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Skip to main content Epoxy Resins What is an Epoxy Resin? An epoxy resin is a structural adhesive product that is often mixed together with a catalyst to form an extremely strong bond between a range of materials including metal, wood and glass. Because of this, the resins come in a variety of different cure temperatures, cure times and flexibility, suitable to the job in question. Other characteristics can include a range of different colours and transparencies, as well as resistance to water and fuel. Filter By
Focused Studying Exam Computer Programme There are many different techniques used when it comes to teaching. Teachers would explain each lesson using a multitude of means such as stories, documentaries, presentations, etc. While they do distribute the knowledge they have, they also make sure to help students to study better using different methods as well. One such method happens to be group focused studying. style=”float: left;” title=”umn-alc-typical-classroom-600×400-300×200.jpg” src=”×400-300×200.jpg” alt=”” width=”300″ height=”200″ />These days we even have team-based learning mobile application which allows these student groups to be more active. These computer programmes also help the teachers to conduct the exams they give to check the knowledge of these students better. You can see a number of benefits in using them. Reduces the Time of Creating Exams Usually, to create an exam which contains multiple choice answers in the traditional manner a teacher has to spend a considerable time. Teachers have to make the questions, create the structure and then get it printed too. However, with the group focused studying computer programmes a teacher can easily enter the questions he or she has come up with to this web based platform. There is not time lost between the creation of the exam and actually posting it to be accessed by students. Reduces the Time of Holding Exams When children have access to online TBL an exam is simply about getting them to log into their accounts and facing the exam. There is no need to spend time distributing papers or collecting them. The exam even comes with an inbuilt timer which shows the students how much time they have left for the exam. Instant Grading of the Answers If you have correctly inserted the answers to the questions once the students finish submitting all of their answers those are going to be instantly graded. There is no need for the teacher to go through ever paper of every student. There is no need for the student to wait for the teacher to correct the answers he or she has supplied. This saves a lot of time in the process. Immediate Feedback to Both Students and Instructors The exam results also inform the students what question they got wrong. At the same time, the teacher receives an immediate analysed feedback about the student performance. Each group is given a chance to understand the areas they should focus on and improve. All of these benefits can be enjoyed if one uses a properly working group focused studying exam computer programme. You should use such an amazing opportunity offered to you by the advanced technology of today.
CSV WIC mar20 Most pregnant women never tested for the Most Common Birth Defect Three out of five women who have given birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, the No. 1 birth defect and leading killer of infants and newborns, were never tested for the defect during pregnancy. This is according to a survey just released by Little Hearts, Inc., a national organization that provides support, education, resources, networking, and hope to families effected by congenital heart defects. The Little Hearts survey found that 60 percent of parents did not know their child had a CHD until after giving birth, because the mothers were not tested for heart defects during pregnancy. Of these parents, nearly three out of four (71.6 percent) wished they had known their child had a CHD during pregnancy, mostly because they would have given birth at a hospital more equipped to handle the care of newborns with a CHD (41.6 percent). Those families that did know their child had a CHD before giving birth (40.0 percent) reaped tremendous benefits from knowing in advance. * Three out of five (59.5 percent) said they gave birth at a hospital more equipped to handle the care of newborns with a CHD. * One in five (19.8 percent) prepared themselves mentally and emotionally for the arrival of a seriously ill child. * Others did their homework: 14.9 percent of respondents said they arranged for a pediatric cardiologist in advance of their baby's arrival, and 5.8 percent said that knowing in advance was most beneficial because it gave them time to do research on CHDs during the pregnancy. Congenital heart defects occur when a baby's heart fails to form properly during early pregnancy. In most cases, the cause is unknown, although scientists feel both genetic and environmental factors play a role. There are approximately 35 different types of CHDs. Some may be treated with surgery, medicine, and/or devices such as artificial valves and pacemakers. In the last 25 years, advances in the treatment of heart defects have enabled half a million U.S. children with serious CHDs to survive into adulthood. Printer Freindly Version Email to a Friend Rotary Learn BOX aug20 Join our List Kern Family Health Link Up Murray Family Farms Jul20 Grapes CSV WIC mar20 PHONE: 661-861-4939 For Advertising and Subscription Inquiries FAX: 661-861-4930 E-MAIL: kcfm@kerncountyfamily.com
Abu Hanifah Foundation students and teachers travelled to Al-Andalusia for a breathtaking tour to discover the secrets of Muslim Spain. The educational and spiritual journey went into the heart of al-Andalus, through the Golden Age cities which are the most important historical capitals of Andalusia, and their Islamic legacy. Muslims, Christians, and Jews co-existed for over seven centuries in the geographic area known as Al-Andalus. The history of the Al-Andalus indicates that Muslims, Christians, and Jews who lived within Al-Andalus had relatively peaceful relations, with the exception of a few scattered revolts, and times of religious persecution. The great amount of cultural and social interaction that took place between these three distinct social and religious groups led to the creation of a unique and diverse culture that demonstrated a high level of peace, tolerance and co-existence. See the short video below of our journey:
Anxiety is a pervasive problem that can be difficult to diagnose and treat. People try everything from pharmaceutical remedies to therapy, natural remedies, supplements, meditation, and more. Some find relief from their anxiety, but others continue to struggle, no matter what they try. If this is you or someone you love, you know how crippling anxiety can be. Even mild anxiety can make people exhausted, simply because they expend so much energy fighting it every day. By the end of the day, it’s not surprising than anxious people just want to fall into bed. Unfortunately, sleep does not always come easily to the anxious. That’s not the only way sleep and anxiety are tied together, though. Sleep Deprivation is Tied to Many Mental Health Symptoms Researchers looked at the results of a massive survey and discovered that people who sleep less tend to exhibit more mental health issues. Every hour of sleep that people missed raised their chances of experiencing everything from depression to nervousness and restlessness. While depression and anxiety don’t always go hand-in-hand, they can. In addition, nervousness and restlessness are two symptoms that definitely tie into anxiety. The study also had people evaluate their mental health days as good or bad. Less sleep seemed to come alongside more bad mental health days, regardless of the symptoms a person experienced. Treating Sleep Problems May Help Anxiety, Too There is a high correspondence between people with anxiety disorders and those who report sleep disturbances or have other sleep diagnoses. Researchers found that treating sleep conditions seemed to help lower anxiety, too. While people did not necessarily seek out treatment of their sleep issues to lower their anxiety, it seemed to get better as the sleep issues were resolved. These researchers are hesitant to say that the sleep issues caused the anxiety or vice versa, and they are unsure that treating sleep first is always the way to go with anxiety. However, the correlation between treating sleep and lowering anxiety remains. It seems that, at the very least, people who struggle with both anxiety and sleep disturbances should see treatment for the sleep problems and see if that helps their anxiety, too. Improve Your Sleep to Improve Your Anxiety If you deal with anxiety regularly and you also have difficulties sleeping, it’s worth your time and energy to focus on getting more rest. This may help lower your anxiety, and it will definitely give you the energy you need to deal with your symptoms effectively. Here are some things you can try: — Go to bed at the same time each night and get up at the same time every morning. This helps your body to know what to expect and to train it so it knows when to sleep and when to wake. — Get a mattress that is comfortable and that supports your spine. If at all possible, compare mattresses so you can figure out what you like and what best promotes your sleep. — Watch what you eat and drink before bed. Heavy or rich foods, caffeine, and alcohol can all keep you awake at night. Try to eat a balanced meal 1-2 hours before bedtime and drink only water or decaffeinated, unsweetened beverages in the 3-4 hours before you try to sleep. — Make your environment as dark and quiet as possible. This will promote your rest and will keep you from waking because of some disturbance. Anxiety can make you miserable, but you don’t have to let it keep you down. Taking the time to figure out how to get the sleep you need can help lower your anxiety and can also put you in a better place to deal with your mental health symptoms. ~ Sara Westgreen is a researcher for the sleep science hub She sleeps on a king size bed in Texas, where she defends her territory against cats all night. A mother of three, she enjoys beer, board games, and getting as much sleep as she can get her hands on Tuck is a community devoted to improving sleep hygiene, health and wellness through the creation and dissemination of comprehensive, unbiased, free web-based resources. Tuck has been featured on NBC News, CNN, NPR, Lifehacker, and Radiolab and is referenced by many colleges/universities and sleep organizations across the web.
When Chemistry meets YouTube you get reaction I am no chemistry expert, but I have a strong suspicion that the periodic table has never been this much fun. Fun you say? Chemistry? Yes, Chemistry. The Periodic Table of Videos, put together by video journalist Brady Haran and Professor Martyn Poliakoff at the University of Nottingham, is a great example of what you can do with a video camera, some inspiration, a dash of sodium and a group of eager scientists. The result is an interactive periodic table with each element represented by a video. Here’s the sodium video: In all seriousness, you have to love it when a chemistry professor says that, during the course of making these videos, they discovered new things which they never really realized before. It was through the act of creating this project that learning took place. This is a point that Educause makes in 7 Things You Should Know About YouTube. Many educators believe that the act of creating content—in virtually any form—is a valuable learning exercise, helping develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter and the tools used to create that content. To the extent that YouTube facilitates such creation, it has the potential to expose students to new insights and skills, as well as link them to various online communities. The good professor also speaks to that point; the linking to various communities and the value of transparency. Rather than locking this resource away, they made it free and open on the web using a simple website and YouTube as the video delivery platform. This allowed people from anywhere to comment on the videos. And comment they did. In fact, one user asked if they ever considered expanding into molecules, which got the gears turning for Professor Poliakoff and has inspired him to continue on now that all the elements in the periodic table have been covered. Transparency breeds inspiration. I also love this quote: I’ve realize that, in the past 5 weeks, I’ve lectured to more people than the whole of the rest of my life. Okay granted, the dynamic periodic table probably beats the periodic table of videos for information and functionality (itself compete with a nifty Wikipedia integration that makes me go yum). I can’t say for sure, I am not a chemist. But for sheer learning fun, the periodic table of videos is an excellent example of a very well done open educational resource. Clint Lalonde Just a guy writing some stuff, mostly for me these days on this particular blog. For my EdTech/OpenEd stuff, check out https://edtechfactotum.com/. %d bloggers like this:
What Would Net Zero Emissions by 2025 Look Like? graph by Our World in Data The latest IPCC report says that in order to prevent catastrophic climate change global net CO2 emissions will have to reach net zero by 2050, from their current levels of 33-38B tons rising by nearly 2%/year. The IPCC’s past reports have been almost laughably conservative and optimistic, which is just one of the reasons Extinction Rebellion have set a net-zero deadline of 2025, just 6 years from now. It should be noted that total greenhouse gases will continue to rise for at least another 15-20 years after net zero CO2 is achieved, due to the ongoing run-on effects of other greenhouse gases, notably methane, that have been unleashed ‘naturally’ as a result of the damage we have already done to the atmosphere. And it is at best a long shot that even if we were to achieve net zero CO2 by 2025, it isn’t already too late to prevent climate collapse. Our knowledge of the science remains abysmal and every new report paints a bleaker picture. Expect a fierce anti-science, anti-reality backlash as more and more climate scientists concur that runaway, civilization-ending climate change is inevitable no matter what we do, or don’t do. So what would be required to reduce the course of the hockey-stick trajectory shown in the chart above and achieve net zero CO2 in just 6 years, for a population that will at current rates be 7% (at least 1/2 billion people) greater than it is now? I think the reason that, while parliaments and political parties and scientists will readily accept XR’s first demand of proclaiming a climate emergency “and communicating the urgency for change”, for most the second demand of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss to zero by 2025 is simply absurd. Western economies have merely shifted production to Asia; their accelerating consumption of CO2-produced goods continues unabated. Our global economy depends utterly on cheap hydrocarbon energy. It’s completely preposterous to think a short-term shift is even vaguely possible. Renewables won’t help us; as the chart below shows, new solar energy isn’t even keeping up with the annual increases in demand, let alone cutting into the still-accelerating need for hydrocarbon energy: graph by Pedro Prieto, cited by Bill Rees So let’s be preposterous. What would have to happen, at a minimum, to achieve this valiant goal? Based on what I’ve read and on my understanding of complex systems, here’s just a few of the things that I think would have to happen: 1. An immediate, complete and permanent grounding of all air traffic. That means no executive jets, no flying for diplomatic or business meetings or emergency family reasons — or military adventures. Achieving meaningful carbon reductions is simply impossible as long as planes are flying. 2. Immediate rationing of liquid/gas hydrocarbons for essential and community purposes only. To get all the hydrocarbon-fuelled cars and trucks off the road in six years no more travel in personal hydrocarbon-burning vehicles could be permitted. And we’d have to work hard to convert all public buses, trains and ships to non-CO2 producing vehicles in that time. If you look at supply/demand curves for gasoline, we’d be looking at carbon taxes in the area of 1000% to ‘incent’ such conversions. My guess is that most shipping and much ‘privatized’ public transit would not be able to stay in business with these constraints. So say goodbye to most imported goods. 3. All hydrocarbons in the ground would have to stay there, all over the world, effective immediately. We’d have to make do with existing reserves for a few years until everything had been converted to renewable resources. 4. Industrial manufacturing based on fossil fuel use would have to convert in equal steps over the six year timeframe, and any plants failing to do so would have to be shuttered. 5. Construction of new buildings and facilities would have to stop entirely. Existing buildings would have to phase out use of fossil fuels over the six years through rationing and cut-offs for non-compliance, and they would have to be remodelled to meet stringent net-zero energy standards and to accommodate all new building needs. 6. Trillions of trees would have to be planted, and all forestry and forest clearing stopped entirely. Likewise, production of other new high-energy-use building materials (especially concrete) would have to cease. We’d have to quickly learn to re-use the wood and other building materials we have now. 7. All this centralized, ‘unprofitable’ activity (and enforcement of the restrictions) would need to be funded through taxes. As during the great depression, the rich could expect tax rates north of 90% on income. And a very large wealth tax would be needed to quickly redistribute wealth so that the poor didn’t overwhelmingly suffer from the new restrictions. 8. The consequences of the above would be an immediate and total collapse of stock and real estate markets and the flow of capital. The 90% of the world’s wealth that is purely financial and not real (stocks, bonds, pensions etc) would quickly become substantially worthless in a ‘negative-growth’ economy, adding a complete economic collapse to the crises the governments trying to administer the transition to net-zero were trying to manage. In such an economic collapse, many governments would simply fail, leaving communities in their jurisdictions to fend for themselves, and making it likely that much of the world would abandon the constraints of net-zero transition because they wouldn’t have the power or resources to even begin to enforce them. Of course, none of this will happen. Even if governments had the power and wisdom to understand what was really required to make the net-zero transition, it would be political suicide for them to implement it. It won’t happen by 2025. It won’t happen by 2050. It won’t and wouldn’t happen by 2100 even if we had that long, which we do not. The message of all this is that we cannot save our globalized civilization from the imminent end of stable climate, affordable energy, and the industrial economy — all of which are interdependent. No one (and no group) has the power to shift these massive global systems to a radically new trajectory, without which (and perhaps even with which) our world and its human civilization are soon going to look very different. No one knows how and how quickly this will all play out, and the scenarios under which collapse will occur vary from humane, collaborative and relatively free from suffering, to the very dystopian. There is therefore no point dwelling on them, or even trying to plan for them. As always, we will continue to do our best, each of us, with the situation that presents itself each day, and our love for our planet and its wondrous diversity will play into that. Our best will not be enough, but we will do it anyway. This entry was posted in How the World Really Works, Our Culture / Ourselves, Preparing for Civilization's End. Bookmark the permalink. 30 Responses to What Would Net Zero Emissions by 2025 Look Like? 1. Jan Steinman says: Really, all we need to do is Item #8, right? And that’s going to happen even if we proceed with Business As Usual™, right? So what’s the problem, then? :-) 2. Dave Pollard says: Jan — not sure we could do 8 without doing at least some of 1-7. To end capitalism, it would require either eco-/social activism on a scale that has never been seen before (enough that the enforcers of capitalism — police, corporations, politicians, military, lawyers — would give up trying to enforce it), or else a walking-away attitude change on the part of billions who currently worship it like a religion (refusing to buy from or work for any capitalist enterprise). Nice to dream about, but IMO pretty unlikely. I think it’s more likely we’ll have to wait for it to fall apart. 3. Ted Howard says: All “alternative energy” transport are still extensions of oil/gas/coal. All “alternative energy” systems provide/run on electricity, and the liquid fuels crisis bearing down on us, does not allow for the continuation of most of the electrical grid or electricity production. Conflating electricity into the “energy” mix this way is insane and not helpful, just marketing weasel words. Here in New Zealand we (peak oil researchers) worked out that without the importing of very specialized grease and oil, the 80% of electricity via hydro here starts to fall off a cliff, once the turbines don’t get their grease and oil fixes. The massive cultural inertia keeping this whole dominant culture heading in one specific direction, is pretty much guaranteeing that collapse is built in and probably a lot closer than even the majority of us here think is probable…or not? We’re now in guessing mode. It sure is an “exciting time” to be alive, eh?! The Nicole Foss meme of we’re the drunks after the bar is closed, now on our knees with straws, sucking the spilled beer out of the carpet, comes to mind. 4. Dave Pollard says: Yes, to say nothing of the methane released by hydroelectric power reservoirs. 5. Pingback: What Would Net Zero Emissions by 2025 Look Like? \| Damn the Matrix 6. Andy says: It will be very nasty in fact, as for the timeline we (westerners) have anywhere up to 3 years to the collapse to reach us that will start at the financial realm. I know these as I have some friends who are experts and in positions to know, I myself pay close attention but it’s not my day-job and have no formal education on that,only a hobby. Climate change will be our least problem soon. By the time it really hits hard roughly 6 out of every 7 people will be gone. 7. You could add one thing: 1a) close the internet, it is as big as flying and growing faster. And it vill lead to point 8. 8. Todd Cory says: this is a total joke, since no hydrocarbons means no “renewable” resource converting devices like wind generators and solar pv modules. 9. Zero net emissions by 2025 is an unrealistic target, because it would generate shockwaves across the global economy, almost guaranteeing a global financial crisis, and so would never be agreed by nations at the global level. A much more realistic starting objective would be a trajectory for net global emissions based on the Paris Agreement, with zero net emissions being reached somewhere around 2050. This trajectory can easily be delivered by a relatively simple market guidance mechanism. The benefits of a market guidance mechanism are profound. Firstly, it is self-funding, meaning public money is not needed at all. Secondly, it combines the extensive power of markets to drive competition and innovation while rapidly finding efficiencies, with the power of nature to sink carbon in enormous volumes and with tremendous efficiency. Thirdly, a market guidance mechanism is guaranteed to deliver the desired outcome, in this case the exact trajectory for net emissions to follow. The ideal scheme would be implemented at the global level, based on an extension of the Paris Agreement that includes not just how the volume of net emissions will track over time, but how the necessary net emissions reductions will be achieved. The scheme would have a simple global price on all emissions, from all sources, in all countries, with no exceptions, loopholes or complexity. The revenues would all flow into a single global fund, to be fully distributed for total sinking of greenhouse gases. A global agency would administer the scheme, with absolutely transparent and accountable processes. It would issue regular invoices to all nations, perhaps yearly, or quarterly, with a total fee for the total volume of national emissions, and a rebate for the total volume of sinking. Obviously, national governments would be trying to minimise the emissions intensity of all their industrial sectors in order to minimise costs to their budgets, while doing everything possible to protect and regenerate natural carbon sinks in order to secure a share of the enormous revenue streams. The carbon sinking capacity of agricultural soils is enormous, although not infinite, so there would be plenty of incentive to make the switch to regenerative agricultural practices as quickly as possible, in order to take advantage of a very high rebate price for sinking in the beginning, when volumes of sinking are low globally, The goal of reducing net emissions would finally be aligned with government objectives to maximise national income. The simplicity of the scheme is critical. It is what makes it so powerful, so efficient, and totally immune to political interference or being gamed by corporations and nation states. At the national level, governments would be required to use exactly the same approach, a single pool collecting fees from economic activities that emit greenhouse gases, with the revenues fully distributed to activities that sink greenhouse gases. The agency administering the scheme at the national level would issue invoices with fees and rebates to the businesses and other organisations involved. These pricing signals would ensure that the costs of all greenhouse gas emissions are embodied in the prices of all business inputs, and that the emissions sinking value of all natural carbon sinks like forests and soils was not just acknowledged, but automatically rewarded with direct revenues. The pricing signals would be dynamic, rising and falling according to the overall market response. If net emissions were tracking above the target trajectory, the pricing signals would automatically rise to increase the effects of the incentives and disincentives. And when net emissions were already falling ahead of the required trajectory, the pricing signals would automatically be reduced. If the reality proved that achieving net emissions reductions was actually much easier than expected because of the power of the market guidance mechanism, there would be scope for negotiating a more ambitious trajectory for net emissions to follow, and so to speed up the transition to a low emissions economy. Obviously under the new market dynamics, the businesses that can innovate most rapidly to reduce the emissions intensity of their goods and services will become far more profitable, at the expense of those businesses that are slow to exploit the new market incentives and disincentives. The race would be on between nations to become net carbon sinks, and between businesses to have as low an emissions footprint as technologically possible. To emphasise one particular profound benefit of this scheme, by using the very same mechanism to reward reductions in industrial emissions and increases in natural carbon sinking processes, means that for every extra tonne of carbon that nature sinks there is one tonne of carbon that the industrial system does not need to cut from its own emissions in order to hit the target net volume. The more heavy lifting nature does, the less the industrial system needs to do. This scheme guarantees the trajectory that global net emissions will follow. Its profound efficiency means that markets will readily and continuously determine the optimal mix of changes in economic activities that will reduce industrial emissions and increase carbon sinking into soils and other carbon sinks. There is so much low hanging fruit, in terms of businesses optimising the emissions footprint of every input and every process in order to maximise profitability, and new public policy that rapidly turns deforestation around and uses reforestation to gain a share of the lucrative revenues for carbon sinking, as well as public policy that suddenly accelerates the shift from old destructive industrial agricultural methods to regenerative practices which build soil volumes and sequester vast amounts of carbon. Given all of this built-in potential for rapid and massive changes in net emissions under the right market dynamics, where the objectives of businesses and governments are finally aligned with the goal of solving climate change, it is very likely that the net emissions targets will be met so easily, and with such positive economic outcomes rather than net overall costs, that the world might agree to set a more ambitious trajectory for net emissions to follow, thus speeding up the transition to a negative emissions world economy. The timeline for zero net emissions might be brought forward to say 2035, then 2030, as the power of the model is absolutely proven. The political obstacles to global adoption of this scheme might be enormous, but they can be overcome with a process of collaborative development of the proposal and marketing of the scheme. To presume that there is nothing that we can do about climate change would be fatalistic, so in order to be constructive we must not dismiss the power of a market guidance mechanism to solve climate change before giving it serious thought and vigorous debate. 10. Dave Pollard says: Thanks for the comments everyone. I agree that the 2025 target is impossible, and as I said I think the 2050 target is also impossible. Global mechanisms sound good in theory, but there is no precedent for such mechanisms ever being implemented, and I doubt whether they would be implemented or enforced. And it’s also true that renewables themselves use non-renewable energy in their production, and that one of the largest energy consumers now is the internet. But just as we are dependent on international shipping to provide many essential goods, we are now dependent on the internet to provide many essential services. It’s a catch-22 and cannot end well. 11. The closest precedent to the scheme I have advocated is the Montreal Protocol, which was also about control over chemicals being emitted in the atmosphere, in that case the chemicals which damaged the ozone layer. 12. Crescent Varrone says: Well, this is a happy conversation! I think the group is forgetting that technology is developing exponentially, not in a linear fashion. This matters on a whole range of fronts from renewable “oils and greases” (for your various turbines, e.g., hydro and wind); to battery technology (for storing energy in the grid and in EVs, and in future heavy vehicles as well); to carbon capture technology that will make steel and cement production “clean,” and enable us to use some fossil fuels for e-generation, at least for a transition. It also helps that Swanson’s Law has not yet been repealed – so solar will get cheaper and cheaper, and eat up more and more of the market; and energy efficiency has really kicked in in most countries, so energy demand growth is much lower than before – in many places, flat to declining. In any case, technology is our best hope. As for 2050 not being realistic, I think the Roadmap 2050 (which I contributed to a decade ago) is a good start, and shows that we can decarbonize the Euro-grid entirely by 2050. If Europe can do this, other countries can, too. If they want to. 13. “In any case, technology is our best hope.” That hope will only be justified if the market incentives for innovation are dramatically increased, while the disincentives to continue with business-as-usual are also dramatically increased. In the absence of appropriate market conditions, technology becomes a false promise, a dangerous excuse for doing nothing but waiting for someone else to develop some new concept that can completely break through business-as-usual. Technology will only be truly unleashed when the objectives of all the major participants in the system are in perfect alignment, including those in finance, economics and politics, as well as those who advocate for sustainability. That perfect alignment depends entirely on a global agreement to control greenhouse gas concentrations which also provides enormous rewards for reducing emissions intensity and maximising nature’s capacity to sink carbon. Without such a global framework, markets will only develop technologies which serve the interests of various systems of power within the status quo, not technologies that serve the broader interests of humanity and the planet. 14. 1in7.7 B says: My brother-in-law’s old saying: “It’s going to get worse before it gets nasty.” I would like to thank all the breeders that bring more Clever Apes onto this rock increasing their carbon footprint of each parents by 50% for each monkey they produce. Continuing to screw each other is the best way to screw a planet’s habitat? First 35 seconds “The truth is not always pleasant.” 15. Greg Bell says: “As always, we will continue to do our best, each of us, ” I’ve seen this stated before as almost a philosophy, or an optimism bias. But I think it lets us off the hook. Few of us are doing anywhere close to our best – most greenies still drive, fly and buy. I think that’s a real source of optimism – that we could still do better. 16. Greg Bell says: Oh, and Dave, you forgot to mention food production! That might be a good place to channel our remaining hydrocarbons. 17. Greg Bell says: Sure enough Crescent Varrone, battery energy density really has grown exponentially! Things do, until they can’t, so I have no idea what the physical and practical limits of this are, but this is the first promising chart I’ve seen in a while! 18. David M Birr says: Atransformation of human consciousness and culture is the key.This will happen by 2038,but will it be soon enough? 19. Brutus says: This topic surely brought out the commentariat. I’ve mostly stopped wringing my hands about collapse, so when I see old arguments and purported solutions resurfacing, shrugging it all off is a pretty obvious response. Several things in the comments above make me laugh in a dark sort of way: Renewables to the rescue! The market to the rescue! Technology to the rescue! I share Dave’s pessimism that nothing can rescue us now. The let’s-be-preposterous thought experiment is interesting but ultimately invites desperation. Our best now option is palliation. I do have one question in relation to #1 above. What about global dimming as the result of the aerosol effect (as I understand it, particulate matter — pollution — in the atmosphere filtering out a percentage of the sun’s radiative heat and acting as an umbrella)? Once most the particulates fall out of the sky (at least those from planes) in a few days, won’t things heat up rather abruptly? Models and predictions may not be entirely accurate of course. 20. 1in7.7B says: In 1964 I watched a program on the global population & the estimate of where it was heading. At that point I decided that I would not help to destroy this rock & it’s other life by bringing offspring into this world because of my overinflated ego. I’m unique,special & so are my “taker” brats. “One should not need to be a scientist to know that human population growth and the accompanying increase in human consumption are the root cause of the sixth mass extinction we’re currently seeing. All you need to know is that every living being has evolved to have a set of habitat requirements.” 21. “make me laugh in a dark sort of way: … The market to the rescue!” There is no constructive value in expressing a psychological reaction. Have you got a logical one? Say one primary reason why your gut reaction is simplistic disbelief? 22. Peter Toluzzi says: David Bir above says “A transformation of human consciousness and culture is the key”. I strongly believe that is well underway, and strongly follows the post-WW2 exponential growth curve shown for energy consumption in the article. 23. I offer a gentle reminder that this article, as dystopian as it is, addresses only one of the myriad of human-caused problems afflicting the earth. The extinctions that have extirpated 97% of all mammalian and piscine wildlife on the planet are due to human activity – habitat destruction on land and our direct predation in the oceans. Global fresh water depletion and soil fertility decline are also direct consequences of the human swarm. As the writer William Gibson said, “The future is already here — it’s just not evenly distributed.” The same can be said of climate change and the rest of the onrushing ecological catastrophe. One of the most striking maps I’ve seen recently showed the progression of climate change as it crept through localized areas of the globe, pushing one region after another over +2C. The rest of the calamity will creep in on similar cats’ feet, allowing much of the (voting) world to bury its head in denial until the wolf knocks on their own door. The predicament is far too large, and is worsening far too rapidly, for technology, policy, lifestyle or spiritual changes to be offer more than minor ameliorations. We can’t know what natural effects will reduce the human population to its fully sustainable level of 10 to 100 million hunter-foragers, but we can be confident that such a reduction will happen. Of course we may also be driven to extinction like so many other species. The choice is not ours to make. In the meantime however, there is always the option to do whatever you think is right, whatever that may be for you (knowing that 7 billion other people will do something else.) At least then we can each move into the uncertain future with our heads high and our hearts open, knowing that we have done what we could. 24. Fred Gunter says: What seems to be missing in the conversation. Collapse can happen quickly and for many reasons, including energy price increases. Surveillance is being quickly implemented through 5G technologies to control and repress the coming riots, rebellions, coups, we are already seeing in many countries. Americans will mostly rollover and whine because they will fall prey to fake news, believing it cannot happen here, or are too embedded in their own crappy lifestyle. Preparation must ramp up and offensive actions considered for anyone who sees a sooner than expected collapse that could possible save some of humanity. 25. Kirk Hall says: OK, here’s the plan: 1. Environmental advocates learn about the international Degrowth movement and spread the Degrowth message. 2. The government of one country “wakes up” and take Degrowth on board. They will need to do it suddenly by declaring a state of emergency. That will send shock waves around the world. The genie will be out of the bottle. The myth of indefinite growth will be shattered. It will be a rough ride; stock markets will crash (unfortunate but unavoidable). Useless jobs will be lost, others created. Some industries such as fashion, tourism, etc would rapidly decline. 3. Our current economic system is a house of cards built on debt and over-consumption. Unfortunately stopping this madness will result in many ordinary people losing wealth, but a financial crash is coming anyway. If the myth of indefinite growth isn’t shattered then that crash will be wasted and the destructive cycle of boom and bust will continue. 4. If one country doesn’t wake up then human existence will soon be over. 5. Research shows that we only need 3.5% of the population to be actively on board to achieve change. 6. After the transition, Degrowth will be a better life for all. 26. Alfredo Reis Deus says: I am guessing few people here look at the arctic sea ice volume charts. I am also guessing that even fewer people here have an idea of the impact that an ice free arctic has on our ability to grow crops. In my day to day life I live like we still have 20 years of the world as we know it left. But I know it’s beyond optimistic. 27. Brutus says: Brandon Young sez: “There is no constructive value in expressing a psychological reaction. Have you got a logical one? Say one primary reason why your gut reaction is simplistic disbelief?” Funny how a couple simple sentences raise a host of issues that could fill a book. For instance, why raise reason over psychology as the appropriate response to the specter of climate change and industrial collapse? Sure, I have gut reactions like anyone else, but they’re supported by more than a decade of having dealt with this complex topic. They’re informed gut reactions. The “simplistic disbelief” to which you object is that markets represent a possible solution to our collective problems. Here’s my thinking in a nutshell, but it could instead fill a book (I’m not gonna write it). I used to think of collapse as primarily a geophysical issue, as in carrying capacity plotted against overconsumption, overpopulation, and despoliation of the environment. That array of issues still figures prominently, as the ongoing sixth mass extinction attests, which is likely to catch up with us homo sapiens sapiens, who as heterotrophs rely on other species for our survival. The parallel issue informing collapse — at least as a human-driven phenomenon of greatest interest to, you guessed it, humans — is our collective moral and ethical failure to recognize, acknowledge, and address anthropomorphic climate change as the extinction-level event it truly is. This was what I learned from William Ophul’s book Immoderate Greatness, which I reviewed at my blog. My assessment is that the mood of the global public and its readiness to act has lagged far behind (four decades, perhaps) what is needed. Politicians lag even farther behind (followers, not leaders) in their refusal to acknowledge scientific consensus and plan responsibly for the future, even if that only means ameliorating the worst outcomes. Instead, because electability and profitability (both greed of different types) are short-term incentives that animate their thinking more than anything else, they ignore and obfuscate and delay, all to our collective demise. How do you think a market model for collapse can possibly overcome geophysical, moral, and ethic limitations? My gut reaction is that economists and market fundamentalists see the proverbial nail and wanna maul it with all due force regardless of effectiveness. Doesn’t really address the problem. 28. “How do you think a market model for collapse can possibly overcome geophysical, moral, and ethic limitations?” I presume you mean a market model that can avert collapse. The system needs to operate within the constraints imposed by the natural world – that is the ultimate purpose of the scheme I advocate. Moral and ethical considerations are subjective, so have no place in the scheme and can be ignored, because the solution is empirical, meaning it works perfectly without any need for subjective or theoretical inputs. Under the scheme, businesses would not need to apply morality; they would just work out what is most profitable under the new market dynamics. Governments would not need to apply morality, because they just continue what they normally do in order to stay in power, including exploiting their budget positions which could either improve or worsen under the new global pricing dynamics. When businesses and governments get it right, and do things that inadvertently solve climate change while they pursue pure self interest, they will be rewarded. And when they get it wrong, they will pay their fees which directly subsidise their rivals. As I said, the race would be on, and none of the competitors would need to be motivated by morality. Once the scheme has been agreed and implemented, no one on the planet would need to even think about their own behaviour, and yet the market guidance system would automatically deliver the exact trajectory for global net emissions that it has been armed with. It is a set-and-forget solution, at least until the next global agreement that can be reached as a result of the effectiveness of the scheme, perhaps one to set an even more aggressive trajectory for net emissions to follow, or a new global agreement on the trajectory of some other aspect of sustainability, such as the depletion rates of finite resources and natural systems. We need to stop paying any attention to economists and other system propagandists, and start listening to those who operate in the real world, especially in real science and real systems engineering. 29. Brutus says: I knew I shouldn’t have fed the bear. What usually comes out the other end is a steaming pile, which is what we got. Apologies to other careful readers of this post and comments section. 30. 1in7.7B says: “Our best will not be enough, but we will do it anyway.” The Clever Ape has never done it’s best. Transcript from a “The Matrix” video I posted earlier. Agent Smith: I’d like to share a revelation during my time here. It came to me when I tried to classify your species. I realized that you’re not actually mammals. Every mammal on this planet instinctively develops a natural equilibrium with the surrounding environment but you humans do not. You move to an area and you multiply and multiply until every natural resource is consumed. The only way you can survive is to spread to another area. There is another organism on this planet that follows the same pattern. Do you know what it is? A virus. Human beings are a disease, a cancer of this planet. You are a plague, and we are the cure.” We have sexually abused ourselves. 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Back in the 6th C BC, among the Persians and Scythians of Asia, both men and women wore trousers, for warmth and comfort, so there’s nothing new about women wearing trousers. The word trousers comes from the Irish triús and the Scottish triubhas which also gave rise to trews, close-fitting tartan trousers. Ironically, the Scots and Irish wore kilts themselves. The ancient Greeks wore flowing robes and considered trousers to be ridiculous. The ancient Romans despised trouser-wearers as barbarians. However, by the 4th century in Britain, only women were wearing trousers. Men considered them unmanly and wore tunics, obviously influenced by the Romans ruling Britain. When the Romans left, the Germanic hordes invading Britain wore the trousers in more ways than one, and trousers eventually became the norm except for the clergy who continued to wear the flowing robes, as they do to this day. Throughout centuries, fashions changed and trousers came and went. In the nineteenth century women wore trousers to ride horses, but hid them by wearing full skirts on top. In Paris a police decree banned women from wearing trousers unless they had permission. Later the rule was modified and they were allowed only if they were riding a horse or bicycle. It was only in 2010 that Parisian law finally relented and officially allowed women to wear trousers. Breeches, also called britches or breeks are close-fitting trousers, like jodhpurs. The word ‘breeches’ is used in some translations of the book of Genesis describing Adam and Eve: “They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves breeches.” Pants comes from pantaloons, which were men’s attire similar to breeches but longer, ending mid-calf to ankle and more tightly fitted. They gradually morphed into women’s baggy trousers gathered at the ankle and were also called pantalettes. In America, Australia and NZ, ‘pants’ are used in place of ‘trousers’. Galligaskins or Gascon Hose were very full breeches gathered into the waistband and legbands but ended directly above the knee. Slacks, meaning ‘loose trousers’ was originally a military term. Nowadays the most popular trousers are jeans. The word ‘jeans’ comes from the French bleu de Genes meaning ‘the blue of Genoa’, referring to a cheap hard-wearing material for work trousers for sailors – what we now call denim, ‘de Nimes’. The trousers became popular with farm labourers and cowboys, due to German merchant Levi Strauss popularising blue denim trousers with reinforced riveted pockets. To be caught with your trousers down means to be caught in an embarrassingly unprepared state. To wear the trousers is to be the dominant partner and to fly by the seat of your pants means to rely on instinct rather than knowledge or logic. I hope I haven’t bored the pants off you. Happy Puzzling!
Medieval History 101: Robb and Joffrey Posted: September 10, 2014 by patricksponaugle in Game of Thrones, Opinion, TV Tags: , , , , This article will contain spoilers for the first four seasons of HBO’s Game of Thrones. Spoilers! Just go watch the show or read the books if you haven’t. Game of Thrones generates a tremendous amount of attention from fans who recap the episodes, analyze its faithfulness as an adaptation, follow casting and production information, and basically keep the show relevant during the off-season. It’s also easy to find articles of a more academic bent, where experts talk about Westeros’ unusual weather patterns, or how it’s possible to have wine when grapes need specific seasonal changes, or how representative the society on the show is in regards to Europe’s medieval period. I thought it might be interesting to have a series of posts focusing on elements of the show from the perspective of a student of medieval history. To be clear: I’m not talking about the perspective of an academic with a degree in Medieval History. I’m talking about a college student hoping to pass a hypothetical medieval history course, which for some reason was studying A Song of Ice and Fire. Possibly because the Medieval History department needed to bump up student enrollment numbers or something. Just go with it. Just the Facts, M’Lady Look, I’m not really a Student of Medieval History, but I took a medieval history course in college once (I’m so old, the course was called “Last Thursday“) so that’s my credential. Historians and academics might disagree, but to pass these liberal arts courses, I found that I needed to know the historical figures just well enough. Like, who their father was, or who their children were… the battles they were in. A few notable political events. Those sorts of factoids. Before the exam, I’d dash a few of these facts down on index cards or something (possibly clay tablets, I’m old) memorize the facts and hope I remembered them well enough for the test. And hope I didn’t associate the facts from one figure with another. For example, it would really be embarrassing to confuse heroic and and straightforward Robb Stark with cowardly and delusional Joffrey Baratheon. Luckily, there’s a world of difference between the two. Dad Facts: Robb: Father fought in the rebellion against the Mad King. Joffrey: Father* fought in the rebellion against the Mad King. Joffrey: Became king when his father died. Robb: Became king when his father died. Joffrey: Declared a usurper by Stannis Baratheon. Robb: Declared a usurper by Stannis Baratheon. Joffrey: His granddad saved the day by lifting the siege on the stronghold of King’s Landing. Robb: Saved the day by lifting the siege on his granddad’s stronghold, Riverrun. Joffrey: Created a rift in his domain by beheading a Northern lord. Robb: Created a rift in his domain by beheading a Northern lord. Robb: Broke off an arranged marriage to marry another, pawning off his first betrothed to his uncle. Joffrey: Broke off an arranged marriage to marry another, pawning off his first-betrothed to his uncle. He’s Dead, Jaime: Robb: Killed at a wedding, murdered by unreliable allies. Joffrey: Killed at a wedding, murdered by unreliable allies. Other than some subtle wordings on the Battles index card, Robb and Joffrey are just a subject/direct-object confusion away from being the same person. Luckily there aren’t any crazy rumors about Ned and Lyanna Stark. (There aren’t! Don’t start that rumor!) I’m not really saying that Robb and Joffrey are in any way similar. The human brain is wired to find patterns, and it’s not hard to see these comparisons over the contrasts. But these are the kind of relevant facts that are easy to recall for history exams. There are Two Sides to Every Story, but One Side’s Story Becomes History. The Other Side ends up a Different Type of History Just memorizing these facts aren’t going to give a complete picture of these two, despite their objectivity. For the essay part of this hypothetical exam, accounts of historians might be required to differentiate between Robb and Joffrey, should one need to resolve who was a wise leader and who was a tyrannical fool. But this isn’t foolproof, since it depends on who is being quoted. Imagine the Bolton and Karstark view of King Robb, the Young Wolf. For example, who is being described? A capable young man, strong military mind. Stern, but sterness in defense of the realm is no vice. The statement might certainly apply to young Robb Stark, but Maester Pycelle was talking about Joffrey. Madness, I know. But it does show the power of the historian to make or break kings. A Footnote in Someone Else’s History Page Further confusing the issue between the two, Robb and Joffrey both serve pretty much the same role in the War of the Five Kings. Their participation would probably be summed up like this: After Robert Baratheon’s death, there was a brief period of instability where several nobles declared kingship of either all or part of Westeros. And most ended up murdered. Neither Robb nor Joffrey lived long enough to really set a tone for their reigns, or do anything spectacular enough to merit much mention in the chronicles of the age. So we’re just left with the objective facts, showing both kings to be extremely similar. Is there a point to this? Other than just being an exercise in finding similarities between two characters who otherwise aren’t usually compared? Sure, I can probably make some relevant point. Martin’s work is notable for the moral shades of gray in many of the characters, and there is this oft-claimed rule that being a “good guy” is a short cut to death in the world of A Song of Ice and Fire. But the big picture storyline of Robb and Joffrey seems to contradict that assumption, since both kings’ journeys follow nearly identical paths. I can’t speak for future books, but although things seemed to be stacked against the “good guys” (whatever that means) things seem to be starting to balance out in the big picture. So, should you be taking a class in medieval history, try to dig deeper than I did into the lives and actions of the historical figures you’re studying, beyond the basic facts. I think it’s good to attempt to separate out the real world Robbs from Joffreys, if at all possible. To quote Stannis Baratheon, “A good act does not wash out the bad, nor a bad act the good.” Robb made mistakes, and I’m not entirely convinced that Joffrey is guilty of everything he’s been accused of. But that won’t be clear from a handful of index cards. Most images from HBO’s Game of Thrones, obviously. Images of Ned and Robert from Robert’s rebellion found respectively at: They’re great! I make no claims to the artwork, but some claims to the text (other than the quotes from Pycelle and Stannis.) So there. © Patrick Sponaugle 2014 Some Rights Reserved * Yes, yes, King Robert was not Joffrey’s biological father, but Joffrey’s claim to the throne was based on Robert’s belief that Joffrey was his son. If Ned can have secrets in regards to his acknowledged son Jon, then so can Cersei. Discuss! 1. Denise says: Hmm… I think there is something in what you are saying, in that the role of a King’s first born son is pretty much established throughout Westeros. They have a lot of traditional expectations put on them. You could even argue that their mistakes/decisions come about through similar pressures eg the decision not to marry the one they were originally betrothed to. (Definitely a mistake, Robb Stark.) 2. tfoz says: It seems to me that many characters get killed or maimed when they start to “love” or are in “loving” relationships, as in Robb, Lysa, Ned, Catelyn, Drogo, etc. I know this doesn’t apply to everyone, but just as some characters become happy, they get punished. • 🙂 Thanks for the comment, and a thought-provoking one at that! If you’re right, Dolorous Edd should live forever, that guy’s never happy. I guess there is something to “the other shoe dropping” where someone’s all “hey, everything’s going my way. Oh, what’s that noise aaaaaiiieeeeeee….” type of event. Certainly this applies to Renly. Maybe not so much to Robert, who was in a loveless relationship (I’m not trying to bring up counter-examples, I just like thinking some of this through.) Thank you again for dropping by, and for Following my blog, I appreciate it. 3. KG says: ha ha ha… very well made points 🙂 4. rizlatnar says: Great (but pretty old) post! I love my history, and I often study it just for fun. I remember characters in history for their reasons and motivations, not necessarily their personalities. And it’s completely true what you say about what history would say about Joffrey and Robb; they’re both really unimportant in the grand scheme of things. HOWEVER, I can see Robb Stark becoming something of a symbol for the independence of the North, while Joffrey….. well, nothing there really. What did he do? Well win a couple of battles. But Robb will probably be remembered for bringing independence to the North for a short period of time. Liked by 1 person • Totally agree! Unless the history is being as shallowly studied as I have constructed, Robb will definitely end up with a mythic larger than life folklore. He was getting that already in life, so in death, those Young Wolf magical stories should get a boost. Liked by 1 person 5. But Robb never lost a battle! Whereas Joffrey never really attended one. Although history might claim him the winner of the Blackwater, and attribute all of Tyrion’s great ideas to him… except that the most likely person to be writing said history at this point would be Tyrion! It’s in military history where the two might seem different, anyway. Liked by 1 person 6. […] would be relatively easy to compare these two powerfully political women by pointing out the similarities in Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon (and there are many) but this is a post about mothers, not […] Liked by 1 person You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
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Equatorial Guinea Abbreviations GQ is the abbreviation for Equatorial Guinea, the 141st largest country in the world. Officially the Republic of Guinea, Equatorial Guinea is a country located in Central Africa, bordering 2 countries – Cameroon and Gabon. Malabo is the capital city of Equatorial Guinea. Top 10 biggest cities are Bata (population: 173,035), Malabo (population: 155,952), Ebebiyin (population: 24,820), Aconibe (population: 11,181), Añisoc (population: 10,180), Luba (population: 8,644), Evinayong (population: 8,451), Mongomo (population: 6,382), Mikomeseng (population: 5,802), and Rebola (population: 5,439). Country Profile • Capital: Malabo • Language: Spanish. French, Portuguese • Area: 28,050 km2 • Population: 1,221,479 • Currency: Central African CFA franc (XAF) • Time zone: UTC+1 • Calling code: 240 • ISO 2-Letter Abbreviation: GQ • UN 3-Letter Abbreviation: GNQ • Internet TLD: .gq • State Government Website: Map of Equatorial Guinea List of Equatorial Guinea Acronyms The most commonly used abbreviations about Equatorial Guinea are GQ which stands for Equatorial Guinea and XAF which means Central African CFA franc (Equatorial Guinea currency). In the following table, you can see all acronyms related to Equatorial Guinea, including abbreviations for airport, city, school, port, government, and etc. GQ: Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea consists of one mainland and five islands. On the largest island, Bioko, lies the capital Malabo. Around three-quarters of the population lives on the mainland, which is largely covered by rainforest. Bioko is a volcanic island and is covered in jungle. In the north there are coffee and cocoa plantations. The country has a tropical rainy climate and a rich animal and plant life. Developments in the oil and forest industry have created several environmental problems. Oil spills have damaged the coastline, and many of the country’s animal and plant species are threatened because large rainforest areas have been cut down. Equatorial Guinea was populated by pygmies (population where the male average height is less than 150cm.) In the Iron Age. The country became a Portuguese colony in the 1400s, and was known as a shipping port for slaves for centuries. The two main parts of the country, the mainland and the island of Bioko, had a completely separate history until they became a Spanish colony in 1778. On the Bioko, the bubi people dominated, while the bujeba, belungue and the combe peoples had clan communities on the mainland. The Spaniards started coffee and cocoa plantations at Bioko. In the 1950s, the first nationalist parties in the colony were formed. They were dominated by the prisoners and demanded independence from Spain. Equatorial Guinea became an independent republic in 1968. Francisco Macias Nguema became the country’s first president. He quickly developed into a brutal dictator. Around a third of the population was killed or fled the country during his reign. In 1979, the president’s nephew, Obiang Nguema, made the coup, and the former dictator was executed. Society and politics Obiang Nguema, who belongs to the largest ethnic group in the country, has in practice had all the power since the coup in 1979. The president’s relatives and clan members hold important positions in the government, for example, his son is vice president. There have been riots and several coup attempts in recent years. After considerable international pressure, a new constitution and multi-party system was introduced in 1991. Nevertheless, free and fair elections have never been held in the country. The opposition is being pursued, and many have fled abroad. In 2011, amendments were made to the Constitution, which now says that the president can only be elected for two terms of seven years. It is still unclear whether Nguema will comply with this law. Several organizations report serious human rights violations, the justice system is not free and torture is common. Economics and Commerce Equatorial Guinea was formerly a poor country living on small scale farming and exporting cocoa, coffee and timber. After the discovery of oil and gas in 1995, the situation changed and the economy was one of the fastest growing in the world. Economic growth has made the country one of Africa’s richest on paper, but almost all the money has gone to the president and his immediate family and employees. The rest of the population is still living in extreme poverty. Equatorial Guinea therefore receives much assistance. After it became known that aid funds are being abused, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other donors have withdrawn from the country. Today, oil and gas is the country’s most important export commodity. The dependence on oil caused economic growth to stop when oil prices began to fall in 2013. Today, economic policy is about expanding several industries, in addition to oil and gas. The UN Association is offering a role-playing game for the 2019-20 school year in which students will try to resolve a conflict in the Security Council (Iran and the nuclear issue). Equatorial Guinea is a member of the Security Council, and the sections below are information related to this game. Relations with other countries in the Security Council Equatorial Guinea has a close relationship with France, and the two countries have agreed to work closely with the Security Council. Both the US and China are major investors in the country and are important to the economy. It is therefore of interest to Equatorial Guinea to maintain a good relationship with these great powers. The African countries in the Security Council also often come together to collaborate on various issues. Equatorial Guinea, like most other Security Council countries, is concerned that the nuclear deal with Iran will be destroyed as a result of the US withdrawal. Equatorial Guinea is also afraid of the consequences of a possible armed conflict between the US and Iran, and of the conflict affecting shipping and oil transport through the Persian Gulf. In a post on nuclear disarmament in the Security Council on 02.04.2019, Equatorial Guinea emphasized that the country does not have or want to acquire such weapons in the future. The country is a strong supporter of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, but is critical to the agreement being used unilaterally to try to prevent new countries from acquiring such weapons, while no similar demands are made for disarmament by the nuclear weapons states. The fact that countries are treated differently under the Non-Proliferation Treaty helps to weaken the principle of equality between the states in the world community. Equatorial Guinea is a proponent of the nuclear-free zone in various geographical regions and is itself a member of the nuclear-free zone in Africa. The whole world should be declared as such a zone, according to Equatorial Guinea. The country also believes it will be useful with a separate international agreement that ensures that uranium exported from countries in Africa is not used for military purposes elsewhere in the world. In his speech to the Security Council in April 2019, Equatorial Guinea expressed support for the UN Secretary-General, which has presented its own agenda for UN disarmament work in the years to come. This report (published in May 2018 under the title “Securing our Common Future”) contains many recommendations on nuclear disarmament that Equatorial Guinea believes the world community should follow up in the time to come. Abbreviation Archives
How to get rid of yellow jackets In the insect world, the hornet and Yellow Jacket are the most aggressive when it comes to defending their nests. Many people think the yellow jackets a bee, but compared to the bee, it has a thin waist. When they rest, the wings folded lengthwise. However, when you disturb a colony, all hell breaks loose, and they keep stinging. The problem is that having them in your garden is not such a dilemma, but it can become one when you have a picnic or eating outdoors as they are attracted to what you eat. Do you have a yellow jacket settlement in your garden? Are you wondering how to get rid of yellow jackets? You have arrived at the right place as we can help. What attracts Yellow Jackets? In the USA, you can find several species of this wasp with its yellow color looking as if it is wearing a jacket. You find them in northern temperature climates. However, you can also find the wasp with yellow jackets in the Western and Southern parts of the United States as well. Sometimes you can find the wasp in other parts of the world as well but mostly in the USA. The colony remains active throughout summer, and the queen then leaves the nest to start a new nest of yellow jackets. The wasps that remain die at the end of the season. The nest remains unused, except the German yellowjackets. The yellow jacket is social wasps that are part of the Vespula species. Yellow Jackets Nest Building In one season, a colony comprises thousands of workers, and the insect can make a nest in different structures. The German yellowjacket makes its nests in walls, cracks, crevices, wall voids, and crawlspaces of buildings. The problem is that this specie is a significant threat to the beekeeping industry as they can destroy a colony of bees quickly. So if you are in the beekeeping trade these insects do not have rights reserved and best to get rid of fast. The wasp uses paper from wood and saliva to build their nest and will reuse the nest year after year. Then you have other wasp species that make their nest in structures and the ground. The common yellowjacket can construct a nest above and below the ground. yellow jackets Yellow Jackets Eating Habits While the Western and Eastern yellow jacket makes their nest in the ground, some people call them the meat bees as they use rodent’s tunnels to build their nest and also enjoy feeding on meat from bees or the meat you eat. To see this wasps nest, you need to look for small stones or any dirt particles piled up around the burrow openings. Now, some of these insects do build aerial nests that hang from trees or at the eaves of buildings. These types of yellow jackets are not that aggressive as the ones you find building nests in structures. The yellow jacket also preys on different insects and arthropods. Furthermore, they will forage for food left behind by people as well. The yellow jackets love sweets and meats and considered a beneficial insect as it eats other insects. While they are useful, they can become a nuisance when aggressive and leave burning stings. Therefore, it is crucial to wear protective clothing when you do plan on taking care of the nests. What is the Best Way to Get Rid Of Yellow Jacket? During summer and you plan on mowing the lawn or use a brush cutter, it is best to inspect the yard for the insect wearing a yellowish jacket. While the sting is temporary and painful, some people do have an allergic reaction to a bite. The problem is that when you disturb a colony, you have more than one of these insects attacking you. The big question when should I spray my yellow jacket nests? The best time to do this is to locate the nest during the day and start treating it at night. The reason is that all wasps are active during the day and not at night. Moreover, no matter what you do wear protective clothing to tackle aerial nests to ground structures. Control Measures to Take First, you need to start sanitizing the area where you found the yellow jacket nest by removing possible food to reduce foraging during the late summer to mid-autumn. Keep garbage containers closed and make sure to empty open containers regularly. To kill the nest, you need to locate it first during the day to see where the entry and existing points are. You may find multiple entry points and best to make sure. For treating, the nest instead does it at night when it is dark. The main reason is that the wasp cannot see well, and the chance of getting stung reduces. Not only will it prevent you from hurt, but the whole colony will be present as well. There are different products available to treat the insect with its yellow body covered with a jacket : • Stryker 54 Contact Aerosol • PT 565 • CV-80D These products all have a gas form known as pyrethrum that fills up the cavity of the nest, killing all of them on contact. Once you have done this, you need to wait for the substance to dry and dust the opening with some Tempo Dust. What the insecticide does is prevent further hatch outs. Use the dust on the entranceways and the surrounding areas. Leave the nest overnight and check it in the morning to see if all the yellow jackets are dead and repeat if needed. You can also use D Fense or Evergreen Dust as well, that is a botanical insecticide. However, if you have a hard time getting into small places, use a Gotcha Sprayer Pro Adaptor that fits on an extension pole. Furthermore, we recommend that if you are not able to handle the yellow jackets infestation yourself call a pest control expert to take care of the problem. For the Best Results to Remove Yellow Jackets Another exceptional insecticide for removing any type of yellow jackets is Walt’s Yellow Jacket Kit made up of Tempo Dust and Stryker 54. Here we also recommend taking care of the yellow jackets nests in late summer. Alternatively, you can use yellow jacket bait stations and get the Alpine Yellow Jacket Bait Station with Onslaught Insecticide. You place the station with fresh meat and the insecticide, and it lures the yellow jacket to the bait. Once they ingest the meat mixture, it kills the insect. You can use the bait station during spring to summer for common yellow jacket infestations. However, during the fall months, the insect prefers eating carbohydrates instead. If you are not able to locate the yellow-jacket nest, then a trap works better. Doing this has loads of advantages as follow: • Place the trap away from the house, as you want to lure them in that direction. • You can use it during cookouts and picnics as it lures the insect away from you. • The traps work well with meat in warm months while fruit juice works best in late summer to fall. With Care and Caution, You Can Remove a Yellow Jacket When it comes to removing yellow jackets from your yard, the best is at night. Always hang traps or a bait station away from the home to prevent injury to animals and kids. However, during winter months, the yellow jacket can move into cracks in walls to survive the winter. You will only see them coming out in spring and called reproductive yellow-jackets that rarely sting. Furthermore, if the nest of the yellow jackets in a sunny location, they can survive. Use the method of Stryker 54 Contact Aerosol by spraying it directly into the entranceways, but do this when it is dark. (ad) Always remember to locate the wasp’s nest during the day to see where they enter, exist, and mark these points to treat at night. However, if you are concerned about removing the insect with its yellowish jacket yourself call in a pest control expert that knows what they are doing.
Companion Plant Last Updated: November 28, 2018 Definition - What does Companion Plant mean? A companion plant is a plant that is purposefully selected and grown in close proximity to other plants, particularly crops, to provide certain benefits. Many plants, when growing in the same area, will compete for resources. However, some plants are mutually beneficial to each other. Companion plants are carefully chosen depending on the needs of the horticulturalist and the desired effect they wish to achieve with the companion plant. MaximumYield explains Companion Plant Companion plants can provide many different benefits to other plants. Some companion plants can offer shade, replenish depleted nutrients in the soil, attract beneficial insects or deter garden pests. One example of utilizing companion plants is by planting corn, beans, and squash in the same area. As the corn grows, beans use the corn stalk for support and replenish nitrogen in the soil that was taken up by the corn. The squash then serves as a natural weed blocker because its large leaves prevent weeds from getting enough sunlight to propagate. Another example is to plant carrots and onions in alternating rows, which will allow the onions to help deter pests from the carrots. Crop are not the only type of companion plants. Some flowers, such as marigolds, help to repel insects. It should be noted that care must be taken when choosing companion plants as some can cause harm to neighboring plants. For example, if tomatoes and chili peppers are planted in close proximity, the chili peppers will draw whiteflies to the tomatoes. Share this:
PDC Homepage Home » Products » Purchase Raven: A Journal of Vexillology Volume 12, 2005 John B. Harker Pages 87-99 Betsy Ross: An American Legend and Patriot Revisited A family member examines the legend of Betsy Ross’s role in the creation of the first American flag and how that legend became overwhelmingly popular. Previously little-known and unknown evidence that shows Betsy Ross was well known during her lifetime, much earlier than the 1870 William Canby lecture. Such celebrity is strong support for what has been, until now, considered only a family “myth”. Usage and Metrics
A Look Into Smart Factories: A Model of IIoT Innovation Organizations worldwide are integrating the internet of things (IoT) closely into how they do business, a move that is as much about keeping up with the rest of the world as it is about improving operations. Such a large part of the IoT has been dedicated to industries that this aspect is given a further designation: the industrial internet of things (IIoT). The IIoT prominently exemplifies the convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT). Traditionally, IT and OT coexisted within most organizations but functioned separately. Advancements in technology that have made the IoT possible, including wireless sensors, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, advanced data analytics, and ubiquitous computing, have also made possible the integration of IT and OT systems, thereby extending each of the two technologies’ functions. The IIoT is at the heart of changes being implemented in many industries, and it is closely associated with what is being hailed as the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0, the current trend in manufacturing. The IIoT and Industry 4.0 present concepts and realities that advancements in technology have created, many of which can be better understood in the context of one of their embodiments: the smart factory. What are smart factories and what makes them work? Smart factories vary considerably as companies that use them employ components and processes that are specific to their respective products. However, smart factories can still be distinguished by certain shared characteristics that set them apart from conventional factories. A general description of smart factories is that they involve highly digitized and connected manufacturing to perform extended functions beyond automation. Network connectivity allows a smart factory to use data gathered from its environment as basis for a more autonomous, adaptive, and flexible response to whatever changes that may happen in and around it. In other words, smart factories are context-aware. For such capabilities to function for a smart factory, it must be supported by a background system that takes information from both the virtual and physical worlds surrounding it. Information circulating within a smart factory can therefore range from simulation models (virtual) to tool conditions (physical). This fusion of physical and virtual world information is made possible by cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and IoT systems working together to extend the capabilities of machines on the factory floor: • Cyber-physical systems. CPSs such as robots and process control systems entail the integration of physical, computational, and network processes, allowing each process to have an effect on the others. CPSs are largely responsible for creating the virtual copies of physical processes and surroundings. • IoT systems. Whereas the focus in CPSs is on how physical, computational, and network processes affect one another, the focus in IoT systems is on connecting smart objects or devices such as sensors and automated controls to a network to extend their functions. In the context of a smart factory, the IoT systems link the CPSs together. The combination of CPSs and IoT systems gives a smart factory certain characteristics that may be best described by four of the six design principles of Industry 4.0. Derived from a literature review on Industry 4.0, these principles serve as a guide for companies and manufacturers in their efforts to build a more digitized production chain: • Interoperability. One of the essential characteristics of the IoT, this enables machines and other devices that are essential to the production chain of a smart factory to communicate with one another and with the network. • Virtualization. With the ability of CPSs to monitor physical processes, a smart factory is able to simulate or create a virtual copy of the real world surrounding it. This enables the smart factory to integrate inputs from the virtual and physical worlds. As a result, the smart factory is able to act in a highly context-specific way using information from the past (simulations) and present (real-time monitoring). This also allows a more transparent view of the entire manufacturing process for operators. • Decentralization. In a smart factory, control isn’t limited to just a single computing unit. Because the CPSs function independently, a smart factory can be more flexible and optimized in solving problems. • Real-time capability. A smart factory has the capability to react to issues that may happen on the fly. Data is monitored in real time so that the factory can respond to what is happening around it. This ability to constantly monitor its processes also enables the smart factory to notice and even predict anomalies that otherwise might lead to more serious problems. Beyond the factory floor, a smart factory is characterized by its extensive influence on and connection with other parts of its production chain. A smart factory can work best within the confines of an equally smart and connected enterprise, where there is a sustained connection between all departments, extending even outside of the enterprise to customers and suppliers. What are the advantages of smart factories? A recent report on the future of manufacturing suggests that smart factories are in the future plans of manufacturers, as top spending priorities of manufacturers include smart factory components: IoT solutions, advanced robotics, advanced analytics, and cybersecurity. The main advantages of smart factories may be enough to persuade manufacturers to incorporate these facilities into their production chains: • Provide well-rounded information from automated data. Managers or decision-makers in manufacturing companies will find it easier to access a wealth of information for advanced production analytics, which can be used for implementing plans and measuring performance. • Improve quality of products. Aspects of smart factories, such as digital twins (virtual equivalents of physical assets and processes), enable the constant monitoring of the quality of products before they are released in the market. The abundance of data also helps detect patterns that affect the quality of the products. • Lower cost of production. The self-optimization characteristic of smart factories helps streamline processes and provides feedback for manufacturers to identify redundant or counterproductive steps on the entire production chain. • Offer predictive maintenance. The visibility of smart factories allows manufacturers to catch problems or maintenance issues before they create a significant effect on the rest of the equipment or the entire production chain. This aspect of smart factories also improves safety on the factory floor for employees by reducing the risk of accidents from malfunctioning equipment. What are the challenges in implementing smart factories? Despite the positives smart factories may bring to an enterprise, adopting their use is still a big choice to make. Even a small change in the manufacturing process can be a heavy decision for an enterprise, because at stake is the enterprise’s reputation with its customers as well as the quality and speed of its production. Fully implementing a smart factory, therefore, involves not only setting it up but also preparing for the challenges it may pose. One of the more pressing challenges is the huge amount of data a smart factory entails. Because of this, the enterprise must have protocols and systems in place for the proper use and handling of such a large quantity of data before setting up a smart factory. Examples of security threats to a smart factory with IT and OT convergenceExamples of security threats to a smart factory with IT and OT convergence The convergence of IT and OT in a smart factory also expands the enterprise’s attack surface, which may not be always fully considered in traditional security measures, e.g., fragmented security solutions that may not always apply to OT. Because of this, the smart factory may be susceptible not only to operational problems but also to cyberattacks involving malware, ransomware, distributed denial of service (DDoS), spear phishing, vulnerabilities, and device hacking, among others. [See: Integrating Security Into the IoT Strategy in the New Converged Environment] Building a smart factory Taking cues from the close integration of traditionally separate technologies (IT and OT, virtual and physical), companies looking into building smart factories must ensure the close cooperation between its IT and OT experts not only during the planning phase but all throughout the implementation of the smart factories. Considering how smart factories are dynamic in nature, manufacturers must also continue development even after the smart factories are fully constructed. Even with the more autonomous production of these facilities, how the smart factories will fulfill the overarching company goals still remains in the hands of the company decision-makers. Rounding off the preparation of smart factories are security solutions that must be closely integrated in the design of the facilities to support the transition toward them without being susceptible to threats that may arise from a wider attack surface. Departments that maintain IT and OT should work together to share their expertise to take right security posture across both technologies. To fully realize the potential of smart factories, companies must understand that implementing them is a gradual process that mirrors the development that made smart factories possible in the first place. Manufacturing is one of the industries that showcase turning points in technological advancements, and the smart factory demonstrates a relatively recent innovation brought about by the IIoT, CPSs, and the many components that made both possible. Indeed, the general trend of development is the convergence and integration of technologies that traditionally existed in silos, and the consequent creation of a new space for further innovation. Like it? Add this infographic to your site: Image will appear the same size as you see above.
3D texture measurement The texture defines the gap between a road surface and a perfectly flat surface in various spatial wavelengths. It is a key parameter in the generation of tyre/road noise. Its features influence several mechanisms contributing to noise emission. The 3D profilometer is a in situ measurement system of road texture. It carries out static three-dimensional topographical recordings on a length approx. 1.5 metre and a width 35 cm. The measuring is contactless and uses a laser profile sensor which scans the surface in multiple passes. The reconstitution of the whole measured surface is achieved through laboratory post-processing. This sytem is used for the UMRAE research needs on the acoustical optimisation of road surfaces. With the texture recordings, the road texture can be characterized regarding its acoustic performance. They can also be used as inputs of physical models aiming at a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in rolling noise generation.
Bey : définition de Bey et synonymes de Bey (anglais) Publicité ▼ définition - Bey bey (n.) 1.the governor of a district or province in the Ottoman Empire 2.(formerly) a title of respect for a man in Turkey or Egypt"he introduced me to Ahmet Bey" Merriam Webster BeyBey (bā), n. [See Beg a bey.] A governor of a province or district in the Turkish dominions; also, in some places, a prince or nobleman; a beg; as, the bey of Tunis. définition (complément) voir la définition de Wikipedia Publicité ▼ -Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev • Aguenar – Hadj Bey Akhamok Airport • Ahmad bey Javanshir • Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif • Ali Bey Al-Kabir • Ali Bey al-Abbasi • Ali Bey, Prince of Dulkadir • Ali Kemal Bey • Ambasse bey • Andy Bey • Antar Bey • Arifin Bey • Aslan-Bey Shervashidze • Ayetullah Bey • Baylar Bey • Bedirhan Bey • Bey (disambiguation) • Bey (title) • Bey Hamam • Bey Logan • Bey Logan filmography • Bey Soo Khiang • Bey Yuhming • Bey al-Kursi • Bey al-Mahalla • Bey of Tunis • Bey, Ain • Bey, Saône-et-Loire • Bey-sur-Seille • Cevdet Bey • Chaka Bey • Chief Bey • Cihangirzade İbrahim Bey • Dar-el-Bey • Darrius Heyward-Bey • David Bey • Dawoud Bey • Erich Bey • Et'hem Bey Mosque • F. D. Amr Bey • Faruq Z. Bey • Faïk bey Konitza • Firudin bey Kocharli • Frank Bey • Gasim bey Zakir • Gregory Bryant-Bey • Grigory Bey-Bienko • Hacı Arif Bey • Hakim Bey • Halil Sami Bey • Halil Sami bey • Hannelore Bey • Hasan bey Zardabi • Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia • Husni Bey • Ibrahim Bey • Ilias Bey Vrioni • Iskander Bey • Jamil Mardam Bey • Janus Bey • Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey • Karim Bey • Karim bey Mehmandarov • Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze • Khai'r Bey • Khalil Bey • Khalil Mardam Bey • Khudadat bey Malik-Aslanov • Lamine Bey • Lawrence Clay Bey • Mehmed Bey • Mehmet Cavit Bey • Moncef Bey • Muhammad Khayr Bey • Muhammed Emin Zeki Bey • Murad Bey • Naim Bey • Najaf bey Vazirov • Observe with Sadiq Bey • Orhan Bey • Osman Hamdi Bey • Radical Niyazi Bey • Radu Gioan Bey • Rauf Yekta Bey • Reşit Bey • Richard Bey • Salim Bey Karam • Salome Bey • Samad bey Mehmandarov • Sami Bey Vrioni • Sanjak bey • Sanjak-bey • Sanjaq-bey • Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze • Serapis Bey • Sultan Rafi Sharif Bey • Tamburi Cemil Bey • Tanburi Büyük Osman Bey • The Conscience of Hassan Bey • The Memoirs of Naim Bey • The Richard Bey Show • Tugai Bey • Tugay Bey • Turhan Bey • Uthman ibn Ali (Bey of Tunis) • Wee bey • Wee-Bey Brice • Xhelal Bey Zogu • Yusuf Bey • İsa Bey Mosque • Şahin Bey Publicité ▼ dictionnaire analogique Bey (Ottoman Turkish: بك, Beg, Beğ) is a title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. According to some sources, the word "Bey" is of Turkish language[1][2][3] In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg, Bek, Bay, Baig or Beigh. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "lord". The regions or provinces where beys ruled or which they administered were called beylik, roughly meaning "emirate" or "principality" in the first case, "province" or "governorate" in the second (the equivalent of duchy in Europe). Today, the word is still used informally as a social title for men (somewhat like the English word "mister"). Unlike "mister" however, it follows the name ("Fahrettin Bey") and is used generally with first names and not with last names. Turkish and Azerbaijani beys Over time the title became somewhat devalued, as Bey was even used as a courtesy title (alongside Pashazade) for a pasha's son. It also came to be attached to officers and dignitaries below those entitled to be pashas, notably the following military officer ranks (still lower ranks were styled efendi): • Miralai (army colonel or navy captain) • Kaimakam (army lieutenant-colonel or navy commander) Beys elsewhere • Bey was also the title that was awarded by the Sultan of Turkey in the twilight of the empire to Oloye Mohammed Shitta, an African merchant prince of the Yoruba people who served as a ranking leader of the Muslim community in the kingdom of Lagos. Subsequently, he and his children became known in Nigeria by the compound name Shitta-Bey, a tradition which has survived to the present day through their lineal descendants. The title is also used within the Moorish American community / membership of the Moorish Science Temple of America as a tribal honourific which denotes an Islamic governor along with the pre-word El. For the use of the title in the former Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth please check Mirza The word entered English from Turkish bey,[1] and the Turkish word has its origins in Old Turkic beg.[2] There are different theories about the further etymology of the word beg. According to one theory the word may ultimately come from Middle Chinese baak, pak.[4] Another theory states that the word may have its origins in Sogdian baga.[5] Gerhard Doerfer pointed out the possibility that the word is genuinely Turkic.[6] See also 1. ^ a b "bey.". Merriam-Webster Online. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/bey. Retrieved 22 March 2008. 2. ^ a b "bey.". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html. Retrieved 22 March 2008. 3. ^ "bey.". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079010/bey. Retrieved 22 March 2008. 4. ^ "bey.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bey. Retrieved 22 March 2008. 5. ^ Carter Vaughn Findley, Turks in World History, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 45: "... Many elements of Non-Turkic origin also became part of Türk statecraft [...] for example, as in the case of khatun [...] and beg [...] both terms being of Sogdian origin and ever since in common use in Turkish. ..." 6. ^ "beg.". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beg-pers. Retrieved 7 May 2011. Toutes les traductions de Bey Contenu de sensagent • définitions • synonymes • antonymes • encyclopédie • definition • synonym Publicité ▼ dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web Essayer ici, télécharger le code; Solution commerce électronique Augmenter le contenu de votre site Parcourir les produits et les annonces Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu. Indexer des images et définir des méta-données Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue). Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet. Jeux de lettres Les jeux de lettre français sont : ○ Anagrammes ○ jokers, mots-croisés ○ Lettris ○ Boggle. Dictionnaire de la langue française Principales Références L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU). Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. 4916 visiteurs en ligne calculé en 0,078s Je voudrais signaler : section : une faute d'orthographe ou de grammaire un contenu abusif (raciste, pornographique, diffamatoire) une violation de copyright une erreur un manque merci de préciser :
Greenstick & Buckle Fracture What is a Greenstick Fracture? Greenstick fractures get their name from the analogy of a green (new/young) piece of wood breaking. A greenstick fracture occurs when a bone bends to its limit and then one part of the outside layer cracks (but doesn’t technically break). This crack is only partially through the bone and is considered less severe than a complete break (where there is a clear break right through the width of the bone).  A greenstick fracture is an injury commonly seen in kids who have young/soft bone. What is a Buckle Fracture? A buckle fracture results from a compression force when the pressure/force causes the outer layers to fail and fold in on themselves creating a bump. Buckle fractures are sometimes called Torus fractures because this bump along the shaft of the bone resembles the shape of the columns of buildings. Again, this mainly involves the outer layers of bone and is also considered less severe than a full break.  Why do These Fractures Only Happen in Children’s Bones? These types of fractures normally occur in children or young adults. A growing skeleton is slightly less rigid than an adults and thereforetends to have a bit more give (flex) which leads to different fracture patterning to adults. This is a really good thing and a perfectly normal part of development. They are designed that way to accommodate the continual growth of children and adolescents and the types of strain their bones are subject to. Despite their flexible nature the developing bones are still very strong and it takes a lot of force to injure them. When we get to our 20’s our bones are finished growing and therefore are more rigid and don’t allow as much bend (flex) as a childs bone. How do greenstick & buckle fractures happen? Greenstick and buckle fractures can both occur in the same way as they are quite similar types of injuries. The most common mechanism of injury is a fall, particular onto an outstretched hand. However, there are many different ways this injury can occur. Basically, whenever there is an impact injury with significant forces (such as falling, landing awkwardly from a jump/heightinvolved there is a potential for one of these less severe fractures to occur. How is it diagnosed?  Your Physiotherapist will perform a detailed interview and physical assessment and from there they will develop a working diagnosis which may include bone and soft tissue injuries. Sometimes it is obvious this type of injury has occurred but regardless they will arrange an Xray which will help confirm this type of injury. Treatment for Greenstick & Buckle Fracture The key to getting a good result after a distal radius fracture (or any other fracture) and returning to full function is early management. Activate Physiotherapy offer same day appointments to attend their fracture clinic to ensure your distal radius fracture is managed with the best management from the start. The treatment is specific to each person, injury type and its location in the body. The great news is that the majority of greenstick and buckle fractures are able to be managed conservatively. The first line of treatment will be protecting the fracture site while it is healing. This may involve the use of a brace/splint depending on what fracture you have and in which bone. If a brace is needed,  Activate Physiotherapy will fit you with one on the same day. Braces/splints work by protecting your fracture by keeping it in a stable position. Your physiotherapist will advise you on the appropriate length of time specific to the nature and severity of your injury. In addition to a protective brace as required immediate management involves: • Rest, • Ice, • Compression, • Elevation, and • Referral for imaging Our approach is unique and our physiotherapists understand the importance of integrating your rehab during the healing process and will assist you with a rehabilitation program at the various stages of your healing journey. This reduces the complications that often occur from wrist fractures. When healing is finished your muscles will be weaker because they haven’t been used as much. Your physiotherapist can assess your strength levels and give you exercises to strengthen your muscles and get them back to normal. It is important to tell your Physiotherapist about any specific goals or sports you may have so they can make your exercises specific to your needs.  Green stick and buckle fractures will heal a bit quicker than the more severe fractures. Normally buckles will heal within 3-4 weeks and greenstick within 4-6 weeksFollowing this a period of exercise training is needed to return your injured area to full function. Most if not all patients with uncomplicated green stick or buckle fractures make a full recovery in approximately 6-8 weeks.  How to Make a Fracture Clinic Appointment Making an appointment at our fracture clinic is as easy as booking online for your nearest Brisbane based Activate Physiotherapy clinic in Stafford or Gumdale. No Xray? No problem! We can arrange bulk-billed xrays to confirm diagnosis and monitor healing. Need your cast removed? We can help with that too! We are able to remove backslabs and full plaster or polyester casts
Magnets are wonderful things to experiment with and in this project we shall use a magnet to alter the built in compass of the micro:bit. Changing where it believes North will be and using it to create a simple alarm. Parents: Please note that children should only use fridge magnets and not rare earth / neodymium magnets as they can be harmful if swallowed. Step 1 - Startup Screen When our micro:bit starts up we need to test that our compass is working, and so we use a repeat 4 times loop found in the Loops section. Step 2 - Check your heading We can find the compass heading block in Inputs. Drag the block over. But how can we use it? We need to use a block to scroll it across the micro:bit. Step 3 - Show The Heading Inside of the repeat loop we use the Show Number block from Basic to scroll the compass heading across the micro:bit. This tests that our compass is working. Step 4 - A Little Logic Goes A Long Way From Logic, we need to grab the ”if true then..else” block and place it inside the forever block. This will check to see if a certain condition has been met. Step 5 - Checking values From Logic we use the “0 < 0” and place it over “true”, then we use another “compass heading” block in the first 0 and change the other to 200. Step 6 - So what happens if... Compass headings can be between 0 and 360, the value 200 found using the startup script and noting the normal value. But if the value is below 200, then we show the surprised icon from Basic. Step 7 - All Is Normal But if the alarm has not been triggered, then the magnet is still in place and so we use the else condition and another “show icon” block to show a happy face. Step 8 - Final Code Here is the final code for the project, does it match yours? Check for any bugs before downloading the code to your micro:bit. Step 9 - Magnetic alarm Program in action The compass is located in the top right of the micro:bit, and when we use the magnet it alters where the micro:bit thinks magnetic north is and so we can control the direction. That’s it, now download the code to your micro:bit and when it has finished, move the magnet towards and away from the micro:bit and watch the screen change. Well done you have made your own magnetic alarm. You can attach this to a door and add a speaker to make loud noises to scare away parents / pets / siblings. You can learn how to connect a speaker by reading Issue 2 where we make a countdown timer.
An extra view on smoking Why do people carry on smoking, and why is stopping smoking so hard to do? An internal locus of control is when people feels in control of themselves, they feel they can and do affect their own lives, make their own decisions and so on. An external locus of control is where people feel they don’t have control over their own lives, so that it does not matter what they do or don’t do as it won’t affect them because outside forces and people have the power and make the decisions. A 2012 USA study has now shown that ‘nicotine dependent’ participants, i.e. people addicted to smoking, are vulnerable to feeling a loss of self-control, to having an external locus of control. The study also found that smoking a cigarette had a double effect, improving mood and restoring a more external locus of control (increased self-control). Clearly this can go some way to explaining why people smoke and why it is so hard to quit the habit. However stopping smoking might be a little less daunting if alternative improving-self-control strategies could be taught, especially if these also raised mood. Suggested strategies include exercise as this puts the person in control and the endorphins released would boost positive mood. Heckman,B.W., Ditre,J.W. and Brandon,T.H. The restorative effects of smoking upon self-control resources: A negative reinforcement pathway.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2012; 121 (1): 244
Fri, July 3, 2020 Our Favorite Facts Liz Favorite Fact 1 – Episode 50, Public’s Questions #9: How do gorillas share knowledge? Non-human primates don’t have the same speaking abilities we do to communicate thoughts and ideas. However, this doesn’t mean that gorillas can’t learn from each other! Studying exactly how gorillas learn is difficult, but research has shown that social learning, which is learning from others, can play an important role. Gorillas have even been shown to learn through basic forms of imitation (e.g. copying specific body motions). One area of potential social learning in gorillas is the recognition of snares. It could be that gorillas learn that snares are dangerous without ever being caught in one by watching the reaction of experienced group members. Liz Favorite Fact 2 – Episode 33, Dian Fossey: Dian took initiative to get the career that she wanted In 1963, Dian took a leave from her physical therapy job and traveled to Africa to talk to Louis Leakey, a paleontologist that gave Jane Goodall her start working with chimpanzees. Without an invitation, Fossey showed up at Leakey’s dig site in hopes that he would help her start a career in studying gorillas. When Dian arrived at Leakey’s dig site, she fell and broke her ankle AND one of his excavated fossils! Three years later, Leakey contacted her and asked her to study mountain gorillas on a long-term research project. The rest is history! Liz Favorite Fact 3 – Episode 42, Research: Recent research projects While we are currently continuing to collect our long-term observational data and add to our ever-growing database, we have recently completed some very exciting photogrammetry studies! Photogrammetry is the science of taking measurements from photographs. With this technology, we can measure the size of gorillas as well as growth patterns! One study looked at what factors influence reproductive success in male gorillas. We came to the conclusion that sagittal crest height and back breadth are the greatest predictors of reproductive success. Using photogrammetry methods, we have also discovered that males and females grow the same way until the age of 8. After that, growth patterns between the sexes are different. We’ve also learned that female gorillas stop growing around the age of 12, while male gorillas continue growing until they are about 15. Liz Favorite Fact 4 – Episode 1, Mountain Gorillas: Mountain gorillas are the only subspecies of gorilla whose population is increasing. While all other populations of great apes (except humans) are decreasing in size, the mountain gorilla population is actually increasing! Mountain gorilla numbers have consistently risen over the last 30 years. Gorilla census information is split between the Virunga population (living in the Virunga Massif) and the Bwindi population (living in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park). At the lowest point, the Virunga population dropped to approximately 250 individuals in the early 1980s, classifying them as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Today, the same population stands just over 600 individuals! The Bwindi population is increasing as well and is currently at 400 individuals. Due to this consistent increase, mountain gorillas have recently been reclassified from critically endangered to endangered, which is one step further away from extinction. This incredible population recovery is a result of the conservation leadership of the countries where mountain gorillas are found as well as the work of conservation groups like the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund and its team of trackers, researchers, staff, and donors! Liz Favorite Fact 5 – Episode 22, Public’s Questions #5: Do gorillas cry? Much like people, gorillas definitely have emotions, and they can feel distress. Gorillas may cry out as vocalizations, but they actually don’t produce tears like humans do when we cry. Gorillas produce tears in order to lubricate their eyes, but tear production as a form of distress is completely unique to humans within the primate species! Ellen Favorite Fact 1 – Episode 30, Solitary Males # 1: Being solitary is normal for silverbacks While gorillas are social creatures, it’s normal for a silverback to live a solitary life. Gorilla groups typically consist of a single dominant silverback with multiple females— the one exception is mountain gorillas, where multi-male groups make up about 40% of the population. As they have a 50:50 sex ratio at birth, this means not every male will have a female partner. Once males leave their birth groups, they usually remain solitary until they are able to form a group of their own or join a bachelor group if one is around. Ellen Favorite Fact 2 – Episode 19, Gorilla Anatomy # 6: Gorillas don’t have chins!! If you compare a human and a gorilla skull, you might notice that the area underneath the mouth of the human sticks out and away from the skull, while the area under the gorilla mouth actually slopes back towards the skull. This slope may look strange to you, but it’s far more common than you think! In fact, humans are the only animals that we know of that have the bony protrusion beneath their mouths known as the chin. Researchers are still trying to understand why that is! (Pampush & Daegling, 2016). Ellen Favorite Fact 3 – Episode 5, Biodiversity # 5: Gorillas are vegetarians, making plant biodiversity key to their survival! Gorillas consume about 200 different species of plants throughout the year but fewer than 10 make up more than 85% of their diet. Thus, monitoring the distribution and availability of key gorilla food species is very important for gorilla conservation. This is where long-term data are really important—we have been able to show that plant distributions have changed over the last 20-30 years. For example, gallium, which is one of the gorillas’ favorite foods, has decreased in availability since the 1980s. We now need further studies to understand what is causing this change. Ellen Favorite Fact 4 – Episode 14, Infancy # 5: Silverbacks assist in infant care Adult male mountain gorillas don’t know which infant is theirs, but they spend time caring for and socializing with older infants. One famous example is the silverback Cantsbee, who was known to “babysit” five or six infants while their mothers were foraging. Research has also shown that blackback (immature) mountain gorilla males who spend more time playing with infants and juveniles are more likely to sire offspring once they become silverbacks. Ellen Favorite Fact 5 – Episode 32, Valentines Day # 2: Proximity patterns give us insight into gorilla social lives On the social interaction scale, gorillas score pretty low. Unlike chimpanzees, who embrace, hold hands and even kiss, gorillas are much more socially reserved. Thus, an important tool to help us understand underlying social relationships is proximity patterns—who is sitting near whom. We can create networks of social relationships simply by looking at how gorillas distribute themselves, especially during rest periods. Amazingly, by looking at their proximity patterns, researchers can also see reconciliation between individuals! One study found that after a fight, gorillas were more likely to sit near their former opponent, likely as a way to reestablish their social bond. Honorable Mentions Episode 10, Titus: Titus’ leadership style changed the way researchers view the male hierarchy As Titus matured in his bachelor group, he gradually challenged the dominant silverback, Beetsme, for leadership. At age 17 he finally succeeded in taking over. Interestingly, he allowed Beetsme to remain as an assistant, helping to protect the group, until Beetsme’s death in 2001. This challenged the assumptions previously held by primatologists that male gorillas could not form a group together, and that a dominant male would have to leave his group after being usurped by a younger male. Episode 13, Night Routine: Gorillas make nests to sleep in every night! To build their nests, gorillas use different vegetation including leaves, parts of bushes and branches to form layers of bedding into a circular nest. Nest building usually takes around 5 minutes. Mountain gorillas are typically seen building their nests on the ground, however some individuals may choose to rest in an elevated nest. Because these nests are constructed to sleep in overnight,gorillas aren’t usually seen to build them during their midday siestas. Episode 17, Public’s Questions #4: What is the daily life of a gorilla like? On a typical day, gorillas don’t actually do very much! The majority of a gorilla’s day will consist of resting, traveling, and foraging . On average, they only move about one mile per day, so even traveling doesn’t involve too much activity. Resting, traveling, and foraging combined make up around 95% of the gorilla’s day. The other part of their day may be spent participating in social behaviors such as playing or grooming. Episode 19, Gorilla Anatomy: Gorillas basically have 4 thumbs! Like most primates, gorillas have opposable thumbs on their hands. But did you know that they also have semi-opposable feet? Their big toe is longer and placed lower on the foot than human big toes are. Gorilla big toes are also very flexible, which helps with the grasping and climbing behaviors that are so integral to daily gorilla life (Tocheri et. al., 2011). Humans, on the other hand, have shorter, forward facing big toes which provide pushing power for walking, rather than grasping ability (Rolian et. al., 2009). Episode 32, Valentine’s Day: Proximity patterns give us an inside look at their social lives Gorillas have a unique social structure in which both sexes tend to leave their family group once they reach maturity. This opposes other ape species, like the chimpanzee and bonobo that have large fission fusion groups, and orangutans with their semi-solitary lifestyles. Because gorillas leave their natal groups, there aren’t many of the super close bonding behaviors, including embraces and kisses, that you might see out of chimpanzees and bonobos. Instead, researchers look at proximity to determine social bonds. Gorillas tend to spend their time closer to the individuals they like and further away from the individuals that they don’t. Due to this, behaviors like one gorilla moving away when another gorilla comes close gives us clues into their social lives. By looking at their proximity patterns, researchers can also see reconciliation between individuals! This means that after a fight, we are more likely to see the individuals sitting next to each other as a way to restrengthen their bond. Episode 34, Misconceptions: Primates do not make good pets You may see pictures of baby primates, especially gorillas and think “how cute! I would love one as a pet!” But gorillas and other primates make AWFUL pets for a whole host of reasons! Most are stronger than the average human with sharp teeth and can easily inflict injury. They can be difficult to care for, requiring specialized diets. They have habits you likely don’t want in your house—urine washing to mark territory comes to mind. As they depend on their social groups to thrive, primates who are isolated from peers often become psychologically damaged. Episode 44, Mother’s Day: Like human mothers, gorilla moms will go to great lengths to protect their offspring. Female mountain gorillas typically spend their entire lives in groups, relying on a silverback to provide general protection to the group, primarily from other gorilla males who often target infants when they interact with a group. If for some reason the group disbands, usually after the death of the silverback, females will transfer into another group. But mountain gorilla mother Pasika surprised us a few years ago. After her group disbanded, she traveled alone with her 1-year-old infant, Mashami. We assume this was to protect him, as given his age, if she had transferred into the group, the dominant male would likely have killed Mashami so that Pasika would have started cycling again. After 7 months of being solitary, Pasika was found in the company of lone silverback Turatsinze, and unfortunately without her infant. While Mashami did not survive, it is amazing to see what Pasika did for her infant and is something we have only seen once in the Fossey Fund’s 50-year history. Episode 45, Public’s Questions #8: What are gorilla personalities like? Just like humans, every gorilla has a different personality! Generally, young gorillas are energetic and playful, but as they mature, they usually calm down and spend less time playing. However, you may still see adults engaging in play! Overall, gorillas are gentle, curious, and quite shy. Episode 49, Father’s Day: Silverbacks are more than just protectors! Silverbacks may have historically been thought of as just the protector, but they fill many roles within the group. They lead daily travel and activities, keep the group cohesive and peaceful, defend the group from outside male intruders. But just like human dads, gorilla dads know how to have a little fun with their little ones. They are incredibly patient, often acting as jungle gyms for infants who lay on and roll off their backs. On more than one occasion we have seen Mafunzo babysitting and playing with up to six infants and silverback Isabukuru was a favorite among our staff for his love of hanging out with the youngsters in his group. Adopt a gorilla! Join Our Mailing List
An appeal to our Christmas Futures If earth’s history is a calendar year Time. First plants arrive at the end of November; insects in early December; flowers just before Christmas; Hominids land at 5pm on 31st December. And with just 7 seconds to go before the next year begins we arrive at the apex of 4.5 billion years of evolution into the Anthropocene, a new geological era which began in 1950, literally shaped by us. Our choices in clothes, travel, food and culture are proving more powerful than meteors and earthquakes combined. We even have our own anthropogenic rock type: Plastiglomerate. This era is based on a simple notion: endless growth. Only it’s not so endless, as we now know. We have used 33% of earth’s natural resources, the vast majority in the the last 40 years Every year we extract 55 billion tons of bio-mass, fossil energy, metal and minerals from the earth. We take it out, use it and then chuck it away in unusable, toxic, unstable and deeply destructive forms with unintended but increasingly manifest consequences. This creative, complex and abundant world – perhaps unique in the vastness of the universe – is in terrible trouble This situation has accelerated exponentially over the last 40 years. In 1979 carbon was at 333parts per million, now it is at 407.8ppm, higher than at any point in at least the past 800,000 years and 147% above the “pre-industrial” level of 1750. Reporting the future Last year the United Nations published 4 reports. The first one on climate change was the rallying cry to act within 12 years, the immediate trigger for the climate emergency movement and student strikes Then: Biodiversity in April; Land in May; Oceans in July. None of them are comfortable (for me biodiversity was the most distressing; the more we understand about animals and plants the more their complexity and, in so many cases, their capacity to feel, learn, and communicate is revealed). Each of them sounds the alarm and gives a clear set of recommendations, for rapid implementation. Instead of extracting we need to turn around and make it regenerative. So how are we doing? The UK is a mixed picture. As a measure of direct emissions the UK’s carbon has gone down – remarkably so, unless you include the carbon locked in to the clothes, toys and gizmos made in other countries. Meeting future carbon budgets and the UK’s 2050 target to reduce emissions by at least 100% of 1990 levels will require reducing domestic emissions by at least 3% of 2018 emissions, that is 50% higher than under the UK’s previous 2050 target and 30% higher than achieved on average since 1990. This is an indication of how substantial the step up in action must be to cut emissions in every sector. Biodiversity and natural habitats less so; we have 13% of natural habitat left – less than anywhere else in Europe. We have the climate change act, and parliament, and over 400 local authorities who have called a climate emergency. We are way ahead of North America in terms of single use plastic, but not so good as Europe; we could do much more on waste and recycling. Public awareness in this country is high though, and that is an extremely precious asset. The climate emergency declarations that swept across the country last year, from Bristol City Council to Parliament, including Culture, Music, Architecture and Heritage. The arts are really stepping in to this space and that is a really good story. Is it enough? Of course not. We need to continue to look at net zero carbon as our goal, we need to create places for and of nature, corridors of life throughout our lives. We need to be annoyed that the current model of growth and progress has been so stupid, misguided and destructive and we haven’t really noticed, and the arts need to take on the task of demonstrating what matters in how we do things, and to give meaning to the feeling and passions that will move us to action. And if climate change as an idea doesn’t mean much to you then just take a walk outside by a river or canal, listen to the wind whispering the leaves, or notice that desk plant quietly filtering the air. Connect to the devastating beauty of it all, and all that we risk losing. If I get to be 95 that’s another 40 years, the same time it has taken to create much of this mess, I need to imagine what that 40 years might be. How I live it, how we live it, and what I can do now to steward well and look ahead. Because if we really want to, we can do this. Alongside the finance, policies, legalities, diplomacy etc etc etc we need acts of love, intelligence, foresight, and generosity. We need to get some perspective that’s got lost, get real, and make tomorrow well. -Alison Tickell, December 2019 Share this page
Heat pumps can cool your home in the summer and heat it in the winter. If you’re new to the idea of this innovative solution to efficiently keeping your home at a comfortable temperature in an environmentally-friendly way, here’s what you need to know. heat pumpsWhat They Are Basically, heat pumps are mechanical-compression refrigeration devices that can heat or cool a controlled space. When you have one of these systems installed in your home, it will typically include two main parts. The first is an indoor unit known as the air handler, and the second is an outdoor unit. This outdoor unit slightly resembles a traditional air conditioning unit, but is known as a heat pump. To heat or cool a building, the compressor circulates refrigerant that is responsible for absorbing and releasing heat as it goes between both the outdoor and indoor components. How They Work Depending on the season, heat pumps constantly move warm air from one area to another. During the winter, the heat pump will extract warm air from outside and then move it inside. When warmer temperatures are present, the pump will act almost like an air conditioner and remove heat accumulating inside your home. The Benefits Heat pumps are extremely energy-efficient, since they move heat instead of generating it. Additionally, since these systems use the energy from the sun, you can significantly reduce your home or business’ heating and cooling costs. To find out more about heat pumps, how they work, and their benefits, give us a call at HAYNES Heating & Cooling.
January 24 Lesson 17-A Preparing Your Over-Wintered Hive for Spring …that the cluster size is critical to colony survivability. …that bees need pollen patties no later than Feb 1st. Traditionally, beekeepers are told that as long as the hive has 80 pounds of honey, they’ll make it through winters. And, that’s about all beekeepers have done, left plenty of honey in the hive and maybe wrapped some roofing paper around the hive, and accept the fact that there is always a 20-50% expected loss. To me, that’s a bit lazy. To do so little, and settle for such losses is unacceptable to me. My bees are worth more than that to me, and I don’t mean financially, but these are my bees that I have been entrusted to care for. Surely I can do better than this. That’s why I put extra time in research and monitoring my hives this winter. Beekeepers often lose hives that have plenty of honey and they usually guess as to why they died with plenty of food. They will say that maybe the Tracheal mites got ’em or maybe the queen died in the fall or maybe it was just too cold or too wet or they had Nosema. Certainly these are possibilities. However, many winter deadouts are caused from poor management…pilot error that could have easily been avoided. Since last week I have learned it is best to LEAVE THE PAPER ON!! If you take it off, the patty can become too moist and can mold. The bees will remove the paper themselves. While we do not enjoy eating cheeseburgers with paper on them…bees do! I have been placing these on your hives as I have inspected them this winter. We placed another on your hive when we inspected together last week (those of you who met with me to do so). Counting shipping I have have $100 invested in this effort and will welcome any contributions from you to help defray the cost. Since there are 5 of us I am asking each person to contribute $20 toward this effort. Then, people will ask, “But a larger cluster means they will consume more food and possibly starve”. Again, what good is it to have a small cluster and 80 pounds of honey and the small cluster dies and the honey is not consumed at all? Take a large cluster of younger bees into winter and if they consume their 80 pounds of honey by February 1, it doesn’t matter because you can beginning feeding them pollen patties and sugar water. They’ll stay warm with plenty of food. Remember, the cluster generates the heat. Last year I had a hive that was doing well in early February but died after a very cold snap in late February. They still had 50 pounds of honey three frames over and more above them. The queen started laying in late January or early February, but the cluster was too small. As a result, the small cluster made one last ditch effort to keep the brood warm, yet were unable to move vertically over to the frames with honey. If they had, they would have become paralyzed by the cold and died away from the cluster and the brood would have died as well. They froze and starved with 50 pounds of honey five inches away. Sadly, this is is more typical than it should be.. Had I moved the honey over next to the frame with brood on it, they would have made it fine. (This is why we were shifting full frames of honey toward the middle during our inspections last week. We placed AP23 pollen patties on our hives as well last week. Another effective way to help the bees along is to give them sugar water, 1:1 ratio. This is a bit more tricky, because water will freeze during the winter. I found one method that works great according to a local beekeeper. He places sugar water in a ziploc sandwich bag and poke three holes in the top of the bag with a needle or a pen. He does not want the water to drip out, but just make a very small pool on top of the bag. As the bees move onto the bag, more sugar water comes out above the cluster area, it will not freeze. He says in one month they emptied this bag. Once we begin feeding our bees pollen patties and sugar water, it is best to continue until natural pollen and nectar is available. If we stop feeding, then the queen would have laid lots of eggs, but there would be no sources of pollen and nectar to raise her young. You’ve fooled her in the worst way. She’s a good momma. She will not have kids unless she knows the colony can feed them. If you tell her you’ll do the providing until spring comes, then keep your commitment to her and her daughters. That’s enough for today…In our next lesson I’ll give you more tips on what to do with your over wintered hives as spring approaches. (Lesson 17-B). I begin Gaston County Bee School next week, January 30. So far none of you have contacted me about being able to go.
I was thinking about how Williams Tubes worked and how one could hypothetically "snapshot" (quite literally!) the state of a computer's memory by simply taking a photograph of the phosphor end of a memory-CRT - then feeding the stored state back into the machine by pointing a TV camera at the photograph and having the CRT display from the camera for a single refresh cycle before reconnecting back to the computer for state to be persisted on the CRT. I imagine the technique could be used for any other computer that featured a visual display of its memory-state by way of der blinkenlights - this would assume that all its memory is visible this way. If a photograph of this was taken then a kind-of fax-machine could "scan" a photograph and use that to re-set memory would avoid the trouble of manually flipping switches to bootstrap a computer - I understand this is all within the realm of 1950s/1960s-era technology. I know magnetic-tape and punch-cards predate computers and were used to store data (including bootstrapping) they share a considerable disadvantage: they cannot capture machine memory state in a "snapshot": they require memory to be streamed out first, thus freezing the machine's execution until all data had been written. They also suffer from relatively poor data density: a punch card requires about 2x5mm (10mm^2) area for each bit, while 1950s magnetic tape (e.g. UNISERVO) could store 128 bits/inch (0.19mm per bit) albiet in one dimension. Whereas photographic film is theoretically capable of much higher resolutions (thinking about microfiche, for example). So, were photographs ever used to store memory state? • 6 Not exactly what you are asking about, but microfilm is a photographic technique used for data storage. – RonJohn Apr 26 '18 at 10:59 • 3 The Williams Tube (at least the refresh cycle where it scans TV-like over the tube) would produce a signal that could very well be directly used for Fax-like transmission, and reception. The random access memory part of the functionality would be problematic: when you have dots and dashes representing 1 and 0 , the re-translation of a photographic copy might prove hard. --- the data was not in the dots and dashes, after all, but in the electric charge produced by them. – bukwyrm Apr 26 '18 at 11:32 Yes, the IBM 1360 used it. The wikipedia page suggests that it could store 0.5 terabits (64 GiB) of information. Fascinating design. \| improve this answer \| \| • Indeed: an example of Big Blue at their most omnipotent, working on giant government contracts. And even they ended up with a solution they couldn't market … Interestingly, the cells and error correction method look strikingly like QR Codes. – scruss Apr 26 '18 at 14:59 • @scruss I couldn't find any detailed photos of an IBM 1360 cell - do you have examples we can look at? – Dai May 1 '18 at 20:03 • the image on wikipedia, along with a mention that it used error correction to allow recovering if parts of the cells were damaged. To me, that's basically a QR-code – scruss May 2 '18 at 1:04 • I just skimmed a bit in the manual linked from Wikipedia. Seems that they explains how the data was stored at least to sone degree. – UncleBod May 6 at 6:56 It IS used in at least two places even today: • QR codes. There is the possibility of the print media carrying it having been prepared involving photographic methods. • Digital sound in movie theaters, when projecting from actual film - even quite modern standards like Sony SDDS, Dolby Digital define how the sound can be carried as digital data encoded optically in an off-screen area of the film strip. \| improve this answer \| \| Sprocket-driven 35 mm photographic film stock was used to store data in the British Elliott 803 computer. It wasn't used optically, however: it was coated with iron oxide and used as magnetic media. \| improve this answer \| \| • 5 (Used) 35mm film was also used for the first Zuse machines as punch tape :)) – Raffzahn Apr 26 '18 at 1:52 • There was also "optical paper", that was going to be the next big thing in storage in 1988-1989. While not strictly a film, it was an optical media. It, and the perhaps similar FMD-ROM of a few years later, went nowhere. – scruss Apr 26 '18 at 15:07 • 1 Early rockets would use a pin hole over strips of 35mm film for telemetry storage. – jwzumwalt May 2 '18 at 1:38 • 1 … although those were for monitoring radiation and used as photographic records rather than digital data – scruss May 2 '18 at 14:03 There were many optical readers used for punched paper tape; so in some sense holes in paper was treated as a photographic record of the dots on the screen. The Colossus machine at Bletchley Park used optical tape readers at very high speed and this pre-dated the Williams Tube. \| improve this answer \| \| Not exactly what you expect, but the Zuse Z1 and its successors used photographic film as punched tape. This design decision was made because Konrad Zuse was able to find large amounts of old film rolls on a nearby scrapyard, removing the need to make his own tape. \| improve this answer \| \| Yes, of course photographic film was used for data storage, but not necessarily computer data storage. A seismometry network has dozens of stations reporting to a central site, and it used to be (deades ago) common to see a Honeywell Visicorder (aka drippy-corder) in such an installation, slowly reeling out 35mm film through a dark chamber where signals are recorded with galvanometer (mirror/beam) or CRT onto the film, which continually advances and dips into developer, stop bath, and fixer, making a continuous record for days between reel changes. About ten channels (with circa +/- 1mm deflection) fit handily onto the 24mm clear space between sprocket holes of 35mm movie film. Other 'Visicorder' models used other (paper) recording techniques. \| improve this answer \| \| Your Answer
The Great Barrier Reef by Charlotte McGlone Chapel Hill, NC, United States Math Questions 1. If the width of the GBR is 15 miles at its north end, and 150 miles at its southern end, what is the average width of the GBR? If the GBR is 1,300 miles long, how many square miles does it cover? How many football fields would that be? 2. How long would it take a great white shark to travel from one end of the reef to the other if it traveled at 10 mph? 3. If in 2014, we know it took 27 years for 50 percent of the GBR to vanish, what year will it be when the whole reef is gone? 4. How many million tons of pesticide, fertilizer, etc. did farmers use 50 years ago if the current average use is 17 million which is 7 times the amount it was? Write your own math question and submit it here Extension Questions 1. What is one thing you could do to help save the Great Barrier Reef? 2. What responsibility do the farmers who use pesticides have in maintaining the Great Barrier Reef? Write your own extension question and submit it here 1. Wikipedia page for the Great Barrier Reef 2. Google Street View underwater camera view of the GBR 3. Three-minute video explaining the state of the GBR in 2016 4. New York Times article on deterioration found in 2017 Find a resource you think is helpful and submit it here Copy link Powered by Social Snap
How to Add Inner Text Shadows in GIMP A Quick Tutorial on How to Achieve This Effect Create an Inner Text Shadow in GIMP There isn't a simple one-click option to add inner text shadow in GIMP, but in this tutorial, we'll show you how you can achieve this effect, which makes text appear as if it was cut out of the page. Anyone used to working with Adobe Photoshop will know that inner text shadow is easily applied through the use of layer styles, but GIMP doesn't offer a comparable feature. To add an inner shadow to text in GIMP, you need to carry out a few distinct steps and this may seem a little complex to less advanced users. However the process is relatively straightforward, so even new users of GIMP should have little difficulty following this tutorial. As well as achieving the overall goal of teaching you to add inner text shadow, in so doing you will also be introduced to using layers, layer masks and applying blur, one of the many default filter effects that ship with GIMP. If you have a copy of GIMP installed, then you can get started with the tutorial. 1. The first step is to open a blank document and add some text to it. Go to File > New and in the Create a New Image dialog box, set the Image Size to your requirements and select OK. Creating a new image in GIMP. 2. When the document opens, select the Background color box to open the color picker. A screenshot of GIMP with the Foreground and Background color boxes highlighted 3. Set the color you wish for the background and select OK. A screenshot of GIMP's color picker with the OK button highlighted 4. Now go to Edit > Fill with BG Color to fill the background with the desired color. A screenshot of GIMP with the Fill with BG Color command highlighted 5. Now set the Foreground color to the color you want to use for the text the same way you changed the background. Changing the foreground color in GIMP. 6. Select the Text Tool. A screenshot of GIMP with the Text tool highlighted 7. Select the blank page and, in the GIMP Text Editor, type in the text you want to work with. Use the controls in the Tool Options palette to change the font face and size. A screenshot of GIMP with the Text tool palette highlighted 8. Next, you will duplicate this layer and rasterize it to form the basis of the inner shadow. Go to Layer > Duplicate Layer. A screenshot of GIMP with the Duplicate Layer command highlighted 9. Right-click the new layer and select Discard Text Information to rasterize it. A screenshot of GIMP with the "Discard Text Information" command highlighted 10. The upper text layer needs to be moved up and to the left by a few pixels so that it's offset from the text below. Select the Move Tool from the Toolbox and select the black text on the page. You can now use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move the black text a little to the left and upwards. • The actual amount that you move the layer will depend on what size your text is – the larger it is, the further you will need to move it. For example, if you're working on relatively small text, perhaps for a button on a web page, you may only want to move the text one pixel in each direction. • Our example is a larger size to make the accompanying screen grabs a little clearer (though this technique is most effective at smaller sizes) and so we moved the black text two pixels in each direction. A screenshot of GIMP with the Move tool highlighted 11. Next, right-click the lower text layer in the Layers palette and select Alpha to Selection. A screenshot of GIMP with the Alpha to Selection command highlighted 12. You'll see an outline of 'marching ants' appear and if you click the upper text layer in the Layers palette and go to Edit > Clear, most of the black text will be deleted. A screenshot of GIMP with the Clear command highlighted 13. Go to Select > None to remove the "marching ants" selection. A screenshot of GIMP with the Select None option highlighted 14. Ensure that the upper layer in the Layers palette is selected and then go to Filters > Blur > Gaussian Blur. In the Gaussian Blur dialog that opens, ensure that the chain icon next to Blur Radius isn't broken (click it if it is) so that both of the input boxes change simultaneously. You can now select the up and down arrows beside the Horizontal and Vertical input boxes to change the amount of blur. The amount will vary depending on the size of the text that you're working on. For smaller text, a one-pixel blur may be sufficient, but for larger size text, use 3 pixels. When the amount is set, select OK. A screenshot of GIMP with the Gaussian Blur dialog box highlighted 15. Finally, you can make the blurred layer look like an inner text shadow using the Alpha to Selection feature and a Layer Mask. If you're working on text that is a small size, you probably won't need to move the blurred layer, but as you're working on larger text, you can select the Move Tool and shift the layer down and to the right by one pixel in each direction. Moving the bottom layer in GIMP. 16. Now, right-click the lower text layer in the Layers palette and select Alpha to Selection. Applying alpha to selection to bottom layer in GIMP. 17. Next right-click the top layer and select Add Layer Mask to open the Add Layer Mask dialog. In this dialog box, select Selection before selecting Add. • This hides any of the blurred layer that falls outside of the borders of the text layer so that it gives the impression of being an inner text shadow. A screenshot of GIMP with the Layer Mask window highlighted
Battleship: Sink your opponent's ships by answering questions correctly. Addition and Subtraction Practice Practice your math facts and sink the computers ships before they sink your fleet. Have Fun! Spanish 3 Pre AP Instructor Hebron High School Carrollton, TX This activity was created by a Quia Web subscriber. Learn more about Quia Create your own activities
The Fruit Tree The Farmer's field A Farmer had a vast plot of land where He wanted to grow fruit. He planted millions of fruit tree seeds across His property hoping some would take root, sprout, and grow. The hope was that all the people and animals could enjoy the fruit from the fruit trees. Uncompromising Faith The Fruit Tree Seedling 2 In many areas, the soil was not good and only a few trees appeared. In other areas there were many trees. The Farmer watched over them all, waiting for trees to grow as He desired. As the Farmer walked all across His land, He would see only a few trees growing and but some were starting to mature. Each time He found a maturing tree, the Farmer would stop to examine it. Although every tree was different the Farmer’s keen eye would spot the weak limbs, dead wood and diseased leaves in those trees that were growing. The problem was not the tree but the roots. Deep below the earth pollutants and chemicals had long ago polluted the groundwater. As the tree drank up this toxic cocktail, it hurt the tree as it matured. Something had to change. One day, the Farmer walked through His land with a spade and small pot. He stopped when He found a particular fruit tree that was doing better than the tiny plants around it. Gently, He dug the tree and roots out of the ground and placed it in the container. With the potted tree in one hand and the spade in the other, He returned home. The Farmer's greenhouse Uncompromising Faith The Fruit Tree Greenhouse In the Farmer’s yard was an expansive greenhouse filled with wonderful plants, trees and smells. The surrounding giants dwarfed the tree that looked so large in the field. The Farmer placed the little fruit tree on a bench and examined His prize. Soon pruning shears came out, and the Farmer removed the dead wood, diseased leaves and fruit. The small tree looked even smaller now, but the Farmer gave the plant some life giving water and nutrients. Unlike the polluted water from the field this water was pure and refreshing, bringing needed healing. The fruit tree spent many days in the little bucket soaking up the sun. Over time the tree grew in size under the constant attention of the Farmer. Each time He watered the plant, nutrients would pass through the roots, up the trunk and through the limbs to the leaves flushing out the toxic remains. Leaves came forth in emerald green and the spindly trunk became thick and solid. Uncompromising Faith The Fruit Tree Bigger Pot Uncompromsing Faith The Fruit Tree Transplant Soon the tree began to outgrow its little bucket home in the greenhouse. The Farmer watched this progress and one day arrived with a larger pot. With a quick move of His hand He scooped the fruit tree from its place of confinement and moved it to the larger vessel. The weeks and months passed and the roots again pushed to the boundary of its new home. Each time the Farmer would transplant the thriving tree to an even larger container giving it room to grow and expand. The Farmer's garden As the years passed this once sickly fruit tree began to assume the regal and majestic bearing of its neighbors. The strong limbs reached out almost touching the roof of the greenhouse. Soon the tree would be too large to transplant. The Farmer looked over His private garden and found a perfect place for His tree. He then dug a hole large enough to hold the root ball of the fruit tree. Then He walked back to the greenhouse. Uncompromising Faith The Fruit Tree Hole The tree had spent many years in the confines of the greenhouse and loved the quiet care it received there. Though imprisoned in a small space the fruit tree saw this as home. Fresh air, wind and rain were faded memories of a long past life, mostly forgotten. The Farmer’s tender care was all the fruit tree needed to be content. The Farmer, however, had other plans for this tree. The destiny for which the fruit tree was conceived was to bear fruit for all the people and animals. In the polluted open field only a small portion of this fruit would have come forth. By bringing the tree into the greenhouse the Farmer had groomed it to bear much fruit. Now it was outgrowing the greenhouse. For the fruit tree to flourish it would need a permanent home where it could grow to its full stature. The Farmer came to begin the final transition. The fruit tree comes home The once little fruit tree was now a majestic specimen ready to bear the fruit the Farmer desired. He wheeled the fruit tree and its container out of the sheltered greenhouse into the fresh air. Outside, the wind caught the leaves, and they sang praises to the One that brought forth new life. The Farmer brought the fruit tree to the cavity in the garden. Carefully He lifted the tree from its container and placed it in the cool soil. Placing more soil around the tree, He tamped the dirt down then gave the tree a healthy drink of water, feeding the tender roots. The fruit tree was now home, planted in the garden of the Farmer. 10 thoughts on “The Fruit Tree Leave a Reply
Date of Inscription to the World Heritage List: 6.12.1985 List Reference: 356 Criteria: Cultural Love of Continents: ISTANBUL The historical areas of Istanbul, which has been the capital of three great empires, were inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985. Istanbul, which has a history of more than 2,500 years, Is situated on a peninsula surrounded by the Marmara Sea, the Bosphorus, and the Golden Horn. The historical areas of Istanbul, which is the only city situated on two continents are formed by four main areas: the Archaeological Park (Sultanahmet Square and its surrounding area), the Suleymaniye Mosque, Zeyrek Mosque (the Church of Christ Pantokrator) and its surrounding Conservation Area, and the City Walls of Istanbul. Istanbul is a holy city, where mosques, churches and synagogues live side by side, and even declare their fraternity. Istanbul Is also renowned for its palaces, mansions and monumental buildings – each a unique example of architectural styles that were inherited from the Ottomans. Dolmabahce Palace, Tophane Mosque, Galata Tower (Christea Turris), built by the Genoese, Sultanahmet Mosque, Ayasofya (Hagia Sophia), one of the monumental buildings of Christianity, the unique mosaics of Ayasofya, Topkapi Palace, the administrative centre of the Ottoman Empire, rising high above the Golden Horn Suleymaniye Mosque, the masterpiece of Imperial architect Mimar Sinan, the historical Kapali Carsi (the Grand Bazaar), Yerebatan Sarnici (the Basilica Cistern), the music dancing at the domes of Aya Irini (Hagia Eirene), make Istanbul the capital of history and culture. Ayasoyfa was built on one of the most historical sites in Istanbul, and the present buildings were completed in 532-537 AD. Built as a cathedral, it served as the most important centre of Christianity approximately for 1000 years. Following the conquest of Istanbul by the Ottomans, It was converted Into a mosque. The building is used as a museum at present, and it is known that a huge sum of money was spent and ten thousand workers worked for the construction. The most important property of the Sultanahmet Mosque right across Haiga Sofia is that it is the sole mosque constructed with 6 minarets. The mosque, which has more than 36 windows, is accessorized with more than 20,000 Iznlk tiles. Topkapi Palace served as the administrative centre of the Ottoman Empire, and today it houses the Kasikci (Spoonmaker’s) Diamond, which has a global fame. The Palace is, at present, a museum exhibiting unique artifacts from the glorious history of the Ottoman Empire. Yerebatan Sarnici (the Basilica Cistern), which was built in between 527 and 567 in order to provide water to the settlement nearby, is situated within the Archaeological Park. According to Greek mythology, Medusa turned to stone anyone who dared to gaze directly at her. The head of Medusa carved at the column-base can be seen in the shallow waters of the cistern, and it Is one of the most visited attractions in the Park. Hundreds of mansions and timber houses in Zeyrek and Suleymaniye, which form an important part of the historical areas of Istanbul, have managed to survive until today. Istanbul has been a source of inspiration for numerous artists with its history and natural beauties. Countless poems have been written and songs have been composed for Istanbul. Istanbul, which has a fascinating beauty thanks to its historical and cultural richness, is waiting for those who would like to witness the great love of continents.
Many taxpayers fear the IRS, but few actually understand the scope of the agency's responsibilities. The IRS is charged with arguably the greatest responsibility of any federal agency: ensuring that the tax dollars required for government to function are collected from its citizens. This gives the IRS a great deal of authority, including a considerable amount of law enforcement capability. History & Purpose The IRS is the government agency responsible for tax collection and the enforcement of tax law, so in the strictest sense, the IRS is a law enforcement agency. The IRS, an arm of the Department of Treasury, was created in 1862 to help fund the Civil War. It is run by the Commissioner of the Department of Revenue, who applies the tax laws that are enacted by the U.S. Congress. Although some observers disagree, the IRS maintains that it enforces tax law in an impartial way, from neither the government’s nor the taxpayer’s point of view. Tax law experts are charged with interpreting the law and applying its true meaning. Criminal Investigations The Criminal Investigations unit is the law enforcement branch of the IRS. The CI unit investigates potential financial crimes and prosecutes serious violations of the IRS tax code. Criminal investigations are initiated when an IRS auditor or agent detects fraud. Agents review all available information to determine if a financial crime has occurred. In addition to taxpayer information that the IRS has on file, agents also receive anonymous tips that could also trigger a criminal investigation. IRS investigators research each case to determine whether the evidence available establishes criminal activity. IRS agents use a variety of techniques to make their determination, including interviewing witnesses, conducting surveillance, executing search warrants, subpoenaing bank records, and reviewing financial information. After the evidence is assessed, the IRS agent determines if the evidence substantiates criminal activity and decides whether to make a recommendation for prosecution. Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration Although the IRS enforces the tax code, it too is under the supervision of another enforcement agency known as the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. TIGTA, established as part of the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, is charged with providing independent oversight of the IRS. TIGTA agents work to detect fraud, waste and abuse. They are also considered law enforcement agents.
Taxonomy of the Logical Fallacies "The Fallacy Files Taxonomy is a tree-like structure that classifies all of the fallacies in these files by the sub-fallacy relation. A sub-fallacy, which is a specific version of a more general fallacy, has whatever features the more general fallacy has, together with specific features which set it apart and make it worth naming in its own right. For example, instead of grouping together 'fallacies of relevance', there is one most general such fallacy—namely, Red Herring—and all fallacies of relevance are sub-fallacies of it. "LOINC was initiated in 1994 by Clem McDonald, an investigator at the Regenstrief Institute, which is an internationally respected non-profit medical research organization associated with Indiana University. Regenstrief organized the LOINC committee to develop a common terminology for laboratory and clinical observations because there was a growing trend to send clinical data electronically from laboratories and other data producers to hospitals, physician's offices, and payers who use the data for clinical care and management purposes. Unified Code for Units of Measure Motif-Index of Folk-Literature "Folklorists also use motif to refer to the recognizable and consistently repeated story elements (e.g., common characters, objects, actions, and events) that are used in the traditional plot structures, or tale types, of many stories and folktales. These motifs, which Dr. Margaret Read Macdonald calls 'each small part of a tale,' (.) were indexed in 1932 by Stith Thompson and published as the Motif-lndex of Folk-Literature. Indiana Philosophy Ontology "The InPhO analyzes over 37 million words of philosophical content from: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; PhilPapers; HathiTrust/Google Books Collection. The InPhO is constructed by a novel 3-step semi-automated process, called dynamic ontology: 1. Data Mining — Natural language processing (NLP) techniques generate statistical hypothesis about the relationships among philosophically-salient topics. 2. Expert Feedback — These hypotheses are evaluated by domain experts through online interfaces. 3. Radiation Chemistry Data Center Thesaurus "The indexing terms listed in the thesaurus are those found in the RCDC Bibliographic Data Base and therefore are the terms used to generate the keyword index in this volume. The keywords are arranged alphabetically. Numbers, dashes, parentheses and super- and sub-scripts are ignored in ordering the terms except when required to distinguish two terms. Thus, '1-propanol' precedes '2-propanol' (following 'propane') and 'H2O+' precedes 'H2O-' and 'H2O2+' (all three precede 'hole'). Arrangement is word by word, thus 'hole traps' precedes 'holes'. Biblioteca Ambrosiana Subject Keys "Subject or key words, including dating by quarter century, e.g., 1500-1 (first quarter of sixteenth century); and school, e.g., Lombard, Central Italian, Roman, Emilian, etc. (Non-Italian schools are listed as English, French, Spanish, etc.). Subject or keywords are also terms not generally found in the title of the drawing, e.g., Allegory, Musical Instruments - Stringed, Mythology, Saints, Genre, Religious Orders - Franciscans, Landscapes, etc."
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month University Degree: Music Browse by Word count: fewer than 1000 (22) 1000-1999 (26) 2000-2999 (26) 3000+ (9) Meet our team of inspirational teachers find out about the team 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 1. What opportunities does the music of Shostakovich offer for a discussion on tradition and dissent? Tradition refers to a custom or style formed by one person and then followed by other generations and dissent is an expression or holding of opinion against a commonly held view. Music is quite commonly talked about in relation to tradition, much of the music around today could be said to be based on tradition. Music such as hymns, Christmas carols, folks songs are all musical traditions passed on through time and place. Even more conventionally, pop music can be seen as affected by tradition but at the same time been reinvented to make it current. • Word count: 1491 2. Analysis of Haydn's Piano Sonata in E Flat, Hob XVI/49 In this case, bars 1 to 2, which is the start of the first subject would be labelled as motive A and bars 12 to 13, which is the beginning of the transition would be considered as motive B. Motive C would be located at bars 24 to 25, where the 2nd subject begins, and motive D (which is reminiscent of the "fate" motive used by Beethoven) is located at bars 53 to 54. Bars 53 to 54 and bar 60 would be considered as motive E and F respectively. Haydn manipulates those motives craftily to develop this section extensively. • Word count: 1818 3. Analysis of Debussy Trois Nocturnes Sirnes In fact, only the central chord is tonally conceived in its own structure. The central chord is interpreted here in bar 41 as a dominant chord with a raised fifth (F# - A# - D - E - G#), which resolves in bar 42 to a second inversion tonic harmony in B with an added G# shown clearly by the harp (fig. 3), oscillating between major and minor through sharpening and neutralising of third with a F# pedal. Debussy also uses notes from whole tone scale extensively to further enrich the harmonic colour. • Word count: 1363 4. Analysis of Prokofiev Sonata No. 7 Two main Grundgestalt motives were used extensively in this seventh sonata, with most of the sonata's motivic content being derived from them. Thus, these two motives appear as the unifying gesture in all three movements of this sonata. The first motive, which its derivations clearly dominate the first movement, is called the "fate motive" and referred to as (c). It is the strongest unifying element throughout the first movement. The motive here is rhythmically similar to the first and famous motive from the Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. • Word count: 1165 5. Music Industry Roles - it is by analyzing some of the roles in the music industry that we can understand properly what is the structure of the business, how its component parts interrelate, and how insuring yourself, being conscious of wher People who make a living out of things they are talented in or they even created, try to find ways to make sure their gifts, inventions or belongings are protected somehow throughout their lifetime and sometimes even beyond their decease. In musical terms the most used device is the 'copyright'. This method consists on rules that protect the creation to be reproduced, copied, imitated, resembled, distributed, sold, or any other kind of transfer such as renting or transmitting. PRS (2011) • Word count: 2691 6. FUTURISTIC MINDS: GILLESPIE & McLAUGHLIN Essay on the development of jazz. Ostendorf, Berndt (1979) provided information about early Jazz history. Due to the success of theses bands and the music that they were making white bands started to copy them reflecting the racial tensions of America at the time that gave birth to the Jazz and the Blues. Over time the Jazz bands and orchestras became bigger and bigger, clearly reflecting the social and cultural climate of the 1920s. Vincent, Ted (2009) provided information about racist violence in The Jazz Age. • Word count: 2321 7. Current Trends in Music Education Some research indicates that smaller high schools are better settings for meeting adolescent needs and helping students reach their full academic potential. In an attempt to break down large comprehensive high schools, a number of options are being tried. Small school alternatives include schools-within-schools and parallel schools sharing the same physical space with distinct missions and programsii. Some large high schools separate students by grade level into separate wings. Along with having high standards in core subjects and other areas, the arts and aesthetic programs are either brought along with it, ignored, or stomped out. • Word count: 821 8. Depiction of character through music and words It is said that the original draft of the novel was written extremely quickly. Lloyd Osbourne, Stevenson's stepson, remembers; "I don't believe that there was ever such a literary feat before as the writing of Dr Jekyll. I remember the first reading as if it were yesterday. Louis came downstairs in a fever; read nearly half the book aloud; and then, while we were still gasping, he was away again, and busy writing. I doubt if the first draft took so long as three days" This sounds almost as if Stevenson was gripped by a fever, a compulsion, just as Jekyll was in the novel. • Word count: 4289 9. Microphones - different types and their uses in performances. The two most used Dynamic microphones are the Shure SM-57 and SM-58. The SM-57 is mainly used for capturing guitar amplifiers and snare drums as it has a large frequency range and can withstand the high gain. The SM-57 is suited for guitar amplifiers as it can pick up the lower frequencies of an electric guitar, but is also very good at picking up the higher frequencies used on the higher frets and even harmonics, as shown in the grid below - The SM-57 can be placed against a guitar amplifier in a number of ways to pick up the desired audio signal for the user. • Word count: 2307 10. If you want to know about the Sixties, play the music of The Beatles (Aaron Copland) How accurate is this statement in relation to the development of popular music in Britain? They were later described as "the four most famous and musical men on earth, the best dressed and on a good day the most captivating people anyone can remember" (Taylor, n.d.) and "witty, irreverent, young and lovable moptops" (p86, Frontani, 2007). This look attracted thousands of young men and women, many of whom would copy them in an attempt to idolise this new band. It is therefore possible that the visual change in the sixties was indeed down to The Beatles and they were "a catalyst for much of the change that occurred during the 1960s" (p231, Frontani, 2007). • Word count: 3299 11. Beethoven and his influence on Schubert "Beethoven's story is one of personal triumph over tragedy and supreme musical achievement. A complex and brilliant man, no composer before or since has exerted greater influence" ( Lane, 2006). The life that he had been through, his hearing disorder and as a result the loneliness inside his personality were the parts of the tragedy, which Beethoven successfully amalgamated with his enormous talent and produced works that have still been respected in the 21th century. Even if the later composers tried to resist the influence of Beethoven, they were quite failed to do that. • Word count: 1876 12. Live Music and Festivals (Frew, E & Robertson, M. (2008) Events and Festivals - Current Trends and Issues, Routledge: London). Festivals and events can be generated the private or corporate sectors. 1.1 Key Moments and Shift over the Last 50 years Key movements and shifts that have occurred within the Live Music and Festival Event sector motivate visits as well as enhancing peoples' lives. However like many things, live events and festivals have both positive and negative sides, with the actions of people attending the events and the media coverage of these events being the make or break of any future events consisting. • Word count: 1966 13. Jazz vs Classical Music European because most of the major composers up till the 20th century was European. Vivaldi was Italian, Bach was German, Mozart and Beethoven were Austrian; they are some of the more prominent composers. Not until the twentieth century with Gershwin and a few others do we find American composers writing this kind of art music. For the sake of convention, we can refer to Western Art Music as Classical music. Jazz is a distinctively American form of music, and it's history occupies a much smaller span of time. • Word count: 1752 14. Band Review El Policia consists of 3 members: Sam Wall, Al Wheatley and Hugh Thomas, who together have formed a great relationship to create some innovative music. • Word count: 600 15. Sonic Arts Repetoire Essay- Poeme Electronique This separation is illustrated by the two main contrasting electronic interpretations, which are present throughout the piece. The use of various musical cues indicate the change in story and section. These cues take the form of what appears to sounds like a pitch-transformed 'animal cry' loop, which gradually fades into the background with increasing densities of reverb effects that reflect this (for example, at '00:56'). Alternatively, it can take the form of a certain sound in the piece that also gradually fades into the background,but is artificially enhanced with delay and attack effects. • Word count: 2140 16. Hey, Soul Sister. • Word count: 295 17. Research Dissertation:how is the live events industry dealing with negative impacts effecting the enviroment? Its time all involved started to take responsibility and the heavy responsibilities lay with the event organisers, it is wise for them to involve all stake holders and other industry figures to pull together and make a change. Introduction Two of the main Management issues discuss in this report are how are event organisations lowering Co2 emissions and what waste management techniques and applications are being used. Both issues are becoming increasingly more important within this sector. Both indirectly relate to each other. • Word count: 7742 18. Concert review Thus at the year of 1964, it was entitle again as the 'Rock Music' (infoplease.com, 2006). As for being a musician, the genre 'Rock' is the category and direction of music that I have been associated and familiarize with. Therefore, this concert review would be based on my experience, my knowledge upon 'Rock' and also certain readings that could define the further meaning 'Rock' and it's characteristics. The band was formed during the year of 2005 and is quite well known around Malaysia as the band has won several titles for best Rock category. The band members were Rich as vocalist, Din Hormatov as rhythm guitarist, Nor Hanafi as lead guitarist, Azwin Andy as the drummer and Chow Ken Chung as bassist. • Word count: 1618 19. Why has Richard Wagner been a controversial composer even today? He used a complex system of what are called "Leitmotifs", or melodic ideas which stand for characters , things or ideas in the drama. With Wagner, harmonies became more complex than ever before, and his revolutionary use of this element influenced composers everywhere, and led to the music of the 20th century. As I already mentioned, Wagner is the most controversial composer of 19th century. He divides people as no other composer did it before. A lot of people and musical critics find his work magnificent, but there are a lot of others who can't stand his music, because of his ideas, mostly political opinions in the real life. • Word count: 978 20. Can Debussy's Music be accurately described as Impressionist? Impressionism as a visual art form grew out of a frustration with traditional 19th Century styles of painting, resulting in vivid, colourful works where the artist's interpretation of the subject have had great influence upon the final result, with a particular focus on nature in all its forms rather than more traditional subjects. Oscar Thompson, cited in Schmitz, states that the aim of Impressionism is 'to mirror not the object but the emotional reaction to the object; to interpret a fugitive impression rather than to seize upon and fix the permanent reality'.2 Palmer argues that an important focus of Impressionistic • Word count: 2301 21. To what extent can The Rite's innovations be boiled down to rhythm alone? I had dreamed a scene of pagan ritual in which a chosen sacrificial virgin danced herself to death. This vision was not accompanied by concrete musical ideas, however...1 One could surmise that the order in which the two entities - music and storyline - arrived is of great relevance. However, although the above quote is the most recent and the best-known, other accounts given by the composer seem to contradict it, suggesting that it was the musical ideas that came first.2 Nonetheless, when compared to The Firebird or the works of Tchaikovsky, which were specifically commissioned, the desired musical effect to be composed presented to the composer half-formed, it is understandable that Stravinsky's decision to choose a radical and original plot (in terms of subject matter previously covered by the arts) • Word count: 1881 22. Discuss in detail the Fugue from Bach(TM)s Well-Tempered Clavier Book 1 no. 24 The six pairs of quavers, slurring the interval of a minor second are described by Keller as a 'sigh-motive.' 7 Each pair gives the listener a feel of resolution but followed by immediate continuation, building up tension in the subject alone and as a whole the subject depicts the feeling of misery to the listener. The subject and its tonal answer both enter in full a number of times. In order to increase tension further Bach uses small fragments of the subject, teasing the listener into thinking that the subject has returned but then cutting it short. • Word count: 1255 23. Kt(TM)a Kabanov(TM)s psychological state fluctuates throughout Leo Janek(TM)s opera. How is this indicated in the music? 1 Jan�cek, K�t'a Kabanov�. Vocal Score p. 11 Towards the end of Act 1 Scene 1 K�t'a enters. The music which accompanies this is shown in figure 2 and as it is a variation of K�t'a's theme it is pentatonic. Mellers describes it as meandering, but becoming 'increasingly wayward, suggesting a straining at the leash.'5 A crescendo coupled with an accelerando helps to build up tension and imitate the effect of straining at the leash. This helps to convey K�t'a's confused mental state about her love for another man, a fact not revealed until the next scene, however. • Word count: 2454 24. What are the essential features of Chopin(TM)s style? in figure 2 but the listener also feels as if the piano is crying out.5 In contrast to Kleczynski's view Samson writes: 'because of the earlier simplicity of presentation, this reprise emerges as one of the supreme achievements of Chopin's ornamental melody.'6 For some listeners, however, these trills may seem a little overdone and unimaginative and even justify Kleczynski's opinion that Chopin's creativity was lacking at this point. Fig. 2 F. Chopin Nocturne Op. 62 No. 1 Bars 69 - 71 Despite the possible differences of opinion regarding the melody shown above Chopin's characteristic transplantation of bel canto into his • Word count: 1907 25. A Critical Review on the Publication of Ethnicity, Identity and Music(TM) The discussion flows onto the monograph by Seeger (1987) where Stokes goes on to say that researchers in this sector can overcome the theoretical divide between the study of music and the study of society. Stokes makes it clear that anthropologists should take on board music and performance as an essential aspect of their discipline. The collection of essays in this book supports his case unerringly. The remainder of the introduction is split up into subsections which draw out the themes of the book: Performance and Place; Ethnicity; Identity and Nation State; Hybridity and Difference; Ethnicity, Class and Media; Gender and Identity. • Word count: 2285 "Where words fail, music speaks." -Hans Christian Andersen If you can correctly guess most of Bach's cantatas within a few bars, or you'd happily spend an entire weekend composing electronic music, then you might want to consider a university degree in music. Depending on the course, you might study musicology, performance, composition and music technology. Alongside songs, music students will be expected to compose plenty of essays. If your writing doesn't flow as well as your melodies then you might want to consider studying Marked by Teachers' collection of creative arts and design essays. Reading our real student essays and the teacher's annotations will give you techniques for smarter editing and better writing, prestissimo. Students of music can stay in the field via teaching,recording, arts administration and performing; or pursue further study and careers in unrelated fields like medicine or marketing. But whatever direction your career might take, musical knowledge will never stop enriching your life. Conclusion analysis 2. Do they answer the question directly? • "A notation should be directed to a large extent towards the people who read it, rather than towards the sounds they will make." (Cornelius Cardew, 1961) Discuss. "As we have seen, 'simple' notation does not necessarily equal many possible interpretations, and on the same line, an elaborate notation such as Cardew's can permit varied interpretation. The psychological impact of how the music looks on the page invites varied readings; the printed page is a storage medium where an inevitably incomplete representation of 'notateable' ideas can be retained for the future. The fact that this aspect of the work does not change over time, like a painting or a book, does not mean that the piece will not change and evolve. Art's ability to carry societal properties, to evolve and reflect changing times is surely part of its value. The search for greater notational control led to greater complexity, yet the early influence of the possibilities of electronic music must have contributed to this pursuit. Peter Zinofieff spoke of an early ideal, satisfied by electronic composition, where 'we can each have our own private language specially tailored for our own machines and individual needs or frustrations' 21 Ultimately, though, the performer's job is 'to make the relationships and patterns in the music clear to the listener's mind and ear'22. This hope, though, displaces the enduring problems which lie between composers and those who are employed to realise the work, be they human or otherwise." • To what extent did the composers of symphonies in the Soviet Unionmanage to comply with the strictures of state control of music whilst retaining a degree of creative individuality? "Therefore in conclusion, the early work of Shostakovich constructs a narrative in which the strictures of the state can be discerned but this didn't stop many aspects of his work to achieving distinct individuality. The referring back to the conservatism of his first symphony and at the same time embracing the rebellion of the intermediate Symphonies enabled Shostakovich to strike a balance between conforming to state policy and maintaining his individuality. Thus, the ambiguous nature of music enabled this composer the means to challenge state musical policy without the regime taking noticing." Marked by a teacher Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
M牌面試題庫及答案(英文版) Case: Diconsa Client goal The Gates Foundation is a private organization with vast ambitions; one of its goals is to reduce extreme poverty worldwide. In this case study, the foundation asked McKinsey to design a basic financial-services offering for inhabitants of remote communities in Mexico. Description of situation The majority of Mexico’s rural inhabitants are relatively poor, relying in part on government benefits for their livelihood. As they tend not to have bank accounts, they usually collect government benefits in cash from a limited number of state-bank branches. These branches are often a long way from where the recipients live, so it can take a lot of time and effort for them to collect their benefits. In addition, traveling to the branches can sometimes expose benefit recipients to crime along the way. The Mexican government also owns and operates a chain of 22,000 stores, throughout Mexico, called Diconsa, which provide basic food, clothes, and other essential goods to the rural population. These stores are supplied via a network of central and regional warehouses and several thousand delivery trucks. McKinsey study McKinsey has been asked to investigate and assess the possibility of using the Diconsa network to provide a basic set of financial services to supplement the limited number of state-bank branches. The offer would start with dispensing government-benefit payments and move progressively to include savings accounts, bill payment, insurance, credit, and other financial products. Helpful hints • Write down important information. • Feel free to ask the interviewer for an explanation of any point that is not clear to you. • Remember that calculators are not allowed – you may write out your calculations on paper during the interviews. Question 1: What should the team investigate to determine whether the Diconsa network could and should be leveraged to provide a range of basic financial services to Mexico’s rural population? Helpful hints • Take time to organize your thoughts before answering. This will help show your interviewer that you have a logical approach and can think in an organized way, regardless of the “accuracy” of the outcome. • Develop an overall approach before diving into details. Reveal Answer A good answer might include the following: What are the benefits that might come from providing financial services via the Diconsa network? For the Mexican rural population • How much time, effort, and expense would the benefit recipient save through the Diconsa network (for example, through shorter travel time)? • Beyond what was stated in the summary, what would be the benefits to the rural population of access to a broader range of financial services? (for example, better security for their money)? For the government, state bank, and Diconsa network • Would there be benefits for the government in terms of increased compliance/collection of benefits (for example lower administration costs)? • Would these financial services result in better financial management among the rural population (for example, more business for Diconsa stores)? • Would this alternative model reduce pressure and increase efficiency for the bank branches that are currently distributing benefit payments? What are the risks that could occur from the venture? Some examples follow: • Lack of capacity or ability of the Diconsa network to deal with financial payments and products • Lack of capacity of state bank to operate financial services across a much greater network of outlets • Greater risk of fraud of theft due to less centralized control of benefit payments A very good answer might articulate some less obvious benefits or risks to be investigated, such as the following example: • The possible benefit of less cash being transported within the Diconsa network because stores are now receiving cash and paying some of that cash out again, so cash balances may be lower and less cash needs to be transported to and from the warehouses. This may result in a lower cost as well as lower security risk for the Diconsa network. • Benefits for the Gates Foundation of potentially providing a model that may be replicable in other countries • Benefits to the government in proving a model for distribution of a broader range of services (for example, telecommunications or healthcare). Question 2: The team has estimated that it currently costs a family 50 pesos per month in transportation and food to make the journey to collect their benefit payments. The team also estimates that if benefits were available for collection at local Diconsa stores, the cost would be reduced by 30 percent. Twenty percent of Mexico’s population is rural, and of this number half currently receive state benefits. If all families could receive state benefits at their local Diconsa stores, how much in total per year would be saved across all Mexican rural families receiving state benefits? Your interviewer can provide you with the following information if requested: You can assume that Mexico has a population of 100 million. You can also assume that families in Mexico have four members, on average, and that this does not differ by region. Helpful hints • Don’t feel rushed into performing calculations. Take your time. • Talk your interviewer through your steps so that you can demonstrate an organized approach. Reveal Answer A good answer to this question would involve the following steps: • There are 5 million families in rural Mexico (20% x 100m ÷ 4 per family). • There are 2.5 million families receiving benefits (50% x 5 million families). • Each family currently spends 600 pesos per year to receive their benefits (50 pesos per month x 12 months). • In total 1.5 billion pesos per year is spent by families in receiving their benefits (600 pesos x 2.5 million families). • 450 million pesos could be saved (30% x 1.5 billion pesos). A very good response might note that these potential savings could be redirected to enhance the benefit system further, and that there may be other costs that could be saved also, such as the cost of lost working time in making the journey to collect benefits (that is, opportunity costs). Question 3: The team conducted a survey on a sample of the rural population in three different regions of Mexico. These populations were given a number of statements about the concept of collecting their benefits at the nearest Diconsa store and asked how much they agreed with each statement. The average response to some of the questions by region is shown below: What are your observations about this information, and how would you explain these trends? Helpful hints • Take some time to look at the information and note down any observations you have. • Challenge yourself to identify trends that are not immediately obvious in the data. Reveal Answer A good answer might include the following: • There are significant differences by region on how interested people are in collecting their benefits at their nearest Diconsa. • All people have a security concern about collecting their benefits at a Diconsa, but this is particularly the case in Region B. • People are not so concerned about whether they will receive their benefits, except in Region B. • Not everyone is completely convinced that it will cost them less to collect benefits from their nearest Diconsa, despite the fact that they all agree it will save them time. • Broadly speaking, security, trust and cost effectiveness all seem to influence whether someone is interested in collecting their benefits at a Diconsa. People’s perception of these seem to differ by region, with Region B being a particular issue. A very good answer to this question might also suggest possible reasons for the observations above: • One potential explanation for the results of Region B is that this region has significantly greater levels of crime and corruption, which means that people are less convinced that they will receive their benefits or that they can keep them secure once received. • Security overall is the issue that is consistently lowest rated across the regions which may indicate that there is a relatively high degree of crime in all these areas. • Even though everyone agrees that this idea would save them time, there is disagreement that it would save them money. This might indicate that certain stores are distrusted more than others. For example, store proprietors may not be happy to just dispense cash without the recipient making a purchase. This is supported by the fact that the responses on ‘trust’ and ‘cost’ are correlated. This might have implications for the compensation/incentive model of managers of the Diconsa. Question 4: In a meeting with representatives of the state bank, they express concern about how challenging it will be to offer basic financial products to the rural population. One of the representatives mentions that these are regions where people are poorly educated and unfamiliar with banking products, and where there is a high degree of crime and fraud. He asks for the team’s thoughts about how the bank could sell these services effectively to this population given the challenges. Helpful hint • Consider the issues raised in the question, and group your thoughts around them. This will ensure that you are giving the most relevant answers. Reveal Answer A good answer to this question might include: If available, examples of how basic financial services have been successfully introduced into other poor populations, and how that learning could be leveraged in this case. Suggestions for how to overcome the lack of education and familiarity with banking products, for example: • Pilot some products in certain regions where the population might be more receptive, so that less receptive people can see that they are already being used by others in similar situations. • Arrange in-store talks and demonstrations, focusing on educating people on what the products are and how they can be used, and dispelling common causes of distrust. • Partner with brands or organizations that are already well known and trusted by the rural poor. • Advertise using individuals who have benefited from similar products, for example, people who have made successful insurance claims, or who managed to save money for a specific need. • Motivate Diconsa employees to encourage take-up of the products. • Offer promotions to encourage initial take-up, for example, pay 50 pesos when the first savings deposit is made Suggestions to overcome crime and fraud could include the following: • Increase security in Diconsa stores. • Impose daily or weekly limits on transactions. • Introduce technology such as chip cards to reduce fraudulent activity and to discourage crime through less use of cash. A very good answer may involve suggestions that can address all of the concerns together such as the following: • Introduce compulsory secure chip cards for all benefit recipients to verify their identity when collecting benefits can help reduce fraud. • These chip cards can be designed to handle financial-services transactions such as savings accounts or bill payment, and the fact that the population is already familiar with the technology can make them more open to the new services. 目前持有 Blink Coin： Loading.. (Coin 10) (Coin 20) (Coin 30) (Coin 40) (Coin 50) (Coin 60) (Coin 70) (Coin 100) (Coin 300) (Coin 500) (Coin 1000) (Coin 3000) 8 則回應 2018-06-15 13:51 #1 2018-06-15 20:41 #2 2018-06-15 21:08 #3 但是若需要翻成中文，基本上到現場也會GG吧 😅 2018-06-15 21:20 #4 2018-06-15 21:20 #5 2018-06-15 21:28 #6 2018-06-15 21:29 #7 2018-06-15 21:50 #8 註冊登入
Understanding IRPs: How Utilities Plan for the Future Posted by Coley Girouard on Aug 11, 2015 4:59:00 PM Disruptive new technologies, aging infrastructure, strengthened environmental regulation, and increased energy efficiency adoption are all contributing to a rapidly changing energy landscape. In order for utilities to plan for meeting future energy demand in the most cost-effective way, many states require utilities to file integrated resource plans (IRPs) with their state public utility commissions (PUCs). IRPs first started in the 1980s in response to the desire to better integrate energy efficiency into utility planning, the unexpectedly high costs of developing nuclear plants, and the oil embargoes of the 1970s. Today, new technologies, changing market conditions, and new environmental regulations are making IRPs change with the times. An IRP is a roadmap to meet forecasted energy demand using both supply and demand side resources to ensure reliable service to customers in the most cost-effective way. Today, according to AEE’s PowerPortal, 36 states - either by state statute or regulation - require utilities to file publicly available IRPs or their equivalent with their PUC. IRP requirements and scope vary by state, but most commonly the planning horizon is 20 years, with a detailed implementation plan for the first few years and a required update every two to three years. Additionally, most state PUCs have authority to review plans and reject them if they feel certain requirements have not been met - as was the case in Hawaii with HECO’s IRP in 2013. In 1965 - near the height of the U.S. nuclear power build-out - the Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) commissioned the construction of the Shoreham nuclear power plant, which eventually became one of the industry’s starkest examples of failed planning. Costing $6 billion instead of the estimated $350 million, the plant took almost 20 years to complete. In response to the 1979 Three Mile Island and the 1986 Chernobyl disasters, protesters claimed that because of where it was sited, evacuation of Long Island would be nearly impossible in the case of an emergency. In 1989, without ever going into commercial operation, LILCO sold the plant to the Long Island Power Authority, which closed the plant for good. Ratepayers are still footing the bill. Proper long-term planning and stakeholder involvement could have exposed some of the potential problems LILCO faced and may have saved ratepayers billions. In the 1980s, IRP requirements became popular as legislatures and regulators saw them as a way to increase resource diversity and reduce the role of foreign oil in the economy. However, IRP mandates were scaled back significantly in the 1990s, with the trend toward utility restructuring and the creation of competitive wholesale and retail power markets. Regulators thought that many of the issues of the past would be better solved by market competition than by formal planning, but the energy crisis in California at the turn of the century gave many regulators pause and led them to believe that some level of integrated planning was still a necessity. Now some states in restructured markets - such as Pennsylvania and New Hampshire - have redesigned IRP requirements to be more applicable and include long term procurement plans. Utilities have always had to plan ahead for their investments. Over the years, however, this process has become increasingly complicated. Historically, utilities mainly considered generation, transmission, and distribution additions to meet growing demand; now they have to plan for a more complex and uncertain environment. This includes power purchase agreements from independent power producers, renewable energy and energy efficiency portfolio standards, upgrades to aging and vulnerable transmission and distribution infrastructure, and the growth in customer-sited distributed energy resources. Utilities must also bear in mind a variety of factors which have been magnified in this energy landscape - base load versus peaking power, environmental externalities, resource diversity, and volatility in the fuel and commodities markets and their subsequent effects on price stability, and reliability. Today, new technologies and changing regulatory environments are transforming our energy mix, and resource planning will be paramount to ensure utilities can provide least cost and reliable service to their customers. The EPA’s Clean Power Plan (CPP), finalized last week, will have a large effect on utility planning for the next two decades. In fact, some utilities, such as AmerenUE in Missouri, are already preparing for the CPP in their IRPs. In the past three years, 67 GW (out of 1,060 GW total installed capacity today) have come online, with half of those additions coming from wind and solar. The move towards renewables and natural gas is likely to accelerate even faster when the CPP goes into effect. According to AEE’s analysis of EIA data tracking planned retirements, between 2015 and 2023 there are already 39 GW of generating capacity retirements (over 70% of which are coal) in the pipeline. This number is sure to rise over the next couple of years, as most utilities have not released plans past 2018. This snapshot, however, demonstrates that new regulations and disruptive innovation are already changing our energy mix and that proper planning will be critical for the future of the grid. Source: AEE analysis of FERC and SEIA data Source: AEE analysis of EIA Electric Power Monthly A handful of states, from California to New York, are in the thick of comprehensive 21st century electricity reform. IRPs can be a good indicator of the direction the state is trending and in some cases can kickstart reform. In Minnesota, Xcel Energy submitted a roadmap to the Public Utilities Commission designed to implement the recommendations of a stakeholder process. Known as the e21 Initiative, this IRP has been a key driving force in a grid modernization process which is set to begin this September. The falling cost of renewable technologies, the surge in distributed energy resources and the increase in energy efficiency coupled with stronger environmental standards and aging infrastructure are the central drivers molding our energy future. In this era of change, it is essential that utilities consider the views of key stakeholders and develop flexible plans. Utilities must also identify all possible scenarios that consider potential disruptions, such as the rise in distributed energy resources and that incorporate technologies such as energy storage that may become increasingly cost competitive over a long horizon. California’s recently filed distributed resource plans may provide a sneak peek into the IRPs of the future. On July 1st, California’s major investor owned utilities (which include Southern California Edison, San Diego Gas & Electric, Pacific Gas & Electric) filed plans intended to begin the process of moving the IOUs toward a 21st century electricity system. This means a more open and flexible grid that includes fuller integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into distribution system planning, operations and investment decisions that will yield net benefits for all ratepayers. The energy landscape is at a crossroads, regulatory environments are changing, and the IRP is more important than ever before. For more information sign up for a free trial for AEE’s PowerSuite today! We track recurring proceedings such as Integrated Resource Plans, Rate Cases, Renewable Portfolio Plans and Energy Efficiency Plans, with links to the most recent proceeding, the authority that created them, and future filing schedules. Topics: PUCs
Economics at your fingertips The Politics and Economics of Regional Transfers Fabio Padovano () in Books from Edward Elgar Publishing Abstract: Which programmes of income redistribution across jurisdictions are likely to be chosen in democratic countries and why? How does the degree of government centralization affect these choices? How does redistribution of income across regions interact with the migration of factors of production? Do these processes reinforce or do they obstruct each other, and why? This book tries to answer these questions and others related to the issue of income redistribution across states and regions. Keywords: Economics and Finance; Urban and Regional Studies (search for similar items in EconPapers) Date: 2007 ISBN: 9781845426668 References: Add references at CitEc Downloads: (external link) http://www.e-elgar.com/shop/isbn/9781845426668 (application/pdf) Related works: Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:elg:eebook:4058 Ordering information: This item can be ordered from Access Statistics for this book More books in Books from Edward Elgar Publishing Bibliographic data for series maintained by Darrel McCalla (). Page updated 2020-07-25 Handle: RePEc:elg:eebook:4058
In Glogpedia by CbelknapGOC Last updated 5 years ago Health & Fitness Toggle fullscreen Print glog Cold turkey RehabExercise Nicotine replacment therapy Behavior Therapy Medicine * Combo treatments FormaldehydePlutonium210Arsenic Acetone BenzeneCadmium These are just some of the thing in tobacco. Theres a total of 4,000 ingredients! Would you want to smoke know that you know that the 2nd ingrediant is used in atomic bombs? Elevated blood pressureHardening of the arteries Cronic bronchitis wrinkled skin yellow fingerssmokers cough higher likelihood for miscarriageshigher likelihood of male and female infertility Ways to quit smoking lungs vs non smokers lungs 1. Increases the heart rate by 15-20 beats per minute. 2.Twice as likely to get a heart attack3.5x as likely to have cancer of the larynx4.4x as likely to get mouth cancer5. 3x as likely to get esopageal cancer6.3x as likely to die of ulcers7.2x as likely to die of cirrhosis of the liver8. 2x as likely to devolp kidney cancer9. 10x as likely to get lung cancer10.2x as likely to get a heart attack 10 ways it kills you faster than you realized Health Risks Smoking destroys cila, so the pollution stays inside. Which the gunk this creates increases the risk for lung cancer. Also it increases risks for chroinc obstructive pulominary disease, chest infections, and a chronic cough. What it does to the lungs got this image from got this from HERE Chloe Belknap There are no comments for this Glog.
The people who imagine disasters 08 July 2020 Read: 739 The people who imagine disasters Entire teams of people spend their days imagining what might happen in a crisis to ensure we can be better prepared for when the worst really does happen, reports citing BBC. It was a gigantic explosion. The blast tore through buildings and machinery, lighting up a huge refinery complex in Denver, Colorado. Gasoline production at the facility shut down for weeks as a result, leading to fuel reserves in Colorado quickly being used up. Pipelines from Wyoming, Texas and Kansas brought additional fuel to Colorado to make up for the fall in supply, but it meant fuel destined for other nearby states was curtailed. As it all unfolded, fuel prices across the region swelled. The aftermath of the explosion was a troubling example of how a single event can ricochet through systems, supply chains and a country. Except, none of this ever happened. It’s just a scenario played out in a series of calculations – a simulation – published in 2015 by Sandia National Laboratories in the US. The team that modelled the fuel pipeline flows in this make-believe disaster considered a number of other “disruptions” in their report, including an oil spill in Boston harbour, earthquakes in California and a Category 5 hurricane slamming into the Gulf Coast. “Before something bad happens, we provide a better understanding of how to prevent those things or how to mitigate them when they do occur,” explains Kevin Stamber, who heads the critical infrastructure analysis team at Sandia. He’s spent 20 years working on a stark problem: what can we expect if the worst should happen? Modelling systems in order to fathom how they might react to changed circumstances is not new. But businesses and large organisations are increasingly using computer models to inform their contingency planning and decision-making. It helps them to strategise and come up with the best plan for what to do when the worst does happen. Entire groups of researchers, teams of engineers and whole companies are now dedicated to simulating a whole range of unpleasant, and in some cases almost unimaginable, crises to help us all be better prepared. This is the story of how and why they do it. Stamber’s work doesn’t only relate to hypothetical scenarios. About six years ago, he got a call from the US Department of Energy after a refinery in California was disrupted, causing a fall in production. The department was concerned that in the event of a coincidental disruption at another refinery in the state, fuel supplies could be seriously affected, so it asked Stamber to forecast the impact of such a scenario. “In that case they were looking in particular at security surrounding facilities – whether or not they needed additional security in place,” he says. What if someone decided to attack one of California’s other refineries at that particular moment? Stamber’s model showed that a security incident at one of those other refineries would indeed cause havoc. Fuel prices would likely go up – there was even potential for gas stations to run out of fuel entirely. In response to this forecast, the Department of Energy duly stepped up security – just in case. But how do you go about building a model that can make these sorts of predictions? In simple terms, a model is really just a series of calculations that represent – in an abstract way – some entity or system in the real world. We use models all the time without realising it. Try working out how you might get to the supermarket and still pick up the children from school at 3.45pm – you’d probably think about the routes you could take and choose the best one for that time of day. Or, most of us would probably ask an app on our smartphone to do this for us. Be it fuel pipelines, the electricity grid, traffic on roads or even the weather, models make use of past data to make predictions about what can be expected in the future in a given set of circumstances. As the volume of data and number of variables increase, so does the computational task involved. Some of the most powerful models, which aim to forecast events that are inherently unpredictable, make use of machine learning to look for patterns in the data that would otherwise be missed. As new information and variables come in, these AI algorithms then adapt and update accordingly. Sandia drew on historical data to inform their hypothetical scenario of a refinery explosion in Denver. Specifically, they used the example of the 2005 refinery explosion in Texas. Their similar, hypothetical, incident in Denver was then simulated using the National Transportation Fuel Model – a complex representation of US pipelines and refineries. Turn off a refinery, see how flow is affected. Increase supply in a pipeline. What does that mean for production in the next state? As these variables are tweaked, the model adapts and gives a prediction about what might happen. But just how accurate can a model be? “You can never predict exactly what’s going to happen,” says Andrew Skates at modelling firm Sandtable. Some efforts come close, however. Models looking at the weather, for example, can achieve more than 90% accuracy when making predictions about wind speeds or temperatures a couple of days ahead. But predictions get harder when it comes to extreme events. “Crisis is about change, often dramatic change, and the challenge you have there from a modelling perspective is your historical data may not necessarily be a good guide to the future,” Skates explains. One agency that has been using modelling to try and get some sense of what will happen in extraordinary scenarios is the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema). It’s well known for using modelling whenever hurricanes are on approach to the US. “The more time we save, the more lives we save. That’s basically the gist of it,” says deputy assistant administrator for response, Joshua Dozor. Besides partnering with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to forecast the probable path of the hurricane itself, Fema has to think about how infrastructure and flood defences will cope. When Hurricane Katrina hit Florida and Louisiana in 2005, tidal walls and levees failed. That led to a devastating flood. Since then, Fema’s modelling has since taken into account the availability of defences in locations like this, says Dozor: “We know where evacuation zones should be placed based upon the size and strength of the water pumps.” (Read more about how we better plan for hurricanes and other natural disasters.) There’s also the question of how people will respond. Transportation modelling can suggest how quickly communities in the path of a storm will vacate an area once given the order to leave. “We do analysis of behaviour – are they likely or less likely to heed the warnings of emergency managers?” explains Dozor. People who have experienced hurricanes within the past five years tend to be the ones who evacuate most effectively when ordered to do so, he says. This information can further inform decision-making about who should be evacuated first and when the order is to be given. Factors that can influence who is asked to leave first include which districts have the better flood defences such as water pumps are also which are likely to get imminent rainfall, according to forecasts. Behavioural analysis is important when planning for a crisis. One of the most complex entities on the planet is the human being. That said, general rules about how people typically behave in crisis situations can be applied. There is a persistent stereotype that people are prone to panic as a crisis looms and that they might deviate from social norms during a disaster, says Michelle Meyer, director of the Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center at Texas A&M University. Consider the fears over riots and looting if social order broke down due to the spread of the coronavirus, for example. But this perception is often misleading. “One of the main findings that we have is that people don’t panic,” she says. “I know looting is often talked about but it is relatively rare and only in specific situations.” Knowing how people actually respond in different situations is important if you are hoping to keep them safe during a crisis. A particular type of simulation – known as agent-based modelling – tries to understand how individuals in a crowd will behave. One firm that uses this approach is Movement Strategies in the UK. It has consulted on the design of large venues and stadiums, helping architects and staff come up with floorplans and procedures allowing thousands of people to evacuate the building as quickly as possible, for example. One key discovery the company has made is how crowds of people can behave very differently depending on who they are and what kind of event has brought them to the venue. Aoife Hunt, associate director at the firm, recalls working with one Premier League football club that was developing a new security screening process, such as bag searches upon entering the ground. The trouble was, this club’s home fans were notorious for arriving at the stadium just five minutes before the match. And crowds of football supporters can feature a mix of behaviours. “If they’re male supporters, they’re going to be in groups but they’re looser groups than female supporters. They’re not going to touch shoulders, we’ve found,” says Hunt. People’s behaviour in a model can be adjusted depending on what you know about that particular category of person. “At Wembley, we’ve managed to quantify the difference between a group of Taylor Swift fans and a group of Ed Sheeran fans,” adds Hunt. Taylor Swift fans, for instance, might more commonly link arms during the concert. That could slow people down in the event of a sudden evacuation, for instance. Understanding these interpersonal behaviours can also help modellers to predict how long a stadium or concert venue might take to empty at the end of an event, allowing public transport operators to work out how many services they might need at the end of a night. Human behaviour can also influence the design of new venues. Depending on what sort of crowds are expected, architects may adjust the number of exits or the staircase designs, for instance, to make sure there is steady flow out of the venue during an evacuation. With too few exits, people won’t be able to get out safely, and with too many, you get something known as “free flow” and an uncontrolled dispersal of people that can lead to a stampede. Getting the balance right is how modelling can help. From stadium evacuations to hurricanes, all of the situations described above have happened before. The trick is in learning from those historical disasters and using that knowledge to refine the models. Even though no two disasters are ever the same, they can help us prepare for the future. It’s not an exact science – but it is a potentially life-saving one. More about: #Disasters
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Idas IDAS, in Greek legend, son of Aphareus of the royal house of Messene, brother of Lynceus. He is only mentioned in a single passage in Homer (Iliad, ix. 556 sqq.), where he is called the strongest of men on earth. He carried off Marpessa, daughter of Evenus, as his wife and dared to bend his bow against Apollo, who was also her suitor. Zeus intervened, and left the choice to Marpessa, who declared in favour of Idas, fearing that the god might desert her when she grew old (Apollodorus i. 7). The Apharetidae are best known for their fight with the Dioscuri. A quarrel had arisen about the division of a herd of cattle which the four had stolen. Idas claimed the whole of the booty as the victor in a contest of eating, and drove the cattle off to Messene. The Dioscuri overtook him and lay in wait in a hollow oak. But Lynceus, whose keenness of sight was proverbial, saw Castor through the trunk and warned his brother, who thereupon slew the mortal Castor; finally, Pollux slew Lynceus, and Idas was struck by lightning (Apollodorus iii. 11; Pindar, Nem., x. 60; Pausanias iv. 3. 1). According to others, the Dioscuri had carried off the daughters of Leucippus, who had been betrothed to the Apharetidae (Ovid, Fasti, v. 699; Theocritus xxii. 137). The scene of the combat is placed near the grave of Aphareus at Messene, at Aphidna in Attica, or in Laconia; and there are other variations of detail in the accounts (see also Hyginus, Fab. 80). Idas and Lynceus were originally gods of light, probably the sun and moon, the herd of cattle (for the possession of which they strove with the Dioscuri) representing the heavenly bodies. The annihilation of the Apharetidae in the legend indicates the subordinate position held by the Messenians after the loss of their independence and subjugation by Sparta, the Dioscuri being distinctly Spartan, as the Apharetidae were Messenian heroes. The grave of Idas and Lynceus was shown at Sparta, according to Pausanias (iii. 13. 1), whose own opinion, however, is that they were buried in Messenia. On the chest of Cypselus, Marpessa is represented as following Idas from the temple of Apollo (by whom, according to some, she had been carried off), and there was a painting by Polygnotus of the rape of the Leucippidae in the temple of the Dioscuri at Athens. In the article Greek Art, fig. 66 (Pl. iv.) represents Idas and the Dioscuri driving off cattle.
Jul 15, 2020 in Informative Steven Spielberg The contemporary film industry has important personalities who significantly impacted different aspects of movie making and the history of film industry. One of such personalities is Steven Spielberg, a film director, producer, editor, and screenwriter. He created a vast quantity of films, which were popular between the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. This paper investigates Spielberg’s biography with the aim of finding the key factors that constitute his success in his profession and life. It focuses on such issues as his family life and values, the milestones of his career, major themes of his films, and his contribution to the movie industry. The paper suggests that Steven Spielberg became one of the key figures in the film industry because of his outstanding skills and talent, which brought him the recognition of the world’s film critics and moviegoers. This analysis enhances the understanding of Spielberg’s success in the movie industry as well as the reasons for recognition of his works among the primary stakeholders. Type of assignment Writer level Number of pages Total price: Steven Spielberg’s Biography Upbringing and its Influence on the Character of Steven Spielberg Steven Spielberg’s vision of life and his later attitude to one’s profession and colleagues were influenced by his childhood and family life. He was born in 1946 in an Orthodox Jewish family, which significantly impacted his behavior and education while bringing problems at school. Thus, Spielberg claims that his school years were rather difficult because of anti-Semitic prejudices. However, religion and good relationship with his family allowed the future director to withstand these problems and view life positively. Basically, his early years formed him as a friendly and creative person because of family values related with these issues. Family Life and Values The life of Spielberg’s family was significantly influenced by religion: the young boy was properly educated and had traditional Orthodox Jewish upbringing. His father was a soldier and participated in World War II, but he devoted much time to his family and his son in particular helping him to become a family filmmaker. As a result, the future film director noticed the peculiarities of relationships between the members of the family. Thus, the divorce of his parents was a factor that shifted his attention to dramatic events in life and the aspect of family relationships. Therefore, such values as positive attitude to people, respect for one another, acceptance of one’s destiny, and kindness were among those that Spielberg transferred into his professional life. Important Relationships in Steven Spielberg’s Professional Life Steven Spielberg’s professional life has always been full of different contacts and relationship, some of which have always been important to him. One of such relationships was a long-time cooperation with a composer John Williams, who created the scores for the major part of Spielberg’s films. In fact, Spielberg’s movies put an emphasis on classical music due to the fact that his mother was a concert pianist and spent hours playing classical music. Furthermore, it is important to note that his cooperation with one more talented filmmaker, George Lucas, resulted in a series of films about an archeologist Indiana Jones. Both filmmakers were incredibly creative, which is why their cooperation allowed them sharing their ideas and learning different aspects of profession one from another. Spielberg often cooperates with people who have had a good impact on him, for example, actors and crew. In particular, one can often see such actors as Richard Dreyfuss, Harrison Ford, Tom Hanks, Tom Cruise, and Shia LaBeouf in the films created by Spielberg. The highlighted issue is a result of his difficult childhood, which is why the filmmaker attempts to create a friendly atmosphere of well-known to him people. Consequently, Spielberg’s friendly attitude with these actors results in efficient cooperation. The Beginning of the Filming Career One may say that the filming career of Steven Spielberg started in his childhood because of his role as a family cameraman. It was one of the most critical steps in Steven’s life because he spent significant amounts of time with the camera since his childhood. In this respect, the critics claim that he filmed everything: “his family at home or at a campsite, his neighbors and schoolmates, and even the hubcaps of the family car as it pulled out of the driveway”. However, his professional career started in the 1970’s when he was hired to direct one of the episodes of a series called Night Gallery broadcasted by NBC. Therefore, his colleagues and critics noticed a new figure in the industry because of Spielberg’s unusual approach to the camera and the process of filming. Gradually, his experience in directing TV shows grew until he directed a debut full-length film The Sugarland Express, a crime drama based on true events. Despite being a box office failure, the movie was recognized as a critically successful work by Spielberg’s colleagues. Therefore, the film industry obtained a prospective filmmaker, who was capable of creating a product appealing to the audience. Recognition and Signature Movies Spielberg’s recognition as a talented and prospective filmmaker started in the 1970s after several of his works that demonstrated his skills to colleagues, critics, and movie-goers. The first famous film created under his guidance was Jaws: “a raw nerve movie… banging your nerves and saying this is about a birth sac”. In this film, the work of the director was tremendous as he used some new approaches attempting to reach maximum realism. For instance, though the shark was mechanical, Spielberg insisted on filming in the ocean instead of a standard approach of using a water tank. As a result, this realistic work achieved tremendous success attracting attention to the director. Spielberg’s other movies that became box-office hits were Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Poltergeist, a series of films about Indiana Jones, Back to the Future, Jurassic Park, and others. They demonstrate that Steven Spielberg is capable of working in different genres and discussing a vast majority of issues, which makes him a skillful professional. Major Themes and Ideas Beginning with the genres of crime drama and horror, Spielberg was not going to stop and constantly explored new topics and themes for his films. As a result, his works affected different genres, such as adventure, fantasy and science fiction, comedy, history, and films for children. Scholars claim that his works may be divided into two main modes, which are “movies for children” and “movies for grownups”. For instance, he skillfully used the revival of the historical themes to render them in different settings in such movies as Indiana Jones and Jurassic Park. At the same time, The Color Purple, Schindler's List, and Saving Private Ryan explore more serious and dramatic topics being directed at an adult viewer. Thus, exploring various topics from ancient archeology to World War II, Spielberg practiced his skills in capturing attention of the audience with the format of an adventure and war drama films. In general, the personality of Steven Spielberg is an example of an individual who constantly explores new horizons of one’s profession. Contribution to the Movie Industry and Society Steven Spielberg had a significant impact on the movie industry and the society overall. Thus, his works and expertise serve as a role model for other filmmakers because his technical skill is compared to that of Billy Friedkin, Francis Coppola, Brian De Palm, and Martin Scorsese. For instance, one of his special tricks is a special vision of mise-en-scene with the aim of creating suspense through the fear of the unknown. Moreover, the filmmaker did not stop on the film industry and is also famous for his philanthropy having made significant anonymous donations to different organizations. Some experts claim that as any professional, Spielberg enjoys receiving much money for his work, but his donation portfolio is “enormous” as well. Therefore, Steven Spielberg is one of the key figures in the modern film industry because of his creative impact and skills that allow him to take the art of filmmaking to a new level. At the same time, the outstanding filmmaker has such positive influence because of his childhood and family that gave him good manners, education, and a first camera. To conclude, Steven Spielberg is a unique creative personality recognized in the world as an outstanding professional of the film industry. His devotion to camera and filming started in his early childhood with a role of a family cameraman. His family taught him to take criticism well, be patient in his deeds, and be attentive to people who are kind to him. As a result, he formed many long-term friendly relationships with trusted actors and crew members, which resulted in cooperation with some of them in many films. Having got his first professional job as a TV series director, Spielberg improved his skills and gradually switched to full-length movies that gave him an opportunity of actualizing his creativity. With time, the number of his successful movies grew granting him recognition of the world’s critics and movie-goers. Spielberg is capable of discussing different topics in his works ranging from drama and action to science fiction and history, which attract audience with various interests. Finally, he is well-known as a philanthropist and a film industry investor, which highlights his positive individual qualities. Therefore, without any doubt, Steven Spielberg’s impact on the film industry is tremendous as he uses one’s creativity, individual qualities, and cooperation skills for making excellent films contributing to the film industry. for your 1st order We have a hot deal for you!
Free «Relativism and Rationalism» Essay Sample Relativism, as opposed to rationalism, is inclined to seek the essential meaning of things trying to be less categorical than rationalism is. In this respect relativism is full of skepticism on the nature of things and phenomena. In the historical cut, it is quite possible to state that during one period of time people thought of some things to be rationally framed. Thereafter, with more knowledge gained by the time, such statements were considered as follies. Thus, rationalism is constantly getting through a right-or-wrong justification of things while relativism has an argument that there are “no context-free or super-cultural norms of rationality” emphasizing the existence of a strong doubt where it is stated as impossible (Barnes and Bloor 27). Buy Relativism and Rationalism essay paper online Title of your paper Type of assignment Academic level VIP Services package ? • Total price Continue to order First off, it is necessary to take a look at how both concepts define the state of things. In this respect relativism highlights “the essential identity of things” without separating its meaning while rationalism tends to explain things through the concept of dualism realized through the “distinctions of true or false” (Barnes and Bloor 25). It makes positions of rationalism quite categorical in its judgment on the subject matter. Definitely, arriving at its title, rationalism aims at showing the ultimate truth even though such attempts were redefined and even excluded in the course of time. Development of the mankind is a dynamic system where the universal knowledge gained at the moment is always under the process of reconsideration. One of the examples is geocentric versus heliocentric concept of the Earth. The mankind due to the elites trusted the idea of geocentric concept because of a lack of research on that problem and technological inability to prove it previously. One more thing is that many of traditional theoretical approaches have been redefined due to some empirical controversies. Thus, truth and reality becomes “shaky” and vague if not critically examining it. Facts are stubborn thing. This is why relativism does not aim to follow the idea of some absolute truth as it seems a fallacy for relativists. However, relativism grounds its arguments based on the rational hypotheses. Thereupon, the research shows a particular contextual entity of arguments and counter arguments suggested by two concepts: “Epistemological skepticism, like selective relativism, is not possible without implicit reliance on the capacity for rational thought: It proceeds by the rational identification of logical possibilities compatible with the evidence, between which reason does not permit us to choose” (Nagel 19). Hence, rational “objectivity” is, thereafter, reduced by relativist as “subjectivity”. A causative-consecutive chain of events reasoned in keeping with a good tradition of logic should shed light on the objective reality, first of all. The thing is that a rationalist would likely to “say that the above argument only applies to what are taken to be reasons, rather than to what really are reasons” (Barnes and Bloor 29). This opposition seems true on the part of rationalists who are usually confined to some concrete absolute understanding of natural phenomena without further research on them. Special offer for new customers! Get 15% OFF your first order Norms of rationality cannot be taken in order to just state them as the only idea of how things exist in the universe. It is a pit of fallacies which gathers more and more individuals who were once influenced by some sophisticated idea without expressing their own opinions which, in turn, could lead them toward better understanding. As Socrates once said Truth is sprout in discussion. In case disputes are rejected by either of the parties, there is nothing to do with finding out some true statements. If there is a situation or discussion in which one observes a certain kind of impasse, the strategy of internal reasons comes once the conflict has arisen between two parties (Hales 335). Besides, two philosophical concepts may live in one and the same mind of one and the same person by dint of parsing different domains: “…somebody might hold to absolutism in the cognitive domain, but relativism in the moral and aesthetic domains” (Krausz 57). This strategy has to do with the ambiguity of one’s ideals put in terms of real life and personal preferences. What is more, it justifies the infinite nature of disputes between rationalists and relativists, as even the most ardent supporters of either concept borrowed or absorbed a part of theoretical background from the opposite group of philosophers. Of course, it also depends on the context in which the discussion takes place. Touching upon the concept of cultural or supper-cultural norms of rationality, culture itself is a process of development in which obsolete norms are followed by some new ones. In this case the idea of rationalistic misinterpretation is also another relativist strategy for attacking the arguments of rationalism (Nagel 9). Obviously, personal inclinations of a rationalist usually lead him/her to a total discourage once his/her idea is proved wrong. In this respect the subjectivist’s strategy helps in achieving this goal (Nagel 111). Once again, relativist skepticism grounds on different ways of translating cultural peculiarities rather than choosing an absolute one and keep it in mind as the only possible argument. Given that, the opposition between rationalism and relativism is ostensibly grounded on misinterpretation of the objective reality which, on the one hand, seems usual and, on the other hand, unknown to a researcher. A more detailed approach to studying things from inside out gives relativists more opportunities to argue an alleged rational justification thereof. This is why absolutism is limited and gives no way toward a deeper research so that to omit any change of traditional knowledge. Most popular orders What Our Clients Say Read all testimonials Click here to chat with us
Why is the River White? Why is the River White? (HM1L3D) Location: Enumclaw, WA 98022 Pierce County Buy Washington State flags at Flagstore.com! Country: United States of America Buy United States of America flags at Flagstore.com! N 47° 3.166', W 121° 34.325' • 0 check ins • 0 favorites Scenic Skookum Falls — Mather Memorial Parkway — Why is the River White? Particles the size and color of plaster dust give the White River its distinctive pale hue. These particles are what geologists call "glacial flour"—a fitting name for the pulverized rock from the Emmons glacier's slow-moving mill wheel. Meltwater from the Emmons glacier high on Mt. Rainier, fills the White River for its first mile or two. The White River and its tributaries support five runs of anadromous fish, including Sockeye, Coho, and Chinook salmon. Scenic Skookum Falls. The breathtaking view of Skookum Falls (to the upper right of this panel) has enthralled visitors for many hundreds of years. The word Skookum means "strong" in the Chinook jargon of the early European traders. HM NumberHM1L3D Placed ByMt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Marker ConditionNo reports yet Date Added Monday, June 15th, 2015 at 2:01pm PDT -07:00 Locationbig map UTM (WGS84 Datum)10T E 608450 N 5212017 Decimal Degrees47.05276667, -121.57208333 Degrees and Decimal MinutesN 47° 3.166', W 121° 34.325' Degrees, Minutes and Seconds47° 3' 9.96" N, 121° 34' 19.5" W Driving DirectionsGoogle Maps Area Code(s)253, 360, 206 Closest Postal AddressAt or near WA-410, Enumclaw WA 98022, US Check Ins check in \| all Comments 0 comments Maintenance Issues 1. Is this marker part of a series? 2. What historical period does the marker represent? 3. What historical place does the marker represent? 4. What type of marker is it? 5. What class is the marker? 6. What style is the marker? 7. Does the marker have a number? 8. What year was the marker erected? 9. This marker needs at least one picture. 10. Can this marker be seen from the road? 11. Is the marker in the median?
Church History Tuesday: Persecutions of the Third Century Around the year 200 marks the start of the great persecutions of the Church. Yes, there had been persecutions before 200, but they were mostly local persecutions, not Empire wide mandates. Christian and Jewish persecution saw a greater increase at this time because of the fragile state of the Roman Empire. Emperor Septimiuus Severus had been fighting several civil wars with in the Empire and faced a constant threat from the barbarians beyond the Roman boarders. With all these wars, Severus decided the best way to bring unity to the Empire was to find religious harmony. So he started to promote syncretism, which he proposed to bring all subjects under the worship of Sol invictus or the Unconquered Sun, all the gods could still be worshipped as long as the Sun was acknowledged as reigning over them all. The Jews and Christians had a problem with this idea. Severus’ answer to their objections was to outlaw, under penalty of death, all conversions to those religions, thus attempting to stop their spreading. He issued this edict in 202, some victims of this edict, are believed to include: St. Irenaeus, Origen’s father, and Sts. Perpetua and Felicitas. For reasons that are not entirely known the persecution under Severus did not last long after about 203 or 204. There were a few other short persecutions when others became Emperors, but they were mostly localized to one area. At this time there also arose several writings on the act of martyrdom and a loose theology and liturgy of martyrdom. St. Clement of Alexandria and Origen of Alexandria were two major writers on martyrdom. Many of the actual stories of martyrs, usually called the Martyrdom of …, were used as a way of teaching new converts or those threatened with martyrdom the right way to act during martyrdom and how to make a good confession of Christ under persecution. However, again in 249 Decius became Emperor, he wanted to restore Rome to her former glory. He believed one way to restore Rome was to get everyone worshiping the ancient gods, because everything was better when everyone worshiped the Roman gods. Decius’ persecution was not trying to create martyrs but apostates, who would then worship the ancestral gods. He did not seek to persecute Christians, but rather made worshiping the gods a mandatory practice throughout the Empire. Everyone had to burn incense to the gods and a statue of Decius. Those who complied were given a certificate, stating they had conformed to the edict; those who did not have a certificate were considered outlaws. The problem for Christians was they were not prepared for this new challenge; those who had lived under the constant threat of persecution were now gone or very old. So several ran to obey the imperial command, some stood strong for a while, but when brought before the authorities they offered the sacrifice. However, very few were actually martyred in this persecution. Thus, a new type of Christian was born, the “confessor,” which was someone who had confessed Christ while enduring torture and imprisonment, but was not actually martyred. These Christians were highly respected by Christians at the time. The persecution of Decius did not last long, because in 251 he was succeeded by Gallus, who did away with Decius’ edicts. Next week we will discuss the controversy caused by those who had renounced Christ and lapsed from the faith. About Jesse I am a graduate of Asbury Theological Seminary with a Masters of Arts in Theology focusing on Church History. I am a Third Order Benedictine monk, in the Company of Jesus. I am married to a wonderful woman, we just had a baby Michaela Rose. You can follow me and be alerted of new blog post by following me on Twitter @jtalexanderiv. Or following this blog. This entry was posted in Church History Tuesday and tagged , , , , , . Bookmark the permalink. 1 Response to Church History Tuesday: Persecutions of the Third Century 1. Pingback: Church History Tuesday: How the Church Dealt with the Lapsed \| Learning From the Saints Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
4 Ingredients for Biblical Songs Choosing Music that Encourages Unity and Engagement Singing to the Lord in the congregation can be one of the most exciting and meaningful activities of the local church. No other activity equally engages the mind, will, and emotions like music. No other activity requires unity around the truth of God’s Word in the same way. It is a wonderful experience when God’s people are fully engaged and unified in worship. What makes a biblical song? How can we choose the kind of music that encourages such unity and engagement? Unfortunately, it is not enough to simply appeal to music from the distant past. How can we evaluate our songs, both new and old, for their biblical and practical use in the congregation? 1. The Song Is God-Centered By strict definition, biblical worship is any obedient response to the truth of God. For worship to take place, biblical truth must be accurate and clearly presented, and the congregation must respond appropriately and obediently to that truth. The truth about Who God is and what He has done should elicit our highest praise and most joyful singing. But how can such a response be possible when the text of the song does not present clear truth about God? What good is our singing when it isn’t clear to whom and about whom we are singing? First, our songs should be directly and objectively about God. While personal testimonies and subjective experiences can be helpful and meaningful, we must be sure we sing truths that relate to the general experience of all Christians present. Not only should our songs be directly about God, they should also be directed to God. Ephesians 5:19 and Colossians 3:16 both end with a clear command that our singing is to be “to the Lord.” 2. The Text Presents Biblical Truths The truth presented in our songs should be clear. The congregation should understand what they are saying. Singing a text that is vague or archaic will ultimately make congregational singing a mere ritual—a vain repetition for the sake of tradition instead of a heartfelt response to truth. The truths presented in our songs should also be complete. That is, they should allow the church to sing all of the great doctrines of the Bible throughout the course of a season or year. Theologians of the past have long considered the songs of a church to be a systematic theology for the church. 3. The Music Encourages a Response If all that mattered in congregational worship was the presentation of truth, there would be no need for singing. However, worship requires an appropriate response. Every ritual of worship is an opportunity for the Christian to demonstrate clear affections for God and His truth. We must consider the music we use in worship. It will either support and encourage the right response, or it will distract and discourage the congregation from singing. The key to encouraging involvement and an affectionate response in singing is to use great music. How do we define “great music” without being too subjective? Much could be said about beauty and aesthetics, but here are some practical ideas. First, be sure the melody is discernable and singable in its range, contour, and tempo. There are songs with great lyrics but that utilize a melody that is simply unfit for congregational singing. Second, let the music support but not overpower the congregation’s singing. Don’t turn up the volume to the point you can’t hear whether or not the congregation is singing. Third, when using familiar songs, use alternation methods to keep the congregation engaged. Alternate between congregation and choir. The options are endless. 4. The Song Includes the Entire Congregation The most important musical group in the church is the congregation. Talk about passionate singing from the pulpit. Give them great songs to sing. Facilitate opportunities for musical development. Structure your service in such a way that emphasizes their singing more than that of the platformed musicians. Be mindful also to choose songs that are accessible to your congregation as well. Is the song in a singable range and style? Is the congregation familiar enough with the song to sing it as a congregation?
Building Learning Power: Building Learning Power: It is becoming increasingly clearer that now and in the foreseeable future, being able to learn by oneself will become the evolutionary trait that will differentiate those who succeed, flourish and thrive from those who are left behind and perish. With new knowledge being added at an exponential pace, more and more people would have to be able to learn more on their own, learn to connect the dots and make the best use of the increasingly scarce resource called the teacher. There are several analogies that can help us better appreciate this model of an autonomous self-directed learner. The first is the comparison with physical fitness and building your ‘learning muscles’ and keep using them in the maxim that “ use it or lose it”. Another is that of cooking with a microwave oven. Unlike traditional cooking, where an external source of heat is the cause of cooking, in the microwave oven it is the natural frequency of vibration of the water molecules that is used to heat the food and the microwave frequency resonates and stimulates this. A good teacher awakens the desire of learning within the learner. The famous poet and Professor, Robert Frost said “ I am not a teacher. I am an awakened”. The third analogy is to boot a computer. The process of transforming an inert piece of electronics to one ready to execute a piece of software program is booting. And this is the role of a good teacher. Finally machine learning is about ‘ algorithms that learn’, and the role of the teacher is to facilitate their students to be able to learn. In fact, a few years ago Microsoft has created a special group on machine teaching, and machine teaching is said to be the sexiest job of the near future. But one of the best ways to appreciate the significance and importance of ‘ learning power’ is to view the following video carefully : Especially note the person who gets into the wheelchair at will. Guy Claxton coins the name ‘taughtitis’ for the learning disability of not being able to learn on one’s own. He emphasises “ building learning power” in analogy to building physical or muscular power. See this link to a Wikipedia article on the subject : I have below some extracts from the article for immediate reference: Learning power refers to the collection of psychological traits and skills that enable a person to engage effectively with a variety of learning challenges. The concept emerged during the 1980s and 90s, for example in the writings of the cognitive scientist Guy Claxton, as a way of describing the form of intelligence possessed by someone who, to quote Jean Piaget’s phrase, “…knows what to do when they don’t know what to do.” The forms of learning envisaged are typically broader than those encountered in formal educational settings, for example those that are of most use in learning sports or musical instruments, or in mastering complex social situations. The Elements of Learning Power: Though Learning Power is conceived as a form of intelligence, it differs from some more familiar notions of intelligence in a number of important ways. * First, it is seen as eminently practical, and not revealed particularly through solving abstract problems against the clock. * Second, it is not primarily intellectual, but involves characteristics more usually associated with personality, such as emotional resilience in the face of difficulty or frustration. * Third, Learning Power is conceived of as a composite of interwoven capacities, rather than as a distinct ‘monolithic’ mental entity. * Fourth, the elements of Learning power are usually described as dispositions (David Perkins), Habits of mind (Art Costa) or ‘capacities’ (Guy Claxton) rather than skills. * Skills are abilities that may need prompting – they do not necessarily come to mind when they are needed – whereas Learning power refers to a persistent orientation towards learning. Those with high levels of Learning Power can be said to be generally open to learning opportunities, and typically find engaging with challenges where they are uncertain of success pleasurable rather than aversive. * Finally, all the elements of learning power are seen as capable of development. Whereas conventional measures of IQ are taken to reflect intellectual endowments that are relatively constant over time and context, Learning Power emphasises the role of experience in expanding, or sometimes contracting, the dispositions towards learning. This emphasis reflects the concern of those who use the concept with education: specifically with education seen as a preparation for lifelong learning. The task of measuring learning power is still work in progress. The importance of the concept has been established and several dimensions have been identified. By its nature it will be a multi-dimensional measure, and it may not be easy to reduce it to a scalar. In future it may emerge as a key parameter for all learning systems including Machine learning models. It could also be an important parameter to distinguish human and Machine learning. In the year 2000 a team of UK researchers at the University of Bristol, identified a set of learning dispositions or dimensions of learning power—which emerged through successive empirical studies. The task was first to identify those personal qualities that enable someone to learn more effectively, then find a means of measuring and assessing them so that the assessment data could be owned and used by the individual to convert diagnoses into strategies for change. The term Learning Power was used to describe these personal qualities—which embody values, attitudes, and dispositions—since this was the first time a research team had developed a data-driven measurement model for the concept of Learning Power. Over 150,000 data points later, these dimensions of learning power have been demonstrated to be valid and reliable and, at the same time, extremely useful in practice as a vehicle for different conversations about learning that matter—a means of progressively handing over responsibility for learning to learners themselves. This research programme identified 8 inter-related personal qualities that are necessary for people to engage effectively with “risk, uncertainty, challenge, and the unknown”—in other words with new learning opportunities. These eight personal qualities are sometimes referred to as ‘learning dispositions’ and they involve feelings, cognition, behavior, and desire—they are holistic, integrative, and part of the way in which we create narrative coherence and make sense of the world and of our own minds. The 8 Dimensions of Learning Power 1: Mindful Agency : Mindful Agency is taking responsibility for your own learning. It’s about how you manage your feelings, your time, your energy, your actions, and the things you need to achieve your goals. It’s knowing your purpose — then knowing how to go about achieving it; stepping out on the path towards your goals. 2: Hope and Optimism: Hope and Optimism is being confident that you can change and learn and get better over time. It is helped by having a positive learning story to reflect upon, that gives you a feeling of having “come a long way” and of being able to “go places” with your learning. 3: Sense Making: Sense making is making connections between ideas, memories, facts—everything you know—linking them and seeing patterns and meaning. It’s about how learning matters to you, connecting with your own story and things that really matter. 4: Creativity: Creativity is using your imagination and intuition, being playful and “dreaming” new ideas, having hunches, letting answers come to you, rather than just “racking your brains” or looking things up. It’s about going “off the beaten track” and exploring ideas. 5: Curiosity: Curiosity is your desire to get beneath the surface, find things out and ask questions, especially “Why?” If you are a curious learner, you won’t simply accept what you are told without wanting to know for yourself whether and why it’s true. 6: Collaboration: Collaboration is how you learn through your relationships with others. It is about knowing who to turn to for advice and how to offer it, too. It’s about solving problems by talking them through, generating new ideas through listening carefully, making suggestions and responding positively to feedback. 7: Belonging: Belonging reflects how much you feel you belong as part of a “learning community”—at work or at home, or in your wider social network. It’s about the confidence you gain from knowing there are people you learn well together with and to whom you can turn when you need guidance, support and encouragement. 8: Openness to Learning: Openness to learning is being open to new ideas and to challenge and having the “inner strength” to move towards learning and change, rather than either giving up and withdrawing or “toughing it out” and getting mad with the world. Becoming more open to learning is like a pathway to all the other dimensions of learning power, just as the other dimensions also help you become more open to learning. The key message in this piece is that rather than focusing on exams and marks in exams and taking coaching or using Byju or Extramarks, which create a temporary illusion of knowledge, it is better to build learning power, so that in an unknown and uncertain world, one is ready and capable of learning whatever is contextually important. And this is not a onetime activity, but perhaps an activity that is a regular and persistent pattern like taking the morning walk or going regularly to the gym. About mmpant This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply
Acrocomia media Family: Arecaceae Palmeira Nome Comum: Prickly Palm Comum Sinonímia: Spanish: Corozo Fria Resistência Zona: 9b Ver o Reino Unido e os mapas zona EUA Acrocomia media conhecimento A solitary, tall, drought tolerant, alkaline soil tolerant, salt-tolerant, moderately fast growing, monoecious palm. Rare in cultivation, locally common in the wild. It has a spiny, grey trunk, 16 m. (52.5 ft.) tall, 28 cm. (11 inch) diameter with spaced ring leaf scars, and large segmented, pinnate (feather) leaves, 3 m. (10 ft.) long, 1.2 m. (4 ft.) wide, green above and, greyish green beneath. The trunk has a prominent bulge in its length about halfway, and is covered its full length with black thorns 6 cm in length, except in the areas where fires have come through and burnt the thorns off. Leaves are plumose with thorny petioles. A mature tree has approximately 20 green leaves in the crown, with a further 5 or 6 retained old leaves waiting to drop. Trees require an open sunny position. Informações Gerais: The fruit and the seeds are edible and have a high oil content, but rarely are they used. Although, a favourite with cows, who will eat the whole fruit, and pass the large seeds in their droppings, this acts well as a preconditioner to germination. Otherwise, seed germination is somewhat difficult, and the seeds can survive as many as 6 years in the ground before germinating. In spite of its thorny trunk, the species has become popular as an ornamental landscape tree. A single tree can produce 2000 large, golf-ball to tennis-ball sized fruits per year, containing extremely tough golf-ball sized seeds. Nativo para, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands US Native to Puerto Rico and St. Thomas, in the Virgin Islands of the United States, and has been introduced as an ornamental species to St. Croix, Virgin Islands of the United States, where it is now naturalized. The most favourable habitats are the humid coastal sands. These are marl sands and sands with pHs among 6.5 and 8.5, which can be found at elevations of 1 to several meters above sea level. Other sites include the abiertos valleys, the banks of rivers and amongst pastures in humid limestone hills within the high north of Puerto Rico and valleys and hills along the South coast of Puerto Rico. In the humid part of the island, the species does not grow to elevations of more than 200 m, but in the driest hills in the south it is possible to find trees at 400 m of elevation. The species rarely grows in the highest hills. Localização: (17.732990°N, -64.808350°E) Mapa não pode representar a distribuição completa natural. (Marcadores, indicam dados de observação). Acrocomia media Sobreposição de imagens ©2020 Trebrown - Não não autorizado re-distribuição. Estrita: direitos autorais © 2020 - Acrocomia media - Parágrafo de texto, fotos e ilustrações
Understanding Sailboat Hull and Rig Types Sailboats are wind-powered boats. In other words, they use the force of the wind for propulsion. Their categorizations as sailing dinghies, boats, or yachts depend on their design and use, as well as size. When compared to vehicles, sailboats have a broader spectrum. The variety is intended to suit the various purposes to which sailboats could be put. This may include social or sports activities. Sailboats are often categorized under two distinguishing categories: hull type and rig type. More sails mean less stress on the rigging and the masts. Sailboat Hull Types Sailboat hull types are categorized according to the shape and functionality of the hull. Examples include monohull, catamaran, or trimaran. Monohulls, as the name implies, have one hull. However, the hull differs depending on the type of sailboat. Monohulls may have full keels, bolted on fin keels, or a swing keel. Board-up keels allow the boat to travel on shallow water. Small monohulls, such as sailing dinghies, have shallow planning hulls that can comfortably ride a wave. Of all the three hull types, monohulls are the most traditional and the most common. Their reliance on ballast makes them faster and more stable. Examples of monohull designs are dinghy, cutter, sloop, etc. They are becoming a great choice among those who own cruising yachts. Catamarans (or cats) are multihull boats with two hulls – this is one feature that is central to all catamarans. Catamarans are bridged by a deck or a trampoline to make it rigid. The deck in large models has a cabin in each part of the hulls for enhanced privacy. Their beams are long (usually a minimum of 35 feet) about the length of the boat, making them roomier than monohulls. Due to their lack of deep and heavy keels, catamarans tend to sail faster off the wind. Also, their unique sizes make it difficult for them to fit into a traditional slip. Some of their advantages include their ability to handle rough seas incredibly well and enhanced stability. They are a great choice for charter operations, leisure, and sport sailing. Trimarans have three hulls, that is, the main hull (known as Vaka) and two side hulls (also known as amas) for stability. Some trimarans have foldable arms that hold the amas, making them narrower for trailering and storage. The large models are fast, stable, and have a minimal wetted surface area. Their lengths range between 19 to 36 feet. Their advantages include increased stability, reduced wave impact, and increased deck space. Despite their greater overall beam, a keel does not weigh them down. Sailboat Rig Types Sailboat rig type involves the classification of sailboats according to mast configuration and sails. In other words, a sail rig determines how the sails are attached to the masts. The sail and mast hardware constitute the rig. Usually, rig types are used to refer to as types of boats. Examples include sloop, schooners, fractional rig sloop, ketch, schooner, yawl, cutter, and cat. Also known as Marconi rig, a sloop is the most common modern sailboat. It has one mast with two sails – one mainsail and one headsail. The headsail may be referred to as a jib, genoa, or spinnaker, depending on its size. It is hoisted on the top of the mast and supported by a cable (forestay) that runs down the bow of the boat. Its simple configuration makes it suitable for upwind sailing/performance. A sloop rig is being used by most recreational sailboats. They have multiple masts – that is, a minimum of two. Usually, the mainmast is longer than the foremost mast. It is often difficult to rig tall ships that fall within this category. Though schooners are easy to sail, they are not very fast. The mainsails of schooners are generally gaff-rigged. Fractional Rig Sloop Rather than reach the top of the mast, the forestay on a fractional rig sloop connects at a lower point. The mast could be easily bent to flatten the sails during the wind. This is because the full power is not usually needed. Fractional rigged sloops are becoming popular in race boats owing to their high-performance coupled with the fact that they offer greater capability to a crew. Usually, a cutter rig has a mast with a minimum of two headsails for two forestays. The presence of multiple headsails allows for more flexible sails in variable wind strengths and conditions. The jib is situated in the headstay while the staysail is housed by the inner stay. It shares some similarities with the Bermuda rig, but one significant difference is that the former allows for two smaller headsails while the latter has one large headsail. This rig is common in small sailboats planning on long ocean journeys. Cutters have a larger sail area and are more suitable for Bluewater sailing than sloops. Ketches have either a sloop or a cutter. Just as the cutter rig, ketches are also configured in a way that breaks sails into smaller areas, making it easier to manage. Their aft-most mast (that is, mizzen mast) lies behind the mainmast but at the front of the rudderpost. The extra sails make it difficult to figure out the sail that connects each line. Yawls are similar to ketches, making them difficult to identify. In contrast to ketches, yawls place the mizzenmast behind the rudderpost. Also, their mizzenmasts are smaller. They are also popular for their downwind performance, availability of various sail combinations, as well as ease of sail handling. They are suitable for a long ocean voyage. Note: The mizzenmast is the mast at the front of a sailboat (usually a minimum of three masts) or the mast at the back of the mainmast (usually two masts). A cat rig has one sail, with the mast located at the front. It could be easily handled. This rig is popular on smaller boats, also known as “catboats.” It does not afford one with more sail options.
About 110 years ago, when McKinley was President of United States, the concept “Man on Moon” was an insignificant consideration to society and to the government’s budget. In present day, space constitutes a large portion of the 2011 government budget plan. President Barack Obama is predicting a manned Mars mission to orbit the planet by mid 2030s followed by a safe return to Earth and eventually a human expedition on the surface of the red planet1. On Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned lunar space mission in the NASA Apollo program and the last manned mission to the Moon2. December 7, 1972, Commander Eugene Cernan was the last man to have walked on the Moon. Can We Write Your Essay? Robotic Probe Success Nations around the world have created human Mars mission propositions to not only visit the planet but to eventually establish a colony similar to Earth. Conducting a human expedition to Mars can pose quite a challenge globally. Many countries have the available technology and innovation required to relativize this plan but is short the budget and scientific research1. Since the 1960s, approximately 30 probes have been sent towards mars, but unfortunately less than 1/3 have survived the trip3. This does not give nations encouragement to replace these probes with humans. Space exploration programs have had success with landing robotic packages on Mars but the inability to retrieve them, if NASA is unable to accomplish this goal, then how are they supposed to return humans. Russia and U.S Preparedness Russia and the United States currently hold the spotlight with regard to space exploration1. NASA, the United States space exploration program, has come a long way since Neil Armstrong’s first step on Moon, and has placed great ingenuity on exploring space and beyond. On June 10 and June 17 2003, NASA launched space probes, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Opportunity’ (Fig.1) in search for signs of water history4. These probes are able to capture rich information and transmit it back to Earth via Mars Odyssey and Mars Global Surveyor which orbit Mars daily4. Another one of NASAs space exploration initiatives was the Constellation Program, which was a human spaceflight program designed to operate away from Earths environment6.This program failed because it lacked innovation and was over budget, however, the Orion spacecraft which was developed primarily for the Constellation program is still being considered for future exploration6. As for Russia’s preparedness, their Institute of Biomedical Problems have conducted a unique space project called Mars5007. Mars500 (Fig.2) is a six crew 520-day simulation of a manned Mars expedition intended to investigate some of the physical and psychological effects that humans might encounter on a long-duration trip to Mars7. The Russian Mars500 simulation provides society with optimism and confidence that ultimately, one day, man will step foot on Mars. Statement of Aim A human exploration to Mars, and an eventual settlement, would likely be considered an extraordinary breakthrough in the human race. The aim of this report is to discuss the challenges’ that countries will endure for developing a mission to Mars, the scientific resources required to make this concept reality and the expedition preparations. ‘Getting there’ is the most critical component of an expedition to Mars. A design is one thing, but the time frame of when to launch the heavy lift rocket is another. Every 26 months, an optimum energy window arises, which is when the planets are closest together9. At this point less energy is used and rocket fuel is conserved9. This window informs astronauts of the appropriate time to ‘take-off’. The further the launch from the energy window, the more energy required to escape Earth’s gravitational pull9. At present, “Heavy lift rockets” are being considered as the most effective and efficient approach for Mars expedition. These rockets have the ability to send crew capsules, propulsion systems and large quantities of supplies into deep space10.It is crucial that these rockets be designed with knowledge that a Mars manned mission is remotely distinct from a lunar mission. Astronauts are committed on this journey for years and with that in mind, vast amounts of supplies are needed11. Insufficient fuel for a return trip is posing quite a challenge for scientific researchers. Solutions to this problem have surfaced, such as the Mars Orbit Rendezvous (MOR) and the Earth Return Vehicle (ERV). The MOR (Fig. 3) allows less unnecessary weight to be sent to Mars surface, such as fuel for return trip12. It also permits astronauts to perform surface-to-ship trips for the purpose of conducting strong data communication between Earth and Mars, since the time delay on Mars is 20 minutes12. However, traveling back and forth can be quite dangerous due to the radiation caused by Mars atmosphere12. Wolves: Habitat, Characteristics, Behaviors The Martian atmosphere consists of 95% carbon dioxide13. The ERV is shipped to Mars prior to astronaut’s arrival. This vehicle travels around Mars surface and combines the hydrogen gas, which was brought from Earth, with Mars atmosphere13. This chemical mixture produces methane, a powerful fuel needed for the crews return to Earth13. Scientists are still in the midst of conducting research on the negative effects of radiation from space on the human body. The greatest threat to human space exploration is cosmic rays (Fig. 4) or “GCRs” and high energy particles from the sun14. GCRs breakdown DNA molecules and destroy cells by absorbing the skin of the spacecraft and the people aboard14. When considering the design of the spacecraft, researchers suggest that it be built of mostly aluminum because its light and strong material will absorb about half of the generated radiation1. “Storm Shelters” are located on the spacecraft to shield humans from radiation15. Developers suggest surrounding the living quarters with hydrogen fuel and water tanks which can assist with the absorption of radiation15. Other challenges that the crew might face are lack of social community, inaccessibility of adequate medical facilities, crowded conditions for long duration and low gravity/low light environment1. A crew of four is the optimum number of passengers required for this journey15.The Mars Direct proposal for a manned mission to Mars was created in 1990 by NASA engineers Robert Zubrin and David Baker which contained the designs for the “Mars Habitat Unit” consisting of a living and working environment for four crew members16. With fewer passengers, supplies will be lighter, and more medical resources, oxygen, food and water can be provided. Living conditions on the spaceship and Mars habitat will be less confined. Research Station/Habitat The Polar Regions (Fig.5) are an exceptional location choice for surface station. The Polar Ice sheets are not the safest location to land a spacecraft but they do offer plenty resources, energy and most importantly, research. If landing safety was the most crucial aspect for a Mars mission, than the Meridiani Planum would be the best choice for location. The Meridiani Planum (Fig.6) is known for its smooth surface and mineral deposits, but Mars exploration rover, ‘Opportunity’ (Viking 1), as yet to discover liquid, ice water in this region that may be used for fuel18. Polar Regions provide astronauts with easy access to large quantities of frozen water and Carbon Dioxide19. CO2 is used to create rocket fuel for the return trip and for local mobility19. During the spring-summer seasons, the sun constantly shines above the horizon; this would initially be the best time to conduct research because of the constant power and energy available by the sun19. The layers of the polar ice sheets can determine the history of liquid water existing on Mars surface, one of NASAs scientific goals19. Another possible reason to habituate on the polar ice sheets is to conduct research based on the search for life, another one of NASAs goals. Organic molecules typically lie within Mars atmosphere except for in the poles where they are found along the surface preserved by a low temperature “deep freeze” 19. Living Quarters The Mars Habitat Unit (Fig.6), adapted by NASA, is composed of four personal sleeping quarters, exercise room, hygienic facilities (water purification system), medical facility and laboratory areas for conducting scientific research20. The habitat will also include a small rover designed for surface exploration. An airlock will exist at the entrance of the Habitat. When entering the airlock, the low-pressurized Martian air is replaced by the habitats higher pressure air; the reverse occurs when crew members leave20. A medical facility is an essential component of the Mars Habitat Unit. Emergencies can occur at any instance and crew need to be prepared. The facility should contain surgical kits, gasses (oxygen, nitrous oxcide), pharmaceutical drugs, heart monitor and ultrasound, and peripheral equipment20. A communications facility with an advanced technology system will be available for transmitting data collected from Mars to Earth (20 minute time delay)20. Solar arrays will be ineffective due to dust storms, so a need for nuclear power sources to sustain a functional living and working environment is required16. As for local resources, water can be found under Mars surface or within the atmosphere. As well, Mars atmosphere is composed of 95% Carbon dioxide, which can be used to produce methane, for fuel, and air13. Sociological Challenges There can be quite a heated argument between countries and individuals when discussing whether or not a human exploration of Mars will be beneficial towards society. Conducting this mission involves billions of dollars in investment from the government. With this in mind, government will have to cut back on other expenses, such as education or health care. Some citizens of the United States will argue that society should be focusing on present issues and not the future. By cutting the health care budget, people will have to incur higher taxes and pay a larger sum for visiting the doctor. People are ill on Earth but the government is investing money on life on another planet. Before the government decides to invest vast amounts of money into space exploration, it should ask society what is best for them, even though, space exploration is a something that should concern the government. Chloroflourocarbons: Uses & Dangers Mission Justification The greatest challenge to developing a human expedition to Mars is finding the 150 billion dollars needed to develop the program. The technology and innovation is available but money to support the development is not. Corporate sponsorships along with tax-money can assist in funding for this global program and if successful, can produce approximately 30-90 billion dollars22. The problem is that companies are focusing on providing services for their current customers on Earth and are hesitant about contributing their budget towards a program that has the possibility of failure22. The United States are currently the top investors in space innovation and development23. If the United States is victorious in achieving a manned mission to Mars, it has the advantage of receiving enormous financial and technological gains that are crucial to solving their debt issue. However, if the world, were successful in this mission, the returns would be shared among all participated countries, therefore, decreasing United States chance at redeeming their debt. Unfortunately, the United States has not yet demonstrated that they are competent to send humans to Mars independently. Such a mission would likely require global collaboration, as the costs, time, energy, and man-power required to run the trip are likely too high a burden for any one country to take on23. NASA’s four scientific goals include determining whether or not life was present on Mars, the characterization of Martian climate and geology and preparation for future human exploration24. As for the rest of the world, the national goal of landing a man on Mars would trigger a new era in humanity. The repercussions of such a trip can be massive if the appropriate preparations are not conducted initially. Preparations need to fit with data collected from Mars rovers, such as choosing a suitable landing site that is safe and nearest to the current research projects. Also, the amount of food, fuel and water needed for an approximate 600 day excursion needs to be assessed. Most importantly, scientists need to consider whether the crew members are physically and psychologically ready to take part in a mission that can isolate them from society for at least three years. The added risk of atmospheric radiation on the human body also needs to be accounted for. We have been to the Moon, a vast amount of times, and safely back, Mars probes have yet to dissever new breakthrough discoveries and the International Space Station remains a stable success; it is time society takes the next big step into space and beyond. The unknown still remains out there, waiting for exploration. A manned mission to Mars would ignite so many new ground-breaking results that can change mankind as we know it. By 2030’s, let us hope, that man will venture to Mars and science will be revolutionized forever. 1. Manned mission to Mars- 2. Apollo Space Program- 3. Mars Exploration Rovers- 4. NASA space robotic probes- 5. Mars Exploration Rovers; ‘Opportunity’ and ‘Spirit’- 6. Constellation Program- 7. Mars 500 simulation- 8. Mars 500 astronaut- 9. Optimum launch window- 10. Heavy Lift Rockets- 11. How humans would get to Mars-,2933,534394,00.html 12. Mars Orbit Rendezvous- 13. Fueling a human mission to Mars- 14. Radiation from Earth to Mars- 15. Safety preparations regarding radiation in space – 16. Mars habitat unit- 17. Picture of Mars Polar Regions – 18. Meridiani Planum- 19. Polar Regions- 20. Mars Living Conditions- 21. Mars habitat unit illustration- 22. Corporate Sponsorship- 23. Global Collaberation- 24. Scientific Goals- Can We Help with Your Assignment? 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In an effort to spur the development of systems that can quickly spot signs of the novel coronavirus, a team of researchers at the University of San Diego this week released a data set — the COVID-CT-Dataset — containing 275 CT scans collected from 143 patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19, which they claim is the largest of its kind. To demonstrate its potential, they trained an AI model to achieve an accuracy of 85% — accuracy they say could be improved with further model optimization. It’s important to note that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends against the use of CT scans or X-rays for COVID-19 diagnosis, as does the American College of Radiology (ACR) and radiological organizations in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. That’s because even the best AI systems sometimes can’t tell the difference between COVID-19 and common lung infections like bacterial or viral pneumonia. However, folks like Intel’s Xu Cheng assert the systems from companies like Alibaba, RadLogics, LunitDarwinAIInfervision, and might play a role in triage by indicating that further testing is required. “Simply put, it’s challenging for health care professionals and government officials to allocate resources and stop the spread of the virus without knowing who is infected, where they are located, and how they are affected,” Cheng said last week in reference to a system from Huiying Medical that detects COVID-19 with a claimed 96% accuracy. In this case, the researchers didn’t collect the scans themselves. As they point out in a paper, the images used in much of the existing research on COVID-19-diagnosing systems haven’t been shared due to privacy concerns. Instead, the team scoured 760 COVID-19 studies published from January 19 to March 25 and used a tool called PyMuPDF to extract low-level structure information. This allowed them to locate the embedded figures within the studies and identify the captions associated with the figures. Next, the researchers manually selected clinical COVID-19 scans by reading the captions. For scans they weren’t able to judge from the caption, they looked for text referring to the figure to make a decision. Any figure containing multiple CT scans as sub-figures was manually split into individual images. The team concedes that because the data set is small, training models on it could lead to overfitting, when the model performs well on the training data but generalizes badly to testing data. To mitigate this problem, they pretrained an AI system on the National Institute of Health’s ChestX-ray14 data set — a large collection of chest X-ray images — and fine-tuned it on the COVID-CT data set. Additionally, they augmented each image in COVID-CT by cropping, flipping, and transforming it to create synthesized pairs. After training the model on 146 non-COVID scans and 183 COVID-19 scans, the researchers report that their baseline AI system demonstrated high precision but low recall, which in this context refers to the ability of the model to find all the relevant cases within the data set. For the next step, the team says they’ll continue to improve the method to achieve better accuracy. Concerningly, it’s unclear whether any of the researchers notified patients whose scans they scraped from the publicly available studies. We’ve reached out for clarification and will update this post when we hear back.
Psychoeducation is a therapeutic intervention that provides information and support to patients and their family in order to better understand and cope with medical conditions and treatments. It has been most commonly used with serious and chronic mental illnesses such as dementia, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and personality disorders among several others. The term psychoeducation has also been used for programs that address serious physical illnesses such as cancer. Research has shown that psychoeducation can be effective in recovery, lower relapse rates, and the general well-being of the patient and their family. Add flashcard Cite Random
Why Effective Communication Is Important for Nursing 1609 words 7 pages Why Effective Communication is Important for Nursing This essay is set to explore the importance of developing effective communication skills in nursing. It will give a short overview on what communication is and what it involves. Then it will explain the importance of effective communication in nursing. Furthermore, the essay will briefly present some challenges surrounding communication in nursing and suggestions on how they can be addressed before it concludes by summarising the needs for nursing students to develop effective communication skills. No original research was carried out specifically for this short essay. This is a literature review on a series of research papers and books that cover this particular subject and a …show more content… Complaints in relations to bad communication are still raised by patients in all areas at all time. Several other researches have pointed out that the engagement between nurses and patients is often short and task –focused, which sometimes gives patients an impression of disrespectful to their dignity (Shattel 2004, Boscart, 2009). Addressing this issue, some researchers argue that many cases of bad communication is often the consequence of misunderstanding and the majority of nurses at the centre of the complaints don't always bear any malicious intentions towards their complainants. When confronted, many nurses are often shocked by how their words being interpreted in a way that they are not intended for (Boscart, 2009). More recent studies have been supportive towards Boscart's view. For example, Finke, Light and Kitko (2008) argue that that patients’ perception of bad communication skills was the result of health professionals’ lack of the knowledge of alternative communication and lack of training was evident in most cases reviewed by the researchers. They further suggest that more training in this area should be carried out by health organisations in order to raise the awareness in nurses in choosing alternative communication skills. What do we have to do for the future? • coat of arms 1439 words \| 6 pages • How to Become a Professional Nurse 954 words \| 4 pages • Organizational Values Essay 918 words \| 4 pages • Imogene King's Theory 1485 words \| 6 pages • palliative care 2976 words \| 12 pages 4445 words \| 18 pages • Nursing Reflection on Clincial Prcatice 1303 words \| 6 pages • Evidence Based Practice 5191 words \| 21 pages • Mentorship: Assessment and Student 5926 words \| 24 pages • Health Determinants 1419 words \| 6 pages
Path : Art Vaults > Artists A Occultists sometimes associate archangels in Kabbalistic fashion with various seasons or elements, or even colors. In some Kabbalah-based systems of ceremonial magic, all four of the main archangels (Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel) are invoked as guarding the four quarters, or directions, and their corresponding colors are associated with magical properties. In anthroposophy, based on teachings by Rudolph Steiner, there are many spirits belonging to the hierarchical level of archangel. In general, their task is to inspire and guard large groups of human beings, such as whole nations, peoples or ethnic groups. This reflects their rank above the angels who deal with individuals (the guardian angel) or small groups. The main Seven archangels with the names given by Saint Gregory, Oriphiel, Anael, Zachariel, Raphael, Samael, Gabriel and Michael, have a special assignment to act as a global Zeitgeist ('time spirit'), each for periods of about 380 years. Since 1879, Michael is our leading time spirit. Four important archangels also display periodic spiritual activity over the seasons: spring= Raphael, summer= Uriel, autumn= Michael and winter= Gabriel. (In the lesser banishing ritual of the pentagram, facing East (spring), "Before me Raphael, behind me (West, autumn) Gabriel, on my right (South, summer) Michael, and on my left (North, winter) Uriel.") Note that archangels may be good or evil. Many of their rank are collaborators of Ahriman, whose purpose is to alienate humanity from the spiritual world and promote materialism and heartless technical control." This artwork is created at A1 print size using very high resolution source images in order to be printed as high defenition digital artowrk onto canvas or lambda reproductions, alternatively will be used on clothing [ Back to Visionary Arts Vault ]
Use "determine" in a sentence Determine in a sentence 1. That we will now determine. 2. The OWG will determine it. 3. He just had to determine. 4. I had to determine if the. 5. Only you can determine this. 6. That is hard to determine. 7. You determine upon what things. 8. Each state could determine and. 9. Only the Oracle can determine. 10. Well, we can soon determine that. 11. Once you determine that you are. 12. See if you can determine a source. 13. I was trying to determine the year. 14. Then determine whether he or she. 15. You could determine a great deal. 16. Determine where Aya is being held. 17. We cannot currently determine in. 18. Your life will help determine the. 19. In order to determine the subject. 20. This phase is to determine if the. 21. That, also, is hard to determine. 22. There, we’ll determine what to do. 23. There are rules that determine the. 24. My primary intent was to determine. 25. Let us determine a course of action. 26. STEP 3: Determine the amount of debt. 27. Determine your future expenses and. 28. Good and evil were easy to determine. 29. Determine where to use the messages. 30. Genes alone do not determine behavior. 31. Determine where the weight should be. 32. Further tests will determine if the. 33. And how did you determine that? 34. I couldn’t determine what they were. 35. One phrase will determine our actions. 36. The past does not determine the future. 37. When we use this formula to determine. 38. No, it will determine your use of me. 39. Determine the budget this would require. 40. He still hadn’t managed to determine. 41. Determine the needs of the organization. 42. Determine the Needs of the Organization. 43. Determine the very purpose of the resume. 44. Your methods will determine your outcome. 45. Determine staunchly that whenever you are. 46. Determine the number of intervals required. 47. Challenge Twenty Three is to determine the. 48. Investors are often told to determine the. 49. Therefore, for example, to determine what. 50. A doctor should be consulted to determine. 51. I was able to determine whether it was an. 52. However, I was still able to determine much. 53. Determine what content will be in the piece. 54. In the limit, when we determine a place so. 55. Its height I cannot determine with accuracy. 56. How it tastes I leave up to you to determine. 57. To determine the total amount of additional. 58. It is up to us to determine which pieces of. 59. It is a state of mind that you determine to. 60. It is very hard to determine d given G and Q. 61. Determine the provenance of the observations. 62. Determine the starting point of each interval. 63. Rather than trying to determine a cause for. 64. Hard to determine the cause of this conflict. 65. Use CASE statement to determine the results. 66. We could not determine if Wolf Blitzer was a. 67. We will determine for you which one to target. 68. STEP 4) Determine the beta of the levered firm. 69. Scientists were unable to determine the cause. 70. Our brains determine who we are and what we do. 71. Moses strained his eyes to determine where the. 72. In an effort to determine whether the signal C. 73. The Critical Path Method is used to determine:. 74. To determine the correct stave length for you:. 75. Determine what it is about those headers that. 76. This can determine whether you win big or lose. 77. Only then can we determine the best treatment. 78. You want to determine what managers care about. 79. How to determine the number of calories you need. 80. STEP 3) Determine the beta of the unlevered firm. 81. I was able to determine that the code was #77990. 82. What happens after that is for you to determine. 83. Q 4: Who determine the price of shares in stock. 84. Another method we can apply is to determine the. 85. Get a copper test kit to determine if it's safe. 86. It took me roughly 10 minutes to determine that. 87. Then to determine k we use the expression from 7. 88. You may only be able to determine that you have. 89. This would determine whether he would eat tonight. 90. Things that happen to you do not really determine. 91. Census takers can determine taxes more accurately. 92. Another fascinating thing to determine is exactly. 93. Did you determine the origins of the shots? 94. The Judgement Seat is to determine what we receive. 95. Otherwise, we must determine that the creator …. 96. It can take a lot of trial and error to determine. 97. I couldn’t determine the cause of this horrific. 98. The shape and angle of the eye help determine the. 99. This helps you determine the best trades available. 100. You need a test kit to determine how much and how. 1. Determining the Cause of Snoring. 3. This is not the same as determining the. 4. By determining the intervention strategies. 5. Determining Whether or Not a Student has ADHD. 6. With the endgame determining which game is played. 7. It is used for determining the altitude of the stars. 8. On the other hand, determining the material that has. 9. The will as the determining factor in man's experience. 10. Determining the combination of treatments that is most. 11. The price level itself is not the sole determining factor. 12. But remember, determining the problem is only half the job. 13. Azura was an expert on determining what would be safe to eat. 14. This was decisive in determining the potential for Verisign. 15. Bacon notes the reason we aren’t interested in determining. 16. The most important thing in determining shape and size of 3D. 17. But determining the theoretical value is only half the problem. 18. The length of the shadow will help in determining its strength. 19. Our concern is determining where the market is not going to go. 20. After determining that the coast was clear, we slithered through. 21. It is as much determining what the project is, as what it is not. 22. Time appears to be one of the determining factors in the equation. 23. The key to using the interval is correctly determining its origin. 24. Determining Whether the Business Has Recourse or Non-Recourse Debt. 25. Only you can determining what's best, but here are a few things to. 26. This measure helps in determining the timeline required for release. 27. Facebook and determining who went out with who for lunch have taken. 28. The second step consists of determining the current volatility trend. 29. Now the problem Sam faced was determining the best form of treatment. 30. Capturing and determining that spread is what elasticity is all about. 31. Enlisting Sophie here, determining where she carries out her training. 32. We have a choice of methods for determining the appropriate sample size. 33. This is the number ONE Factor in determining the success or failure of. 34. The sailors were polite and, after determining that we were Americans. 35. Certainly those determining acts of her life were not ideally beautiful. 36. This will be crucial for determining where to set your entry and stops. 37. The data is not the determining factor of success or failure, "You" are. 38. The problem with determining what too much competition is, is that. 39. The same concept used in determining a Doji day can be used here as well. 40. Determining how best to execute a spread is usually a matter of experience. 41. In addition, a method of determining long days, short days, doji days, etc. 42. Rather than depending on one method of determining the cost of equity, the. 43. Each round would put in place the formula for determining the share of the. 44. Such a model permits determining the optimal threshold value unambiguously. 45. Sentiment can play a big role in determining the direction of stock prices. 46. Determining the relationship between primary and secondary symptoms – key. 47. After determining a company’s value, Buffett then looks at its stock price. 48. It will be the creditor who is determining whether to issue a line of credit. 49. The problem, of course, was determining exactly what that something was. 50. When determining the size of such reserve capacity, consideration should be. 51. Let us consider several examples of determining the points of delta-neutrality. 52. Something was keeping him from determining his state of awareness when he was. 53. In the case of Altman’s Z Score, the procedure involves determining whether. 54. You have a way of determining who was here? Anybody out of the ordinary? 55. Market research is simply determining who the people are who will be interested. 56. However, the investor is left in the dark when determining some of these values. 57. When used correctly, each method of determining the cost of equity will tend to. 58. This feature could be important in determining what Sergei is planning, I said. 59. They are said to play a crucial role in determining the circumstances of rebirth. 60. So for your calculations in determining the correct amount of shares to buy, you. 61. Among the many determining experiences which have supported my faith in a higher. 62. And you learned a variety of methods for determining the appropriate sample size. 63. While the cost of capital may be the most important fundamental in determining a. 64. Baily's method of determining, by the culmination of the moon and stars, ix, 107. 65. Following the formula for determining 30-day market movement, the math would be:. 66. Rules that end up determining the identity of a group defining its characteristics. 67. Besides the inadequacies of using a dividend growth model for determining the cost. 68. The premium is placed on determining a cost that will reflect the reaction of the. 69. Furthermore, there would be the matter of determining which is the more fundamental. 70. Project planning has three basic stages: determining what to build, working out the. 71. Below are some questions you can ask when determining if a message is of God or not. 72. It had begun the process of determining the world’s opinion about the new Germany. 73. The ith decision involve determining which vertex in Vi+1, 1<=i<=k-2, is on the path. 74. The steps presented here illustrate the process of determining the targeted bottom:. 75. We outline a simple system for determining if an option is overvalued or undervalued. 76. Where did these 4 factors determining dominance come from? From volcanoes that erupted. 77. This will assist you in more easily determining where some of those exit points may be. 78. But what of this Yellelle, have we made any progress determining where she’s from? 79. This could be an important factor in determining the value of a car over the long term. 80. Hesitating, determining if it would be betraying Brandor if he said anything, surely he. 81. Of course, that’s only one set of four and determining the others may not be that easy. 82. That which is present and changing now is determining the form of the new present moment. 83. They have no means of unilaterally determining the best route to a particular destination. 84. And it is in determining where prices won’t go that fundamentals will butter your bread. 85. It could be a rigorous process with applications, determining their purpose and objectives. 86. A more efficient way of working with beliefs involves first determining what you believe and. 87. The messages received between birth and about five years old play a major part in determining. 88. One of the main factors determining the shape of the optimization space is a set of parameters. 89. Volition is similar to intention – the act of determining mentally on some action or result. 90. Determining the key variables in the health of the company is the most complex part of analysis. 91. The exact same concept used for determining long days is used for short days with one exception. 92. In determining which credit card to choose, it’s best to know the purpose of getting the card. 93. When children get used to determining diet, it is not an easy task to restore parental guidance. 94. Chartists are left with the task of determining the strength or weakness of particular signals. 95. Determining these factors will help you with the selection process and will save time and effort. 96. No residual value at the expiration of said periods is considered in determining the rates used. 97. The only thought on Garcia’s mind was determining what had gone wrong with the Holodeck safety. 98. One of the most basic elements of portfolio strategy is determining the number of positions to hold. 99. This is not unlike our task in uncovering the truth and determining what’s a lie and what isn’t. 100. In some cases, a soil test for pH levels is ideal for determining the components of your garden soil. 1. I was determined to be. 2. I determined to get them. 3. But I was determined to. 4. USP has determined that a. 5. But now I am determined to. 6. We’re determined to do it. 7. Then he determined to go up. 8. I determined that it was a. 9. She was determined to do it. 10. In a determined voice, she. 11. I have determined to take it. 12. With a determined effort to. 13. If you're determined to use. 14. I determined to get baptized. 15. He was determined to lose me. 16. His face was grim, determined. 17. The result can be determined. 18. I was determined to make the. 19. And the other, determined to. 20. He was nervous, but determined. 21. The results are determined by. 22. She was determined to show no. 23. This is determined by paying 2. 24. I was determined to know beans. 25. At this stage we determined the. 26. I was determined to confront him. 27. While prices are determined by. 28. John was determined to find out. 29. I feel confident and determined. 30. He was determined to drink the. 31. I’m determined to hold it down. 32. She looked more determined than. 33. He was determined to go forward. 34. He was determined not to return. 35. Determined not to leave without. 36. Frank was determined to find out. 37. He was determined not to give up. 38. He’s determined to capture you. 39. He looked anxious, but determined. 40. I determined to effect the change. 41. Vincy determined to speak with Mr. 42. She raised her voice, determined. 43. Thomas was determined to get his. 44. I’m determined not to wait more. 45. Tina was determined not to give in. 46. Her voice was weak but determined. 47. I determined symbolism was a way. 48. Haven was determined to catch them. 49. The crew had determined that the. 50. Godwyn was determined to sit tight. 51. I determined to watch his movements. 52. NCCS were determined to stay with. 53. He just was determined to save her. 54. Determined to prepare him for life. 55. The slight had been most determined. 56. I was determined to find answers. 57. The SELF is determined in terms of. 58. I determined to have the matter out. 59. I determined that I had to stop Mrs. 60. Her face looked calm and determined. 61. The trio’s determined steps faded. 62. He determined to make two cardinals. 63. She was determined to leave before. 64. He looks determined that we stop. 65. He was determined not to hurry the. 66. He determined that whatever was out. 67. But he kept going, determined to win. 68. I immediately determined to go there. 69. He was determined not to be left out. 70. Sloane had determined he shouldn’t. 71. And they are determined never to die. 72. It was determined from the way they. 73. That made him all the more determined. 74. I became determined to find her again. 75. His mood always determined his manner. 76. Indeed, any use of an EVA determined. 77. We have not yet determined it as such. 78. They are well organized and determined. 79. I knew he was spiritual and determined. 80. The fears seemed determined to get out. 81. I determined to not look at Niki again. 82. He determined to remain silent himself. 83. By now they will have determined that. 84. That will be determined at a later date. 85. I was tired but determined to catch my. 86. Michael's eyes grew cold and determined. 87. Strength is determined by trial of fire. 88. Determined to get to the bottom of the. 89. Laino walked with long, determined steps. 90. Two findings were determined by the study. 91. Hope Is Steadfast and Determined ‐ The. 92. As soon as I determined that no one was. 93. Grinly was determined to kill them both. 94. But Lottie was a determined little person. 95. The Forum determined through voting that. 96. I was determined to get to the truth of it. 97. He was determined to make it through this. 98. Analysis inside the city determined their. 99. Actually, what they determined following. 100. He spoke in a quiet, yet determined voice. 1. Who we are determines what we attract. 2. This difference determines the maximum. 3. She determines when it is time to move. 4. The type of membrane you use determines. 5. In essence, the type of assets determines. 6. What determines whether news is good or bad? 7. Thus, who you are determines what you attract. 8. In myth, its cycle determines the activities. 9. What is it that guides and determines action? 10. And this is how fate determines the state of. 11. The instructor determines an incentive that is. 12. The balance of these doshas determines the con-. 13. Time determines the reality of time-based organisms. 14. In the market, the last trade determines the value. 15. This principle determines the effects of all profit. 16. Since it is what we do with our will that determines. 17. This determines whether you will be led by fear or faith. 18. How many cows or goats you have determines your standing. 19. It also determines the level to which he can help others. 20. EBT determines the effect of taxes on shareholder earnings. 21. That is what determines whether you are strong or weak. 22. The price determines orgism as much as sperms in testicles. 23. This feeling determines the duration of this exercise for. 24. Constitution of the country determines and where is installed. 25. Each individual determines what his or her own ‘Truth’ is. 26. The half-life determines how long it remains in your system. 27. The size of the universe determines how much matter there is in. 28. That’s the same way Warren Buffett determines a bargain price. 29. The vision always precedes; and itself determines the realization. 30. At the heart of it all, blind chance determines almost everything. 31. It is how you use it or don’t use it that determines its effect. 32. The author further explains that gravity determines space-time, so. 33. What determines if the self-object is receptive to another object so. 34. Your own self-understanding determines how well you understand others. 35. The means determines the ultimate outcome: but it does not justify it. 36. The blogging software determines that the link should be an enclosure. 37. Implied volatility is one of the factors that determines option values. 38. The “B” or slope is the coefficient of “X” and determines the. 39. He carefully examines the lawn and determines that the gopher problem. 40. But how you carry out your intentions determines their ultimate effect. 41. The amount of determination used determines who has the strongest will. 42. He compares the value to the price and determines the margin of safety. 43. It determines what combination of offer and creative converts more sales. 44. How you respond in it, is what determines what's going on in your heart. 45. The internal environment of the body determines whether a child will be. 46. The wholesomeness or unwholesomeness is what determines the karmic fruit. 47. Google determines where your ad is placed and this is decided based on two. 48. There is nothing haphazard or random about this choice, for it determines. 49. There is not a great being that determines when a new spirit shall be made. 50. This test determines how stable your tank water is relative to a shifting pH. 51. How you receive the word determines whether it can do any work in your life. 52. The interpretation of truth therefore determines what type of worshipper is. 53. As of SAS version 9, method determines how SAS is going to count the intervals. 54. It determines how much you can love yourself and how much you can love others. 55. The amount of His Word in you determines the amount of grace you will receive. 56. The type of house we live in determines conditions that can lead to cockroach. 57. Voice projection and volume determines retention of attention of the audience. 58. Your reaction to each event, moment by moment, is an event and determines the. 59. Materials have roots that determines zero consciouness in shows of dusty ideas. 60. Knowledge gaining and consequent power is what determines growth and evolution. 61. One of your philosophers, Karl Marx, said that life determines consciousness. 62. The salience of a stimulus determines its capacity to hold attention, and to an. 63. The relationship between the operating components, sales and income, determines. 64. With products, the volume traded determines the success or failure of a business. 65. Liberation of spirit from soul determines the tributes and get edge of the truth. 66. To this important extent the market, not the analyst, determines intrinsic value. 67. If the committee determines more time will be needed, then it will be so ordered. 68. Is it He that determines your destiny or are you trying to define your own life? 69. The time of year also determines the rate at which the composting process occurs. 70. Within those ratings, operating income determines interest coverage, which further. 71. Our response defines our relationship with God and determines our place in eternity. 72. Therefore, it is the level of our intelligence that determines how we will use orgasm. 73. There is a circular causality that guides and determines how some are successful and. 74. There is a power of thinking before predictions that determines the cause and effect. 75. And the Mental Attitude of the "I Can't" or the "I'm Afraid" man also determines his. 76. Trading in these options determines the overall structure of volatility in a product. 77. The length of the cycle determines whether it is appropriate to use reversal patterns. 78. It’s the essence of motivating desire that determines how people feel, think and act. 79. This determines the category and/or degree of theft charges that an accused could face. 80. How each generation raises its young determines largely the fate of the next generation. 81. Jetpack automatically scans the contents of your post and determines the best card type. 82. However, it‘s how you deal with it that determines its impact on your level of success. 83. In fact, it is again the concept of my I that determines the limits of my orgasm ( bliss). 84. It is movement that determines the location of an objects and the movement forms gravity. 85. It is the parents’ reaction, which determines the child’s eventual programming to pain. 86. Yet whatever it is, literally determines the rest of their life, their values, their goals. 87. This in turn determines the level of connectiveness at which each person's awareness exists. 88. The synthesis of the output produced by these two modules determines the ultimate selection. 90. The length of the string with the date directives determines the default width of the format. 91. The first is that it determines the order in which you will select a job after initiation. 92. It is the main thrust or direction of your intent which determines how good or evil it may be. 93. It is the number of protons inside a nucleus that determines what element the atom actually is. 94. Following is the process that brings about an Emotional State and in turn determines a behavior. 95. It is the power-context of our environment that determines how sensitized human awareness can be. 96. The foundation of any building is unseen, but it determines the size and capacity of the building. 97. However: a major factor that determines one’s outer worth is the degree of one’s inner worth. 98. According to Heidegger, what you care about determines, in large part, what you see in the world. 99. Looking at the table, he determines that the Estimated Premium with 127 Days to Expiration is 23. 100. A feasibility study refers to the research that determines the effectiveness of one's business plan. Share this with your friends
Utah flag Skills available for Utah fifth-grade science standards Show alignments for: 1 Students will understand that chemical and physical changes occur in matter. • 1 Describe that matter is neither created nor destroyed even though it may undergo change. • a Compare the total weight of an object to the weight of its individual parts after being disassembled. • b Compare the weight of a specified quantity of matter before and after it undergoes melting or freezing. • c Investigate the results of the combined weights of a liquid and a solid after the solid has been dissolved and then recovered from the liquid (e.g., salt dissolved in water then water evaporated). • d Investigate chemical reactions in which the total weight of the materials before and after reaction is the same (e.g., cream and vinegar before and after mixing, borax and glue mixed to make a new substance). • 2 Evaluate evidence that indicates a physical change has occurred. • a Identify the physical properties of matter (e.g., hard, soft, solid, liquid, gas). • b Compare changes in substances that indicate a physical change has occurred. • c Describe the appearance of a substance before and after a physical change. • 3 Investigate evidence for changes in matter that occur during a chemical reaction. • a Identify observable evidence of a chemical reaction (e.g., color change, heat or light given off, heat absorbed, gas given off). • b Explain why the measured weight of a remaining product is less than its reactants when a gas is produced. • c Cite examples of chemical reactions in daily life. • d Compare a physical change to a chemical change. • e Hypothesize how changing one of the materials in a chemical reaction will change the results. 2 Students will understand that volcanoes, earthquakes, uplift, weathering, and erosion reshape Earth's surface. • 1 Describe how weathering and erosion change Earth's surface. • a Identify the objects, processes, or forces that weather and erode Earth's surface (e.g., ice, plants, animals, abrasion, gravity, water, wind). • b Describe how geological features (e.g., valleys, canyons, buttes, arches) are changed through erosion (e.g., waves, wind, glaciers, gravity, running water). • c Explain the relationship between time and specific geological changes. • 2 Explain how volcanoes, earthquakes, and uplift affect Earth's surface. • 3 Relate the building up and breaking down of Earth's surface over time to the various physical land features. 3 Students will understand that magnetism can be observed when there is an interaction between the magnetic fields of magnets or between a magnet and materials made of iron. • 1 Investigate and compare the behavior of magnetism using magnets. • 2 Describe how the magnetic field of Earth and a magnet are similar. • a Compare the magnetic fields of various types of magnets (e.g., bar magnet, disk magnet, horseshoe magnet). • b Compare Earth's magnetic field to the magnetic field of a magnet. • c Construct a compass and explain how it works. • d Investigate the effects of magnets on the needle of a compass and compare this to the effects of Earth's magnetic field on the needle of a compass (e.g., magnets affect the needle only at close distances, Earth's magnetic field affects the needle at great distances, magnets close to a compass overrides the Earth's effect on the needle). 4 Students will understand features of static and current electricity. • 1 Describe the behavior of static electricity as observed in nature and everyday occurrences. • a List several occurrences of static electricity that happen in everyday life. • b Describe the relationship between static electricity and lightning. • c Describe the behavior of objects charged with static electricity in attracting or repelling without touching. • d Compare the amount of static charge produced by rubbing various materials together (e.g., rubbing fur on a glass rod produces a greater charge than rubbing the fur with a metal rod, the static charge produced when a balloon is rubbed on hair is greater than when a plastic bag is rubbed on hair). • e Investigate how various materials react differently to statically charged objects. • 2 Analyze the behavior of current electricity. • a Draw and label the components of a complete electrical circuit that includes switches and loads (e.g., light bulb, bell, speaker, motor). • b Predict the effect of changing one or more of the components (e.g., battery, load, wires) in an electric circuit. • c Generalize the properties of materials that carry the flow of electricity using data by testing different materials. • d Investigate materials that prevent the flow of electricity. • e Make a working model of a complete circuit using a power source, switch, bell or light, and a conductor for a pathway. 5 Students will understand that traits are passed from the parent organisms to their offspring, and that sometimes the offspring may possess variations of these traits that may help or hinder survival in a given environment. • 1 Using supporting evidence, show that traits are transferred from a parent organism to its offspring. • 2 Describe how some characteristics could give a species a survival advantage in a particular environment. • a Compare the traits of similar species for physical abilities, instinctual behaviors, and specialized body structures that increase the survival of one species in a specific environment over another species (e.g., difference between the feet of snowshoe hare and cottontail rabbit, differences in leaves of plants growing at different altitudes, differences between the feathers of an owl and a hummingbird, differences in parental behavior among various fish). • b Identify that some environments give one species a survival advantage over another (e.g., warm water favors fish such as carp, cold water favors fish such as trout, environments that burn regularly favor grasses, environments that do not often burn favor trees). • c Describe how a particular physical attribute may provide an advantage for survival in one environment but not in another (e.g., heavy fur in arctic climates keep animals warm whereas in hot desert climates it would cause overheating; flippers on such animals as sea lions and seals provide excellent swimming structures in the water but become clumsy and awkward on land; cacti retain the right amount of water in arid regions but would develop root rot in a more temperate region; fish gills have the ability to absorb oxygen in water but not on land). • d Research a specific plant or animal and report how specific physical attributes provide an advantage for survival in a specific environment.
eng 125 week 1 assignment Essay Submitted By topher654321@gmail.c Words: 1034 Pages: 5 Literature can be a journey that that a reader takes: each piece of literature that is encountered brings up new insights for the reader as an imaginary world is entered. Imagination is something everyone has the capacity for. It is the “human power that shapes artistic expression; it enables a writer’s work to become an expression of meaning in our world, and allows readers to engage in identifying with what the writer’s work has to say about things that matter” (Clugston, 2010). Humor is simply defined by Merriam-Webster as “something that is or is designed to be comical or amusing” (2013, 3.c.). Provided in this paper will be an explanation of why “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” caught my interest through the adventurous journey of Walter Mitty, some literary criticism through a reader-response approach and how I can relate due to previous military deployments in other countries, and how key literary elements such as imagination and tone play a role in the meaning of the overall literary work. I chose this type of approach to analyze this short story because it is basically answering how you connected with the literature or finding a personal link to the story. “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,” by James Thurber, really captured my attention, mainly due to the fact of its key literary concepts: imagination and tone, but also partly because I am one of those people who often gets caught up in daydreaming and thinking of things that don’t have to do with day-to-day matters. I am also in the military so I understand the feeling of being somewhere and have daydreams or glimpses of my deployments in another country. For example, if my wife and I go to a fair or somewhere with a lot of people, I often get overwhelmed and flashback to my deployment in Afghanistan where you didn’t really know who to trust or if there was a suicide bomber amongst the group. I truly agree with Mark Twain’s quote from the text that states, “You can’t depend on your eyes when your imagination is out of focus”. This makes me think of someone falling asleep at the wheel driving. If you are imaging your bed and a soft pillow and have the music playing low, it is taking your eyes out of focus and could cause them to close for a brief second or more. In the short story “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty”, the author takes the reader on a trip through his imagination of the character Walter Mitty by pulling the reader into Walter’s daydreams: "Full strength in No. 3 turret!" shouted the Commander. "Full strength in No. 3 turret!"[2] The crew, bending to their various tasks in the huge, hurtling eight-engined Navy hydroplane, looked at each other and grinned. "The Old Man'll get us through," they said to one another. "The Old Man ain't afraid of hell!" This brief daydream of Walter daydreaming that he is a commander of an 8-engine Navy hydroplane causes Walter’s wife to be scared and frightened by the speed that Walter was driving. Throughout the story and during the conversations between the two characters, we, as readers, can put ourselves in that situation and really engage with the character. Tone is the mood or attitude reflected in a literary work. It is important in identifying this because it helps to see how the author conveys a person or subject matter. It can also make the reader actually feel what the character is feeling. The tone in this story is humor, excitement, adventure, and confidence, but also serious with concern when it discusses the importance and need for communication in human relationships, especially marriage relationships. After a series of even more daydreams, Walter’s wife finds him in a hotel with a bit too much to drink and again due to lack of communication argues with her about the overshoes he had gotten per her request. You can sense the bitterness in his wife’s
Earless seal From New World Encyclopedia Earless seals[1] Common Seal, Phoca vitulina Common Seal, Phoca vitulina Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Caniformia Superfamily: Pinnipedia Family: Phocidae Gray, 1821 • Cystophora • Erignathus • Halichoerus • Histriophoca • Hydrurga • Leptonychotes • Lobodon • Mirounga • Monachus • Ommatophoca • Pagophilus • Phoca • Pusa Earless seal is the common name for any of the pinnipeds comprising the family Phocidae, characterized by the absence of a pinna (external part of ear, although there is a functional inner ear), a side-to-side swimming motion involving the hind-flippers and lower body, and hind-flippers that cannot be inverted forward under the body, making for slow and awkward motion on land. These characteristics distinguish phocids, also known as true seals or as crawling seals, from the eared seals (fur seals and sea lions) of the family Otariidae. Earless seals live in the oceans of both hemispheres and are mostly confined to polar, sub-polar, and temperate climes, with the exception of the more tropical monk seals. Earless seals comprise about 90 percent of the species of pinnipeds and are the only seals in the extreme polar regions (Riedman 1990). A number of earless seals have been commercially important for their hides or oil, such as the ringed seal, elephant seal, monk seals, and even pups of the harp seal. As a result of commercial exploitation, the elephant seal was nearly exterminated and monk sea populations were greatly depleted; the Caribbean monk seal may be extinct. Seals also have been an important food source, both for native populations, such as Eskimos, and as part of both marine and terrestrial food chains (sharks, orcas, bears). Earless seals are one of the three main groups of mammals within the taxonomic group Pinnipedia. (Pinnipedia is usually considered a suborder of the order Carnivora, but is sometimes considered a separate order or as a superfamily.) Pinnipeds are aquatic (mostly marine) mammals that are characterized by having both front and hind limbs in the form of flippers. In addition to earless seals, other pinnipeds include walruses and eared seals (sea lions and fur seals). Seals, which are any pinnipeds other than walruses, are placed into two groups: earless seals, comprising the taxonomic family Phocidae (phocids), and eared seals ((or "walking seals"), comprising the family Otariidae. Walruses generally are considered a separate family of pinnipeds, the Obobenidae, although sometimes they are included with the phocids (McKenna and Bell 1997). Of the estimated 50 million pinnipeds in the world, roughly 90 percent are phocid seals, largely because of the 30 million or so crabeater seals (Lobodon sp.) in the Antarctic (Riedman 1990). One way of differentiating between the two main groups of seals is by the presence of the pinna, a small furry earflap (external ears), found on the otarids and missing from phocids. Phocids are referred to as "earless seals" because their ears are not easily seen, while otarids are referred to as "eared seals." In addition to the presence of the pinna, there are other obvious differences between otarids and phocids. Otarids have hind-flippers that can be inverted under the body, aiding their movement on land, while the hind-flippers of phocids cannot be turned forward under the body, causing their movement on land to be slow and awkward (Riedman 1990). Otarids also swim using their long front flippers to move themselves through the water, while phocids swim by using their rear flippers and lower body in a side-to-side motion (Riedman 1990). There are also behavioral differences, including the breeding systems. Only earless seals live in the Antarctic and Arctic; there are no otariids living and breeding in the extreme polar regions (Riedman 1990). On the other hand, only two species of phocids (the endangered Hawaiian and Mediterranean monk seals) are found in the tropics and these are small populations, while a number of fur seals and sea lions live in tropical and subtropical areas, with fur seals ranging widely into colder climates as well (Riedman 1990). The Antarctic fur seal, which breeds on islands between 45° S and 60° S, likely has a winter range that includes spending time close to the Antarctic ice. Anatomy and behavior Phocids are more highly specialized for aquatic life than otariids, although they still return to dry land or pack ice in order to breed and give birth. They have sleek, streamlined bodies. To further aid streamlining, their nipples can be retracted, their testicles are internal, and the penis lies in an internal sheath. A smooth layer of blubber lies underneath the skin, and phocids are able to divert blood-flow to this layer to help control their temperature. Their fore-flippers are used primarily for steering, while their hind flippers are bound to the pelvis in such a way that they cannot bring them under their body to walk on them. Because they cannot turn their hind flippers downward, earless seals are very clumsy on land, having to wriggle with their front flippers and abdominal muscles. Phocids are more streamlined than fur seals and sea lions and can therefore swim more effectively over long distances. They swim by sideways movements of their bodies, using their hind-flippers to their fullest effect (McLaren 1984). Phocid respiratory and circulatory systems are adapted to allow diving to considerable depths, and they can spend a long time underwater between breaths. Air is forced from the lungs during a dive and into the upper respiratory passages, where gases cannot easily be absorbed into the bloodstream. This helps protect the seal from the bends. The middle ear is also lined with blood sinuses that inflate during diving, helping to maintain a constant pressure (McLaren 1984). True seals do not communicate by "barking" like otariids. Instead, they communicate by slapping the water and grunting. Adult phocids vary from 1.17 meters in length and 45 kilograms in weight, in the ringed seal, to 4.9 meters (16 feet) and 2,400 kilograms (5,290 pounds) in the southern elephant seal (McLaren 1984). The male southern elephant seal is the largest seal. Phocids have a reduced number of teeth compared with land-based members of the Carnivora, although they retain powerful canines. Some species lack molars altogether. The dental formula is: Feeding and reproduction Phocids in Argentina While otariids are known for speed and maneuverability in the water, phocids are known for efficient, economical movement. This allows most phocids to make long foraging trips to exploit prey resources that are far from land, whereas otariids are tied to rich upwelling zones close to their breeding sites. A pregnant female earless seal spends a long period of time foraging at sea, building up her fat reserves and then returns to the breeding site and using her stored energy reserves to provide milk for her pup. The common seal, Phoca vitulina, displays a reproductive strategy similar to those of otariids in which the mother makes short foraging trips between nursing bouts. Because a phocid mother's feeding grounds are often hundreds of kilometers from the breeding site, she must fast while she is lactating. This combination of fasting with lactation is one of the most unusual and extraordinary behaviors displayed by the Phocidae, because it requires the mother seal to provide large amounts of energy to her pup at a time when she herself is taking in no food (and often, no water) to replenish her stores. Because they must continue to burn fat reserves to supply their own metabolic needs while they are feeding their pups, phocid seals have an extremely thick, fat-rich milk that allows them to provide their pups with a large amount of energy in as small a period of time as possible. This allows the mother seal to maximize the efficiency of her energy transfer to the pup and then quickly return to sea to replenish her reserves. The length of lactation in phocids ranges from 28 days in the northern elephant seal to just 3 to 5 days in the hooded seal. The nursing period is ended by the mother, who departs to the sea and leaves her pup at the breeding site. Pups will continue to nurse if given the opportunity, and "milk stealers" that suckle from unrelated, sleeping females are not uncommon; this often results in the death of the pup whose mother the milk was stolen from, as any single female can only produce enough milk to provision one pup. The pup's diet is so high-calorie that the pup builds up a large store of fat. Before the pup is ready to forage on its own, the mother abandons it, and it lives on its fat for weeks or months while it develops independence. Seals, like all marine mammals, need time to develop the oxygen stores, swimming muscles, and neural pathways necessary for effective diving and foraging. Seal pups typically eat no food and drink no water during the fast, although some polar species have been observed to eat snow. The post-weaning fast ranges from two weeks in the hooded seal to 9 to 12 weeks in the northern elephant seal. The physiological and behavioral adaptations that allow phocid pups to endure these remarkable fasts, which are among the longest for any mammal, remain an area of active study and research. The earliest fossil phocids date from the mid-Miocene, 15 million years ago in the north Atlantic. Until recently, many researchers believed that phocids evolved separately from otariids and odobenids from otter-like animals, such as Potamotherium, which inhabited European fresh-water lakes. Recent evidence strongly suggests a monophyletic origin for all pinnipeds from a single ancestor, possibly Enaliarctos, most closely related to the bears. Monk seals and elephant seals are believed to have first entered the Pacific through the open straits between North and South America, which closed only in the Pliocene. The various Antarctic species may have either used the same route, or traveled down the west coast of Africa (Savage and Long 1986). In the 1980s, phylogenetic analysis of the phocids lead to a few conclusions about the interrelatedness of the various genera. The four genera Hydrurga, Leptonychotes, Lobodon, and Ommatophoca form a monophyletic group, the tribe Lobodontini. Likewise, the Phocinae subfamily (Erignathus, Cystophora, Halichoerus, and Phoca) is also monophyletic. (More recently, five species have been split off from Phoca, forming three additional genera.) However, the family Monachinae (the lobodonts plus Monachus and Mirounga is probably paraphyletic (Wozencraft 2005). • Family Otariidae: fur seals and sea lions • Family Odobenidae: Walrus • Family Phocidae • Subfamily Monachinae • Tribe Monachini • Monachopsis • Pristiphoca • Properiptychus • Messiphoca • Mesotaria • Callophoca • Pliophoca • Pontophoca • Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi • Mediterranean monk seal, Monachus monachus • †Caribbean monk seal, Monachus tropicalis (probably extinct around 1950) • Tribe Miroungini • Northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris • Southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina • Tribe Lobodontini • Monotherium wymani • Ross seal, Ommatophoca rossi • Crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophagus • Leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx • Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii • Acrophoca longirostris • Piscophoca pacifica • Homiphoca capensis • Subfamily Phocinae • Kawas benegasorum • Leptophoca lenis • Preapusa • Cryptophoca • Bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus • Hooded seal, Cystophora cristata • Tribe Phocini • Common seal, Phoca vitulina • Spotted seal, Phoca largha • Ringed seal, Pusa hispida (formerly Phoca hispida) • Nerpa, Pusa sibirica (formerly Phoca sibirica) • Caspian seal, Pusa caspica (formerly Phoca caspica) • Harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandica (formerly Phoca groenlandicus) • Ribbon seal, Histriophoca fasciata (formerly Phoca fasciata) • Phocanella • Platyphoca • Gryphoca • Gray seal, Halichoerus grypus • McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 023111012X. • McLaren, I. 1984. Phocidae. 270 to 275 in D. Macdonald, The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0871968711. • Riedman, M. 1990. The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520064976. • Wozencraft, W. C. 2005. Order Carnivora. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds., Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801882214.
Skip to Content MIT Technology Review Clinical Trials of Stem Cells: Proceed with Caution Regulators debate what kinds of tests are needed to begin. April 11, 2008 With three biotech companies gearing up to begin clinical trials of their embryonic stem cell therapies, the FDA convened a panel yesterday to debate the safety of these therapies, the biggest concern being that these novel cell therapies carry a risk of cancer. According to a stem cell blog called The Niche: Three companies, Geron, Advanced Cell Technology, and Novocell, described their work bringing embryonic-derived cells in (respectively) acute spinal cord injury, visual impairment, and diabetes. One expert who wasn’t on the committee said that the discussions had been impressively grounded in science, even getting into specifics about what assays might be considered. Attendees were surprised that no opponents of embryonic stem cell research showed up, but the FDA’s announcement said explicitly that it was only the cells’ safety that was under consideration. The dark shadow of gene therapy looms over the regulators–the field suffered a major setback in 1999 when a patient died of cancer linked to the therapy. Scientists know that undifferentiated stem cells can form into a benign mass known as a teratoma when injected into animals, and they fear that a safety incident in the first round of clinical trials could devastate the already-troubled field. The cell therapies under development use differentiated cells, but the possibility remains that some undifferentiated cells may be left in the mix. According to The Niche, major questions need to be answered to assess that risk: How do we know what cells we have? How do we know what the cells will do in the body? Where do you put cells? Where do they go? What do they do? How many cells might be dangerous? How many can be useful? What can animals tell us? If the cells “go rogue” in a human participant, will we be able to stop them or even to track them? What’s the best way to balance risk and benefit? The committee declined to speculate when it would release its guidance statement. But Geron has said it plans to begin trials of its cell therapy for spinal cord injury this summer.
HB 1629, expanding the state’s energy efficiency program, is set on the House General State Calendar for today, Tuesday, May 3. HB 1629 would increase the goals-and the cost-of the state’s energy efficiency program. While energy efficiency is good, expanding Texas’ program administered at the Public Utility Commission is not currently the best way to achieve it. Market-based energy efficiency has been a key part of America’s and Texas’ economic growth because it has made electricity less expensive so that we can use more of it to make us healthier and wealthier. To the contrary, Texas’ energy efficiency program seems designed to make electricity more expensive so that we will use less of it. The expense of the state’s program is borne by consumers. Since 2002, Texas consumers have paid $591.1 million tosupport the state’s energy efficiency program. The estimated 2010 cost of the program was $114.8 million, which will substantially increase in future years due to the PUC’s recent expansion of the program. These costs are added to consumer’s electricity bill each month. Now is not the time to heap even more government-mandated costs on Texas consumers. Additionally, it is doubtful that the state’s program is actually efficient. Our recent study examining the system, Energy Efficiency: Is Texas Getting Its Moneys Worth?, by Robert J. Michaels, Ph.D., found that “when reasonable assumptions are applied to the Public Utility Commission’s data, the potential returns of Texas’ energy efficiency program range from 86.3 percent to -11.3 percent. There is simply no way, given the existing data and the methodology employed by the PUCT, to properly determine the efficiency-or inefficiency-of the state’s energy efficiency program.” This should be no surprise to anyone, since energy efficiency has been achieved successfully in the private sector for centuries, and continues today. A government program that mandates technologies and practices while forcing consumers to pay for them is not likely to be successful. As noted, the existing program was just expanded last year by the PUC, and will likely double the cost of the existing program within a few years. With costs rising and doubt about the program’s effectiveness, now is not the time to expand the program and increase consumers’ electricity bills. Instead, the Legislature should require the PUC to thoroughly investigate the current program to determine whether it collects the necessary data and uses the proper methodology to even make a proper judgment of its efficiency. We must not fall into the trap of believing that we use too much energy. This is driven by false claims that energy use hurts the environment. The truth is that over the last 40 years while energy use has significantly increased, so has air quality dramatically improved. The goal of energy efficiency should be to use less energy at less cost for existing uses so that we can use more energy to further improve public health and safety. Instead of expanding the program, the PUC should be directed to thoroughly review it. If this happens, the data is likely to show that the free market-rather than HB 1629-is the best way for Texan’s to reduce their energy cost and improve the economy. -Bill Peacock
This unit describes the skills and knowledge required to produce structured query language (SQL) statements to work with server-side scripts, enabling web designers to interact with web server databases. Unit details Study level: Vocational and further education (TAFE) Unit code: Assessment tasks will be designed to reinforce and extend knowledge and skill competence within set and controlled parameters in accordance with each unit's learning outcomes and performance criteria requirements, including the setting of work based practical application tasks designed to provide evidence of competence outcomes, within periodic and scheduled timelines. Students will be expected to demonstrate the following required skills: - identify structured query language (SQL) requirements; - create the databases and tables; - generate queries for one or more tables, to provide the required data; - add, modify and delete records from the database tables, and; - test and verify SQL statements. Note: If a specific volume or frequency is not stated, then evidence must be provided at least once.Students will also be expected to demonstrate the following knowledge: - explain the features and application of the following aggregate functions: MIN; MAX; SUM; AVG; COUNT; COUNT(*); - explain the features and application of the following clause functions: GROUP BY; HAVING; ORDER BY; dates and times; SQL data types; numbers; text; SQL syntax; SELECT; FROM; WHERE; LIKE; DISTINCT; CREATE; ALTER TABLE; INSERT INTO; UPDATE; DELETE; DROP, and; - describe the principles of "combining and/or condition" in SQL statements and Boolean operators: IN and BETWEEN conditional operators; mathematical operators; table joins (relationships). Where to next? As part of a course
What a little natural light can do for your mental health Friday, 22 May · 2 min read You may have found it more difficult to experience natural daylight each day in recent weeks. But certain health benefits from short-term exposure to the sun make it necessary to get outside when you can. Daylight is known to: • improve sleep - studies suggest that the more natural light you’re exposed to, the better you sleep. As sleep is closely linked with mental health, spending more time outdoors may help to improve your wellbeing generally • boost vitamin D - your skin absorbs the nutrient vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Some studies suggest that the vitamin can help to regulate your mood and reduce depression and anxiety If you’re still under lockdown and not getting as much natural sunlight as you’d like, open the blinds or curtains when you wake up -- or leave them open while you sleep so you wake up with the sun. Doing this can help to put your sleep-wake cycle back on track. Quote of the day Life doesn’t make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the sooner we learn that, the better for us all. -- Erik H. Erikson How stress affects your brain Stress can be a positive thing, acting as a warning system or boosting your ability to get things done, but too much can, over time, affect the structure of your brain and how it functions. This TED-Ed video sees educator Madhumita Murgia explain what stress actually does to this vital organ.
Hill Training Hill Training - What is it and why do it? Running short intervals on a hill, or running across hilly terrain and adding in efforts. Hills provide resistance – working on hills is like going to an outdoor gym.   Hill training increases your aerobic capacity (you'll need to use less oxygen at longer distances) and improves your running economy (you use less oxygen to run faster) - and as it's high intensity, it's a great calorie burner. It builds strength in your glutes, quads and calf muscles, so is fantastic for toning and sculpting your bottom half. Hill work increases your ankle flexion, meaning you ‘pop’ off the ground quickly when you run. Hills will also improve your stride length (from uphill running) and your stride frequency (from downhill running). Hill training provides a great improvement for a relatively short amount of time. uphill running Yes I know training on hills can be a bit daunting for many runners and is probably the least favoured type of training and therefore often missed out of the training cycle. But here are just a few reasons why hills should be a major part of your training and in my opinion undertaken instead of the speed track session if you had to choose:- • Hills are a guaranteed training tool for increasing your speed, improving your running form and economy, and building your endurance. • Improved turnover of feet, which means faster cadence (key for running faster). • Better neuromuscular fitness, which improves your running economy across all distances • Builds power and strength in the lower body • Uses a variety of muscles, which teaches you to activate those muscles while running on any terrain (glute activation is important for powerful running) • Decreased risk of injury (especially hamstring injury) compared to fast running on flat ground • Hills are speedwork in disguise – a cliche amongst running coaches but true! • Hills build your endurance and increase your fatigue resistance • You feel strong and that confidence permeates to other areas of your life and running • During the base phase, in lieu of speed work: hills place less stress on the body than speed work, so you can focus on building your mileage while maintaining some speed and power. • When you’re training for hilly race: specificity should be the number one priority in planning your workouts. • When you want to lose weight: running hills burns more calories than flat ground running. • When you’re in a plateau: running hills will help you get faster, even when you’re already doing speed work. • Hill sprints offer numerous benefits to runners: serious metabolism-boosting afterburn, improved running form, better resistance to fatigue, increased stroke volume (more blood pumped to the muscles), stronger lower body muscles, and bursts of speed development without the wear and tear of traditional speed work. • Plus, hill sprints give distance runners the exhilaration of running at top effort – without the risk of injury since uphill running places less force and stress on the joints and muscles than flat or downhill running. • Hill sprints are an ancillary workout, similar to strides or form drills. Therefore you can include them on easy days and see significant benefits in your training without the accumulation of too much fatigue or wear on the body. However, if you are training for very hilly race, you will need to do additional hill running workouts beyond hill sprints to train your body to run hills well. • Yes hills present a challenge to every runner, but that’s why hill running workouts will improve your running: you need to add a stressor to see physiological adaptations. Stressors are inherently challenging, whether you are increasing your mileage, running faster, or lifting heavier weights. There are 3 forms of hill training you should undertake:- 1. Hill sprints: 20 seconds burst of speed up a 10% hill repeat 6 to 12 times jog back recovery 2. Hill repeats: 30, 40 or 60 seconds running hard up a 10% hill 6 to 12 times jog back recovery 3. Long Hill Runs; Hills taking 3 minutes or more to climb – incorporate into a long run Short, Explosive Sprints The idea is to run for 10-20 seconds up a steep hill (7-10% grade) at maximum effort. They’re called explosive hill sprints because you power up the hill like a sprinter coming out of the blocks. After each repeat, you take a full (2-3 minute) rest so that you’re fully recovered before starting again. These types of hill sprints are designed to activate and improve the function of the neuromuscular system and increase maximal stroke volume in the heart. The neuromuscular system is the communication vehicle between your brain and your muscles. A boost of “fitness” to the neuromuscular system allows your brain to increase the speed at which it sends signals to the muscles and, more importantly, allows your body to activate a greater percentage of muscle fibres and fire them more forcefully. Enhancing maximal stroke volume increases the amount of blood your heart can pump with each stroke. A greater stroke volume decreases the heart rate and makes the heart more efficient. As a reminder, these types of hill sprints are not a fitness-building workout, but more an ancillary training component, much like strides and form drills. Likewise, the physiological benefits won’t make you a better hill runner, even though they can help you improve as an overall runner. Long Hill Repeats Long hill repeats are the traditional type of hill workouts many runners want to do when they feel they need to improve their hill running skills. A good example of this type of workout is 10 x 90 second hill repeats at a hard effort with a walk or jog back down the hill for recovery. These types of hill workouts are fantastic for improving VO2max and increasing muscle strength. In fact, long hill repeats are almost a form of strength training. As a runner, you can do squats, lunges, and hamstring curls until your muscles burn, but nothing compares exactly to running. The forceful contractions caused by the lifting of the hips, glutes and quads when you’re running up the hill utilizes the same principle mechanics as many plyometrics exercises. Also, because these long hill repeats are often very intense and last anywhere from 30-90 seconds, they are a great VO2 max workout. Unfortunately, doing lots of hill repeats will not help you run faster over a hilly course. During a race, many of the hills you encounter will be long and gradual, not steep and short. Furthermore, the pace at which you ascend the hill will be conservative, not an all out sprint. Therefore, the specific muscles you are working and the demands you are placing on your body will be drastically different between a hill repeat workout and race. This doesn’t mean that long hill repeats are useless. You can build general running strength and fitness when you integrate them into your training plan. I suggest sprinkling them into your training schedule in place of a VO2 max workout to help build muscle strength and enjoy a nice change of pace. Rolling Hills If you’re looking to improve your ability to tackle hills on race day, then incorporating rolling hills into your threshold and long runs is the best solution. This is how most elite training groups handle races contested over difficult courses. Incorporating rolling hills into your runs provides your muscles and physiological systems the specific stimulus that it will face on race day — improving form over longer and more gradual hills and maintaining pace up and over the hill. Furthermore, throwing some hills into your road runs teaches you how to pace yourself up and over hills so you can keep the effort within your target pace range during the race. Many runners attack hills too hard during a race, and as a consequence they go anaerobic and have to slow down considerably once the hill is over. The appropriate way to approach hills during a race is to maintain the same effort up and down, which will even out the pace over the long run. By practicing this tactic in training, you can become an expert at it on race day and save yourself from exerting too much energy. Finally, rolling hills are a great way to prepare for a hilly race because they don’t require a change to your normal training routine. You can still execute all the threshold and long runs you need, but by changing your route to include a few hills, you’ll be specifically preparing yourself to handle the hills on race day. When you’re putting together your training plan to prepare for a hilly race course, consider adding rolling hills to your long runs and threshold workouts to prepare for the specific demands you’ll face on race day. Warm Up As with all harder running workouts including fartleks and tempo runs, warm up with 5-20 minutes (depending on your mileage) of easy running followed by dynamic stretches and drills such as high knees, butt kicks, and skips. Then, run 6-8 x 1 minute hard uphill (your breathing should be laboured, but not so hard that you crash and burn after a few repeats) and recover with a slow jog back down (1-2 minutes). Cool down with 5-20 minutes of easy running, foam roll, refuel, and enjoy the feeling of accomplishment. Hill technique tips • Don't lean too far forwards, keep looking to the top and keep yourself upright. If you look down, you'll lean into the hill, which is less efficient. • Make your stride shorter and use a high knee drive. • Keep your elbows close to your body. • Push off the back foot - think antelope, not elephant. And run on the balls of your feet. • Keep on running when you reach the top - only relax when you’re over the top. • Relax - unclench your fists, let your arms go loose and just let it happen. Don't put on the brakes - but don't sprint, either. • Your stride length increases as you run downhill, but if you're running down lots of hills, conserve the strength in your quadriceps by shortening your stride. • Running down hills works on your leg turnover, which is key to fast running during races. Your maximal stride rate is controlled by your neuromuscular system, and quick leg turnover is best achieved through practice. Downhill training teaches your nervous system to let you run fast.
Andre Parrot “Every human has two homes, his own and Syria”. In the middle of the fifth Century BC, in his book “History” the Greek historian Herodotus attracted the attention of the Greeks to another world located on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean; a world full of charm and beauty, and said it is necessary to explore it and discover its details. These words left a great desire in the west towards the East which, with the passage of time, it became the symbol of magic, dreams, philosophy, veiled women, Arabian Nights, Scheherazade and Shehriar, and above all, charm and ecstasy. To explore this magic Orient and its geographical attractions many European travelers ventured into it during the last three hundred years to reveal some of its secrets. These travelers came under various titles: orientalists, discoverers, archaeologists, and philosophers looking for common human heritage between the West and the East. Many of them documented their impressions and findings in poetry books, portraits and historical texts now filling book shops of Europe. At the end of the 18th century, the French traveler Francois de Volney, said in his book “A Trip into Syria and Egypt”: “When we go to the East, we go to look for our roots and the roots of our sciences, arts, faiths and our destinies”. These words were highly appreciated by the head of the Russian Scientific Academy when he, in 1814, opened the Arabic language section in the educational institute saying: “From the East came all religions, all sciences and all philosophies. “God had granted this place more than anything a man can imagine. I always yearned to see the Garden of Eden, and here I am standing in it now”. In this oriental trip he admired Beirut and described it in his poetry book “Oriental Tales” saying: “Mar Metri Quarter in alAshrafieh of Beirut is the most beautiful and pleasant place an eye could enjoy”. During his stay in Damascus he described Damascene women: “The eye can hardly see beautiful women like in Damascus because women care for their beauty which rarely departs them. In their homes one can feel peace and safety far from caprice and desires which corrupt souls and bodies”. In fact the idea of the harem haunted the imagination of many European travelers who, when they think of the east feel as if they are sultans surrounded with beautiful women. This idea was interpreted in the portrait of the French painter J.L.Jerome; “Bath of the Harem”.” The French archaeologist Andre Parrot asserted these words when, in the middle of the twentieth century, he discovered the ruins of Mari on the Euphrates with its frescoes and clay tablets, and gave his well known words “Every human has two homes, his own and Syria”. In the 19th century the French diplomat and poet Alfonse de Lamartine described his visit to Lebanon and Syria speaking about these countries with respect, contrary to the common idea that women of the East were objects for men and their desires. At the start of the twentieth century five travelers came from Europe to Syria, they lived with Bedouins in the desert in order to study their habits, traditions and ways of life. One of them was the English Lady Anne Blunt, kin of the English poet Lord Byron, who visited Damascus, Aleppo, AlRaqqa, Deir Ezzor and Palmyra. She walked along the old Roman road, admired the Arabian horse and documented her trip to Syria in a book titled “Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates”. The British Miss Gertrude Bell” started her trip in Syria, then she went to Jerusalem where she learnt Arabic and then moved to Iraq and was appointed general director of antiquities in Baghdad Museum. On the evening of the 21st of July 1926 she died at 53 years. There is also Jane Digby, and English intellectual who came to Syria to buy horses because she was fond of cavalry and the desert where she lived in tents for several years. Then she bought a house in Homs and when she died she was buried in Damascus where her tomb is visited every year by a delegate from the British Embassy in Damascus (before the British embassy closed). It is enough to read “The Magnolia Tree” of the Syrian writer Ilfat alIdelbi to understand the biography of this adventurous woman who adored the East. One of these women also is Hester Stanhope, and English lady distinguished for her beauty and noble family who came to Syria obsessed with its history. She entered Damascus riding a horse, roamed its streets and loved Zenoubia so much that she always imagined herself in her place. She contacted many Damascene families, lived for a while in alNabk and then moved to Palmyra to live for a long time. The first half of the 20th century witnessed the arrival of a French lady, Marga d’Andurain, into Syria to live in Palmyra. She bought a large house there and changed it into a hotel, and gave it the name of Zenoubia. This hotel is still functioning in the historical city of Palmyra. d’Andurain was fond of horse riding, marksmanship, sword duel and polo. She used to go to Palmyra’s famous spring Afqa to swim disguised as a Roman woman or as a queen of the ancient times. In 1939 she sold the hotel and moved to live in France, in the Basque region, but at the end of WWII she returned to live in a luxurious house in alMaghrib. In her book: “Marga, Countess of Palmyra, Mary Cecil de Philhak, issued in 1995 by Belle Phone, we can read that Marga was a romantic woman fond of risks and adventures. In a statement to “ alMashrek” magazine in February 1907 Father Louis Sheikho summarized the magic which attracted many European travelers by these words: “It is normal for Europeans to follow the footsteps of their ancestors in the Arab Orient which knew the first ages of history, and which built the first house, and could worthily inherit the legacy of the Greeks and the Romans, and which witnessed the coexistence of various civilizations and religions whose principles still exist till these days. Those travelers were the first pioneers who were attracted to the Charm of the Orient. Now on the footsteps of the grandfathers and fathers tens of thousands of European tourists come every year to enjoy the wonders and beauty of this East and to explore its civilizations or to contribute to the revelation of its valuable treasures still buried underground. Haifaa Mafalani
Liberty and States Rights by Gene Healy [Published in Liberty, August 1999. Copyright 1999 Gene Healy] SEC. 1. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. -- Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution Political decentralization and individual liberty: the two are intertwined, but the former doesn't guarantee the latter. As Americans discover every day, the government that's closest to you is often in the best position to put the screws to you. How should libertarian political theory deal with the problem of oppression by local sovereigns? In the American context, this question translates to: What should libertarians think of the Fourteenth Amendment? It's a question without an easy answer. Classical liberals of good faith have found themselves on either side of the issue. Thus, Lord Acton, following the Confederacy's defeat, wrote to Robert E. Lee: "I saw in States' Rights the only availing check upon the absolutism of the sovereign will . . . Therefore I deemed that you were fighting the battles of our liberty, our progress, and our civilization." But by the late 20th century, libertarians have come full circle on the question of states' rights and the Fourteenth Amendment. Today, the libertarian orthodoxy holds that the Fourteenth Amendment perfected the Framers' design, fulfilling the promise of the Declaration of Independence. Further, the promoters of the new orthodoxy urge that the amendment be given robust application against the states, in order to secure our natural rights to life, liberty and property. On this question, no one is more orthodox than Roger Pilon, Director of the Cato Institute's Center for Constitutional Studies. In him, Cato has an able advocate, one who provides a valuable counterweight to a New Right jurisprudence that overvalues majoritarianism and views the judicial branch as the gravest threat to our liberties. Unfortunately, Pilon's case for the Fourteenth Amendment is deeply flawed. His case for the political legitimacy of the amendment requires him to ignore the circumstances of its inception; and his case for the amendment's efficacy as a means of securing individual liberty depends on a Panglossian view of judges and federal supremacy. The defects in Pilon's arguments should prompt libertarians to reexamine the new orthodoxy on the Fourteenth Amendment. Ratification "at the Point of the Bayonet" Throughout Roger Pilon's published work, the watchword is "consent." We come out of the state of nature, so the myth runs, the better to secure our natural rights. The government we institute derives its just powers from the consent of the governed. "That, and only that, is the source of their legitimacy," Pilon tells us in Economic Liberties and the Judiciary. Though Pilon concedes that unanimous consent is a fiction, he suggests that the Framers did a tolerably good job in requiring broad consent for the adoption of our Constitution and in the procedures for its amendment. In a recent Cato Institute Policy Analysis paper, "Reviving the Privileges or Immunities Clause," Pilon and coauthor Kimberly C. Shankman write: "the supermajoritarian consent that was required for constitutional ratification and amendment . . . served, as far as practically possible, to legitimately institute government, authorize its powers, and change those powers." Quite properly, given his emphasis on consent and legitimacy, Pilon has repeatedly excoriated the political branches for arrogating to themselves powers that the people never delegated through Article V's amendment process. In their Cato paper, Pilon and Shankman apply similar scorn to the judicial branch for ignoring the Fourteenth Amendment. They recount the story of the 1873 Slaughterhouse Cases, which "effectively eviscerated" that amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause. The authors spare no venom in decrying "judicial resistance to popular will," which thwarted "the course that . . . the American people had meant the Court to follow." But somewhere along the way, the true history of the Fourteenth Amendment's adoption has disappeared down a memory hole. When one reviews that history, it becomes clear why Pilon and Shankman prefer to discuss the amendment in the abstract, antiseptic terms of social contract theory. An "immaculate conception" account of ratification suits their argument better: the real story's a little too dirty for the kids. We return to 1865. As the legally reconstituted Southern states were busy ratifying the anti-slavery Thirteenth Amendment, the Republican-dominated Congress refused to seat Southern representatives and Senators. This allowed the remaining, rump Congress to propose the Fourteenth Amendment, consistent with Article V's requirement of a 2/3 majority for sending a proposed amendment to the states. Never mind that Congress also clearly violated that Article's provision that "no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate." Though the Northern states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was decisively rejected by the Southern and border states, failing to secure the 3/4 of the states necessary for ratification under Article V. The Radical Republicans responded with the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which virtually expelled the Southern states from the Union and placed them under martial law. To end military rule, the Southern states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. As one Republican described the situation: "the people of the South have rejected the constitutional amendment and therefore we will march upon them and force them to adopt it at the point of the bayonet." President Andrew Johnson saw the Reconstruction Act as "absolute despotism," a "bill of attainder against 9,000,000 people." In his veto message, he stated that "such a power ha[d] not been wielded by any Monarch in England for more than five hundred years." Sounding for all the world like Roger Pilon, Johnson asked, "Have we the power to establish and carry into execution a measure like this?" and answered, "Certainly not, if we derive our authority from the Constitution and if we are bound by the limitations which it imposes." The rump Republican Congress overrode Johnson's veto and enacted statutes that shrank both the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction and the Court itself -- just in case the judicial branch got any funny ideas of its own about constitutionalism. Jackboot on its neck, the South ratified, but not before New Jersey and Ohio, aghast at Republican tyranny, rescinded their previous ratifications of the mendment. Even with the fictional consent of the Southern states, the republicans needed New Jersey and Ohio to put the amendment over the top. No matter; by joint resolution, Congress declared the amendment valid. Thus it-- you'll excuse the phrasing-- "passed into law." The squalid history of the Fourteenth Amendment poses serious problems for Roger Pilon. Pilon's critique of the New Deal has always included withering scorn for FDR's extraconstitutional thuggery, in the form of the infamous Court-packing scheme. As Pilon tells the story, FDR muscled the Court into approving radical constitutional changes that could be enacted only by means of Article V's amendment process. The people never delegated to the federal government the powers it took for itself during the New Deal. But neither did they delegate to the federal goverment the powers it seized in 1868. Any New Deal aficionado who knows his history is entitled to wonder about Pilon's selective indignation: does he invoke the principles of consent and legitimacy only against constitutional changes he dislikes? The Fourteenth Amendment in Theory and Practice Ancient history, you say. The Fourteenth Amendment is in everybody's Pocket Constitution, and it's not going anywhere. Fair enough, but the above account shows that the amendment cannot be justified with a bedtime story about Lockean first principles. If libertarians are to embrace the Fourteenth Amendment, they'll have to find pragmatic reasons to do so. The argument must be that the amendment has been, and will continue to be, an effective weapon in the struggle for individual liberty. But even here, the case is not nearly as strong as Roger Pilon believes it to be. What is strong is Pilon's account of the original understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment, and particularly the amendment's "Privileges or Immunities" clause. As he recounts in the Cato Handbook for the 106th Congress and elsewhere, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which the amendment was designed to constitutionalize, gives us a good idea of the kind of privileges and immunities the drafters wanted to secure. The rights that act protected from state infringement were "basic common law rights," such as "the right to make and enforce contracts. . . to purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real personal property." As Pilon has it, the clause protects a substantive core of natural rights from state infringement. Thus, Lochner v. New York, the much-maligned 1905 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a New York statute setting maximum hours for bakery workers, was closer to the original understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment than much that has come since. [Though with the Privileges or Immunities Clause 'effectively eviscerated, the Lochner Court was forced to rest its decision on the amendment's Due Process Clause, which, as Pilon notes, provided a weaker foundation.] Properly understood, then, the amendment doesn't give judges "power"; rather, it enlarges the sphere of the judicial "veto," allowing judges to strike down state and local laws that infringe on natural rights. The Slaughterhouse majority warned that a broad interpretation of the amendment would make the judiciary "a perpetual censor upon all legislation of the States." To which a good libertarian can answer, "So what?" One could riffle through most state and municipal codes, tearing out hundreds of pages at random, and leave the law in better shape than one found it. As Pilon argues in a 1993 Notre Dame Law Review article, it is the Court's job to be a "perpetual censor," to ensure that legislative enactments "both proceed from the authority granted them and are consistent with rights restraining them." The Fourteenth Amendment merely provides "an additional layer of protection" for rights. Threats from the Least Dangerous Branch But in practice, the Fourteenth Amendment has often operated as a grant of legislative and executive power to judges. And that power has been used to violate the very rights it was meant to secure. This is nowhere clearer than in the line of cases thought to represent the Fourteenth Amendment's finest hour: Brown v. Board of Education and its progeny. Brown has iconic status on the Left and much of the Right, because many commentators see it as ending de jure segregation and furthering the first Justice Harlan's noble ideal of a "color-blind" Constitution. But this is only part of Brown's story. Equality before the law shifted effortlessly into forced equality of outcome in the space of a few short years. State resistance, massive or otherwise, was useless. In North Carolina Board of Education v. Swann, the Court struck down a state statute providing that no student would be compelled to attend any school for the purpose of improving racial balance in the schools. In Washington v. Seattle School District, the Court did the same with a statewide voter initiative preventing mandatory busing for purposes of integration. In U.S. v. Yonkers, a federal judge held the Yonkers city government in contempt, ordering it to integrate its schools by building scattersite public housing in predominantly white areas. This line of cases reached its coercive nadir in Missouri v. Jenkins, when the Supreme Court held that, to further integration, a federal judge could order a local government to increase property taxes, even though the increase was barred by the state constitution. "Well, it serves you right for setting up government schools in the first place," say we libertarians. But wait. Faced with a desegregation order in the early '60s, Prince Edward County, Virginia, refused to assess school taxes and instead shut down its public education system. In 1964's Griffin v. County School Board, the Court ordered Prince Edward County to levy the taxes and reopen its schools. In 1996, when the Court ended male-only admissions at the Virginia Military Institute, one of the obstacles to VMI's privatization was a possible Griffin-based challenge from the Justice Department. Thus, in the wake of Brown, federal courts enforcing the Fourteenth Amendment have seized vast coercive powers, state resistance to taxation and social engineering notwithstanding. To what benefit? None, actually. As the editors of a leading--and, it should go without saying, leftist--constitutional law text admit, there is "no proof . . . that [integration]has aided blacks in any demonstrable fashion." (Stone, Seidman, Sunstein, and Tushnet; Constitutional Law; 2d Ed. Little, Brown, and Co.; 1991 pps 530-31) It's true that in recent years, the federal courts have cooled somewhat to desegregation lawsuits. It's also true that, thanks to Missouri v. Jenkins, we're no longer protected from taxation by unelected, life- tenured federal judges. The precedent remains on the books, waiting for the next egalitarian jihad. In its 1868 Resolution deratifying the Fourteenth Amendment, New Jersey charged that the amendment would work a radical "enlarge[ment] of the judicial power." In fact, New Jersey suspected that the amendment itself was "made vague for the purpose of facilitating encroachment on the lives, liberties, and property of the people." Maybe the Garden State was on to something. If You Liked the Commerce Power. . . In addition to the de facto grant of legislative and executive power to judges, the Fourteenth Amendment includes a de jure grant of power to Congress. Section Five of the amendment reads: "The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article." Roger Pilon argues that Congress should routinely invoke Section Five to strike down state violations of individual rights. In the Cato Handbook for the 105th Congress, he declares that Congress has "often failed in its responsibility under the Fourteenth Amendment to police the states. Here is an area where federal regulation has been, if anything, too restrained." It's unlikely that Pilon fully recognizes the implications of this position. In the passage immediately preceding the above, he rails against burgeoning federalization of crimes, which has taken place because of willful misinterpretation of Congress's authority to regulate interstate commerce. But if Congress can step in under the Fourteenth Amendment to secure basic individual rights when states "fail to secure them against private violations," as Pilon assures us Congress can, then Pilon has opened the door to a vast federal police power. Say goodbye to the tentative restriction of federal authority provided when the Court struck down the Gun Free School Zones Act in U.S. v. Lopez. Does carjacking violate our rights to liberty and property? There's your authority for the Federal Carjacking Statute. Do outlier states provide women with insufficient protection against domestic abuse? Quite possibly, so make way for the Violence against Women Act. If you like the "substantial effects" test for invocation of the Commerce Power, then wait until you see what Congress can do with matters that "substantially affect" liberty. [In fact, the Violence Against Women Act VAWA) is based in part on just such a theory of Congress's power under Section 5. Several district courts have upheld the statute. But on March 5, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals emphatically rejected VAWA, and with it the theory that Congress can use the Fourteenth Amendment to federalize crimes when, as Roger Pilon puts it, "State measures prove inadequate." See Brzonkala v. Virginia Polytechnic 1999 WL 111891 pps 40-55.] In the midst of the recent furor over black church burnings, Congress passed the Church Arson Prevention Act. In his Cato Handbook chapter and a 1996 Washington Post op-ed, Pilon chides Congress for relying on the Commerce Clause in enacting the anti-arson statute. Instead, he tells us, Congress should have invoked its authority under Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment. "If the facts had warranted it," he writes, Congress would have had "ample authority" under Section Five to pass the Church Arson Prevention Act. Reading between the lines, I surmise that he doubts that the facts warranted it. Indeed, there's every reason to believe that they didn't, as research by Michael Fumento and others later suggested. But we operate with a real-world Congress, susceptible to political pressure, and a real-world judiciary reluctant to make what it sees as political judgments. If the only check against federalization of crime is to be found in the judiciary's willingness to overturn congressional findings of fact, then that's no check at all. To go before Congress and the readership of the Washington Post and offer up an underused federal power is to stride onto enemy turf and proclaim, "Forget about the pipe you've been beating us with. Try this chain." The logic of public choice applies to Section Five as well as it does to any other enumerated power. The constituency for commonlaw liberties is broad and diffuse; the constitutuencies for federal coercion are discrete and concentrated. They'll win the fight. They're already winning. Consider what Congress actually does with Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment. That provision is most often invoked in the service of modern notions of equality, providing private rights of action against discrimination. Among the statutes upheld under Section Five are the speech-restrictive Freedom of Access to (Abortion) Clinic Entrances Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the sex discrimination provisions of Title IX of the Civil Rights Act, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. With regard to the latter three, Section Five allows Congress to abrogate state governments' Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal courts. Congress and the courts have used Section Five to allow extortionate lawsuits against state governments, agencies, and schools. It's true that Congress generally does not invoke Section Five when it regulates private individuals. This is the case for two reasons: 1) Congress already has the power to do almost anything it wants under current Commerce Clause jurisprudence; and 2) current Section Five jurisprudence limits Congress to regulating "state action." But this can change. The "state action" doctrine has proved a rather porous barrier to Congress's power to regulate private actors. The first Justice Harlan, whom Pilon and Shankman seem to view as some kind of Lockean fellow traveller, opposed the doctrine as an unreasonable limitation on Congress's power to regulate businesspeople; so too did six members of the Warren Court at one point in the 1960s. Though the state action doctrine has remained nominally intact, the Court has found "state action" in situations such as enforcement of private, racially restrictive covenants; enforcement of racially neutral trespass statutes against lunch counter sit-ins; and racial discrimination by private businessmen leasing property from the state. The doctrine is eminently capable of giving way to a general regulatory power. If the Supreme Court gets serious about restraining congressional abuses of the Commerce Power, look for Congress to use Section Five to reenact and extend modern antidiscrimination laws. And look for the Court to cave. Pilon recognizes that the Fourteenth Amendment carries with it a potential for abuse; but his solution is profoundly unsatisfying. In recent Congressional testimony, he stated that "the Fourteenth Amendment has itself been misused, both by Congress and by the courts. But that is no reason to ignore it. Rather, it is a reason to correct the misuses." According to Pilon, the answer to bad judging is better judges and better judging. To get where we want to go, we need to appoint judges who understand the Constitution and "the classical theory of rights" that stands behind it. Judges need to get in touch with the "Higher Law background" of American constitutionalism. Well, I've spent the past three years in law school surrounded by future federal judges. Here a passion for levelling infects the classroom discussion, and the idea of natural rights has the intellectual status of phrenology and creation science. Students see in the Fourteenth Amendment an irresistible engine for reshaping society along egalitarian lines. They do not care what the amendment actually means. In this context, Pilon's solution sounds positively Lennonist: "Imagine all the judges/Applyin' Higher Law. . ." Dreams and Nightmares I may say that Roger Pilon's a dreamer, but I don't have a more practical answer. Nor have I been entirely fair to the Fourteenth Amendment. In the areas of free speech and criminal procedure, for example, the amendment has been the source of some of the Court's proudest moments, some of the greatest vindications of liberty in American constitutional law. Given a regime of federal supremacy, perhaps the Fourteenth Amendment can help us check local tyranny in some areas. But libertarians, of all people, should recognize that a Congress and a Court that are powerful enough to give us everything we want are powerful enough to take it all away. Individual liberty competes with the mirage of social justice in the hearts and minds of the governing elite. The Fourteenth Amendment can further the forcible enactment of either vision. Libertarians are reluctant to embrace "states' rights," an admittedly unfortunate term. But the independence of the states once served as a check on coercive social experimentation. From this perspective, Justice Brandeis's rationale for federalism, that individual states can serve as "laboratories of democracy," gets it precisely backwards. The point of decentralization is that the smaller the laboratory, the easier it is for us rats to escape the Skinner Box. That battle was perhaps lost after Appomatox, in what Roger Pilon grotesquely mischaracterizes as a "war to secure liberty." I don't expect Pilon to consign himself to irrelevancy by advocating the dissolution of the Union. But I would like him to temper his fervor for the Fourteenth Amendment with a recognition of the difficulties posed by federal supremacy. And I'd like libertarian followers of the new orthodoxy to consider whether Pilon's idea, that Congress and the Court can serve as guarantors of our liberty, amounts to the fond hope that the wolf at our door can be housebroken. Our common goal is the night-watchman state. If ever again we approach that ideal, will it be with the help of a federal government that is the benevolent master of all it surveys? Or will we get there by way of radical decentralization with little or no federal oversight? These may be loaded questions, but they ought at least to be seriously considered. It's my view that if we can ever rid ourselves of federal supremacy--of what Lord Acton called "the absolutism of the sovereign will"--losing the Fourteenth Amendment will be no sacrifice at all. If the dream of independent states seems absurdly unrealistic, then consider a nightmare. Consider Professor Catharine A. MacKinnon's Fourteenth Amendment. In her book Only Words, MacKinnon tells us that the First and the Fourteenth Amendments conflict. She writes that "the Reconstruction Amendments . . . move[d] the ground under expressive freedom, setting new limits and mandating new extensions, perhaps even demanding reconstruction of the speech right itself." When this is properly understood, the state will be able to censor the speech of "dominant" classes, and forcibly reconstruct society to ensure "equal access to speech." Indeed, "the state will have as great a role in providing relief from injury to equality through speech and in giving equal access to speech as it now has in disciplining its power to intervene in that speech that manages to get itself expressed." Those who consider MacKinnon's words the irrelevant musings of a tenured law professor are unfamiliar with her successes in the area of sexual harassment law, and unfamiliar with the cachet her ideas have in the legal academy. Given federal supremacy and the vast powers the Fourteenth Amendment confers on Congress and the courts, it matters little whether Roger Pilon is right about the amendment's original meaning. In the fight between Pilon and MacKinnon, on the battleground of American legal culture, I root for Pilon. But as a betting man, I'd place my chips on MacKinnon. * * * * * Gene Healy is a recent graduate of the University of Chicago Law School. Antiwar.com \| LewRockwell.com \| The Mises Institute Contribute to LewRockwell.com \| Contribute to Antiwar.com The Center for Libertarian Studies 851 Burlway, Suite 202 Burlingame, California 94010 Phone: 800-325-7257 Fax: 650-401-5530 E-Mail: info@libertarianstudies.org © 1999 - 2004The Center for Libertarian Studies. All rights reserved. Database Programming Site Design and Hosting by IWDC, LLC.
Organisms are comprised of interacting parts. Even within single cells, networks of proteins regulate basic functions. The impact of perturbing one part of an organism – for example, via genetic mutation – can often be modified by perturbation to other parts. This creates obstacles for scientists: how do we predict traits from genetic data when the same mutation can have different impacts? This also presents challenges during evolution: how does an organism adapt or evolve when changing one trait can influence many other traits, resulting in complex tradeoffs? To quantify the spectrum of effects that a specific perturbation may have on an organism, the Geiler-Samerotte lab measures how yeast cells respond to subtle genetic or environmental changes. Then, we study how cellular responses change when multiple perturbations are combined or when the magnitude of a perturbation is systematically varied. Our research provides insight about how interactions between small-effect genetic variants shape the evolution of complex traits.
SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT Score Ranges: Understand Your Score vs Class Grades Posted by Dr. Fred Zhang \| Aug 13, 2018 1:00:00 PM SAT General Info What’s the best possible SAT score and worst possible SAT score you could get? How do you understand SAT scores if you’re used to letter grades like A- or B+, or test scores like 93%? In this guide, we convert SAT scores into much more understandable class grades to help you interpret your SAT score. What's the SAT Score SAT Range? The pure SAT score range is 200 minimum, 800 maximum per section. The current SAT has two sections, so its total range is 400 to 1600. It's as simple as that! The score range might not tell you much on its own, since it's rare that someone will get a perfect 1600 or as low as a 400. However, if you’re more used to thinking about class grades like A+, B-, etc. then we can map SAT scores into grades to give you a rough idea of the letter grade your SAT score corresponds to. Likewise, we can do the same if you’re more used to numerical class grades like 95% for a good test or 55% for a failing test. How Can You Understand Your SAT Score If You're Used to Class Grades? We’ll first present the results of our conversion of SAT scores to class grades, and then we’ll interpret the results. For those interested in technical details, we’ll then tell you how we got there. In the final section, we’ll then discuss some other interpretations of what a good SAT score is. Conversion of New SAT Scores to Class Grade Equivalents New SAT Score Numerical Class Grade Letter Class Grade 1560-1600 100.0 A+ 1520-1550 99.9 A+ 1490-1510 99.8 A+ 1465-1480 99.7 A+ 1450-1460 99.6 A+ 1430-1440 99.5 A+ 1420 99.4 A+ 1410 99.3 A+ 1390-1400 99.2 A+ 1387 99.1 A+ 1370-1380 99.0 A+ 1367 98.9 A+ 1350-1360 98.8 A+ 1347 98.7 A+ 1340 98.6 A+ 1333 98.5 A+ 1327 98.4 A+ 1320 98.3 A+ 1310 98.2 A+ 1300 98.1 A+ 1293 97.9 A+ 1287 97.8 A+ 1280 97.7 A+ 1273 97.6 A+ 1267 97.5 A+ 1260 97.4 A+ 1253 97.2 A+ 1247 97.1 A+ 1240 97.0 A 1233 96.8 A 1227 96.7 A 1220 96.5 A 1213 96.4 A 1207 96.2 A 1200 96.0 A 1193 95.9 A 1187 95.7 A 1180 95.5 A 1173 95.3 A 1167 95.1 A 1160 94.9 A 1153 94.7 A 1147 94.5 A 1140 94.3 A 1133 94.1 A 1127 93.9 A 1120 93.7 A 1110 93.3 A 1100 93.0 A- 1093 92.7 A- 1087 92.5 A- 1080 92.2 A- 1073 91.9 A- 1067 91.7 A- 1060 91.4 A- 1053 91.1 A- 1047 90.8 A- 1040 90.5 A- 1033 90.2 A- 1027 89.9 B+ 1020 89.6 B+ 1013 89.3 B+ 1007 89.0 B+ 1000 88.7 B+ 993 88.4 B+ 987 88.1 B+ 980 87.8 B+ 973 87.5 B+ 967 87.2 B+ 960 86.9 B 953 86.6 B 947 86.2 B 940 85.9 B 933 85.6 B 927 85.3 B 920 84.9 B 913 84.6 B 907 84.3 B 900 83.9 B 893 83.6 B 887 83.2 B 880 82.9 B- 873 82.5 B- 867 82.1 B- 860 81.7 B- 853 81.3 B- 847 80.9 B- 840 80.4 B- 833 80.0 C+ 827 79.5 C+ 820 79.0 C+ 813 78.5 C+ 807 78.0 C+ 800 77.5 C+ 793 77.0 C 787 76.5 C 780 76.0 C 773 75.5 C 767 75.0 C 760 74.5 C 753 74.0 C 747 73.5 C 740 73.0 C- 733 72.4 C- 727 71.9 C- 720 71.3 C- 713 70.6 C- 707 69.8 D+ 700 69.0 D+ 693 68.1 D+ 687 67.3 D+ 680 66.4 D 673 65.5 D 667 64.6 D 660 63.6 D 653 62.5 D 647 61.2 D 640 59.3 F 633 57.2 F 627 55.2 F 620 53.1 F 613 51.2 F 607 49.2 F 600 47.3 F 593 45.4 F 587 43.5 F 580 41.7 F 573 39.9 F 567 38.1 F 560 36.3 F 553 34.6 F 547 32.8 F 540 31.1 F 533 29.5 F 527 27.9 F 520 26.4 F 513 24.8 F 507 23.4 F 500 21.9 F 493 20.4 F 487 18.9 F 480 17.5 F 473 16.1 F 467 14.7 F 460 13.4 F 453 12.1 F 447 10.9 F 440 9.7 F 433 8.6 F 427 7.7 F 420 6.6 F 413 5.7 F 407 5.0 F 400 3.2 F How can you read this table? Suppose you received a 1000 on the current SAT. You'd want to find this row: New SAT Score Numerical Class Grade Letter Class Grade 1000 88.7 B+ Under Numerical Class Grade, 88.7 means that this SAT score is like getting a class score of 88.7% (or round to 89%) at the end of the year. Imagine getting a 88.7 in history, English, or math. Under Letter Class Grade, the B+ means this SAT score is similar to getting the class letter grade B+. What Does the Conversion Table From SAT Score to Class Grades Really Show You? To put it simply, the conversion table takes your SAT score and tells you how well you're doing in terms of class grades. You're used to class grades because you've seen them since you began school, but this might be the first time you've looked at SAT scores. In the table above, we've taken something you might be unfamiliar with and put it in terms of something you know and understand. To be more precise, the above table matches SAT scores to class grades based on percentiles. The SAT percentile is calculated from a recent group of SAT scores. The class grades percentile is based on a comprehensive academic survey of common grades given out in college (which closely match US high school grades culturally). In other words, to go from a new SAT score of 1000 to 88.7%, we looked at the SAT percentile of 1000 (it happens to be right about 50%), and then we used a comprehensive academic survey which showed that the 50th percentile class grade across many colleges was an 88.7%, or a B+. Imagine getting a B+ in one of your classes. Would you be happy with that grade? Would you consider yourself to know the material well? You can then apply those feelings to your SAT score and use them to plan your next steps, such as if you'd like to retake the exam. Ready to go beyond just reading about the SAT? Then you'll love the free five-day trial for our SAT Complete Prep program. Designed and written by PrepScholar SAT experts, our SAT program customizes to your skill level in over 40 subskills so that you can focus your studying on what will get you the biggest score gains. Click on the button below to try it out! Sign Up! Interesting Notes from the Conversion Table First, you should note that the distribution of SAT scores and grades are quite different. There is a lot of resolution at the top end of the SAT scale—a 1250 and a 1600 are 350 points apart, yet they all map to A+. Read that again; it's not a mistake: a 1600 and a 1250 are both A+. Classes oftentimes do not do a good job of distinguishing great students from the truly spectacular. In a class of 20, you might have two people get an A+, which seems like a small number, until you realize that in that same class of 20, if it represented all students in the USA, you would only have two people as well who get 1250 or above. The SAT is useful to colleges, especially very selective ones, because it distinguishes the 90th percent from the 99th percent. Also, class grades and SAT scores are equally good at resolving the performance of middle-of-the-pack students. When you go from an SAT score of 680 to a 1110—just a range of 430—you're going from a straight D to an A. For students who are near the median of their class or a bit below, SAT scores and class grades both have decent resolution. Finally, you may notice that both SAT scores and class grades have non-zero starting points, which makes sense when you apply it to what you know about the kinds of grades that are given out. When was the last time you heard of someone getting a 30 out of 100 as their final grade for a class? Less than 4% of class grades are failing grades. Likewise, when was the last time you heard someone get less than a 680 on the SAT? Even though the SAT goes all the way down to 400, fewer than 2% of people get less than a 680. Just like it's a good idea to think of class grades as starting from a D and not a 0, it's better to think of SATs as starting from 680 and not 400. Can SAT Scores Really Be Mapped to Class Grades? They certainly can! However, I should warn you, such mappings are an inexact science. Some issues you should be aware of include: SATs and classes test very different things. The SAT is a mostly-multiple-choice test given over the course of a few hours on a Saturday morning (usually). Classes consist of hundreds of hours of schoolwork. The SAT is a solitary activity. Classes include working with teachers and classmates. The two measure different things. Getting a B+ in class does NOT mean you'll get a 1000 for sure on the SAT, and vice versa. Class grades are not rigorous. Is an A- a good grade? If your teacher gives half the class a straight A, then an A- is a bad grade. Conversely, if your teacher gives out only one A a year, you might have the top score. An A in art studies means something very different than getting an A in computer science. Thus, you can't look at the conversion too rigidly. With that caveat out of the way, you're on the right track if you think of the table above as "lining up" different types of races. For example, you can't compare a 100-meter dash with the marathon, but you can say 10 seconds is an "Olympic level" 100-meter dash time, and 2h10min is an "Olympic level" marathon time. What’s Next? Wondering what SAT score you should be aiming for? Learn how to develop your target score based on the colleges you're interested in. Not happy with where your SAT score places you? We're here to help! We have tons of guides specifically designed to raise your SAT score. To get you started, check out these 21 tips to improving your SAT score. Want to prepare for the SAT? Taking practice tests is one of the best ways to see how you're doing and raise your score. Check out our collection of free and official practice SATs for you to use. Get eBook: 5 Tips for 160+ Points Dr. Fred Zhang About the Author Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT 100% Privacy. No spam ever. Ask a Question Below
In Fall 2017, I enrolled in the Gallatin course “Bridging Culture and Nature: An Introduction to Conservation Science,” where we explored humanity’s relationship to the natural world and then considered how to manage our own behavior to maintain a healthy relationship with nature. The first topic examined was hunter-gatherer societies and their means of survival on a very wild Earth that was little disturbed by human activities. Throughout the semester, we continuously discussed humanity’s pattern-based manner and were asked by Professor Jim Tolisano to describe some characteristics modern humans still carry from hunter-gatherers. He also emphasized the importance of understanding how these common behaviors affect our current relationship to nature in urban environments. Several sources that inspired this reflection include Conservation Biology for All (2010), edited by Navjot Sodhi and Paul Ehrlich; John Moir’s 2011 New York Times article “An Economist for Nature Calculates the Need for More Protection”; Christopher Solomon’s 2017 New York Times interactive opinion piece “America’s Wildest Place is Open for Business”; and the PBS television series Earth: A New Wild. Close-up photo of the Kniphofia flower; a cluster of red, trumpet-like blossoms Kniphofia flower found in Barcelona, Spain, January 17, 2018 Hunting and gathering was quite a successful method of survival. Rather than remolding each level of the environment for their sole benefit, hunters and gatherers were experts at integrating themselves into their biological communities. They understood that the better they treated their environment, the better it treated them. Humans have spent more than 95 percent of their existence living in small populations as hunters and gatherers on a wilder, much less human-manipulated Earth. With the shift from a more nomadic lifestyle to a more sedentary, agricultural, industrial, and technologically-dependent one, humanity has developed in a rather fascinating manner. Although modern routines may appear to be quite distinctive from hunter-gatherer habits, they are more similar than they appear. Humans are pattern-based beings whose ultimate goal is survival, orienting us towards a more resource-rooted and thus socially interdependent existence. Through social relationships, cultures emerge and humans share stories, laughs, love, and music, among other expressions. Ultimately, human beings always have been and always will be creatures who attempt to survive through communal interdependency. However, the modern world takes a different stance on relationships, one geared more toward greed and self-benefit than common interest. Waipio Valley, Hawai’i, August 12, 2017. Of the image, Yasmina Ahdab says, “This was shot on the Big Island, while I was taking Gallatin’s Island Science course.” In both hunting-gathering and contemporary populations, humans yearn to survive by attaining basic necessities, such as water, food, and shelter. In an attempt to obtain these essentials, people tend to cluster into community settings, where individuals’ abilities characterize their communal role. For example, in hunting-gathering populations, some individuals created tools to hunt, while others collected particular fruits and vegetables they knew were safe for consumption. This largely parallels the modern concept of jobs, where individuals concentrate on particular professions, such as being a doctor or a farmer, in order to create the most balanced, successful society possible. From these specializations, humans begin to depend on one another for resources, whether they be tools, medicine, food, clothing, etc. We are social beings who work in units. Even in cities, where people appear completely independent, a legal system exists to ensure that individuals survive by performing their proficiencies. This legal system is established by a government that looks to facilitate and enhance people’s abilities to perform individual tasks to promote societal success and stability. This intricate web of human interactions within communities has a broad spectrum of outcomes. People have and continue to protect their populations from the influence of others, often resulting in conflict and war over resources. But social interdependency also takes on other forms, those of pleasure. Through the desire to find protection and balance, humans yearn for comfort, love, and security and seek this through family, faith, political systems, music, and so on. These varying human constructions formed culture within hunting and gathering communities as well as present, settled ones. Rituals, such as dancing, chanting, celebrating, mourning, and mating, have always existed within human populations. However, in many current societies, human relationships have greatly shifted from the mutualistic to become more self oriented. This has led to massive environmental destruction, something that was unimaginable during the time of the hunters and gatherers. Closeup of the head and breast of a Rainbow Lorikeet with blue, yellow, green, and black-tipped red feathers; verdant, out-of-focus background A rainbow lorikeet at the Palm Beach Zoo, in West Palm Beach, Florida, March 11, 2018 Survival in hunting-gathering communities primarily revolved around obtaining basic necessities, such as food, shelter, and water. Their connection to nature was direct, without the several layers of filtration that modern city living imposes. They picked the vegetation that they ate and killed the animals that they consumed. They had a direct link to their environment and understood that protecting it was protecting themselves. A respect for nature existed. However, as the human population largely shifted toward urban centers, modern city dwellers have all but lost that connection with nature and have replaced it with a complex system of trading with each other better known as an “economy.” With the increase in technology, many humans no longer have to rely directly on nature. Instead, for many, the first contact with natural resources is through markets and stores. In fact, urban dwellers no longer have daily exposure to nature! As a consequence, survival has evolved from its base in obtaining basic necessities to depending to a larger extent on reward. People have become more focused on increasing their own wealth than looking out for the health and well-being of others in their community and the entire planet. This recent greed-based approach has led to boundless environmental devastation, namely through mass production and the considerable waste and pollution generated by humanity. We are thoughtlessly deforesting much of the planet to spread housing, urbanization, and agriculture as well as to extract more of the earth’s natural resources, such as oil. The result has been the destabilization of the balance of life through the destruction of natural habitats, global warming, the spreading of disease, etc. Yet, most of modern society is immune to this. Due to a lack of direct exposure to nature, many do not consider human activity as integrated into nature; rather than the primary mechanism for survival, the natural world seems to many to be an inferior entity to human-built civilization. Within the civilized world, many carelessly leave water running, electricity on, throw food away, dump waste into water sources, etc. In contrast, ancient and current hunting-gathering societies only took what they needed from nature. They understood that wasting resources would endanger their existence in the future. Close-up photograph of a blue-and-yellow macaw's head and breast; verdant, out-of-focus background A blue-and-yellow macaw, at Lion Country Safari, in Loxahatchee, Florida, March 12, 2018 Although it may seem as if our modern world has no hope of maintaining, or, in many cases, restoring, a healthy relationship with nature, I trust that by educating others on the limitless dependency we have on the planet, our relationship with nature will progress exponentially. Humans would begin to recognize how small and feeble we are in contrast to the almighty, beautiful Earth, who not only provides us with a home, food, and water, but who is also capable of killing us instantly through hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis etc. Once humans begin to simply observe the environment, they will begin to appreciate and respect it. More parks for people to utilize should be established throughout urban environments. In addition, by replacing current methods with environmentally friendly and sustainable techniques for generating food and energy, for purifying water and for recycling waste, we will not only encourage people to recognize the importance of nature and the need to work together for the welfare of humanity and the future of our planet but we will, in our way, be imitating the approach our ancestors took in conserving our world. Back to Top
K-pop in Korea: How the Pop Music Industry is Changing a Post-Developmental Society Ingyu Oh, Korea University Hyo-Jung Lee, Yonsei University Girls' Generation Japan Tour, 2011. Used with permission from SM Entertainment. Download Article (394.61 KB) Korean popular songs, or kayo, are evolving from a musical genre created and performed only by Koreans into K-pop, a global musical genre produced and enjoyed by Koreans and those of other nationalities. This new development has revolutionized the perception of the popular music industry in Korea’s post-developmental society, as Korean children dream of becoming K-pop idols rather than entering traditionally esteemed careers in politics, medicine, or academia. The Korean government is also actively promoting Hallyu and K-pop, as though they constitute new export industries that could feed the entire nation in the twenty-first century. While the K-pop revolution has a lot to do with YouTube and other digital means of distributing music on a global scale, Korean television stations are now eager to tap into the booming market by showcasing live K-pop auditions in order to circumvent declining television loyalty among K-pop fans, who prefer watching music videos on YouTube. K-pop in Korea therefore illustrates three important aspects of social change: changes in social perceptions of the popular music industry, massive government support, and television stations actively recruiting new K-pop stars. All three aspects of social change reinforce one another and fuel the aspirations of young Koreans to become the next K-pop idols. Keywords: South Korea, pop culture, K-pop, social change, mass media Links to YouTube videos referenced in this article:
The concept of capacity is a ‘bedrock term’ when it comes to understanding mental health law. In the ordinary sense, the capacity of a person can be described as the ability of a person to do something. Capacity in the legal sense has the same meaning, but the concept is simply put into a legal context: Capacity can be described as the ability of a person to do something that has binding legal consequences. The question of somebody’s mental health is legally significant in the sense that it might affect your capacity to do some legal act. In the medical sense the terms ―’mentally ill’ or ‘suffering from a mental disease’ or even ‘intellectual disability’ all mean something significant, and might stay with you for the rest of your life (a ‘label’). This label can be hugely debilitating for a person with a disability who is attempting to make their own way in society. Accordingly, in the legal sense these ‘labels’ rather act as a starting point into an investigation to determine the capacity of the person with a mental illness or intellectual disability. An illness or disability should have little legal significance unless it prevents you from being able to perform some or other legal act which would include understanding the potential consequences of that act. Lawyers would argue that a person’s capacity or competency should always be measured in terms of their ability to do a specific thing, which is why we often talk about ‘functional capacity’. For example, we say that a person has the capacity to consent to medical treatment if that person can understand the need for the treatment, the consequences and risks of the treatment, and what would happen if they refused that treatment. Similarly, we would say that a person had the capacity to make a will if they understood what a will was and what it did, and that the property that they knew they owned would go to the people mentioned in the will on that person’s death. However, this functional approach is not always automatically applied in Irish law. There are still remnants of what can be called a ‘status approach’. The status approach evaluates somebody on the basis of their disability without actually enquiring into the ability of that specific person to make decisions. This is sometimes called ‘absolute capacity’ and bears similarities to ‘labelling theory’. The Law Reform Commission of Ireland recognised this problem as early as 2006 and in its report Vulnerable Adults and the Law (LRC 83/2006) the Commission recommended that ‘capacity will be understood in terms of an adult’s cognitive ability to understand the nature and consequences of a decision in the context of available choices at the time the decision is made’. This is a clear endorsement of the functional approach. The ‘functional approach’ considers whether the person is able, at the time when a particular decision has to be made, to understand the nature and effects of that particular decision, focusing on the functioning of the individual with regard to understanding and appreciating the issues involved in that decision. In short, the functional approach to assessing capacity is time-specific and issue-specific. The fact that a person has the capacity to perform one type of legal act does not automatically mean that they have the capacity to perform all sorts of other legal acts. Their capacity must be measured at the time in relation to that specific act. The converse is also true – the fact that a person is found to be incapacitated to do a certain legal act does not disqualify him or her from doing any other legal acts. Each situation is regarded separately and by that is meant that even identical situations that happen at different times must be regarded separately, just as we would separately assess different situations at the same time. However, because it would be a cumbersome process assessing somebody’s capacity every time they were called on to make a decision, a person is deemed (which means that the law will take it as a fact until the contrary is proved) to have the capacity to give true consent when that person is an adult (over the age of eighteen years) and possessed of a sound mind. What the functional approach means is that we must look at the type and complexity of the decision that a person is being asked to make, and then taking in account our knowledge of the person’s intellectual and emotional maturity and competence, decide whether that person has the ability to properly understand what it is they are being asked to decide. In other words, a person’s capacity must be assessed in light of the decision the person is being asked to make. For this reason the phrase ‘relative capacity’ is often used, because the capacity is measured in relation to the task that the person is required to perform, which is pretty much the same as the functional approach. The law is not necessarily concerned about the symptoms or manifestations of a person’s mental illness or disability, but rather whether the person can understand the nature and consequences of the proposed action, and in the light of that understanding, make a decision whether to proceed with that action or not. The fact that a person suffers from some mental disability does not automatically disqualify that person from making the decision. Where it is clear that the person fully understands what it is that they are being asked to do, and the nature and consequences of their actions if they do the thing asked of them, and also the consequences of refusing to do the thing asked of them, somebody else cannot ignore the wishes of that person simply because they have been previously diagnosed with a mental illness or intellectual disability. When a person is declared incapacitated, that decision has huge consequences for their future life. The person loses the freedom to make decisions for himself, at the very least in relation to the areas that the incapacity affects. Others will decide for that person. Depending on the nature and extent of the incapacity, he or she might be told where to live, what medical treatment to have, what contracts they may enter, whether she can give away her property or leave it to others in her will, whether he or she can have sex or marry, even whether they can open a bank account. This is really about human rights like the right to autonomy, the right to self-determination, and the right to dignity. By simply labelling somebody as ‘mentally ill’ or ‘intellectually disabled’ and thereafter ignoring their wishes, we are stripping that person of even the most basic human rights. Assessing Capacity A well-known test for assessing the capacity of a person is known as the Re C Test after a famous English judgment of the same name. This test comprises three questions: Is the patient able to comprehend and retain the necessary information? In other words, did the mental illness complained of prevent the patient from storing information in order to mull over that information before making a decision. Certain mental illnesses, like Alzheimer’s disease, attack the memory directly, and the nature of the disease and its direct impact on the memory need to be carefully considered. Is the patient able to believe the information given to him or her? If the patient cannot take the health professional seriously, or if they think that the health professional is part of a greater conspiracy against them, then clearly the patient will not believe the information being given by that health professional. So, the fact that a person is diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic is clearly important when considering this second requirement. Again, the prudent health professional will not merely rely on the diagnosis, but will rather question the patient on why the medical advice is being refused. If the patient replies that the doctor is ‘one of them’ or words to that effect, the health professional has grounds to believe that the patient fails on this second leg of the capacity test. Is the patient able to consider and weigh the information, including balancing the risks against the advantages and needs, and finally arrive at a decision? The final test involves an assessment of the patient’s cognitive abilities to understand and assess the medical advice, including both ‘pros and cons’, and thereafter make a considered decision. In other words, the ‘brain power’ and relative intelligence of the patient will need to be assessed in relation to the nature and complexity of the medical advice presented. So a person with an intellectual disability might succeed on the first two legs of the test, but not be able to assess or analyse the information sufficiently to make an informed decision, and so could fail on the last leg. Although this test talks of a patient and the case itself dealt with the refusal of medical treatment, it has become a test of universal application in any situation where a care professional requires consent from a service user. To touch somebody without their consent is an assault. However, that service user can only consent or refuse to be touched if they have the capacity to do so. Hence the need for a practical and understandable test for assessing capacity “on the spot”. Many argue that the Re C test is limited by the second question which was based on the facts of the case – the patient was paranoid. This limitation has been recognised by the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act 2015. In Section 2, the Act says that a person lacks the capacity to make a decision if they are unable: • To understand the information relevant to the decision • To retain that information long enough to make a voluntary choice • To use or weigh that information as part of the process of making the decision, or • To communicate their decision. This amends the traditional Re C test by dropping the second question (does the person believe you?) and adds another requirement: can the person communicate their decision? The word communicate must be given a wide meaning, and clearly is not limited to speech, writing or sign language, but could include electronic and other means of communication. The International Disability Alliance (IDA) has challenged the functional test for legal capacity on the basis that its application constitutes discrimination in exercising the right to legal capacity on an equal basis with others. Instead, the IDA argues that disability should be recognized as “functional diversity” and that in the exercise of legal capacity the focus must be on providing supports and accommodations. The Alliance argues that the right to make decisions according to one’s “will and preferences” can never be restricted on the basis of functional diversity or disability. In other words, instead of focusing on whether somebody has capacity or not, we should be looking at ways to assist people so that everybody can make their own decisions. This is in line with the social model of disability discussed in the previous blog. This theme will be further explored in a future blog when we discuss the abovementioned 2015 Act. Categories Mental Health Law Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
About Silver Hippocrates-fmtFor thousands of years, silver has played a role in safeguarding human health. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, wrote that silver had beneficial healing and anti-disease properties, and the Phoenicians used to store water, wine, and vinegar in silver bottles to prevent spoiling. In the early 1900s people would put silver dollars in milk bottles to prolong the milk’s freshness. Silver compounds were used successfully to prevent infection in World War I before the advent of antibiotics. Silver nitrate solution was a standard of care but was largely replaced by silver sulfadiazine cream (SSD Cream) which was generally the “standard of care” for the antibacterial/antibiotic treatment of serious burns until the late 1990s. Now, other options such as silver coated dressings (activated silver dressings) are used in addition to SSD cream. NASA uses silver in the water purification systems of the space shuttle and ISS. The widespread use of silver went out of fashion with the development of modern antibiotics, however, recently there has been renewed interest in silver as a broad spectrum antimicrobial. In particular, it is being used with alginate, a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from seaweed, in a range of silver alginate products designed to prevent infections as part of wound management procedures, which is helpful for burn victims. Samsung has introduced washing machines with a final rinse containing silver ions to provide several days of antibacterial protection in the clothes. Kohler has introduced a line of toilet seats that have silver ions embedded to kill germs. Our Ionic Silver NEW Now all products in 10ppm! Mission Falls Ionic Silver Solution comes in the form of Ionized Silver in a base of purified water. This water is tested regularly and we receive reports stating the levels of dissolved solids to make sure they are within our specifications. This means that each and every teaspoon you ingest will deliver millions of silver ions to all of your blood cells, and it’s so small that it will be able to enter the cell and safely kill anything that is infecting it. In addition to our water reports, we have stringent testing protocols in place, with five separate silver level analyzers, and we regularly submit our product for analysis – this ensures that you get only the best quality for your money. Many people often think that a higher PPM in a silver solution is a good thing. that however is not the case. Our 10PPM product is more than capable of accomplishing the astounding health benefits of Ionic Silver. The idea “bigger is better” does not apply when it comes to Ionic Silver solution PPM. Anything more that a 10ppm product would simply be wasted, and expelled by the bodies filtration systems. To help support healthy immune function, choose Mission Falls Ionic Silver – one of the only Health Canada approved silver products on the market today. It is easily absorbed, perfectly safe, and almost 100% pure silver. Now in 10PPM! We package our product in high quality, recyclable glass and PETE plastic bottles. PETE plastic is globally recognized as a safe, recyclable packaging material. Numerous tests have created a broad scientific consensus that PETE is non-toxic and is a safe material for the storage of food and beverages. Facts on PETE supports the efforts of regulators to ensure that plastics are safe for the public through scientific testing and analysis. Won’t Stomach Acid Ruin Ionic Silver? The popular theory that orally taken silver ions reach the stomach and mix with your stomach acid to form useless silver chloride is just plain not true! In order to move mineral ions about your body, for delivery to the area where needed, your body uses proteins to envelope the ions and render them inactive, until they are delivered to the cell or area needing them. Numerous essential biological functions require metal ions, and most of these metal ion functions involve metalloproteins. One-third of all proteins are “metalloproteins”, chemical combinations of protein atoms (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur) with ions of metals such as iron, calcium, copper, zinc, etc. Hemoglobin, for example, that carries oxygen in the bloodstream, is an iron-containing metalloprotein. If this were not the case, few minerals would remain usable by your body, including essentials like calcium, iron, etc. as they would join other free ions and in many cases make insoluble salts (no bio-availability). Your saliva has over 200 different proteins and thus they can capture metallic ions before they get near the stomach acid! Also, silver ions are so small they can be absorbed sublingually, through your skin, to directly enter the blood stream, with the help of proteins.
Iserlohn facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts Coat of arms of Iserlohn Coordinates 51°23′0″N 07°40′0″E / 51.383333°N 7.666667°E / 51.383333; 7.666667 Country Germany State North Rhine-Westphalia Admin. region Arnsberg District Märkischer Kreis Town subdivisions 5 Mayor Dr. Peter Paul Ahrens (SPD) Basic statistics Area 125.5 km2 (48.5 sq mi) Elevation 106 - 494 m Population 93,119 (31 December 2013) - Density 742 /km2 (1,922 /sq mi) Other information Licence plate MK, IS until 1974 LS until 1979 Postal codes 58636 – 58644 Area codes 02371 (Iserlohn) 02374 (Iserlohn-Letmathe) 02304 (Schwerte,Iserlohn-Hennen) 02352 (Altena,parts of Iserlohn-Kesbern) 02378 (Fröndenberg- Langschede, Iserlohn-Drüpplingsen) Iserlohn (German pronunciation: [iːzɐˈloːn]) is a city in the Märkischer Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the largest city by population and area within the district and the Sauerland region. Iserlohn is located at the north end of the Sauerland near the Ruhr river. The Pancratius church (also called Bauernkirche) was founded in around 985, but the first written document mentioning lon dates only from 1150. In 1237 the Count of the Mark gave Iserlohn municipal rights. In 1975 the city, which had been an urban district before, incorporated the surrounding ex-municipalities of Letmathe, Hennen, Sümmern and Kesbern, and became part of the district "Märkischer Kreis". As a larger mid-sized city, Iserlohn, however, still has a special status as compared to most other municipalities in the district. This means that the city takes on tasks more usually performed by the district (e.g. social and youth affairs) so that in some ways it is comparable to an urban district. Points of interest The Dechenhöhle was discovered in 1868 during the construction of the railway line Hagen-Iserlohn. 360m are accessible for visitors, and lots of stalactites make it a spectacular sight. The Danzturm, located atop the southern hill overlooking the old city, is a landmark and featured on the logo of the local brewery (Iserlohner). The tower features spectacular views of the valley and surrounding hills and is open to the public with a small inn at the base. In the 18th Century, the town became known for its Iserlohn boxes, a form of tobacco or snuff box with an engraved or embossed lid that often featured an image of Frederick the Great. Coat of arms In the middle of the coat of arms is Saint Pancras (St. Pancratius), patron of the oldest church in Iserlohn. He is depicted between two towers of the historic city wall. The checked fess below is derived from the arms of the Counts of the Mark. Images for kids Iserlohn Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
Louisiana is one of the United states states in whose capital is found at Creux Rouge. The state is seen as a a rich unique multilingual and multicultural heritage. It is home for various ethnic teams. The Louisiana creoles people and the People from france speaking Cajuns are dominating in the southern Louisiana express and have unique cultures. Blending of these ethnicities has come to Creole lifestyle immerging that has become profound rooted cultural, social, financial lifestyle with the Louisiana before the 20th hundred years when it was overtaken by the Anglo People in the usa. Creole ancestors and forefathers settled in Louisiana before 1803 because it was purchased from the American Europe, and Senegal, then they settled in the State along the main water ways. Constant blending of the disparate of France, Senegal and Indonesia led to introduction of the creed and this turn into a dominant sociable cultural and economic way of life till the 20th hundred years (Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre pp68-81). We will write a custom essay sample on A Fever You Can't Sweat Out by Panic! At the Disco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not Waste Your Time Only $13.90 / page Acadians are the ancestors and forefathers of Cajuns; the Acadians are The french language speaking persons of Volkswagen Scotia Canada and Fresh Brunswick. After the Britain earned the Indian and French war, the separated families and the Acadians were satisfied in camps in England groupe for 10-30 years and the ones who escaped settled France Canada, after being freed they scattered in Canada South america, France with majority seeking refugees in South Louisiana. Cajun were considered as a lower class national as their identity means however it was in 1970 when they unveiled their normal resources of gas and oil when their lifestyle music, food and way of life was internationally recognized in. Creole is known as a term took out from Portuguese and Spanish by the France government. It means the local products and the colony’s people, whereas the meaning of Cajun is to subject to debate alternative apathetic. The foundation of Acadia is either Ancient greek language or India which means a camp set up in a good place. The Creole was an expression of colonial time ghost in both the The spanish language and French Regimes. The Creole after that formed its identity plus they were normally referred to as the French creed. Imperialiste French was a language used by People from france Creole who had been of white colored origin; a hybrid of French- Western African vocabulary is usually used by the black creeds. It’s the hybrid language that is mostly spoken by the persons of central Louisiana currently whereas the creed The french language is extent. The whites that are as a result of France Spanish mixture were called France creed and the mixed up mulatto population was called creeds of color, African creed or dark creed (Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre pp 40-81). The Cajun have to date retained their unique dialect from the France language and assortment of other cultural qualities that usually separate them from the other ethnic group in contrast to what their popularly believed by the Cajun communities, Cajuns did not entirely descend in the Acadian relegation but as well descended from all other numerous groupings after intermarriage over a number of generations: the intermarriages with the Germans, The spanish language, Native Americans, People from france creed and the Metis. French creeds who were settled inside the rural areas were soaked up by the Cajun have a very natural French dialect despite the influences from the Acadians. Unlike the French creoles, the Cajuns ancestors are not People from france origin but of Mexican, German, Canary Islanders and Filipino settlers as a result of intermarriages The geographical location of the Cajun has a strong relation to the lifestyle of the Cajun people. Those who settle in Atchafalaya Container, a long the Westland’s and Bayous designed a drinking water based lifestyle. This water based lifestyle included their very own economic lifestyle of trapping, hunting and fishing, the Cajuns who have settled freebie southwest Louisiana alpage adapted a land-based way of life, that included farming glucose cane and rice, cattle rearing among other farming practices. A large number of creoles and Cajuns migrated and completed part Arthur and Beaumont seeking petrol related careers since petrol drilling be a major financial activity inside the 19970 1980. The Cajun music originated from French speaking people who were Catholics of Canada. Fiddle was the most prominent instrument in the last years good results . time, the Acadian in addition has become popular, Brighten is a popular music of the Blade Creole that is popularized in the 20th 100 years. Both the Cajuns and the Creole sing the zydeco music, but primarily it was simply sang in the Cajun People from france, but the cutter creoles added some linguistic elements for the zydeco music. Nowadays, the zydeco music is being sung in Cajun French or English as well as done in black Creole. The zydeco is definitely closely linked to American blues, Cajun music jazz plus the swamp music and the most frequent zydeco music instrument is a frottoir the same as the Catholic Chapel but at present they have became a member of other religious sects. The culture of the two cultural groups was deep seated in their community catholic and cuisine, that they observed many catholic methods like the loaned, holy week and the merdi gras (fat Tuesday). The Creole identification has been disregarded since late 1960 by both the no creoles and creoles themselves after the breakthrough of the Cajun pride plus the Louisiana The french language development council conception. After that you can go New Orleans, the original labor and birth place of creoles languages and identity from the west of Mississippi lake where creoles families are living and find all of them referring themselves as Cajuns. Cajuns actions have divided Louisiana into Cajun People from france Creole and black Creole, but it’s however observed that Cajun initially labeled a separate subsection, subdivision, subgroup, subcategory, subclass of the Louisiana francophone. The colonial France and the Louisiana French shall no longer be fluently used by the majority of creoles and this had catalyzed the ignoring of the Creole people. The creoles determine is a competition versus tradition but not recognized nowadays. The creoles of Louisiana happen to be recognized people having the pursuing mixes, The spanish language, French, Africans and American ancestry and Creole can be accepted as a big tradition group that share Spanish and The french language ancestry (Ira Berlin PP 290-325). The cuisine is a unique cooking design that descends from new Orleans and modified by the creoles plus the Cajun nevertheless greatly affected by the People in america, French Caribbean and the Photography equipment Gumbo is usually traditionally a Creole dish which is from the features of the cuisine, other features of the cuisine range from the jambalaya each one of these dishes are generally prepared by the creoles and the Cajuns. In spite of efforts to have one nationwide language in Louisiana, the francophone Louisianans have pressured the need to preserve their language. This led to the Cajun movement that pioneered the establishment with the council to get development to get the French in Louisiana. This council initially was suggesting for the use of regular French in Louisiana however the pressure and protests by Creole community and the Cajun community provides forced the adoption of most varieties of France that includes the creoles plus the Cajuns in Louisiana. This has had good fruits since it seen as a means of incorporating Francophone Louisiana while using other francophone world. Although the Cajuns were discriminated in the earlier times, the French Revival Movements has persuaded the Cajuns to be proud of them selves, further more, the Cajun French has been taught inside the public universities. Due to cultural factors which have led to the creoles The french language loosing all their identity, the Cajun French has become more politically effective than the Creole French at the moment. The Cajun French are getting to be more dominant as the Creole People from france become extinct. Currently it’s only the dark Creole whom identifies themselves as the Creole people and there are very few Creole speaking people below the age of 6 years. Because the Louisiana Creole are languishing, three movements, the Un Cajun Committee, the southern traditions supporting creoles and the C. R. E. O. T. E INC. these activity have accused the French movements with the goal of making the Creole extinct and right now there the handful of Creole have identified themselves with a exclusive culture meant to be preserved. In the beginning it’s the French Cajuns who had been marginalized but today it’s the opposite as it’s the French Creole who will be faced with the condition of ethnic and linguistic marginalization. SOURCES Ira Berlin (2000) Many Thousands Gone, Harvard University Press, Harvard Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre (1996) Creoles of color inside the Bayou Nation, University of Mississippi press, Mississippi Shane K. Bernard (2003) the Cajuns, School of Mississippi press, Mississippi Prev post Next post Get your ESSAY template and tips for writing right now
Interesting Facts about Ostrich Ostriches are one of the strangest creatures living today. This species of flightless birds has existed on Earth for many millions of years ago.. check out more The ostrich is a typical non-flying bird called Rátidas, which makes them like land species, not air species. Ostrich populations differ slightly in skin color, size and characteristics of eggs were previously considered separate species, but now they are now considered breeds of Struthio camelus Ostrich is the only living species in the Struthio genus. Ostriches are the only members of the Struthionidae family of the Struthioniformes order, a group that also contains kiwis , emus , cassowers and rheas. The oldest fossil relatives of ostriches belong to the species Calciavis grandei , which were excavated in the Formation of the Green River in Wyoming and date from the Eocene era, between 56 and 34 million years ago. 36 Fascinating facts about Ostrich 1. Among all the birds on Earth, they are the largest. 2. Several millions of years ago, there were even larger species, and carnivores, but they died out long ago - primitive people destroyed them 3. The scientific name of the ostrich is translated from Greek as "camel sparrow." 4. Among the creatures living on our planet, ostriches have no biological relatives. 5. During the run they move in huge jumps, over one such jump overcoming 3-5 meters. 6. The weight of an adult ostrich can exceed 150 kg. 7. Emu birds, which are second only to ostriches in size, were also previously classified as ostrich-like, but have long since been isolated. So emu is not an ostrich. 8. Ostrich growth exceeds 2.5 meters. 9. Ostriches do not hide their heads in the sand; if they scare them, they run away. And if they are driven into a corner, they begin to defend themselves with kicks. One such well-aimed blow can kill a person. 10. They also run fast, differing in their endurance. An ostrich can maintain a running speed of 50 km / h for a long time. 11. On their chest they have a spot without feathers - this is the place on which the ostrich rests when it lies on the ground. 12. The maximum speed that ostriches can develop is about 95 km / h. At the same time, they can turn on the run, without even halting. 13. They feed on vegetation, and small animals, and insects. 14. Ostriches have thicker eyelashes than humans; sometimes they absorb pebbles and even sand - this helps to better digest food, since stones, once in the stomach, simply grind it. 15. The life of an ostrich can reach 75-80 years. 16. One ostrich egg weighs more than a kilogram. 17. Birds do not get wet in the rain, but ostriches do not have a gland that produces fat to cover feathers, so they get wet easily. 18. They can do without water for a long time, since they receive enough moisture from food. But ostriches drink on occasion willingly, and they also like to swim. 19. To get rid of skin parasites, these birds ride in dry dust. Protecting their territory, ostriches attack both people and even lions. By the way, the lion, the king of animals, usually does not risk contacting an ostrich, which can easily cripple him or even kill him 20. Young ostriches do not eat vegetation - only meat and insects. 21. They prefer to live in families consisting of a female, male and chicks. 22. Vultures, who like to eat ostrich eggs, throw stones at them from a height, since they cannot break a strong shell half a centimeter thick with their beaks. 23. Of all the birds, only ostriches have two toes. 24. Some tribes in Africa still use the shell of their eggs as vessels for water. 25. Ostrich feathers on helmets are found on most Polish emblems 26. If you wish, you can ride ostriches on horseback, but only on males, because they are larger and stronger. 27. Ostriches are bred in more than 50 countries of the world, including cold ones. Ostrich farms are even in Russia and Sweden 28. Attracting the female, the male ostrich emits a trumpet roar of deafening volume. 29. Due to the strength of the shell, a newborn chick takes up to an hour to get out. Not all cope. 30. The diameter of the ostrich eye (5 centimeters) is larger than the diameter of the brain of this bird. 31. The weight of the newborn baby ostrich reaches 1.1-1.2 kilograms. 32. Sometimes, if two groups of chicks from different birds mix, the ostrich parents fight with each other for the right to guardianship over them. Winners get all the offspring. 33. In one of the caves of Altai, abandoned by primitive people as early as 40-50 thousand years ago, archaeologists discovered ornaments from the shell of ostrich eggs. 34. Chicks of African ostriches usually come into the world with a hematoma on the back of their head, because they break their way out of the egg. The hematoma, however, is not dangerous, and they quickly pass. 35. After the chicks hatch, the female ostrich breaks spoiled eggs to attract the flies that will feed the chicks, who are more fortunate. 36. The female ostrich hatches eggs during the day, and at night the male replaces it. Like it? Share with your friends! What's Your Reaction? Awesome Awesome lol lol love love omg omg scary scary Choose A Format Personality quiz Series of questions that intends to reveal something about the personality Trivia quiz Voting to make decisions or determine opinions Formatted Text with Embeds and Visuals The Classic Internet Listicles The Classic Internet Countdowns Open List Submit your own item and vote up for the best submission Ranked List Upvote or downvote to decide the best list item Upload your own images to make custom memes Youtube, Vimeo or Vine Embeds Soundcloud or Mixcloud Embeds Photo or GIF GIF format
Click: 0800 612 8038 24hrs Helpline Drain 247 Logo 24/7 Draincare & Repair Specialists 📞 0800 612 8038 Thames Tideway Tunnel Map of the Thames Tideway Tunnel. By now, you have probably heard about the latest project of London The Future of London Sewerage Systems, The Thames Tideway Tunnel; but the question everyone is asking is what exactly is it? Well, you’re in luck as that is what we will be discussing here. The Thames Tideway Tunnel is the solution that Bazalgette Tunnel Ltd came up with to overcome the excess overflows that the current London sewerage system has. The proposed design of the tunnel is that it will be 25 km long and 65 meters deep; it will run from Acton Storm Tanks, under the tidal section of the Thames, through central London and make its way to the Abbey Mills pumping station. The project was due to start in 2016 and is expected to be completed by 2023 with the total estimated cost of the project being around £4.2 billion; the cost of which will be covered by Thames Water customers, regardless if they are living in or out of London; with their water and sewerage bills being estimated to increase up to £80 a year by the time 2020 comes around. There have been some discussions regarding cheaper alternatives, an example would be creating more green spaces around London to soak up the rainfall which will reduce the amount of water that drains away into the sewers but also increase the overall health of the environment, but it has been decided that the best option, in the long term, would be to proceed with the creation of the tunnel. Originally, when the system was designed in the 19th century by Sir Joseph Bazalgette, it was estimated to only serve four million people with a failsafe being implemented for overflow to go into the Thames river through 57 combined sewer overflows (CSO) situated by the banks of the river; this failsafe was to stop sewage from backing up and flooding people’s homes. Fast forward a hundred or so years later and the overall population of London has doubled making the current system inadequate as it was not designed to take that much-combined sewage; with most of the areas built later in outer London having their own sewerage system and rainwater infrastructure built to deal with their sewage. When the sewer system was first designed, it was only predicted to overflow 12 or so times every year, but with the population increase, this figure has increased to around 60 times a year, due to this, CSOs have polluted the Thames to the point that it the river is in breach of the EU Urban Waste Water Directive. As stated, the Thames Tideway Tunnel is going to be used to deal with the overflow problem London has, it works by intercepting 34 of the 57 CSOs, the discharge points of these 34 CSOs will be diverted and connect to the tunnel which will be located underneath the Thames; this means that instead of polluting the river further, the wastewater will be stored underneath it and be pumped up to the Beckton Sewerage Treatment Works, whereupon treatment, the cleaned water will be released into the river, hopefully resolving the pollution that has occurred. Contact Drain 247 for Sewer Cleaning in London & Hertfordshire If you require sewer cleaning or sewer maintenance, then please contact our drainage experts. With years of experience and knowledge, we have built an outstanding reputation by consistently providing our customers with a first-class service that places an emphasis on quality and safety. Call us on 0800 612 8038 or you can complete our quick enquiry form to get your free, no-obligation quote. Comments are closed.
Michael Jordan Essay Submitted By britto24 Words: 1265 Pages: 6 A The Early Years of the Great One Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963, in Brooklyn, New York. When he was still very young, Michael and his family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. Michael is the seconds youngest of five children. He has two older brothers, Ronnie and Larry, an older sister named Delores, and a younger sister, Roslyn. Michael's Dad, James, worked at an electric plant, and his mother, Deloris, worked at a bank. The Jordan family lived in a two-story house in Wilmington, a quiet town on the Cape Fear River. Michael's parents worked hard to provide a comfortable life for their family. Michael learned about hard work and the value of As a kid, Michael played baseball, basketball, and football. His favorite was baseball, but he also spent hours playing basketball in his backyard on a court his dad had built. Michael played a lot of one-on-one games against his brother Larry, who was taller, a year older, and more talented than Michael. Larry always won. The constant losses fueled Michael's competitiveness and made him determined to become a better player. Michael Jordan did not make his high school varsity basketball team as a sophomore, the varsity coaches felt he was too small and not good enough to play at the varsity level. They felt he was better suited for the junior varsity team. Michael was disappointed, but he kept practicing hard, and it really paid off. In fact, in his first season with the J.V team, he averaged 25 points per game. Between the 10th and 11th grades, Michael grew to 6' 3". Because he had improved as a player, he made the varsity team and got to play along side his older brother Larry. Michael played so well in his junior season, that he was invited to attend the Five-Star Basketball Camp in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania during the summer before his senior year. Five-Star is a camp where the best U.S. high school basketball players compete against one another to determine how they rank amongst each other. Michael won 10 trophies at the camp, including two MVP awards. The Five-Star Camp was the turning point of Michael's life as an athlete. He realized that basketball was his best sport, and he set a goal: to earn a college basketball scholarship. By his senior year at Laney High, Michael had grown to 6' 5". He graduated with a B+ average. On the court, he averaged 27.8 points per game as a senior. Michael achieved his goal: He earned a college basketball scholarship to the University of North Carolina. Michael Jordan at North Carolina Michael wasn't expected to become a star at the University of North Carolina (UNC). His coaches thought he had a chance to be a good player, but not a great one. In his first practice game, all doubts about Michael's talent quickly disappeared. Michael made an eye-popping dunk that had the whole team, and coaching staff in awe. Head coach Dean Smith later put Michael in the starting lineup at guard. It was a special honor, because only three freshmen had ever started for Coach Smith at North Carolina. Michael averaged 13.5 points per game and was named the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Rookie of the Year. The Tar Heels made it back to the NCAA championship game. They faced the Georgetown University Hoyas, who were led by seven-foot center Patrick Ewing. The game was played on March 29, 1982, in the Superdome, in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was an exciting contest that wasn't decided until the final seconds. UNC was trailing, 62-61, with 15 seconds left to play. As would happen many times later in his career, Michael had the ball with the game on the line. The freshmen coolly launched a 17-foot jump shot. It went in! UNC won, 63-62, to earn its first national title in 25 years. "The Shot" made Michael famous among college basketball fans.
The Claim: Eating Garlic Helps Repel Mosquitoes How nice it would be if eating one simple food could bring relief to all those Americans who become walking bait for mosquitoes each summer. Garlic, perhaps because of its strong odor, has long been said to be that magic food. But studies so far have found that claim to be little more than wishful thinking. Eating it may repel other humans, but apparently not mosquitoes. One study illustrating this was published in 2005 by a group of researchers at the University of Connecticut Health Center. The scientists asked groups of subjects to consume large amounts of garlic on some days and a placebo on others and exposed them to mosquitoes on each day. The number of mosquitoes that fed on them and the number of bites they suffered did not seem to differ under the two conditions. Credit...Leif Parsons Just about the only food or beverage that has been shown to have an effect on mosquitoes when ingested by humans is alcohol: it attracts them. In a 2002 study in The Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, a group of 14 subjects drank 350 milliliters of beer on various occasions. Ingesting beer significantly increased the percentage of mosquitoes that landed on the subjects, though precisely why was unclear. Typically, mosquitoes locate their victims by seeking out body heat, lactic acid and carbon dioxide. People who are attacked less, studies show, appear to have genes that make them better able to disguise themselves. So far, the substance known to block mosquitoes’ powers of detection the best is DEET, which acts by blinding their senses. Eating garlic has not been shown to either attract or ward off mosquitoes.
Phosphorus budget in the Marne watershed (France): urban vs. diffuse sources, dissolved vs. particulate forms Publication TypeJournal Article Year of Publication2005 AuthorsNémery, J, Garnier, J, Morel, C Start Page35 Date Published01/2005 Mots-clésdiffuse and point sources, dissolved and particulate phosphorus, eutrophication, exchangeability We evaluated the P sources (point, diffuse), through a nested watershed approach investigating the Blaise (607 km2), dominated by livestock farming, the Grand Morin (1202 km2), dominated by crop farming, and the Marne (12,762 km2), influenced by both agriculture and urbanization. Fertilizers account for the main P inputs (>60%) to the soils. An agricultural P surplus (0.5–8 kg P ha–1 year–1) contributes to P enrichment of the soil. The downstream urbanized zone is dominated by point sources (60%, mainly in dissolved forms), whereas in the upstream basin diffuse sources dominate (60%, mostly particulate). Among the diffuse sources (losses by forests, drainage and runoff), losses by runoff clearly dominate (>90%). P retention in the alluvial plain and the reservoir represents 15–30% of the total P inputs. Dissolved and particulate P fluxes at the outlet of the Marne are similar (340 and 319 tons of P year–1, respectively). The Blaise sub-basin receives P from point and diffuse sources in equal proportions, and retention is negligible. The Grand-Morin sub-basin, influenced by the urbanized zone receives, as does to the whole Marne basin, 60% of P inputs as point sources. The total particulate phosphorus in suspended sediments averaged 1.28 g P kg–1, of which about 60% are inorganic and 40% organic P. Particulate phosphorus exchangeable in 1 week and 1 year (32P isotopic method) accounts for between almost 26% and 54% of the particulate inorganic phosphorus in the suspended sediment and might represent an important source of dissolved P, possibly directly assimilated by the vegetation.
Skip to main content. Back to: >> Governance The Inquisition and Reformation, as important as they are to the history of religion, are rivaled by the genius of a single 18th Century Frenchman. Effectively in exile, Voltaire published in English from London. His "letters" were all about explaining England to a French friend. They appeared in 1733. He described England's religion and politics, with commentaries on Quakers, the Church of England, Presbyterians, Anti-Trinitarians, Parliament, the government, and commerce. He wrote essays on Locke, Descartes, and Newton. Voltaire was much influenced by English tolerance, and his observations on the subject sounded a revolutionary note among European readers that resonated for decades. His work was published in France as "Philosophical Letters" and was immediately condemned by the French government as "likely to inspire a license of thought most dangerous to religion and civil order." It remains a landmark of the Age of Reason. Voltaire provided basic insights that fueled the Enlightenment in Europe. Forcing a single religion on a nation in the interest of peace simply did not work as well as letting self-interest in the market govern. His work surely provided thrust for the French Revolution that finally broke France from the yoke of Catholicism and a feudalistic governance. From, Walter Russell Mead, "God and Gold" "Voltaire first noted, where there is one religion, there is despotism; where there are two, civil war. Let there be thirty religions and they all live together in peace." From, The Free Dictionary: "...the bourgeois and landowning classes emerged as the dominant power. Feudalism was dead; social order and contractual relations were consolidated by the Code Napoleon. The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the national state. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars tore down the ancient structure of Europe, hastened the advent of nationalism, and inaugurated the era of modern, total warfare." From, Wendy McElroy: "Letter Five, On the Church of England, began with the observation, 'This is the country of sects. An Englishman, as a freeman, goes to Heaven by whatever road he pleases.' The statement had profound implications for any citizen of France -- a nation that had almost destroyed itself in order to establish Catholicism as the only practiced religion." "In Letter Six, On The Presbyterians, Voltaire ascribed the 'peace' in which 'they lived happily together' to a mechanism that was a pure expression of the free market -- the London stock exchange. In the most famous passage from Philosophical Letters, Voltaire observed, 'Go into the Exchange in London, that place more venerable than many a court, and you will see representatives of all the nations assembled there for the profit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan, and the Christian deal with one another as if they were of the same religion, and reserve the name of infidel for those who go bankrupt.'" "Legally and historically, England was not a bastion of religious toleration: laws against nonconformists and atheists were still in force. Yet in England, and not in France, there was an air of toleration on the street level which existed quite apart from what the law said. Moreover, even though both countries had aristocracies, England was not burdened with the unyielding class structure that crippled social and economic mobility in France. As Voltaire wrote in Letter Nine, On the Government, "You hear no talk in this country [England] of high, middle, and low justice, nor of the right of hunting over the property of a citizen who himself has not the liberty of firing a shot in his own field." "A key to the difference between England and France lay in the English system of commerce and in the comparatively high regard in which the English held their merchants. In France, aristocrats and the other elites of society regarded those in commerce, or in trade, with unalloyed contempt. In Letter Ten, On Commerce, Voltaire pointedly commented upon the French attitude, 'The merchant himself so often hears his profession spoken of disdainfully that he is fool enough to blush.' Yet, in England, the "merchant justly proud" compares himself "not without some reason, to a Roman citizen." Indeed, the younger sons of nobility often entered commerce or took up a profession. This difference in attitude was a large factor in explaining the extraordinary rise of the English middle class, their wealth deriving from trading endeavors. Indeed, the French often derided England as a nation of shopkeepers. Voltaire thought this was a compliment, observing that if the English were able to sell themselves, it proved that they were worth something." "Ironically, Voltaire singled out for praise precisely the same aspect of commerce -- the London stock exchange -- that the later theorist Karl Marx condemned. Both viewed the marketplace as impersonal or, in more negative Marxist terms, a dehumanizing factor. To Voltaire, the impersonal nature of trade was a good thing. It allowed people to disregard the divisive human factors that had historically disrupted society, such as differences of religion and class. The very fact that a Christian who wished to profit from a Jew, and vice versa, had to disregard the personal characteristics of the other party and deal with him on a basis of some civility was what recommended the London stock exchange to Voltaire." "In this, Voltaire's voice is reminiscent of the political philosopher Adam Smith in his most popular work Wealth of Nations. Smith outlined how everyone in a civilized market society was dependent upon the cooperation of multitudes even though the people he chose as friends might not number more than a dozen or so. A marketplace required the participation of throngs of people, most of whom are never directly encountered. Under such anonymous circumstances, it would be folly for any man to expect multitudes of strangers to benefit him out of sheer benevolence or because they personally liked him. The cooperation of the butcher or the brewer was ensured by their simple self-interest. Thus, those who entered the marketplace did not need the approval or favor of those with whom they dealt. They needed only to pay their bills." "The toleration created by the London Stock Exchange extended far beyond the doors of that institution. After conducting business with each other, the Christian and the Jew went their separate ways. As Voltaire phrased it, 'On leaving these peaceable and free assemblies, some go to the synagogue, others in search of a drink...' In the end, 'all are satisfied.'" "The Philosophical Letters -- Voltaire's tribute to the English middle class, their commerce and their society -- created an enormous impact on the European intellectual scene. Calling the Letters 'a declaration of war and a map of campaign', the contemporary philosopher Will Durant commented:" "Rousseau said of these letters that they played a large part in the awakening of his mind; there must have been thousands of young Frenchmen who owed the book a similar debt. Lafayette said it made him a republican at the age of nine. Heine thought 'it was not necessary for the censor to condemn this book; it would have been read without that.'" This history was current events for our founding fathers. No wonder they strenuously separated Church from State in our Constitution. The history of theocracy in the New World merely affirmed the European experience. Unhappily, monotheism is not integrative; "My God is Better Than Your God" is a rallying cry heard to this day, especially from the Southern States of the US--and Islam. See Monotheism and Violence for more on that. No comments yet
Landscaping Tips & Inspiration Blog Total Landscape Management Does Grass Still Grow In The Winter? 06-Feb-2020 \| by Scott Bennett Grass can grow in the winter provided the conditions are right. The average minimum temperature required for grass growth and seed germination is between 46-50 degrees Fahrenheit, and some species can grow in temperatures as low as 40 degrees Fahrenheit. In Utah, it's most likely to grow in small patches that have been warmed by sunlight reflected from a nearby metal building. Otherwise, it will remain mostly dormant throughout the season. The Last Cut Even though it isn't likely to grow, that doesn't mean you should shirk your residential lawn care responsibilities. When you mow for the last time in the autumn, make sure not to mow after wet weather. Most professional landscapers advise this year-round, but it's especially true for winter maintenance. It'll damage the roots, gouge the grass and cut the grass unevenly. Also, you should leave two-thirds of a blade of grass behind rather than the customary half of a blade. It needs to be longer in the winter because the area of a blade just above the soil is the most vulnerable part of your grass, so it needs the extra shelter of a longer blade. After the snow falls, you should avoid walking on the grass if it's covered by a layer of frost. This can crush the blades and damage them all winter, which can lead to a drab lawn in the spring. Avoiding Mold Another thing that residential landscapers and commercial landscape management warn against is the risk of snow mold. Snow mold is a constant concern in Utah due to the high levels of snow we receive. It grows while the grass is covered with snow, and it's recognizable by its pinkish hue. If left untreated, it can kill your lawn. To avoid this, you should, as we've discussed, keep your grass a little longer than usual and avoid putting fall fertilizer down too close to winter. You should also remove all the leaves and debris on your lawn before the first snowfall. Finally, don't shovel snow from your sidewalk onto the lawn if you can avoid it. This can lead to snow mold and other potential pathogens. Getting Help From Professional Landscapers You can get additional advice on taking care of your winter lawn from residential lawn care landscapers in Sandy. They can examine your yard and tell you just what it needs to stay steady during the dormant winter months. They can also show you the best types of grass seeds that are meant to last through our tough Utah winters. If your lawn is damaged, it can take months to get it back to an ideal shape, so you should contact an expert today to figure out how to keep it healthy. Visit Our Office 10627 S Willow Valley Rd. Let's Talk Phone: (801) 512-1663 call us E-mail Us Monday - Saturday 8am - 6pm
“The Rag-Tag Circus” World War II: The 83rd “Thunderbolt” Division of the U. S. Army Infantry crossed the English Channel to Normandy in June 1944. It fought through the Hedgerows, across France and into Germany, including the Battle of the Bulge. In March 1945, the 83rd received orders to turn east and race toward Berlin. The 83rd had to move fast, so its commanding general ordered his soldiers to “utilize to the fullest extent” commandeered German vehicles. The Division was nicknamed “The Rag-Tag Circus” by wartime correspondents because of its resourceful commander, Major General Robert C. Macon, who ordered to add the division’s transport anything that moved; “no questions asked.” They commandeered anything on wheels––from bicycles to motorcycles to horses from the surrounding German countryside––to make a mad dash across northern Germany. Lineman Frank Fauver was there: “…the Germans were already on the run, so we commandeered anything that had an engine and that would run…. They called us the Rag-Tag Circus because when you looked at our convoy you couldn’t tell if it was German or American.” On motorcycles, cars, buses and Tiger tanks, the Thunderbolts raced. They had a fire engine with a banner reading, “Next Stop: Berlin.” Those fellows even captured an Me-109 fighter. And found someone to fly it! At first glance, it really was hard to tell if it was an American or German division. Fauver tells a great story: “One day when we were moving, we saw a German command car off to our rear. They were really making hay and when they came past us, I hollered ‘Germans!’ Then somebody fired just over their heads instead of shooting at them. Well, that got their attention. They thought that we were Germans but they took a second look at us and realized that the convoy that was moving was not German. So we commandeered their car, disarmed them, put them in the convoy, and took them with us, because we didn’t have time to take prisoners.” One of Germans was a general. In fourteen days the 83rd covered 280 miles, freed 75,000 Allied POWs and liberated several concentration camps. The papers called them “crack troops of the 83d,” and “ace shock troops,” but to those watching them it was “The Rag-Tag Circus.” Frank Fauver, April 1944
Coolessay Blog Essay Writing: Persuasive and Argumentative Types These types of essay writing are alike in nature and that’s why are often considered as the same thing though there is a huge distinction between them. While a persuasive essay depends more on feelings and reactions from the audience, an argumentative essay depends on the logic thinking and reasons. Let’s check both types in detail and then come to the identifying distinctions and resemblances. Let’s Determine What Is What The Former A persuasive essay is commonly completed in a way to assure the people who read it to agree with author’s ideas and the way of thinking. In this case, writers can use their own beliefs and do their best to induce feelings in readers so to convince them in the fairness of author’s thoughts. Surely, a writer should do some research before writing and have some evidence to base his or her thoughts on but an essay of this type can be created without having a lot of accurate facts. While writing this essay the author should be aware of his or her audience in order to know what thought could look attractive to the readers. A writing of this type should evoke reader’s emotions rather than be proven by the dry facts only. The Latter Using basic words, we can say that an argumentative essay is commonly written to persuade a reader in a true origin of a writer’s idea or thinking. This type of writing is usually used when we want to protect or demonstrate our point of view. Authors cannot just explain their thoughts basing them on their own thinking only; while writing this type of paper a writer should search already proven facts before starting. It usually looks like a debate in a written form. The author should be well-prepared and aware of both positive and negative aspects of the argument he (she) develops and should prove all his (her) views by evidence. Why Regarded as the Same Thing? In both persuasive and argumentative essays, a writer is trying to convince the readers to agree with his or her ideas or the way of thinking. Authors tend to share their values share the facts they have in order to make their audience believe that their point of view is true and fair. Both of these essays are written in a similar way and should have the same structure, as well as a good amount of facts to prove the authors way of thinking. Later, we will check the differences between two essay types and examine ways of writing in the next part, so stay tuned. Till the next time! Rated 4.5 \| From 549 users. Leave a comment: ChatChat with us
From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Wielbark culture in the early 3rd century Chernyakhov culture in the early 4th century Roman Empire Chernyakhov culture, 4th c. Oium or Aujum was a name for an area in Scythia (modern Ukraine), where the Goths, under King Filimer, arguably settled after leaving Gothiscandza, according to the Getica by Jordanes, written around 551.[1][2][3] Jordanes does not give an etymology, but many scholars interpret this word as a dative plural to the widespread Germanic words aujō- or auwō- and means "well-watered meadow" or "island".[2] According to some historians, Jordanes' account of the Goths' history in Oium was constructed from his reading of earlier classical accounts and from oral tradition.[4][5] According to other historians, Jordanes' narrative has little relation to Cassiodorus's,[6][7] no relation to oral traditions[8] and little relation to actual history.[9] Archaeologically, the Chernyakhov culture, which is also called the Sântana de Mureș culture, contained parts of Ukraine, Moldova and Romania and corresponds with Gothic Scythia.[10] Jordanes states that King Filimer led the Goths in a search for suitable lands; when they arrived in Oium, they were delighted with the richness of the land. They crossed a bridge to get there, but when half the army[11] had made it across, the bridge fell into ruin and so no one else could pass into the area anymore. According to Jordanes, the Goths claimed the land for themselves and defeated the previous inhabitants, the Spali.[12] The Goths left Oium in a second migration to Moesia, Dacia and Thrace, but they eventually returned, settling north of the Black Sea. Upon their return, they were divided under two ruling dynasties. The Visigoths were ruled by the Balþi and the Ostrogoths by the Amali. The account fits the patterns of the Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture and the Santana de Mureş culture, which show a Germanic migration from the Vistula Basin to Ukraine.[13] Merger with Scythian, Dacia and Thracian histories from classic sources[edit] • The Getae were Goths "on the testimony of Orosius Paulus";[14] • The Goths were descendants of both Scythians and Thracians, and all three had a shared history. • The royal line of the Goths had originated near the Sea of Azov before moving northward toward Scandia, where it established a separate priest-king line on the island of Gotland.[citation needed] • Tanausis, a "Gothic" king, fought Vesosis, the king of Egypt in a battle at the river of Phasis and then pursued the Egyptians all the way back to Egypt.[15] Classical writers used the name Phasis to refer to both the Rioni River in Georgia and the Aras River, especially its upper reaches in what is now eastern Turkey. After Tanausis died, the Goths were said to have embarked on another expedition, and a neighbouring tribe tried to kidnap the Gothic women. However, the women defended themselves and defeated the attackers under the leaders Lampedo and Marpesia. The two leaders cast lots, and Marpesia pursued the enemy into Asia, where she conquered many tribes and apparently formed the Amazons.[16] The story continues with the Gothic (Getic) King Antyrus, also known as Dromihete, being approached by Lisimachus, former general of Alexander the Great who wanted to conquer Dacia for its gold and rich land. However, Dromihete (Antyrus) defeated and captured Lisimachus. Instead of killing Lisimachus, Dromihete invited Lisimachus and his generals to sit down and eat all together. The meal for Lisimachus and his generals was served in gold plates whilst the meal for Dromihete and his men in wooden plates. When Lisimachus asked why he chose wooden plates, Dromihete answers that it was just to show Lisimachus his generosity for everyone coming as a guest-visitor. By eating from the wooden plates, Dromihete wanted to show that there was nothing of value in Dacia. At another point in the narrative, Philip II of Macedon allied with the Goths by marrying Medopa, the daughter of King Gudila. However, Philip needed gold and wanted to pillage the town of Odessos, a town belonging to the Goths. The Goths sent out their goðis, who were dressed in white and played harps, chanting to their gods to help them. That stunned the Ancient Macedonians so much that they returned.[17] According to Jordanes, a king, Sitalces, wanted revenge much later, and he gathered 150 000 men to attack the Athenians. He fought Perdiccas II of Macedon, whom Alexander I had left as a ruler, and the Goths laid Greece waste.[18] When Burebista was king, he had a priest named Decaeneus. He gave the Goths (Getae) (Dacians) laws, named bi-lageineis, taught them logic, philosophy and astrology. Then, he selected a priestly elite who was taught theology and named them the Pilleati. The remainder of the Goths (Dacian) were called the Capillati.[19] Julius Caesar tried to subdue the Goths (Dacians) without success, and the Goths (Dacians) also remained free during the reign of Tiberius.[19] When Decaeneus was dead, Comosicus took his place, and after Comosicus, Scoryllus ruled the Goths-Getae in Dacia.[20] A long time passed and the Romans were ruled by Emperor Domitian (AD 81-96). Domitian was set to conquer Dacia. As the Goths-Getae (historically, the Dacians) feared his avarice, they broke the truce with the Romans and pillaged the banks of the Danube and killed the soldiers and the generals. At this time Diurpaneus (King Duras-Diurpaneus of Dacia from 69 to 86 or Decebalus from 87 to 106) was king of the Goths-Getae (now Romania) and Oppius Sabinus was the governor of Moesia (having succeeded Fontejus Agrippa) (69–70). In 85 when Oppius Sabinus tried to conquer Dacians, the Goths (Dacians) beheaded Oppius Sabinus and plundered many Roman cities and fortifications. Domitian arrived with the legions to Illyria and sent Fuscus with a selected force. Fuscus used boats to build a pontoon bridge and crossed the Danube upstream from the Goths. The Gothic army defeated the Romans yet again and killed Fuscus and pillaged the Roman camp (86 AD). Several Romanian and American historians wrote about Jordanes' errors in considering that Getae were Goths.[21][22][23][24] Goths' history[edit] After this use of Dacian, Thracian and Scythian history, Jordanes returns to Gothic tradition by reciting the line of descent of the Gothic royal family from Gapt (Gaut or Odin). The digression is followed by a statement that the Goths entered Moesia and Thrace in the late 2nd century where they stayed for some time. Based on Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, he writes that Emperor Maximinus Thrax (AD 235-238) was the son of a Goth who arrived at this time and an Alan woman. Norse mythology[edit] In The origin of Rus', Omeljan Pritsak connects the Hervarar saga with its account of Gothic legendary history and of battles with the Huns, with historical place names in Ukraine from 150 to 450 AD,[25] This places the Goths' capital Árheimar, on the river Dniepr (Danpar). The connection to Oium was made by both Heinzel and Schütte.[26] However the attribution of places, people, and events in the saga is confused and uncertain, with multiple scholarly views on who, where, and what real things the legend refers to. See also[edit] • Ermanaric • Crimean Gothic 1. Mierow 1908, chapter IV (25) 2. 2.0 2.1 Green, Dennis Howard (1998). Language and History in the Early Germanic World. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79423-4 Search this book on Amazon.com Logo.png., p.167. 3. Merrills 2005, p.120: "The term may, of course, have been a simple invention of Jordanes or Cassiodorus, intended to lend a witty verisimilitude to a knowingly derivative origin myth." 4. Merrills 2005, p.120: "The influence of oral tradition in this passage [the passage introducing Oium] is palpable. Classical and scriptural parallels for the over-population motif, the Arcadian description of the Scythian Canaan and the broken bridge image do suggest that Gothic migration stories had not survived uncontaminated by contact with the Mediterranean world, but they remain recognizably the tropes of oral tradition", and p. 121: "Jerome and Orosius had identified the relatively unfamiliar Goths with the Scythian Getae of ancient historiography.... In the wake of this authority, the identification of Oium could be made with little comment". 5. Wolfram, Herwig (2006). "Gothic history as historical ethnography" and Origo et religio: ethnic traditions and literature in early medieval texts". In From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms. Ed. Thomas F. X. Noble, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32741-5 Search this book on Amazon.com Logo.png., pp. 43-90. 6. Amory 1997, pp. 36 & 292. 7. Kulikowski 2006, pp. 50-51. 8. Amory 1997, p. 295"It is a mistake to think that any of the material in the Getica comes from oral tradition." 9. Kulikowski 2006, p. 66. 10. On the identification of Oium with the Sintana de Mures/Chernyakhov culture-area: Green, D. H.: Language and history in the early Germanic world, pp. 167-168. On the extent of the Sintana de Mures/Chernyakhov culture and its identification with the Goths: Heather, Peter and Matthews, John: Goths in the Fourth Century, pp. 50-52 & 88-92 Kulikowski, Michael: Rome's Gothic Wars, pp. 62-63. Kulikowski has criticised the use of the Getica as a source for the period; Kulikowski, Michael: Rome's Gothic Wars, p. 66. 11. Merrills 2005p.120: [translation] "he decided that the army of the Goths with their families should move from that region... and it is said that when half the army had been brought over, the bridge whereby they had crossed the river fell into utter ruin." 12. Jordanes, Mierow, ed., Getica the fifth who served as a lawyer in Roe V Wade. IV (27) 13. Heather, Peter J. (1999). The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century. Boydell & Brewer, ISBN 0-85115-762-9 Search this book on Amazon.com Logo.png., p. 16. 14. Mierow 1908 15. Mierow 1908, chapter VI (47) 16. Mierow 1908, chapter VII (49) 17. Mierow 1908, chapter X (65) 18. Mierow 1908, chapter X (66) 19. 19.0 19.1 Mierow 1908, chapter XI (67) 20. Mierow 1908, chapter XI (68) 21. Walter Goffart, The Narrators of Barbarian History, Princeton 1988, p. 70. 23. Oțetea, Andrei (1970). The History of the Romanian people. Scientific Pub. Hoose. 24. Ioan Bolovan, Florin Constantiniu, Paul E. Michelson, Ioan Aurel Pop, Christian Popa, Marcel Popa, Kurt Treptow, A History of Romania, Intl Specialized Book Service Inc. 1997 25. Pritsak 1981, p. 214. 26. Pritsak 1981, p. 209. • Pritsak, Omeljan (1981), The origin of Rus, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, ISBN 0-674-64465-4 • Merrills, Andrew H. (2005), History and Geography in Late Antiquity, Cambridge University, ISBN 0-521-84601-3 • Amory, Patrick (1997), People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy 489-554 • Kulikowski, Michael (2006), Rome's Gothic Wars • Mierow, Charles C., ed. (1908), Jordanes. The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, Princeton University , translation, e-text External links[edit] This article "Oium" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Oium. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.
Congestion, Stuffy Nose, & Nasal Obstruction Nasal obstruction can be a considerable nuisance that detracts from the ability of patients to enjoy their normal daily activities. While there are often multiple factors that play a role in any given patient’s congestion, it is easier to understand if the factors are divided into inflammatory causes and structural causes. Severe septal deviation blocking left nasal cavity Inflammatory causes of nasal congestion and obstruction are due to swelling of the blood vessels in the nasal lining that decreases the nasal airway. A variety of triggers can cause the inflammation of the nasal lining to include viral or bacterial infection (rhinitis or rhinosinusitis), polyps, allergies, pollution or chemical irritants (such as perfume or tobacco smoke), medications, and certain medical conditions (such as pregnancy). Inflammatory or mucosal causes of nasal congestion are best treated with medical therapy, depending upon the specific cause. Antibiotics, topical steroids or decongestants, and antihistamines may all be appropriate. Please see the section regarding each specific cause. Structural causes of nasal obstruction are due to anatomic abnormalities of bony or cartilaginous areas throughout the nasal airway. Common examples include septal deviation, enlargement of the turbinates, enlargement of tonsils and/or adenoids, nasal deformities, tumors, foreign bodies (such as beads, food and other objects), and congenital problems. Most of these structural causes will not respond to medications and will require surgical therapy for correction. Septoplasty & Turbinate Surgery inferior turbinate blocking the nasal cavity Enlarged, swollen inferior turbinate blocking the nasal cavity. The nasal septum is made of bone and cartilage and divides the nasal passages into right and left halves. It is rarely straight – over 80 percent of people have some degree of deviation or crookedness. If the septum is so deviated that it causes nasal obstruction or contributes to chronic sinusitis, an operation called a septoplasty may correct the problem. Septoplasties are done in the operating room under general anesthesia. Patients generally go home the same day. Surgeons use small incisions inside the nose to gently lift the lining off the septum and remove or straighten the deviated cartilage and bone. Once the bone and cartilage are removed or straightened, the lining of the septum is returned to its normal position and held in place with absorbable suture material or soft plastic splints. The turbinates are bony structures that originate along the sides of the nasal passage and project into the nasal airway. They are covered by normal sinus lining and act as baffles to warm and humidify the inhaled air. Occasionally, the turbinates may be enlarged and contribute to nasal obstruction. If this is the case, turbinate reduction may be performed. A variety of methods exist for reducing the turbinates, but the best long-term results are generally from a partial resection of the underlying bone and preservation of the outer lining. This technique avoids the complication of a dry nose from completely resecting the turbinates.
Population Stakeholders & Current Practices There are various populations, communities, and stakeholders that are connected to the topic of Telehealth technologies. Numerous technologies can be utilized to enhance the healthcare provided to patients from a variety of backgrounds. A population is a group of people who reside in a particular area, town, or country. A community is similar in the sense that it is a group of people living in the same place, but they may also have a common characteristic. A stakeholder is a person or a company that has an interest in a particular business. Some of the populations affected by telehealth are those who live in rural areas with barriers to healthcare related to access to insurance, transportation, or local facilities. In addition, communities that are connected to the topic of interest are patients with chronic illnesses such as Diabetes, and Congestive Heart Failure. A community of people who are homeless, whether it be on the street or in shelters could also benefit from the use of Telehealth technologies. Important stakeholders that would be interested in the use of Telehealth are Doctors, Nurses, Speech Language Pathologists, and Occupational/Physical Therapists that are providing the services. Additionally, insurance companies who provide coverage, hospitals that engage in Telehealth contracts, and third party vendors that are providing various technologies such as sensors and monitors are important stakeholders. Interactive Mobile Health and Rehabilitation (mHealth) An incredible step for telehealth technology is the incorporation of mHealth in order to address health education and public health. The spark of mhealth is promising in that it the potential to prevent health illnesses, particularly in disparate communities. Though a lot of research has been conducted on the use of SMS text messaging as a form of mHealth, further exploration must be done on more recent technologies such as iPads or tablets (Anderson-Lewis, Darville, Mercado, Howell, & Maggio, 2018). In a study completed in 2018, researchers looked at “develop[ing] an adaptive mHealth system capable of supporting long-term self-management and adapting to the various needs and conditions” (Setiawan, et al., 2018) of persons with chronic conditions and disabilities. It has been shown that persons with chronic conditions are at an increased risk of developing secondary complications that are preventable with the proper treatment and support of healthcare professionals. This is because these individuals have very diverse needs that may change over time in addition to a challenge engaging in long-term self-management. In an effort to enhance the self-management skills of these individuals, an mHealth system called iMHere was developed. Through the study, a set of mobile applications were created to allow the patient to better understand their diagnosis, increase communication between the patient and provider, and provide “personalized and adaptive interventions...empowering these individuals to be more independent” (Setiawan, et al., 2018). This mobile health option allows patients to track their nutrition and exercise, establish goals, and access their personal health record. In addition, it allows for confidential communication between the patient and provider through a 2-way secure communication protocol (Setiawan, et al., 2018). Results showed that through this app, patients demonstrated a greater compliance in taking medications, an increase in self-tracking capabilities, and a better adherence to intervention management. By empowering patients with chronic diseases to have more control over the management of their diagnoses, secondary complications can be prevented. Image result for iMHereiMHere app Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) One of the most effective uses of telehealth technology includes that of utilizing specific sensors in order to monitor patient status, progress throughout care, or even the diagnosis of a medical issue. With the ability to allow patients to stay in the environment most comfortable for them, patients can feel more engaged in their healthcare, with the hopes of increasing access for those who travel significantly for appointments. As mentioned by a study done in 2018, there are various devices available to aid the patient population in need of diagnosis of sleep apnea. (Penzel, Schobel & Fietze, 2018) As simple as the smartphone tool without the use of external sensors acting as a consumer product in order to monitor sleep, to the newer more complex devices that can be utilized by healthcare practitioners. With the use of a polysomnography system, the patient can be in the home while data is recorded to flash memory and transmitted via wireless network (Penzel, Schobel & Fietze, 2018. An even better option involves non-contact sleep recording of respirations, heartbeat, and body movements installed at the bedside while using radar frequencies to detect small or large movements through doppler technology, a blanket, and recording through an actiwatch system. With the addition and creation of technologies in the world of telehealth, patients can potentially be given a more timely diagnosis (or lack thereof) and seek follow up appropriately all without leaving their home. There is definitely a need for additional research and data to be collected surrounding these breakthrough devices, but they have the potential to be extremely beneficial to patient-centered care. 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Arctic Gatekeepers Posted on: May 10, 2020 Arctic Gatekeepers Published as 'Arctic Gatekeepers' Surprisingly, everyone made it to dinner, they also made it to breakfast and lunch. The Coast Guard icebreaker Sir Wilfrid Laurier was taking a whipping from the weather in the middle of the Bering Sea. But not a meal was missed. While the two cooks dished up three squares, the seas served up a storm that included winds gusting to 90 knots and 10-metre waves that broke over the bow, drenching the bridge four storeys above. The captain ordered all loose items secured and all outer decks off-limits - any one of these larger waves could wash a person overboard to their death in near freezing waters. But for the 32 crew on board the Laurier this was simply another day at the office in a long history of patrolling Canada's Arctic. The maritime history of Canada's Arctic is a story of ice and men. It begins with explorers trying to chisel a route through the Northwest Passage in vessels ill-suited for what lay before them. The price they paid was extreme: Many of their ships became icebound for years at a time. Some, such as Sir John Franklin's two ill-fated vessels, the Erebus and the Terror, and George Washington De Long's Jeannette, were frozen in time forever. In September 1880, Great Britain transferred Arctic sovereignty to Canada. While the new country had sent survey ships north, it would be almost a quarter century before the government dispatched Capt. Samuel Bartlett in 1903 to establish permanent stations, collect customs, administer justice and enforce law and order - in short, exercise Canadian sovereignty. A century after that first official foray, Canadian Coast Guard Arctic operations constitute a significant portion of its efforts, but compressed into the three months of the year not considered winter in those latitudes. Even during these months, ships venturing into these waters would still find icy doors closing around them if not for the Coast Guard, gatekeepers of the Canadian Arctic. In early July, ships from four of the Coast Guard's ports - St. John's, Dartmouth, Quebec City and Victoria - make their way north. Their mandate, as spelled out by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, includes search and rescue (or SAR, an emergency situation that takes priority), and maintenance of marine navigational aids (called navaids). Their other roles include ice-breaking and ice escort for government and commercial ships, support for scientific research and, by their presence alone, flexing Canada's sovereign muscle. To watch the Coast Guard at work, I traveled on the icebreaker Sir Wilfrid Laurier, under the command of Capt. Mark Taylor. Our route would take us from Cambridge Bay on Victoria Island in the Arctic Archipelago to the Beaufort Sea, the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska, and the Bering Sea; then we would thread through the Aleutian and Pribilof islands into the North Pacific and down the outer coast of Vancouver Island to the ship's home port of Victoria, B.C. The journey of more than a month would cover over 6,000 nautical miles. We left Cambridge Bay on a late September day with a fresh crew. Our crew would have five weeks of work before bringing the ship home for another crew change in Victoria and a winter season on the B.C. coast. The ship's first task was the retrieval of navigational aids in Cambridge Bay and Simpson Strait, waters that separate the lower Arctic Archipelago from mainland Canada. Navaids consist of both onshore markers and water-based buoys, some with beacons, indicating reefs or shoals. In high-traffic harbour areas, they define shipping lanes. Their deployment each navigation season helps guide the flat-bottom supply barges that feed tiny Inuit communities such as Gjoa Haven and Taloyoak on the north shore of the continent. At season's end, the Laurier, generally the last ship in the region, effectively closes down the waterways - turning off the lights as it leaves. The men worked quietly on the bridge. Capt. Taylor, a disciplined man with the sinewy build of a dedicated tri-athlete, watched the approach to the buoy. In subdued tones he directed quartermaster Ivan Campbell to make slight alterations at the wheel; each instruction in turn confirmed by Ivan. "1-9-0 will be the course." "And 1-9-5." "Starboard wheel, Ivan." "Starboard wheel." And moments later: "Wheel is hard at starboard." The only other sounds were the ticking of the wheel making its way through its compass degrees interrupted by an apparent distress signal over the radio that was quickly confirmed as a false alarm. As the ship came alongside the buoy, deck-hands on the well deck, four levels below the bridge, grappled with it and hooked it to a crane. The bosun, Mel Hull, orchestrated their movements with those of winchman Steve Wight. Mel, a tough seadog of 40 years' experience with a surprising hand for needlepoint, is erudite, yet frequently given to unleashing a barrage of epithets at young crew members. His hand signals talked to Steve, two decks up in the winchroom, like a catcher to a pitcher, as Steve coaxed the buoy and its two-tonne anchor onto the well deck. At this point in the journey, the ship was retrieving two types of buoys: four-metre-long green, tubular markers and slightly longer, red, pointed ones (indicating port and starboard passing), all bobbing like roman candles in the zero-degree water. But these markers were toys compared to the buoys and moorings the crew would later retrieve in the Bering Sea and North Pacific. Mayday. My position 270° 5.25 from Wilk Island Storis Passage. Engine room flooded. Require assistance. Mayday from the Canadian Coast Guard vessel Camsell after sustaining severe ice damage off Jenny Lind Island, Sept. 10, 1978. Until explorer John Rae concluded in 1854 that the Northwest Passage was navigable and Roald Amundsen sailed it in 1903-06, the western and eastern Arctic had been mapped but not connected. In 1845, Sir John Franklin had set out on his journey to forge the link but after taking the heavily ice-obstructed Victoria Strait route, perished along with his 134-man crew. These waters remain a nemesis to all in the Passage. "This ain't Kansas," somebody said from the bridge of the Laurier one day, "This is where hell froze over." By the time I boarded the Laurier, the annual ice had disappeared from the main shipping lanes of the western Arctic, leaving only the permanent ice pack north of the commercial lanes. Icebreakers such as the Laurier open frozen doors to the region through the annual ice to ships supplying northern communities, industrial ships en route to and from mines and oil fields, scientific and survey vessels, and the odd cruise liner or pleasure craft. In 2002, the German cruise ship Hanseatic twice called on the Coast Guard to escort her through the ice-choked waters. I had previously watched ice-breaking in the eastern Arctic in the summer of 1999 when fragmented ice put a chill in a two-person expedition I was on to circumnavigate Bylot Island by kayak. The CCG vessel Henry Larsen picked us up, and from her bow I watched - and felt - as she made her way through annual ice from Baffin Island's northeast tip into the community of Pond Inlet, leading a supply ship carrying critical goods for the community. Although a lighter icebreaker than the Henry Larsen, the Laurier ? an 83-metre, twin-screw, three-engine diesel-electric - is capable of cutting through two metres of ice at a constant speed of six knots an hour. The technique is to ride her bow up on the ice and shoulder her way through with her weight while cutting with her submerged ice knife. The knife is located on the reinforced hull where the bow and the keel meet. It is not an appendage added to the bow, rather a bite that has been taken out. The right angle it forms makes a steak knife out of a butter knife and both cuts ice and prevents the bow from riding too high, possibly beaching the vessel on the ice. The Coast Guard's ice-breaking work is heavily supported by Canadian Ice Services, another branch of Fisheries and Oceans. From its office in Ottawa, Ice Services continually analyses ice data from plane and helicopter reconnaissance, satellite surveillance and reports from ice observers such as Charlie Daigle on board the Laurier. This information is then made available on the Internet to guide vessels through the Arctic. Daigle's analysis of ice and weather patterns is essential to the captain's navigational decision-making. But Ice Services and reinforced hulls do not make an icebreaker impervious to ice. In the wee hours of Sept. 10, 1978, while breaking ice near Jenny Lind Island, off King William Island in the Arctic Archipelago, the Coast Guard vessel Camsell slid off the frozen pack, splitting her port side on an immovable shelf of old ice. The mid-ship gash - approximately four metres long and a half metre wide - allowed arctic waters to flood her engine room. By mid-morning the water was up to her main deck and the ship had to be beached, patched and towed back to Victoria. It took a year for officials to decide whether she was worth saving and another year to repair her. In the early days of October, we steamed westward out of Amundsen Gulf following the northern coastline of the Yukon and Alaska. We had a Coast Guard fuel cache to restock on pancake-flat Baillie Island, an unleavened piece of land being chewed at the edges by winter's scouring ice and summer's lashing waves. Fuel drums near the shore had to be moved back and others had to be shipped ashore by the Laurier's helicopter. In the pink-grey light of morning, pilot Mike McNulty and seaman Greg Swift repositioned the cache closer to a 10-metre navigational tower clad in day-glow orange planks, its beacon powered by a solar panel until the long winter dimmed its lights. The cache and others like it along this northern coastline serve Coast Guard choppers in the spring as they service shore-based navaids until the icebreaker arrives in July. As well, they provide emergency fuel for commercial helicopters and Inuit hunters in need. Such contingency was not always so carefully considered in the past. The Chief of the Expedition will be careful not to endanger the lives of the party, and while neglecting no opportunity of furthering the aim of the Government, he will bear in mind the necessity of always providing for the safe return of the party. The safety of the ship itself is not so important. Official Journal, Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 On Aug. 10, 1913, a little farther down this coastline where the mouth of the Colville River spills into the Beaufort, the Canadian government-sponsored expedition vessel Karluk ran aground in 17 feet of water. Her captain, Robert Bartlett, was eventually able to free her, only to have her trapped in the ice pack of an early winter. The Karluk was one of several vessels that were part of the most elaborate Arctic expedition in history with a large crew and a multi-national scientific contingent of 13, the largest ever sent on such a journey. Separated from the rest of the fleet, the Karluk was crushed in drifting pack ice north of the barren Russian island of Wrangel. Her crew, which included an Inuk woman, her two daughters and a cat, were forced to sled what provisions they could save across miles of shifting ice to the island. Nine months later, after walking to Siberia and making his way back to Alaska, Capt. Bartlett had the remaining crew and feline rescued. By then, 11 crew members had died. "Past arctic explorations were adventurous and of little value. They constitute an international steeplechase ... a system opposed to true scientific discoveries ... Immense sums have been spent and much hardship endured ... while strictly scientific observations have been given secondary status ... " Karl Weyprecht, German arctic explorer and visionary whose views influenced the formation of the first International Polar Year of 1882-83, the first world-wide coordinated scientific enterprise. Now, 90 years after the Karluk, Coast Guard ships are serving as floating platforms from which a multinational scientific contingent continues the slow unraveling of the mysteries of these arctic waters. Since the mid-1990s, the Coast Guard has increasingly included scientific research as part of its Arctic mandate. In return for use of Canadian ships, foreign scientists help offset some costs and share their information with Canada. The program has been so successful the Coast Guard plans to dedicate one of its icebreakers solely to science for six months of the year. The other six months would see it on regular duty in the St. Lawrence. In the summer of 2002, more than 100 scientists and technicians from research labs in Canada, the U.S., Japan and China participated in studies, in the western Arctic and using a Coast Guard vessel, on the impact of climate change on the environment, including North America's largest fishing grounds - the waters surrounding the Aleutian Islands. In mid-October, we arrived in Dutch Harbor on Unalaska, one of the larger of the Aleutian Islands that are strung like pearls from Alaska to Siberia ? a 1,600-kilometre necklace between the Bering Sea and North Pacific. It was mid-October, days before the crab season marathon when, in just four or five days, fishermen would harvest 3.4-million kilograms of crustaceans from these waters. Along the many wharves, cranes were busy loading boats with metre-and-a-half-long crab pots. The pots were stacked everywhere: on deck, on docks, even in the parking lot of the Grand Aleutian Hotel. The hotel bar that night was tank-full testosterone with a building frenzy of crab fishermen raring to get to sea in what is described as the world's most dangerous profession. Eight scientists joined this leg of the Laurier's tour to retrieve and service data-collecting moorings in the Beaufort and Bering seas. Moorings are the workhorses of marine data collection. At their most basic, they include instruments that record conductivity (the water's salt concentration), temperature and density. They are to the oceanographer what pulse, temperature and blood pressure are to the physician: basic health statistics describing the pelagic patient. The luxury model of data collection is the rosette, a collection of water sampling bottles bundled like dynamite and suspended in an aluminum and stainless steel frame. The 24-bottle rosette on board the Laurier is owned by Canadian Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS). It has a price tag of $150,000 and can be dipped to a depth of 7,000 metres and immediately retrieved. It is not a mooring that is left unattended at anchor. The more basic moorings are strung like a fishing line but using chains and weights. When it is time to retrieve a mooring, an on-deck transponder locates the unit and "wakes-up" its release mechanism. Fingers are crossed until the bright orange float bobs to the surface, is snagged by the crew and hauled in by the winch. The Japanese, worried that new moorings they were testing might rust and fail to release (a $200,000 loss) sent one of their scientists, Hiro Uno, back onboard by helicopter for just one day to make an expensive exchange of an inexpensive part. Seven scientists from the IOS, the University of Alaska and the U.S. government Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory boarded the Laurier in Nome, Alaska and for 10 days the ship zigzagged the Bering Sea tracking down moorings and taking a whipping from the weather. Of the 18 moorings sought, four remained in the depths. The crew dragged the waters but in the end the instruments were left behind for future attempts with other hired vessels. We returned to Dutch Harbor where the scientists disembarked and the ship took on 650,000 litres of diesel fuel, a $279,000 fill-up that took more than nine hours. The town was quiet, the fishermen had not yet returned from crabbing. A day later, as the Laurier made her way through the North Pacific en route to Vancouver Island, word came over the radio of an explosion on a fish-processing ship in the Bering Sea that had left a number of crew missing. Had we still been in the region, the Laurier would have put aside research for rescue. On average, the Coast Guard responds to 50 SAR missions in the Arctic per year. " ... sighted warship on horizon ... Time 9:25 pm. First salvo arrived crashed in front of light(house) ... Second salvo arrived ... Three windows broke in lantern ... Six salvos fired ... Started down tower. Shells exploded about quarter mile away ... run down stairs. Shells too close for comfort.? Robert Lally, Estevan Point lighthouse keeper, June 20, 1942 At the end of October, the Laurier worked its way down the west coast of Vancouver Island, retrieving, in the early morning fog, a number of 11.5-ton "long-leg" buoys for decommissioning. They were a considerably greater challenge than those retrieved at the start of the journey. Once the mist lifted, the ship moved on to refuel Nootka and Estevan Point lighthouses, two of the 27 manned lighthouses that remain along the B.C. coast. Drums of lubricating oil and fuel were ferried by helicopter to the compound on minuscule San Rafael Island at the mouth of the Nootka Sound, a collection of white clapboard buildings with red tin roofs. Then, a short way down the coast at Estevan and before fog temporarily halted work, they flew in 1,000-litre fuel bladders - containers that resemble slightly deflated, mammoth soccer balls set in steel frames - for a total refuel of 20,000 litres, half of the lighthouse's capacity. The Estevan lighthouse is the stuff of postcards: a white, eight-sided monolithic structure with flying buttresses, resembling the massive trunks of B.C. firs that surround the compound. When it was completed in 1909, the lighthouse was one of the largest free-standing concrete structures on the West Coast at 46 metres high, weighing 25 tons and capped by a powerful beacon to warn sailors of dangerous shoals. But on this day, a fishing boat made its way through flat blue waters beyond the unhurried white surf, an eagle soared above the driftwood-littered shore, the bright sun glinted off the steeple of the tiny native church at Nootka, all suggesting a peaceful - pacific - coastline, belying the fury that can unleash along this stretch of water. For a century, West Coast ships have relied on lighthouses for their survival, and so too have the lighthouses relied on the ships for theirs: Coast Guard vessels bring everything from fuel to fresh fruit. Fifty years ago, Estevan Point got a delivery of a different sort. On the evening of June 20, 1942, much to the amazement of the keeper and his wife, a Japanese I-26 submarine surfaced a few kilometres offshore and began attacking the lighthouse with 25 to30 rounds of 15-centimetre shells. This was the first time since 1812 that enemy fire had hit Canadian soil. There were no casualties and no damage, but lights along the coast were quickly dimmed, having perhaps more impact on Canadian shipping than Japanese subs. Since 9/11, international terrorism once again has raised concern about Canada's 202,000 kilometres of porous coastline. That it be resolved that the Senate is of opinion that the time has come for Canada to make a formal declaration of possession of the lands and islands situated in the north of the Dominion, and extending to the North Pole. Resolution proposed in the Senate by Senator Pascal Poirier, Feb. 20, 1907. The challenge of defending Canada's vast coastlines borders is nowhere more difficult than in the Arctic. But while ice provides a great rampart, global warming could change that. Since Britain transferred its northern rights to Canada in 1880, the boundaries of our sovereign arctic waters have remained in question. During the past century, the Canadian government has tried a number of approaches and theories to claim Arctic lands and, later, to claim Arctic waters as mare clausum - closed, sovereign seas: it sent early expeditions to plant the flag in northern lands, charged for whaling permits in the early 1900s, conducted Eastern Arctic Patrols from 1922 until the 1950s and relocated Inuit to establish habitation. But even with a flurry of other tactics, including expansion of offshore zones and a Northern reporting and clearance system for foreign ships, vessels entering Canada's arctic waters are still not compelled to check in. Canada is embroiled with Denmark over claims to tiny Hans Island, north of where this country butts heads with Greenland, but its most recent and definitive statement on sovereignty was made Sept. 10, 1985 by Joe Clark, then Secretary of State for External Affairs. "Canada's Sovereignty in the Arctic is indivisible," he said. "It embraces land, sea and ice. It extends without interruption to the seaward-facing coasts of the Arctic Islands. These islands are joined and not divided by the waters between them. They are bridged for most of the year by ice. From time immemorial, Canada's Inuit people have used and occupied the ice as they have used and occupied the land." Exercising Arctic sovereignty is part of the Coast Guard's mandate, so after a month on board and seeing no signs of specific activities enforcing sovereignty, I asked Capt. Taylor how they carry out this task. In his typically minimalist way he said: "Just being there." Marty Bergman, director of Arctic Science for the Coast Guard, was also concise: "Showing that we are capable of taking care of our own country is the best way of displaying our sovereignty." But are we taking care of our Coast Guard? The crews display a staggeringly impressive ability to maintain their ships, but no new vessels of the Laurier's size have been built since the 1980s. "It's almost criminal how we do not maintain our fleet." says Rob Huebert, professor of Military and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary. "The Coast Guard is virtually Canada's one and only defence against sovereignty infractions." Crews continue to coax a little more mileage from the aging fleet. A tour through the engine room of the Laurier with senior engineer Ashley Humphrey revealed no less than three dozen complicated systems that had to be maintained at sea - sometimes in very rough seas. Imagine cramming all the public utilities of a city such as Ottawa into a ship less than 100 metres long - water creation, purification and desalination, sanitation, power generation, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, firefighting, machine shop, electrical shop, fuel management, transportation, and so on - and sending it out to sea for four months and maintaining it with few spare parts and the knowledge of a handful of people. "It's more complicated than running a city," said Ashley, "because of rolling seas, choking ice and a constant relocating of that city." Coast Guard ships will again head north next summer to act as Canada's presence in our Arctic waters and to clear critical supply routes to northern communities. The Canadian Coast Guard remains a story of ice and men -- although increasingly women too -- keeping the doors open on that frozen continuum. By Pamela Coulston Ottawa Citizen, 'The Weekly' November 16, 2003 Writer Pamela Coulston lives in Wakefield. More Posts
The role of the diet in migraines – a lack of copper could be the cause The proper functioning of all organs in the human body requires daily provision of the appropriate doses of micro- and macroelements. Copper is an element that shouldn’t be overlooked in the daily diet. It’s responsible mainly for the formation and proper function of red blood cells, as well as for the metabolism of fats. Insufficient copper can also increase the frequency of migraines. How can you help yourself if you get severe recurrent headaches? One thing you can do is consume more copper-rich foods. Find out which foods these are and how to diagnose this deficiency. Effective diagnostics of the causes of excessive hair loss and balding EHA – elemental hair analysis Excessive hair loss is a problem that affects both women and men. Physiologically, we lose 50 to 100 telogen hair (hair in the resting stage) every day. If it’s more than this, we’re dealing with balding, which affects scalp hair, although not all areas of the scalp are equally susceptible to it. From the point Hashimoto’s disease – why mineralization is so important Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of thyroiditis and one of the most common causes of goitre, i.e. enlargement of the thyroid gland. Dr Anna Romaniuk in her lecture, explains the causes of this disease, the most important effects and possible causes of dealing with it. Dr. also notes the important role of EHA It’s not only diabetics who need CHROMIUM – it’s an element essential for life Chromium is a chemical element discovered in 1797 by the French chemistry professor Louis Nicolas Vauquelin. It belongs to the group of transition metals, and its name comes from the Greek word “colour”, as depending on the degree of oxidation, it forms compounds in various colours. For the human body, chromium is important in oxidation state III. Decreased libido, bloating and oestrogen, do they have something in common? Modern women are suffering from more and more hormonal disorders and related symptoms, which include irregular, painful menstruation, periodic swollen and tender breasts, decreased libido, as well as breast and genital tumours. They are also increasingly getting treated for infertility. However, not everyone is aware that the symptoms of hormonal imbalance also include common fatigue, bloating, flatulence, constipation, and a sluggish metabolism; most people also don’t know that hormonal disorders don’t affect only women, and are also a problem for many men. Cleanse your body and improve immunity – phytotherapy and eliminating silicon deficiency In nature, silicon (Latin silicium) occurs mainly in the form of the above-mentioned silicates and silica with the formula SiO2. The silicon content in the lithosphere is 276,000 [ppm], and in terms of quantity, it’s second behind oxygen. Under the influence of water and carbon dioxide, silicates are broken down into the final product, which is silica, for example, quartz sand. Its best-known form is the transparent mountain crystal, which, similar to black flint, is used to make silicon water. Zinc deficiency and supplementation Zinc is one of the most-important trace elements in the body. It’s a component of over 300 enzymes and proteins, and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of steroid hormones. What products is it found in? Meat, seafood and whole grains are the richest source of zinc. It’s worth noting, however, that only 30% of zinc taken with food is actually absorbed. For men, absorption ranges between 8mg and 15mg per day, and for women, it’s approximately 8mg per day. With age, zinc absorption decreases even more, and even though zinc excretion decreases proportionally, remember to consume enough to maintain a safe balance. How to remove aluminium from a child’s body? Aluminium is a toxic metal that in terms of global presence, occupies third place among all elements on the periodic table. We can safely say that we are surrounded by it. This is why we should learn to recognise its sources in order to protect ourselves, particularly children, who are particularly exposed to the negative effects of this element. We have contact with aluminium every day and in almost every situation. Ways it gets into the body include the digestive tract due to contaminated food products, and skin penetration through cosmetics that we use every day. Its source may be kitchen pots (including enamelled ones – if they have been damaged, they’re not safe) and canned drinks, which in the case of children, especially those with any diagnosed neurodevelopmental problem, must be completely eliminated. Heat therapy an effective way to detox The soothing effects of heat have been known for many thousands of years. Indians had sweat lodges, Mexicans had Temescals, Russians used banyas, and mushi-buros were popular in Japan. Each of these places was a meeting place for the local community, and was used for healing purposes. Ancient Egyptian texts also have references to the use of heat therapy in certain diseases. Pioneers of natural therapies used the sauna as a therapeutic method. One of them was an American living in the 19th century – Dr John Harvey Kellogg. In his sanatorium in Battle Creek, Michigan, he thoroughly studied various types of hot dry and wet baths. This allowed him to assess their value as a healing method. Reduced stomach acidity a cause of anaemia, obesity and even allergies and autoimmune diseases Excessive flatulence, bloating, constipation or diarrhoea, burping, a feeling of heaviness or nausea after meals, lack of appetite for meat or a desire to eat despite having a full stomach, heartburn, reflux, and a sour aftertaste in the mouth are just some of the symptoms of insufficient stomach acid. If you also suffer from allergies, psoriasis, or malabsorption, have observed recurring rashes, are underweight or obese, have brittle nails, hair loss or undigested food in your stool, it most likely means that your stomach is secreting too little stomach acid. What are the causes of high blood pressure? According to the health statistics of industrialised countries, high blood pressure is no longer a disease that’s associated with obesity. Even slim people are susceptible to it. Officially, 25% of the population aged between 20 and 60 years have high blood pressure. This number rises dramatically among people over 70 years old. These days, this insidious and life-threatening disease is also reported among children. It’s assumed that approximately 8 million people have high blood pressure in Poland. If left untreated, it inevitably leads to heart attacks, cerebral haemorrhage, as well as premature failure or weakening of the walls of the arteries and blood vessels. The widely held belief that high blood pressure can be controlled only pharmacologically is untrue. EHA for children – why it’s worth doing If you’re confident that your child is healthy, elemental hair analysis isn’t necessary. Unfortunately, from the paediatric point of view, this is not common. Try to look at your child with loving parental eyes, but critically. Does anything arouse your doubts? Your child is generally healthy, but isn’t growing well or has a poor appetite, or is picky and eats only certain products, has stomach pain and bloating. Or perhaps your child has weak hair, dry skin, blemishes, blackheads, or acne? Perhaps it’s none of these things. That’s great! How are they doing in kindergarten or at school? The effect of mineral deficiencies and heavy metal burdens – Diabetes
Human Sacrifice: A Long And Bloody History One of the few things that ancient people virtually all had in common was human sacrifice to appease made up horrible gods. Us humans are wicked to the core. What better way to relax on a weekend than reading about brutal murder? Exactly. So for this article I thought it would be “nice” to have a look at the history of human sacrifice throughout the world. Human sacrifice has reared its ugly head on a global scale over the years. It’s no surprise really, through the eyes of the ancients the world was full of vengeful gods trying their best to smash them to bits. Anything they could do to placate these wrathful deities would be implemented when times got desperate. And what bigger sacrifice than a human? Sacrificing food when you’re hungry is good, sacrificing a useful animal is even better, but the ultimate and hardest thing to sacrifice is one of your own kind. So that’s what they did. Human Sacrifice - Medieval Knife By the Iron Age human sacrifice in Europe, Asia and Africa had pretty much dried up. Nowadays even animal sacrifice is rare. In my opinion the value and meaning of killing an animal has pretty much gone. In a world where literally billions of animals are killed in abattoirs each year (around 9 billion in USA alone) what god is going to be impressed by the death of a measly goat? Human Sacrifice - Goat Sacrifice But back in the bad old days sacrifice was rife. â˜› Up Next: Most Brutal Female Pirates Of All Time #2 Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 To Top
These are short observations on Linux, it's use, programming, operation, and configuration. Mostly, they are derived from my own experiences installing, configuring and using Linux systems, from embedded systems to desktops to servers. Programmers toolkit - Sign of an integer Back in October, 2018, a discussion in the usenet comp.lang.c newsgroup addressed (among other things) the original poster's complaint about the return value of the C standard strcmp() function. The poster contended that the strcmp() function should return one of three values: -1 if the first string was lexically "less than" the second string, 0 if the strings were lexically "equal", and +1 if the first string was lexically "greater than" the second string. Programmers toolkit - C api sprintf-like mysql_query() I've recently taken up writing some C code to access mysql databases. One tedious part of that process is the preparation of query statements (not "prepared statement" queries, however) using program-supplied values. Typically, to me, that means The "Network Filesystem" (NFS) is not difficult to set up. Here's a micro-howto that I use as a guide for my NFS setup. Shell Tricks Coding in sh or bash can be challenging. Here are some tricks I've learned over the years Extracting fields from lists I have a list of items in $LIST; each item is separated from each other item by a comma, and individual items may contain spaces. ~ $ LIST="abc,def ghi,jkl" ~ $ echo [$LIST] [abc,def ghi,jkl] System Management: PHP All-in-one Download page On response to a trigger on one web page, I want to use PHP to generate and display a new web page, and at the same time, send an associated file as a download. For example, the user selects an "Export recipes" option in a PHP/MySQL web-based recipe management application, which causes 1. the page to change to a "Download in progress" page, and 2. a file containing the selected recipes to be sent to the client's browser to be saved as a "download". How can I do this? Some notes on home network configuration for hosting personal websites A friend is trying to set up his home computer to expose a website to the internet, and is having some problems getting it to work. In assisting him, I realized that some of the information I've given him may be of use to others. So, here it is. System Configuration: Subscribe to RSS - Tips
About Karate The term “Karate” is comprised of the Chinese characters “KARA” 空 meaning empty and “TE” 手 meaning hand (Sahota, 1997). Empty hand techniques utilise the student’s body as a controlled weapon to only be used in self-defence and the defence of others (Hisataka, 1995, Sahota, 1997). With an element of uncertainty in its origin due to centuries of secrecy (Marshall, [no date]), it is often assumed to be a Japanese art. However, the Karate that is commonly used today had a variety of influences. Developed over centuries and taking certain teachings from the Chinese martial arts it was practically unknown outside of Okinawa before Funakoshi introduced it to mainland Japan (Marshall, [no date], Egami, 1976). Okinawan Karate was originally named Chinese Hand, or Tode which did not bode well with Japanese authorities looking at introducing it as a national sport. It was with this political stance that it was re-named Karate which is what we know it as today (Enkamp, 2017). The core component of Karate is Karate-Do, with “do” 道 simply meaning “the way” or “the path” (Egami, 1976), more often referred to as way of life. This is the philosophy of the art, the purpose of which is to help each person who studies it develop into a more rounded human being (Hisataka, 1995). Shotokan Karate, the do side upon which this syllabus is based, originates from Gichin Funakoshi who is labelled the father of modern day Karate (Sahota, 1997). Shotokan was literally named after Funakoshi, being combined of the words “Shoto” 松濤 and “kan” 館. Shoto means waving pines and was Funakoshi’s pen name. Kan simply means house or school. The first Karate school opened by Funakoshi was known as Shoto’s Kan (Shoto’s school), which we now name Shotokan (Egami, 1976). Over years of development and mis-interpretation, Karate has also become a combat sport where people are concerned with winning matches (Egami, 1976). This type of Karate differs from what it initially was, where the focus was on kata and not on fighting, the constant repetition of kata was seen to prepare the body and the mind for conflict should it ever be unfortunate enough to become reality (Japanology Plus, 2017). Fighting in the ring also differs from Karate-Justu. “Jutsu” 術 refers to the combat side of the art; the techniques used which are applied to combat in real life situations (Egami, 1976). Karate in the ring is not applicable to real life scenarios and is more suited by being referred to as “Competition Karate” such as referred to by the World Karate Federation. Through our club we practice a combination of Karate-Do and Karate-Jutsu which we feel is the perfect combination! Enkamp, J. (2017). Karate Nerd In Okinawa \| Season 1 (EP. 4) – Jesse Enkamp. [online]. Accessed via:https://youtu.be/gkW5slo8Psw Egami, S. (1976). The Way of Karate: Beyond Technique. Ward Lock Limited, London Hisataka, M.K. (1995). Scientific Karate Do. Tuttle Publishing, Singapore Japanology Plus. (2017). Okinawan Karate. Accessed via: https://youtu.be/resYkuq2gdk Marshall, S. [no date]. The origins of Karate. [online]. The Culture Trip, Japan Sahota, G. (1997). The Advanced Shotokan Karate Handbook. Sahota Publishing, Bedford Go top
Inland Fisheries Policy frameworks relevant to inland fisheries The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) was adopted in 1995 by the FAO Conference. In adopting the CCRF, the Conference called on FAO, states and all those involved in fisheries to implement the CCRF including relevant actions to achieve responsible fisheries. The CCRF sets out principles and international standards of behavior for responsible practices with a view to ensuring the effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources, with due respect for the ecosystem and biodiversity. The CCRF recognizes the nutritional, economic, social, environmental and cultural importance of fisheries and the interests of all stakeholders of the fishing and aquaculture industries. The CCRF takes into account the biological characteristics of the resources and their environment and the interests of consumers and other users. A variety of instruments have been established within the framework of the CCRF. The CCRF is voluntary rather than mandatory, and aimed at everyone working in, and involved with, fisheries and aquaculture, irrespective of whether they are located in inland areas or in the oceans. Because the CCRF is voluntary, it is necessary to ensure that all people working in fisheries and aquaculture commit themselves to its principles and goals and take practical measures to implement them. The CCRF covers inland fisheries and there are a number of technical guidelines issued that relate to inland fisheries issues. The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (the SSF Guidelines) is the first internationally agreed instrument dedicated entirely to the small-scale fisheries sector. The SSF Guidelines complement the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, which, alongside the fishing provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, is the most widely recognized and implemented international fisheries instrument. The SSF Guidelines are also closely related to the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forestry in the Context of National Food Security, the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security, and the Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems. The SSF Guidelines place a high priority on the realization of human rights and on the need to attend to vulnerable and marginalized groups. The Aichi Targets are a set of 20 global targets under the Convention for Biodiversity (CBD) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. They are grouped under five strategic goals. The main targets which relate to inland fisheries are Target 6 and Target 11. Two other targets (8 and 9) have implications for aquatic ecosystems and are also relevant: The Convention on Wetlands, called the Ramsar Convention, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. The Convention’s mission is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world”. The RAMSAR convention is relevant to inland fisheries through linkages to aquatic habitats and wetlands (e.g. swamps, marshes, wet rice production systems, flooded forests and peatlands). CMS is an environmental treaty under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme, It provides a global platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory animals and their habitats. CMS is the only global convention dedicated to the conservation of migratory species, their habitats and migration routes. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I of the Convention. CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. For these species, the Convention encourages the Range States to conclude global or regional agreements. CMS-Listed migratory species of particular relevance to inland fisheries include those directly targeted by fishing or impacted by interference in migration routes or habitat (e.g. many sturgeon species, Chinese paddlefish, Shovelnose, European eel and the Giant Mekong Catfish). The UN Watercourses Convention (UNWC) is a global treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1997. It is a framework convention governing international watercourses. The UNWC constitutes a global legal mechanism for facilitating the equitable and sustainable management transboundary rivers and lakes around the world. The Convention’s principal objective is to strengthen cooperation between states over their shared water resources following key principles of international law and prevent potential conflicts. The UNWC entered into force on the 17th of August 2014. There are some case examples of how the UNWC may apply to inland fisheries in transboundary waters.
1. Home 2. Docs 3. X-plore 4. Creating Zip Creating Zip Zip can be created very similar way how copying files works. You mark some files, or just work with current active folder, and click Create ZIP button. But first you must make sure that other pane is set to valid target for Zip creation! Not all destinations are valid for creating a zip file. Generally, all local storage drives, and most network drives are valid folders for Zip file. If Create ZIP button is grayed, you shall to switch to other pane, and choose valid target folder. Then return back to original pane, and start zipping. The dialog is very similar to those in copying files, but additionally you enter name of created Zip file (which will be preset to some auto-created name). Additionally you are able to password-protect the Zip file by clicking a lock button and entering a password. As with copying, you’re able to move files to archive (source files will be deleted after zip file is successfully created). After you confirm Zip creation, the procedure is same as with copying, files are copied to a zip file. Compression level Compression is set automatically depending on file type. For already compressed files (jpg/mp4/…) it is set to no compression (“store”), for other files it uses maximal compression.
Rule: 36.21.801 Prev Up Next Add to My Favorites Add to Favorites Subchapter: Monitoring Well Construction Standards Printer Friendly Version 36.21.801 DEFINITIONS The following definitions shall apply for monitoring well construction: (1) "Abandoned well" means a well whose use has been permanently discontinued. (2) "Annular space" or "annulus" means the space between two concentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and the borehole wall. (3) "Aquifer" means any geological formation which is capable of yielding water or is capable of recharge. (4) "Artesian" means a condition in an aquifer wherein groundwater is confined under pressure by an overlying geologic unit of relatively lower permeability. (5) "Bentonite" means a highly plastic, highly absorbent colloidal clay composed primarily of swelling sodium montmorillonite. (6) "Board" means the Montana Board of Water Well Contractors. (7) "Borehole" means an open or cased subsurface hole created by drilling. (8) "Casing" means tubing which is installed to counteract caving and isolate the zone being monitored of a drilled hole. (9) "Casing " means tubing which is installed to counteract caving and isolate the zone being monitored of a drilled hole: (a) "protective" means a section of pipe or tubing that is placed over the well casing at the surface to provide structural protection to the well and restrict unauthorized entrance into the well; and (b) "surface" means a single section of tubing used to stabilize a borehole near the surface during, and following the drilling of the hole. (10) "Cement" means Portland cement, usually furnished in 94-pound bags. (11) "Confined groundwater" means groundwater within a geologic unit(s) that is under pressure significantly greater than atmospheric pressure; the upper limit of the geologic unit being the bottom of a zone of distinctly lower hydraulic conductivity than that of the geologic unit(s) in which the confined water occurs. (12) "Confining bed" means a layer of geologic materials having very low hydraulic conductivity that hampers the movement of water into and out of an aquifer. (13) "Contamination" means the degradation of natural water quality as a result of human activities. There is no indication of specific limits, since the degree of permissible contamination depends upon the intended use(s) of the water. (14) "Cuttings" means fragments or particles of soil or rock, with or without free water, created during the drilling of a borehole. (15) "Deionized water" means water that contains less than 50 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. (16) "Drilling fluid" means a liquid or gas which may be used in the drilling operation to remove cuttings from the borehole, to clean and cool the bit, to reduce friction between the drill stem and the borehole wall, and to seal the borehole to prevent loss of drilling fluids. (17) "Flowing well" means a well from which water flows from the casing top under natural hydro-dynamic pressure. (18) "Gravel pack" means the principal filter pack of a well or monitoring device. (19) "Groundwater" means water encountered below ground surface. (20) "Hazardous" means a condition where materials or fluids contain sufficient types and amounts of biological, chemical, or physical (including radiological) agents which are likely to cause human illness, disorders, or disability. These include, but are not limited to pathogenic viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxic chemicals, and radioactive isotopes. (21) "Hydraulic conductivity" means a property of the geological material expressing the relative ease with which water flows through the geological material in response to a differential in total hydraulic head. (22) "Hydraulic gradient" means the rate of change in total head per unit of distance of flow in a given direction. (23) "Injection well" means a well utilized for injecting fluids or gases into geologic materials. (24) "Leachate" means contaminated water resulting from the passage of direct precipitation, surface water, or groundwater through waste. (25) "Lysimeter" means a device used to obtain soil moisture samples above the water table. (26) "Monitoring well" means a well that is used for monitoring groundwater quality or flow direction, but is not used for withdrawing groundwater for purposes other than water quality sampling or pump testing. (27) "Monitoring Well Log Report Form" means DNRC Form No. 603, Well Log Report. The monitor well constructor shall record the well information on the wells constructed and file the report as required by ARM 36.21.639 and 85-2-516 and 85-2-527, MCA. (28) "Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology (MBMG)" means the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology located in Butte, Montana. (29) "Neutron tube" means tubing installed in a borehole for the purpose of measuring soil-water content by neutron moderation techniques. Neutron tubes are constructed of a variety of materials, including plastic, fiberglass, fluorocarbons, or metal. (30) "Nonbiodegradable fluidizing admixtures" means grout additives that provide temporary reduction of gel strength by dispersing the clay particles. Nonbiodegradable limits the use to only those additives not subject to biological decomposition. Natural polymers are biodegradable and may not be used. Totally synthetic polymers must be used with care, and only after determining that they are chemically acceptable can they be introduced into freshwater systems. (31) "Nonhydrologic geotechnical" means the purpose of the hole is not to collect hydrologic information. Geotechnical is information on geological, geochemical, and geophysical conditions. (32) "Observation well" is a well designed to measure the exact depth to the water table. An observation well is often screened or perforated across the water table. (33) "Packer" means a transient or dedicated device placed in a well, which plugs or seals a portion of the well or well annulus at a specific level. (34) "Permeability" means a measure of relative ease with which a porous medium can transmit a liquid under a potential gradient. It is a property of the medium that is dependent upon the shape, size, and degree of interconnection of the pores. (35) "Piezometer" is a well device or instrument designed to measure the hydraulic potential (water level elevation) at a specific point in the subsurface. (36) "Radius of influence" means the radial distance from the center of a pumped well to the point where there is no lowering of the water table or potentiometric surface (the edge of the cone of depression). (37) "Recovery well" means a well installed to recover contaminates that have been introduced into the groundwater table, but is not used for monitoring groundwater quality or flow direction. (38) "Saline seep" means an artificially created groundwater system of poor quality, created by a change in the land use, which generally occurs in materials of very low transmissivity. (a) "Saline seep well" means a well used for recharge area identification and for monitoring water table levels. (39) "Sealing" means the operation by which seal material is placed in the borehole. (40) "Sealing material" means an impervious or low permeable inorganic material used for the purpose of preventing interaquifer contamination and/or surface water infiltration. Types of sealing material include: (a) asphaltic concrete, which is a mixture of dense graded sand or sand and gravel and asphalt cement with less than eight percent air voids; (b) bentonite clay grout, which is a mixture of at least 1.5 pounds of bentonite clay per gallon of potable water; (c) bentonite pellets and chips, which are particles of bentonite passing a 0.75-inch sieve and retained on a #4 sieve; (d) compacted clay cuttings, which are uncontaminated cuttings, a sample of which can be rolled into a thread of 0.125 inch in diameter or smaller, and compacted to a density of at least equal to the formation from which they were cut. Bentonite powder passing a #200 sieve may be mixed with the cuttings. When attempting to roll the thread, particles of sand and gravel larger than a #40 sieve may be removed. (e) cuttings slurry grout, which is a mixture of uncontaminated water and a minimum of 15 percent solids by weight consisting of uncontaminated clay or shale cuttings, and a minimum of ten percent bentonite by weight. The mixture shall have a unit weight of at least 9.00 pounds per gallon; (f) granular bentonite, which is bentonite sand size particles, most of which passes a #4 sieve, and most of which are retained on a #200 sieve; (g) neat cement grout, which is a mixture of not more than six gallons of potable water per 94-pound sack of Portland cement. Up to five pounds of bentonite clay per sack of cement may be added. When bentonite is added, the quantity of water may be increased 0.1 gallon for each pound of bentonite per sack of cement. Commercial fly ash may be substituted on a weight basis for up to half of the Portland cement; and (h) Portland cement concrete, which is a mixture of sand, Portland cement, potable water, and four to eight percent air. The mixture may contain gravel, and fly ash may be substituted for up to 25 percent of the Portland cement. It shall contain at least six sacks of cement per cubic yard and have a 28-day compressive strength of at least 4000 psi. (41) "Static water level" means the elevation of the top of a column of water in a well, which is no longer influenced by effects of installation, pumping, or other temporary conditions. Static water levels are transitory and therefore will change due to temporal and seasonal effects. (42) "Surfactants" mean synthetic detergents. (43) "Transmissivity" means the rate at which water of prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. (44) "Tremie pipe" means a pipe or tube that is used to transport grout or other material from above ground surface into a borehole annulus of a monitoring well or other groundwater monitoring device. (45) "Unconfined aquifer" means an aquifer in which hydrostatic pressures at the water table are equal to atmospheric pressure. In unconfined aquifers, the water table is exposed to the atmosphere through openings in the overlying materials. (46) "Vapor detection well" means a well or borehole used to obtain soil-gas samples above the water table. (47) "Water cement ratio" means the proportion of the weight of mixing water to the weight of cement. (48) "Water table" means the surface in an unconfined aquifer at which the pressure is atmospheric. This level is determined at a location by the static water level in a monitoring well or piezometer screened across the top of the zone of saturation. (49) "Well screen" means pipe or cylindrical tubing with slots of a uniform width, orientation, and spacing. (50) "Zone of saturation" means a hydrologic zone below the water table in which the interstices are filled with groundwater. History: 37-43-202, MCA; IMP, 37-43-202, MCA; NEW, 1988 MAR p. 2503, Eff. 11/24/88; AMD, 1991 MAR p. 913, Eff. 6/14/91; AMD, 1997 MAR p. 65, Eff. 1/17/97; AMD, 2010 MAR p. 1614, Eff. 7/16/10. MAR Notices Effective From Effective To History Notes
What Twitter Can Tell Us About Mental Illness Share the News Public health experts have turned to social media to get a sense of how the flu is spreading. But what can Twitter tell us about mental illnesses like PTSD, depression, and bipolar? Some Johns Hopkins scientists set out to find out. The flu tweet project analyzed the prevalence of words like “sick” and “fever” in millions of online messages. For this mental health project, Hopkins scholars data mined the tweets of people who have publicly mentioned their diagnosis. Using social media allows researchers to track mental illness trends quickly and inexpensively. “With many physical illnesses, including the flu, there are lots of quantifiable facts and figures that can be used to study things like how often and where the disease is occurring, which people are most vulnerable, and what treatments are most successful,” Glen Coppersmith, a Johns Hopkins senior research scientist who worked on the project, told the Hopkins Hub. “But it’s much tougher and more time-consuming to collect this kind of data about mental illnesses because the underlying causes are so complex and because there is a long-standing stigma that makes even talking about the subject all but taboo.” Researchers analyzed the tweets by looking for phrases that indicate anxiety, insomnia, or sadness — things like “I just don’t want to get out of bed.” So far, the research has shown that PTSD appears to be more prevalent near military bases that frequently deploy troops to Iraq and Afghanistan. Places with higher unemployment rates showed more depression-related tweets. There’s a little bit of a duh factor here, of course, but the researchers hope that these tools won’t just be used to confirm our preconceived notions about who suffers from mental illness, but rather proactively identify mental health trends as they happen. Share the News
What is IPv4 What is IPv4? Here’s all you need to know The short answer to the question, “What is IPv4?”, is that it’s the fourth version of the internet protocol. IP, which stands for internet protocol, is the internet’s principal set of rules for communications. In place for more than 35 years, the U.S. Department of Defense first deployed it on its ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) in 1983. Internet protocol version 4, IPv4, is also at a crossroads: its global IP address supply is exhausted. The internet is undergoing a gradual transition to the next version, IPv6, but not without challenges. In this glossary entry, we’ll explore the basic components of the internet and how they work together, examine the fourth internet protocol version and its modern-day shortcomings, and touch on its IPv6 successor. Before IPv4, a little more on how the internet works More details on IP IP is part of an internet protocol suite, which also includes the transmission control protocol. Together, these two are known as TCP/IP. The internet protocol suite governs rules for packetizing, addressing, transmitting, routing, and receiving data over networks. IP addressing is a logical means of assigning addresses to devices on a network. Each device connected to the internet requires a unique IP address. Most networks that handle internet traffic are packet-switched. Small units of data, called packets, are routed through a network. A source host, like your computer, delivers these IP packets to a destination host, such as a server, based on IP addresses in packet headers. Packet-switching allows many users on a network to share the same data path. An IP address has two parts—-one part identifies the host, such as a computer or other device. And the other part identifies the network it belongs to. TCP/IP uses a subnet mask to separate them. How DNS fits in the picture DNS, or domain name system, is the phone book of the internet. It translates domain names that we easily remember, like bluecatnetworks.com, into IP addresses like, which are the language of the internet. DNS allows computers, servers, and other networked devices, each with their unique IP addresses, to talk to each other. And it gets users to the website they’re looking for. When you use an IPAM solution in isolation, integration with DNS and DHCP gets dicey. Now, exactly what is IPv4? IP (version 4) addresses are 32-bit integers that can be expressed in hexadecimal notation. The more common format, known as dotted quad or dotted decimal, is x.x.x.x, where each x can be any value between 0 and 255. For example, is a valid IPv4 address. IPv4 still routes most of today’s internet traffic. A 32-bit address space limits the number of unique hosts to 232, which is nearly 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses for the world to use (4,294,967,296, to be exact). Today, we’ve run out Think about it: How many connected devices are in your household? The median American household has five devices, including smartphones, computers and laptops, tablets, and streaming media devices. That doesn’t even include the range of devices that fall under the internet of things (IoT) category, such as connected thermostats, smart speakers, and doorbell cameras. So, in today’s world of ultra-connected computer networks, where every stationary and mobile device now has an IP address, it turns out that 4.3 billion of them isn’t nearly enough. In 2011, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), the global coordinator of IP addressing, ran out of IPv4 address space to allocate to regional registries. And regional registries have since depleted those allocations. In 2015, the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), the regional registry for North America, began turning down requests for new blocks of numbers on IPv4. ARIN now has a waiting list for IPv4 space. Network Rising Are you drowning in network complexity? Learn more Don’t Rely on Mr.DNS DNS a single point of failure on your network? Learn more Best Practices Guide Align your DDI architecture to business needs Learn more Additional limitations Besides running out of address space, the IPv4 addressing system has some additional downsides: About 18 million addresses were set aside for private addressing, drawn from a range known as RFC 1918. Most organizations use private addresses on internal networks. However, devices on these local networks have no direct path to the public internet. To access the public internet, devices with private addresses require a complex and resource-intensive workaround called network address translation (NAT). Furthermore, North America got the lion’s share of IPv4 address allocations. As a result, entities in Asia-Pacific and elsewhere, where internet use has exploded, have purchased large chunks of IP space on the gray market. This has broken up contiguous ranges of IP addresses and made it more complicated to route internet traffic. To replace IPv4, enter IPv6 To address this problem, the internet is undergoing a gradual transition to IPv6. The latest version of the internet protocol, IPv6 internet addressing, moves from 32 bits to a 128-bit address space, with both letters and numbers in identifiers (for example, 2002:db8::8a3f:362:7897). IPv6 has 2128 uniquely identifying addresses, which is about 340 undecillion or 340 billion billion billion. This version of IP has some obvious advantages, the primary one being that it’s a lot more space. With IPv6, a single network can have more IPv6 addresses than the entire IPv4 address space. It seems easy enough, but IPv4 and IPv6 are not directly interoperable. IPv6 is not the easiest protocol to walk into. It’s a big undertaking fraught with challenges. And when it comes to transitioning to IPv6 DNS, the BlueCat platform is at the ready to help. Moving to IPv6 DNS may seem daunting. Like most enterprises, you’re probably trying to remain on IPv4 as long as possible. But if you’re making the jump to IPv6, BlueCat’s platform is ready to help cushion your landing. Reports surfaced of the very first IPv6 DDoS attack in early 2018. But wasn’t IPv6 designed with security in mind? It’s an important reminder: Incorporating IPv6 into your network security model is critical. Related content Product Roadmap Webinar Series BlueCat’s Product Management team is hosting three in-depth roadmap sessions on what the future looks like for your network with BlueCat solutions. Learn more eBook: Network Rising The gap between what the network team can deliver and what end-users need continues to widen. You need a back-end DNS that supports all your business… Learn more eBook: Common Challenges with Microsoft DNS Microsoft Active Directory is a de-facto standard across organizations of all sizes for directory services which requires DNS to function. Many… Learn more Cloud Discovery & Visibility BlueCat’s Cloud Discovery and Visibility gives you full insight into what’s happening in your hybrid cloud environment, all in real time. Learn more
Tap to Read ➤ What is a Cash Conversion Cycle? Of the many accounting parameters that matter to any company, an important one is the cash conversion cycle. Here's a brief explanation of the concept. Omkar Phatak Jul 31, 2020 Running a successful business is a tough balancing act. One of the primary concerns is the maintenance of adequate cash flow, to smoothly run the business process ahead. Time and credit are two things that need to be used smartly to keep the business wheel rolling. For a business to sustain itself, one needs a regular flow of cash, that can pay back credit and pay for inventory, to keep the business engine chugging ahead. An analysis of the whole time and money equation involved in running a business can be done using the concept of cash conversion cycle. It is a way of measuring the risk of cash crunch that a business puts itself in, when investing in new projects or expansion. Also known as asset conversion cycle, it measures the amount of time required for a business to recover each dollar invested into it, to pay back the creditors and generate profit or cash. To put in simple words, it is the number of days required for a business to generate sales and recover its initial investment. It is made up of three prime parts, which measure the time required for three different stages of a business process. The first temporal part is known as 'Days in Inventory (DIO)', which measures the time required for a company to develop and sell its products entirely. The second part is 'Days Sales Outstanding (DSO)', which measures the number of days taken by the company to collect its outstanding receivables, or to get payments for goods and services sold. The third and last temporal part is 'Days Payable Outstanding (DPO)', which is a measure of number of days required by a company to clear the accounts payable or to pay back its creditors. To calculate the duration, you add up DIO and DSO, and then subtract DPO from it. The formula that enables calculation for a 365-day financial cycle is as follows: Cash Conversion Cycle = [Days in Inventory (DIO) + Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) - Days Payable Outstanding (DPO)] • DIO = (Average Inventory Cost)/(Cost of Goods Sold Per Day) • DSO = (Accounts Receivable/Sales) x 365 • DPO = Ending Accounts Payable/Cost of Goods Sold Per Day A negative cycle duration means that a business is paying its creditors after it has recovered payments from its customers. For a business to run efficiently, shorter the cycle, better it is. This cycle duration is an important point when it comes to running any kind of retail or manufacturing business. Most financial constructs track money or cash flow, while this cycle tracks the flow of money in the time dimension. For financial institutions providing credit and company managers, an analysis of this cycle is essential, to test business efficiency. When it comes to business, time is literally money and a streamlined cycle is what you need, to maintain consistent profits.
Local food plants Coronavirus Survivor Mini-farm: Attention everyone! Picking up the skill to grow your own edible food plants is now more crucial than ever! Your food garden can be on your balcony, common corridor, or front yard. As long as you have a sunny site, you can grow vegetables, herbs, mini fruit plants and wild greens, in a variety of containers, or in the ground. We can customise-design and set up a plot of any size and scale to suit your time and abilities. Attention all teachers! We can create plant study plots in your schools, of any theme, size and cost. These in-school garden plots will be living resources for you and your students at your doorstep. Here are several themes to get your students curious about our amazing plant kingdom: Plant Study plot: A curated collection of flowering and non-flowering plants to study a diversity of growth forms, leaf shapes and patterns, colours and textures. Key topics: diversity, adaptation, reproduction modes. Strange Plants! plot: This plot will feature plants with strange forms and incredible abilities that help them survive in their habitats. The pitcher plant is a carnivore, while the ant plant has a symbiotic relationship with ants. Others such as the air plants simply grow dangling in the air using their specialised leaves to absorb water and nutrients. Parasitic plants grow roots into their host plant victims to steal nutrients. Evolution plot: A curated collection of floral living fossils to showcase how plant life have evolved over millennia. Worm-like liverworts, fuzzy mosses, feathery ferns and spiky cycads have been around even before the age of the dinosaurs. And they are still here today…unchanged! Mangrove Plants plot: A selection of plants from our native mangrove forest ecosystem to showcase their unusual adaptations to their unique habitat. Wall Garden plot: This plot will showcase the cliff-hangers and rock climbers of the plant world. Their special adaptations and growth habits can be easily studied without the skill and need to climb a rock wall. Wildflower Meadow plot: Don’t be square, have a shaggy wildflower meadow! Is a well-manicured garden not your cup of tea? Do you like plants to grow as they please? Does a tapestry of mixed-up flowers delight you? Then this is the perfect garden for you. Useful Plants plot: Food wrappers, baskets, mats, brooms, bags, tools.…these are just a few of the numerous items made of plant materials that we use in our daily life. This plot will showcase plants and their amazing variety of uses. And also: Fungi plot: Watching fungi form and grow is fun! This plot will feature dead logs and leaf litter to create a suitable habitat for fungi, and also a community of leaf litter critters. Other garden themes: Biodiversity, butterfly & moth, herb and vegetable, fragrant plants, roof garden, pond garden. Any other special interest themed plots can be customised, designed, created and curated. Contact us for suggestions and a cost quotation. Email: contactctep@gmail.com Check out some of the species of plants we have grown:
Web browser From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Internet browser) Jump to navigation Jump to search A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content from a web server and then displays the page on the user's device. A web browser is not the same thing as a search engine, though the two are often confused.[1][2] For a user, a search engine is just a website that provides links to other websites. However, to connect to a website's server and display its web pages, a user must have a web browser installed.[3] Web browsers are used on a range of devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. In 2019, an estimated 4.3 billion people used a browser.[4] The most used browser is Google Chrome, with a 64% global market share on all devices, followed by Safari with 18%.[5] The first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, was created in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.[6] He then recruited Nicola Pellow to write the Line Mode Browser, which displayed web pages on dumb terminals; it was released in 1991.[7] Nicola Pellow and Tim Berners-Lee in their office at CERN. Marc Andreessen, lead developer of Mosaic and Navigator 1993 was a landmark year with the release of Mosaic, credited as "the world's first popular browser".[8] Its innovative graphical interface made the World Wide Web system easy to use and thus more accessible to the average person. This, in turn, sparked the Internet boom of the 1990s, when the Web grew at a very rapid rate.[8] Marc Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team, soon started his own company, Netscape, which released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994. Navigator quickly became the most popular browser.[9] Microsoft debuted Internet Explorer in 1995, leading to a browser war with Netscape. Microsoft was able to gain a dominant position for two reasons: it bundled Internet Explorer with its popular Microsoft Windows operating system and did so as freeware with no restrictions on usage. Eventually the market share of Internet Explorer peaked at over 95% in 2002.[10] WorldWideWeb was the first web browser.[11] In 1998, Netscape launched what would become the Mozilla Foundation to create a new browser using the open source software model. This work evolved into Firefox, first released by Mozilla in 2004. Firefox reached a 28% market share in 2011.[12] Apple released its Safari browser in 2003. It remains the dominant browser on Apple platforms, though it did not become popular elsewhere.[12] Microsoft released its Edge browser in 2015 as part of the Windows 10 release, and rebuilt it as a Chromium-based browser in 2019. (Internet Explorer is still used on older versions of Windows.) The purpose of a web browser is to fetch information resources from the Web and display them on a user's device. Most browsers use an internal cache of web page resources to improve loading times for subsequent visits to the same page. The cache can store many items, such as large images, so they do not need to be downloaded from the server again.[15] Cached items are usually only stored for as long as the web server stipulates in its HTTP response messages.[16] During the course of browsing, cookies received from various websites are stored by the browser. Some of them contain login credentials or site preferences.[17] However, others are used for tracking user behavior over long periods of time, so browsers typically provide settings for removing cookies when exiting the browser.[17] Finer-grained management of cookies usually requires a browser extension.[18] The most popular browsers have a number of features in common. They allow users to set bookmarks and browse in a private mode. They also can be customized with extensions, and some of them provide a sync service. Most browsers have these user interface features: • A refresh or reload button to reload the current page. • A stop button to cancel loading the page. (In some browsers, the stop button is merged with the reload button.) • A home button to return to the user's home page. There are also niche browsers with distinct features. One example is text-only browsers that can benefit people with slow Internet connections or those with visual impairments. Market share[edit] StatCounter March 2020 desktop share[20] Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Internet Explorer 360 Secure Browser Yandex Browser Cốc Cốc UC Browser Mozilla Suite QQ browser Sogou Explorer Naver Whale Pale Moon See also[edit] 3. ^ "Difference Between Search Engine and Browser". 4. ^ "World Internet Users Statistics and 2019 World Population Stats". www.internetworldstats.com. Retrieved 21 April 2019. 5. ^ "StatCounter Global Stats". StatCounter. Retrieved 14 June 2020. 6. ^ "Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client". W3.org. Retrieved 7 December 2011. 10. ^ "Mozilla Firefox Internet Browser Market Share Gains to 7.4%". Search Engine Journal. 24 November 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2011. 12. ^ a b "StatCounter Global Stats – Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share". Retrieved 2 May 2015. 14. ^ "StatCounter Global Stats – Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share". Retrieved 2 May 2015. 15. ^ "Definition of browser cache". PCmag. Retrieved 19 February 2020. 16. ^ Fountis, Yorgos. "How does the browser cache work?". Retrieved 19 February 2020. 17. ^ a b "Tracking Cookies: What They Are, and How They Threaten Your Privacy". Tom's Guide. Retrieved 11 March 2019. 20. ^ "Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide". StatCounter. External links[edit]
Wednesday, July 22, 2020 How to change your instrument's strings Changing your instrument’s strings With so many school systems going to an online/virtual model this fall, nearly all of the routine maintenance of musical instruments will be in the hands of students and their parents. Teachers often take care of small things like tuning the instrument, adjusting the bridge, and when disaster strikes…replacing a broken string! The truth is, replacing strings is not hard, but there is a procedure that should be followed to make sure it is done correctly, and to make sure that the instrument doesn’t fall apart in the process! I am going to explore changing strings on a violin, but the same basics apply to all four string orchestra instruments. Know how your instrument is constructed Many beginners and their parents do not realize that there is no glue holding the bridge up, or the soundpost (inside the instrument) in place. In fact, there isn’t! The entire instrument is held together by the tension of the strings stretched across the top. If all four strings are removed, the bridge will simply fall off the instrument. Worse, with all the tension suddenly gone, the top and back of the instrument will move away from each other, allowing the soundpost inside the instrument to fall. Now you are up a creek: you usually need to take the instrument to a luthier (repair shop) to properly set the soundpost. This mess is easy to avoid: DON’T REMOVE ALL FOUR STRINGS AT THE SAME TIME! Be prepared The only equipment you need for this project is a new set of strings. There are no tools required. But, make sure you have the correct strings! Make sure your strings are for the instrument you have. Viola strings will fit on a violin, but it won’t sound right! Also, make sure that you have the correct size strings for your instrument. Finally, see how the strings are packaged. Sometimes they are in individual envelopes that identify the string inside. Other times they are all bundled together, but there is usually a code on the package that tells you which color is which string. Look for it and be prepared! Study up Take a moment and note how the strings that are currently on the instrument are wound. You should see that the strings don’t cross from one side of the pegbox to the other, and that the strings are wound neatly around the peg. Time to start! I usually start with the “G” string, on the left side as you look at the instrument from the top, scroll facing away from you. Trace the string to the pegbox to see which peg to loosen. (It should be the peg closest to you on the left-hand side.) Turn the peg towards the bridge to loosen the string and unwind the string from the peg. The peg may come out of the hole. That’s OK. Lift the string off of the bridge and slip the ball-end out of the fine-tuner/hole in the tailpiece. That’s it! One string off. Replacing the string… As I mentioned above, REPLACE the string you removed BEFORE you remove any more strings. This is critical to keeping the instrument together!! Take the replacement string out of the envelope and unwind it so it is fully extended. Take the ball-end (so named because there is a little “ball” in a loop at the end of the string!) and carefully slip it into the fork in the fine tuner in the tailpiece. The ball pulling against this fork is what holds the string in place. Then, pull the string toward the peg box. It’s going to flop around a bit because there is no tension on it yet. That’s OK. If the ball-end slip out as you start winding, just re-insert it. No biggie. Place the peg into the pegbox, and locate the hole drilled into the peg. (Having a good light here is very helpful, as trying to find a black hole, in a black peg, in the dark pegbox is sometimes challenging!) Insert the string through the hole so that about a ¼” of the string comes out the other side. Then, start winding the string around the peg by turning the peg away from the bridge. The string should wind tightly around the peg towards the side (not the middle!) of the pegbox. When done, the string should be closer to the side of the pegbox. As you wind, you will need to keep tension on the string with your other hand. As you continue to tighten, make sure that the string crosses the bridge in the groove cut for it. Continue to tighten until there is enough tension that you can tune the string with a tuner. When you reach the desired tension, push the peg firmly into the hole in the pegbox. The peg and the hole are tapered, and this “pushing” action “locks” the peg in place so it won’t turn until you want it to. Continue with the other three strings Repeat the above procedure with the other three strings, moving left to right across the instrument and finishing with the “E” string. Again, make sure to change only ONE string at a time! Also, take special care with the “E” string as it is very thin and the most prone to breaking. That’s all there is to it! You have successfully changed your strings! Now get them tuned up, and tune them constantly for the next couple of days. The new strings will stretch, and it will seem like they are ALWAYS flat. As the strings stretch and adjust, this problem will subside. Now, go practice! Monday, July 20, 2020 Does instrument size actually matter?? Why does size matter? I have spent over 20 years in the music industry, and during that time I have worked with countless music educators as they recruit beginners into their band or orchestra programs. One of the biggest differences between string programs and band programs is the size of the instruments. In band programs, it is literally one size fits all. Or more accurately, one size fits most as best as we possibly can when they are in fifth grade! Some students may not be able to play certain instruments at all because of their size! In the orchestra, instruments come in different sizes to accommodate all different size players. A question I sometimes get is “Does the size of the instrument really make that big of a difference? After all, I have my dad's old violin that he can use, and we don't have to pay to rent another one!” The short answer is: YES! Correct size is critical when it comes to stringed instruments. With violins and violas instruments range in size from very small to what is typically called full sized. Sizing a child for an instrument is especially important. If the instrument is too large, they will not be able to reach the proper string positions and will have difficulty playing the instrument. If the instrument is too small, their left arm will be folded up tighter than it should be, it will still be difficult to reach the correct positions, and fatigue and discomfort will set in quickly. Both will discourage a smaller player from practicing their instrument. Learning a new instrument is difficult enough already, adding these additional complicating factors just makes it that much more difficult. “But how do we know what size instrument we need?” parents often ask. This is can be a simple to answer. Your child’s string teacher has the skills to measure your child to make sure that they get the correct size instrument. Often, teachers will hold events at the school, and will measure their child at that time so that when it is time to get their instrument, they already know exactly what size they need. It is always important to rent your instruments from a reputable music dealer, but especially so with stringed instruments. Most major retailers offer rental programs, and when it comes to stringed instruments, exchange programs as well. This way, your child can rent a smaller instrument that fits them properly, and when it comes time for them to move up to a larger instrument, they can exchange it with no difficulty. This allows your student to have the correct size instrument throughout their career, without tying up unnecessary funds. But what if you are in a situation where your teacher can't get you measured, and you're nowhere near a music store to measure your instrument properly. Measuring a child for an instrument is something that you can do yourself, if you take your time and make sure that you do it properly. The first step is to determine how long your child's left arm is in inches. Using a yardstick, place one end of the yardstick at your child's neck, and lay it flat against the inside of their arm such that it crosses the center of their palm with their hand outstretched. Note the measurement in inches in the center of their palm. Then, using the chart below (thanks to, determine what size violin or Viola your child needs. Assuming that you were measuring your child yourself because you are not near a music store where you can get this done by a professional, you can then order the proper sized instrument. If the number is right on the boundary, it is usually OK to go with the larger of the two sizes, but make sure to check with your teacher! When your instrument arrives, one of the first things you should do is take the instrument and your child to your child's teacher, so they can check for proper fit. If the fit is not correct, then you can you have a chance to exchange your instrument before classes start. Measuring properly for cello is a bit more difficult, and a bit more subjective. It is nearly impossible to measure properly without an instrument on hand. Generally, with the student seated in a chair and the instrument in the proper playing position with the peg about halfway out, the pegbox should be just about level with the student's ear. There is obviously some room for error here, and with cellos and basses it is very highly recommended that you work with your private teacher school teacher or music store to get the correct fit. If your child is just starting out an orchestra, getting a properly sized instrument is something that's just too important to leave to chance . Make sure to work with your teacher and music store to get the properly sized instrument before you start. In that way your student can have the right equipment in hand to maximize their chances of success! As you continue your internet research, here are some great resources regarding proper instrument sizing: Monday, June 22, 2020 Some information about Germantown Violin Co. student level violins Some information about Germantown Violin Co. student level violins What is a “student instrument?” We often hear the phrase “student instruments.” What is that? What does that even mean? Often the term student instrument is used in opposition to “professional instrument” or “step-up instrument.” In general, a student level instrument is an instrument designed for someone just getting started as a musician, and/or an instrument that can be played as a student progresses through middle and high school. Obviously, the difference between a brand-new string player and someone who's played for five or six years can be pretty large, so the meaning of this term may not always be easy to understand. In our case, we use the term student instrument to describe instruments that are designed for beginners or players in their first and second year of playing. Lots of choices! When you do a Google search for student level violin you will find that there are a lot of instruments out there, and choosing an instrument for a beginning violinist or violist can be a daunting task. If you will indulge a small amount of self-promotion, I would like to take a small bit of time today to talk about the two instruments from Germantown Violin Co that are in the student level instrument category: the Wilhelm model 85 violin and viola, and the Gafiano model 105 violin and viola. Fully carved construction. These instruments are both fully carved instruments. That means that both the top and the back are made from one single piece of solid tonewood. This is a critical element of creating an instrument, as this single piece of wood is going to resonate much better than a laminate product will. Laminate construction definitely has its advantages: laminate is stronger and will tolerate getting beat up a little bit better than solid wood construction will. However, it is widely accepted that solid carved wood produces a much better tone than laminate construction. And after all, tone is what we're going for when we're trying to get new musicians off the ground. The “Gafiano” instruments. Let’s start with the model 105 Gafiano violin and viola. As I mentioned before, this is a fully carved instrument. This is a hand-built instrument with a hand-carved top and back. It is finished with a lightweight spirit varnish. Spirit varnish is lighter weight and allows the wood to resonate more freely. It allows the sound to project a little bit better. All the fittings on the model 105 instrument are solid ebony including the fingerboard and the pegs. Solid ebony adds a little bit of cost to the instrument, but it is absolutely vital to having an instrument that will last and perform for a long time. Many economy violins and violas have fingerboards made of pine or other white woods that have been painted to resemble ebony. These softer woods simply cannot tolerate the pressure from a player's fingers over time and will often warp and dent and make the instrument impossible to play correctly. Ebony is the standard material, and we make sure that all of our instruments have Ebony fingerboards. The pegs are also made of ebony and are custom cut to each individual instrument. It sometimes comes as a surprise to nonmusicians that pegs are not interchangeable between instruments. On a properly constructed string instrument, the shaft of each peg is tapered. This taper allows the peg to “lock” into the holes in the peg box and hold its tune. The holes in the peg box must be custom cut to fit the shape of the peg. Our luthier spends time on each instrument making making sure that the peg fit is perfect for each instrument. The “Wilhelm” instruments. The model 85 Wilhelm violin and viola are essentially the same as the Gafiano with two key differences: First, while the instrument is fully carved, it is more machine carved than hand carved. You still get all the advantages of a carved instrument, but the sound quality isn't quite as perfect as a hand carved instrument would be. Second, the 85 model has an oil-based varnish as opposed to a spirit based varnish. The advantage to an oil-based varnish on a student instrument is durability. The darker, reddish-brown lacquer finish tolerates bumps and dents more easily than a thinner spirit based varnish would. This makes the Wilhelm a perfect choice for fractional instruments designed for smaller players that are still learning how to handle the instrument properly. The oil-based varnish on the Wilhelm can tolerate these bumps and bruises more easily. Set it up! Finally, we need to talk about setup. All of our instruments are professionally setup here in the United States in our shop in Gaithersburg MD . This includes cutting and fitting of the bridge, shaping and fitting the pegs as mentioned above, and stringing the instrument with Preludes strings from D’Addario. The instruments are then test played an packed in lightweight cases with an accompanying brazilwood bow. Once the outfit is together it is ready to send off to your local music store for you to take a test drive! We're extremely proud of our instruments. We take pride in selling instruments that, while affordable, are still genuine instruments that will help musicians from beginner to experienced along their musical journey. We invite you to visit our website at, or visit one of our local dealers where you can play the instruments in person. We are certain that you will be impressed with what you hear! Tuesday, June 16, 2020 Now you can HEAR our Wilhem VLN-85 Violin! We have been talking about our newest instrument, the Wilhelm VLN-85 violin and viola for the past several weeks across all of our platforms. Now you can have a chance to hear it played! Diana Traietta, an accomplished violinist, plays and discusses this wonderful instrument for beginners. It would also make a wonderful addition to any music store's rental inventory. Learn more here: See the video here: VLN85 demonstration video Recruiting is the MOST important thing you do as a music teacher! If you are a music teacher in any capacity where your class is an elective, then recruiting is possibly the single most important responsibility that you have as a music educator. Teaching music is incredibly important and, as we have all come to discover in the last 3 months, vital (along with the other arts) to sustaining our soul as we move through difficult times. If you are a fabulous educator, but you don’t have students to educate… you see where I am going here? Every time an administrator considers cutting back on a music class, every time a guidance counselor moves someone into “Tech Ed” instead of your class, every time a parent asks, “what is this good for anyway?” You can overcome nearly all of it with a recruiting program that excites students and encourages them to get themselves into YOUR music program! So get cracking! Here are six ways that you can up your recruiting game. How do you recruit? What works for you? Let’s start the discussion and help each other out. With all of the craziness that COVID-19 has brought to school districts and their calendars, making sure your plans are known to your administrators is absolutely critical. Whatever plan you have formulated to recruit this fall, reach out NOW to your admins and get them into the loop. They can help you get the resources you need to make recruiting a success. If you will normally travel to schools to recruit, contact those administrators and their music teachers now as well. You may not be able to visit in person, but you may be able to set up remote sessions. In any case, not communicating with the schools involved will lead to disaster in the fall. If you have not already, please reach out NOW to everyone that will be involved: principals, admins, cooperating teachers, custodial staff to get them involved in your plan. Once you are all on the same team, your chances of success increase exponentially! Now that you have chatted with your admin, and gotten their blessing to recruit this fall, you have to get on the calendar. School calendars fill up incredibly quickly, and with all of the additional uncertainty that COVID-19 had brought to our lives, there is little doubt that they will get all the more crowded! Whether you will be able to recruit in-person or virtually, you need to select the times and dates now, and get on the master calendar. There are several dates that you will want to make sure are secured: · Date(s) of the in-school / virtual presentation for EACH school you will visit · Date that you will need a response from each student as to whether they will join your program · Date and location of your parent meeting, either virtual or in-person If you are not on the calendar, you don’t exist! Make sure you are there! As you continue to plan your recruiting for the fall, hopefully you will be fortunate enough to be able to recruit in person. If you are able to do so, I highly recommend that you use student performers to demonstrate the individual instruments. As music teachers there are some instruments that we are just better at than others! 😁 It is a great idea to use student to demonstrate these instruments for a couple of reasons: · They are probably more proficient on the instrument than you are. After all, they play it every single day! · They will be thrilled to be entrusted with such an important function. It is a great way to reward you high performers. · The students that you are recruiting will be better able to relate to the students demonstrating the instruments. After all, your students were recruits themselves just last year! Many of the students that you are recruiting will know your performers. It creates a more relatable demonstration and will increase participation in your program. If you are going to use student performers, reach out to them and their parents now to secure their participation and permission. Send them some music you would like them to work on. You’ll have a fabulous demonstration! 🎻🎺🎷 Now that you have your admin on board, your dates set, and your student performers all lined up, it’s time to get your stuff together! Seriously. Get your stuff together. Start gathering your materials now. You will need more stuff than you think you will need, especially if you are taking the show on the road! 🚗🚗 Some things that you will need are: · Instruments 🎻🎻 · Instrument stands · Student information cards · Letters to send home to parents · Posters promoting your program · And many more. Here is a pretty comprehensive list of items you may need: Be Prepared! Now it’s time to start preparing for your presentation. You have a lot of material to deliver in a very short time. When I have recruited I have had as much as 50 minutes and as little as 25 minutes! You still have to get ALL of the information out there. I highly recommend developing a script and practice, practice, practice!!! You would never give a concert without hours of rehearsal to make sure that it’s right. This is no different! Develop a script and put in the time to get it right. It will make a HUGE difference in the outcome! Here is a good example of a script that I have used many times: Recruiting is arguably the most important thing that you do you to sustain your program. After all, you won’t have anyone to teach music to if there is no one in your class. Believe me when I tell you that this is YOUR responsibility. Your administration, your guidance department, and your students’ parents may all be very supportive, but recruiting into your program is all on you. Because of this, I recommend calling in the professionals to help: your local school music dealer. Your dealer is often the best resource for recruiting. It’s in their best interest, just like you, for you to have a robust instrumental music program. Often, an educational representative will recruit for 10-20 programs each and every year. Multiply that by 10-20 years of experience (or more!) and you can quickly see that your local ed rep may have recruited successfully over 100 times! It’s not unusual for a good ed rep to do more recruiting in one or two years than an educator does in their entire career. Many of our dealers are also excellent recruiters! I encourage you to reach out to them today. Also, please leave a note in the comments and we can connect you to your local ed rep. Happy Recruiting!! May you have an incredibly successful 2020-21 school year! Tuesday, May 19, 2020 String Theories! When it comes to setting up your instrument, one of the most critical choices that you will make is “What kind of string should I choose?” Different types of strings are suited better for different skill levels of players, as well as the type of music that you will be playing. While the decision is ultimately a very personal one, you should absolutely consult with your teachers(s), as they will have insights and experience to further guide you in proper string selection. The earliest violins (and other stringed instruments) used strings that were literally made from animal gut that was stretched, dried, and twisted to form a string. The term “catgut” is often used to describe this type of string, but no evidence exists that cats were ever used as the raw material. The most common animal used for string material was sheep. The first major technological advancement in string production came when luthiers began winding gut strings with thin layers of metal, often silver. The combination of metal and gut made the string denser and allowed it to be thinner while still increasing tonal production. The “G” string was the first to be commonly wound, but violinists shifted to wound and all metal (often steel) “E” strings soon thereafter. Then (as now!) the “E” string was very prone to breaking, and the added strength of the wound “E” string was a significant advantage. In modern instruments, there are three basic types of string available today: gut, synthetic, and steel. Nearly all modern strings are wound with a thin layer of steel. These terms refer to the core of the string. Steel core strings are the thinnest type of string available, and provide a simple, focused sound, with quick response. Steel strings holds their pitch quite well and are the least affected by changes in temperature and humidity. Because of these characteristics, they are well suited to beginning players, and often found on rental and/or “student” level instruments. Musicians who play rock, jazz, and country, as well as “fiddlers” often use steel-core strings as well. At Germantown Violin Co, our Wilhelm and Gafiano model violins and violas are setup with D’Addario Prelude steel-core strings. Our Patricio celli and basses are set up with Helicore steel-core strings, also from D’Addario. Other common steel core brands include Red Label Super-Sensitive and Chromcor by Pirastro. Synthetic core strings have a core of synthetic material, often nylon and other composite fibers, wound with steel. The overall purpose of a synthetic string is to attempt to blend the tonal qualities of gut strings with the durability and reliability of steel. As such, they tend to produce a richer, fuller tone and are capable of more subtle tonal effects than steel. They hold their pitch quite well but need more adjustments than steel strings. Because of this combination of desirable tonal qualities and stability/durability, synthetic core strings are the most popular type of string sold today. At Germantown Violin Co, our Alfredo violin is setup with Thomastik Dominant synthetic core strings, while the Maestro is setup with Evah Pirazzi from Pirastro. Other popular strings include Infeld Blue & Red from Thomastik, and Pro-Arte from D’Addario. Gut strings provide a very warm and rich tone quality. They also produce a very complex tone producing many overtones when played. Because gut strings are the “original” violin string, they are viewed as the gold standard, and their tone quality it what synthetic strings strive to achieve. Gut strings are available as pure (unwound) or wound with various metals. Gut strings are often used on instruments with Baroque setups, as that was the period when gut strings were in use. Because they are literally made from organic material, gut strings are extremely sensitive to environmental changes, and require constant tuning and adjustment. They also take the longest to “play in.” For these reasons, gut strings are usually not recommended for beginners and school-aged musicians. Popular brands of gut strings include Chorda, Eudoxa, Oliv, and Passione, all produced by Pirastro. While there is a dizzying array of string brands, packaging, colors, names, etc., it is important to remember that all commercially available strings fall into one of three broad categories: Steel, synthetic, and gut. I Make sure to work with your instructor to help you match the right string to your skill level and literature preference, and you will be sounding your best!
How Asbestos Works Asbestos is a very dangerous material when it is disturbed. Leave its removal to the professionals. Alex L. Fradkin/Photodisc/Getty Images If asbestos is such a danger, and we've been removing it since the 1980s, shouldn't it all be gone by now? You would think so, but even though it seems like we've had a lot of time to get it out of our homes, schools and workplaces, asbestos has been around for 3,000 years, so it's had a head start. Getting rid of asbestos isn't as easy as changing your clothes. Besides, it's not such a villain as long as it isn't disturbed. Asbestos hasn't been produced in the United States since 2002. However, the United States still imports approximately 3,000 tons per year, and there are plenty of older buildings where asbestos still resides [source: Asbestos Project Plan]. Why? Because removing it can be more dangerous than leaving the original substance intact; if it's properly sealed and left undisturbed, asbestos doesn't pose a danger to us. Asbestos is in fact a naturally occurring substance, so we're all exposed to some degree. The difference between most people and the danger zone is the amount of exposure. With asbestos, the problem comes when we inhale the fibers. And while we exhale a lot of them right back out of our system, some of the fibers can stick around and scratch our lungs, causing scarring and inflammation that can lead to a variety of serious respiratory diseases. These fibers, which are used in construction materials because of their durability, build up over time and are strong enough to stay in our lungs forever. So even though we may feel fine now, the same fibers we breathe in today could give us cancer 30 years from now. But what exactly is asbestos? And how can we protect ourselves and our loved ones from its dangers? In this article, we'll explore asbestos and what you need to know. What Does Asbestos Look Like? Asbestos Control Inc.'s Edward Zalig holds a pile of asbestos cleaned out from pipe insulation in Elk Grove Village, Ill. Todd Buchanan/Contributor/Getty Images In most commercial forms, asbestos looks like attic insulation -- a ball of thick fuzz. The individual asbestos fibers that are released into the air are microscopic. The U.S. government defines asbestos as a naturally occurring group of fibrous minerals that are very strong, can be woven, and resist heat and most chemicals [source: EPA]. The current federal definition includes these classes of asbestos: • Chrystotile • Amphibole (with subsets:crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite) While both chrystotile and amphibole are known to cause respiratory diseases, the more durable, thinner strands of amphibole asbestos are considered more dangerous and more likely to cause mesothelioma (a form of cancer caused by asbestos) because they tend to stay in the lungs longer [source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]. However, the more flexible chrystotile asbestos is used in about 95 percent of all asbestos in commercial products and is still considered carcinogenic [source: Encyclopedia Britannica]. Asbestos has been used for thousands of years, dating as far back as the ancient Greeks. Its durability and ability to withstand heat and erosion made it attractive to builders, and it was even used in some clothing because of its fire-resistant qualities. Modern asbestos production began in 1868 through mining deposits [source: Encyclopedia Britannica]. Reports of long-term harmful effects of asbestos exposure began appearing in the 1970s, although dangers associated with asbestos were suspected decades earlier. In 1989, the U.S. government issued a ban on products containing asbestos. This regulation was overturned in 1991, but certain products were still banned, as were "new uses" of asbestos [source: EPA]. So where do we find asbestos? Read on to find out. Where is Asbestos? Numerous asbestos abatement firms have been established to remove asbestos, as seen in this 1988 photo. John Chiasson/Liaison/Getty Images The fact is, we're all exposed to asbestos, although usually in such small quantities that it poses no threat. The typical air concentration of asbestos fibers is 0.00001 to 0.0001 fibers per milliliter. In comparison, U.S. workplaces are limited to exposing employees to 0.1 fiber/mL, and significant exposure is considered years of exposure to 0.125 to 30 fibers/mL [source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]. In nature, the fibrous asbestos is embedded in rocks, most commonly ultramafic rock (a type of igneous rock), which is found in much of California and near fault zones. Not all ultramafic rock contains asbestos, but all ultramafic rock has the potential to contain veins of asbestos [source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]. Mining areas in the eastern United States have also been discovered to contain naturally occurring asbestos. To obtain the asbestos for use -- and to make it airborne -- the rock must be crushed to release the fibers. In commercial products, asbestos is still found in heat and acoustic insulation, fire proofing, and building materials like roofing and flooring. Additionally, asbestos can be found in older automotive parts like disc brake pads and drum brake linings, which used asbestos because of its friction properties [source: Asbestos Project Plan]. Banned new products include flooring felt, cement shingles (also known as asbestos siding), and corrugated, commercial and specialty paper. However, older material that used asbestos can still be found widely [source: EPA]. Asbestos testing should be conducted by licensed government agencies, and trained asbestos abatement professionals should be the only ones performing the removal. In some cases, it's safer to seal the asbestos in rather than remove it. For more information on getting asbestos out of your house, see Is it safer to remove asbestos from a building or leave it there? In cases of emergency asbestos exposure -- when Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans or the fall of the World Trade Center, for example -- the best thing to do is get out of the area (keeping your mouth and nose covered with a wet cloth when possible) and contact your state and local agencies or the Environmental Protection Agency for more information on proper testing, removal or containment. Now that you know what and where to look for asbestos, we'll talk about warning signs to watch out for if you've been exposed to asbestos. Diseases and Symptoms Associated with Asbestos Exposure An asbestosis fiber (with blue stain) can remain in a human lung indefinitely. Dr. Gladden Willis/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images So you've been exposed to asbestos; how likely are you to get sick? Diseases from asbestos exposure take a long time to appear. The typical range is 10 to 40 years after exposure, although it depends on the type of illness as well as other factors, such as whether the patient is a smoker (which increases the probability of the person developing respiratory ailments). The concentration, duration and frequency of asbestos exposure also has a hand in determining your chances of developing an illness. The long and thin fibers of amphibole asbestos are more likely to reach the lower airways and inflame the lungs and pleura, the membrane that lines the lungs [source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]. The three most common illnesses associated with asbestos exposure are lung cancer, asbestosis and mesothelioma. All three share the common symptom of difficulty breathing. Lung cancer causes the most deaths due to asbestos exposure, although asbestos exposure is not the only culprit [source: EPA]. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pains, hoarseness and anemia. Asbestosis is the result of asbestos scratching and scarring lung tissue. It usually shows up the earliest of all the respiratory ailments -- typically 10 to 20 years following exposure [source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]. A common symptom is a dry, cracking sound in the lungs while inhaling. Mesothelioma is a rare cancer that affects the pleura. The majority of mesothelioma cases are due to asbestos exposure [source: Mesothelioma]. It may take years to develop, and may resemble pneumonia. Some common symptoms include chest pains and a persistent cough. If you think you may have an asbestos-related respiratory illness, consult a pulmonary physician immediately. For more information on asbestos, lung disease and related topics, see the links on the next page. Related Articles More Great Links • Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008. • All Asbestos. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008. • "asbestos." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008. • Asbestos Project Plan. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008. • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008. • Chung, Huhnsik, and Marc S. Voses. "Secondhand asbestos.(Details: Asbetos)." Risk Management 55.7 (July 2008): 58(1). • Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008. • Mesothelioma. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008. • Occupational Safety & Health Administration. Accessed Aug. 20, 2008.
What is a balanced diet - KCZEAL What is a balanced diet When considering the right diet for your body, the options are on the kind diet to eat that will suit your body . Let say, what is a balanced diet. The saying that “A good diet is important for good health” A balance diet can assist with keeping up a solid body weight, upgrade general prosperity and lessen the danger of various ailments including coronary illness, stroke, cancer,and diabetes. Balance diet incorporate one food from every nutrition class Milk and Milk Products, Vegetables, Fruits, Grains and Meat and Beans. A decent eating routine must contain (in the right extents): Carbohydrates: these give a wellspring of vitality. Proteins: these give a wellspring of materials to development and fix. Fats: these give a wellspring of vitality and contain fat solvent nutrients. When considering what is a balanced diet?, we should also have it mind that Keto diet will serve a good balance diet, because keto diet is a way to regain the adaptation. It balances the body hormones in a way that allows fat to release from the fat cells and to be used for fuel. Many people do well long term on a ketogenic diet. It can be difficult for some other though, SO it can act as a transition diet away from high carb for those who are sensitive to that. Most people need fairly amount of protein on a regular basis, on the order of 1gram per pound of lean body mass per day. Healthful fats are fine. Stay away from empty carbs (processed grains, sugars). Most non-starchy vegetables and greens are fine for people. It obvious, defining what is a balanced diet; are diet comprise of four fundamental classes of nourishment – obviously there are some other minor gatherings. In any case, these four primary nutritional categories will give a sound eating routine the main part of its nourishment. They are: vegetables and organic products, grain items, milk items, and meats and options. A sound eating diet will serve a decent equalization of every one of the nutritional categories recorded. Obviously, various people will require various measures of food. Different factors, for example, age, body size, action level, sexual orientation will likewise influence the measure of food you eat. Eating a healthy, balanced diet is an important part of maintaining good health, and can help you feel your best.This means eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions, and consuming the right amount of food and drink to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. What is a balanced diet: Why keto diet is good for balance diet What is a balanced diet What is a balanced diet Improved Blood Pressure High blood pressure significantly increases the risk of several diseases and is a leading cause of deaths worldwide. A low-carb diet has been proven to be more effective than a low-fat diet in reducing blood pressure. You can read more here If you think you need the service of keto diet or that you are overweight you might try signing up for a keto diet plan here to “burn off” some of the excess weight.
The Wrens of Colorado Quick! What’s that dull-colored little bird with the Napoleon complex? Is it holding its tail upright? Is it giving you the side-eye and scolding you with some truly acrobatic vocals? Well, my friend, you probably have the Joe Pesci of the bird world on your hands: the wren. There are over 80 species of wrens world-wide, with most of them occurring in the western hemisphere. In Colorado, there are 5 that can be regularly found and several rarities that show up on occasion, but here I’ll concentrate on the more common ones. House Wren at Sylvan Lake State Park in Eagle, CO building a nest near one of the cabins. Photo by Jamie Simo. The most common wren to most people along the Front Range is probably the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), which is a summer resident in Colorado and is named for its tendency to nest in proximity to houses. House Wrens are one of the smallest wrens in Colorado at about 4.5 to 5 inches. They are also the drabbest. They love to hang out low in brushy areas where their plain, faintly barred, brown coloring blends in well. House Wrens are an interesting species with a mixed reputation. The males have a beautiful song they use to attract mates and defend their territory. They’re also industrious. Once he has an interested lady, a male House Wren will bring her around to a number of cavities where he has built up a nest base of sticks. She’ll then pick one to complete a nest with grasses, fur, and other soft materials. House Wrens are particularly aggressive during the nesting season. They will pierce the eggs of other birds nesting nearby (including bluebirds). Marsh Wren at Jim Hamm Natural Area in Longmont, CO. Photo by Jamie Simo. About the same size as the House Wren is the Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris), also a summer resident throughout most of Colorado. Like its name, the Marsh Wren is found in wetland areas where it slinks around among cattails and reeds, flying only short distances with its diminutive wings. The male’s song sounds to me a lot like a VHS being rewound or fast-forwarded. Marsh Wrens are brown, but with a more visible pale eyebrow and paler underparts than the House Wren. They also have a black and white striped patch on their back. Like the House Wren, the Marsh Wren male builds multiple “dummy” nests that he will show his mate for her to choose between. Unlike House Wrens, however, Marsh Wrens don’t nest in cavities. Their nests are dome-shaped and formed from grasses, reeds, and other marsh plants. Marsh Wren males will mate with multiple females in an area and both parents will defend the resources of that area by destroying other birds’ eggs and killing nestlings. Bewick’s Wren at Lake Pueblo State Park in Pueblo, CO. Photo by Jamie Simo. In the southern and western portions of Colorado lives the Bewick’s Wren (Thryomanes bewickii) whose body is only slightly bigger than a House or Marsh Wren’s, but whose tail is much longer and white-edged. Bewick’s Wrens have a very prominent white eyebrow, pale underparts, and a decurved (down-curving) bill. The Bewick’s Wren prefers dry, scrubby areas in woodlands or grasslands. As with the House Wren, Bewick’s Wrens nest in cavities, which unfortunately has put them in direct competition with the House Wren as the House Wren’s range has expanded with human settlement. Though smaller, the House Wren is fiercer and out-competes the Bewick’s Wren, which has all but been eradicated from the eastern United States and is in decline in the west. Canyon Wren at Golden Gate Canyon State Park in Golden, CO. Photo by Jamie Simo. If you’re in a rocky area with cliffs, you may encounter the chubby little Canyon Wren (Catherpes mexicanus) with its long, decurved bill. Quite flashy for a wren, it has a rust-colored body with black and white speckles and a stark white throat. You’re more likely to hear this wren than see it, however. The male’s song descends as if he’s falling down a cliff. There’s some speculation within the birding community that the female also sings, though a raspier, more ascending song. Canyon Wrens nest in rock crevices where they build their cup nests. Because they’re able to pick insects out from between rocks with their long beaks, they are mostly year-round residents in Colorado rather than migratory. Due to the steepness and rockiness of their habitat, Canyon Wrens haven’t been studied as much as some of their cousins. They are the only species in their genus. Rock Wren at Barr Lake State Park in Brighton, CO. Photo by Jamie Simo. Last, but not least, the Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus) is the largest wren in Colorado, though it’s only slightly larger than the Canyon Wren. It’s also probably my favorite wren in Colorado because it’s just so charismatic with its deep knee bends and curious mien. This bird is greyish-brown with faint speckling on its upper parts, buffy belly, and pale, buffy eyebrow. Like the Canyon Wren, Rock Wrens are mostly found in rocky areas like canyons. This comes in handy in the nesting season because they incorporate the rocks into their nest site. The cup nest of the Rock Wren is built in a crevice by the female and then both sexes will seek out and lay a series of flat stones in front of the nest crevice to form what scientists often refer to as a “front porch.” What the purpose of this “porch” is though isn’t known. So, that’s it! Which wren are you watching right now? Or maybe the question should be: which wren is watching you?

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