed that Pittsburgh was among those suffering most. The 1918 death rate was 25.4 deaths per 1,000, more than double that of the year before. Only Baltimore and Nashville had a higher per capita rate. Including the nearly 4,600 Pittsburgh fatalities, more than 35,000 died in Pennsylvania. In the century to come, the University of Pittsburgh would become a hub for the study of viruses and fighting pandemics. Today, scientists isolate each new flu virus as it appears and develop vaccines against it. Pitt virologist Julius Youngner (a key member of the Pitt team led by Jonas Salk that invented the killed-virus polio vaccine) discovered that persistent viral infections could involve the selection of mutants with dominant-negative properties. These concepts influenced later development of effective vaccines for type A influenza as well as equine influenza, for which he was awarded more than 15 patents. In February 2020, Pitt joined the global effort to develop a vaccine for a new pandemic, receiving a sample of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The team, led by W. Paul Duprex, the Jonas Salk Professor for Vaccine Research and director of the Center for Vaccine Research, has begun culturing the virus and producing stocks that will be used to assess the efficacy of small molecule inhibitors, antibodies and vaccine candidates. The center’s Regional Biocontainment Laboratory is one of a few labs across the country equipped to handle highly pathogenic infectious agents like SARS-CoV-2. “At Pitt, we have a long history of studying viral and bacterial diseases—and addressing emerging and reemerging infections,” Duprex said at the Feb. 12 meeting of the University’s Senate Council. “We no longer have to deal with the poliovirus because a vaccine was developed here. We know that vaccines work. Vaccines matter.” On April 2, 2020, another Pitt team co-led by Louis Falo and Andrea Gambotto published findings on a potential vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. When tested in mice, the vaccine, delivered through a fingertip-sized patch, produces antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 at quantities thought to be sufficient for neutralizing the virus. The researchers were able to act quickly because they had already laid the groundwork during earlier coronavirus epidemics. Kris Murawksi and Elaine Vitone contributed to this story. These Feathers Weren't Ruffled Almost everyone had opinions about treating the 1918 flu, but not everyone had clout. One of the city’s social leaders decided that what the hospitalized victims needed were eggs to rebuild their strength. “I cannot think why this has never occurred to me before,” she wrote the executive committee of Shadyside Hospital, “but I do believe it would be an excellent idea for the hospital to have chickens.” The committee had its hands full at that point, but was loath to refuse one of its most generous benefactors. They agreed to purchase the chickens if she would furnish the coops, which the good citizen did. The patients had their fill of fresh eggs and probably some clucking and squawking as well. —EK Yet Just Across the Street The Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Blind was surrounded by the barracks of the Student Army Training Corps in 1918. When the flu arrived in the neighborhood, the institute’s medical officer immediately issued a total quarantine. Children were not allowed visitors and could no longer go home for weekends. The school was flu-free until students went home for the Thanksgiving holiday, after which 15 cases occurred, and the school closed. —EK Last Dance Among many instances of the flu’s introduction to a community and its swift spread, the experience of Masontown, south of Pittsburgh, was typical. A dance was held in the town, and musicians were brought in from other communities. One musician fell ill and was subsequently hospitalized. Within a few days, flu had swept completely through the town. —EK
Top tips on choosing plants to help insects thrive by Nicky Roeber, Online Horticultural Expert at Wyevale Garden Centres With almost half of global insect species in decline, it’s clear that we could all be doing something to improve and encourage biodiversity. In this article, Nicky Roeber, Online Horticultural Expert at Wyevale Garden Centres shares his top tips for choosing plants that will help insects thrive in your garden. Insects are incredibly important to both food production and more widely, our ecosystem. But, with a recent review from ScienceDirect showing that the number of insects globally is declining 2.5% every year, with a third of insect species now endangered, it’s important that we begin taking measures to help our garden insects thrive. Without these steps, we risk losing many types of insect life, as well as sacrificing many of our crops which wouldn’t be able to grow without pollinators. To help you, I will be sharing my top tips for choosing plants for your garden which will help insects thrive. Why do we need insects? The variety of insects and animals in this world is truly amazing, but aside from this adding diversity to our ecosystem, they actually play an important role in the production of our food. According to Countryside, as much as 75% of all our crop plants need pollination to grow. As insects like bees feed on flowers, the pollen sticks to their bodies which then transfers when they move onto the next plant, leading to fertilisation. For us, this means that we get greater yields of crops than we would if this was all done through manual farming and gardening, so it’s no surprise that many UK farmers focus on creating large areas for bees to thrive. Apart from the important role of food production, insects are also great for getting rid of anything unwanted in our ecosystem. For example, dead animals and plants would accumulate in the environment without insects breaking down and disposing of this waste. The same insects are also food sources themselves for other wildlife including birds and mammals, which can help to protect our drinking water and spread seeds to encourage plant growth. How do you choose the right plants? A main part of creating a garden that will benefit both you and the insects living in it will be to follow a permaculture design. This involves connecting with nature to develop an ecologically beneficial and harmonious space that can be used by anyone or anything. And, one way of doing this is to choose plants which have uses to both humans and insects — it’s preferable if these have at least three garden functions. For example, mulberry trees are much more than just a food source for you and the animals. The trees are strong and have wide leaves that will make a great habitat for wildlife such as birds. As these leaves are dense, they will also make a great addition to any mulch you plan to add to the soil to encourage plant and flower growth. This in turn will provide more opportunity for insects to thrive and pollinate. Similarly, lupin plants are known as nitrogen fixers so can help to efficiently fertilise groups of trees. The flowers that grow from lupin will also provide bees with nectar which is crucial for pollination. When picking the right plants for your garden, you need to ensure that these will not only benefit you, but also the insect population, too. Food sources for these will help to tackle the growing problem of insect decline and keep our ecosystem and the crop industry healthy and thriving. Which insects thrive on which plants? Before you begin planning your garden’s permaculture design, you’ll need to consider what insects will marry up with what plants. Ensuring that these are compatible will encourage your little garden helpers to thrive and contribute to the whole ecosystem. Your garden can easily provide a haven for some species so make sure that you incorporate a variety of flowers and plants to support insect diversity. To do this effectively, you need to think about insect mouthparts as these differ significantly in shape and size which determines which type of flowers and plants that they can feed off. For example, butterflies have a large, thin feeding tube which means they can eat from small tubular flowers that other insects can’t reach, such as hemp-agrimony and wild marjoram. Similar to butterflies, bees have mouthparts that consist of a hollow tube, referred to as their tongue. As the tongue sizes for different bee species can differ in size, it’s important that you provide a range of flowers to cater for their needs. For example, honeybees are able to eat from deeper flowers such as tulips and lavender. For flies, their feeding tubes are significantly shorter so you’ll need to provide some small, flat flowers, including daisies and other members of the aster family, that they can easily get to. Protecting insects is important for many reasons, so if you’re looking for a way to preserve and encourage growth in the insect species, follow my top tips. From taking the time to understand why plants are so crucial to our ecosystem, to picking the right plants and flowers to attract them to your garden, you can make a difference to this global issue.
Concatenating CSV files Many programs will log data to a CSV (comma separated value) file. These files are usually structured with a standard format. Let’s say you want to import the data into a database or spreadsheet. There is an alternative to importing 2, 5, 10 or 100+ files one at a time. You can concatenate the files into one file. Here is how you do it… 1. Create a new directory on your hard drive (ie: C:\CSV-Files) 2. Copy all the files into a new directory. 3. Open a command window by clicking Start->Run. In the open line type “cmd” and hit return 4. CD to the directory you created in step one (ie: cd C:\CSV-Files) 5. Copy all the files to a single file… copy *.csv consolidated.csv 6. You can now import consolidated.csv into your database or spreadsheet.
Break Operator Basic Loops Break Operator 🙋 Need help? Ask an expert now! We've briefly touched on the function of the break; operator previously with the switch statement, so let's quickly review how it works and how it affects loops. Just like the switch statement, loops can be exited using the break; statement. Note that if, else-if, and else statements are not affected by the break; statement. The break; statement will exit the whole loop when it is called, disregarding the loop expression or the statements that come after it. The break; statement is used inside the while loop to stop the entire loop if the value of counter is equal to 5. This is why the while loop stops printing the digits after 5 is printed on the console. As mentioned above, the if statement is not affected by the break; statement, which is why the entire loop is exited instead of the if statement. The break; statement can also be used with any of the other loops you will be learning later in the course and could potentially benefit you in the future by reducing the run-time of your code. For example, if you want to use a while loop to find a certain value, you would want to exit the loop once it is found instead of executing all the possible cases. Edit Me on GitHub! Application Question Consider the following code segment: let varOne = 15; while (varOne < 28){ if (varOne == 20){ What is the last number printed on the console after running the code above?
Diposkan 12 August 2018 Are there universal expressions of emotion? Are there universal expressions of emotion? продолжительность: 4:23 Posted on 12 August 2018 Nature granted us forty-three facial muscles for us to be able to express the full range of emotions. These emotions may stay alive for just a split second, or for several minutes, with negative emotions lasting longer than positive ones. Emotions tell the people around us about what we feel and what mood we are in; they can even help us in difficult moments. Normally, we don't have to try 'deciphering' emotions of those whom we talk to, as we easily guess the mood of our friends, relatives and literally everyone around us. But will we be able to figure out what a person of another race, language and culture feels? Or do the emotions speak different languages, just like people do? Kata yang direkomendasikan appropriate - sesuai a boundary - batas to claim - menyatakan common - umum to communicate - menyampaikan core - inti disgust - kejijikan distinct - berbeda draw together - mempersatukan emotional expression - ekspresi emosional evidence - bukti familiar - akrab given - yg diberikan go a long way - pergi jauh immediate danger - bahaya langsung in the same way as - dengan cara yang sama learned behavior - perilaku yang dipelajari modern - modern on alert - siaga or so - kurang lebih particularly - terutama to propose - mengusulkan regardless of - bagaimanapun to reveal - mengungkapkan to root - membasmi a scientist - sarjana set about - memulai sighted - melihat a stranger - orang asing tight - ketat white of the eye - putih mata workings - kerja
Two studies, both published yesterday, have found the superbug MRSA in pork on retail sale in the UK. A study commissioned by the Alliance to Save Our Antibiotics tested 52 samples of British pork from English supermarkets and two of them contained MRSA. This is the first time livestock-associated MRSA has been found on pork in the UK. The other study, part of a wider investigation by the Guardian newspaper into the human health implications of livestock-associated MRSA, set out in this short film, tested 100 samples of pork products, 74 from Denmark, one from Ireland and 25 from the UK. Nine of these contained MRSA, though in this study all the UK samples were free from contamination. Additional testing is needed to provide a more comprehensive picture of the level of MRSA in UK farm animals and food. But at the moment there are no signs that the Government will go back on its longstanding refusal to carry out systematic testing of farm animals or meat. Livestock-associated MRSA first emerged in Dutch pigs about a decade ago and has spread from there to most European countries, some of which now have levels in pigs far higher than in Denmark, and to other farm animals. It has separately emerged as a significant problem in Canada and North America and also in China and other parts of Asia. The Guardian’s film illustrates in graphic detail the impact MRSA caught from pigs can have. They interviewed a number of workers from Danish pig farms who had developed serious MRSA skin infections, which in one case had still not cleared up, despite several courses of antibiotics. How concerned should we be? Comments from the Food Standards Agency and other officials claim that MRSA in meat poses a very low risk as thorough cooking will of course kill the bacteria. But as we know from the continuing high incidence of campylobacter food poisoning, bacteria have a number of ways of getting round our defences. And that they actually do that is borne out by the growing number of cases, a few from the UK, more in other countries, where many of those infected with this particular type of MRSA have had no direct contact with farms or farm animals. The most likely cause of colonisation would be if you involuntarily rubbed your nose while handling raw pork. Staphylococcus aureus, the type of bacteria that cause MRSA infections, live on the skin and especially in our noses, as well as in our intestines and elsewhere. They can live there harmlessly for long periods but a tiny scratch or wound can quickly become infected with them. Interestingly Staph. aureus never colonise the skin of about a third of the population. As yet no one knows why that is, but should we one day completely run out of antibiotics for treating MRSA perhaps evolution will play a part in helping the human species to survive, with those not affected probably passing on this characteristic to their children. At the present time there are still effective antibiotics to treat most cases, so it is actually less of a concern to health professionals than infections caused by tuberculosis, E. coli, gonorrhoea and some other broadly related bacteria where an increasing number of cases are resistant to the carbapenems and other antibiotics of last resort and no suitable new antibiotics are under development. But does that mean we should not be concerned, perhaps not even take any effective action, which for the last decade has essentially been the UK Government’s response? Cóilín Nunan, Principal Scientific Adviser to the Alliance, has said: “A significant number of people have already died from (livestock-associated) MRSA infections including five in Denmark and several in Germany. LA-MRSA is evolving and more dangerous variations are emerging. Scientists are warning it could ultimately lead to a pandemic spread in humans as so many animals carry the superbug”. Nunan, who drew evidence to the attention of the Scottish MRSA reference laboratory, which led to the first identification of LA-MRSA in the UK, has been studying the science and the emerging global trends in more detail than anyone in the UK since 2005. He’s aware that what makes some community-acquired strains of MRSA more deadly even than most hospital strains (they sometimes lead to death in just a few days) is that they can carry extra virulence genes. He says, “Virulence genes can pass from one strain of bacteria to another, just like resistance genes, and scientists in other countries have noted that ST398, the strain currently causing most LA-MRSA infections, is particularly prone to acquiring virulence genes.” As such he believes it is only a matter of time before this happens. If we allow a large reservoir of MRSA to build up in farm animals this could turn into a very serious problem in future. The Sustainable Food Trust is a member of the Alliance to Save Our Antibiotics and fully supports the Alliance’s call for further restrictions on the use of antibiotics on farms, as set out in more detail in their press release, as the only way to address this problem sustainably – a change which would also need farm animals to be kept in more natural ways so they rarely, if ever need treating with antibiotics. Photograph: Dgphilli Sign up to our Newsletter Stay up to date with the latest SFT views and news
Published on May 6th, 2019 \| by Koyel Ghosh How Waste Management Is Beneficial to the Environment Have you ever given it a thought that, you should rather recycle your waste instead of dumping it in the garbage? If no, then time has come for you to give it a serious consideration. This way, you are not only contributing to the welfare of the community, but are also helping your mother earth. Well, but then, when it comes to waste management, it can be done in a bad manner too, in a way that is harmful to the environment, or it can be perfectly managed in a way that makes the surroundings sterile and aseptic. Eco-friendly waste disposal services can make a real big favor to your beautiful planet. When done in a proper manner, recycling can wipe out waste and curtail down the power of greenhouse gases. The planet can then reap benefits from less poisonous gases like carbon monoxide and methane in the air. When waste products tend to emit these obnoxious gases, waste recycling just does the opposite. Helping to lessen up the amount of landfills and fossil fuels, it paves the way for a greener and cleaner environment. In order to keep your world clean and free from perilous pollutants, it’s necessary that you take recourse to proper safety measures as well as waste disposal practices. It would not only give way to a safer and cleaner world, but would also make sure there are less diseases for both humans as well as animals. Moreover, waste recycling also paves the way for reduced deforestation, which is really important when it comes to maintaining a proper balance of the environment. Recycling the waste will also not mandate cutting down trees for paper production. Instead, it will allow cast-off waste to be reutilized into making papers, thereby being beneficial to the environment in more than one way. And, the bonus is not over yet! The recycling process requires a minimal amount of energy while generating viable, environment-friendly results. There are a number of household products that can be reprocessed rather than being thrown away and left to twaddle in a midden. Right from cardboard to think paper, each of them can be recycled and reused in making some meaningful stuffs. So, we can actually give it a solemn thought to recycle these materials and give our mother earth a little break! Moreover, people would generally not want to create more landfills. Recycling plays its role here as well. By reprocessing, less material is sent to the landfill and this way, it makes sure it doesn’t fill up so fast. That same landfill will not only remain useful for a long time, but would also prove to be beneficial for areas where landfill space is limited but is quite essential across the region. At the same time, using all our resources pretty wisely does make sense indeed. Along with checking the exhaustion of earth’s resources, recycling makes way for a better world to live in. As discussed earlier, paper made with no recycled content ends up utilizing wood pulp. And, quite undoubtedly, this wood pulp comes from nowhere but trees. Recycled paper would certainly touch on the fact that fewer trees are chopped down. On the other hand, recycled aluminum means less need for excavation of aluminum. Also, materials such as steel cans and bottles can be reprocessed many times over. So, there is no doubt that recycling makes huge sense. Many recycling processes tend to utilize less energy than trumping up the same thing from virgin materials, which require abstraction and dispensation. And, the amount of energy that gets saved depends on the procedure and the material used. Nevertheless, almost all reprocessing methods are more energy adept than the methods used for brand new materials. As for an instance, reprocessing aluminum is reported to save 95% of the energy needed to form the same amount of aluminum from its indigenous source bauxite. According to, United States Environmental Protection Agency, by reprocessing just 1 ton of aluminum tins or canisters, we can save more than 207 million Btu, which is almost equivalent of 36 casks of oil or 1,665 gallons of gasoline. A number of research has been conducted and it’s found that recycling industry has now become one of the most significant job generators. And, domestic employment in a bussing industry is definitely something to be proud of. Sometimes, heading off waste from the garbage bin saves money because you are paying for less discarding costs. Especially, for communities that are responsible for managing so much wastes, reprocessing can save a considerable amount of money from the taxpayers. So, recycling has a direct impact on the betterment of the major local as well as global challenges. Now, if you are on the lookout for some effective ways you can contribute to the welfare of the environment, you should actually take the concept of waste management pretty seriously. Waste management embroils different solutions to recycle items. It takes in activities from its initiation to final removal, such as assortment, transport, treatment, and discarding of waste along with assessment and regulation. According to Allied Market Research, the global waste management market is expected to grow at a significant CAGR from 2018-2025. Growth in urban population, surge in the amount of waste generated, rise in environmental awareness and government regulations against illegal dumping have fueled the growth of the global waste management market. On the other hand, lack of awareness about the importance of waste management in developing countries has checked the growth to some extent. Nevertheless, high growth potential in emerging economies has created multiple opportunities in the segment. To conclude, we can state that the global waste management market is growing quite expeditiously. And, in the years to come, it’s going to give its contenders a sturdy competition for sure. Like this post? Share with your friends. Share on Facebook 0Tweet about this on Twitter Share on LinkedIn Share on Reddit 1Share on Tumblr 0Share on VK Email this to someone Tags: , , About the Author Leave a Reply Back to Top ↑
Dutch Inventions \| Undutchables Dutch Inventions Say whatever you want about the Dutch, but we all know that they are quite the resourceful bunch. They literally turned sea into land. As the saying goes “while God created the Earth, the Dutch created the Netherlands”. Even though this is a topic that we can discuss exhaustively about, that is not exactly what this blog is about. It is about all the life changing inventions, both quirky and ingenious, that were created by none other than the Dutch. And what better time to cover it than with the Dutch Design Week coming up on the 21th - 29th of October in Eindhoven. Let us take a look at the marvelous ideas the Dutch have already contributed to the world. Submarine While on the topic of the Dutch and their control over the sea, Cornelis Drebbel, a Dutch engineer and inventor was the first to build the first navigable submarine in the 17th century. The submarine had a wooden frame and was completely covered by leather. After this, between the years 1620 and 1624 Drebbel successfully built two other submarines. Orange Carrots Yes, you read it right, ORANGE carrots. In most countries carrots tend to be orange nowadays. This has not always been the case. Before the 17th century, carrots were yellow, purple and white. It was in the 17th century that Dutch growers harvested the orange colored carrots in tribute to Willem of Orange who led the fight for Dutch independence. We do not know the exact biochemistry of it all, but what we do know is that they contain about 4 times the amount of vitamin A than their counterparts and a lot of beta-Carotene. Hey, you can never go wrong with more vitamin. Carrots Crop Wifi & Bluetooth Dutch electrical engineer Vic Hayes, also known as the “Father of WiFi”, established the standards to make WiFi feasible. Inventor Jaap Haartsen (Dutch) and co-inventor Sven Mattisson (Swedish) were responsible for the introduction of Bluetooth. What else can we say than, the next time you are accessing the net through WiFi or sharing a file through Bluetooth remember to thank the Dutch inventors who made this possible. The Thermometer This one is somewhat of an ironic one. The reason being that the inventor of the alcohol and mercury thermometer was a Dutchman by the name of Daniel Fahrenheit. Ironic because in the Netherlands, the temperature is measured in Celsius. Got Vanhoutenpredicts 2 And finally, not quite a Dutch invention but still a Dutch contribution to fans around the world’ , and to hail the winter that is coming, we can not forget to include Carice van Houten, best known as Melisandre, from Game of Thrones. Do you know any Dutch inventions? The dutch are a very practical people Famke Janssen Subscribe to our Newsletter and/or Job Alert Indicate here what you want to receive: I want to receive a newsletter I want to receive a job alert
Organisation involves the identification of individual activities to be undertaken for the attainment of the objectives of the enterprise and the grouping of individual activities into administrative units on some logical basis for the purpose of efficient administration. This has led to the necessity for departmentation. It is the departmentation that helps the grouping of activities into administrative units, such as divisions, departments, units, branches, sections, etc., for the purpose of efficient administration. Meaning / Definition: In the words of L.A. Allen defines departmentation as “a means of dividing a large and monolithic functional organisation into smaller flexible administrative units”. The following two tabs change content below. ©2020 BMS - Bachelor of Management Studies Community A Management Paradise Venture Ask Us On WhatsApp Log in with your credentials Forgot your details? Create Account
Skip to Content Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Managing Your Energy Topic Overview • Staying within your energy envelope. • Pacing yourself. These techniques can give you better control over your symptoms so that you can be as active as possible. They may also lead to fewer times when you feel so ill that you can't do anything at all. This worsening of symptoms is called post-exertional malaise. People who have ME/CFS often call it a "crash." What is your energy envelope? What is pacing yourself? With pacing, you plan your activities so that you can rest when you need to. No matter what kind of activity you are doing—physical, mental, social—you stop to rest. Have a plan for how long you will do the activity before you take a break (for example, every 15 minutes). Even if you are still feeling well, it is important to stop and rest. It may help to set an alarm so that you don't lose track of time. How can you stay in your energy envelope? Try this: How can you pace yourself? Before you start an activity, check in with your body and think about how much energy you have that day (your "energy envelope"). You may be tempted to think about all of the things you want or need to do that day, but focus on one activity. Now, ask yourself how much energy that activity will take. Also ask yourself how long you think you'll be able to do that activity. If you are planning to do an activity for a long period of time, decide when you will take a break to rest. Rest may include elevating your feet, lying down, meditating, or taking a nap if needed. You will also need to think about what you'll do if you start to feel bad while you are doing your activity or when it is time to take a break. Make sure you have a safe and easy place to lie down, especially if you're not at home. For example, if you have driven somewhere, this could include lying down in the back seat of the car. Once the set time you have decided for the activity is up, stop the activity. It is best to take another break before starting a new activity. Remember you'll want to run through this process again for any new activity you want to do that day. How can you practice these techniques? You may also try using a fitness tracker to track your activities. This can help you learn to estimate how much energy your activities take. It may also help to think about having planned breaks. Again, in this example about weeding, you would stop and rest after a certain amount of time (like every 10-15 minutes). Try setting a timer or alarm to go off when it's time to take a break. Current as of: November 20, 2019 Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review E. Gregory Thompson MD - Internal Medicine Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine Adam Husney MD - Family Medicine Wellness Matters Subscribe Now Health Library
Selected Passages from Hungarian-Ottoman Wars between 1372-1699 Barcarozsnyó castle and its fortified church Barcarozsnyó (Râșnov, Rosenauis) is in Transylvania, now Romania, and its fort was a Saxon “peasant-castle”. The Saxon settlement was an agricultural town and it is located north-west to Brassó (Brasov, Kronstadt) in the Keresztény Mountain, on the top of the castle-hill that is 150-meters high. There are only two roads leading into the castle, and only one of them wide enough for a wagon. The well of the castle can be found in the castle yard, it is 146 meters deep, completed between 1623-1640. The chapel of the castle is near to it, it was built in 1650. According to a few historians, the fort was built by the Teuton Order of Knights who had been invited to Hungary during the reign of King Endre II in the 13th century. As the German knights were driven out only after 12 years, this theory is debated. It is more likely that the stronghold was constructed at the end of the 14th century or at the beginning of the 15th century when the Ottoman raids began to threaten Transylvania. Barcarozsnyó (picture: Kárpáti Tamás) Indeed, as the Turks raided the settlement as early as 1421, the fort had a greater significance. The castle went to the settlement’s possession in 1427 and the Hungarian king, King Zsigmond of Luxembourg who was presently staying there, awarded them the right to keep markets. The inhabitants strengthened the castle and built more fortification. Allegedly, they stored their food and valuables behind the strong walls but others say these fortifications were built only after 1612. However, the settlement was in a danger-zone, the Turks were destroying the area in 1513. We know that elected King János Zsigmond visited the castle in 1562. The Ottoman threat didn’t cease to exist and Barcarozsnyó castle was burned down in 1585. It is not surprising that the Saxon burghers enjoyed a tax-exemption (25 Gold Forints annually since 1540) that they had to spend on the castle’s construction. Photo: Kárpáti Tamás Prince Báthori Gábor besieged the fort because of the Saxons’ resistance against his power in 1612. He could only take the castle in two days because the defenders ran out of drinking water. Others say that the burghers, led by Judge Peter Düzmen surrendered only after seven days, though. However, the Prince gave pardon to the Saxons a year later, giving them back Barcarozsnyó and Törcsvár (Bran) castles at the same time. They mended the castle and immediately began to dig the above mentioned well that cost them 2,000 Gold Forints and lasted for 28 years. They built an additional keep for the animals that was 2-acre-big and surrounded it with a wall and a strong gate-tower. As a result of the fortifications, the Crimean Tatars could not take it in 1655 nor 1658. The walls were strong enough to repel the siege of Chancellor Mikes Mihály, the man of Prince Rákóczi György II in 1660, too. The Saxons were overjoyed to open the gates before the German mercenaries in 1688 but they sacked it, led by Count Louis of Baden. The castle was taken by Prince Rákóczi Ferenc during his War of Independence but the Austrian General Rabutin burned the town in 1708 and the fire spread to the castle, too. Unfortunately, most of the buildings of the castle, including the old tower collapsed during a great earthquake in 1802. Among the pictures, you can see the picture of the fortified church of the village, too. Close Menu
The Benefits of Multilingualism Learning multiple languages is extremely rewarding inside and out of business. The Benefits of Multilingualism Regardless of the industry you work in, learning a second or third language can be extremely beneficial not only for career development, but also your overall well being. Acquiring another language enables us to develop a variety of mental abilities at all ages. 1. Sharpens the mind According to a study out of Spain’s University of Pompeu Fabra, multilingual people are better at observing their surroundings. They can easily detect anything that is irrelevant or deceptive. They’re also better than their monolingual peers at identifying misleading information. While learning a new language sharpens the mind, it’s also causing it to literally grow. A 2014 study titled “Age of language learning shapes brain structure” found that cortical thickness, which is generally associated with higher intelligence, of the bilingual brain is only altered when language learning occurs later in life, after developing proficiency in the first language. The study found that the later in life a second language is acquired, the greater the effect on brain structure growth. Also, bilingual speakers who use both languages frequently may have more grey matter in the brain regions responsible for attention, inhibition, and short-term memory, according to research from the Georgetown University Medical Center. 2. Enhances decision-making A University of Chicago study found that the decision-making process is easier for multilingual people. While a language learner has to learn a new language’s rules and vocabulary, they also have to learn its nuances and regional expressions. The language learner must constantly be judging for appropriateness and hidden meanings. As a result of this practice, multilinguals are more confident in their decision-making choices in not only their language use, but throughout all areas of their lives. Because multilingual people are better able to pick up nuances and subtleties in any given situation, they generally have a heightened appreciation for the complexities of the situation. Because of this, multilinguals might engage in more rational decision-making. On the other hand, monolingual people tend to base their decisions more in emotions. 3. Improves the first language As Geoffrey Willans said, “You can never understand one language until you understand at least two.” Learning a new language actually sharpens your knowledge of your primary language by making you more conscious of its rules and subtleties. When terms such as conjugation, grammar, and sentence structure become everyday phrases while learning a new language, we begin to apply these terms to our primary language and think about our language’s underlying structure. While we learn the majority of our first language through intuitive absorption, learning a new language requires active learning. As we learn a new language, we may begin to think about our first language in new ways. With better appreciation and knowledge of your first language, you can become a better writer, speaker, and communicator. Language speakers also develop a better ear for listening, since they’re skilled at distinguishing meaning from discrete sounds. 4. Increases networking skills The journey of learning a new language isn’t just about learning the language — it’s very much about learning the culture associated with that language. As we open up to a new culture, we begin to appreciate others’ opinions and actions. As a result, multilingual people are better equipped to see the world from different perspectives, therefore enhancing their ability to communicate in today’s global economy. Communicating directly with new clients and companies in their native language is one of the first steps to founding a lasting, stable international business relationship. Speaking to anyone in their own language breaks down barriers and allows them to feel more comfortable and confident. Facilitating these kinds of relationships is imperative in a business setting. Knowing your client’s native language will elevate your relationship, leading to better results in business. 5. Enhances the ability to multitask Multitasking is an extremely stressful task for those who don’t have practice doing it or have never learned how to do it well. It requires disengaging from one activity, switching to a new mindset, and then fully engaging in a different activity. A study performed by Pennsylvania State University found that multilingual people who are proficient at slipping from one language to another are practised at multitasking. Those who have developed the ability to think in different languages and can move from one to the other become much better multitaskers compared to monolingual people, thereby reducing stress levels. 6. Improves memory It’s undeniable: the more you use your brain, the better it performs. Learning a new language not only requires familiarity with an unfamiliar set of vocabulary and rules, but also the ability to recall this information. Absorbing and retaining more information can significantly shorten your learning curve because you can spend more time learning new information instead of re-teaching yourself. But it doesn’t stop here. Once you learn a new language, you’re able to learn other languages faster. This is because your brain has stored key skills for learning language. For example, if you’ve recently learned how to speak Spanish, you’ve automatically entered the world of languages from the Latin root, such as Portuguese, Italian, French, and Romanian. We’re not just talking about short-term memory benefits here. A study conducted in Luxembourg found those who speak more than one language may be at lower risk of onset memory problems like Alzheimer’s and dementia. The study stated that multilingualism has “a protective effect on memory in seniors who practice foreign languages over their lifetime or at the time of the study.” The benefit appears to be a compounding one, as the risk proved lowest in those fluent in four or more languages. Language learning aids in developing cognitive skills, such as improved concept formation, mental flexibility, multitasking, and recall. What’s your next language? Email us today at to get started on your track to multilingualism with MondlyWORKS. Leave a Reply
Surpising Causes of Traffic Jams and How Each Driver can Prevent Them Traffic jams and congested lanes, they are a harsh reality for many drivers. These daily inconveniences are almost seen as the norm, but they don’t need to be. Many people think that slow traffic is caused by accidents, but in reality, there does not have to be an accident to bring traffic to a crawl and even the best city planning cannot avoid congestion at times. There have been several scientific studies on the science of the traffic jam, and the results are very informative. At StateChoice insurance we want our clients to know all they can about the causes of traffic jams to ensure a safe and convenient commute. Scientific Causes of a Traffic Jam • Being too polite or cautious. Yep, being rude may prevent a traffic jam. This is because being too hesitant to move forward when traffic around you slows contributes to the problem. Always put safety first but recognize that sometimes it is okay to be rude and move on even if others are rubbernecking or moving too cautiously. • Not using the "zipper merge." Think of this, if you were walking in a group and the hallway narrowed each person would merge, often seamlessly, and continue. When the same happens on the road many times, people inside of vehicles do not merge as easily. If people could accomplish what they can do on foot in vehicles, many traffic jams could be prevented altogether. StateChoice serves West Hartford, CT, and the surrounding areas, if you want an insurance quote today, you won’t get jammed up with us.
Branching Out Theme of the Week: Birds Fly! When we look up in the sky what do we see? We see planes and other air crafts and lot of neat birds! There are so many different kinds. We’ll look at books and talk about what makes a bird a bird. They have wings and beaks – what makes them special? We’ll explore those special things and try to make some things of our own that fly too! Skip to toolbar
Infinity Mirrored Rooms Infinity Mirrored Rooms Yayoi Kusama's first Mirrored Rooms Source Desc Helsinki Art Museum, The Broad Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International Pages that link here: Infinity Mirror The optical illusions created by the ray of light bouncing between two parallel mirror surfaces have pushed inventors into creating two types of infinity mirrors. Learn more about them here. Related Articles: How Mirrors Can Be Used? Two-way Mirrors Two-way mirror acts in the brightly lit room as an ordinary mirror, while in adjoining darker room like a transparent window. Here you can find out how the two-way mirror works and all the places where it can be found today. Magical Mirrors Mirrors have always had a strong presence in both literary art and film, managing to be used effectively not only for their ability to reflect the real world but also as a magical device that enables travel to other worlds, a conduit to spells and devices that reflect otherworldly visuals.
So I know that the major/minor groove arise from the offset pairing of the two strands in the helix. All my textbook tells me is that "pitch causes the off-set pairing of DNA and this gives rise to the major and minor grooves." I'm not too sure what this is saying. What exactly is pitch and how does it give rise to the grooves? Pitch is not a great word for this, as its meaning is ambiguous. It's hard to find a universal nomenclature for DNA geometry, but see the "Base pair geometry" section of this wikipedia page. The relevant property is what they call "opening". From the biochemistry textbook by Berg: enter image description here To explain in words, if the glycosidic bonds (which attach the nucleic base to the sugar in the backbone) stuck straight out at 90 angles on both sides, then the grooves in double-stranded DNA would be symmetrical. Because the glycosidic bonds are at an angle (relative to the interface between the AT or GC pairs), one of the "faces" of the base pair is larger than the other. Words and flat pictures, however, will never really give you a good intuitive sense of what's going on with the 3D structure of the grooves. A good modeling kit will be of great help to you. \| improve this answer \| \| Your Answer
(Sanskrit बुद्धि, literally "discernment, discrimination, judgment, intelligence, understanding, presence, perception, reason, comprehension, realization, self-knowledge") Abstract, intuitive mind. In Kabbalah, it is associated with the sephirah Geburah, "severity," judgment. "Buddhi is pure [superior] reason. The seat of Buddhi is just below the crown of the head in the Pineal Gland of the brain. Buddhi is manifested only in those persons who have developed right intuitive discrimination or Viveka. The ordinary reason of the worldly people is termed practical reason, which is dense and has limitations... Sankhya Buddhi or Buddhi in the light of Sankhya philosophy is will and intellect combined. Mind is microcosm. Mind is Maya. Mind occupies an intermediate state between Prakriti and Purusha, matter and Spirit." —Swami Sivananda, Yoga in Daily Life "When the diverse, confining sheaths of the Atma have been dissolved by Sadhana, when the different Vrittis of the mind have been controlled by mental drill or gymnastic, when the conscious mind is not active, you enter the realm of spirit life, the super-conscious mind where Buddhi and pure reason and intuition, the faculty of direct cognition of Truth, manifest. You pass into the kingdom of peace where there is none to speak, you will hear the voice of God which is very clear and pure and has an upward tendency. Listen to the voice with attention and interest. It will guide you. It is the voice of God." —Swami Sivananda, Essence of Yoga "The knowledge by which Âtmâ (sat) and Mâyâ (Asat) are discriminated is called Jñânam (Brahmâ Jñânam). The knowledge is considered as the root discriminator of various objects of enjoyments (i.e., by which the various objects are at once recognised as different from Âtmân). By Buddhi is meant the right seeing of things, (as certain) and is considered as the seed of Jñânam." —Devî Bhâgavatam "[God] is beyond the reach of impure mind only, but not of the purified mind (Manas). He cannot be apprehended by ordinary intellect, but purified intellect (Buddhi) can comprehend Him. Mind and intellect become purified when they are absolutely free from attachment to lust and wealth (Kâmini and Kânchan). Then purified mind and purified intellect become one. Indeed God can be realized by the purified mind. Is it not true that the sages and saints have realized Him? They realized the Supreme Spirit in the Self by their true Self." —Ramakrishna "To them, ever steadfast and serving Me with affection, I give that Buddhi Yoga by which they come unto Me. Out of mere compassion for them, I, abiding in their hearts, destroy the darkness (in them) born of ignorance, by the luminous lamp of knowledge." —Krishna, Bhagavad-gita 10 "Luminous lamp of knowledge—characterised by discrimination; fed by the oil of contentment due to Bhakti [devotion]; fanned by the wind of absorbing meditation on Me [Christ]; furnished with the wick of pure consciousness evolved by the constant cultivation of Brahmacharyam {chastity; no orgasm] and other pious virtues; held in the reservoir of the heart devoid of worldliness; placed in the wind-sheltered recess of the mind, withdrawn from the sense-objects, and untainted by attachment and aversion; shining with the light of right knowledge, engendered by incessant practice of concentration." —Sankara Kabbalah: The feminine Spiritual Soul, related to the sephirah Geburah. Symbolized throughout world literature, notably as Helen of Troy, Beatrice in The Divine Comedy, and Beth-sheba (Hebrew, literally "daughter of seven") in the Old Testament. The Divine or Spiritual Soul is the feminine soul of the Innermost (Atman), or his "daughter." All the strength, all the power of the gods and goddesses resides in Buddhi / Geburah, Cosmic Consciousness, as within a glass of alabaster where the flame of the Inner Being (Gedulah, Atman the Ineffable) is always burning. Samael Aun Weor, The Major Mysteries
Future government spend on education \| Improve Tuition \| Tutors \| Tuition \| Tutoring \| Tutor Governments near election will discuss key investments to expand high-quality learning programs; talk about increasing equity and opportunity for all pupils; supporting teachers and school leaders by reducing workload. “As a way to win votes, all parties will lead us all to believe that every single child in this country matters and deserves an education,” said education expert Gulam Dabhad. “They will tell us about school successes under their governance and a promise that will make real progress.” Any future government budget ought to remove the inefficiencies and invest in improving funding for early childhood education, teacher support and college opportunity. Increasing equity and opportunity 1. What is the increase spend on primary and secondary education? 2. What is the educational spend increase mean for poor and minority students, students with disabilities, and those with English as a second language? 3. How will this increase spend prepare future students for college and higher education? Developing high- quality early learning programs 1. What is the expected expenditure for preschool programs for low and moderate income families? 2. Will there be a budget for preschool development grant? Assisting teachers and leaders 1. How much and for how long will future governments support how UK schools recruit and prepare new teachers and strengthen professional support for teachers throughout their careers? 2. What funding is available for governments and schools committed to implementing new systems that develop, support, reward and advance teachers and principals? Improving higher education 1. Can future governments support responsible students through funding? 2. What funding is available for UK Technical Training with the UK Department of Labour to expand job opportunities? 3. What increase in spend will there be for 16 to 18 year olds, for the Investing in Innovation programs, and improving student achievement in education? Education is a vitally important investment in UK’s economic competitiveness, in its communities, and in its people. We can’t disregard the middle class economy that needs to be aligned for the 21st
Iron Is Better Than Fluoride At Preventing Cavities, But There’s A Catch Materials scientists studying beavers have discovered why the crafty rodents never get cavities: the enamel in their teeth is rich in iron. Iron, they found, resists acid more effectively than fluoride. Source: Iron Is Better Than Fluoride At Preventing Cavities, But There’s A Catch …which means beaver teeth will have a reddish tinge to it. From the blood of their enemies! 😉 Foods to Reactivate Your Pineal Gland There’s two articles – the second is a continuation of the first. As we age the pineal gland begins to calcify and become sluggish. This rate varies considerably by person and lifestyle, but consuming excessive amounts of fluoride is considered to be a risk factor. This is partly because fluoride collects in extremely high amounts in the pineal gland causing faster calcification. Fluoride can also decrease melatonin production, two things we certainly don’t want to happen. Research has shown that this calcification of the pineal gland shows a strong correlation in the developing of Alzheimer’s disease (Mercola 2011). A poor diet laden with preservatives, chemicals, and pesticides are a major risk factor for calcification and premature aging as well. What can we do to fight the aging process and calcification of the pineal gland? Eating a healthy, preservative/chemical free diet that is rich in healthy fats, should be a no-brainer (pun intended), but what else can we do?
Just for the Health of It The Effects of Online Games on Work Productivity How does it happen? There are many activities in multiple areas of interests that can be performed on the Internet, but playing games online is one of the most addicting. It’s true that some of them are great for playing as time wasters on short breaks. Nonetheless, others can require frequent logins, such as business management, strategy and RPG games. To keep playing such a game, people have to login daily or multiple times per day, at specific times, which interrupts them from their job and causes them to waste time on playing online games, instead of spending it to work. How to prevent it To limit the access of their employees to distracting online activities, many companies are using web filtering solutions that allow them to restrict access to any website they consider it may decrease the productivity of their staff and are not needed to do their jobs. As a result, companies tend to restrict the access to social networks, news websites, online flash games websites, video streaming websites and other online content considered to be distracting. Derived from boredom, addiction as well as other reasons, employees strive to find other ways of accessing their favorite websites and online games. Among the most used methods are web proxies. By using a web proxy, employees are able to bypass restrictions imposed at work and visit otherwise unavailable websites. People that are severely addicted to their Internet habits, like social networking and games can often have problems keeping their jobs and relationships. There are also milder cases that can experience diminished performance at work among other effects. To prevent their employees from wasting time surfing the web instead of working, some companies prefer to monitor the online traffic of their workers to see whether they’re using the Internet for productive purposes or not. This method is less aggressive and offers a certain degree of flexibility for employees, allowing them to moderately use the Internet for leisure. In this case, they can occasionally visit their favorite websites, social networks and even play online games, for short periods of time, during coffee or lunch breaks. On the other hand, when performed with moderation, these online activities also have benefits. Sometimes people just need a quick break from whatever they were doing, to clear their mind and return to their task refreshed and relaxed. That is why restricting access to all leisure online activities in offices, schools and institutions can have negative effects. People will feel their freedom is severely limited and their employers don’t trust them. The Internet has a lot to offer and not all is bad. In this case, like in many others, moderation is the key to success. Everyone needs to take a break from their chores, every once in a while. Nevertheless, long is that break and what you chose to do in that free time is very important. There’s nothing wrong if you use it to visit your favorite blogs or social networks and even play online games. Just make sure it doesn’t turn into an obsession. Such behavior can have an impact on your career and social life. Leave a Reply
Document Type Doctor of Philosophy Mechanical Engineering First Adviser Keith W. Moored Inspired by the advanced capabilities of fish and other aquatic swimmers, in this thesis, a greater understanding of fish-like propulsion has been sought in terms of morphology and kinematics. Unsteady potential flow simulations on real cetacean flukes reveal that the effect of shape and gait on the swimming performance are not intertwined and are in fact independent. There is one fluke shape that maximizes the propulsive efficiency regardless of the gait and vice versa. It is also determined that the shape and the gait of the fluke have a considerable influence on the wake topology and in turn the Strouhal number. Evolutionary optimization is used to isolate the shape effects and study optimum conditions when the kinematic features of the animals are varied. Searching the optimum swimmer in terms of swimming gait is performed by considering the three main aspects of the swimming performance: swimming speed, swimming range, and efficiency. Optimum conditions are found when i) the swimmer keeps the duty cycle low and uses sinusoidal-like motion by maintaining higher pitching amplitudes to provide higher thrust and swimming range; ii) the swimmer uses square-like waveform shapes by increasing the duty cycle and using small pitching amplitudes which decrease the swimming range but increase the swimming speed. In all combinations, swimming efficiency is maintained at the maximum achievable level. Scaling laws are presented to predict thrust production and power consumption of the swimmers by accounting for three-dimensionality with shape and gait variations. The scaling laws presented here provide insight into the flow physics that drive thrust production, power consumption, and efficient swimming when the morphology and kinematics are varied.
Skip to content How to Eat Less Meat (and Hardly Even Notice) Research shows health benefits of a 'flexitarian' diet. Here's how to get started Westend61 / Getty Images En español \| While it's safe to say that meat hasn't been enjoying a lot of great press lately, if you're someone who loves the occasional turkey burger or chicken Caesar, there's a bit of other health news you might want to hear. Research is showing that you may not have to give up your favorite meat-based meals to reap the rewards of a plant-based diet. Studies have long shown that eating a vegetarian diet may help prevent heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes, as well as keep weight in check. But recently, experts have been noticing that the health benefits of a plant-based diet may not hinge on making it an all-or-nothing proposition. For instance, according to a recent Harvard University study, substituting one daily serving of red meat with a serving of nuts cut the risk of premature death by nearly 20 percent; replacing the meat with a serving of legumes decreased risk by 10 percent. The more you replace, say researchers, the greater the benefit. Other studies similarly support the value of “semivegetarian” or “flexitarian” diets. Middle-aged adults who ate more plant-based foods and less meat had a lower risk of heart disease and of dying from any cause compared with those who ate more meat and less fruits and veggies, according to a 2019 study from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health published in the Journal of the American Heart Association. The results show that “one does not have to be a full vegetarian or vegan,” says study lead author Hyunju Kim. “Consuming a diet that is higher in plant foods and lower in animal foods is helpful.” The reasons may be as much about what you add to your diet as what you subtract. “When you choose nutrient-rich plant foods like vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, whole grains and pulses, you'll be getting plenty of health-promoting phytonutrients and dietary fiber,” says Jackie Newgent, culinary nutritionist and author of The With or Without Meat Cookbook . And, there's an added bonus to doing so. “It leads to a more sustainable food system, improving the health of our environment." Thankfully, there are plenty of easy ways to start eating less meat and more plants. Here are a few simple and delicious culinary tricks you can use to shift the balance of your diet without sacrificing flavor. 1. Relish savory seasonings Meat contributes “umami,” one of the five chief taste profiles (along with sweet, sour, salty and bitter). There are a number of plant-based foods that contribute the same flavor and can add a “meaty” sensation to your meat-free meals such as soy sauce, miso, mushrooms and tomatoes (sundried tomatoes are an especially good source). Another option is to create depth and excitement in your meals by using earthy spices like cumin and coriander seeds, or working in a hot sauce, says Newgent. “And if you're trying to mimic the flavor of grilled meats or bacon, a dash of smoked paprika works like magic,” she adds. 2. Make room for mushrooms These types of fungi have the double benefit of pairing savory umami flavor with a meaty texture. And there are lots of ways you can use mushrooms to cut back on meat — grill a portobello in place of a burger patty, use diced ‘shrooms in place of ground beef in chili, or replace half the ground beef in your meatball or burger recipe with sautéed chopped mushrooms, for instance. “Just keep in mind you won't be getting as much protein when you use mushrooms instead of meat,” says Newgent. If you're using mushrooms to replace the meat entirely, balance out your meal with a protein-rich side or appetizer like lentil soup or bean salad. Adding more beans to your diet is a great way to add more protein without adding meat PGoodie76 / Getty Images 3. Embrace the bean Rich in protein (like meat) with the added bonus of filling fiber, beans are a satisfying stand-in, nutrition-wise. And even though the flavor and texture of beans are pretty different from say, a steak or chicken breast, there are a lot of ways to make them work for you if you're used to meat being at the center of your plate. “In general, black beans, red kidney beans, or pinto beans are delicious in Mexican dishes in lieu of meat,” says Newgent, who recommends using part mashed and part whole beans in foods like burritos for a varied and more interesting texture. Since beans have a relatively plain flavor on their own, step up those savory spices and throw in a few peppers to add some excitement and depth. 4. Find a go-to frozen veggie burger If you're trying to eat less meat, keep a plant-based choice on hand for the moments when you just don't know what to cook. This way, it's easy to default to a plant-based meal without having to work too hard. (Having frozen buns, and toppings like sliced cheese, guacamole and red onion on hand may help convince you to fry up a veggie burger.) There are lots of delicious options on the market now; the right one for you is a matter of taste. “First decide if you want to fully embrace plant-based goodness or you want something that's designed to mock the taste and texture of meat,” says Newgent. Often, the meatier-tasting burgers are more highly processed and less nutritious. Either way, she says, if it's going to be your main source of protein for the meal, look for at least 10 grams of protein per patty. If it's much lower than that, look for a protein-rich side or topping, like hummus or black bean dip, to pair it with. 5. Get to know tofu The quintessential meat substitute often gets a bad reputation — but that's because many don't know how to work with it. For starters, it's helpful to know that there are several types of tofu that work best in different applications. “If you want to make a smoothie, use silken tofu,” says Newgent. If you want the tofu to hold its shape during cooking, buy firm or extra firm. Firm tofu may come packaged in liquid; if this is the case your best bet is to press the excess liquid out so it will better absorb flavors and brown when you cook it. You can do this by placing the block of tofu on a plate lined with paper towels; top with another layer of paper towels and a cutting board weighed down with a heavy book or pot; let it rest for 30 minutes or more. Tofu is a taste chameleon; it will soak up whatever sauces or seasonings you cook it with. Either marinate first, which works well when you're grilling or roasting, or stir fry until golden and then toss with a mouthwatering sauce such as Thai peanut (pair it with steamed broccoli and brown rice to soak up any extra flavor). Join the Discussion 0 \| Add Yours Please leave your comment below. You must be logged in to leave a comment.
Now is the perfect time for anti-vaxxers to learn how imperative vaccines are and how they're hurting a community by not vaccinating. The development of a vaccine for COVID-19 is a crucial step in restoring the world to safety and normalcy. However, according to the New York Times, it could take about 12 to 18 months for a vaccine to become available to the public. Experts have warned that social distancing restrictions may have to remain in place until that day, especially for those at high risk, such as the elderly or immunocompromised. A vaccine could hopefully be the gateway back to “normal” life, or as normal as life can be in the aftermath of a global disaster. Nevertheless, it’d save countless lives and release Americans from the persistent fear of an invisible enemy. In the 1950s, Americans faced a similar enemy: poliovirus. Polio ran rampant through the U.S., causing many parents to fear for their children’s lives. Parents kept their children indoors instead of allowing them to swim in pools or go to beaches for fear that poliovirus could be waterborne and gave their children “polio tests” every day, instructing them to bend over and touch their toes to make sure they didn’t display any early warning signs of the disease that caused muscle weakness and paralysis. In 1955, when Joseph Salk created the polio vaccine, the nation rejoiced. The vaccine was regarded as miraculous and a chance for Americans to live their lives without the fear of polio hanging over them. However, in recent years, vaccines haven’t always been seen in this positive light. While suspicion of vaccination has existed in some form or another since its creation, organized opposition didn’t become popular until recently. Anti-vaccine sentiments were quelled in the early 20th century when the Supreme Court ruled that states had the power to make vaccinations mandatory. However, anti-vax activism reared its ugly head in 1982 when a documentary called “DPT: Vaccine Roulette” aired on television, spreading fears that DTaP, the triple vaccine for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, could have adverse health risks. Doctors criticized the show for being inaccurate, but it had already instilled fear of vaccination in many parents. Anti-vax activism was further provoked in 1998, when former doctor Andrew Wakefield published a paper in a British medical journal falsely linking the MMR, a vaccine that prevents measles, rumps and rubella, to the development of autism in children. Although the paper was widely discredited by medical professionals and retracted from the medical journal, the anti-vaccination movement persisted. As anti-vax parents neglect to have their children vaccinated, the U.S. has seen new outbreaks of diseases that had previously been eradicated. In 2000, measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. However, in the years since, measles has experienced a resurgence, with more than 2,216 reported cases since 2000, according to Time Magazine. The recent global health crisis has stirred up some skepticism within the anti-vax movement. According to CNN, the pandemic has influenced some anti-vaxxers to change their minds, including one Florida woman who stated she was fully anti-vax before the pandemic, but seeing coronavirus take hold of the nation has shifted her viewpoint to pro-vaccine. Yet, some anti-vaxxers have taken the opposite stance. Many have already spoken out in protest against a coronavirus vaccine, according to Business Insider. In fact, some anti-vaxxers have joined forces with lockdown protesters, gathering together in public spaces to protest social distancing guidelines and advocate for the reopening of businesses. These two groups ignore the dangers of COVID-19. To stop the spread of coronavirus, the U.S. must reach herd immunity, the term for when an entire community is protected from an illness once a certain percentage of individuals have been immunized, according to National Geographic. For a population to gain herd immunity from the measles, around 95% of people must be vaccinated. If the coronavirus follows a similar pattern, this means almost the entirety of the population must be vaccinated in order to end it. In light of the anti-vaccination movement, this may prove to be as much of a challenge as creating the vaccine itself. According to a poll conducted by Emerson Polling, 66% of Americans said they’d get the vaccine for coronavirus. 11% said they wouldn’t get it, and 23% stated they were unsure. Experts have expressed fears that the anti-vaccination movements could derail the fight against coronavirus. Hopefully, the challenges and dangers presented by COVID-19 will encourage anti-vaxxers to reassess their views on vaccines and do some research into the true risks and benefits of vaccination. It seems that for hardcore anti-vax activists, the pandemic hasn’t caused a major shift in their views, but for anti-vaxxers who are on the fence, COVID-19 might be a wakeup call. This pandemic has the potential to change their minds and perhaps take away power from the anti-vaccine movement. Haley Huchler is a sophomore media arts and design and english double major. Contact Haley at huchleha@dukes.jmu.edu.
General AT Information Assistive Tools for ADHD What are assistive tools? An assistive tool is anything that allows individuals to be more successful at completing daily tasks or participating in activities that they typically have great difficulty doing because of their disability. Assistive tools can be simple or complex, ranging from products such as fidget toys and timers to software and modified office furniture. Assistive tools can help individuals with ADHD stay organized, on task, find their belongings, stay focused, and be more efficient. CanLearn has developed a resource on assistive tools for ADHD. It is available for download. AT Tools Handout. (PDF) Apps for ADHD ADHD Families and CanLearn Society have put together a list of assistive technology applications for Tablets and Mobile devices. iPad Applications Summaries Document.
Skip to content FAQ About Local History What Native American tribes lived in this area? Delaware or Lenni Lenape, Tuscaroras and Iroquois How do you pronounce Conococheague and what does it mean?KAH-no-kah-cheeg meaning "A long, long way indeed." The Conococheague Creek is 80 miles long and extends from the Franklin/Adams County line on top of the mountain south to the Potomac River. Where is Benjamin Chambers buried? Falling Spring Presbyterian Church on North Main Street. His grave is a large white monument enclosed by a brick wall. What area of Chambersburg was burned? The destruction was concentrated in the middle of town, with large buildings, homes and businesses alike being destroyed. The courthouse was burned as well. There were no residents killed during the burning of Chambersburg. What buildings in Chambersburg were spared? - The Old Jail (this was believed to be a stopping point on the Underground Railroad) - Building that is currently Sellers Funeral Home (this is also where Benjamin Chambers died) - Local churches (they were being used as hospitals at the time) - Masonic Lodge (reputedly a Southern Masonic member asked that the building not put to the torch) - Rev. Kennedy’s house - Building that is currently Gartenberg Jewelry Where is the nearest Lincoln Highway stone marker? Chambersburg Post Office, Lincoln Way East and Third Street Scroll To Top
Barcelona's superblock streetscape. (Shutterstock) Barcelona's superblock streetscape. (Shutterstock) Barcelona’s streets are studded with sensors and responsive systems. Street lights, garbage cans, power metres, parking spots, park landscaping and public transit fit into the city’s “smart” environment, helping to manage everything from congested streets to service delivery. And, while the city is teeming with technology, it hasn’t strayed from strong, local, democratic governance of data. Barcelona stands as a great example of smart city development. Arguably, this success is in recognizing its citizens’ role in improving urban space. As the capital of Catalonia, Barcelona has a long history of democratic agitation and innovation. Before the Magna Carta, there was the Ustages of Barcelona, a twelfth century legal document that synthesized Roman law with local custom and sampled the best legal thinking of that era. Catalans are proud of this innovation and cite it often as a mandate to innovate further. In the twentieth century, Barcelona was the heart and engine of the Spanish Republic, which sought to create a socially just vision of industrialization before being crushed by Spanish fascists backed by German and Italian military might. Now, once more, Barcelona is in the midst of a conflict between Spain and Catalonia. This conflict goes back decades, if not centuries, and is nowhere near being resolved. While Francisco Franco’s dictatorship ended with his death in 1975, there was never a reconciliation process, and resentment still runs deep. Meanwhile, the municipal government of Barcelona is trying to remain as neutral as possible. Their focus is on local democracy; no matter who prevails in the broader conflict, the city will have democratic institutions that empower residents. Barcelona benefits from an extensive fibre optic network, and the municipally led smart city initiatives enabled the rise of a local industry with expertise in the Internet of Things (IoT) and responsive urban infrastructure. The city also hosts the annual global Smart City Congress. Initially, such upgrades resulted in genuine cost savings, but the real potential of data-driven urban systems exists beyond economics. Culture and politics are where the smart city can achieve the kind of exponential gains that such technology promises — but that wasn’t always a popular idea in Barcelona. The smart city process was started under the administration of Mayor Xavier Trias. However, he was defeated in 2015, in part because of the perception that smart city initiatives were corporately controlled, and a by-product of top-down decision making that did not involve local residents. Rather than undoing or winding back the smart city upgrades, the new mayor, Ada Colau, has instead sought to take this concept beyond infrastructure and service delivery, to citizenship and democratic participation. Simply put, engaged and informed residents — smart citizens — are the essential components of a smart city. Colau was also elected amidst a larger populist movement that sought to regulate Barcelona’s booming tourism and resulting gentrification. Affordability of housing in Barcelona is a major issue, driving a popular desire to rein in services such as Airbnb. Similarly, traffic and congestion is also a serious concern. Controlling how many cars are on the road is an important issue. While policies like the Superblock design help, smart city initiatives assist the city in measuring and creating innovative solutions, including restricting services like Uber. On a technical level, issues of citizenship, democratic participation, and municipal regulatory capacity converge with the city’s embrace of free and open source software. Not only has the city committed to using free and open source software wherever possible, but it also creates software that other cities can freely use (and modify). Sentilo, Barcelona’s free, open source system that integrates the city-wide sensor network and all the data it generates, is a good example. The program was built by Barcelona to help organize and govern the data generated by sensors, enabling the applications and interfaces that make that data useful and valuable. It also enables citizens to access this data and build applications or find areas that need greater attention. Decidim, a participation platform designed to involve residents in as many aspects of municipal government as possible, holds even greater significance. Decidim takes advantage of the sensors and data generated by smart city initiatives to help citizens see and have a voice in the operation of city services and the governance of the city. Residents can make proposals, debate, vote and organize around any issue they desire, with the data serving as evidence and fuel for these debates. Like Sentilo, Decidim is free and open source and available to any other municipality to use and modify. This kind of democratic innovation offers up one model for the success of a smart city. Technology and data are never enough. Consent, literacy and participation are necessary ingredients that smart cities should be focusing on. The result is a kind of political authority that allows the city to better negotiate with technology companies — the opportunity here is far more impactful than simply negotiating a better internet rate. Barcelona is now insisting that technology contracts feature data sovereignty and public ownership of data. The city recently secured a contract with mobile provider Vodafone that includes a commitment by the company to turn over data to the city each month. This is significant not just because the city was able to get the company to bend to their agenda, but more importantly, the city is developing the capability to collect, manage and understand the data it is collecting. This will be an essential feature of whether a government is able to govern, or whether it is subject to the power of tech companies who understand the population better than the government does. Barcelona still sees itself in the early stages of a long-term upgrade toward a smart city comprised of smart citizens. The city is also building a larger system for data governance and identity management called DECODE, which stands for DEcentralized Citizen-owned Data Ecosystems. Funded in part by the European Union, DECODE is designed as a platform that “provides tools that put individuals in control of whether they keep their personal information private or share it for the public good.” If successful, DECODE could provide an example of a government-created alternative to Facebook. While DECODE shares similarities with Facebook, this new platform would enable users to manage their privacy, and it would also provide identity management tools that could be used for authentication on other sites, as well as secure social graph information. One of Facebook’s salient features is the ability to bring your friends and social network to any new website you join, allowing that site to easily provide socially contextual features. If DECODE could offer users the same, it would go a long way towards providing an alternative to using Facebook, especially for other websites that desire social features without connecting to Facebook. In Barcelona, there’s more to a smart city than improved transit or a quickly emptied garbage can. Open source software keeps the city in control of the infrastructure, and allows it to share and collaborate with other cities, fuelling innovation, cost savings and overall public benefit. This focus on local and participatory democracy not only provides a means of building and mobilizing public support, but also a faster path to the real gains that motivate the desire to live in a smart city: a responsive, compassionate and democratic society. • Jesse Hirsh is a researcher, artist and public speaker based in Lanark County, Ontario. His research interests focus largely on the intersection of technology and politics, in particular artificial intelligence and democracy. He recently completed an M.A. at Ryerson University on algorithmic media.
Romans - Religion Romans gave gifts of fruit in the temple. Romans - Religion One important part of KS2 history is the culture of Ancient Rome and this is the third of four quizzes on the subject. Specifically it looks at the religion, gods and goddesses of Ancient Rome and its conversion to Christianity. The religion of the Romans incorporated a belief in a collection of gods and goddesses, each with their own responsibilities. For example, Mars was the god of War and Minerva the goddess of Wisdom. They thought of themselves as highly religious and attributed their success as a world power to their good relations with the gods. However, despite their initial persecution of Christians, by the time of the Fall of Rome most Romans had stopped worshipping the Roman gods and goddesses and had become Christians themselves. See how much you know about the religion of the Ancient Romans by playing this quiz. Where did the Ancient Romans worship their gods? In a church In a temple In a synagogue In a mosque There were different temples for different gods and goddesses. There were also some temples dedicated to all the gods What did pre-Christian Romans have in their homes to worship the gods? A shrine A crucifix A Bible Crucifixes and Bibles came after Rome's conversion to Christianity What did Romans do in the temple? They sacrificed animals They gave gifts of fruit to the gods They placed statues of their gods All of these Domestic animals, like pigs, sheep or cattle, were most often sacrificed Who were also seen as gods? Women with black hair Animals were even sacrificed in order to worship the emperor Why was a coin placed on a dead body? To pay for food in the underworld To pay the gods for a happy life To pay the ferryman to cross the river to the underworld To pay admission into the underworld The River Styx had to be crossed to reach the underworld Who was the king of the Roman gods? Jupiter was the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Zeus Who was the goddess of love? Venus was the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Aphrodite What get their names from many of the Roman gods? Mountains in Europe The planets The oceans The streets of London Some of our days of the week and months of the year are also named after Roman gods and emperors Which emperor made Christianity the official Roman religion? The Turkish city of Constantinople (recently renamed Istanbul) was named after Constantine In which century did Rome become Christian? 4th Century BCE 4th Century CE 5th Century BCE 5th Century CE Constantine was in his forties when he made Christianity the official religion of Rome some time around 315 AD Author: Amanda Swift © Copyright 2016-2020 - Education Quizzes TJS - Web Design Lincolnshire View Printout in HTML Valid HTML5 We use cookies to make your experience of our website better.
Women Servants “Their wives likewise must be dignified, not slanderers, but sober-minded, faithful in all things.” - 1 Timothy 3:11 In the requirements for those who would serve on the diaconate, Paul in today’s passage comments on the deacons’ “wives,” as the English Standard Version translates the Greek word gynaikas in 1 Timothy 3:11. But this word can also be rendered as “women,” which would make this passage have a significantly different meaning. If the passage is to be read as talking about the wives of male deacons, then the office of deacon, like the office of elder, is limited to men alone. Yet if gynaikas means “women,” then Paul is talking about female servants or deaconesses, opening up the diaconate to women as well as men. Unfortunately, it is hard to determine the apostle’s meaning because the contextual details provide little help in choosing the most appropriate translation. Those who believe Paul allows for women deacons note that he gives no qualifications for elders’ wives and therefore no parallel to the deacons’ wives, suggesting the office of deaconess is in view. Another argument for deaconesses is that the requirements of verse 11 are the same as those mandated of male deacons (see vv. 8–9). Not to be overlooked, proponents of deaconesses note, is that Romans 16:1 calls Phoebe a diakonon, a version of the Greek word often translated as “deacon” (diakonos). Finally, one commentator points out, there is nothing like Paul’s specific command that women may not be given authority as church elders (1 Tim. 2:12–15) in 1 Timothy 3:8–13 to bar women from the diaconate. Opponents of deaconesses explain that there are many reasons why Paul would give qualifications for deacons’ wives and not those of elders. Deacons, who deal in ministries of mercy, can have close contact with people on occasions when a woman’s assistance might be needed. It would be scandalous for male deacons to aid sick women in many instances, but their wives can help bathe, dress, or care for women in need. Those who disagree that Paul allows for female deacons do not put much stock in the fact that Phoebe is referred to as a diakonon, for the term can simply mean “servant,” not an ordained office. They also say that it is odd Paul does not include a section on deaconnesses if, in fact, he wants to establish the office for women. Coram Deo Reformed Christians who affirm Scripture’s final authority continue to differ over whether women may be ordained as deacons. What is not up for debate is that the traits Paul lists in 1 Timothy 3:11 should be true of all Christian women, regardless of one’s position on deaconesses. If you are a woman, are you making a concerted effort to avoid slander and to be faithful? If you are a man, are you encouraging the women in your life in these things? Passages for Further Study Psalm 15 Proverbs 11:16 Luke 17:7–10 1 Peter 4:7
What Caused the Great Depression? We’ve talked about the current recession before and we know that the main thing that triggered it is the subprime mortgage crisis which originated from several investment banks. But what about a more severe economic downturn called depression? According to Wikipedia: In economics, depression involves sustained, long-term downturn economic activity. While recession is seen as a part of a normal business cycle, depression is a sustained recession. It is characterized by abnormal increase in unemployment, falls in the availability of credit, shrinking output and investment, numerous bankruptcies, reduced amounts of trade and commerce, as well as highly volatile relative currency value fluctuations, mostly devaluations. In 1929, the greatest of all depressions called “The Great Depression” is the most severe that caused a tremendous wipeout of huge money in most economies around the world. It was the longest and most wide spread depression in the history of US. So what caused the great depression? My curiosity in this subject matter led me to study what were the causes of this severe economic downturn before. If we are about to study what are its causes, we can eliminate it to happen again. Let’s examine one by one what are the probable causes of this “Great Depression”. Wall Street Stock Market Crash of 1929. One of the most severe stock market crashes in the history of US was the one that occured in October 29, 1929 which was also known as the famous Black Tuesday. Prior to that event, after a long time of wealth and excess money in the system, a lot of speculators came into rise. People just buy a lot of stocks based solely on speculation of gains due to the continued increase in stock prices that reached peak levels. They were even borrowing money just to buy stocks. However, panic among investors started and a lot them began selling and dumping their shares. In the financial world, this is called “bubble burst“. A lot of bankers met before to discuss how can they tame investors’ fear. Some of them bid and purchased huge blocks of shares to pump up stock prices and bring back investors’ confidence in the stock market. Unfortunately, this tactic just temporarily resolved the problem. Stocks prices continued to fall and by the close of market on October 29, 1929, $30 billion worth of stocks were wiped out in just 1 week. Debt Deflation. Since a lot of people borrowed money which they used to buy stocks prior to the stock market crash of 1929, there was a limited supply of money circulating in the economic system after the crash happened. This fact led to the dry up of availability of loans for business owners. They can no longer borrow money in banks to expand their business operations and cover their costs. As a result, a lot of companies declared bankruptcies and laid off a lot of their employees causing a huge increase in unemployment rate in most economies. Bank failures. With the debt deflation, a lot of banks closed down. Bank deposits were uninsured and so as these banks shut down, a lot of people lost their savings. Those banks who survived were too cautious to lend new loans to businesses. This aggravated the situation leading to less and less expenditures thereby forcing more and more companies to close down which added to the mounting unemployment problem. Depressed consumer buying. With the unemployment rate kept on rising, more and more people hold to their dear cash and just don’t want to spend. This exacerbated the situation as business deals and transactions continued to dry causing businesses to lose profits and eventually close down. Inaction by the FED. The FED or Federal Reserve is the Central Bank of the US. It is considered as one of the most powerful among central banks around the world. The inaction by the FED contributed to the Great Depression. By not acting on the situation, the FED allowed the money supply in the system to shrink and did not even bother to bail out huge banks that failed. One of these banks was New York Bank of the United States which produced panic and bank runs among local and small banks. Gold standard. One of the reasons why the FED did not act to limit the decline in money supply was the regulation called “gold standard”. Back then, the amount of credit issued by the FED should be backed up by gold. By the late 1920s, just before the stock market crash began, the FED already hit its maximum allowable credit that could be backed up by the gold in its possession. Since the FED had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. As business began failing, the US government created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act in 1930 to help protect American companies. Unfortunately, this act aggravated the depression by seriously reducing the foreign trades between the US and other countries imposing high imports taxes. Drought in the Dust Bowl Years. There was a drought that occured in the Mississippi Valley in the 1930s that exacerbated the situation of the Great Depression. This pushed a lot of farmers to cultivate more despite the high costs of soil conservation. Unfortunately, since there was a Great Depression happening at that time, they ended up selling their farm lands. Here are some other images of The Great Depression: People need to line up to get their food during The Great Depression. Poverty was rampant and there was a tremendous food shortage exacerbated by the drought that happened in the 1930s. A lot of people were left unemployed. They began walking in the streets advertising themselves just to find job that could provide them income to support their families. Recently, we’ve experienced another recession that triggered a lot of bank failures causing a rise in unemployment rate. A continued recession may lead to a depression which obviously, all of us don’t want to happen. Here are some of the lessons that I learned after studying the causes of the great depression. Learn to Save. In times of “rainy days” like this, learn to save. You will never know when will you be laid off in your work. At least when you have enough savings, then you can survive the effects of a depression. Manage Risks. Yes, we need to invest to grow our money. However, we should manage the risks involved in investing. If you are not educated enough into a particular type of investment, then don’t engage yourself into it. Don’t just rely on speculations without even analyzing it. Don’t carry too much debt. Too much debt because of a relaxed credit availability triggered The Great Depression. If you cannot ascertain yourself that you can use that debt as a good debt vs. a bad debt, then don’t accumulate debts. Always make sure that you pay your debts on time. Luckily, the recent recession did not prosper further because of the help extended by the major central banks around the world. As they see the money supply depletes in the economic system, they began pumping the economy with money through tax incentives, huge loans, and direct intervention in the stock market. They even bailed out some of the huge banks on the verge of bankruptcy just to save jobs so as to prevent a further domino effect on small industries. Image Source: Google Images 12 responses on “What Caused the Great Depression? 1. What’s with the great depression article thing? Is this some kind of omen about things to come? 🙂 Or was this inspired by a movie called 2012. I watched the movie yesterday and can’t help but be depressed for a while as I reflect on the possibility of it ever actually happening? “What are the odds?”, says John Cussack. If it does, we’re in for something worse than the great depression. • History teaches us lessons. We just came from one of the worst recession and if not properly handled, it can lead to a depression which has more severe effects. It’s not related to that because that movie tackles more on natural calamities like earthquakes, volcano eruptions, etc. By the way, I would love to watch that movie 2012 too. 🙂 2. Inaction by the FED IMO this was the biggest factor as to why the Great Depression was as long as it was. If they opened up their policies and stopped pickin’ their asses, banks wouldn’t have collapsed. When the banks began to collapse, the entire economy buckled like a house of cards. Here’s another great lesson learned from the Great Depression: Learn how to play the market to the downside! hehe 3. Yeah the Great Depression was a “perfect storm”!Unfortunately, as a previous poster suggested, that was so long ago that most people forgot about the lessons to be learned. This resulted in the “great recession” of today, but fortunately we remembered some of these lessons before it became a “depression”! 4. does anyone have the exact dates on these photos?? I am doin a project and have to have the date..or year would be perfectly fine 🙂 5. Ahh can someone help me understand this more? I’m writing a 3 page research paper t on the great depression and I could really use some help. Leave a Reply 3 × four =
What is a digital wallet and how does it work? October 2, 2015 \| Doug LaFave Illustration of a person using their digital wallet to make a payment with their phone. In an age where technology is used everywhere, it makes sense that companies would be interested in how to utilize it even further—like making it easier for their customers to complete purchase transactions. This thought process eventually led to the digital wallet. What is a digital wallet? PC Magazine defines a digital wallet as “1) a smartphone app for making financial transactions in a retail store or 2) a desktop app for making credit card purchases online. It eliminates entering shipping, billing and credit card data when a purchase is made at a website.” I’d like to delve a little more into the smartphone digital wallet. How does a smartphone digital wallet work? Two smartphone digital wallet apps that you’ve likely heard of are Apple’s Passbook app with Apple Pay, which launched in October 2014 (and was renamed Apple Wallet in October 2015), and Google Wallet, that has been around since May 2011. In many commercials, the user simply waves or taps their phone against the merchant’s card device to complete a transaction. This is made possible by a near field communication (NFC) system, which utilizes electromagnetic radio fields to allow the user to send information to an NFC-capable device. NFC is just one method that is used to allow digital wallet purchases, and not all smartphones have NFC capabilities. That’s why Apple Pay only works on the iPhone 6/6s, iPhone 6/6s Plus and Apple Watch, and why some digital wallets are still developed as smartphone apps (like the Starbucks app, which is a digital wallet that uses barcodes). Is it secure and reliable to use? Some smartphone digital wallets, like Apple Pay, create a unique Device Account Number that is stored on one’s Apple device. This is the number that is given to the merchant when making a purchase. Apple Pay also requires a fingerprint to authorize the transaction, so your digital wallet is available at the touch of your fingertips. This doesn’t mean, however, that one’s physical wallet and cards should be left behind—not all stores have NFC-capable devices or accept every type of digital wallet. Plus, there is the possibility that your smartphone may lose battery power or signal within the store, so it’s a good idea to have cash or cards on-hand just in case. If you’re ready to explore the benefits of a digital wallet combined with debit and/or credit card benefits, Mission Fed offers Apple Pay, and customers will enjoy the same Debit or Credit Card benefits using Apple Pay as they would using their physical cards! We’re excited to provide it to our members, and hope that you enjoy the benefits of having your wallet at your fingertips, whether it’s mobile or not. This article contains a link for a website that Mission Fed does not control. Mission Fed is not responsible and does not assume liability for the operations, content, links, privacy or security policies of third party websites. Doug LaFave Doug LaFave Doug LaFave is 1st VP of IT Strategy at Mission Federal Credit Union where he oversees many strategic technology initiatives. Doug has nearly 30 years’ experience in the credit union industry, with over 25 years in Information Technology. Doug believes technology greatly improves our lives—so long as we don’t actually let it run them. More Blog Posts Lifelong learning—a good resolution photo of an open book It’s that time when we begin to think about the year ahead. As you begin the New Year, here’s a... It’s that time when we begin to think about the year ahead. As you begin the New Year, here’s a resolution you can make that’s not only good for you, but it can be fun too… Learning! Here is a Top Ten list of how lifelong learning benefits your well-... What It’s Like to Work at Mission Fed Mission Fed staff. At Mission Fed our priority is people, not profit. We believe in supporting leadership and growth.... Mission Fed knows our employees are a vital part of our mission, and we create our corporate culture accordingly. We offer generous benefits, leadership development and continued training and coaching to help our employees grow and succeed. Mission Fed has... Banking with Mission Fed Banking with Mission Fed infographic snapshot. Personal money management made easy with Mission Fed Checking Accounts and Savings Accounts. Find... Personal money management made easy when you open a Mission Fed Checking Account or Savings Account—plus you’re banking with the largest locally owned financial institution exclusively serving San Diego County! 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Skip to the content Shreeji Maharaj was fond of giving dinner to others with love. Once he was in a certain village. There he gave a dinner to the whole village. People who were outsiders and happened to visit this village were also lovingly offered food. The whole village with its visitors dined, but Maharaj was not fully satisfied so, Maharaj inquired twice if everyone had dined. Everybody said that they had. While this inquiry was going on, Maharaj's eyes fell on the people who were labouring and sweating hard in the field at a distance. Maharaj inquired about these labourers if they had dined. Nobody had a slightest thought of these labourers, so they said, “No, Maharaj. We have not invited them.” “Invite them. I want to give food to them, too,” said Maharaj. At once everybody rushed to the fields and all the labourers were brought with all honour. Maharaj himself served them food with great love. Labourers' joy knew no bound. Such was Shreeji Maharaj. The sunlight is for everyone. The river water is for everyone. Similarly, Maharaj's love is for everyone. The householder should always be careful in seeing that all the members of his households have taken their meal even labourers, servants, etc. Maharaj, in the SHIKSHAPATRI, commandment 67, has commanded that; “The householder should appropriately look after their small or big servants regarding food and clothes.” Servants of the household should be treated as members of the family. Gradually the family should be widened-family-country (motherland) and then the world. God belongs to the whole world. Shreeji Maharaj has attached greater importance to importing of knowledge and giving food in charity.
Les métiers du cinéma d’animation This scheme was modified with the emergence of a new technique of creation and digital entertainment: 3D or computer generated images. This technology has caused a new work division according to the following simplified segmentation: design, storyboarding, modelling, layout, rigging, animation, rendering, compositing. The evolution and diversification of these new digital tools and their generalization led to further consequences: • Computerization of some segments of the traditional 2D chain, first of all the colour layout; • The development of subdivisions in each step of 3D, introducing new specializations; • The emergence of alternative creation / animation techniques (motion capture, procedural animation), generating their own definitions of skills; • Application to traditional 2D animation of tools, methods, procedures – and thus skills – initially deployed in the field of 3D. This phenomenon is not only a kind of digital transplant. It affects the traditional work division and offers a digital continuity where before the division of tasks prevailed. As a matter of fact, there is no longer only one dominant production line today, involving a dozen of skills, but several, involving dozens of skills or functions and sometimes new interactions between them. Technological development is obviously continuous and more and more complex, in a way that makes representation more precise, creates more specific tools, and refines specializations. This has obviously consequences in terms of education and employment. For decades, the production pipeline has experienced only few changes. Implemented in the middle of the 30s, it has formalized the main stages of production, and consequently the associated functions and professions. This succession of tasks is still relevant concerning “traditional” animation and still provides an understandable grid for other techniques. The graphics steps (except script and sound design) are schematically composed as follows: • Preproduction, including creation of models (characters, sets, props), storyboard, layout; • Production, which is the animation itself (usually key poses and intervals) and execution of the sets; • post-animation, including cleaning, colour layout, checking and shooting. The production ends with the post-production phase (image and sound) and is often supported by a specialized service provider. The generalization of more powerful digital tools in the pipeline could have caused – and still causes sometimes – confusion between the skills and the tools. Some could believe that software performance would decrease the share of human responsibility in the creation and therefore training should now focus on learning how to use those tools. The tools’ training is at best inadequate, at worst a delusion: • First, because tools are essentially doomed to rapid obsolescence in a sector highly impregnated by technological development; • Then because tool is attached to a particular task and does not allow the understanding of the whole creative process of successive steps and the needed plurality of skills; • Finally, because tools can not create the artistic added value that the potential employers expect. If training is just teaching where are the commands in software, students will not be able to understand or implement technological changes. This weakens proportionally their employability. It also locks them in a kind of functional myopia that ignores the sense of working together and loses the horizon of creation. The trivialization of digital tools has also had a pernicious effect: using computer too frequently induces progress by trial / error instead of a clear technical and artistic consciousness of the aims and means. Training must awake and enrich this consciousness. This must be an additional argument to strengthen the artistic culture and general knowledge during the studies. Good training activities have in common to form to profession. This assumed choice is part of their interest and value. What job(s) are we talking about? There are many, throughout the pipeline, and can be distinguished by the used animation techniques. However, they all are artistic professions requiring high technicality. This double determination identifies the priorities for an efficient training. Another dimension of the “profession” should be highlighted: an animation programme results from the work of a team that brings together multiple skills throughout a complex pipeline. A professional should be able to locate himself accurately and efficiently in this process, to understand the skills implemented upstream, which determine his work, and those mobilized downstream, that his work determines. This reality also underlies training: it has to promote a comprehensive understanding of the chain of creation and a particular knowledge of each step of production. Therefore, even if students are specialized at the end of their studies, they have to learn all the different stages of a production. This is the condition of the real control of their speciality. It also guarantees that their skills will not be devalued at every technological progress or economic upheaval. In the studios’ actual practice, the demand for highly specialized or general profiles is directly linked to the production volumes that have to be processed: high volumes involve a highly work division. The animation industry employs about 5 000 people in France. Due to the particular working conditions in the animation sector: 80% are intermittent. Practically, this means that their relationship with their employers is regulated by a “usual” contract of limited duration (see Annex 8 of the unemployment insurance convention). To receive unemployment benefits, intermittent must justify a minimal number of hours in a given period of time, that is 507 hours in the last 304 days.
Roe v. Wade v. Rubella The virus that made America talk about abortion. Episode 245 \| December 17, 2019 The story of how abortion became legal in the United States isn’t as straightforward as many of us think. The common narrative is that feminist activism and the sexual liberation movement in the 1960s led to Roe v. Wade in 1973. But it turns out the path to Roe led over some unexpected and unsettling terrain, and involves a complicated story winding through culture, society, disease, and our prejudices and fears about disability. In the 1960s a rubella epidemic swept the United States and panicked every pregnant woman in the country. Rubella, also called German measles, is a disease we hardly remember anymore, but it’s the “R” in the MMR vaccine. Though the virus is relatively harmless for most people, when contracted during pregnancy, it can severely harm the developing fetus. During the epidemic many pregnant women who may have never identified as abortion-rights advocates suddenly found themselves seeking abortions and dismantling barriers to access. Though not everyone agreed with these women, people listened. And this historical moment, sparked by a virus, helped pave the way for the legalization of abortion. Credits \| Resource List \| Transcript Hosts: Alexis Pedrick and Elisabeth Berry Drago Reporter: Mariel Carr Senior Producer: Mariel Carr Producer: Rigoberto Hernandez Audio Engineer: James Morrison Special thanks to our colleague Ashley Bowen for bringing our attention to this story and providing us with guidance along the way. Physicians for Reproductive Health gave us permission to use the oral history interview with Jane Hodgson. Music by Blue Dot Sessions: “Wahre,” “Kalsted,” “Gambrel,“ “Messy Ink,” “Throughput,” “Watercool Quiet,” “Uneasy,” “Drone Pine,” “Mute Steps,” “Thin Passage,” “Topslides,” “An Introduction to Beetles,” “Filing Away” Resource List Books and Articles Drash, Wayne. “Mom at Center of 'Wrongful Birth' Debate: If Lawmakers Cared, They Would Have Called.” CNN. April 4, 2017. Drash, Wayne. “Texas 'Wrongful Birth' Bill Fails to Pass.” CNN. June 7, 2017. Dynak, H., T. A. Weitz, C. E. Joffe, F. H. Stewart, and A. Arons. “Honoring San Francisco’s Abortion Pioneers.” San Francisco: UCSF Center for Reproductive Health Research and Policy, 2003. Hodgson, Jane E. “Oral History Interview with Jane Hodgson (electronic resource).” 2000. Physicians for Reproductive Health and Choice Oral History Project, Columbia Center for Oral History, Columbia University, New York. Joffe, Carole. Doctors of of Conscience. Boston: Beacon, 1996. Loofbourow, Lili. “They Called Her ‘the Che Guevara of Abortion Reformers.’Slate. December 4, 2018. Reagan, Leslie. Dangerous Pregnancies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012. Rashes to Research.” Exhibition Program, U.S. National Library of Medicine website. Cochran, Gloria G., and Winston E. Cochran. Challenge for Habilitation: The Child with Congenital Rubella Syndrome. 1977. Documentary. U.S. National Library of Medicine Digital Collections website. Fadiman, Dorothy. Motherhood by Choice, Not Chance. 2004. Documentary. Menlo Park, CA: Concentric Media. Guttmacher, Alan F., Frank J. Ayd, and Richard D. Lamm. Indications for a Therapeutic Abortion. 1969. Documentary. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Public Health Service. U.S. National Library of Medicine Digital Collections website. Infections and Birth Defects: A Research Approach. 1966. Documentary. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. U.S. National Library of Medicine Digital Collections website. Rubella Testing in the Small Hospital Laboratory. 1983. Documentary. Buffalo, NY: Mark-Maris, Inc. U.S. National Library of Medicine Digital Collections website. Sherri Finkbine Departs for Sweden. 1962. Huntley Film Archives. YouTube. Posted on December 4, 2015. Society for Humane Abortion Press Conference. 1965. Newsfilm, KTVU, Oakland, CA. Bay Area Television Archive, San Francisco State University. Sherri Chessen: So I put the phone down and instead of crying like I'm kind of doing now, I put my hands on my hips and said I'm calling the county attorney's office. And I called, and I said I just want to know what the attorney general has to do with interfering in any family's decision to take care of their, what they think is best for their own family. Dortha Biggs: It's important that others understand what some of us did to get rights. And it scares me to think that people who have never walked in our shoes and have never experienced this try to make decisions for us. Leslie Reagan: One thing you see is the insistence that as hard as it is, they are the ones who have to make the decision. The hard decisions are theirs to make. Alexis: Hello and welcome to Distillations. I'm Alexis Pedrick. Lisa: And I'm Lisa Berry Drago. Most of us think we know the story of how abortion became legal in this country. Activism in the 1960s led to Roe versus Wade in the 1970s, bing, bang, boom. It turns out the fight for reproductive freedom actually involves a complicated story around culture, society, disease, and our prejudices and fears about disability. Alexis: In the end this is a story about hard choices and who should get to make them. Now we should say our story focuses on the women at the heart of the struggle, and disability is a big part of their stories. But the bigger fight for disability rights, the lived experiences of those with disabilities, is a much larger story that we can't adequately cover in this episode. Challenge for Habilitation archival film: Maternal viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first three months, has the potential for producing a number of harmful effects in the developing fetus. An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 children were born with the congenital rubella syndrome as the result of the 1964–65 rubella epidemic in the United States. Lisa: So imagine this. It's the mid-1960s and you're pregnant. There's a rubella epidemic sweeping the country. It's very contagious. Rubella is, in a way, kind of like Zika. It's pretty harmless for most people, even for most children, but when it's contracted during pregnancy, it can cause devastating birth defects in developing fetuses. This is a news clip from 1969. NBC News Archive: Crippling abnormalities, bad sight and hearing, heart disease, mental retardation. At least 20,000 other babies were stillborn. Rubella epidemics come in cycles six to nine years apart. Most authorities expect the next epidemic to come in the spring of 1971. Alexis: Rubella is one of those diseases that we barely remember anymore, but you're probably familiar with the vaccine. It's the R in the MMR vaccine. But in 1964 there's no vaccine yet and no reliable diagnostic test yet either. Doctors are still working on that. There's also no real way to prevent yourself from getting it. And if you wind up having a baby with congenital rubella syndrome, you're on your own. There's no social support of any kind for people with disabilities. Lisa: And abortion is not legal, and it won’t be for nearly a decade. Dortha Biggs was one of the tens of thousands of women who contracted rubella while pregnant in the 1960s. It wasn't during the big epidemic of 1964 to 1965 but years later in 1969. She had it when she was just two-and-a-half weeks pregnant, but it went undiagnosed. So it wasn't until after her daughter Leslie was born that she realized something was wrong. Dortha Biggs: I was walking down the hall, and the way the lights hit Leslie's eyes … I thought, something doesn't look right about her eyes. Alexis: Cataracts are a frequent symptom of congenital rubella syndrome. Blindness often follows like it did with Leslie. Dortha Biggs: I think one of the most difficult things for us was that we just kept getting blow after blow after blow because one disability would show up and then other ones would show up and then another one would show up. Lisa: Children born with congenital rubella syndrome like Leslie often have multiple disabilities, and the virus’s effects on the fetus are more severe the earlier the mother has it. Remember, Dortha had it when she was just two-and-a-half weeks pregnant. Leslie is now 50 years old. She's blind and deaf. She has heart problems and severe intellectual disabilities. CNN Clip: Can Leslie hear you? No. Can Leslie see you? No, no. How do you communicate with your daughter? This is the way: it's through touch. Not hearing or seeing, I've often thought, you know, this is just a dark silent world for her. Lisa: Dortha struggles with the idea that things could have gone differently. Dortha Biggs: I had been ill before I even knew I was pregnant and went to the doctor to see, you know, what was going on. And I had had a slight rash. So I asked the doctor, could this rash be rubella? He first said, well, if you were going to have rubella, you'd have had it in the 1964–65 epidemic. He did tell me that he ran a test and that it was not rubella. So when Leslie was born and we started seeing disabilities, I went back to him, and he said, well, I'm just going to have to be more careful next time. He said, I was so sure that it wasn't, I didn't run the test. It's been a suffering life as I see it, and it's something that I wish I could have really known at the early part of the pregnancy because I would never have let her go through all this. I definitely would have chosen abortion to save her from all she's gone through. I think it's important for people to know that it's not because you think, oh, I'm going to have a baby who's disabled and it's going to cause me a lot of trouble. It's more that you just don't want them to have to go through that. It's not you're not wanting you to go through it. You don't want the child to go through it. Alexis: Maybe you're wondering what Dortha Biggs means when she said she would've gotten an abortion in 1969, because we just told you abortion was illegal. Well, there's an asterisk. Lisa: A big asterisk, so big, in fact, that this entire story actually takes place within it. Roe versus Wade won't happen until 1973. But before then abortion laws in most states had some kind of exemption for medically necessary or so-called therapeutic abortions, but each state made up its own rules. Some are strict. In Arizona or Minnesota, for example, you could only get an abortion if you were going to die. Other states’ rules were more vague. In Illinois, for example, there just had to be a bona fide medical reason. Alexis: But even in states where therapeutic abortion was legal and the grounds for one were well-defined, getting one was anything but straightforward. It varied between states but also between cities, hospitals, individual doctors. Lisa: By the mid-1960s there was already a growing movement of feminists who were pushing to legalize abortion without restriction. But they weren't gaining enough traction. To get to Roe it actually took an epidemic and an uneasy alliance with an unlikely group of activists—1960s housewives. Alexis: During the rubella epidemic, many women who may have never identified as abortion rights advocates found themselves seeking abortions, only to discover that that asterisk was not big enough. So they pushed on it. Many of them spoke out and insisted that they were in an impossible position, one that was not only devastating and heartbreaking but completely out of their control. And they demanded that they get to be the ones to make tough decisions about their own reproductive lives. They demanded that people listen to them, and people did—eventually. Lisa: Because of who these women were, but more importantly how they were portrayed by the media—white, middle-class, responsible, married mothers—they changed the national conversation around abortion from something rooted in sexual depravity and danger to something rooted in the cares and concerns of motherhood. Alexis: Though certainly not everyone agreed with them. People listened, and this historical moment, all sparked by a virus, paved the way for the legalization of abortion. Chapter One: The Origin Story Alexis: Rubella has been around for a long time. It's not like it suddenly appeared in 1964, but for most of its history, no one was really worried about it. Leslie Reagan: You know, it's an infectious disease. It was very minor. And there are lots of things that people got that we don't get so much anymore in the U.S.—mumps, chickenpox, scarlet fever in the early 20th century—that were dangerous, and you would quarantine your kids at home and you hope they survived. But German measles was a really, really minor rash that lasted a couple days. You didn't even try to confine your kids to bed, and nobody worried about it. Sometimes you didn't even know you had it. Lisa: Historian of medicine Leslie Reagan wrote a book about the rubella epidemic and how it helped change abortion law, called Dangerous Pregnancies. And by the way, she calls rubella German measles when she's talking about the 1960s because that's what most people would have called it at the time. Leslie Reagan: So this wasn't something people paid any attention to, and it's not until World War II that there is a connection that’s figured out between German measles, pregnancy, and a series of birth defects. Alexis: Remember how Dortha Biggs said it was Leslie’s eyes that caught her attention? Cataracts were also the key clue for an Australian ophthalmologist named Norman Gregg in 1941. All of these mothers whose babies had cataracts started coming to see him. Leslie Reagan: Now this is a very rare problem, and he begins to investigate this and go and send out questionnaires to other doctors to find out, are you seeing many of these cases? And then when he begins to make a connection, they also start talking to the mothers of the children who are bringing them in. And somebody said to him, you know, I wonder if it's related to my having German measles when I was pregnant. And rather than dismissing it as, that doesn't make any sense, that's ridiculous, he actually kept that as a question in mind and began looking at the other cases and asking, Do you remember whether you had a rash? Did you have German measles? And he found out that in almost all of the cases where they could get information, they had had a rash; they had had German measles during their pregnancy. Lisa: Norman Gregg did something fairly radical. He listened to women, and he learned something important and alarming from them. A virus that had previously been thought of as harmless was in fact harming babies in utero. And remember, this is 1941. Women won't be told about the dangers of things like smoking and drinking during pregnancy for another few decades. Most people don't yet understand that things that a pregnant woman ingests or a virus she contracts can affect a developing fetus. In 1941 Norman Gregg didn't have the whole picture yet, but he started spreading the word. He talked to other doctors at medical conferences. He also went on the radio to alert regular Australians. Leslie Reagan: And he immediately got phone calls from other mothers where their children were maybe three, four, five years old. And they said, my child is deaf and I had German measles during pregnancy. So I think there's something else as well, and then because of those calls, he followed that. So that's one of the things that's really important in this, is he listened to the mothers when they came in with their knowledge of their infants and their own bodies and their suspicions. Alexis: Newsweek and Time wrote about Gregg's discovery in 1944 and 1945, and in 1949 studies from around the world confirmed the harmful effects of rubella on developing fetuses. Lisa: But throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s, medical advice columns and newspapers and even public health pamphlets intended for pregnant women were silent about it. Leslie Reagan says that this misguided, paternalistic approach was actually intended to reassure women by keeping information away from them. Alexis: But when the rubella epidemic hit the U.S. in 1964, newspapers finally started sounding the alarm, and women were caught off guard, partly because expectations about pregnancy and child mortality had changed. Leslie Reagan: This particular moment is the middle of the baby boom. And we now have women having three, four, five children, and they have them all close together. So everybody's having babies. They don't expect to die in childbirth, and they don't expect that their children, that their infants, are going to die either. They expect healthy babies. Alexis: So the idea of a rubella syndrome was frightening and contrary to people's expectations, and women didn't have a lot of information. Lisa: At the same time, the news did sound eerily similar to something that had just happened in Europe. Chapter Two: Thalidomide and Disability NBC News Archive: Thalidomide is a sedative once given to pregnant women, until it was discovered that they frequently, after receiving it, gave birth to deformed children. Thalidomide is now banned everywhere, but the ban came after an epidemic of thalidomide babies in Germany and in Britain. Lisa: In 1962 the U.S. watched from a distance as the so-called thalidomide disaster hit Europe. The drug was thought to be so harmless it was given to women for morning sickness. Of course, later we realized it wasn't harmless at all. Alexis: There were a whole range of disabilities associated with thalidomide, but the FDA never approved it. So people in the U.S. saw themselves as having avoided a tragedy. Lisa: Which reminds us of the undercurrent running through this entire story, a deep-seated fear of disability. Alexis: When housewives began demanding abortions, it wasn't just that mainstream society saw them as nice, respectable ladies who of course should make decisions about their own bodies for themselves. It's that each one was seeking an abortion for a very specific reason: to prevent what mainstream society saw as a tragedy—a disabled child. Thalidomide sparked the anxiety among women, but rubella made it persist. Leslie Reagan: And so to understand the world they're living in, this is what they're being told. There are these headlines: there’s going to be 20,000 damaged babies in the United States with German measles, and they're calling them deformed and dangerous children that are going to be born. So the picture that people had in their minds and the pictures that were running in the newspapers at the exact same moment were pictures of thalidomide babies, as they were called, and they were called freaks and monsters. This was the picture in people's minds, and they were terrified. Alexis: The response to the forecast of so-called damaged rubella babies was widespread panic, and it was considered a crisis in the making. But a huge part of that crisis was actually the social situation that these children would land in. Lisa: Beyond the stigma around disability, which let's face it, still very much exists to this day, in the 1960s there was zero material social support for babies, children, or adults with disabilities. Leslie Reagan: They don't think at all about what can we do for the babies. How could we improve the world for them? It doesn't come up as a question. Everything that might be needed was on the shoulders privately of the parents in terms of education, in terms of therapy, medical needs. There's no right to public education. There's no mainstreaming. There’s not like a disability rights movement. This is all in the future. Lisa: In fact, many parents of children with congenital rubella syndrome went on to advocate for disability rights and helped eventually get the Americans with Disabilities Act passed. Of course, that's still decades away, but it was this historical moment when the specter of thalidomide enters the American consciousness that abortion too enters the debate. Alexis: In 1961 Sherri Chessen was living in Arizona with her husband and four young children. She was pregnant with her fifth when she took some thalidomide her husband had gotten in Europe. Sherri Chessen: I can still remember him putting them up in the highest cabinet in our kitchen. Why he was saving them, I have no idea. I never thought of that till this moment. Why did he save them? Lisa: Sherri Chessen, by the way, is called Sherri Finkbine in almost all the media we found of her. She told us that Finkbine was her first husband's name, but it was never her legal name. So in a sense, she says, the press created Sherri Finkbine. Alexis: Sherri became the first woman in the country to deliberately tell the public about her decision to get an abortion, but that was not her original plan. She quietly went to her doctor in Arizona, and he consented to a therapeutic abortion. But before the scheduled procedure, she started to worry about all the other women who might find themselves in the same position. Sherri Chessen: My first thought was, oh my God, the Air National Guard from Phoenix had been in Germany the year before. So I thought maybe they brought it back and other mothers would inadvertently take it like I did. Alexis: So she called the newspaper and anonymously told a reporter her story. Sherri Chessen: That Monday on the front page of the paper was an article with the words, “Baby-deforming drug may cost a woman her child here.” It did not name me at that time. It came close. It said “Scottsdale mother of four,” and I think it said that Bob was a teacher at Scottsdale High School. Lisa: It didn't matter what was printed. The county attorney announced that any doctor who gave her an abortion would be violating Arizona's abortion law, which, remember, only permitted them if the woman was going to die. Sherri's doctor called her at work and told her he couldn't go through with it. Sherri Chessen: So I put the phone down, and instead of crying like I'm kind of doing now, I put my hands on my hips and said I'm calling the county attorney's office. And I called, and I said, I just want to know what the attorney general has to do with interfering in any family's decision to take care of what they think is best for their own family. Lisa: Sherri did get an abortion, but she had to go to Sweden to do it. Every doctor she approached in the U.S. refused her for fear of being prosecuted. Her story became a sensation, and reporters documented every step of her experience. Here's a news clip from 1962 just as she's leaving for Sweden. Sherri Finkbine Departs for Sweden, archival film: What are your plans after Sweden? I'm so worried about today and that I just want to do what's right for myself and my family. And I don't feel bitter towards anyone. I don't feel bitter towards people who oppose us religiously. I only hope that they know, can feel that we're doing what's best in our case and could feel some of what's in my heart and trying to prevent a tragedy from happening. Alexis: As American women watched her story unfold, they learned two things. One was how dangerous thalidomide was. The second was how hard it was to get an abortion for what people increasingly saw as a valid reason. Lisa: And even though she was an unlikely spokesperson for abortion, she was also kind of the perfect one to change the conversation. In 1961 the media framed abortion as dangerous and women who got them as sexual deviants or at best victims. Then along came Sherri. She was young, married, white, and a mother four times over. She was also pretty and practically made for TV. In fact she was actually the beloved host of a children's TV show called the Romper Room. Alexis: She was completely inoffensive to 1960s middle America, and she went on TV and very sweetly told the world that she needed an abortion. And she explained why, and they listened to her. Society for Human Abortion Press Conference, archival film: This is Sherri Finkbine, who was at the center of the 1962 thalidomide controversy, who was also at today's press conference. Sherri Chessen: Let me tell you first. I am not an expert in this field. I have never studied the question. I'm not a doctor or a lawyer. I'm not sociologically involved at all. All I know is that I was somebody who needed one under certain given conditions. Lisa: A Gallup poll showed that 52% of Americans approved of her abortion, but there were so many people who didn't approve, to put it mildly, that the FBI had to help protect her family. Sherri Chessen: The negative reaction was pretty damn ugly, I will tell you, in some of these letters. They would send me a picture of myself with a dagger through my head, with blood running down. The worst ones were pictures that people would send cutting the limbs off of my children, and, you know, it was heartless. It was criminal. It was insane. Alexis: We asked Sherri if she was surprised that she had to leave the country to get an abortion. Sherri Chessen: I guess shocked would be more than surprised because I thought my doctor would just pop me in the hospital. I realized one day I had poisoned myself with a man-made poison, and I was going to get a man-made doctor to get that poison out from me. And I just fought till I was successful. But the trouble is pregnancies don't wait while you're fighting. I was lucky I found this out when I was, you know, just a couple months pregnant. So I had a little more time because I always felt if I felt quickening, you know, the baby move, I was really gone because then it would become, instead of fetal growth as I was told to think of it, it would become a baby. And I didn't want it to be a baby. How does a mother knowingly bring into the world a child to suffer? I cannot do it. I couldn't do it for two seconds. Knowing what I knew, I had to take the course that I did, and I don't regret it. Chapter Three: The Mothers Alexis: As the rubella epidemic unfolded, the realities of caring for babies and then children with multiple disabilities became concrete. Challenge for Habilitation, archival film: This group of one-and-a-half to four-year-old children in the clinic reception area are all in the rubella program at the Texas Children's Hospital in Houston. Individual sessions with the social worker focus on current stresses produced by the presence of a handicapped child in the family. Lisa: Dortha Biggs already had a young son when her daughter Leslie was born. Dortha Biggs: She was in the hospital about six months her first year of life. Within the first just few years, she did have a total of 20 surgeries. We did everything in the world we knew to do to try to give her the best chance we could. We were so poor. We didn't have, we had just borrowed money to, you know, to do anything that we could. One of the hardest lessons that kind of hit me was when she became school age. I worked for the schools. I worked for the Dallas public schools. And I went into the office, and I said, you know, I want, I know that you don't have a facility to help her, but I want her enrolled. She’s of age to be enrolled in school, and I want her name down so that you know that she is out here. And they refused to even do that. Lisa: Dortha’s husband left the family when Leslie was five. Dortha Biggs: I think his words were, I just don't know how to handle it. Alexis: And so Dortha was a single mother to both Leslie and her son until Leslie was nine and she went to live in a group program for children with congenital rubella syndrome. Dortha Biggs: If I don't sound at this point being sorry for myself or dramatic here, which I'm trying not to do, but it was literally 9 years of, you didn't know if you could take a shower. You couldn’t do anything because you had to be on alert all the time and, you know, be able to provide that care. And it was, I guess I went into probably deep depression during those times. I don't think I recognized it then, but I know that I can remember thinking, you know, oh, if I had never been born, then this wouldn't have happened to her. Lisa: Some people were starting to recognize the impossibility of the situation. And it wasn't only about how 1960s America viewed and treated disability; it was also how they viewed and treated women. Alexis: The gender imbalance was real, and the unequal demands on women began during pregnancy, starting with an impossible assignment. Just don't get rubella. Leslie Reagan: So German measles, what are you supposed to do when you get this message? Here's an epidemic. The main vector is little kids. And then the advice that they're given is, okay, so avoid children. Women of childbearing age avoid children. So this is the most ridiculous advice. It's the baby boom. It's not exactly easy for women to avoid children. Their lives are often wrapped up in children. Alexis: We probably don't have to tell you that when these women brought their babies home, they were the primary caregivers. Lisa: Because of the lack of societal support, because of how hard that made it to keep special-needs children at home and how expensive it could be, many parents saw no other option but to place their children in institutions. In fact, doctors often pressured parents to institutionalize their children at birth. Leslie Reagan: Newborn infants are institutionalized commonly at that time. They're advised to institutionalize the blind child, the intellectually impaired child. Just go have another baby. Alexis: In some ways, these women were losing their children no matter what. Lisa: If this all sounds like a trap, that's because it was. There was no ideal or perfect choice here. That's what we mean when we keep saying this was an impossible situation. Women recognized that. Leslie Reagan: And you have right away women looking for abortions. Right off the bat. I mean, they put it all together themselves, and they find people and they say, you know, I'm pretty sure I've been exposed. I want an abortion. Alexis: It's important to note that throughout the roughly 150 years between the first law criminalizing abortion in 1821 and Roe v. Wade in 1973, women still had abortions. A lot of them. Lisa: They just had them quietly and very often unsafely. Estimates of how many women died from illegal abortions in the pre-Roe era range from 1,000 to 10,000 each year. Rubella was not the first time women got abortions, and it wasn't the first time they’d talked about it either. Leslie Reagan: But it was talked about privately, in kitchens, in friendships, but not in public forums. In the media and in newspapers, the representations of abortions were always about death and crime and sexual deviance. So it's not until first, thalidomide with Sherri Finkbine, and then German measles that you have women who have abortions themselves talking about why, and why they need to, and really being kind of listened to seriously really for the first time. One thing you see with the women speaking is the insistence that as hard as it is, they are the ones who have to make the decisions. The hard decisions are theirs to make. Lisa: Media attention was key. in 1965 Life magazine devoted a cover story to rubella and abortion. Inside was a photograph that took up two full pages. It showed women in hospital beds waiting to get abortions because of rubella. Alexis: The title of the article was “The Agony of Mothers about Their Unborn.” These women were always talked about as mothers, and this brought them a lot of sympathy. They weren’t shirking their maternal duties. They wanted to be mothers. Many of them already were. Lisa: People worried about how their family lives would be disrupted, how other children might suffer. In one interview, Sherri Chessen actually told the media that without an abortion, she felt she would only be able to be a partial mother to her other children. Alexis: So this is kind of the twist. Yes, a movement to legalize abortion is gaining steam, and yes, people are starting to listen to the women, but in some ways it's for the wrong reasons. Leslie Reagan: It's not what most of us think of as the movement for abortion rights because it's not grounded in sexual freedom.It's really about family and children, and it's grounded in motherhood. Alexis: Rubella mothers weren't talking about abortion in terms of sexual liberation, but in the 1960s there were other women who were. One of them was Patricia McGinnis, widely considered the first abortion rights activist in the country. Lisa: If Sherri Chessen was the gentle wave of the abortion rights movement, calmly convincing the world that things needed to change, Pat McGinnis was the fire. She advocated for total repeal of all abortion laws. She helped connect women to illegal abortion providers or ones out of the country. She also taught them how to do it themselves. Alexis: Pat McGinnis never asked women why they needed abortions. She just trusted that each one had her own good reason. Motherhood by Choice, Not Chance documentary film clip: Do you approve of abortions for any reason? Some hundred thousand women every year, this is California women alone, subject themselves to improperly or illegal abortion. I think that in itself is a rather staggering figure, and I feel great indignation as a woman to think that women have to subject themselves to second-rate medical care for a safe surgical procedure. Alexis: But women like Pat McGinnis weren't gaining traction with mainstream America. It took women talking as mothers, about disability, for the idea of abortion rights to gain traction. Leslie Reagan: I think a lot of feminists, lots of us, did not want to look at what this meant—that German measles was about birth defects and disabilities, that this was a scary thing to touch. But that's what they begin talking about, that it's as mothers they make this decision. And eventually they do change the laws. Chapter Four: The Doctors Lisa: By the late 1960s most doctors had come to agree that rubella was a valid medical reason for an abortion. In fact, many doctors had already been providing abortions for other reasons often out of a sense of ethical obligation. An outrageous number of women died from illegal or so-called back-alley abortions for what could have been a safe surgical procedure. Doctors saw the results in their emergency rooms. Lisa: Jane Hodgson was an obstetrician in Minnesota during the 1960s. Minnesota’s abortion laws were very strict, and Jane became frustrated by not being able to help the women who came to her desperate for abortions. Jane Hodgson died in 2006. The following are excerpts from an oral history that Columbia University did with her in 2000. Jane Hodgson: I was besieged by women who wanted pregnancies interrupted. I would warn them about illegal abortion. I could do nothing about it. But you know very well that some of them were going to ignore you and they'd be back. And then sure enough, they'd be back in my office in a few days, and they'd be bleeding and I would have to take care of them. Alexis: Sociologist Carole Joffe writes about doctors like Hodgson in her book Doctors of Conscience. Carole Joffe: I mean she would refuse women, and then she would tremble looking at the local paper. She would tremble, you know, to find out if they killed themselves. Jane Hodgson: One of the first patients that I saw there was a young woman who had gone through a series of pelvic infections, I'm sure following an abortion. It was a tragedy. We all knew that this young woman was going to die eventually because she was just getting worse and worse and worse. You think now I could have prevented this. She came to me when she was well, and if I could have solved this problem for her, she would have been spared all this. When people asked me if I was ever worried about the abortions that I had done, I said, no, the only ones that ever haunt me are the ones I didn't do. I said, and was quoted as saying, this was lousy medicine that we were practicing by not taking care of these women. Carole Joffe: She said, you know, I had been taught abortion was immoral, and at a certain point I realized the law is immoral. Lisa: In Minnesota the law was clear. Abortion was forbidden unless the woman was going to die. But in other states the laws were not so clear. And this put doctors in tricky positions. Carole Joffe: Doctors were operating in a gray area. I mean, they just didn't know whether some of the abortions they were doing were legal or not legal. In the pre-Roe era, if a woman came to a doctor and said, I don't want to be pregnant anymore, and was otherwise healthy, which describes most of abortion patients, and they did an abortion on her, they knew they were doing something illegal. When a woman was very sick like with rubella, it just wasn't clear. So it was a very high-anxiety time. Alexis: In the late 19th century, when abortions were first criminalized, the system for approving them in hospitals was actually very informal. Carole Joffe: Three guys, and they were always disproportionately guys, you know, would get together. One would say, look, I have this patient, and the other two would say, okay, you can do it. Over time it became more formalized. They started what's known as therapeutic abortion committees. These committees were in the words of one doctor a complete and total disaster. I mean, it was very clear how unfair they were. There was a quota. You couldn't do too many or you would invite unwanted attention. Lisa: The committees caused problems for doctors, but they caused more problems for patients. Leslie Reagan: It was a harrowing process. Their first doctor would have to agree to it or suggest it, and then they would have paperwork to complete, and they might have to go through interviews with additional physicians. They might go through additional medical exams, meaning gynecological exams, and the review board could accept or reject this original recommendation for a therapeutic abortion. And then if she's rejected, she might try another hospital. But if they go backwards to try to find out why did the other hospital, what was their decision? It's basically a blacklist because they listen to each other. Carole Joffe: It was more likely to be private patients than so-called ward patients—in other words, the patients who came to the clinics but didn't have a private doctor. I mean it was like everything else in American society—stratified by class and race. Lisa: Anxiety was in the air for doctors, and it soon came to a breaking point. In 1966 the California Board of Medical Examiners charged nine prominent doctors for performing abortions on women who had had rubella. These were considered the most legitimate kind of abortion. Each one had gone through the therapeutic abortion committee process. Until this point the risk to doctors had mostly been theoretical. Prosecutors just didn't actually investigate abortions that took place in hospitals. They spent their energy on the blatantly illegal back-alley ones. Alexis: Leslie said that this went against our historical understanding that the law didn't bother “respectable” medical men. It challenged the understanding that what goes on between doctors and their patients was private. The investigation of the San Francisco Nine, as they were called, energized both the growing antiabortion movement and the growing abortion rights movement. It turned doctors into activists. Lisa: By 1967 a nationwide survey reported that 93% of doctors supported abortion reform, and like the women who started publicly admitting to needing abortions, doctors started announcing that they performed them. They realized that in order to practice the kind of medicine they wanted to practice and the kind their patients wanted them to practice, the laws had to change. Alexis: Throughout the 1960s things were changing fast, but then in 1968 a medical discovery almost derailed the energy of the abortion activists. NBC News Archive: The National Institutes of Health today disclosed development of a German measles vaccine, which in tests so far has proved more than 90 percent effective in preventing the disease. Officials say it's possible the vaccine could be on the market within the year. Rubella Vaccine archival film: Now with an approved vaccine, prospects are good that the birth defects of rubella can be eliminated. It depends on the medical profession and the parents of America. Leslie Reagan: Doctors from the very beginning immediately were like, we need a vaccine. And it was always this imagined, you know, beautiful future where the vaccine solves everything. Not just we won't have German measles anymore, but that we will not have the problem of therapeutic abortion, and we won't have to deal with the moral question or the legal question, the social question, for women of how do you decide what to do when you're in the middle of this? And we'll just eliminate that problem. Which of course also doesn't eliminate it. It's one particular event. It's just the case of German measles. It does not eliminate this at all. Alexis: On the surface the vaccine was a simple scientific solution to the simple scientific problem of rubella. But the situation was actually very complicated, and women realized there was no simple scientific solution. They needed a cultural one, a shift that would let them make complicated decisions for themselves. Lisa: By the time the vaccine was made available, the tide had changed. The abortion genie was out of the bottle, and it wasn't going back in. Even the initial narrow arguments for therapeutic abortions, it was no longer enough. Even Sherri Chessen kept moving forward towards total repeal when she started to realize how her original position had been too limited. Sherri Chessen: You know, if it isn’t thalidomide, if it isn’t rubella, it’s going to be something else. Leslie Reagan: Within a year they’ve got all these different organizations, and they’re right away saying, this will not be enough because we know all the other reasons that women need abortions. But they're in a political world that started out really small, where reform was first brought up by doctors and lawyers in order to protect doctors. That's where these laws first came from. And the only reason they went anywhere was because of German measles and the demand from women across the country and the anxiety. And these laws got pushed forward, and then you have actually, you know, people calling for repeal. It's really only a few years later. It's really pretty fast. Alexis: By 1970, 12 states had passed reform laws, and that year New York, Hawaii, Alaska, and Washington repealed their criminal abortion laws completely. Lisa: Something else happened in 1970. A woman in Texas named Norma McCorvey filed a lawsuit against a district attorney named Henry Wade. She was single, pregnant with her third child, and had tried to get an abortion. But her life was not considered in danger, so it was illegal in Texas. And she couldn't afford to leave the state. Her case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where they used the pseudonym Jane Roe. This was Roe versus Wade. Roe v Wade Archive: The Supreme Court today ruled that abortion is completely a private matter to be decided by mother and doctor. The seven-to-two ruling to that effect will probably result in a drastic overhaul of state laws on abortion. Specifically, the court today overturned laws in Texas and Georgia and ruled the government has no right to enter into a decision which should be made by the mother and her doctor. Alexis: The 1973 ruling put an end to the therapeutic abortion puzzle. It was a huge win for all the women who fought to make it happen, from Pat McGinnis to Sherri Chessen, and also the doctors, because without them fighting to protect themselves, it might not have happened at all. Carole Joffe: The main author of Roe was Harry Blackmun, who did a great service to American women. And I in no way mean to at all to denigrate him, but for him, writing Roe was all about protecting doctors. It's not that he was unsympathetic to women getting abortions. But you know, if you read the language of Roe, it's, you know, the physician in his capacity should be able to decide etc. etc. And a lot of feminists, actually including Ruth Bader Ginsburg, you know, have criticized Roe, saying rather than being decided on the right to privacy and rather than focusing on protecting the physician, ideally Roe should have been decided on the issue of gender discrimination. Only women get pregnant. Therefore only women are denied certain “benefits,” such as being able to participate in society, you know, because of unwanted child bearing. Lisa: There's still a stigma around having and talking about an abortion. There's still a lot of assumptions out there about who gets abortions and who becomes an abortion advocate, what kind of people they are. In the 1960s Sherri Chessen confounded a lot of those expectations. Leslie Reagan: I think what it does show us is, like, maybe the assumptions people have is these people are actually much more radical than they think. If they would look at their pictures, they see women dressed in early 1960s suits and pearls and things and might write them off. But they're actually quite radical in talking about abortion. I mean, coming forward with something that is incredibly stigmatized. Alexis: Sherri didn't disappear after she got an abortion. She kept speaking out for all the other women who still needed them, and the experience changed her. Sherri Chessen: At the time, I knew that I wasn't going to get my way if I ranted and raved. But over the years, and if you were to meet me now, I think my anger built up. And when I see other people suffering, and in the same manner, and when I see mostly the male of the species deciding for us what we should do, I get, excuse the expression, pissed as hell. I do. I finally got angry. Lisa: Dortha Biggs too, still speaks out about reproductive rights. Dortha Biggs: I will do anything that I can to help. It's important that others understand what some of us did to get rights. And it scares me to think that people who have never walked in our shoes and have never experienced this try to make decisions for us. Lisa: Today, access to abortion is actually more vulnerable than it has been for decades. In 2019, 58 abortion restrictions were passed. The state of Alabama has banned it almost entirely. New restrictions are being proposed all the time. Carole Joffe: I think one way to put all this together is to, you know, is to just show the sort of strange combination of, on one hand, the steady progression of women throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. And yet at the same time, you know, the backlash, you know, arguably it was a more in some respects, a more progressive period right around the time of Roe than it is now. Alexis: Distillations is more than a podcast. We're also a multimedia magazine. Lisa: You can find our podcast videos and stories at Alexis: And you can follow the Science History Institute on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Lisa: This episode was reported by Mariel Carr and produced by Mariel Carr and Rigo Hernandez. Alexis: It was mixed by James Morrison. Lisa: Also, there’s a lot more to Jane Hodgson’s story, but we couldn’t fit it all here. So we added a mini bonus episode just about her. Check it out in your feed! Lisa: Special thanks to our colleague, historian of medicine Ashley Bowen, for bringing us this story. And thanks to Physicians for Reproductive Health, which gave us permission to use the oral history. Alexis: For Distillations, I'm Alexis Pedrick. Lisa: And I'm Lisa Berry Drago. Alexis: Thanks for listening.
Back to Blog 0 stars Article rating Smoking Ban in Vehicles with Children Due to Start 1 October 2015 A ban on smoking in vehicles with children on board will come into effect in England and Wales on 1 October 2015. Smoking In Car The upcoming law will make it illegal for drivers and passengers to smoke in their vehicles with anyone under the age of 18 present. Those caught flouting the ban will face a fixed £50 penalty fine. The law will apply to every driver in England and Wales, including drivers aged 17 and those driving with a provisional license. The law includes “any private vehicle that is enclosed even partially by a roof, even if the windows or sunroof are open, the air conditioning is on, or if the smoker sits in the open doorway of the vehicle.” Second-hand smoke is made up of ‘sidestream’ smoke emitted from the burning end of a cigarette as well as the ‘mainstream’ smoke exhaled from a smoker. It contains more than 4,000 chemicals, hundreds of which are highly toxic and more than 60 of which are known to cause diseases such as lung cancer. Breathing in second-hand smoke is particularly harmful for children and can cause a range of health problems including frequent and severe asthma attacks, respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, ear infections, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). According to the NHS, more than 430,000 children aged 11-15 every week are subjected to second hand smoke in the family car and nearly 200,000 are exposed every day. Second-hand smoke costs the NHS more than £23m each year and results in around 300,000 GP visits and nearly 10,000 hospital admissions. A Royal College of Physician’s report entitled “Smoking and the Young” estimated that 17,000 children under the age of five are admitted to hospital every year in the UK due to illnesses resulting from second-hand smoke. Parental smoking is the primary source of tobacco smoke inhaled by children. Second-hand smoke is a well-known direct cause of lung diseases such as lung cancer in both adults and children. If lung cancer is diagnosed early the chances of a positive outcome may be high. But any delays in diagnosis or treatment may cause the cancer to spread to other parts of the body potentially having a significantly adverse effect on any eventual outcome. Mistakes in diagnosing lung cancer can be very serious. Take a second to rate this article Rate an article Thank you!
View RSS Feed Rate this Entry Glazunov explained that the purpose of the article was to "remind Russian musicians of the global significance of the genius of Schubert and give ... the most concise description of his work. This is the reason for writing down the proposed short essay, and the extreme scarcity of literature on Schubert in Russian can serve as a sufficient justification for its publication." Franz Schubert as Creator, Artist and Great Engineer of Art (1928) Franz Schubert, who created extensive musical literature, both vocal and instrumental, along with Beethoven - the greatest world genius of the first quarter of the XIX century. His works are imbued with inexhaustible inspiration, vivid, distinctive character, indestructible strength and depth of thought and charming freshness of a healthy, eternally youthful content. The short life of the great composer proceeded in southern Germany, populated by diverse nationalities, which undoubtedly had a wide influence on his creativity. Without addressing the issue of national origin Schubert, I’ll say that he was bleeding many nationalities - German, Hungarian, and also Slavic, and to me, as a Slav, his music is all the more close. He is striking in his diversity and richness of content with impeccable technical invoice. You can name the works, for example many songs, and finally, the B minor and C major symphonies, in which the abyss of exciting moments and at the same time there is not a single measure that cannot be but admired. It is wrong to propose the universal creator first and foremost, as the creator of the song, in which, of course, he is inimitable. He is no less out of reach as an instrumentalist and symphonist. It seems to me that these sides of his work are inextricably linked. In his instrumental works, Schubert widely used the melodic warehouse their wonderful songs. I can point to examples where he even borrows them entirely: Wanderer Phantasie for piano, variations in the posthumous Quartet on Der Tod und das Madchen, Forellen-Quintett 4, etc. Topics of a masculine Instrumental Character alternate in Schubert’s work with melodious soulful melodies, which his symphony predecessors do not observe to such an extent: this is a new word in the instrumental literature of that time, which left its mark on the works end of the XIX century (Tchaikovsky symphony). The music of this comprehensive great genius draws attention not only to the wealth of melodic current, but also an inexhaustible source of bold and new harmonic techniques and polyphonic combinations; while a means to achieve the brightness of or other sound effects are mostly diatonic sequences of simple chords. When you study Schubert’s works, you can never foresee what his modulation plan is. Playing with a change of keys, sometimes climbing into very distant systems, Schubert unusually skillfully and naturally returns from his labyrinth to the original key, and in this area he is unparalleled. I consider it a crime to do in his works, not so much longevity as grandiose, mechanical notes. The result is "divine lengths," while omissions of episodes in refreshing and revitalizing keys can be, however, shorter in time, but due to the inevitable prevalence of one and the same tonality, the harmonious orderly development of the plan is violated, and the impression is lethargic and unsatisfied, which is much worse than if the same length. Like Mozart, Schubert already from infancy received musical baptism, and his compositional career was immediately clear. Subsequently - a student of the famous Antonio Salieri, who was burning to understand secrets from his teacher creativity, grabbing his advice on the fly, Schubert under the leadership of the Maestro, during the 5 years of his stay at Convinct'e (a kind of singing chapel), the solid science of composition, perfectly learned the general bass (harmony) and the counterpoint of strict style. Judging by the manuscripts, Schubert often resorted to the so-called numerical bass; the result of studying rigorously, the style is its bold, simple harmonization, sustained mainly on the modal sequence of triads. Speaking about the texture, one cannot but mention the workmanship, powerful and colorful instrumentation in his orchestral and chamber works. As for orchestral works, I doubt that Schubert had the opportunity to often hear them in concert, and I believe that, like the B minor and the C major symphonies, they lay in a hole until the discovering of them after a long period after the death of their author. Schubert’s orchestral techniques are new and at the same time very practical. Due to the extraordinary power of creative flight he is not satisfied with the composition of the symphony orchestra of that time, and he uses trombones abundantly, achieving tremendous sonority thanks to the excellent arrangement of their voices. Until Schubert these instruments were not so widely used. The principle of doubling woodwinds in melody solo, so familiar to Richard Wagner, was already known to Schubert. Very interesting and new to the first quarters of the 19th century combining French horns and bassoons in the beginning of the second part of the unfinished symphony and in the transition to a side part of the first part of the symphony, and also the use of horns in the introduction to the first parts of the C major symphony, where to these instruments, it seems that cantilena was first obtained with the participation of non-chord notes. With regard to owning an orchestra, Schubert’s excellence is as original as his work, and makes up a significant portion of his all-encompassing talent. Having inherited from his predecessors more from the outside than from the side of content, Schubert widely developed the vocal and instrumental forms. His romances strongly depart from the usual song storehouse, pouring into whole poems. Chamber and orchestral works, as mentioned above, amaze with grandeur of design. Despite the scope of musical forms great symphonists created before the advent of Schubert, in unstoppable impulses of the world genius - their complete sovereign - fit into them. A sensitive connoisseur of musical architecture, he created in addition to the development of the traditional form of variation, a new type of it is as a large composition for one constant theme in altered rhythms. A vivid example is the C major fantasy for piano. Like the highest mountain peak, standing out lonely above the level of its compatriots, the genius of an unfinished symphony is inaccessible. It is significantly ahead of the era in which it was created, and its original the artistic appearance is almost inimitable. It’s hard to establish Schubert’s continuity from any of the representatives of the preceding era - to such an extent it is brightly original. If we compare his work with the work of the genius, almost modern Schubert, Beethoven, then they have something in common not so much in essence, but by analogy with the methods of growth, leading to climax points. The undoubted influence on the creativity of further generations of composers of Western and Eastern Europe should be attributed to the great genius of Schubert. Oddly enough, but the southern German inspired his fellow tribe, the famous northerner Brahms. Some works of the latter are piano the F minor quintet, piano waltzes and other compositions bear the imprint of the inspirational physiognomy. Probably, he had the same effect on the music of the Hungarians and the southern Slavs - on Liszt and Dvorak. The Hungarian divertissement for piano four hands and frequent Slavic episodes scattered in Schubert’s numerous works could serve as samples for them. --- To Be Continued -- Likes Blancrocher liked this post Updated Aug-19-2019 at 04:35 by Huilunsoittaja Classical Music , Other , Composers , Literature
Subject-Verb Agreement Practice Instructions: Choose the correct verb in each sentence below. Write the number of the rule you used (from the Subject-Verb Agreement Rules). Not every sentence corresponds with a rule. When you’re finished, check your answers by clicking here. 1. The cost of his explorations (was, were) paid by scientific societies. 2. Neither the President nor the FBI (was, were) willing to release any information. 3. Every one of his sons (has, have) been successful. 4. The Case of the Missing Butler is one of those books that (is, are) easy to put down. 5. The question of taxes (doesn’t, don’t) belong in this discussion. 6. Either your study habits or your attitude (is, are) causing your problems in school. 7. Fifteen minutes (is, are) enough time for this exercise. 8. There (seems, seem) to be many arguments on both sides. 9. Every planet, including the earth, (revolves, revolve) around the sun. 10. The Magnificent Ambersons (is, are) worth reading. 11. Most of the Roosevelt papers (has, have) been made available to the public. 12. The mayor of the city and the governor of the state (has, have) been in conference. 13. It (doesn’t, don’t) matter to me where you go. 14. Everybody who lives in these apartments (agrees, agree) with me. 15. Probably some of the oranges (doesn’t, don’t) ripen until April 16. The fruit on the outdoor stands (looks, look) tempting. 17. Someone from Mr. Brown’s classes (is, are) sure to have the information we need. 18. College life and high school life (is, are) vastly different. 19. (There’s, There are) not many unselfish people in the world. 20. Two weeks (is, are) enough for a trip of that length. 21. She is one of those people who (is, are) never ready on time. 22. Each of the cheeses (was, were) sampled by the inspector. 23. Here (is, are) your ticket and your receipt. 24. Each of the rooms (has, have) a color television. 25. The cast of characters (includes, include) an infant and a grandfather. Leave a Reply
Copyright is just one of the areas of intellectual property and intellectual property can quite simply be defined as “the result of one’s creativity” or anything which is in reference to a creation of the mind. These include any kind of invention, design, written work or drawing. It is just like any other property, save for the fact that it is in intangible form. In turn, intellectual property law seeks to protect this human creativity. There are many areas in intellectual property law and these include the laws on patents, designs, trademarks and copyright. Copyright laws and their enforcement are becoming increasingly relevant in today’s world where technology appears to be developing at the speed of light and the world continues to become smaller, with little or no boundaries. One’s work can very easily be duplicated with a few clicks of a mouse. As such, it is important to ensure that the rights of the author or creator of a particular work are protected and this is what copyright law seeks to achieve. The fundamental purpose of copyright law is to prevent the copying of a work. The word “work” in the context of copyright law denotes anything that is the result of the author’s time, effort and creativity, although creativity is not a prerequisite. These could include literary works (such as speeches, notes or a book), dramatic, musical and artistic works, films, and sound recordings. Copyright law is unique within the world of intellectual property in the sense that there is no system of registration. This means that one’s work does not have to be registered with any particular organisation in order to be protected by copyright law. The work attracts protection by virtue of its existence and so the work is automatically protected by copyright law as soon as it is completed. The most important element in order for a work to attract copyright protection is that it must be original. It need not be creative and can consist of something as mundane as putting together a directory of the most well established financial advisers in Malaysia. However, it is vital that the work must have originated from the author and that it was a result of him expending a minimum amount of skill, labour and judgement in the creation of the work. The other prerequisite for copyright protection to arise in a work is that the work must be recorded in permanent form, in writing or otherwise. Other than that, there are no other formalities in order to ensure that one’s work is protected by copyright law. Copyright protection of any particular work lasts for the entirety of the author’s or creator’s lifetime plus another 70 years (depending on your jurisdiction). Here, it is vital to note that the requirement of originality will also include a revision or update of the previous work. This means that constant revision of the original work will give rise to a fresh term of copyright protection. This is precisely how the image of Mickey Mouse (who first appeared in 1928) is still owned by Disney and protected by copyright law after all these years. At this juncture, it is necessary to be aware that copyright law protects the work, and not the idea upon which the work is based. For an example, the directory as discussed above will be protected by copyright law but not the idea for compiling the list of financial planners in Malaysia. Copyright law protects the form in which an idea is expressed. The more tedious part of copyright law comes into play when determining who the author or creator of a particular work is. There is a need to distinguish between the owner of the physical medium of the work and the owner of the copyright itself. The general rule in relation to ownership is that the author is always the first owner of the work and it’s copyright. There are several scenarios that may come into play in today’s commercial world when dealing with the ownership of a copyright work. The simplest example would be when A writes a letter to B. B would own the physical letter in itself but A will own the copyright of that particular letter. Taking this example and placing it in a more commercial perspective: Let’s say that A, a teacher, comes up with a more interactive and innovative study guide for the students at the school where he teaches. It is entirely his work from start to finish. However, the school will be deemed to be the owner of A’s work because in creating the new study guide, he has done so in his capacity as a teacher and during the course of his employment. The work belongs to the school. This is the case in all employer-employee relationships for any work created in relation and during the employee’s course of employment. Another scenario that is likely to take place surrounds the issue of commissioned works i.e. A asks B to create something and then A agrees to pay for the work unconditionally, regardless of any circumstance. In this case, the initial ownership belongs to the person creating the work and not the person who commissioned it. However, there may be a written contract between the parties to sort out the technicalities of who is to own the copyright and who is to be granted a license or any other legal rights in order to use the work as he so pleases. In the event of any dispute, the courts are most likely to come to a decision which results in being commercially viable and efficient. Copyright infringement, in very simple terms, occurs when a person copies the original work. It may also include the issuing of these copies to the public, performing the work in public or any form of communication of the work to the public. Any commercial dealing of these copies of works will also amount to copyright infringement. The most obvious example would be the selling of pirated DVDs. To amount to infringement of copyright, there must be a taking or copying (either directly or indirectly) of the whole or a substantial part of the original work. The word “substantial” in this context refers to the essence of the work itself and not the quantity of the work that is copied. A suitable example here would be taking the chorus of an old song, rearranging it and putting it into a completely new and different song. Although the chorus does not usually make up the whole of a song, it is a substantial part of a song. Hence, the act of putting it in a new piece of work, albeit in its rearranged form, is tantamount to “substantial taking” thus leading to copyright infringement of the original work. Being a relatively new area of study, the laws on copyright as well as other forms of intellectual property are constantly developing at a rapid pace in order to protect one’s rights with regards to creativity. Computers have made it easier than ever before for one to copy another’s work and claim it as their own and it may be years before such an infringement is even discovered. However, being aware of these laws and creating such awareness may be the key to preventing such acts from becoming more rampant and blatant than they already are. Any work created by an individual is like their home or car; it is their property and should be protected as such. A work protected by copyright law gives the author, creator and/or owner a bundle of rights. Being aware and vigilant with regards to these rights will ensure that the work is correctly protected and as a result, the risk of infringement considerably reduced. Note: This article is not intended to be relied upon as a legal opinion to act or refrain from doing an act in particular circumstances, but it is rather intended as a brief and general introduction to the idea of copyright law for educational purposes. Readers are advised to consult their solicitors for any advice or opinion.
warning signs, suicide In every 40 seconds, a person commits suicide, leading to over 800,000 suicides every year. Albeit every suicide is a personal tragedy, its effect on family, friends, and communities are far-reaching and devastating. As per World Health Organization (WHO), it is the second leading, yet preventable cause of death among 15-29-year-old globally. Tragically, suicide failed to be recognized as a serious public health concern despite its growing statistics. The taboo and stigma encircling it stood intact. People struggling with a mental cramp barely could stand to speak up about their condition. Fearing, they could be estranged from the society or look down upon as not normal. The idea of a happy and satisfactory life varies from person to person. While some muddle through the thorns with proper guidance and support, most others fall flat on them. Thus, is normal for anyone to experience suicidal thoughts at some stages of life. A number of factors can collaborate to intensify a person’s vulnerability to suicidal behavior or suicide. These includes personal, social, psychological, cultural, biological, and environmental. Furthermore, a person who plots to end his/ her miseries through suicide, exhibit a number of clues or signs to demonstrate their sufferings. Some of these signs see light, while others get choked, poisoned, bled, or drowned in hopelessness and despair. Below are some of the warning signs that can save a life if acknowledged at the right time. • Alteration in one’s personality or behavior: A person who considers suicide will display strange behavior like acute sadness or lost amid their own mind, speaking or moving with unusual speed or slowness, abnormal sleeping habits, distraction from everyday chores, eating disorders, involvement in unsafe sex, and increased use of drugs or alcohol. • Visible signs of mental distress: Enduring with a prolonged grief, sudden and persistent mood swings, and unexpected rage are some of the common signs that should not go unseen. Besides, major mental health issues like depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and schizophrenia are recognized as the leading cause of suicide worldwide. This is because people who undergo these depressive phases find it difficult to connect with the happiness string of life. They are wired to feel less pleasure from life and difficulty to match steps with everyday routine. • Sudden calmness: Shifting to a tranquil state abruptly after a period of depression is a serious sign that the person has found a way to put an end to his or her sufferings. • Social isolation: Due to loss of interest or pleasure from life, a person fighting with his/her inner demons, often isolate himself/herself from social influence. They will find excuses to constrain from interacting with family or friends. • Recent trauma or life crisis: Traumatic life events like rape, sexual abuse, war, break up, divorce, or death of a loved one can trigger feeling of helplessness, guilty, or ashamed. An individual, under such distressing circumstances, is likely to seek peace through suicide. • Preparing suicide: Self-mutilation, past attempts to suicide, or covering a family history of suicide can inevitably increase one’s risk to suicide. A person who considers suicide will engage in unusual affairs that they normally do not do. These include visiting friends and family members, making a will, giving away personal possessions, putting businesses in order, and so forth. Respond to the warning signs at the earliest Suicides or suicidal thoughts are desperate attempts to escape from a pain. When that plea for help fails miserably, locking all doors of a new beginning, people consider suicide as their final destination. Thus, it is imperative to understand the signs and give the person a chance to talk out their feelings and help in dragging them out of their griefs. So the next time you find someone losing track with reality, talk to them. Help them find their lost routes. 0 0 vote Article Rating Notify of Inline Feedbacks View all comments
- The Art and Drawings and Drawings of Walter Crane Walter Crane > Socialist Art > Socialist Artwork Socialist Propaganda Poster A Socialist Propaganda Poster by Walter Crane Walter Crane was a lifelong committed socialist, espousing a number of socialist causes such as the labor movement, women's rights, legislation for the protection of children. He lent his considerable talents to popularizing the socialist movement by creating propaganda posters, imagery and even murals. Below we have assembled a small collection of the socialist art of Walter Crane. Book illustrations were Crane's bread and butter, and he had to tailor his art to please popular tastes. When drawing for various socialist organizations, Crane's art matched his beliefs, and therefore comes closest to revealing Crane's artistic inclinations. The drawings are heavily didactic and allegorical. The human figures, usually featuring at least one full-breasted woman in a somewhat lacy dress, are allegorical figures standing in for social justice, equity, and/or the oppressed people of the world being ground down by capitalism and imperialism. To some extent, Crane's depiction of women as tall, attractive, buxomly, and wearing loose-fitting clothes, was not just an artistic rendering of his ideal woman. It reflected one of his many pet projects. He was the Vice President of the Healthy and Artistic Dress Union, an organization that was founded to promote the wearing of loose-fitting clothes as a way of improving health and freeing people, especially women, from the constrains of Victorian fashion. In the West, where fashion has become extremely varied and individualized, it may be hard to understand why such an organization would be necessary. But in fact, societal norms favored extremely heavy and tight fitting clothes which restricted movement and caused health issues. In this regard, as on other topics, Crane found himself on the right side of history. The movement he espoused has become the norm and corsets and similar items of clothing have become stuff of kink or show business rather than normal day to day wear. Walter Crane also found himself on the right side of history in regards to other socialist causes that he championed. For example, his posters advocate an end to child factory labor and universal voting rights for men and women. It is hard to believe that these things would have been considered controversial in Crane's day but without his propaganda, and the dedication of many others in the movement, these rights and legal protections might never have become enshrined and the norm. Lady Socialism A Comely Female Personification of Socialism is Seen Picking Blooming Flowers Labeled With Various Socialist Causes and Policies Crane's socialist beliefs sometimes occasionally got him involved in controversies. He provided artwork included in several libertarian and anarchist publications, and also designed a mural on the front of Henderson's Book Shop in London, which specialized in anarchist literature. At the time, there had been a wave of bombings and assassinations carried out by anarchists throughout Europe and the United States. Henderson's Book Shop was nicknamed the "Bomb Shop" because of its support for militant activities. The Strong Man In this Propaganda Poster by Walter Crane, a Strong Man, his back bent under the weight, is seen carrying a bushel of evil capitalist bogey men such as rent, profit and interest on loans while a sexy goddess of Labor and Socialism encourages the man to take a holiday from supporting these economic pillars - because God forbid someone should pay rent for the place they live in or interest on the money they borrow! Crane's political activities faced the greatest backlash in 1887 when, on a promotional tour of his artwork in America, he attended an Anarchist meeting and publicly denounced the execution of two anarchists who had been convicted and sentenced to death as a result of the so-called Haymarket Affair, They Haymarket Affair had been a riot in Haymarket Square, in Chicago, in which members of the labor movement had protested in favor of an eight-hour work week. The police moved to disperse the crowd and someone used a stick of dynamite which killed seven police officers and injured many more people. Public sentiment was very much against the perpetrators of this outrage, and Crane was vilified for his support of the condemned men. Later, Crane issued a partial apology, saying that he did not support the act of terrorism but believed that the men were wrongfully convicted. Nevertheless he faced the end of his American tour and the withdrawal of patronage from American art collectors. Walter Crane Biography Walter Crane Princess Belle-Etoile Princess Belle-Etoile Beauty and the Beast Beauty and the Beast Floral Fantasy Floral Fantasy A Stranger A Stanger, by Walter Crane
Industry News Details Seven ways predictive analytics can improve healthcare Posted on : Aug 01 - 2016 Everyone is a patient at some time or another, and we all want good medical care. We assume that doctors are all medical experts and that there is good research behind all their decisions. But that can't always be the case. Physicians are smart, well trained and do their best to stay up to date with the latest research. But they can't possibly commit to memory all the knowledge they need for every situation, and they probably don't have it all at their fingertips. Even if they did have access to the massive amounts of data needed to compare treatment outcomes for all the diseases they encounter, they would still need time and expertise to analyze that information and integrate it with the patient's own medical profile. But this kind of in-depth research and statistical analysis is beyond the scope of a physician's work. That's why more and more physicians – as well as insurance companies – are using predictive analytics. Predictive analytics (PA) uses technology and statistical methods to search through massive amounts of information, analyzing it to predict outcomes for individual patients. That information can include data from past treatment outcomes as well as the latest medical research published in peer-reviewed journals and databases. Not only can PA help with predictions, but it can also reveal surprising associations in data that our human brains would never suspect. In medicine, predictions can range from responses to medications to hospital readmission rates. Examples are predicting infections from methods of suturing, determining the likelihood of disease, helping a physician with a diagnosis, and even predicting future wellness. The statistical methods are called learning models because they can grow in precision with additional cases. There are two major ways in which PA differs from traditional statistics (and from evidence-based medicine): First, predictions are made for individuals and not for groups Second PA does not rely upon a normal (bell-shaped) curve. Prediction modelling uses techniques such as artificial intelligence to create a prediction profile (algorithm) from past individuals. The model is then "deployed" so that a new individual can get a prediction instantly for whatever the need is, whether a bank loan or an accurate diagnosis. In this post, I discuss the top seven benefits of PA to medicine – or at least how they will be beneficial once PA techniques are known and widely used. In the United States, many physicians are just beginning to hear about predictive analytics and are realizing that they have to make changes as the government regulations and demands have changed. For example, under the Affordable Care Act, one of the first mandates within Meaningful Use demands that patients not be readmitted before 30 days of being dismissed from the hospital. Hospitals will need predictive models to accurately assess when a patient can safely be released. 1. Predictive analytics increase the accuracy of diagnoses. Physicians can use predictive algorithms to help them make more accurate diagnoses. For example, when patients come to the ER with chest pain, it is often difficult to know whether the patient should be hospitalized. If the doctors were able to answers questions about the patient and his condition into a system with a tested and accurate predictive algorithm that would assess the likelihood that the patient could be sent home safely, then their own clinical judgments would be aided. The prediction would not replace their judgments but rather would assist. In a visit to one's primary care physician, the following might occur: The doctor has been following the patient for many years. The patient's genome includes a gene marker for early onset Alzheimer's disease, determined by researchers using predictive analytics. This gene is rare and runs in the patient's family on one side. Several years ago, when it was first discovered, the patient agreed to have his blood taken to see if he had the gene. He did. There was no gene treatment available, but evidence based research indicated to the PCP conditions that may be helpful for many early Alzheimer's patients. Ever since, the physician has had the patient engaging in exercise, good nutrition, and brain games apps that the patient downloaded on his smart phone and which automatically upload to the patient's portal. Memory tests are given on a regular basis and are entered into the electronic medical record (EMR), which also links to the patient portal. The patient himself adds data weekly onto his patient portal to keep track of time and kinds of exercises, what he is eating, how he has slept, and any other variable that his doctor wishes to keep track of. Because the PCP has a number of Alzheimer's patients, the PCP has initiated an ongoing predictive study with the hope of developing a predictive model for individual likelihood of memory maintenance and uses, with permission, the data thus entered through the patients' portals. At this visit, the physician shares the good news that a gene therapy been discovered for the patient's specific gene and recommends that the patient receive such therapy. 2. Predictive analytics will help preventive medicine and public health. With early intervention, many diseases can be prevented or ameliorated. Predictive analytics, particularly within the realm of genomics, will allow primary care physicians to identify at-risk patients within their practice. With that knowledge, patients can make lifestyle changes to avoid risks (An interview with Dr. Tim Armstrong on this WHO podcast explores the question: Do lifestyle changes improve health?) As lifestyles change, population disease patterns may dramatically change with resulting savings in medical costs. As Dr. Daniel Kraft, Medicine and Neuroscience Chair at Stanford University, points out in his video Medicine 2064: During the history of medicine, we have not been involved in healthcare; no, we've been consumed by sick care. We wait until someone is sick and then try to treat that person. Instead, we need to learn how to avoid illness and learn what will make us healthy. Genomics will play a huge part in the shift toward well-living. 3. Predictive analytics provides physicians with answers they are seeking for individual patients. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a step in the right direction and provides more help than simple hunches for physicians. However, what works best for the middle of a normal distribution of people may not work best for an individual patient seeking treatment. PA can help doctors decide the exact treatments for those individuals. It is wasteful and potentially dangerous to give treatments that are not needed or that won't work specifically for an individual. (This topic is covered in a paper by the Personalized Medicine Coalition.) Better diagnoses and more targeted treatments will naturally lead to increases in good outcomes and fewer resources used, including the doctor's time. 4. Predictive analytics can provide employers and hospitals with predictions concerning insurance product costs. Employers providing healthcare benefits for employees can input characteristics of their workforce into a predictive analytic algorithm to obtain predictions of future medical costs. Predictions can be based upon the company's own data or the company may work with insurance providers who also have their own databases in order to generate the prediction algorithms. Companies and hospitals, working with insurance providers, can synchronize databases and actuarial tables to build models and subsequent health plans. Employers might also use predictive analytics to determine which providers may give them the most effective products for their particular needs. Built into the models would be the specific business characteristics. For example, if it is discovered that the average employee visits a primary care physician six times a year, those metrics can be included in the model. Hospitals will also work with insurance providers as they seek to increase optimum outcomes and quality assurance for accreditation. In tailoring treatments that produce better outcomes, accreditation standards are both documented and increasingly met. (Likewise, predictive analytics can support the Accountable Care Organization (ACO) model in that the primary goal of ACO is the reduction of costs by treating specific patient populations successfully. Supply chain management (SCM) for model hospitals and insurance providers will change as needs for resources change; in fact when using PA, those organizations may see otherwise hidden opportunities for savings and increasing efficiency. PA has a way of bringing our attention to that which may not have been seen before. View More
- Chapter 20 - The nature and composition of the air he waters of the oceans and lakes of the continental shelves and the mainland form a kind of condensed air in which animals can live. But this air actually belongs to the body of I lie Earth itself, namely to its outermost crust. That is why ocean water cannot be readily accepted by atmospheric air, except for the part that rises as fog and clouds, as well as the hydrogen that is being released. Atmospheric air consists of a multitude of different kinds of air which may also be called individual or particular kinds of air. As far as scientists can determine, the air consists of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and essential nitrogen in certain proportions. II, however, the air consisted only of these four gases, the atmospheric air would hardly be useable. So if the air had no components other than those which are thus far known to scientists, it would be disastrous for the growth of plants, the origin of minerals, and the life of the animal world. Every plant absorbs, out of the atmospheric air, the particular air that is agreeable to its species, and eliminates all the others. II that were not the case, then no plant would have a specific form or shape or its own taste and smell. If, however, every plant, according to its own kind, absorbs only one kind of air, there must be as many particular kinds of air as there are consumers. That this is in fact the case is proved by the effect of the particular fragrance of each plant upon the senses and organs of a human being, and even more so by its chemical substance. The fragrance of a rose affects the sense of smell by strengthening the organ of smell; and it sharpens the eyesight. The carnation, however, has an astringent effect upon the sense of smell, and weakens the eyesight. The lily causes the sense of smell to become limp, and in time the stomach will experience nausea. The violet (viola odorata) has a cheerful effect upon the soul through the sense of smell and strengthens the brain, while the dirty-yellow henbane flowers cause a sick feeling, and, when inhaled for a longer period of time, dizziness and dilation of the pupil of the eye. Can all of this be attributed solely to the four known particular kinds of gas? Can this be accomplished solely by mixing these gases in as many different ways as possible? No, there have to be many more specific kinds of air. There are plants in existence that exhale exceedingly harmful air, and, in this air, other plants and even animals would immediately die. Then there are miraculous plants which have the ability to call back the recently departed. Each of these two kinds of plants must absorb out of the air a completely different sort of basic substance in order to bring forth these different effects. Of how many different ingredients must the atmospheric air be composed in order to serve as nourishment to the multitude of created things, each in accordance with its kind! If, however, plants require for their existence so many different kinds of air out of the original atmospheric air, then how many more kinds of air must there be for animals, so that every animal finds the proper substance to inhale in the air? Although every animal inhales the atmospheric air as a whole, yet each retains only that which is conducive to its nature; everything else it eliminates. Once there were plants and animals upon this Earth which now exist no longer. Therefore, new species of plants and animals came into being, which have a certain resemblance to the animals of the past. The mammoth had a certain resemblance to today's elephant, and the giant ox of the past to today's smaller ones. These present animals have a certain resemblance to those of the past, and they belong to the same species, but they do not resemble them in size and form. There is also presently a species of tree, especially in the tropics, which resembles the giant trees of times past, but such are not the trees they once were. These changes came into being because the earlier giant species could no longer find the proper nourishment in the atmospheric air. That is why they eventually became extinct: because one fundamental airy substance no longer existed. Instead, another substance was added which did not exist before. (?)This is also the principal reason for newly emerging diseases which have a certain similarity to those which existed in earlier times. However, the remedies that healed these earlier ailments fail today. A new ailment is the consequence of a lack of one fundamental substance in the air, which disappeared through its own process and did not reproduce itself again. Therefore, one must search to find a remedy which contains the missing fundamental substance through which the new disease may be removed. Since a better knowledge of these circumstances would l)e of substantial benefit to mankind, we should take a look at the causes through which certain fundamental substances in the air either completely or partially become lost while others take their place.
Search results Refine results by Year level Resource type Learning area Listed under: Language > Natural languages Interactive Resource Languages online: Tetris game maker Interactive Resource Languages online: memory game maker Interactive Resource Languages online: matching game maker Interactive Resource Languages online: comprehension task maker Interactive Resource Languages online: sentence game maker Pathe Freres Pathegraphe language teaching device, 1912 This is a Pathegraphe gramophone device, featuring a 90-rpm disc and synchronised paper cylinder player. There are a number of disc recordings and paper cylinders with the device. The cylinders feature French and Spanish printed language lessons. The device was manufactured by Pathes Freres, France. The stylus head for ... Moving Image Borrowed words: the processes of language change The Awabakal language of the Newcastle area The Awabakal language, once common in the area now known as Newcastle, was almost 'lost'. It is being brought back to life using old texts and translations left by an early missionary. In this audio clip, listen to a discussion about the importance of reconstructing the Awabakal language and the challenges this poses. Learning Dharug, Aboriginal language of Sydney Imagine a time when the Aboriginal language Dharug was the official language spoken in the Sydney area. During this audio clip, reflect on how the language was considered almost 'lost', but (and) discover how Richard Green and others are piecing the Dharug language back together. Find out about how it is being taught at ... Re-awakening Australian Aboriginal languages Did you know that before colonisation there were about 250 distinct Aboriginal and Torres Strait lslander languages being spoken across Australia? Today, however, the majority of these languages are endangered. Listen to a number of significant Australians discussing the Aboriginal language situation in Australia today. ... Teaching Aboriginal languages in schools Would you like to learn another language? This audio recording features a number of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians discussing both the teaching of Aboriginal languages in schools and the benefits that this teaching offers all Australians. Moving Image Influences on Australian English Moving Image One English language or many? Do people around Australia all speak the same English? In this clip, explore the ways that language evolves and consider the impacts that other 'Englishes', such as British English and American English, can have on the way we speak. Moving Image Preserving the Badimaya language Moving Image Twelve canoes: language This is a rich resource about the languages of the Yolngu clans of north-east Arnhem Land. Its centrepiece is a short film narrated by a Yolngu storyteller, who describes why different clans have different languages and how the languages differ from each other and from English. He explains how language defines the individual ... Interactive Resource Language Learning Space Moving Image Discover the diversity of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages Marrin Gamu is a special video created by First Languages Australia to show the diversity and beauty of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages. There are five languages featured in this clip: Kalaw Kawaw Ya, Warrgamay, Nywaygi, Yugambeh and Wiradjuri. Across Australia there are hundreds of traditional ... Wombat stew. Integrated program Inspired by the picture book Wombat Stew, lessons involve children in going on a Wombat walk to collect rubbish, investigating animal habitats, creating an Australian animals alphabet frieze, creating animal number stories, exploring vocabulary, making Wombat soup, discussing safe and unsafe situations, developing a news ... Wombat stew: questions and answers. Aboriginal perspectives
Textile Society of America Date of this Version In keeping with the theme of the symposium's title, "Silk Roads, Other Roads," the medieval roads that this essay will travel converge in a number of ways. Most importantly, two distinctive art forms came together for a brief period in Germany during the tenth and eleventh centuries, the period of Ottonian and Salian rule. The two products, silk and illuminated manuscripts shared important qualities. Not only were they among the most luxurious objects of the middle ages, but they also assisted bishops and rulers advance their political programs. This phenomenon developed as a result of increased interaction with a major source of the silk, the Byzantine world. Once the silk reached the West it became an integral part of gift exchanges between secular and ecclesiastical leaders and played a role in the burgeoning liturgical pageantry of the period. A unique creation resulted from this intersection of art forms. From the mid tenth century until about 1040 manuscript artists painted ornamental pages in their books inspired by the precious woven fabric. Examining the art forms separately, documentary evidence from the early middle ages reveals that silk played a multivalent role in Germany in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The fabric made its way to Western Europe through diplomatic gifts from Byzantium, through trade and by smuggling. From the sixth century on the papacy was a particularly fortunate recipient of the costly material, as is evidenced by descriptions of diplomatic gifts in the Liber Pontificalis, a semi-official biography of the early popes. This source places great emphasis on the value of the gold and silver gifts they received but the detailed descriptions of silk indicate the great esteem the popes held for it. In their original context, many of these silks were used to wrap the most precious objects belonging to a church, a saint's relic. We are fortunate to have large repositories of silk fragments of various sizes in museums and cathedral treasuries all over Europe, most originating from the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Two surviving wrapping fabrics illustrate this point. From the tenth century, a large piece of silk twill associated with the relics of St. Abundius originated in Eastern Persia. This work contains repeating rows of medallions, filled with animals, one of the most common decorative styles in Byzantine silk weaving. Each medallion is woven in a color that contrasts with the background. An especially lively work produced in the 9th century traveled to Rome where it was used to wrap the relics of St. Hippolytus. The relics and the fabric were translated to Gerresheim later in that century, then moved again to St. Ursula's in Cologne in 922 where they remain today. (Fig. 1) Their portability enabled more than just a few people to see them. Relics held a prominent place in medieval society in this period, and the demand for them in Northern Europe was great. They quickly became part of the liturgy of the mass by means of display in the worship service or by being part of a procession. The idea of silk concealing and protecting highly cherished and important objects applies to vestments and metaphorically to manuscripts. Less common, but still surviving in significant numbers are silken liturgical and royal vestments. The shimmering quality of the silk made the celebrants of a mass resplendent as light glinted off the fabric when they moved through the church. Like the silk-wrapped relics, these luxury objects cloaked important people - bishops, kings and popes. When these men enveloped themselves in the sumptuous fabrics they entered into active participation in the pageantry of the liturgy, and elevated their status to something analogous to royalty. The garments they wore were outward signs of their prerogative to rule over their respective sees. Furthermore, ecclesiastical reforms originating from the monasteries at Cluny and Gorze took place in the tenth century and spread throughout the German territory that directly impacted liturgy and even liturgical vestments.
The Kerr-Mills Bill: The Predecessor to Medicare In the late 1950s, liberal Democrats were pushing for old age health insurance as an addition to Social Security. The original push had been for national health insurance in the form of the Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill, which would have effectively established the equivalent of the National Health Service in the United States. However, the proposal lacked support from Republicans and Southern Democrats. Thus, the liberal Democrats decided to act more incrementally, choosing to seek aid for the elderly first. Thus, the idea of Medicare was born. Rep. Wilbur Mills (D-Ark.), chair of the Ways and Means Committee, opposed the idea, as did powerful wheeler-dealer Sen. Robert Kerr (D-Okla.). However, instead of outright opposition, they proposed a substitute measure. This measure would provide federal grants to states that established their own old age health insurance system. Liberals tried to insert the Medicare Bill in a Senate vote, but they lost 44-51. The GOP tried to insert its own proposal which would provide subsidies for purchasing health insurance, but this was soundly defeated on party lines. The problem was, far from all states adopted it, and it was regarded by advocates of Medicare as partially successful at best and a failure at worst. Even from its very inception, prominent politicians considered it weak sauce. JFK called the measure insufficient and Richard Nixon concurred in this judgment during the 1960 presidential campaign. I get the feeling that the policy was not given enough time to fully work, but history sometimes moves faster than a few years. At the time of passage, however, the law was highly popular, even earning the praise of Ronald Reagan if not the enthusiastic endorsement of the American Medical Association (AMA), at the time a staunchly conservative organization. Its opponents were quite few in Congress, with the only Senators voting against being Barry Goldwater and Strom Thurmond. Granted, many liberals simply thought this measure better than nothing. Liberals tried to pass Medicare again in 1964, but it narrowly failed a Senate vote. However, the 1964 election resulted in the Great Society Congress, and Mills (Kerr was dead) ended up supporting Medicare, albeit with some changes to win people over. The 1965 Social Security Amendments also included the creation of Medicaid, health insurance for the poor. McKee, G. (24 February 2016). Prescription for Success. The Miller Center. Retrieved from Moore, J.D. & Smith, D.G. Legislating Medicaid: Considering Medicaid and Its Origins Retrieved from Social Security: Chapter 4: The Fourth Round Retrieved from Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
illgill Head and Wast Water,Wasdale illgill Head and Wast Water,Wasdale The panorama of the Wastwater Screes across Wastwater is one of the most famous and awe-inspiring views in England. Poet Norman Nicholson described the Screes as ‘like the inverted arches of a Gothic Cathedral’.The title Wastwater Screes applies to the scree-covered north-western fellside which plunges dramatically down into Wastwater. This also includes Illgill Head's neighbour Whin Rigg, the continuation of the ridge to the south-west. The scree slope continues beneath the lake to a depth of 79 metres (259 ft). The screes were formed as a result of ice and weathering erosion on the rocks. Geologically, Illgill Head and Whin Rigg are part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, typical for the southern-western area of the Lake District. A Blakey Image size: 9000 x 4087, 31.37Mb \| Camera details: NIKON D5300 \| Date uploaded: 09/08/2018 A Blakey \| illgill Head and Wast Water,Wasdale Available as:
Climate is changing on all continents (ORDO NEWS) — More recently, scientists said that the establishment of a hot and humid climate in the tropics and subtropics will occur while maintaining the heating of the planet only by the end of this century. But the new data suggests that these changes have already begun, and immediately on all continents. According to a study by scientists from Columbia University in the United States, unprecedented heat and humidity are already becoming a reality in many places in Asia, Africa, Australia, South and North America, including the Gulf of Mexico. Along the Persian Gulf, several brief outbreaks were recorded that exceeded the theoretical threshold for human survival. So far, such cases occur in a limited area and last several hours, but their frequency and intensity increase, writes. And this happens in direct accordance with global warming. It is believed that humidity is dangerous for humans, because it complicates the process of naturally cooling the body through sweat. Dry hot air evaporates moisture from the body, lowering its temperature, but if the air is already moist, evaporation slows down and may even stop. In this case, the body heats above the survival threshold, and internal organs begin to fail. Even a physically prepared person, being in the shade and having enough drinking water at his disposal, can die in a few hours. Having first analyzed hourly data from weather stations from 1979 to 2017, scientists found that the combination of high temperature and humidity doubled over the study period. And potentially fatal indicators were recorded in three cities of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates – Damman, Doha and Ras Al Khaimah, whose population is more than 3 million people. Incidents mainly occur on the banks of rivers, lakes or bays, where fumes increase air humidity. In some regions located deep in the mainland, monsoons or irrigation canals bring moisture. The poorest countries are most at risk, where residents have not only air conditioning, but also electricity, and they have to work in the open air to sustain life. The growing incidence of unbearable heat will sooner or later destroy their economy. According to climatologists at the Australian University of New South Wales, many areas of the Earth were much closer than expected to achieve sustained unbearable heat. It was previously believed that we have a much greater margin of safety. Recall that 2019 was one of the warmest in the history of mankind. July was especially hot when the average temperature of the planet was 0.95 ° C higher than the average temperature for the entire XX century. And it seems that extreme weather is becoming the new norm. Contact us: [email protected] Our Standards, Terms of Use: Standard Terms And Conditions. Adblock Detected Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker
The bird way : a new look at how birds talk, work, play, parent, and think —Ackerman, Jennifer, 1959- author. 0 available of 7 items ""There is the mammal way and there is the bird way." This is one scientist's pithy distinction between mammal brains and bird brains: two ways to make a highly intelligent mind. But the bird way is much more than a unique pattern of brain wiring, and lately, scientists have taken a new look at bird behaviors they have, for years, dismissed as anomalies or mysteries. What they are finding is upending the traditional view of how birds conduct their lives, how they communicate, forage, court, breed, survive. They're also revealing the remarkable intelligence underlying these activities, abilities we once considered uniquely our own--deception, manipulation, cheating, kidnapping, infanticide, but also, ingenious communication between species, cooperation, collaboration, altruism, culture, and play. Some of these extraordinary behaviors are biological conundrums that seem to push the edges of--well--birdness: A mother bird that kills her own infant sons, and another that selflessly tends to the young of other birds as if they were her own. Young birds that devote themselves to feeding their siblings and others so competitive they'll stab their nestmates to death. Birds that give gifts and birds that steal, birds that dance or drum, that paint their creations or paint themselves, birds that build walls of sound to keep out intruders and birds that summon playmates with a special call--and may hold the secret to our own penchant for playfulness and the evolution of laughter. Drawing on personal observations, the latest science, and her bird-related travel around the world, from the tropical rainforests of eastern Australia and the remote woodlands of northern Japan, to the rolling hills of lower Austria and the islands of Alaska's Kachemak Bay, Ackerman shows there is clearly no single bird way of being. In every respect, in plumage, form, song, flight, lifestyle, niche, and behavior, birds vary. It's what we love about them. As E.O Wilson once said, when you have seen one bird, you have not seen them all"-- Provided by publisher. Item Details Birds -- Behavior. 355 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm Includes bibliographical references and index. Link to PAC More Information
Here's what I think I know: Voltage is the result of an electric potential difference of some charge that perhaps came about by a battery cell or generator or whatever. In this situation, the charge - let's say an electron - tends to travel to the low potential rigorously (with the ability to do work) due to the nature of electric fields. In a circuit, as it does so (relatively slowly), all the other weakly bonded electrons on the conductive wire travel as well. This simultaneous electron migration results in a current (flow of charge through a certain point within a certain time). Now, here are the premises that I think underlie my confusion: Apparently all of this electric energy must be converted to some other form by the time it reaches the low potential point. So if you have a simple light-bulb circuit at 12 volts, there is a voltage drop of 12 volts for electrons that travel through the bulb. If you have a 12 volt series circuit with two identical light-bulbs, there will be two 6 volt drops. My confusion: What is the reason for this volt drop distribution? Intuitively, I would think that the voltage drop due to a resistor would be a fixed amount depending on the light's material, regardless of how many other resistors become involved. • 2 $\begingroup$ I'm almost certain this has already been asked and answered here. Have you searched the site or the "Related" questions listed on the right? $\endgroup$ – Alfred Centauri Sep 25 '16 at 23:14 • $\begingroup$ @AlfredCentauri There doesn't seem to be information answering my question in those posts. Perhaps the answers are there, but hidden in language that I do not understand. If it's not a bother, could you refer me to any posts you think would be helpful? $\endgroup$ – Arman Som Sep 26 '16 at 6:14 • 1 $\begingroup$ Possible duplicate of How do electrons "know" to share their voltage between two resistors? $\endgroup$ – ACuriousMind Sep 26 '16 at 11:54
Maximize Your Soul’s Growth Blog Read In 181 Countries and 7,447 Cities Around The World Simple Ways to Achieve Mental and Emotional Health Mental health incorporates our emotional, psychological and social well-being. Emotional health is being in control of our thoughts, feelings and actions. When we are emotionally healthy, we can feel anger, fear and sadness but prevent these feelings from taking over our lives. I believe that society, in general, teaches us that having these “negative emotions” is not okay. We are usually taught that these thoughts need to be stifled or buried. Guess what? Our feelings are our guides!!! They are not our enemy! When we continually feel sad or negative when spending time with another person, that person is not healthy for us, at least not in large doses. When we feel anxious every time we go to work, what is it about our job that isn’t good for us? Each time we feel angry, we can ask ourselves “What am I afraid of?” If we are afraid we won’t be in control, we can take the action steps we need in order to gain control or seek guidance to learn how to do so. Here is how to achieve mental and emotional health, making 6 simple changes: 1) Be grateful for your “negative” feelings and determine their message. The next time you have a “negative” feeling e.g. anxiety, say out loud, “Welcome anxiety! What are you trying to tell me?” If we work through the answer to that question and follow what our gut is trying to tell us, we will experience less and less anxiety because we will do more and more of what is right for US. 2) Do what is right for YOU. Spending more and more time doing what is right for US is how to achieve mental and emotional health. And remember, what is right for YOU is not necessarily right for another person! I coached a boy who was told by numerous people not to join the army but all he had wanted to do for years was join the army. Guess who joined the army this past fall? 3) Know that whenever someone is mistreating you, they are in their OWN pain. When we have learned how to achieve mental and emotional health, we are HAPPY! We don’t spend our time hurting or bothering others. We just don’t. Even if someone tells you are lazy and you know you are, telling you that you are lazy won’t change the pattern. Complimenting you on how hard you DID work earlier in the day, encourages you to want to do more! 4) TRULY believe that everything happens for a reason. People throw this statement around all the time but the majority don’t believe it. If we really did believe this, we would realize that everything that happens to us is happening FOR us not TO us. We must continually find the lesson or the value in our “negative” thoughts or what goes “wrong” in our lives – this is how to achieve mental and emotional health. 5) Find the one viewpoint in every situation that brings you true peace. If we are not at peace with a situation, it simply means we have not found the TRUTH. Once we know the truth, our minds ALWAYS rest. You are mad that someone close to you didn’t visit you in the hospital when you were suffering there for months. Eventually, you find out that they couldn’t handle seeing you so sick. That truth causes all the anger to dissipate, doesn’t it? 6) Take care of your physical body. You cannot feel happy if you eat the foods that are wrong for your body. The chemicals added to food are the worst culprits for your mind. And if you don’t exercise, you miss out on the endorphins that make you feel good inside. Lots of filtered water is necessary for moving the waste out of your body and mind. And certain supplements, such as fish oils and Vitamin D, are vital to feeling good! Are these really simple ideas showing you how to achieve mental and emotional health? I would say they are simple ideas but will admit to the difficulty in implementing them. When we implement these ideas, we are doing “the work”. And when we do “the work”, we eventually feel a sense of peace with ourselves despite all the uncertainties in life. Could there be any greater reward? I’m Meredith Deasley, a certified life coach, registered holistic nutritionist and expert in spiritual vitality. If you want to learn more about mental and emotional wellness, you can order my book The Resourceful Mother’s Secrets to Emotional Health at . If you are ready for a more in-depth exploration and clearing of your emotional blocks, contact me for your individualized consultation. Posted in Meredith Deasley 1 Comment 1. Melanie on May 8, 2019 at 2:17 am Great read and some are reminders for myself. I liked point #5 and wondering how we can deal/heal if not able to find the truth in ‘some’ situations? such as, someone you know has passed or people are simply no longer part of your contacts/connections. I suppose to accept what was was without knowing an answer. Thanks. Leave a Comment
In most States the Child Protective Services (CPS) agency, either through a local or statewide hotline, has the primary responsibility for receiving referrals, which are also called reports. The unit that receives the report about a suspected case of child maltreatment is often called the intake unit. Some State laws require that certain forms of abuse, such as sexual abuse or severe physical abuse, must also be reported to law enforcement. The identity of the alleged perpetrator may also affect where reports are made. If, for example, the alleged perpetrator is a family member, the report usually goes to the CPS agency. Depending on the State, allegations of abuse or neglect by other caregivers, such as daycare providers or teachers, may need to be filed with law enforcement. In general, CPS agencies do not intervene in cases of harm to children caused by acquaintances or strangers. These cases are the responsibility of law enforcement. • Note: For a list of State-specific reporting laws and requirements, visit here The more comprehensive the information provided by the reporter, the better the intake staff will be able to evaluate the appropriateness of the report for CPS intervention, determine the urgency of the agency’s response, and prepare for an investigation or differential response, if necessary. While the reporter may remain anonymous, agencies generally prefer that reporters provide their name and contact information so that the intake or investigation worker can ask follow-up questions or obtain clarification. The intake worker will seek to obtain the following information from the reporter: • The name, age, sex, and address of the child • The type and nature of the maltreatment, including prior injuries or maltreatment and when observed, the length of time it has been occurring, and whether the maltreatment has increased in severity or frequency or objects/weapons were used • The name and address of the parent or other person(s) responsible for the child’s care • Any other information relevant to the investigation • Any actions taken by the reporter It is also important that reporters provide as much detailed information as possible about: • The child, the child’s condition, and the child’s location • The parents and their location • The person alleged to have caused the child’s condition and his or her current location • The family, including other children in the home If the alleged maltreatment occurred in a facility or institution, such as a daycare center, school, residential treatment center, or camp, reporters should provide information about the setting, including hours of operation; number of other children in the facility, if known; and identification of any others in the facility that may have information about the alleged maltreatment. Once the referral is received, the intake process begins.
iStock_000015991030SmallSchool is out, temperatures are high and wherever they can, people are hitting the water. Take a moment to think about your pet’s safety around water though, whether it’s a backyard pool or a trip to Lake Mead. It is a common misperception that all dogs are natural swimmers. Many dogs need assistance in learning how to swim, and how to exit the water. Pets that have poor conformation to swim (such as bulldogs and other short nosed breeds) should have extra precautions taken, as they are at greater risk of drowning. There are a number of ways you can help keep your pet safe, starting with preventing access to water when your pet is not supervised. If your backyard pool has steps, your dog should be taught to swim to the steps to get out. If your pool does not have steps, there are ramps that you can purchase to allow your dog (or any other unfortunate critter) to climb out. There are also life jackets made specifically for pets. Being attentive to your pet is vital around water. Is your dog older and liable to tire quickly? Is your puppy so rambunctious that he will keep swimming until he is exhausted? In open water, keep swimming sessions short and make sure your dog is taught to return to you when called. And always make sure to offer your pet frequent access to fresh, cool drinking water, especially in this Las Vegas heat. A few swallows of pool water is not dangerous to your pet, but ingesting too much pool water (chlorine or salt ) or lake water can be disruptive to your pet’s health. There several types of drowning; fresh water, salt water, and dry drowning. Fresh water drowning occurs when a large amount of fresh water is taken into the lungs. In addition to the immediate crisis of being unable to breathe due to water in the lungs, the fresh water also washes away the liquid in the lungs that helps keep the small airways open (called surfactant), and may result in collapse of the lungs. Material within the water can cause significant irritation and/or pneumonia. The fresh water can also be absorbed into the body from the lungs and cause fluid overload. The lack of oxygen (hypoxemia) can cause electrolyte imbalances, brain damage and cardiac arrest. Salt water drowning poses many of the same problems as fresh water drowning. Saltwater also destroys the surfactant in the lungs. Unlike fresh water, salt water is not quickly absorbed into the body so the same problems with fluid overload are typically not seen. Dry drowning occurs when the larynx spasms closed in response to contact with water, effectively preventing breathing, although no water is taken into the lungs. As with “wet” drowning, this causes hypoxemia, eventually leading to electrolyte imbalances, brain damage, and cardiac arrest. Whatever the type, drowning or near drowning should always warrant immediate veterinary attention. Even if your pet seems to be recovering, life threatening secondary complications can arise later on. Dog on the beachOnce removed from the water, if a pet is not breathing they can be laid on their side and breaths can be given by holding the mouth and lips closed with your hands and breathing into their nose. If they are still not breathing after several attempts, chest compressions can be done. It is similar to human CPR, but with the pet on their side instead of on their back like a person. They should be taken to a veterinarian as quickly as possible. Even pets that seem to be doing ok once they are removed from the water should still be examined and possibly hospitalized and monitored for secondary complications such as hypothermia and pneumonia. Pets who are hospitalized for drowning will have blood work checked to assess their metabolic status, including their electrolytes, an IV catheter placed, oxygen supplementation if needed and x-rays. Antibiotics are not typically given unless a pet shows signs of developing pneumonia. Prompt aggressive treatment can make the difference between life and death. Veterinary Emergency + Critical Care is Southern Nevada’s only 24 hour emergency hospital. We have the staff and the resources to treat your pet at any hour, and work with your regular veterinarian to best care for your pet. Have a safe and happy summer!
(English) One of the key concepts in the “receiver’s principle”, is to create an option to receive a pass on the perimeter from the dribbler. When successful, this can create a perimeter shot (usually a 3 point attempt) however with junior players this may not be as good an option because of their inconsistency when shooting from this distance. However, coaches should still encourage the “receivers principle” because a quick second pass will often create a good opportunity for further penetration into the keyway. (English) As 2 dribbles into the key, the other players move to “receivers” positions. (English) The pass to 2 may create a perimeter shot, however in junior players this may not be a high percentage shot. It may also create an opportunity to drive. (English) A quick second pass, may also create an opportunity for 3 to drive into the keyway, as the defence scramble. 3 may also be able to step closer to the basket to receive the pass, making for a higher percentage shot. 2 should also look to see if 5 is open on the post.
Coin Weighting If this flash game doesn't work, go here for help. In this classic logic game, you have a bunch of coins. One of them is fake. The fake coin can be heavier or lighter than the real ones. Find out which one, by doing some weighing and using your brain. Try starting with 3, and once you've solved that, move to larger and larger numbers of coins. How many can you get up to and still find the fake coin? Coolmath Top Picks
DE · Glossary · Multiphysics Glossary Term Multiphysics simulations use computers and software to couple multiple physical phenomena in order to predict or validate the real-world outcome. For example, the heat produced by a computer processor coupled with the airflow inside the computer case and the acoustics of the fans. Multiphysics Resource Multiphysics Simulation Illuminates the Future Learn more Latest in Multiphysics EDF Engineers Low-Carbon Power Generation Technologies with ANSYS Multiphysics Solutions Multiphysics for IronCAD 2020 Hits Shelves Editor’s Pick: Improve Multiphysics Simulation for Design Space Exploration Editor’s Pick: Tap Into More Powerful Simulation of Coupled Multiphysics Phenomena New features in COMSOL Multiphysics Version 5.5 include simplified shape and topology optimization; new options for nonlinear shell analysis; a new... ANSYS and Livermore Software Technology Corporation Sign Definitive Acquisition Agreement Engineering Computing Solving The Toughest Engineering Challenges With HPC Migrating to the cloud can enable engineers and scientists to remove engineering bottlenecks and quicken optimization cycles, providing design simulation... Engineering Computing How OnScale is Building the Future of Engineering Exactly how does OnScale provide engineers with the capability to innovate much quicker? How are we helping customers bring new... Today’s engineers use Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software to solve a range of engineering problems associated with the mass... All Multiphysics
(Cooper, 2016). E xamining 100 patients with Dravet syndrome (87 of whom had SCN1A mutations) over a follow-up period averaging 17 years, the authors reported that 17 patients died (17%). Ten of those were caused by SUDEP, 4 by status epilepticus, 2 by drowning, and 1 by asphyxia. Taking into account the follow-up time period, this represents a mortality rate of 16 per 1000 person-years, compared to the SUDEP mortality rate of 5 per 1000 person-years for adults with refractory epilepsy. (Note that a mortality rate of 16 per 1000 person-years means that in a population of 1000 people, 16 deaths would be expected in a given year. It is a more accurate way of expressing mortality than simple percentages because it takes time into account.) Cooper, M.S., et. al. Mortality in Dravet syndrome. Epilepsy Research. Oct 26;128:43-47. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.10.006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27810515
Peripheral neuropathy and is MRI a test for it? An estimated 30 million Americans suffer from some type of peripheral neuropathy.1 Of that 30 million, 60% of those affected have neuropathy from diabetes. There are a number of other causes of peripheral neuropathy, including alcoholism, autoimmune diseases, infections, tumors and other diseases.2,3 Peripheral neuropathy results from damage to the peripheral nerves. It mainly affects the hands and feet, though it may affect other areas of the body as well. The peripheral nervous system sends information from the central nervous system (that which send information from the brain to the spinal cord) to the rest of your body. Damage to these nerves may result from several different causes, including traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems and genetics. In other cases, autonomic nerves may also be affected which provides its own set of symptoms. People with peripheral neuropathy may have numbness or pain in their extremities. This pain is typically described as stabbing, burning or tingling. Medications can sometimes reduce the pain of peripheral neuropathy, and many people experience improved symptoms over time if the cause is a treatable condition. Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy2 Typical Peripheral Neuropathy • Numbness, prickling or tingling in the hands and feet may appear gradually and spread into the legs and arms at the beginning stage of peripheral neuropathy. • Pain that is sharp, jabbing, throbbing, freezing or burning could occur in patients. • Patients may be extremely sensitive to touch of any kind, though it is possible that they cannot feel touch to the numb areas. • Coordination and balance may be decreased, potentially leading to falls. • Patients could have muscle weakness or paralysis if their motor nerves are affected. Peripheral neuropathy with autonomic nerve involvement • Patients with autonomic nerve involvement may experience heat intolerance or altered sweating. • Bowel, bladder or digestive problems may also appear in these patients. • Issues with the autonomic system may affect blood pressure, resulting in dizziness or lightheadedness. Risk factors for peripheral neuropathy2,3 • Diabetes mellitus (also known as simply diabetes) • Alcohol abuse • Vitamin deficiencies, B vitamins in particular • Infections • Autoimmune diseases (diseases that cause your immune system to attack your own tissues) • Kidney, liver or thyroid disorders • Exposure to toxins • Repetitive motion, including those performed for certain jobs • Family history of neuropathy Buyers Guide_950x250.jpg Magnet resonance imaging of peripheral neuropathy Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a strong, super-conducting magnet to alter the magnet field around the patient's body. These alterations are controlled by pulse sequences, and the type of sequence controls the type of magnetic resonance images produced. In MR neurography, also known as peripheral nerve imaging, radiographers often need to use suppression techniques to avoid showing the blood vessels, fat and muscle around the nerves as much as possible. This is necessary, because the nerves are small, sometimes less than a millimeter in diameter.4 They also tend to run alongside blood vessels, occasionally causing difficulty differentiating between the two. The anomaly throughout the nervous system may appear as a sort of pinching somewhere along the system. The most common sequences and techniques used to image peripheral neuropathy are a 3D-volumetric version of STIR imaging and the 2D FSE Dixon sequence.4 These are both available commercially and may have a few different names. However, both types of sequences can be useful for this imaging. The 3D-volumetric STIR sequence uses parallel imaging to accelerate imaging while providing excellent quality in the images.4 The technique gathers data for a 3D image of the region of interest that may show information about the volumes of different aspects contained, which may reduce the overall number of images needed when compared to those taken with 2D STIR. STIR stands for short T1 inversion recovery. STIR is frequently utilized to suppress fat in magnetic resonance scans. This allows scientists to more easily see the nerves in the body when studying peripheral neuropathy. When put together, these two techniques allow for a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which may help produce more detailed images. Another method that is helpful in neurography, the 2D FSE Dixon method, utilizes improved water and fat separation to image the regions of interest with a highlight on the nerves themselves.4 The method used creates a 2D image that is acquired using fast spin echo two-point Dixon sequence. The shift from a three-point acquisition to a two-point one helps to reduce the scan time while maintaining the SNR. The information provided by both the 2D FSE Dixon and 3D-volumetric STIR methods may provide information about a patient's neuropathy. If the information leads to something that can be treated, then the patient may see improvement due to medications prescribed by their doctors. This could help the millions of Americans that have to deal with peripheral neuropathy. For more information, please read SIGNA Pulse "Update on magnetic resonance neurography." 1. "Peripheral Neuropathy Risk Factors + Facts." 2016. Web. 1 May 2019. <>. 2. Mayo Clinic Staff. "Peripheral neuropathy." 9 August 2017. Web. 1 May 2019. <>. 3. "Peripheral Neuropathy Fact Sheet." 16 August 2018. Web. 1 May 2019. <>. 4. Darryl B. Sneag. "Update on magnetic resonance neurography." SIGNA Pulse. Spring 2018. Web. 6 May 2019. <>. Buyers Guide_950x250.jpg
Do aliens exist? :O Get Started. It's Free or sign up with your email address Do aliens exist? :O by Mind Map: Do aliens exist? :O 1. Should we look for them, if we assume that aliens do exist? 1.1. Yes 1.1.1. Aliens may prove to be vital to further research to how life forms. 1.1.2. If the civilization is advanced enough, we may be able to take some technological creations from them. 1.2. No 1.2.1. The aliens, if we meet any, may exhibit xenophobia and could be hostile to all of us. 2. No 2.1. According to the Drake Equation that is often associated with the Fermi Paradox, there is a very high probability for aliens to visit us at least once. However, there are no confirmed reports of this. 2.1.1. Of course, there are conspiracy theories involving the U.S. government shrouding information on aliens, but the chances are very slim, considering most UFO (unidentified flying objects) are not what they seem as. 2.2. It is also possible that only humans and other forms of life on Earth made it through the "Great FIlter", making us the unique form of life. 2.2.1. This means that us humans survived a great disaster in the past that has swept large amounts of species. 2.3. Messages sent out, such as the Arecibo Message, have not been replied. 2.3.1. Though it is possible that we couldn't understand the responses that the aliens are giving out, the chances are minimal. 2.3.2. However, Voyager 2 is carrying a message and if some alien passes by, they would hopefully know where to look for us. 3. Yes 3.1. There are approximately 100 billion billion Earth-like planets in the Milky Way. 3.1.1. There is no reason is to why a planet that could support couldn't exist outside of Earth. 3.1.2. The Drake Equation, for instance, gives a high probability for the existence of life beyond our home planet. 3.2. Water exists on numerous planets and moons, and could support life as we know it. 3.2.1. Some of these planets or moons include Europa, which has a thick layer of ice on it. 3.2.2. Others, such as Kepler-186f, are Earth-like planets within the habitable zones. 3.3. It is certainly plausible that aliens do exist, it's just that they are not advanced enough to go into space travel. 3.3.1. Stephen Hawking once said that life forms may exist beyond Earth, but life forms that have developed into advanced society will be hard to find, if there are any.
The History of Air Conditioning It can be very easy to take air conditioning for granted. After all, it was just a little over 100 years ago that there was no such thing as air conditioning, meaning people could do nothing but suffer when the temperature began to rise to uncomfortable levels. Fortunately, those days are long gone thanks to an American inventor named Willis Carrier. Here’s a brief history about how Carrier introduced air conditioning to the world. Air Conditioning was Invented in 1902 Perhaps the idea of air conditioning should be attributed to American physician Dr. John Gorrie in the 1800s. Sadly Dr. Gorrie struggled to get his idea off the ground and it would be another 60 years until Willis Carrier invented the first bona fide air conditioning unit in 1902. The Public Got Their First Taste in 1904 Carrier proudly introduced the world to his amazing invention at the World’s Fair in St. Louis in 1904. He cooled a 1,000-seat auditorium, leaving visitors both amazed and dumbfounded in the process. Over the next two decades, his creation was used to cool other major venues in locations such as New York and Los Angeles. They Were Eventually Mass-Produced The first units were actually available in 1929, but because they were so large and pricy, people held off on purchasing them. Meanwhile, the smaller ones you see hanging out of windows in places like New York actually went on sale in 1932. By the time the 1940s swung around, growing consumerism meant homes were buying the units in mass. To this day, air conditioning units are still widely available all over the world. Legislation and Law In recent times, some countries – particularly the US – have introduced regulations surrounding air conditioning units. Some regulations insist that businesses must keep their offices cool, because staff can’t be made to work in excessively warm conditions anymore. There’s also been energy-related legislation pushed forward to prevent people overusing air conditioners. Air conditioning units are now more readily available than ever before. They’re cheaper than ever, come in more styles and are easier to install, too. Paragon Temp stock a wide variety, meaning you should have no problem getting your hands on one that fits your needs. For more information, contact us. Book an engineer close slider
Drought18: Californian farmers make water go further Trying to keep the Golden State green This summer’s drought may be a taste of things to come. Farmers in California have learned to live with unpredictable rainfall and farmers know to plan for potential shortages. New irrigation methods are playing their part in meeting this challenge. As part of our series on the changing face of water use in global agriculture, we find out more about developments in irrigation on California’s farms. We caught up with Mike Wade, Executive Director of the California Farm Water Coalition, which raises awareness of water-related issues in agriculture. What irrigation techniques are Californian farmers using to try to make best use of water? Mike Wade: “Californian agriculture has used about the same amount of water for the last 50 years. But our crop production has increased 43%. That’s attributable to higher-efficiency irrigation, better management practices, and better crop types. “It can cost as much as $1,200-1,500 per acre to put in a high-efficiency irrigation system, which meant farmers couldn’t previously afford to irrigate lower-value annual crops with it. However, thanks to GPS, we can now put in sub-surface drip irrigation systems. By using GPS-controlled tractors and planters, farmers can invest in these systems for annual crops like tomatoes, melons and corn. Previously, there was a high risk that these were ripped out accidentally because there’s no tractor driver who can drive straight enough to avoid hitting buried irrigation lines.” Uniform irrigation: uniform crops What exactly does high-efficiency irrigation involve? “Instead of the old type of furrow, with a crop of melons or tomatoes or whatever planted on a bed and water being run in the furrow beside it, the new systems have buried tubes with small emitters on them that provide the same amount of water at every location around the field. So you get uniform crop production. You’re also able to reduce the amount of pesticide applications and cultivation activities across the field because the weed seeds on the surface that would otherwise sprout simply don’t do that now. “People often think that high-efficiency irrigation means less water being used to grow a crop, but in many cases it’s the same amount of water or even more water because it’s meeting higher water demands by a more vigorous plant. That’s where we see higher production, higher-quality crops and more return on investment for the farmer.” “High-efficiency irrigation doesn’t always mean less water” - Mike Wade, California Farm Water Coalition You mentioned GPS, are there other technological enhancements we can expect to see in fields in coming years? “In terms of looking forward, we’re seeing more automation and irrigation systems that are run at the district level rather than on individual farms. Thanks to computer technology, solar-powered controls and automated gate structures on canals, activities can occur from a central location, or they can be automated which also helps improve efficiency.” Can we envisage these technologies becoming less expensive and more widely available, for instance in the Global South? “I think it has to change, we have to find a way to feed the growing world population. Going from the traditional flood irrigation model with canals and diversions from rivers to energy-powered drip and micro-irrigation systems takes a big investment, but I think it can play out in other parts of the world and probably will need to.”
Leaders are Born or Made ‘Leaders are born or made’ is a common question for most of the people for centuries. Leadership is a process that influences an individual from a group of people to set a new direction to achieve the goal. Human beings love exploring the role of leaders and the style of leadership. Many leadership theories explain the process of becoming a leader. leaders are born or made Leaders Are Born or Made To believe that a person becomes leader by development is selective while to think that people are born leaders are true. Different organizations spend resources on people to develop them so that they can act as future leaders while some companies explore people with leadership qualities. A leader provides stages of team development. Society has shown many natural born leaders. Natural leaders possess qualities like decision making, skill development, motivation and inbuilt values. Comparatively, a person who has potential to become a leader can learn from society and his experiences. It is true that some people endowed with certain traits that help them become a future leader. Cognitive ability plays the central role to determine a leader. “Leaders are born or made is a debatable notion” Stratified Systems Theory presented seven levels of complexity that help people to achieve the highest level of future naturally. Nelson Mandela, Barrack Obama, and Dr. Martin Luther King are famous natural born leaders. Leaders learn from their skills. The notion is quite helpful in many places and favors that leaders learn from their innate experiences. Contrarily, naturally, born leaders acquired skills and programmed to become a future leader. They work effortlessly and consistently present specific skills. Their inborn temperament and behavior are responsible for making their directions. Through determination, open-mindedness and business opportunities, they can get success, unlike others. Leaders are born or made is critical when it comes with real life examples. They provide team support, guidance and have the courage to admit mistakes which is absent in normal people. Excellent communication skills are a critical part to achieve excellence. The facts of life especially in a society that is fast moving towards a modern age signify change, and this is ultimately trying to provide a new direction in determining how technology is changing lives. The perspective of leadership tries to evaluate the results of outcomes. Management is dependent on leadership and this have implications on the way organizations manage their decisions. Add Comment
Support The Moscow Times! Russia Plans Long-Term Base on the Moon — Space Agency Moskva News Agency Russia plans to establish a long-term base on the moon as it aims to colonize it over the next two decades, the head of Russia’s federal space agency, Roscosmos, has said. Roscosmos has received hundreds of applications from aspiring cosmonauts willing to become the first Russians to go to the moon by 2030. Russia’s new lunar exploration concept is scheduled to be drafted for Roscosmos sometime over the next week, its chief Dmitry Rogozin told state-run RIA Novosti news agency on Friday. “We’re talking about creating a long-term base, obviously not [continuously] inhabited but one that can be visited,” Rogozin told RIA Novosti on Tuesday. “But in general, we will transition to robotic systems, or avatars, that will perform tasks on the lunar surface,” he was quoted as saying. Rogozin did not indicate the dates for when the lunar base would be created. A 2014 draft government program prepared by Roscosmos, Russian scientists and academics outlined a three-step plan toward manning the moon. Its final stage planned for 2030 envisions humans setting up infrastructure for a colony using local resources. President Vladimir Putin pledged to launch a mission to Mars next year and has said Russia would launch a mission to the moon to explore the existence of water. Read more Independent journalism isn’t dead. You can help keep it alive.
15 words made by unscrambling the letters from gap (agp). The unscrambled words are valid in Scrabble. Use the word unscrambler to unscramble more anagrams with some of the letters in gap. 2 letter words with gap unscrambled 3 letter words with gap unscrambled 4 letter words with gap unscrambled 5 letter words with gap unscrambled 6 letter words with gap unscrambled Word gap definition Read the dictionary definition of gap. All definitions for this word. 1. an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity 1. it was presented without commercial breaks 2. there was a gap in his account 2. a narrow opening 1. he opened the window a crack 3. a conspicuous disparity or difference as between two figures 1. gap between income and outgo 2. the spread between lending and borrowing costs 4. a difference (especially an unfortunate difference) between two opinions or two views or two situations 5. a pass between mountain peaks 6. an open or empty space in or between things 1. there was a small opening between the trees 2. the explosion made a gap in the wall 7. make an opening or gap in See also: Merriam-Webster definition of gap Is gap an official Scrabble word? Can the word gap be used in Scrabble? Yes. This word is an official Scrabble word in the dictionary. Unscrambling gap Scrabble score • G • A • P Unscramble words using the letters gap How to unscramble letters in gap to make words? The word unscrambler rearranges letters to create a word. Tip! To find more words add or remove a letter. Unscrambled words made from g a p Unscrambling gap resulted in a list of 15 words found. The word unscrambler shows exact matches of "g a p" and also words that can be made by adding one or more letters. Anagrams of gap Unscramble three letter anagrams of gap. Anagrams solver unscrambles your jumbled up letters into words you can use in word games. Unscrambling words starting with g Prefix search for g words: Unscrambling words ending with p Suffix search for p words: This site is for entertainment purposes only © 2020

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