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Supporting and promoting international sport worldwide The card game of Bridge, or also known as contract bridge, is a member organisation of the International Mind Sport Association (IMSA). It is also one of the most popular card games in the world, normally played in clubs and now also more online. It is played by two competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other around a table. Bridge consists of deals, with each one broken up into four phases. First the cards are dealt to the players, followed by a ‘bid’ in an auction to take the contract. The ‘bid’ (also ‘call’) specifies how many tricks the two players (also the declaring side) receiving the contract need to take to receive points for the deal. It is during the auction that the players attempt to reveal information about their hands, e.g. the number of suits and the overall strength. When the cards are then played, the declaring side will attempt to fulfil the contract, while the defending side will aim to stop the declaring side from achieving their goal. Scoring is based on the number of tricks taken, achieving the contract, and other factors that are based on the versions of the game that is played, e.g. rubber bridge and duplicate bridge. The first documented origins of a trick-taking 52-card game came from Italy and France in the late 1400s and early 1500s. French author François Rabelais mentions the game called ‘La Triomphe’ in one of his publications. Italian Francesco Berni wrote the oldest known textbook on the game of ‘Triomfi’, which is very similar to a classic English game called Whist. Bridge departed from whist in the 19th century with the emergence of Biritch, and later evolved to the game that we are more familiar with today. It was in 1904 that auction bridge was first developed. Players would bid in a competitive auction to determine the contract and the declarer. The object was to make as many tricks as what a player was contracted for, while penalties were given for failing to do so. Modern bridge developed with the help of Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and others. Innovations came through the scoring of auction bridge, with the most significant change being that only the tricks contracted for were scored below the line toward game of a slam bonus. Vanderbilt set out his rules in 1925 and very shortly after that all other forms of the game became synonymous to contract bridge. The highest authority responsible for managing and promoting bridge internationally is the World Bridge Federation (WBF), based in Lausanne, Switzerland. The federation was founded in 1958 by delegates from Europe, North America, and South America. There are now over 120 member federations. Apart from continuously developing the game worldwide, WBF oversee the most prestigious competitions like the Bermuda Bowl, the Venice Cup, and the Senior Bowl. In addition, the quadrennial World Team Olympiads forms part of the World Mind Sports Games. Maison du Sport International Avenue de Rhodanie 54 CH-1007 - Lausanne +41 21 544 7218 World Championships To be confirmed To be confirmed Close (esc) Age verification Shopping Cart Your cart is currently empty. Shop now
Introduction To A Production Studio Recording studios may be used to record singers, voice-over artists for advertisements or dialogue replacement in film, television, or animation, foley, or to record their accompanying musical soundtracks. The typical recording studio consists of a room called the "studio" or "live room" (and sometimes additional isolation booths) equipped with microphones and mic stands, where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the "control room", where sound engineers, sometimes with record producers, as well, operate professional audio mixing consoles, effects units, or computers (post-1980s and 1990s) with specialized software suites to mix, manipulate (e.g., by adjusting the equalization and adding effects) and route the sound for analogue recording (on tape) or digital recording on a hard disc. The engineers and producers listen to live music and the recorded "tracks" on high-quality monitor speakers or headphones. What Comes Next! Often, there will be smaller rooms called "isolation booths" to accommodate loud instruments such as drums or electric guitar amplifiers and speakers, to keep these sounds from being audible to the microphones that are capturing the sounds from other instruments or voices, or to provide "drier" rooms for recording vocals or quieter acoustic instruments such as an acoustic guitar or a fiddle. Major recording studios typically have a range of large, heavy, and hard-to-transport instruments and music equipment in the studio, such as a grand piano, Hammond organ, and electric piano. • White Facebook Icon • White Instagram Icon • White Pinterest Icon • White YouTube Icon • White Twitter Icon Copyright 2020 BeatsByArlee. All Rights Reserved
The Secret Power of Moving Money with ACH Payment Processing power of using ACH payment processingThe Automated Clearing House or ACH is a network that banks use to electronically process payments. ACH payments processing involves tens of billions of transactions. These transactions totaled a monetary value of $36.9 trillion in 2012. The National Automated Clearing House Association and the Federal Reserve both oversee this extremely important money exchange system that handles large volumes of debit and credit transactions in batches. ACH Payments Processing ACH payments processing is conducted by both the Federal Reserve Banks and the Electronic Payments Network (EPN). The Federal Reserve handles about 60 percent of commercial interbank ACH transactions, and the EPN handles the remaining 40 percent. The Federal Reserve Banks and the EPN work together when transactions involve payment processing that is not for their customers. Customers generally have no knowledge of which entity handles their funds; they just see that the money has cleared when they check their accounts. Advantages and Disadvantages for Businesses ACH payment processing is generally preferred by businesses over other payment methods that do not involve cash. These payments are received and processed quickly, and the funds are deposited directly to the merchant’s account. ACH payment mistakes are typically limited and minor. The most common mistakes occur when a customer writes the wrong amount for a check or a check is sent in late. If a bad payment is received, businesses can automate attempts to collect. One disadvantage with ACH is that businesses have to pay for set-up costs and a fee per transaction. Generally, it is worth the cost as it offsets the expense of collection and bookkeeping. Users should also keep in mind that deposited money is not always available for use immediately. However, processing is much faster than with checks. Another disadvantage is that bounced/returned checks usually shows up in 24-48 hours where a consumer has up to 90 day to dispute an ACH transaction. Advantages and Disadvantages for Customers Writing checks used to be a common practice, but ACH payment processing makes it even less necessary, and customers can save money. They no longer need to buy checks or stamps, and mail delivery issues are virtually eliminated, which reduces late fees. ACH payment processing is less hassle too because customers can pay by phone or over the internet, and they can create a hands-off recurring billing schedule. Customers do have to share information about their bank account with a business. It is not at all common, but occasionally people are billed for the wrong amount. Also, customers must keep enough funds in their account or ACH payments processing could overdraw the account, which can cause service fees. Small Business Owners For many small business owners, ACH payments processing offers advantages that make this payment option very appealing. It provides an easy, convenient customer payment method. It is also operationally more efficient than checks while less expensive than accepting credit card payments. Small business operators can also use ACH payments processing to handle recurring payments including a mortgage, utility bills, and loan payments. ACH is also conducive to handling e-commerce payments and local, state, and federal tax payments.
Expansionary economic policy leads to increases in the stock market because it generates increased economic activity. Policymakers can implement expansionary policy through monetary and fiscal channels. Typically, it is employed when the economy is slipping into a recession and inflationary pressures are dormant. Fiscally, expansionary policy will lead to increases in aggregate demand and employment. This translates into more spending and higher levels of consumer confidence. Stocks rise, as these interventions lead to increased sales and earnings for corporations. Fiscal policy is quite effective in stimulating economic activity and consumer spending. It is simple in its transmission mechanism. The government borrows money or dips into its surplus and gives it back to consumers in the form of a tax cut, or it spends the money on stimulus projects. On the monetary side, the transmission mechanism is more circuitous. Expansionary monetary policy works by improving financial conditions rather than demand. Lowering the cost of money will increase the money supply, which pushes down interest rates and borrowing costs. This is particularly beneficial for the large multinational corporations, which make up the bulk of the major indexes of the stock market, such as the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Due to their size and massive balance sheets, they carry huge amounts of debt. Decreases in interest rate payments flow straight to the bottom line, pumping up profits. Low rates prompt companies to buy back shares or issue dividends, which is also bullish for stock prices. In general, asset prices do well in an environment as the risk-free rate of return rises, specifically income-generating assets such as dividend-paying stocks. This is one of the goals of policymakers to push investors to take on more risk. Consumers get relief as well with expansionary monetary policy due to lower interest rate payments, improving the consumer balance sheet in the process. Additionally, marginal demand for major purchases such as automobiles or homes also rises as financing costs decrease. This is bullish for companies in these sectors. Dividend-paying sectors such as real estate investment trusts, utilities and consumer staple companies also improve with monetary stimulus. In terms of what is better for stocks – expansionary fiscal policy or expansionary monetary policy – the answer is clear. Expansionary monetary policy is better. Fiscal policy leads to wage inflation, which decreases corporate margins. This decrease in margins offsets some of the gains in revenue. While wage inflation is good for the real economy, it is not good for corporate earnings. With monetary policy due to the transmission mechanism, wage inflation is not a certainty. A recent example of the effect of monetary policy on stocks has been after the Great Recession, when the Federal Reserve cut interest rates to zero and started quantitative easing. Eventually, the central bank took on $3.7 trillion worth of securities on its balance sheet. Over this time period, wage inflation remained low, and the S&P 500 more than tripled climbing from its low of 666 in March 2009 to 2,100 in March 2015. (For related reading, see "What Are Some Examples of Expansionary Monetary Policy?")
What is Raw Chocolate? 24th May 2018by hannah What the heck is raw chocolate? Is chocolate really that healthy? Raw Chocolate is creating a storm across the UK and is a chocolate lovers dream when looking for an alternative to commercially produced chocolate. Here are some common FAQ’s. What do you mean by ‘raw’? The word ‘raw’ within health food has evolved and means different things to different people. Make It Healthy’s definition of raw are foods which ingredients are; • whole, natural and plant based • kept away from high temperatures (above 45 degrees C) • kept away from chemicals • handled with care and processed/blended minimally How can chocolate be healthy? In 2012, chocolate officially got a healthy stamp from scientists. This is because cocoa is rich in flavanols which helps keep the heart healthy. But not all chocolate is created equally. Dark and minimally processed is best. Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate is both of these things. What is ‘raw chocolate’? Raw chocolate is made from unroasted cocoa beans and usually sweetened with coconut sugar (the crystallised sap from coconut flowers found on coconut trees). This is different to most commercial dark chocolate whereby the cocoa beans are roasted at high temperatures and sometimes chemically treated, which can significantly decrease the flavanol content. What is Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate? Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate is made from organic unroasted cocoa powder, cocoa butter and coconut sugar. Cacao nibs, natural flavours, nuts and seeds are added to give each bar its definitive taste. Commercial chocolate can contain vegetable fat, refined sugars, sweeteners and artificial flavourings and preservatives. As a nutritionist, I only make products that offer maximum nutritional benefits. What is the difference between the words cocoa and cacao? Cocoa is an anglicised word for cacao, so technically they are the same thing. What about the fat content of chocolate? Much of chocolates smoothness comes from cocoa butter which consists of 3 types of fat; palmitic, stearic and oleic acid. There is little evidence that cocoa butter increases the risk of heart disease. However, fat is caloric which means that chocolate should definitely be eaten in moderation. Around 10g (of flavanol rich chocolate) per day is recommended for heart health. What about the sugar content? Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate is sweetened with coconut sugar. Coconut sugar contains a fibre called inulin which gives a slow release of energy and helps maintain healthy digestion. It has a rich, caramel flavour and is a perfect, lower GI addition to the Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate recipe. Is Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate organic and Fairtrade? Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate ingredients are certified organic by The Organic Food Federation. The cacao is from a Fairtrade supplier in Peru. What about intolerances, allergens and animal products? Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate is vegan, free from dairy, soya, gluten. Our bars are nut free but handled in a kitchen where nut based products are sometimes made. Seeds and cacao nibs are used to create a crunchy texture in some of the bars. Can I make my own chocolate? Absolutely! The Make It Healthy Raw Chocolate Kit contains all the ingredients you need to make your own raw chocolate and a recipe sheet. You make it in the box too! Try our delicious raw chocolate for yourself. Order online or come to our stall at Rode Hall Farmers Market on the first Saturday of the month! Our dreamy raw chocolate (71% cocoa solids) is available in 4 different flavours, Divine Dark & Pink Salt, Marvellous Mint & Cacao Nibs, Sweet Sultana & Seed, Gorgeous Goji & Orange. Made using raw cacao powder from unroasted cacao beans which are naturally high in iron and rich in flavanols for a healthy heart. Sweetened with coconut sugar – extracted from the flower sap of coconut trees. Coconut sugar tastes delicious and has a low GI compared to white, refined sugar. Our bars are packaged in biodegradable wrappers.
Who was Giannicolo Muscat? Muscat (1735-c.1800) was an enlightened reformer with contacts with such influential people like Kaunitz, the chancellor of the Emperor Joseph II of Austria. Muscat's La Giurisprudenza Vindicata (1779) Muscat's La Giurisprudenza Vindicata (1779) Gio. Nicolò Muscat can certainly be described as a most outstanding and remarkable statesman. He dared to challenge the hegemony of the Catholic Church in an age when it needed more than common courage to do so. Muscat was a typical agent of the enlightenment who tried to establish the boundary between State and Church in the circumstances of his times. Undoubtedly, his vision and enterprise are worth discovering in their entirety, not only for their historical value but also for their relevance today. There were several well-known Maltese personalities during the second half of the XVIII century. These included the Capuchin Padre Pelagio, Fr Ignazio Saverio Mifsud, Canon Agius de Soldanis and Mikiel Anton Vassalli. But Gannikol Muscat, a Maltese lawyer, is barely mentioned, and now there are enough documents to show that he was an important politician, especially in the area of jurisprudence. His patriotism was highlighted through a book published in 1783, Apologia a Favore dell’Inclita Nazione Maltese (‘In Defence of the Renowned Maltese Nation’) in which he defended Malta against Giandonato Rogadeo, a Neapolitan lawyer brought over by Grand Master Rohan to prepare a new code of Maltese laws. The work was in response to Rogadeo’s book Ragionamenti sul Regolamento della Giustizia, e sulle Pene which criticised the Maltese legal procedure and institutions. Nicolò Muscat had two main goals. First, that foreign courts should not exercise jurisdiction in Malta. In 1786, the law of the exequatur or vidit was issued. This meant that every legal document coming from foreign courts, even from Rome, could not be executed in the Maltese courts unless approved by the Maltese government. Second, that in Malta there was to be a clear distinction between State and Church. Muscat felt that the courts of the bishop and the inquisitor could not judge lay affairs which had nothing to do with religion. In 1787 a barber attacked the accountant of the Sant’Ufficju. Inquisitor Gallarati Scotti was to start the trial against him but a witness was warned that as a lay man he was not subject to the Inquisitor but only to the grand master as his superior. Muscat, with the backing of Rohan, approached the inquisitor to warn him not to take any action against the barber. Muscat informed the Inquisitor that such actions taken by him and his predecessor were a barbaric abuse which was not to be tolerated any longer. Muscat kept on trying to discredit the Inquisitor in the administration of justice. The case arose when a dependant (patentato) of the inquisition fired and injured another patentee. He was arrested but Muscat considered that the inquisitor had dealt with the case superficially and asked Rome to take over the case. The pope defended the decision taken by the inquisitor and claimed that the interference of the government in the case was an extraordinary step. In September 1791, Count Joseph Fenech petitioned the grand master that a court case against two patentati of the inquisitor and the procurator of the oratory of St. Philip, Vittoriosa, be heard in the court of the government. The inquisitor and the bishop protested that this was an attempt against the freedom of the Church. On 8 October Fenech made another petition, charging both parties as acting against the sovereign authority of the grand master, the vicar of God on earth. Nicolo Muscat claimed that Malta was always the last country to follow the examples of foreign countries, such as Tuscany and Naples and stressed that the Church can exercise its jurisdiction only when relating to the sacraments, faith, morals, and ecclesiastical discipline. The grand master referred the matter to the supreme court of justice but the report presented by the judges was only a summary of the ideology of Muscat: the authority and jurisdiction in temporal matters by the sacerdozio is only a concession by the impero. In November of the same year 1791 the pope ordered the removal of Muscat from uditore and attorney general. Muscat defended himself vigorously. He insisted that he had never wanted to cause trouble between L-Istola u x-Xabla (The Church and the State). The inquisitor was surprised by these statements since Muscat’s ideals were well known and he had himself declared that ‘This is no longer the century of the Church!’, and ‘If it were in my power I would leave the bishop with only the crosier and the mitre!’ At the beginning of the following year, Rohan informed the inquisitor that he had removed Muscat from office, but only a few months later he re-instated him. It was also reported that he had interfered in a marriage separation case and insisted that marriage was a civil contract, which should not be decided by the church tribunal. Furthermore he threatened with exile a lawyer who had defended a farmer in the bishop’s court over a question of debt. The pope once again demanded his resignation. This time Muscat went to Naples in July, where he met Acton, the minister of foreign affairs. The papal secretary of state asked the nuncio in Naples to keep an eye on him though he could not understand how ‘a declared enemy of the Pope’ could win the support of the Neapolitan government. When Muscat returned to Malta he went straight to Rohan and the next day he entered the court in triumph. However, the grand master stated during a council meeting that although Malta had endorsed the principles which were approved by other states, these principles were condemned by the pope. A commission was set up to examine any possible offence which had been made to the Church and Muscat was removed once again from his posts. In July 1792 Muscat sent a memorandum to the pope. He felt he was being accused of a crime he never committed. He avowed his faithfulness to His Holiness and his resolution to defend the jurisdictional rights of the Catholic Church in Malta though he claimed he was in a dangerous position ‘between the devil and the deep sea.’ But again, to the great consternation of the inquisitor, the grand master in September 1793 reinstated Muscat in all his former offices. The official reinstatement was carried out with great pomp and ceremony. Muscat himself declared that his enemies were only ‘la briga papalina’ (the papist clique). But these were dangerous times for kings. It was the time of the French revolution with its battle cry against throne and altar. In the light of these developments across Europe, the pope insisted on the final removal of Muscat. The Grand Master gave in to these demands and Muscat was replaced by Benedettu Schembri as Avvocato del Principato. Five years later, in June 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte brought to an end the 268-year era of the Knights Hospitallers in Malta, together with that of the Roman Inquisition. Muscat was actually part of the delegation aboard Napoleon Bonaparte’s ship, L’Orient, to negotiate the capitulation. During the next two months, during the French tenure of Malta, Muscat was appointed President of the Civil Courts. More in Blogs
What are the types of birth defects? There are two main categories of birth defects. Structural Birth Defects • Cleft lip or cleft palate • Heart defects, such as missing or misshaped valves • Abnormal limbs, such as a clubfoot • Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, and problems related to the growth and development of the brain and spinal cord Functional or Developmental Birth Defects Functional or developmental birth defects are related to a problem with how a body part or body system works or functions. These problems can include: • Nervous system or brain problems.These include intellectual and developmental disabilities, behavioral disorders, speech or language difficulties, seizures, and movement trouble. Some examples of birth defects that affect the nervous system include Down syndromePrader-Willi syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. • Sensory problems. Examples include hearing loss and visual problems, such as blindness or deafness. • Metabolic disorders. These involve problems with certain chemical reactions in the body, such as conditions that limit the body’s ability to rid itself of waste materials or harmful chemicals. Two common metabolic disorders are phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism. • Degenerative disorders. These are conditions that might not be obvious at birth but cause one or more aspects of health to steadily get worse. Examples of degenerative disorders are muscular dystrophy and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, which leads to problems of the nervous system and the adrenal glands and was the subject of the movie "Lorenzo’s Oil." Some birth defects affect many parts or processes in the body, leading to both structural and functional problems. This information focuses on structural birth defects, their causes, their prevention, and their treatment. Functional/developmental birth defects are addressed more completely in the intellectual and developmental disabilities content. top of pageBACK TO TOP
Monument, Mountain, Metropolis The urban landscape of Seoul, South Korea’s sprawling primary metropolis, is characterized by a bilateral relationship between past and present. The city’s notoriously forward-thinking infrastructure is tempered by its deeply traditional roots, intersecting cutting-edge technology and contemporary popular culture with historic sites and ancient belief systems. The work of South Korean photographer Seunggu Kim draws upon this duality. In the series "Jingyeong Sansu"(2011–2019), Kim explores the twenty-first century reinterpretation of “true view” landscape painting, which originated in Korea in the eighteenth century. At that time, "Jingyeong Sansuhwa" (“true view landscapes”) referred to the artistic shift from painters depicting imagined, idealized scenery from China, which had been popularized through centuries of revered Chinese landscape traditions, to painters depicting Korean mountains that “expressed both the actual topography of a famous site in Korea and the layers of psychological and art-historical meanings embedded in the scenery.”1) Mountains comprise more than seventy percent of Korea’s land and have been integral in evolving notions of culture, heritage, and identity. Traditionally, mountains were spaces for hunting and gathering, ancestral rites, and religious practices; they were also mainstays in ancient Korean mythology and remain important to Korean shamanism. The integration of cherished landscapes into city settings is not a new sensation, and artificial waterfalls and mountains have been commonplace additions to parks, arboreta, and restaurants throughout the urban expansion of Seoul. However, in 2008, Kim began to notice the phenomenon of especially elaborate replica mountains erected within the grounds of luxury apartment complexes. Many of Korea’s famous mountains are associated with particular energies, and property developers have capitalized on this by advertising distinctive varieties of feng shui as part of their residential offer; for example, “Mount Buaak is a new kingdom of creeping dreams,” or “Mount Hoengak will ward off misfortune.” In fact, this practice has become so widespread that one South Korean landscaping company involved in building the simulated mountain structures has even patented the term “Jingyeong Sansu". Kim spent almost a decade photographing these scenes, battling hostile security guards who challenged his right to access the sites as a non-resident. In this, Kim uncovered a paradox: Layers of ownership are assigned to the replicas, whose origins lie not only in natural sites beyond individual ownership, but in core parts of a collective psyche. However, the substantial cost associated with bringing these mountain tributes into city spaces—each structure requires an estimated $1.6 million and months of labor time—is offset by the exclusivity of the community that enjoys them. In a sense, this mimics the exclusivity of mountainous terrain, although in the case of the replicas, access is won not by physical endurance, but by financial means. Kim’s work draws attention to the ways that valued aspects of the cultural past are translated to function in modern settings. The impressively precise replicas raise questions about the relationships between artifice and nature, and myth and reality, in contemporary cultures. For while these structures actually comprise polystyrene cores covered with real rock fragments and living plants, their spiritual evocation is of the monumental natural world. This contradiction is emphasized through Kim’s process of photographing the scenes. Using a Large-format camera, Kim reflects the laborious detail that goes into constructing the facsimile mountains. In turn, Kim’s consistent, attentive approach mirrors the sincerity of original "Jingyeong Sansu" painting, encouraging viewers of his work to consider what Kim has described as “the essence of the modern natural landscape”. Scholars of the eighteenth century recognized that while "Jingyeong Sansuhwa" should “originate from nature and exclude artificial consciousness,” it was also representative of “exemplary and most ideal” Korean landscapes.2) In the same way, Kim recognizes the deeper spiritual relevance of these manufactured simulacra, interrogating their wider social and cultural significance through his images. Kim’s methodical approach has produced a taxonomic body of work that provides insight into Korean mountain mythology. The photographs also comment on the ongoing role of these “mountains” in social life; embedded into cityscapes, they signal a break from the rapid metropolitan pace and offer a moment for repose, play, or rest. While the urban backdrops change and light transforms from day to night, the artificial-natural constructs remain constant visual references in Kim’s images, evoking the endurance of mountainous forms in an increasingly changeable landscape. There is an acute sensitivity to the photographs, yet also an irony that emerges from the confusing juxtapositions of scale and the buttressing of urban and alpine scenes. In this work, it can be observed that the past has taken an essential role in shaping the present, in terms of both visual culture and social behavior. “Through this landscape,” Kim said, “I have discovered how the spirit of the past lives in the modern city.” By Catherine Troiano (National Photography Collections, London) 1) Lee, Soyoung, “Mountain and Water: Korean Landscape Painting, 1400–1800,” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–). 2) Kim, Jae-suk, “Reading Traditional Artistic Sensibilities through the Concept of Jin-gyeong,” Korea Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4 (2002):187–217.
How Much Does Electricity Really Cost? We all use electricity in our daily lives, but how often do you stop to think about how much electricity actually costs? For all of the wonderful, modern benefits we receive from electricity, the actual price for a consumer is relatively low. Let’s take a look at the prices of electricity in the US over the past few years. In 2011: The electricity cost in Ohio was 11.2 cents per kilowatt-hour. The national average was roughly 12 cents per kilowatt-hour, and on a list of states by electricity cost, Ohio ranked at number thirty. In September 2013 and 2014: Electricity prices have diminished slightly since 2011. The cost in Ohio was 9.25 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2013 and 9.38 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2014. The national average in 2013 was 10.43 cents per kilowatt-hour and 10.8 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2014. But how do you quantify a kilowatt-hour? In 2012, the average American household’s electricity usage was roughly 1,000 kilowatt-hours per month. The average usage in Ohio during that same time was about 900 kilowatt-hours per month. Why does the electricity cost and electricity usage vary so much from state to state? The differing habits of people in each region of the country results in a wide variety of usage patterns and energy prices. For example, electricity usage is much higher in the South due to the hot climate and high humidity; however, New England and the noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii actually have higher overall electricity costs. There are many things that go into determining the cost of electricity. As with all resources in our economy, supply and demand is certainly a factor. There are also the limitations of local infrastructure and the availability of natural gas and other resources used to produce electricity. Also, labor costs vary from state to state, which can influence the sticker price of electricity from region to region. These reasons help to explain why states like Alaska and Hawaii have significantly higher electricity costs. These states have to pay to transport nearly everything in, which includes the means to produce electricity. This drives up prices and makes the entire process more expensive. In the future, the availability of renewable energy and an increase in the number of transmission projects will likely play a big part into reducing electricity cost for the same reasons. With localized renewable energy resources widely available and streamlined infrastructure for transmission projects, electricity prices would not need to be as high as they are today. Still have questions about electricity prices? Check out the FAQ section of the US Energy Information Administration to learn more!
Skip directly to content Gomillion v. Lightfoot Allen Mendenhall, Auburn University In its 1960 decision in Gomillion v. Lightfoot, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Tuskegee city officials had redrawn the city's boundaries unconstitutionally to ensure the election of white candidates in the city's political races. The case was one of several that would lay the foundation for the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, which outlawed discriminatory voting practices. The case was named for Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (present-day Tuskegee University) professor Charles A. Gomillion, who was lead plaintiff, and the defendant, Tuskegee mayor, Philip M. Lightfoot, among other city officials. Charles Gomillion Gomillion, dean of students and chair of the social sciences division at Tuskegee, for years had facilitated voter registration movements for blacks in Tuskegee. He learned in 1957 that several white citizens were promoting a bill in the state legislature to redefine the boundaries of the city to ensure election victories by whites in 1960. Resisting these efforts and urging others to oppose any referenda meant to disfranchise black voters, Gomillion and other activists appealed to the City Council, wrote to the County Commission, lobbied the state legislature, and published an open letter in the Montgomery Advertiser. Despite these efforts, Local Act No. 140, introduced by Samuel M. Engelhardt Jr., passed in the state legislature in 1957. It reconfigured the boundaries of the city from a simple square shape to a figure with 28 sides, removing from the city Tuskegee Institute and all but four or five of the nearly 400 black voters, but none of more than 1,300 white residents. Gomillion and the Tuskegee Civic Association treated this initial setback as an opportunity to institute legal proceedings and thereby to mobilize concerted political action. Gomillion and other petitioners, black citizens of Alabama and residents (or former residents) of Tuskegee, alleged that the act violated the "due process" and "equal protection" clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. They claimed that the redrawn city boundaries disfranchised black voters; therefore, the act had a discriminatory purpose. In fact, the act's author, Engelhardt, was executive secretary of the White Citizens' Council of Alabama and an advocate of white supremacy. Tuskegee's white citizens were trying to change the city's boundaries to head off the rise in African Americans registering to vote. After World War II, local African Americans wanted to play a more active role in the city's civic life, and whites became more determined to deny them that right. Redrawing the city's boundaries had the unintended effect of uniting Tuskegee Institute's African American intellectuals with the less educated African Americans living outside the sphere of the school. Some members of the school's faculty realized that possessing advanced degrees ultimately provided them no different status among the city's white establishment. Initially, the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, in Montgomery, headed by Judge Frank M. Johnson, dismissed the case, ruling that the state had the right to draw boundaries, a ruling that was upheld by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in New Orleans. The case was appealed before the Supreme Court on October 18 and 19, 1960. Gomillion did not travel to Washington, D.C., with the lawyers handling his side of the case. Veteran Alabama civil rights attorney Fred Gray and Robert L. Carter, lead counsel for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), argued the case, with assistance from Arthur D. Shores, who provided additional legal counsel. They claimed that the state's intent in the redistricting had been to discriminate covertly against African Americans. On November 14, the Supreme Court rendered a unanimous decision in favor of the petitioners. Justice Felix Frankfurter, writing for the majority, held that the act violated the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibits states from passing laws depriving citizens of the right to vote, and thus reversed the lower courts' rulings. Frankfurter likewise dismissed the city's appeal of generalities about state authority. He conceded that states retain extensive powers, but that they may not do whatever they please with municipalities. The case showed that all state powers were subject to limitations imposed by the U.S. Constitution; therefore, states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights. In 1961, the results of the decision went into effect; under the direction of Judge Johnson, the gerrymandering was reversed and the original map was reinstituted. Additional Resources Elwood, William A. "An Interview with Charles G. Gomillion." Callaloo 40 (Summer 1989): 576-99. Gomillion, C. G. "The Negro Voter in the South." Journal of Negro Education 26(3): 281-86. Taper, Bernard. Gomillion versus Lightfoot: The Tuskegee Gerrymander Case. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962. Published: May 2, 2011 \| Last updated: February 3, 2014
Important Things to Know About Solar Panels Solar energy starts with the sun, the source of the biggest power in our universe. The power of these solar panels is converted from the light of Sun, and then it’s used in electrical devices. The energy from the sun is called Photons, and it can provide a huge amount of energy. Solar panels can be used in ranges of applications and it also consists of remote power systems such as remote sensing, telecommunication equipment, cabins, in the production of electricity in commercial and residential places. If you want to buy a solar panel for your office or home, you need to check these below points. Which is the best quality solar panels? There are so many solar panels out there, but you must choose the best one. Here, check out the list of Quality Assurance for Solar panels companies. • LG • JinkoSolar • Auxin Solar • Longi solar How can you tell the quality of a solar panel? There are some points to keep in mind when you want to know about the quality of a solar panel. Here, check the points. • Guarantee • Price • The manufacturer • The efficiency of the solar panel • The technology What insurance companies cover solar panels? There are insurance companies and banks cover solar panels. Here, check out the list. • Nationwide • Allstate Does homeowners insurance cover solar panels? Yes, it does. If you have a home insurance policy, you won’t have to apply for other coverage. You will get the insurance for the solar panel included in the same. As the solar energy system is attached to the roof or on the tiles, are considered to be in your property. This is similar to a patio or security technology. You will get more info on Solar panels insurance from several other companies, you just have to research a bit to get better deals. Quality Management The ability of an organization to produce quality standard goods that meet regulatory and customers’ requirements will determine its longevity. To achieve this, such organizations need to have a streamlined process that adheres to the guidelines stipulated in the ISO: 9001 standards. Organizations use these standards to not only demonstrate quality and compliance but to show continuous improvements. ISO: 9001 leads to improved quality and increased efficiency since it streamlines processes. It introduces a quality management system that boosts profitability to client organizations, and ensures the reduction of overhead costs and quality of operation, resulting in superior products. With this said, let us delve into the deep and look at the various quality management systems. Different Quality Management System There exist various quality management systems across industries. Despite the variations in the systems, they aim to serve the same function, to increase efficiency and profitability to client organizations. Below are some of the different Quality Management Systems. ISO 9001- This is a system that cuts across all industries. AS 9100D– This is a Quality certification for the Aerospace industry, awarded to organizations that conduct business in such an industry. They include suppliers, manufacturers, and contractors. They majorly centre on product quality and safety concerns. ISO 27001– A Quality Management System that aids organizations in managing their information security. Such information includes financial information, employee details, intellectual property, and other information entrusted to organizations by third parties. ISO 13485– A quality Management System that ensures players in the medical field have the necessary medical equipment that consistently meets regulatory requirements. IATF 16949– A quality management system related to the automotive sector. It’s a system that provides for continuous improvement by emphasizing defect prevention and the reduction of waste along the supply chain. ISO 22000– This is a food safety management system applied to any organization that is in the food chain, in other words, from farm to fork. It provides consumers with the confidence that their food products are safe and that the ingredients obtained from their suppliers are also safe. ISO 20000-A global standard that defines the requirement I.T service management (ISM) system For organizations looking for an active Quality Management System, the following principles need addressing; Seven Principles of a Quality Management System Customer focus– The system should be able to meet and exceed the customer’s expectation Leadership– There should be unity of purpose established by leaders in all departments through the creation of an atmosphere where people engage in achieving organizational goals. People engagement– Engaged and empowered people at all levels are essential in the creation and delivery of value Process approach-Consistent output gets achieved when processes get understood as interrelated functions in a coherent system Improvement-Successful organizations always centre on improved performances. Relationship management-To ensure organizational success, organizations should manage their relationship with its interested parties such as suppliers. Evidence-based decision making-Decisions implemented based on analysis of data are more likely to produce favoured results. Why Have a Quality Management System? Most people ask if it’s necessary to have such a system in place. The answer is yes. For organizations to experience longevity, they must have this system in place to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. It will also direct the entity’s activities to meet both the customer and regulatory requirements. Quality Management Standards Further to this, it means that an effective system must have a quality management standard. These are guidelines, specifications, or characteristics that products and services should consistently meet to ensure their quality matches expectations, and that the products are fit for purpose- meet their user’s needs. Under the ISO definition, it merely states that; A product is only rated as quality when, and only if it can satisfy the stated or implied needs. Currently, we do have a total of eight ISO standards spanning different sectors, namely; Services, Health and medical, Safety and Security, industry, Quality, General Management, Environmental and Energy, and finally Information Technology. For organizations with long term objectives, they must acquire ISO 9001 Certification so that they can streamline their operations, reduce overheads, and secure their bottom line. Having such a system in place ensures they meet and exceed their client’s expectations, thus propping themselves up for more growth. Quality Assurance What is the role of quality assurance? It is to test the software for any mishaps. If there are any miscues, the duty of the quality assurance managers is to identify each one. If possible, they will also tell the team how it can be corrected. Yes, there is a reason why they need to have a background in IT. It is possible they will also do the correction for the software to come out better. What is the difference between QA and QC? QA prevents any form of defects from happening in the software while QC identifies the defects in the software. Both of them are quite independent of each other. They can do their job without the other existing in the company. It is quite possible that a person can do both tasks if she is quite experienced. What is a quality assurance system? It is a bunch of things done by the company to ensure that its customers will get quite confident in their ability to produce a high-quality product. It is important to get the admiration and trust of your clients as that will certainly lead to a long-term relationship. In any industry, that would benefit any company. They will be confident if all the things on the list were accomplished according to plan. There can’t be any excuses for one of them to not be accomplished if they have all the tools. What are some examples of quality assurance? One example of quality assurance is process documentation done in the laboratory. It would involve the QA taking down all the things that happened during the day and making sure everything worked out perfectly for everyone involved. Remember, you have a lot of documents involved and the QA will spend a lot of time reviewing each one. Another example is process checklists where the QA makes sure if all the things on the list have been done. There are a lot of people involved and only experts can perform some of the tasks on the list so it is highly possible some items on the list were not accomplished yet. If that is the case, the QA will plot time and date for the task to be accomplished since it is detrimental to the success of the product. What are the QA roles and responsibilities? QA has a lot of responsibilities. First, the person is responsible for reviewing all the technical documents so that they can provide immediate feedback about them. It is not easy to do that since there are some terms that are hard to understand. Thus, the task can’t be done by just about anybody. Another one of their tasks is to plan quality testing activities. These things are going to happen one way or the other and it is the job of the QA to decide the proper date and time for it. You know the company would want to impress their clients and they can’t afford to release the product without getting tested first. Paperless Lab Consultancy Is Paperless Post free? It is free but for a limited number only. For example, you can design up to 50 flyers and send them out to different sets of emails. That would be free but if it is more than 50, then you would need to sign up and pay a certain amount. It will be worth it though if you keep on making documents and sending them to people. For example, if you are a company that bills clients for your services then you will certainly need to make documents all the time. It would be great if you can do it in a paperless manner so you will do your part in conserving the environment. Also, you must remove all the premium options so you won’t need to pay for anything when it comes to sending the letters. It is actually possible to send the message to up to 750 emails which are a lot so you are getting a lot for something that is free. When something is free, you would want to take full advantage of it. Why going paperless is good? There are many benefits of going paperless. The first one that comes to mind is that you will help prevent the killing of trees because these things help prevent climate change. In other words, you are going to do yourself a favour for the future. Another advantage is that you will save time since going paperless can be accomplished in a faster manner especially if you have a fast Internet connection. Another benefit is that it allows you to save money since you won’t need to spend for printing several papers. There are a lot of businesses that thrive on printing presses. However, they don’t really promote the conservation of the environment since they rely on paper that is made up of trees. Of course, you can forget about spending on transportation expenses since everything is done online. Imagine the amount you would spend since you won’t have to make use of huge trucks to transport all the papers for you. One important advantage is that you can ensure important personal information won’t go to the wrong people. When that happens, it is possible everything you worked hard for will be gone in an instant. When everything is done online, there is no way the information you enter will go to a third party. Enterprise Content Management What is Information Management System Definition? It is a software designed to facilitate all the information in an organization. In one company, there are several information management systems used and all of them serve different purposes, stated safety management Consultants. There is no doubt companies of different sizes use these systems to improve their future outlook. It may cost a lot but they know it is going to make their work a lot easier. Also, you know you are going to get things done a lot faster since everything is done on the computer. You can just input some data and it will automatically be remembered by the system. Even if the area suddenly loses power, you know the information is still there and you can use it for the future. What is the purpose of an information management system? An information management system is all about collecting data and using all that information at a later date. One good example would be the statistics of salespeople. When all their sales are tallied down for the month, the company will immediately find out who performed the best for the month and who did the worst. After that, they can properly reward those who did their best by giving them cash bonuses or whatever they decide. Within a company, there are many processes that happen each day and each one is vital to the company’s growth. Good thing, these systems increase so you know you are doing it correctly. What are the types of management information system? There are many management information systems so the types would depend on who you ask. The main types for a company are human resource systems, marketing systems, enterprise resource planning systems, accounting systems, and management reporting systems. All these systems serve their own purposes for the growth of the company. After all, installing software into a company is not cheap so the company must have a purpose for each one. For example, the management reporting systems would serve as a portal for managers to know whether their subordinates are doing their jobs correctly. Accounting systems are for the staff to compute the employees’ salary. There is no doubt the computation for these people needs to be correct. One small mistake and it can lead to outrage by an employee even if it is just a few dollars. After all, they worked hard so they deserve to get the right amount of money. What are the key features of an information management system? The first one is the data is pretty accurate so there is no need to worry whether or not the information is right or wrong. Decision makers will definitely be confident with regards to using the information in the future. Another key feature is the completeness of all the information that is needed. The same won’t hold true if you decide to do it manually as you will be prone to human error. Even if you thought you got everything correct, there is still a possibility one small piece of information could be wrong and it could prove vital to the entire thing. The timeliness of the data is another key feature as it will get there at the exact time you would want it to. The same won’t hold true if it is done manually as people would take a long time before they could produce the needed results. Another feature is the relevance of information because it will only show you the data that you need. It will automatically filter out the data that you don’t need so that you can only use the ones that you need. Besides, the data could be a lot. What are the 5 main types of management information system MIS? The most common types of management information systems include management reporting systems, inventory control systems, human resource management systems, process control systems, and sales systems. The level of importance would depend on the person you are talking to. When you are talking to higher level management, there is no doubt that the person will say all the systems are vital to the company’s success rate. When one of them fails, then the rest will also fail. It is a make or break situation for all the systems involved. Data Integrity What is data integrity and why is it important? Data integrity ensures that the quality of the information collected is pretty high. It is important because you would not want the data to be low because the outcome will suffer a lot. How is data integrity maintained in a database? While it is designed, the programmer made sure it is maintained thereby using a bunch of processes. It is one of those things they made sure of since it is pretty important to maintain the data integrity in the database. What is data integrity testing? It is testing whether or not the data in the database is accurate. A lot of tests can be done to ensure the accuracy of the data. Due to how important the information is, some people would push through with this type of testing even if it is obvious that the information is correct. Besides, it is impossible to get the data wrong when it is gathered by an information system. There is nothing wrong with making sure that the data is correct though since that would make them feel confident about pushing through with whatever is next. What are the types of data security? There are many types of data security. The first is the instalment of an anti-virus software into your laptop or computer. When you do that, no outside forces will be able to access your data. Of course, it is going to cost a lot to install an anti-virus software but it would be better to be safe than sorry. You would not want it to be too late before you actually do something. Another type of data security is a data backup device. There are times when the computer already has it and all you need to do is to activate it for your data to be automatically backed up. There are scenarios when there will suddenly be a power outage and you will think you lost all the important information on your computer. Good thing, that is not the case if you were able to back them up. Last but not the least, there is the data encryption which ensures the data you enter won’t go to a third party. Why is data security? Data security is needed as you would not want your information to get to a third party. When you are putting your personal information on a website, you would want to know whether they use data encryption or not. If they are not sure, then better not push through with entering your data there as someone else may be able to access it without your knowledge. How do you ensure data security? There are many things you must do to ensure data security. The first would be to secure all the devices that are connected to the Internet. Yes, that includes all your laptops and mobile phones. Yes, while it is connected to the Internet, there is always a chance that a hacker may get into your account. Another thing to do would be to update your programs regularly. You will get notifications that it would be time to update them. These notifications may be annoying but it would be a big help when you update them. Besides, it won’t take too much of your time anyway. Another thing that will ensure data security would be to establish strong passwords. There is a reason why some websites require the password to be a combination of letters, numbers, and several symbols. What are the main elements of data security? Availability, confidentiality, and integrity are the main elements of data security. The first one is pretty important as you must know whether or not you have access to it or not. If not, then that is going to be a big problem when you lose the data you are supposed to keep private. Confidentiality means that you should never tell your passwords to anybody no matter how much you trust that person. The correctness of each item there is vital to the final computation. It is possible one is wrong and that could lead to the entire thing to be wrong which would be a shame. Business Processes What are the 5 core business processes? The 5 core business processes are product development, sales & marketing, management & finance, quality & product delivery, and technology & accounting. All of these processes need to be accomplished in a perfect manner for them to be deemed successful. For some business processes, they are accomplished in a variety of ways. You can’t blame them for coming up with different methods all the time as there are new methods being invented in recent years due to technology advancement. What are business systems and processes? These are the sets of tasks that need to be accomplished in a normal workday at the company. It is all about the head honchos coming together to come up with shortcuts so everything can be done a lot easier. It is possible to brainstorm stuff so that employees won’t have to work super long hours. If they do that, then it will only be a matter of time before they quit their jobs. That won’t be good for the company’s reputation if people keep on resigning. All the processes have a goal in mind and it can be hard to accomplish it at first but it will only be a matter of time before everyone gets used to it. When that happens, everything will be done easier. A good example would be a sales point of the system. What business processes are successful? A process considered successful if it accomplished its goal. For example, you have a marketing strategy of having more sales for your product by putting up a billboard at a busy street. Over the next few days, you were able to observe that the number of sales grew to a significant amount. Thus, it can be considered a successful one. Another example would be when the product development team came up with a product that has never been seen before. A lot of people were surprised as to how great it is and the sales of the product is astonishing. Another business process that can be considered successful if done right is the employees doing a great job in what they do because of good management. It is certainly hard to lead a group of individuals as all of them have different attitudes. Also, there can be some people who are pretending to be nice but they are talking about you in a terrible manner behind your back. What are the key business processes? One key business process is being able to establish good relationships with customers. In any industry, you know your customers are the bread and butter so having nice long-term relationships with them is important. Another key process is the delivery of the product to the customer. If it was delivered on time and in one piece, then you know it was successful. If it was not on time, then you know the customer will follow up several times until they get the product. They have all the right to do that since they paid for the delivery fee and the product.
Labrador Retriever Information Labrador RetrieverThe Labrador retriever is in our top ten most popular dog breeds in the whole world! The Labrador has been awarded the best dog breed throughout the entire world! They are most known for their amazing hunting and fishing skills because they are known for being in the group of the working dogs! The Labrador is a proud member of the purebred American kennel club and more than a hundred thousand Labrador retrievers are registered! That is a lot of dogs and one from one breed! The popularity of this amazing dog breed is just staggering! The Labrador has so many different assets that other dogs just don’t have! Some of these assets are they can be show dogs, hunting dogs, service dog, therapy dog, just your companion, etc. the list goes on and on but this breed is known for so many different things! The Labradors have proven their usefulness throughout history but one thing for sure they have stayed the friendly wonderful companion we have grown to love! Please check out the article below for everything you need to know about our favorite breed the Labrador retriever! Labrador Retriever’s History: The Labrador was originally found on the island of Newfoundland. They were found there in the early 1700s where they helped fisherman catch fish! This island of Newfoundland is called St. Johns today! You may hear the Labrador called St. John’s dogs! Then the Englishman started to notice these dogs amazing abilities in the water and wanted to bring them to England to help them hunt! The dogs started coming over by seas in the 1830s and they started being called Labradors. They stayed in England until around the 1920s then they started to import them to the United States where they really started to take off in popularity. They grew more popular after everyone saw all the amazing things this dog breed could do! Now the Labradors today are helping with search and rescue missions, fishing, hunting and just being an amazing dog to your family! Labrador’s Size: The size of the beautiful Labrador retriever can vary depending on your dog but the average size is what we will be talking about today! The females Labradors can weigh up to 60-75 pounds while they stand 21 to 23.5 inches! The male Labradors can weigh up to 65 to 80 pounds! That’s one big dog! The males stand 23- 25 inches tall! This is a very big strong heavy built dog but they are extremely gentle with children despite their big size! Labrador Retriever Personality: Yellow Labrador RetrieverWhere to start talking about the amazing personality of the Labrador! This breed has so many good traits about them that it would take pages and pages to talk about; I think I will just sum it up for you! The Labrador is extremely sweet to really anyone they meet, outgoing, very eager to please, but the best thing about this breed is each dog puts their own spin on all those traits. So yes you’re getting this amazing Labrador with all these great traits but it’s your own unique Labrador! Labradors are also an extremely intelligent breed! They are the type of dog that if things are constantly stimulating them they can get a little destructive especially as puppies! When your Labrador is between the ages of two and three they get to the age where they are active all the time! They want to run, play, and dig in the garden! This breed has a lot of energy that will need some attention; if you have to go to work for very long hours of the day this breed might not be right for you! This breed needs to be outside taking walks and having fun and all Labradors have this in their personality. One of the main things that all Labradors love is water! Labs love to swim and I know you have seen those YouTube videos of labs jumping into lakes with their owners! Weather is a pool or a tiny puddle as long as it has water in it the Labrador loves it. Remember the Labrador was breed in its beginning of time as a fisherman’s dog to help the crew on the boats catch the fish. Well this trait has not disappeared from this breed whatsoever. Labrador’s Temperament: As you know from above the Labrador’s personality is very loveable, happy, and they are just fun loving! Well every trait they have in their personality affects their temperament as well! They really have a loyal temperament. Once you are their owner you are always their owner! They will do anything for their owner and they will always be by their side! The Labrador breed is also very good with other dogs. They are good with dogs at a dog park or if your introducing a new dog into the family they will accept them with open paws! The same goes for children if you have small or young children the Labrador will be loyal to them just like they are loyal to you! A child’s best friend is usually their dog! We talked about it above but Labradors have very energetic temperaments. To keep the chaos down with the destruction you will want to get your Labrador outside a lot! They love being outside even if they are snoozing taking a sun nap they like being outside playing, digging, jumping, or even sleeping! Without the proper exercise to get that energy out you know what will happen! Destruction of your stuff by your dog! Labrador Retriever’s Coat: Chocolate Labrador RetrieverThe Labrador has a two layer coat; the top layer is very soft with very thick hair. This coat is usally straight fair; they shouldn’t have any curls unless breed with something else. The under coat is their water resistant layer. This layer protects them from cold and wet climates which are very important if they are helping in fishing. The Labrador’s coat can come in an array of colors which are chocolate, black, and yellow. The black lab is the most worldwide known out of all the Labrador breeds! Later over the years the chocolate lab and the yellow lab have become increasingly popular in the United States. You might see other colors of Labradors but really it’s just a variation of the standard yellow Labrador. Labrador Retriever Grooming: The Labrador does require certain grooming needs to keep them looking and feeling great at all times. The Labrador retriever sheds throughout the entire year. When your dog sheds this much it is a good idea to have them brushed on a regular basis. A regular basis is about once to twice a week just to get the tangles out and keep from all the hair falling around your house. The Labrador has that water resistant and dirt resistant coat we talked about so they won’t get as dirty as most dogs. It is still good to give your Labrador a bath once a month unless their visibly filthy then by all means give them a bath then as well. Another big thing with Labradors is their ears loose moisture from the water. So it is good to put some lotion on their ears to prevent ear infections from happening. Lastly keep up with the care of your dog; their teeth should be brushed at least two times a week. I know life gets hectic and we forget but it is a vital thing in preventing gum disease in your dog. Remember to have a vet trim your Labradors nails because if you clip them you can cut into nerves which will give your dog excruciating pain! Labrador Retriever’s Health Issues: Do not freak out at all, these are just precautions that you should know about just in case this happens to your Labrador retriever. Osteochondrosis Dissecans: this is a very painful disease that will affect your dog’s elbows, shoulders and knees. This condition usually strikes the bigger dog breeds just like the Labrador retriever. Cold Tail: this is a strange condition that usually only happens in Labrador’s where their tails go limp and so it makes it feel numb in which the dog may bite their tail and irritate it. Acute Moist Dermatitis: this happens when your dog’s skin gets irritated. It gets irritated so much that it gets inflamed from the bacterial infection! Ear Infections: like we said above in the grooming section their ears lose a lot of moisture and this is why you need to moisturize their ears to prevent the ear infections. Epilepsy: This is a condition where you can have mild or serve seizures. This is something that labs can suffer from. Labrador‘s Exercise: Labrador retriever’s have an extreme amount of energy. The only way to help your dog burn all that energy is to take them to the dog park! These dogs need so much time outside especially when they are puppies because they keep so much energy. A game of fetch, a run, or a trip to the dog park for over 30minutes will be perfect for your dog! Remember to hydrate your dog throughout playtime because they do have thick coats that can make them overheat! Labrador Retriever Training: The Labradors are extremely intelligent dogs that are very wise when it comes to learning new things. They will do almost anything if you dangle a treat in front of their face. They have a strong desire to please their owners and sometimes they can be a spazz but they will follow instructions clearly. Start training when they are puppies; start of by potty training them to crate training and go on from there. They will surely master these skills within a few months! Labrador Retriever’s Feeding: This topic really depends on the size of your Labrador but the average size dog should get an average amount of food. The recommended amount is 2 ½ cups to 3 ½ cups of premium dry food a day. Now this is usually divided into two meals; one in the morning and one at night. It is important that you get a good brand of dog food especially one made in the country you live in. some dog food products are made in china which is causing hard to our dogs. Remember to keep up-to-date on recalled pet foods to keep your Labrador safe. Labrador Retriever Puppies: Labrador Retriever PuppyWhen you first bring you Labrador retriever home there is no doubt that you and the puppy will be nervous. If they are scared you need to cuddle them and make them feel protected. Everything the puppy sees smells or even hears will come to a shock to the puppy at first and it can even scare them. Make you dog feel comfortable with some puppy treats, maybe a new toy and just play with them for a little. They will come around to their new surrounds and have a great time. Remember when caring for a puppy to keep them up to date with their vet on shots! This is important because they have to get a couple rounds of puppy shots to keep their immune system working properly. When feeding your puppy they need to eat a premium bag of puppy food. Make sure you look at the recalls when buying any dog food or teats because some dog foods are made in china with unsafe chemicals. Puppies should only be eating food depending on their weight. If they are 15-20lbs they should be getting 7-8 ounces divided into four meals a day! If they are 23-26lbs in weight they should be getting 20 ounces of food divided into 3 meals. Lastly if they are 45-55 lbs. almost in adult stage; they should be getting 14 ounces of food dived into 2 meals a day. Remember the puppy stage is a hard stage but it doesn’t last forever and once they get out of puppy stage it will be smooth sailing from there! J Leave a Comment
Electric Bikes Explained • maria Electric bikes are a fun means of transportation which assist you in climbing that intimidating mountain while preserving the environment. They help to cut down carbon emissions levels, can contribute to a healthy lifestyle and are relatively inexpensive. But what is an e-bike? Well, as its name suggests, an e-bike, hybrid bicycle or electric bike, is a hybrid vehicle. In simple terms, it is a bicycle which can be operated using pedals, motor or both. In the early years, there were quite some debates about e-bike performance when the battery runs out. Nowadays, this practical question has dissipated, as the motor of an e-bike is, by convention, electrical. Therefore it can be charged, as we frequently do with mobile phones and tablets. At the moment, a typical battery unit requires only eight hours to be fully charged, which in average covers a range of 25 to 30 miles, at a steady speed of 12.4 mph. Although it works with an engine, there still are considerations about the amount of weight it supports. The weight load, the strength and direction of the wind, as well as the terrain, are factors which broadly determine the consumption of the battery. As an example, the energy consumed by the battery will be more significant, and therefore will end up being used faster, if one uses only the electrical component instead of using the pedals. The popularity of electric bikes is continuously increasing worldwide, and there are multiple reasons to choose an electric bike over a conventional bicycle. Statistics indicate that many users opt for electric vehicles to assist them when carrying equipment, or when driving hilly routes, or in more serious situations when the cyclists are recovering from injuries or illnesses. Daily, hybrid bikes are used for commuting, and many buyers report that they would not bike at all if they did not have this hybrid option. In fact, a growing number of bikers intend to acquire an electric bike in the short term. Additionally, electric bikes have become popular among the aged population segment. Reports show that those aged over 55 years old represent 65 per cent of electric bike sales. In the UK, electric bikes are not so popular as in other countries. Nevertheless, sales in the UK have been increasing at a pace of 50000 units per year, and this number is expected to increase further in the coming years. With well-defined and established markets or not, e-bikes are an environmentally friendly means of transportation, and their popularity is expected to keep increasing. Whether they are used for recreational purposes or simply to go to work, they are conquering all population segments and becoming an essential part of our reality. Leave a Reply
Sign In Not register? Register Now! Essay Available: 4 pages/≈1100 words Check Instructions Creative Writing English (U.S.) MS Word Total cost: $ 14.4 WSC 002. Civil War. Creative Writing Assignment. History (Essay Sample) Civil War WSC 002 Civil War In the movie Captain America: Civil War, Ironman Tony Stark, and Captain America Steve Rogers has a conflict. One hundred seventeen countries signed Sokovia Accords which is used to restrict the Avengers and keep them more disciplined. Ironman thinks this is a good idea, and they should all sign this while Captain America does not (Bulava). Captain America believes what he is doing is right and he is acting irrationally. Ironman is attempting to keep the Avengers together while appeasing the government. Get the Whole Paper! Not exactly what you need? Do you need a custom essay? Order right now: You Might Also Like Other Topics Related to civil war: • Bellamy’s “Looking Backward” History Essay Coursework Description: In this book "Looking Backward", Edward Bellamy tries to imagine a perfect human society that would exist in the future. Besides, during the 19th century, the time when Bellamy wrote this book, things were not easy since the United States had been in a civil war, violent uprisings over... • Analyze of President Abraham Lincoln's Speech Description: President Abraham Lincoln delivered one of the most powerful and famous speeches in American history during the Gettysburg address in 1863. The two-minute address that comprised of 10 sentences and 272 words would not only resonate and endear to the target audience but also through time.... • American revolution. Causes of the American Revolution. Description: American Revolution, alternatively known as the Revolutionary War, lasted for eight years, from the year 1775 to 1883. It came about because of tension that was growing between the colonial government that represented the British Imperial and thirteen colonies of Great Britain from North America.... 6 pages/≈1650 words \| Chicago \| History \| Essay \| Need a Plagiarism Free Essay? Submit your instructions!
Assemblies in .NET Put simply, an assembly is a project that compiles to an EXE or a DLL file. Although .NET EXE and DLL files resemble their predecessors externally, the internal structure of an assembly is quite different from that of an EXE or DLL created with earlier development tools. An assembly consists of four internal parts: The assembly manifest, or metadata. This contains information about the assembly that the common language runtime uses to obtain information about the assembly . The type metadata, which exposes information about the types contained within the assembly . The intermediate language code for your assembly . Resource files, which are non-executable bits of data, such as strings or images for a specific culture. The assembly manifest contains the metadata that describes the assembly to the common language runtime. The common language runtime then uses the information in the assembly manifest to make decisions about the assembly’s execution. An assembly manifest contains the following information: Identity. It contains the name and version number of the assembly , and can contain optional information such as locale and signature information. Types and resources. It contains a list of all the types that will be exposed to the common language runtime as well as information about how those types can be accessed. Files: It contains a list of all files in the assembly as well as dependency information for those files. Security permissions The manifest describes the security permissions required by the assembly . If the permissions required conflict with the local security policy, the assembly will fail to execute. For the most part, the developer does not have to be concerned with the contents of the assembly manifest. It is compiled and presented to the common language runtime automatically. The developer does, however, need to explicitly set the metadata that describes the identity of the assembly . The identity of the assembly is contained in the AssemblyInfo.vb or .cs file for your project. You can set identity information for your assembly by right-clicking the AssemblyInfo icon and choosing View Code from the drop-down menu. The code window will open to the AssemblyInfo code page, which contains default null values for several assembly identity attributes. The following code example shows an excerpt from the AssemblyInfo file. Creating Class Library Assemblies You will frequently want to create class library assemblies . These represent sets of types that can be referenced and used in other assemblies . For example, you might have a custom control that you want to use in several applications or a component that exposes higher math functions. Such an assembly is not executable itself, but rather must be referenced by an executable application to be used. You can create class library assemblies and control library assemblies by using the templates provided by Microsoft Visual Studio .NET. The class library template is designed to help you create an assembly of types that can be exposed to other applications, and the Microsoft Windows control library template is provided to assist you in building assemblies of custom controls. Creating Resource Files The .NET Framework includes a sample application called ResEditor that can be used for creating text and image resource files. The ResEditor application is not integrated with Visual Studio .NET-it must be run separately. In fact, it is supplied as source code files and must be compiled before it can be used. The ResEditor source files are located in the FrameworkSDKSamplesTutorialsresourcesandlocalizationreseditor folder, which is in the folder that Visual Studio .NET is installed in. You can build the application using either the batch file supplied in that folder or by adding the source files to an empty Visual Studio project, configuring, and then building them. Embedding Resources Once you have created resource files, you can embed them in your assembly . This allows you to package resources into the same assembly as the code files, thus increasing the portability of your code and reducing its dependence on additional files. To embed an externally created resource into your assembly , all you have to do is add the file to your project. When the project is built, the resource file will be compiled into the assembly . Creating Resource Assemblies You can create assemblies that only contain resources. You might find this useful in situations where you expect to have to update the data contained in resource files, but do not want to have to recompile your application to update it. Creating Satellite Assemblies When creating international applications, you might want to provide different sets of resources for different cultures. Satellite assemblies allow different sets of resources to automatically be loaded based on the CurrentUICulture setting of the thread. You learned how to automatically generate applications for localization in Chapter 8. In this section, you will learn how to create additional satellite assemblies and incorporate them into your application. Visual Studio .NET allows you to effortlessly create satellite assemblies . All you need to do to create a satellite assembly is to incorporate alternate sets of resource files that are appropriately named into your application. Visual Studio .NET does the rest upon compilation. To be incorporated into a satellite assembly , your resource file must follow a specific naming scheme based on the culture it is designed for. The name of a resource file for a specific culture is the same as the name of the resource file for the invariant culture, and the culture code is inserted between the base name and the extension. Thus, if we had a resource file named MyResources.resx, a resource file containing alternate resources for neutral German UIs would be named And a version of the file containing German resources specific for Luxembourg would be named Once these alternate versions of the file are added to your solution, they will automatically be compiled by Visual Studio .NET into satellite assemblies , and a directory structure for them will be created. At run time, the culture-specific resources contained in these files will automatically be located by the common language runtime. Retrieving Resources at Run Time At run time, you can use the ResourceManager class to retrieve embedded resources. A ResourceManager, as the name implies, manages access and retrieval of resources embedded in assemblies . Each instance of a ResourceManager is associated with an assembly that contains resources. You can create a ResourceManager by specifying two parameters: the base name of the embedded resource file and the assembly in which that file is found. The new ResourceManager will be dedicated to the embedded resource file that you specify. The base name of the file is the name of the namespace that contains the file and the file without any extensions. The assembly parameter refers to the assembly that the resource file is located in. If the assembly that contains the resources is the same assembly that contains the object that is creating the ResourceManager, you can get a reference to the assembly from the type object of your object. Understanding Private and Shared Assemblies Most of the assemblies you create will be private assemblies . Private assemblies are the most trouble free for developers and are the kind of assembly created by default. A private assembly is an assembly that can be used by only one application. It is an integral part of the application, is packaged with the application, and is only available to that application. Because private assemblies are used by one application only, they do not have versioning or identity issues. Up to this point, you have only created private assemblies . When you add a reference to a private assembly to your project, Visual Studio .NET creates a copy of the DLL containing that assembly and writes it to your project folder. Thus, multiple projects can reference the same DLL and use the types it contains, but each project has its own copy of the DLL and therefore has its own private assembly . Only one copy of shared assemblies , on the other hand, is present per machine. Multiple applications can reference and use a shared assembly . You can share an assembly by installing it to the Global Assembly Cache. There are several reasons why you might want to install your assembly to the Global Assembly Cache. For example: Shared location. If multiple applications need to access the same copy of an assembly , it should be shared. Security. The Global Assembly Cache is located in the C:WINNT (Microsoft Windows 2000) or WINDOWS (Microsoft Windows XP) folder, which is given the highest level of security by default. Side-by-side versioning. You can install multiple versions of the same assembly to the Global Assembly Cache, and applications can locate and use the appropriate version. For the most part, however, assemblies that you create should be private. You should only share an assembly when there is a valid reason to do so. Sharing an assembly and installing it to the Global Assembly Cache requires that your assembly be signed with a strong name.
July 2019 Newsletter The switch that saves lives! Every NSW householder is legally responsible for making your home safe and that includes your electricity use. If you run a business, the safety of everyone on your premises is your responsibility. Besides ensuring you only use qualified and experienced electricians (like us), you can reduce the risk of electrical safety problems by installing safety switches. Here’s the low-down on how safety switches work and what you should know once they’re installed. Safety switch 101 Safety switches provide protection against electric shock. They monitor the flow of electricity and turn it off within milliseconds if a current leak is detected. A leak can happen if you have a faulty powerpoint, wiring or electrical appliance. If you are building, extending or renovating, it’s a legal requirement to have a safety switch (also called a Residual Current Device or RCD). Even if you aren’t planning a renovation, you should make sure you have a safety switch for the safety of yourself, your family, pets and belongings. A safety switch will literally save your life! Test them regularly Over the past year, we have regularly found old and faulty safety switches in people’s homes. It’s relatively quick for us to fix them. But they should be tested by you every 3 months. It’s easy to check your safety switch. Just follow these simple steps: 1. Turn off all computers, TVs, lamps etc. before testing your safety switch. 2. Open your switchboard and locate the “test” button. 3. Press it. The safety switch should flick to the “off” position. 4. If it does, flick it back to the “on” position to turn your power back on. 5. If it doesn’t, call us! Was your house built before 1977? If your house was built before 1977, it’s unlikely to have an earth rod. An earth rod provides a low-resistance path to ground so you should consider having one installed. We can check this for you and fit one if needed. Report electrical accidents If the worst should happen and you experience an electrical accident requiring medical treatment, you are legally required to report it. Call your electricity provider or NSW Fair Trade on 13 32 20. Employers must report accidents to SafeWork NSW. To reduce the risk of electrical accidents, it’s vital to keep your appliances, electrical wiring, fittings, switchboard and earthing connections in good working order. If you ever have (or suspect) a problem, contact us on 0418 442 578 or info@kuring.com.au. Winter Special Your safety is always our priority. That’s why we only use high quality materials that meet Australian Standards. It’s also the reason we are making this very special offer - a free electricity safety check for your home. If you have an electrical problem that’s worrying you, get in touch to book in your no obligation visual safety check during the month of July Normally this would cost you $150 (GST incl.). To take advantage of this special winter electrical safety check, please call or email us. Phone 0418 442 578 or email info@kuring.com.au Remember, this special offer is only available during July. Smoke alarms – what you need to know Each year, over 50 Australians die from house fires and many more are injured. Most of these homes don’t have working smoke detectors. We lose our sense of smell when we’re asleep so we can’t smell the smoke. Having a working smoke detector reduces your chance of dying in a house fire by half because a working smoke detector provides an early warning and time to escape. (Source: ACCC Winter Wellness Tips) 3 Tips to ensure your smoke detector is working 1. Change the batteries regularly (every 6-12 months) or switch to a photoelectric smoke detector with a rechargeable lithium ion battery. We can install these for you. 2. Always use a smoke detector that complies with Australian Standard AS3786. 3. Install a new smoke detector every 10 years. They are not made to last longer than that. If you aren’t sure of the age of your smoke detector, change it anyway. It could save your life!
Why Tor network was not designed in such a way that all traffic that flows from a computer uses the network (like VPNs)? Instead, users have to use Tor browser and take special care with other applications that can leak information. I guess Tor website tried to explain this issue here, but I couldn't understand. Let's condense the answer from the Tor website: a. Internet packets have information about your OS. Depending on how your computer is set up, trackers might be able to fingerprint your computer based on the OS features given in the packets. (for more info on fingerprinting, visit https://panopticlick.eff.org) b. We still need a user control, like the Torbutton in the Tor Browser, that way you can easily change Tor settings. c. There are other ways programs can leak your information. For example, if DNS requests are sent to your ISP, your ISP can still see what websites you're going to. Tor devs need to figure out a way to rewrite these requests. d. Once Tor devs decide how to transfer packets, they need to design a new Tor protocol to avoid anonymity and integrity issues that might occur. e. Exit policies would become a lot more complicated, and so would security for exit nodes. Tor devs also need a way to include the exit policies in the directory servers so the client knows which exit nodes to connect to. (normal web browsing happens on port 80 and 443. adding other traffic means more ports, so you need to find more exit nodes that allow those ports) f. Onion websites work by intercepting the address in the Tor client. Doing this at the IP level means complications between Tor and the local DNS settings. To summarize, it's much easier to anonymize web traffic, so that's what Tor did. Anonymizing all traffic means a more complicated Tor program, and more potential data leaks. \| improve this answer \| \| 1. Massively increase complexity (read: attack surface). Handling arbitrary IP packets, tracking their state and handling their responses is complex. Many operating systems over the years have had serious vulnerabilities in their various network stacks, if Tor implemented their own this would likely result in a series of similar vulnerabilities. See: Linux: CVE-2016-2070, CVE-2015-5364, CVE-2015-1465, CVE-2014-3673, CVE-2012-6638, CVE-2012-2744, and many, many more. Windows: ms09-048, ms10-009, CVE-2013-0075, ms13-018, CVE-2014-1811, CVE-2009-1925, MS14-031, and many, many more. And that's not to mention the difficulty of now implementing some kind of exit policy enforcement which would involve further parsing and classification of the packets in a stateful manner! How do you discern who should be the recipient of specific types of packet? Could you trick the Exit to return another users traffic to you? 2. New types of abusive traffic for operators to deal with. If entire IP packets are encapsulated then that necessarily includes the source IP address. Should Tor act like a NAT and rewrite the source, or allow exits to become participants in DNS reflection attacks? What about IP fragmentation as a means of by-passing stateless packetfilters? Similarly a "bad" exit has new, fine-grained ways to attack the clients various network stacks by sending response packets. This opens up new options to deanonymise or exploit tor users. 3. Metadata. TCP/IP stacks require state. State identifies you as it changes over time. Full packet encapsulation mean the state that comes out of the other side of the connection is the same as your local state. TCP and IP and UDP all have various options that can be on or off or specific values. These are implementation and context specific. Tools like lcamtuf's p0f can determine your operating system and even version of operating system by looking at only a few packets. Currently with Tor, this is the exit or onion services operating system, if the full packet was encapsulated, it would be yours. This might allow you to be tracked across sessions, as it currently does with VPNs. For example if you're the only user with a specific TCP fingerprint in your incoming TCP handshake to the VPN, you'll be the only user coming out of the VPN with that fingerprint in your TCP handshake. 4. Tor isn't magic You can't just throw all your traffic at Tor and say "make me anonymous", anonymity doesn't work like that. VPNs lack context, they route all traffic over a single path, this means all your traffic is linked together. You may not want your "anonymous" browsing traffic to be taking the same circuit as your ssh connection to your personal webserver, this would link together your "anonymous" browsing and your identity. For it to be used effectively it would need to provide some means of providing it context to isolate different applications or denying specific applications. If you don't, you will contaminate identities and potentially deanonymise yourself. There is currently no good way to do this outside of specific configuration of distinct applications. Ultimately I think it's a dangerous idea that Tor should be very, very careful with if implemented. Not implementing it would be far easier and safer for both clients, and exit and onion service operators. \| improve this answer \| \| Your Answer
Grammar Tip – Spanish False Friends Spanish Grammar Tip Los falsos amigos – Spanish False Friends In linguistics, cognates are those words that share the same etymological origin in more than one language. This means that a specific term can derive from the same root in two or more languages and therefore present similar spelling and meaning. For this reason, it may happen that if we do not know the exact word in Spanish and we try to guess using the one that you would say in English, the trick may actually work. For instance, salary in English is salario in Spanish and extraordinary in English is extraordinario in Spanish. However, for every law… there is a loophole! In fact, the term falsos amigos (false friends) indicates those words that, in different languages, are written in a similar way but have dissimilar meanings, at times regrettably so. Below there is a list of false cognates in Spanish and English for you to avoid reckless misunderstandings and sound like a professional in Spanish. False friends Spanish False Friend Let’s look at some examples: El conductor de autobús transporta los pasajeros de un lado a otro. → The bus driver takes passengers from a place to another. Por la mañaña como pan y mermelada pero sin mantequilla. → In the morning I have bread and jam but without butter. Mi profesor de español se va de vacaciones a Italia. → My Spanish teacher is going on holidays to Italy. Mi madre lleva lentillas desde que era muy joven. → My mum has been wearing lenses since she was very young. Have a look at other Spanish Resources and our YouTube Channel
Balancing Back-To-School with Keeping Kids Safe Many schools are preparing to reopen this fall with new measures to help reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19. This move is resulting in many parents worrying about their children's safety. Experts say, however, their health will likely not be compromised as long as certain precautions are in place. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recently released a report highlighting safety precautions that should be implemented when schools reopen. According to the organization, all students and staff should wear face coverings and maintain proper hand washing protocols. Facility upgrades, reconfigured classes and enhanced cleaning protocols are also important. The news release also indicated that schools should be prepared for possible closures should there be further outbreaks or spread of virus. Public health officials are encouraged to work closely with schools, so they can monitor and recommend changes to the strategies if needed. The American Cancer Society released a three-step back-to-school guide for parents. The first step, according to the society, is to ensure that children and teens receive recommended vaccinations on time. These vaccines are important since they protect the children against certain diseases and prevent outbreaks. This is important during usual times and even more so during a pandemic as the novel coronavirus is not the only germ that is spreading now. Other disease-causing viruses with the potential of causing outbreaks are also present. The second step involves preparing healthier snacks and lunches. Giving children and teens healthier food options can help them develop healthy eating habits and the nutrients from the vegetables, fruits and other healthy foods can help boost their immune system. Finally, the third step is ensuring children and teens get enough sleep. Kids who do not get enough sleep tend to have higher stress levels, according to research. And too much stress could lead to physical and mental health problems, and make learning at school difficult. Preschoolers Children are photographed crossing the street. Photo courtesy of Reuters/Kevin Lamarque Join the Discussion
While dealing with the challenges and limitation of Coronvirus epidemic, there has risen a new threat: rising Chernobyl radiation in Ukraine. The Chernobyl Exclusion zone is on fire and the radiation levels are spiking. A fire covering around 50 sections of land broke out on Saturday evening close the town of Vladimirovka. This town is inside the uninhabited Chernobyl avoidance zone. The fire had triggered radiation fears in Kyiv, Ukraine’s capital. This city is positioned about 60 miles south of the Chernobyl exclusion zone. Moreover, police have arrested a suspect believed to have caused the blaze. He is a 27-year-old man from the location who reportedly told police he had set grass and rubbish on furnace in three locations “for fun”. After he had lit the fires, he said, the wind had picked up and he had been unable to stop it. The flames engulfed about 250 acres within the 1,000-square-mile exclusion zone. The fire caused radiation levels to go up to 16 times above normal. Back in 1980s, the government passed measures to eliminate the effects of the radiation. What is interesting is that there are similarities between Chernobyl radiation and Coronavirus regulations. Here are the similarities of the measures: 1. Decontamination 2. Face Masks for Protection 3. Washing Hands 4. Thorough Wet Cleaning 5. Staying Home Source: Chernobyl Welcome So, it seems that while fighting with COVID-19, people need to protect themselves from radiation as well. How can you protect yourself? Before getting to the points, you might want to know about how to know if there is a radiation nearby. Radiation Detector This tool helps you know the radiation level around you. If you live in Ukraine, then this gadget is a must have device. This tool can measure nuclear, electromagnetic or light radiation. radiation detector Order Here Protect Yourself From Radiation Some of us belong to the new generation, we haven’t experienced Chernobyl radiation period, fortunately. We cannot know the exact ways of protecting ourselves. However, as I stated above, there are some used ways by the government of Ukraine in those times. Here are the tips you can follow. 1. Wash Your Hands As it’s been proved back in 1980s, washing hands with soap frequently will reduce the risk of affecting by radiation. 2. Stay at Home Home isolation might be the best solution rather than going out and increase the chance of radiation effects or any other diseases. Stay at home, find yourself an activity to improve yourself, or learn something that you have always wanted but never had a chance to do. 3. Wear Mask and Coverall Yes, in 1986 government suggestions included wearing protective clothes. Wearing face masks, coveralls, and hats can prevent radiation affect to your skin. Disposable Latex Gloves Latex offers better resistance to punctures than vinyl and protects against many common and specialty chemicals, especially water-soluble substances. 100PCS Disposable Latex Gloves Order Here Disposable Coverall Wide Application: Medical protection, special experiment, food workshop, disinfection and radiation protection, product testing, epidemic prevention, and control. It can effectively isolate the splashing of oral foam in work and another surrounding environment. Also, small sharp splash impact of iron chips, crushed stones, chemical spatter, etc. Order Here Protective Mask So, yes. Back in 1986, people were wearing protective masks when they went out. This mask has 5 layers of filter protection. Moreover, mask filter is an optimal solution for preventing airborne particles, dust, seasonal allergies, smog, pollution, ash, garden pollen, etc. It is the most suitable for most occasions. Order Here Final Words In conclusion, what a strange year 2020 is, isn’t it? It began with forest fires, the potential occurrence of WWIII, then it follows coronavirus epidemic, and now rising radiation in Chernobyl again. Even it is said that an asteroid can hit the Earth at the end of April. We don’t know, the life if a full of possibilities. Mexten wish you the best and wish you well during this challenging time. Hope everyone keeps safe!
Driver assistance systems, advanced sensing technology including radar and cameras, plus intelligent situational awareness software are all being combined in novel ways to enhance safety. Not the least of those is the idea of the 'auto-swerving' car, something Mercedes-Benz engineers are hard at work developing for launch within the next five years. The goal is to make a car that effectively thinks for itself, avoiding accidents where possible, adjusting what it must to help avoid hitting a pedestrian when a collision is unavoidable and sensing the environment around it at all times. Speaking with What Car? at the recent Detroit Auto Show, Mercedes-Benz chief of R&D for safety Ulrich Mellinghoff explained that in 80% of accidents with people, just 20% of a car's frontal area hits the pedestrian. This means that a car swerve just one to two feet off course could help prevent a large majority of vehicle pedestrian impacts. Mellinghoff was quick to point out that a driver will still have responsibility for safety and that any implemented system would attempt to warn the driver first rather than take over control of the car. Mercedes-Benz is not alone in its pursuit of the car that can avoid accidents. Volvo's own CitySafe system also attempts to avoid accidents but works by applying the brakes rather than making the car swerve. [What Car?]
You Won't Be Able to Ignore the Effects of Climate Change After Watching This Documentary An inspiring (and infuriating) documentary about climate change had Thessaly La Force vowing to improve her own carbon footprint. Chasing Ice Photo: Courtesy of James Balog Every Friday, we recommend one movie you can watch on the weekend. Today,’s Culture Editor Thessaly La Force recommends a recent documentary on climate change that left her contemplating her own carbon footprint. The other night, my fiancé and I watched Chasing Ice, an inspiring (and infuriating) documentary about climate change. James Balog was just your average, award-winning nature photographer who saw that our planet was drastically changing for the worse—species were dying, glaciers were melting, sea-levels rising. Balog understood, too, the power that an image can have on the public’s imagination. Especially given the absurd amount of political noise that obfuscates some of the most alarming facts: The global temperature has increased by over one degree Fahrenheit in the last century; global sea levels have risen approximately nine inches, on average, in the last 140 years. So Balog—along with a team of able-bodied assistants willing to face all kinds of extremely unpleasant weather conditions—sets out to place time-lapse cameras in Greenland, Iceland, and the United States. His plan is to really show the gradual and irreversible melting of our world’s largest glaciers. If you think it’s easy to place time-lapse cameras in remote regions of Greenland, think again—bulky camera equipment is literally bolted and tethered to the earth. But against all odds, the mission is eventually successful. And when the images are stitched together, it is heartbreaking to watch. The glaciers deflate like sad balloons, large chunks of their ice breaking off and drifting into the ocean. (The proper term for this effect, I learned, is calving—a word choice I find most generous since it seems to imply that the big glacier is birthing a little one, when, in fact, we’re losing both!) And Balog is right—pictures are more powerful than words. At the end of the night, I resolved that my fiancé and I must become vegetarian and only travel by foot or bicycle. But these actions, on a whole, are relatively—and tragically—useless. Our planet needs our help. And unfortunately, as the documentary smartly articulates, the kind of change that’s necessary is on an international and legislative level. The United States needs to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The carbon emissions of countries like China, the United States, India, and the European Union need to be checked on a massive scale. It would be more depressing if there weren’t so much beauty in Chasing Ice. And if Balong’s optimism in doing the right thing didn’t empower me to try do the same with my own carbon footprint.
Engineers are turning to generative design algorithms to build components for NASA’s next-generation space suit—the first major update in decades. astronaut in space suit giving a high five to a NASA Administrator Photograph: Joel Kowsky/NASA A few months ago, NASA unveiled its next-generation space suit that will be worn by astronauts when they return to the moon in 2024 as part of the agency’s plan to establish a permanent human presence on the lunar surface. The Extravehicular Mobility Unit—or xEMU—is NASA’s first major upgrade to its space suit in nearly 40 years and is designed to make life easier for astronauts who will spend a lot of time kicking up moon dust. It will allow them to bend and stretch in ways they couldn’t before, easily don and doff the suit, swap out components for a better fit, and go months without making a repair. But the biggest improvements weren’t on display at the suit’s unveiling last fall. Instead, they’re hidden away in the xEMU’s portable life-support system, the astro backpack that turns the space suit from a bulky piece of fabric into a personal spacecraft. It handles the space suit’s power, communications, oxygen supply, and temperature regulation so that astronauts can focus on important tasks like building launch pads out of pee concrete. And for the first time ever, some of the components in an astronaut life-support system will be designed by artificial intelligence. Jesse Craft is a senior design engineer at Jacobs, a major engineering firm based in Dallas that was tapped by NASA to revamp the xEMU life-support system. For Craft and the hundreds of other engineers working on the project, this requires a careful balancing act between competing priorities. The life-support system has to be safe, obviously, but it also has to be light enough to fit the weight limits for the lunar lander and strong enough to withstand the intense g-forces and vibrations it will experience during a rocket launch. “It’s a really big engineering challenge,” says Craft. Squeezing more stuff into less space with reduced mass is the kind of complex optimization problem that aerospace engineers deal with all the time. But NASA wants boots on the moon by 2024, and meeting that aggressive timeline meant that Craft and his colleagues couldn’t spend weeks debating the ideal shape of each widget. Instead, they’re piloting a new AI-fueled design software that can rapidly come up with new component designs. “We consider AI to be a technology that can do something faster and better than a trained human can do,” says Jesse Coors-Blankenship, the vice president of technology at PTC, the American company that made the software. “Some of the software technologies are things engineers are already familiar with, like structural simulation and optimization. But with AI, we can do it faster.” This approach to engineering is known as generative design. The basic idea is to feed the software a set of requirements for a component’s maximum size, the weight it has to bear, or the temperatures it will be exposed to and let the algorithms figure out the rest. PTC’s software combines several different approaches to AI, like generative adversarial networks and genetic algorithms. A generative adversarial network is a game-like approach in which two machine-learning algorithms face off against one another in a competition to design the most optimized component. It’s the same technique used to generate photos of people who don’t exist. Genetic algorithms, by contrast, are analogous to natural selection. They generate multiple designs, combine them, and then take the best designs of the new generation and repeat. In the past, NASA has used genetic algorithms to design optimal—and bizarre—antennas. “The machine’s iterative process is 100 or 1,000 times more than we could do on our own, and it comes up with a solution that is ideally optimized within our constraints,” says Craft. It’s especially helpful given that the final design of the space suit life-support system is still in flux. Even a small change to the requirements in the future could result in weeks of wasted work by engineers. Today, engineers are beginning to use AI-driven design software to redesign everything from car chassis to chairs to apartment complexes. The algorithms tend to dream up components that look pretty alien: They’re cellular, flowing, and tendinous, with lots of negative space. “We’re using AI to inspire design,” says Craft. “We have biases for right angles, flat surfaces, and round dimensions—things you’d expect from human design. But AI challenges your biases and allows you to see new solutions you didn’t see before.” For now, the components that the AI is tasked with making are pretty mundane. “We’re still in the early piloting phase, so we’re not turning over something that could cause a catastrophic failure,” says Sean Miller, a mechanical designer in the crew and thermal systems division at NASA. Instead, the algorithms are building better brackets and support structures for the systems that keep astronauts alive. It might not be the most sexy application for AI, but it works. The AI has been able to reduce the mass on some components by up to 50 percent, and when it comes to space travel, every gram counts. “When NASA sets the requirements for a human landing system, they allocate a certain amount of mass for every possible thing you can imagine that we have to hit,” says Miller. “So anywhere we can save even a couple of tenths of a pound gets us closer to the weight limit we have to meet for the mission to run.” When NASA sent humans to the moon for the first time 50 years ago, artificial intelligence was still a distant dream for computer scientists. We may not have moon bases just yet, but with a helping hand from AI, it seems like only a matter of time. More Great WIRED Stories
Centaur Explained Grouping:Legendary creature Sub Grouping:Hybrid Aka:Kentaur, Κένταυρος, Centaurus, Sagittary[1] Similar Creatures:Minotaur, satyr, harpy Region:Greece, Cyprus A centaur (; Greek, Modern (1453-);: κένταυρος, kéntauros,), or occasionally hippocentaur, is a creature from Greek mythology with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse.[2] [3] Centaurs are thought of in many Greek myths as being as wild as untamed horses, and were said to have inhabited the region of Magnesia and Mount Pelion in Thessaly, the Foloi oak forest in Elis, and the Malean peninsula in southern Laconia. Centaurs are subsequently featured in Roman mythology, and were familiar figures in the medieval bestiary. They remain a staple of modern fantastic literature. Creation of centaurs The centaurs were usually said to have been born of Ixion and Nephele.[4] As the story goes, Nephele was a cloud made into the likeness of Hera in a plot to trick Ixion into revealing his lust for Hera to Zeus. Ixion seduced Nephele and from that relationship centaurs were created.[5] Another version, however, makes them children of Centaurus, a man who mated with the Magnesian mares. Centaurus was either himself the son of Ixion and Nephele (inserting an additional generation) or of Apollo and the nymph Stilbe. In the latter version of the story, Centaurus's twin brother was Lapithes, ancestor of the Lapiths. Another tribe of centaurs was said to have lived on Cyprus. According to Nonnus, they were fathered by Zeus, who, in frustration after Aphrodite had eluded him, spilled his seed on the ground of that land. Unlike those of mainland Greece, the Cyprian centaurs were horned.[6] [7] There were also the Lamian Pheres, twelve rustic daimones (spirits) of the Lamos river. They were set by Zeus to guard the infant Dionysos, protecting him from the machinations of Hera, but the enraged goddess transformed them into ox-horned Centaurs. The Lamian Pheres later accompanied Dionysos in his campaign against the Indians.[8] The centaur's half-human, half-horse composition has led many writers to treat them as liminal beings, caught between the two natures they embody in contrasting myths; they are both the embodiment of untamed nature, as in their battle with the Lapiths (their kin), and conversely, teachers like Chiron. The Centaurs are best known for their fight with the Lapiths who, according to one origin myth, would have been cousins to the centaurs. The battle, called the Centauromachy, was caused by the centaurs' attempt to carry off Hippodamia and the rest of the Lapith women on the day of Hippodamia's marriage to Pirithous, who was the king of the Lapithae and a son of Ixion. Theseus, a hero and founder of cities, who happened to be present, threw the balance in favour of the Lapiths by assisting Pirithous in the battle. The Centaurs were driven off or destroyed.[9] [10] [11] Another Lapith hero, Caeneus, who was invulnerable to weapons, was beaten into the earth by Centaurs wielding rocks and the branches of trees. In her article "The Centaur: Its History and Meaning in Human Culture," Elizabeth Lawrence claims that the contests between the centaurs and the Lapiths typify the struggle between civilization and barbarism.[12] The Centauromachy is most famously portrayed in the Parthenon metopes by Phidias and in a Renaissance-era sculpture by Michelangelo. The Greek word kentauros is generally regarded as being of obscure origin.[13] The etymology from ken + tauros, "piercing bull," was a euhemerist suggestion in Palaephatus' rationalizing text on Greek mythology, On Incredible Tales (Περὶ ἀπίστων), which included mounted archers from a village called Nephele eliminating a herd of bulls that were the scourge of Ixion's kingdom. Another possible related etymology can be "bull-slayer".[14] Origin of the myth The most common theory holds that the idea of centaurs came from the first reaction of a non-riding culture, as in the Minoan Aegean world, to nomads who were mounted on horses. The theory suggests that such riders would appear as half-man, half-animal. Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that the Aztecs also had this misapprehension about Spanish cavalrymen.[15] The Lapith tribe of Thessaly, who were the kinsmen of the Centaurs in myth, were described as the inventors of horse-back riding by Greek writers. The Thessalian tribes also claimed their horse breeds were descended from the centaurs. Robert Graves (relying on the work of Georges Dumézil,[16] who argued for tracing the centaurs back to the Indian Gandharva), speculated that the centaurs were a dimly remembered, pre-Hellenic fraternal earth cult who had the horse as a totem.[17] A similar theory was incorporated into Mary Renault's The Bull from the Sea. Female centaurs See main article: Centaurides. Though female centaurs, called centaurides or centauresses, are not mentioned in early Greek literature and art, they do appear occasionally in later antiquity. A Macedonian mosaic of the 4th century BC is one of the earliest examples of the centauress in art.[18] Ovid also mentions a centauress named Hylonome who committed suicide when her husband Cyllarus was killed in the war with the Lapiths.[19] The Kalibangan cylinder seal, dated to be around 2600-1900 BC, found at the site of Indus-Valley civilization shows a battle between men in the presence of centaur-like creatures.[20] [21] Other sources claim the creatures represented are actually half human and half tigers, later evolving into the Hindu Goddess of War.[22] [23] These seals are also evidence of Indus-Mesopotamia relations in the 3rd millennium BC. In a popular legend associated with Pazhaya Sreekanteswaram Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, the curse of a saintly Brahmin transformed a handsome Yadava prince into a creature having a horse's body and the prince's head, arms, and torso in place of the head and neck of the horse. Kinnaras, another half-man, half-horse mythical creature from Indian mythology, appeared in various ancient texts, arts, and sculptures from all around India. It is shown as a horse with the torso of a man where the horse's head would be, and is similar to a Greek centaur.[24] [25] A centaur-like half-human, half-equine creature called Polkan appeared in Russian folk art and lubok prints of the 17th–19th centuries. Polkan is originally based on Pulicane, a half-dog from Andrea da Barberino's poem I Reali di Francia, which was once popular in the Slavonic world in prosaic translations. Artistic representations Classical art The extensive Mycenaean pottery found at Ugarit included two fragmentary Mycenaean terracotta figures which have been tentatively identified as centaurs. This finding suggests a Bronze Age origin for these creatures of myth.[26] A painted terracotta centaur was found in the "Hero's tomb" at Lefkandi, and by the Geometric period, centaurs figure among the first representational figures painted on Greek pottery. An often-published Geometric period bronze of a warrior face-to-face with a centaur is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[27] In Greek art of the Archaic period, centaurs are depicted in three different forms. Some centaurs are depicted with a human torso attached to the body of a horse at the withers, where the horse's neck would be; this form, designated "Class A" by Professor Paul Baur, later became standard. "Class B" centaurs are depicted with a human body and legs joined at the waist to the hindquarters of a horse; in some cases centaurs of both Class A and Class B appear together. A third type, designated "Class C", depicts centaurs with human forelegs terminating in hooves. Baur describes this as an apparent development of Aeolic art, which never became particularly widespread.[28] At a later period, paintings on some amphoras depict winged centaurs.December 2019. Centaurs were also frequently depicted in Roman art. One example is the pair of centaurs drawing the chariot of Constantine the Great and his family in the Great Cameo of Constantine (circa AD 314–16), which embodies wholly pagan imagery, and contrasts sharply with the popular image of Constantine as the patron of early Christianity.[29] [30] Medieval art Centaurs preserved a Dionysian connection in the 12th-century Romanesque carved capitals of Mozac Abbey in the Auvergne. Other similar capitals depict harvesters, boys riding goats (a further Dionysiac theme), and griffins guarding the chalice that held the wine. Centaurs are also shown on a number of Pictish carved stones from north-east Scotland erected in the 8th–9th centuries AD (e.g., at Meigle, Perthshire). Though outside the limits of the Roman Empire, these depictions appear to be derived from Classical prototypes. Modern art The John C. Hodges library at The University of Tennessee hosts a permanent exhibit of a "Centaur from Volos" in its library. The exhibit, made by sculptor Bill Willers by combining a study human skeleton with the skeleton of a Shetland pony, is entitled "Do you believe in Centaurs?". According to the exhibitors, it was meant to mislead students in order to make them more critically aware.[31] Another exhibit by Willers is now on long-term display at the International Wildlife Museum in Tucson, Arizona. The full-mount skeleton of a Centaur, built by Skulls Unlimited International, Inc., is on display along with several other fabled creatures, including the Cyclopes, Unicorn, and Griffin. In Heraldry Centaurs are common in European heraldry, although more frequent in continental than in British arms. A centaur holding a bow is referred to as a sagittarius.[32] Classical literature Jerome's version of the Life of St Anthony the Great, written by Athanasius of Alexandria about the hermit monk of Egypt, was widely disseminated in the Middle Ages; it relates Anthony's encounter with a centaur who challenged the saint, but was forced to admit that the old gods had been overthrown. The episode was often depicted in The Meeting of St Anthony Abbot and St Paul the Hermit by the painter Stefano di Giovanni, who was known as "Sassetta".[33] Of the two episodic depictions of the hermit Anthony's travel to greet the hermit Paul, one is his encounter with the demonic figure of a centaur along the pathway in a wood. Lucretius, in his first-century BC philosophical poem On the Nature of Things, denied the existence of centaurs based on their differing rate of growth. He states that at the age of three years, horses are in the prime of their life while humans at the same age are still little more than babies, making hybrid animals impossible.[34] Modern day literature See main article: Centaurs in popular culture. C.S. Lewis' The Chronicles of Narnia series depicts centaurs as the wisest and noblest of creatures. Narnian Centaurs are gifted at stargazing, prophecy, healing, and warfare; a fierce and valiant race always faithful to the High King Aslan the Lion. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, centaurs live in the Forbidden Forest close to Hogwarts, preferring to avoid contact with humans. They live in societies called herds and are skilled at archery, healing, and astrology, but like in the original myths, they are known to have some wild and barbarous tendencies. With the exception of Chiron, the centaurs in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians are seen as wild party-goers who use a lot of American slang. Chiron retains his mythological role as a trainer of heroes and is skilled in archery. In Riordan's subsequent series, Heroes of Olympus, another group of centaurs are depicted with more animalistic features (such as horns) and appear as villains, serving the Gigantes. Philip Jose Farmer's World of Tiers series (1965) includes centaurs, called Half-Horses or Hoi Kentauroi. His creations address several of the metabolic problems of such creatures—how could the human mouth and nose intake sufficient air to sustain both itself and the horse body and, similarly, how could the human ingest sufficient food to sustain both parts. Brandon Mull's Fablehaven series features centaurs that live in an area called Grunhold. The centaurs are portrayed as a proud, elitist group of beings that consider themselves superior to all other creatures. The fourth book also has a variation on the species called an Alcetaur, which is part man, part moose. The myth of the centaur appears in John Updike's novel The Centaur. The author depicts a rural Pennsylvanian town as seen through the optics of the myth of the centaur. An unknown and marginalized local school teacher, just like the mythological Chiron did for Prometheus, gave up his life for the future of his son who had chosen to be an independent artist in New York. See also Other hybrid creatures appear in Greek mythology, always with some liminal connection that links Hellenic culture with archaic or non-Hellenic cultures: Additionally, Bucentaur, the name of several historically important Venetian vessels, was linked to a posited ox-centaur or βουκένταυρος (boukentauros) by fanciful and likely spurious folk-etymology. Further reading External links Notes and References 1. For Collins English Dictionary:"sagittary." Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014. HarperCollins Publishers 1 Sep. 2019 https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sagittary 2. Web site: Definition of centaur. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 19 April 2013. 3. [Webster's Dictionary#Webster.27s Third New International Dictionary .281961.29\|''Webster's Third New International Dictionary''] 4. Nash . Harvey . The Centaur's Origin: A Psychological Perspective . The Classical World . June 1984 . 77 . 5 . 273–291 . 10.2307/4349592. 4349592 . 5. Web site: Alexander . Jonathann . Tzetzes, Chiliades 9 . Theoi.com . Theoi Project . February 28, 2019. 6. [Nonnus] 7. Web site: CYPRIAN CENTAURS (Kentauroi Kyprioi) - Half-Horse Men of Greek Mythology. www.theoi.com. 8. Web site: LAMIAN PHERES - Centaurs of Dionysus in Greek Mythology. www.theoi.com. 9. [Plutarch] 10. [Ovid] 11. [Diodorus Siculus] 12. Lawrence . Elizabeth Atwood . The Centaur: Its History and Meaning in Human Culture . Journal of Popular Culture . 1994 . 27 . 4 . 58. 13. Alex . Scobie . The Origins of 'Centaurs' . Folklore . 89 . 2 . 1978 . 142–147 . harv. 10.1080/0015587X.1978.9716101 . Scobie quotes Book: Martin P. Nilsson . Geschichte der griechischen Religion . 1955 . Die Etymologie und die Deutung der Ursprungs sind unsicher und mögen auf sich beruhen. Martin P. Nilsson . 14. [Alexander Hislop] 15. Book: Stuart Chase . Mexico: A Study of Two Americas . Chapter IV: The Six Hundred . http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper2/chase/ch04.html . University of Virginia Hypertexts . 24 April 2006. 16. Dumézil, Le Problème des Centaures (Paris 1929) and Mitra-Varuna: An essay on two Indo-European representations of sovereignty (1948. tr. 1988). 17. Graves, The Greek Myths, 1960 § 81.4; § 102 "Centaurs"; § 126.3;. 18. Pella Archaeological Museum 19. [Ovid\|Publius Ovidius Naso] 20. Book: Ameri . Marta . Costello . Sarah Kielt . Jamison . Gregg . Scott . Sarah Jarmer . Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia . 2018 . Cambridge University Press . 9781108168694 . en. 21. Book: Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 239–246 . English. 22. Book: Parpola, Asko. Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge Univ. Press. 23. Web site: Indus Cylinder Seals . May 4, 2016 . Harappa.com . 2019-07-16. 24. Devdutt Pattanaik, “Indian mythology : tales, symbols, and rituals from the heart of the Subcontinent” (Rochester, USA 2003) P.74: . 25. K. Krishna Murthy, Mythical Animals in Indian Art (New Delhi, India 1985). 26. Ione Mylonas Shear, "Mycenaean Centaurs at Ugarit" The Journal of Hellenic Studies (2002:147–153); but see the interpretation relating them to "abbreviated group" figures at the Bronze-Age sanctuary of Aphaia and elsewhere, presented by Korinna Pilafidis-Williams, "No Mycenaean Centaurs Yet", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 124 (2004), p. 165, which concludes "we had perhaps do best not to raise hopes of a continuity of images across the divide between the Bronze Age and the historical period." 27. Web site: Bronze man and centaur . The MET . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2019-07-16. 28. Paul V. C. Baur, Centaurs in Ancient Art: The Archaic Period, Karl Curtius, Berlin (1912), pp. 5–7. 29. The Great Cameo of Constantine, formerly in the collection of Peter Paul Rubens and now in the Geld en Bankmuseum, Utrecht, is illustrated, for instance, in Paul Stephenson, Constantine, Roman Emperor, Christian Victor, 2010:fig. 53. 30. Iain Ferris, The Arch of Constantine: Inspired by the Divine, Amberley Publishing (2009). 31. Library hails centaur's 10th anniversary . 97 . 7 or 8 . August 26, 2004 . Maggie . Anderson . 2006-09-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070920205755/http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/0/22d591ecc61a2cca85256efd00631d45?OpenDocument . September 20, 2007 . 32. [Arthur Fox-Davies] 33. [National Gallery of Art] 34. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, book V, translated by William Ellery Leonard, 1916 (The Perseus Project.) Retrieved 27 July 2008.
Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Learning and Training: overhyped or new industry standard? An article by Celeste Martinell on publication. For L&D professionals relying on hands-on skills, virtual reality and augmented reality could be invaluable training tools. bst365体育投注网址大全The author posits that learning and development professionals should consider AR and VR training because they can be incredibly effective and predicts that this technology will eventually become as ubiquitous in training as video. How Can VR Change the Training Industry? Let’s take a look at how VR will affect the 70:20:10 model of learning. We know that classroom and e-learning modules only account for 10 percent of learning. Seventy percent of learning comes from tackling real-world tasks and problems. The other 20 percent comes from social learning via observation of others and feedback. bst365体育投注网址大全 But what if learners could receive on-the-job experiences without actually being on the job? VR promises to do just that via a simulated environment. bst365体育投注网址大全Within the simulated environment, the learner must make on-the-spot decisions and respond to real-time stimuli. For example, learners in law enforcement will feel their hearts pound and their palms sweat during simulated . Your employees will stress over making the best possible decisions for your business by de-escalating angry customers or having difficult employee conversations. Even though it looks like a video game, it isn’t. It’s not about saving the world anymore, it’s about saving you money with the best trained talent. No other training medium can invoke authentic emotional responses like VR. Is AR Just As Effective As VR? Many of us have already experienced a primitive form of AR through Alexa or Google Home. Voice-activated tools augment our daily conversations by making the internet a conversation partner. But AR is much more than voice commands. It can also superimpose virtual images onto the physical world. This augmented experience allows people to make different decisions. If we include chatbots, AR could provide a unique learning experience guided by a computer. It would be GPS navigation for learners. Unlike VR, AR has already begun to change the daily practice of some professions. The FDA approved Opensight, , which allows clinicians to overlay scans onto the patient and interact with the data in 3D. Similarly, developed an that overlays the repair steps onto the physical car, then guides the mechanic through the repair. These innovations represent game-changing performance supports for certain professions. Is the L&D Industry Adopting AR/VR Technology Right Now? The surveyed 240 U.S.-based education and training organizations. Here’s what they discovered about American AR/VR adoption: bst365体育投注网址大全15 percent of all organizations plan to invest in AR/VR technology. 1.6 percent of training is delivered with AR. bst365体育投注网址大全1.9 percent of training is delivered with VR. 23 percent of large companies use VR, and 11 percent use AR. Less than 5 percent of small or mid-sized companies use VR, AR or AI. bst365体育投注网址大全As a whole, the industry is not seeing a rapid adoption of VR or AR. One widely used by sociologist Everett M. Roger suggests 5 phases of adoption: Innovators (2.5 percent), early adopters (13.5 percent), early majority (34 percent), late majority (34 percent) and laggards (16 percent). Currently, only innovators are using VR/AR. bst365体育投注网址大全However, if we only look at large companies, then the adoption picture changes. They appear to be entering the early adoption phase with 23 percent of them using the new technology. As the cost of AR/VR continues to fall, I predict more companies will adopt it. Where does VR training give business the biggest boost? bst365体育投注网址大全Virtual reality training comes out of the educational method called “simulated training.” The . They’ve continued to use simulated pilot training because the cost of fueling an airplane is still greater than the cost of an expensive simulation. bst365体育投注网址大全Like the aviation industry, educational institutions have been quick to adopt VR. Many schools and colleges cannot afford expensive laboratories. Virtual science labs provide a way for students to gain valuable laboratory experience without investing in high-tech lab equipment or materials. For some industries, simulations allow employees to experience dangerous situations without actually endangering them. Construction workers can make dangerous errors in a virtual environment. Similarly, law enforcement officers can de-escalate life-threatening situations or react to emergencies virtually. Unlike a textbook, the simulated experience forces trainees to grapple with their own fears and emotional responses. Then, they won’t be panicking in a real-life emergency. VR also represents an opportunity to quickly train medical professionals on new instruments or complex, new procedures. They can practice first using virtual instruments before performing the procedure on a live patient. Today, at the end of their residency. VR training might help fill the gap for new surgeons. bst365体育投注网址大全Finally, large companies have begun to use VR for less dangerous, expensive or life-threatening skills. However, these skills still benefit from life experience. Walmart has created a to prepare their retail employees for the shopping holiday. Other companies have started to use VR to onboard employees by allowing them to experience their first day via VR before actually starting their job roles to reduce anxiety. Some of these skills, such as soft skills training, can be bought ready-made off the shelf. Truly, the sky is probably the limit for the applicability of simulated training. That’s why I’m betting VR will eventually be a standard part of training like videos are today. How do companies use AR now? AR, unlike VR, requires the real world. AR simply enhances the real world experience. bst365体育投注网址大全The best example of AR in action are performance supports or job aids. Traditionally, when employees seldom used a process they would look at a laminated job aid. Today, with search navigation, we look it up. AR would take our walkthrough videos one step further by providing voice instructions and a virtual overlay to help guide us through the process. What about processes employees do constantly? Can AR also improve them? on safe surgeries suggests using checklists improves surgical safety. AR could help perform safety checks in a variety of industries, such as general maintenance checks for machinery or safety awareness in warehouses. AR also promises to engage learners during traditional coursework. Like Alexa or Google Home, learners could access more information to support personalized learning. They could also receive instant feedback by turning AR on to check their work. This feature could provide automated, scalable feedback to hands-on professionals in construction or manufacturing where assessing hands-on projects without expending a large number of resources presents a huge challenge. Voice-enabled AR could also lead learners through a process, even something as simple as onboarding. Ultimately, this technology promises to improve the user-experience. What do we need going forward for widespread AR/VR adoption? Currently, AR/VR training tools need to be custom built by a firm or bought off the shelf. To be truly effective, companies need content authoring tools. Right now, instructional designers use tools like Articulate Storyline and Adobe Captivate. In the future, they’ll need tools for AR/VR. Virtual and augmented reality have not seen wide public buy-in. VR headsets and AR glasses remain toys. Wider public adoption will facilitate wider adoption in the training industry, too. From a design perspective, the headsets may also need to become more comfortable so workers like doctors or mechanics can use them for hours at a time. Prices for VR headsets and AR glasses also remain high. Since , I expect we’ll see greater investment by these companies when prices drop. Given the return on investment for VR training, suggests businesses focus first on the skills and competencies driving their core business. When trying to determine business-critical operations, I suggest small-midsize businesses think about where they stand to lose money. For example, manufacturing or construction companies lose money when employee errors create product defects. VR training on how to make those products could create substantial gains. Similarly, closing more sales would generate more revenue so it makes sense to invest in VR training for your sales team. Should you invest soon? Like most learning technology the answer is: “It depends.” Technology never offers a silver bullet. It’s a tool for your L&D team. Back to News + Share Article:
Education – No Child Left Behind In the ever growing war between educators, No Child Left Behind is probably one of the most hotly contested topics in the world of education today. Nobody can seem to agree on it and it's no wonder, because it's a rather radical concept that years ago would have been unthinkable. In this article we're going to present both sides of the argument but in no way will we try to determine who is right and who is wrong. We'll leave that decision to history itself. No Child Left Behind, the act, was instituted in 2001. One of the biggest problems with No Child Left Behind is that most people don't really understand what it means. Parents are under the impression that it means their child is not allowed to be kept back in school if his grades are poor. This is not true at all. No Child Left Behind was instituted so that the poorer districts could give their children the same level and quality of education as children in the richer districts. To achieve this end, the poorer districts are allocated a certain amount of additional funds. These funds increase a certain percentage each year. Since the act was instituted, the average dollar amount allocated has risen from $ 13,500,000,000 in 2002 to an estimated $ 25,000,000,000 in 2007. But there is a catch to this. And this is where the arguments come in. In order to qualify for this funding, schools have to have a certain percentage of students pass the standardized tests that are given each year. Currently, those tests are only given to high school children. Future plans for No Child Left Behind are to have these tests given to every child in every grade. The arguments for this procedure is that children will all be taught the same material and therefore will all have the same education. If a child doesn't pass the standardized test by his last year of high school then he must either go to summer school and pass it or repeat his last year of high school. Those for this say it will make sure that every child who does graduate from school is prepared for the outside world. By making the money given dependent on these test scores, this forces the schools themselves to focus on what they consider the core contents. This makes sure that every kid is properly educated. Those against No Child Left Behind argue that the money allocated to the school districts should not be dependent on how well the students do. Their argument is that children in poorer districts do poorly because they are poor and the money should be given to them regardless of test scores. They view this as a catch 22, which most teachers in the poorer districts seem to agree with. As to where this money actually goes, that would take a book to explain. Suffice it to say that portions of this huge amount are divided up among many areas including Comprehensive School Reform, Advanced Placement, School Improvement, School Dropout Prevention and the list goes on and on. This is where another argument comes in. Most teachers feel this money is being wasted and should go to teachers salaries and text books, where the money is really needed. If you'd like to do more research into No Child Left Behind, the entire act is posted on the government educational web site. Enjoy!
SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Why You Shouldn't Copy Skeleton Templates for the SAT/ACT Essay Posted by Laura Staffaroni \| Aug 8, 2015 8:30:00 AM SAT Writing, ACT Writing Creating your own essay skeleton can go a long way towards helping you prepare for the SAT or ACT essay. Having an essay template ready to go before you take the test can reduce feelings of panic, since it allows you to control at least some of the unknowns of a free-response question. It can even be helpful to look at other people’s essay skeletons to get an idea what your own essay template should look like. But when does using an essay skeleton go from a great idea to a huge mistake? Keep reading to find out. feature image credit: Skeletons taking a selfie @ Street art @ Walk along the Amstel canal @ Amsterdam by Guilhem Vellut, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Disclaimer: Most of the advice in this article is most useful for the old SAT essay (and, to some extent, the ACT essay); it's too soon to know if it's also applicable to the new 2016 SAT essay (although "don't plagiarize" is good advice in pretty much any situation). What Is An Essay Skeleton? An essay skeleton, or essay template, is basically an outline for your essay that you prewrite and then memorize for later use/adaptation. Usually, an essay skeleton isn’t just an organizational structure—it also includes writing out entire sentences or even just specific phrases beforehand. "But how can you do this, and more importantly, what’s the point?" I hear you cry (you sure manage to get out a lot of words in one cry). Creating an essay template for the current SAT essay is pretty simple, as the SAT prompts tend to fall into one of six categories: 1. What should people do? 2. Which of two things is better? 3. Support or refute counterintuitive statements (Is it possible that [an unlikely thing] is true?) 4. Cause and effect (is X the result of Y?) 5. Generalize about the state of the world 6. Generalize about people Because the prompts are, at the core, all "yes or no?" questions, you can somewhat customize your introduction and conclusion. Doing this is especially helpful if you tend to choke under pressure or are worried about your English language skills—you can come up with grammatically correct templates beforehand that you can memorize and then use on the actual test (filling in the blanks, depending on the prompt). Formulating an essay template for the ACT is a little more tricky, as the new ACT essay asks you to read an excerpt, consider three perspectives, come up with your own perspective, and then discuss all the perspectives in the essay using detailed examples and logical reasoning. It’s possible to come up with a useful template, but I’ve not really come across any students using templates in the 200+ ACT essays I’ve graded. In addition to figuring out your essay organization beforehand, you can look up synonyms for words that get commonly used in essays (like “example” or “shows”) and prewrite sentences that use these words correctly. For example, for the SAT essay, you could pre-write a way to introduce your examples: “One instance that illustrates [x] can be found in [y]" (where [x] is the point you're trying to make and [y] is the place from which you're taking your example). Finally, on a semi-related note, because you know that you’ll have to use examples to explain your reasoning on the essay, you can also come up with the examples you’ll use beforehand and get good at writing about them. The better you know your examples, the more organized your writing will be on the essay (because you won’t have to waste valuable time trying to think of what exactly happened in The Hunger Games that proves your point). For more on this, see our article on the 6 examples you can use to answer any SAT essay prompt. So What’s The Issue? Problems occur when you rely on other people's skeletons, rather than coming up with your own. In theory, there’s nothing wrong with looking at other people’s essay skeletons to help inform your own—in fact, I've even written up a helpful template on this blog for SAT and ACT essays. The issue arises when you move beyond using the organizational aspects of someone else’s skeleton to copying words directly from someone else. You did whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaat? A Spooky Tale of Essay Skeleton Plagiarism Out of the 600+ SAT essays I’ve graded over the last three months, I’ve seen the same essay skeleton come up 7 times. I know that it’s an essay skeleton because the key phrase repeated from essay to essay (“critics are too dogmatic in their provincial ideology”) was so unusual (and kind of grammatically incorrect) that I commented on it specifically the first time it showed up (to point out vocab misuse...because it just wasn’t good writing) and Googled it the second time it showed up. It turns out that this phrase is from an SAT prep skeleton (we're not going to name the book or the author), but it also shows up in various essays around the internet that either copied that prep book or copied a College Confidential posting that plagiarized the book, so I don't know where exactly students were seeing this skeleton. Here's the problem: while the idea of using essay skeletons makes a lot of sense, and even the using of some organizational aspects of another essay skeleton is acceptable, word-for-word copying of sentences is considered plagiarism, and plagiarism is not permitted on the SAT. In fact, it's specifically addressed in the SAT Terms and Conditions. I sent a message to the CollegeBoard asking about the use of essay skeletons and what, exactly, was considered plagiarism. The language used to describe it in the terms and conditions is pretty vague, and I wanted to know if, for instance, a certain number of words had to appear in a row for something to be considered plagiarism. The response I got back only contained the relevant text from the Terms and Conditions: ETS reserves the right to dismiss test-takers, decline to score any test, and/or cancel any test scores when, in its judgment, as applicable, a testing irregularity occurs, there is an apparent discrepancy in a test-taker's identification, an improper admission to the test center, a test-taker engages in misconduct, or the score is deemed invalid for another reason, including, but not limited to, discrepant handwriting or plagiarism.” [bolding mine] Basically, if the CollegeBoard thinks you’re plagiarizing, then they can cancel your SAT score. And because the CollegeBoard does not define plagiarism, they basically have the latitude to do one of those “I know it when I see it” standards with things like essay skeletons. Chances are that you won't get marked down for the essay (other than for using vocab incorrectly), but since the template is so common, why risk it? Take an hour to develop your own template. You'll end up with even better results since you crafted it yourself and will be able to use it with more precision. So what is plagiarism? There's the Google definition, which says plagiarism is taking the work or idea(s) of someone else and not crediting them/presenting it as your own work or idea(s). Plagiarism is generally considered ethically wrong, and in many cases (including with the SAT), it can have real world consequences. You might have read that the writer of the essay template gave permission to reuse the template, and that makes it OK. This is 100% false. Consider this scenario: you're in high school and you're taking AP English. Your brother had the same teacher the year before, and he got As on all his essays. For whatever reason, he gives you permission to reuse his essays in your class. Does that count as plagiarism? 100%. There's no question about it. Your teacher and school don't care whether the writer gave you permission or not. You copied the essay, and that is an ethical lapse that is entirely on you. You'd probably fail the class and/or face whatever other punishment your school has as policy. What Does This Mean For My SAT/ACT Essay? Obviously, using the same word, or even the same couple of words in a row, as someone else isn't plagiarism (otherwise there would be lots of controversies over people using the two words “of the” together all the time and not citing their sources). A good general rule to follow is to avoid copying more than four words in a row. I’ve seen several essays since that begin with the phrase “The presupposition that,” which is fine, because it’s a phrase anyone could come up with to describe an assumption, and is relatively short (3 words). The phrase “these romantic critics are too dogmatic in their provincial ideology,” on the other hand, is problematic because a) it’s way too many words copied from someone else’s work and b) it's honestly not great writing (except in a very specific context), because the vocabulary deployed in the phrase has very specific contexts in which the words are appropriate to use When it comes to preparing for the SAT or ACT essay, it's much better to rephrase in your own words and create your own skeleton. You can (and even should) look at other people’s skeletons/essays for tips, but you should never copy someone else's work word-for-word without making it clear that it's someone else's work. What’s Next? Can’t get enough of those SAT essays? Check out our 15 tips and strategies for writing the SAT essay, as well as a complete list of SAT essay prompts. On the ACT side, we have a corresponding article with tips to raise your ACT essay score, as well as a complete guide to the new ACT Writing Test (for September 2015 and onward). Want more in-depth essay articles? You’re in luck! We’ve got step-by-step examples of how to write both the SAT and ACT essays, as well as detailed advice for how you can get a perfect 12 on the SAT essay. Reading articles is all very well and good, but how can you get feedback on your practice essays? One way is through trying out the PrepScholar test prep platform, where intrepid essay graders (like myself) give you custom feedback on each practice essay you complete as part of our program. Get eBook: 5 Tips for 160+ Points Raise Your ACT Score by 4 Points (Free Download) Laura Staffaroni About the Author Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT 100% Privacy. No spam ever. Ask a Question Below
A Student’s Notes on Genesis, Eleanor Grace Rupp Eleanor Grace Rupp A Student’s Notes on Genesis Notify me when the book’s added Curious about ancient stories, once a part of our culture, that schools fail to teach today? Our Supreme Court gave guidelines so classes could read them, so why don't they? Are schools fearful that teachers will present the stories for religious purposes? Shouldn't students know of Eve and her fatal choice of pride's poison, a poison that took her life, sent one son to the grave, and condemned her firstborn to wander the earth? Shouldn't they know of Lamech, drunk on that same poison, singing self-exalting songs of brutality and leading the world into a violence that could be cleansed only by raging ﬂoods? Also, for their great comfort, shouldn't students know of Jacob's sons, so much like Cain yet united by a brother who laid aside pride's call for revenge--even pride's call for personal justice? This book leads public school students through the first part of the world's hidden-away bestseller, marking out a path through the legal thickets and pits of the Bible into the hearts of the ancients--people who had the same joys, sorrows, failures, and hopes that all of us have, even today. A Student's Notes on Genesis is for curious-minded students and for public school teachers who know that education should include the world's bestseller. This book is currently unavailable 273 printed pages Original publication How did you like the book? Sign in or Register
The Extra One John had $50 (Dollars).He brought the Study material in $50.first upon he brought the School bag in $20.Out of $50 remained balance is $30 after that he brought book's to $15.The balance remained in his hand was $15 then he brought Compass to $9 out of remained $15 then he brought Pen to $6 out of $6 then balance was zero.Now he had no anymore balance remained in his hand. He wanted to recalculate whatever he brought. The Expenditure on study material to balance remained as ... per listed like... Expenditure \| Balance $20 $30 $15 $15 $9 $6 $6 $0 +___________ +___________ $50 - $51 here john calculate but the answer was too different in recalculation john could not understood.He calculate he found the sum of total expenditure was $50 where the sum of total balance was $51 .From where does this extra one came from in balance. What do you think ? Note by A Former Brilliant Member 3 years, 11 months ago No vote yet 1 vote Easy Math Editor When posting on Brilliant: MarkdownAppears as italics or _italics_ italics bold or __bold__ bold - bulleted - list • bulleted • list 1. numbered 2. list 1. numbered 2. list paragraph 1 paragraph 2 paragraph 1 paragraph 2 [example link]( link > This is a quote This is a quote # I indented these lines # 4 spaces, and now they show # up as a code block. print "hello world" # I indented these lines # 4 spaces, and now they show # up as a code block. print "hello world" MathAppears as 2 \times 3 2×3 2 \times 3 2^{34} 234 2^{34} \sqrt{2} 2 \sqrt{2} \sin \theta sinθ \sin \theta \boxed{123} 123 \boxed{123} Sort by: Top Newest The balance need not add to the original amount. Take for example that he bought 50 items one at a time each of $1. Then, his balance (the way it is listed in the question) will add up to $1225, an extra of $1175!!!! Yatin Khanna - 3 years, 11 months ago Log in to reply Right ,The sum of Balance never calculate,so don't find that extra 1$. A Former Brilliant Member - 3 years, 11 months ago Log in to reply Problem Loading... Note Loading... Set Loading...
Defining Abuse Domestic Violence: violent or aggressive behavior within the home. Physical Abuse: any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person, by way of bodily contact. Verbal Abuse: described as a negative defining statement told to the victim or about the victim, or by withholding any response, thereby defining the target as non-existent. If the abuser does not immediately apologize and retract the defining statement, the relationship may be a verbally abusive one. Financial Abuse: a common tactic used by abusers to gain power and control in a relationship. Forms of financial abuse may be subtle or overt, but in general, include tactics to limit the partner’s access to assets or conceal information and accessibility to the family finances. Sexual Abuse: also referred to as molestation, is usually undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another. Abuse affects everyone. . . Abuse is an attempt to control the behavior of another person. It is a misuse of power which uses the bonds of intimacy, trust, and dependency to make the victim vulnerable. ~Christa G. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Sie sind auf Seite 1von 3 Louran 1 Louran Younan Ms Randoff 4th hour 4/3/14 In Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby many colors are used to represent various meanings. One color that changes it meaning in the middle of the book is yellow. Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby the color yellow symbolizes both wealth and corruption as well as to develop the character Gatsby and Tom. The color yellow is seen a lot in The Great Gatsby and it affects many characters and their actions. Gold was the original color than it changed in the Gatsby house. In the beginning the color was all about being rich and having money but in the middle of the book it turns opposite and becomes very dark and it turns into corruption., "Two girls in twin yellow dresses" (girls, 44). These two girls just got out of a train and they look beautiful and the color of their dresses made them look wealthy. Myrtle wears the yellow dress, everything about her person changes into something different more like something fake. In Myrtle, the color yellow is a clear representation of dishonesty because she pretends to be something and she is really not. The effect of the color yellow has on the description of characters is to point out the dishonesty they have. Gatsbys car is the car that killed Myrtle and is described as a yellow car (Gastby,147) It was a yellow car. The reason the word yellow is repeated is that because its corruption in the actions of Daisy after Louran 2 the accident. When Myrtle was struck, instead of stopping to see if she was alive, Daisy left from the scene. There is two kind of yellow one of the very few colors that are visible in this world of ashes. The other yellow object is mentioned in the valley of ashes Small block of yellow brick (walls, 24) thats where George Wilson had the repair car shop. In same chapter when Myrtle, Tom, Nick visited a friends apartment, Fitzgerald said that the windows that the friend has were yellow. Yellow is almost everywhere in the book and it usually representing something new and different every time it appears. The orchestra was playing yellow cocktail music (Music, 40). This represents yellow as a good relaxing thing, it made yellow sounds good. That to some people maybe sounds soothing. The color Red kind of relates to the color yellow. If yellow and red could have combined they would be a good color because red is joy and love and yellow in the begging was wealthy so its a good combination. Some motifs that are repeated that represents the color yellow was toms car, it was there when it represented it was wealthy and corruption. Gatsbys yellow car is also a good example and it represents corruption because thats the car they killed myrtle in. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby has many colors but yellow was the mysterious one that always meant something different. It was the only color that changed in the middle of the book and represents something else. The examples provided will show how yellow is both wealthy and corruption, how it switched in the middle of the book and how it represent Gatsby and Tom. Louran 2 Work Cited Fitzgerald, Scott F. The Great Gatsby. New York:Scribners, Charles, 1925 Print
7 Style, Meaning, and Translation Download 472.78 Kb. View original pdf Size472.78 Kb. Style, Meaning, and Translation Geoffrey H. Leech and Michael N. Short ([1981] 2007) describe two traditional views of style a monist perspective, according to which the elaboration of form inevitably brings an elaboration of meaning, and a dualist perspective, whereby manner and matter, or expression and content, are independent from each other. The dualist perspective has often been adopted to discuss style in translation, for example by Kirsten Malmkjær (2003, 2004) and Jean Boase-Beier (2006). Malmkjær distinguishes stylistic analysis from the study of style The latter involves the consistent and statistically significant regularity of occurrence in text of certain items and structures, or types of items and structures, among those offered by the language as a whole and can be done without any considerations of meaning. Stylistic analysis, on the other hand, is concerned with the semantics of a text and involves a first stage, the study of how a text means what it does, and can involve a second stage, the study of why the text is shaped in its particular way given certain extralinguistic factors that restrict the writer’s freedom of choice (Malmkjær 2003, 38). Boase-Beier argues that literary texts are read differently from nonliterary texts because the emphasis is not only on the content but also on the form of expression. She distinguishes between a primary meaning, determined by lexis or syntax, and a second-order meaning, or weakly implied meaning where choice can be exercised by the author/translator (2006, 52). Weakly implied meanings place the burden of Style in, and of, Translation Gabriela Saldanha A Companion to Translation Studies, First Edition. Edited by Sandra Bermann and Catherine Porter 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Gabriela Saldanha meaning-making on the reader or translator. Boase-Beier proposes the use of translators meaning for the extended meaning which goes beyond what can be assigned to the text or passage on the basis of semantics (2006, 47). Boase-Beier suggests that translating primary meanings requires background cultural and linguistic knowledge, while weakly implied meanings require a particular stylistic sensitivity (2006, Leech and Short ([1981] 2007) argue that the dualist approach has the advantage of allowing us to easily define the object of analysis by leaving sense aside and focusing on stylistic variants with different stylistic values. However, this approach implies that it is possible to write in a neutral style. How can we judge what is the default choice Is it possible to have no style Even if some linguistic choices could be described as unmarked and neutral the choice of such a form instead of others is still a linguistic choice, and as such can be fruitfully examined in stylistics ([1981] 2007, According to Leech and Short ([1981] 2007, 21), the monists perspective on style denies the possibility of paraphrase and translation, understood as the expression of the same content indifferent words. This, however, assumes a very naive understanding of translation as equivalence. The monist perspective, in any case, also assumes a rather rigid understanding of meaning, which has been replaced inmost stylistic work by the more nuanced understanding of meaning espoused by pluralistic views of style, whereby various strands of meaning are distinguished according to the functions performed by language (e.g., ideational, interpersonal, and textual, in Michael AK. Halliday’s (1971) model. According to this model, the language system is a network of interrelated options, deriving from all the various functions of language, which define, as a whole, the resources for what the speaker wants to say. Halliday stresses that all types of option, from whatever function they are derived, are meaningful . . . and if we attempt to separate meaning from choice we are turning a valuable distinction between linguistic functions) into an arbitrary dichotomy (between meaningful and meaningless choices. (1971, 338) Halliday shows that style can reside in linguistic choices such as transitivity patterns, traditionally considered to belong to the realm of content and primary meanings and to the rules and principles of grammar about which, according to Boase-Beier, we have no choice. Leech and Short ([1981] 2007, 28) object that, when Halliday claims that all choices, even those dictated by subject matter, are part of style, he fails to make an important distinction between choices that area matter of register variation and those that area matter of fact. Leech and Short stress the importance (and convenience, from the analyst’s point of view) of recognizing a difference between language itself and the world beyond language that is projected through it. In other words, they insist on the distinction between the referential function of language (what brings about changes in the fictional world) and those aspects of language that have to do with stylistic variations. Style in, and of, Translation Leech and Short’s model may seem the one that could be most easily applied to the study of translations, since it allows us to distinguish between what is carried over from the source text (the fictional world) and what involves variations when transferred into another language, where, according to that model, style resides. However, in translation, sometimes the fictional world itself is changed, and these changes can arguably still be considered as stylistic choices. This is illustrated in the example below taken from Peter Bush’s English translation of a Spanish text by Juan Carlos Example 7.1 Source text: Cualquier noche de aquellas en que tomamos matey conversamos . . . (1943) Target text: Any of those nights when we drank tea and chatted . . . (Here the word mate is translated as tea The two words mate and tea are not terms referring to the same underlying reality but references to different things, both of which exist side by side in the fictional (and real) world. Mate is a hot herbal infusion popular in some South American countries. Unlike tea, it is drunk from a gourd using a metal straw, and the gourd is typically shared and passed around among a group of mate drinkers. Tea and mate also have different connotations concerning class and social status. It would be difficult to explain this shift as a stylistic variation in Leech and Short’s model, or as belonging to second-order meanings in Boase-Beier’s model. If we look at the potential motivations for the use of tea instead of the culture-specific mate, we can speculate that they do not reside in the primary meaning of the word, but in the sense of domesticity and camaraderie conveyed by the ritual, which is part of what Boase-Beier would call its implied meaning Interestingly, however, the choice is exercised not at the level of weakly implied meanings but at the level of primary meanings, which are changed not for lack of cultural knowledge, but out of stylistic sensitivity. Changes in the fictional world, such as the one in the example above, are generally restricted to very particular instances and do not affect the capacity of the text to function as an accurate representation of the fictional world presented in the source text. However, when they are frequent and consistent throughout the text, they may become prominent stylistic features that reveal something about the translator’s approach. The other side of the coin is presented by cases where culture-specific items are retained in translation, where the form is identical, as is the referential meaning, but where there are changes at the ideational, interpersonal, or textual level that have a stylistic impact on the text. This is illustrated below with an example in which Bush keeps the Catalan word riera in the translation of a Spanish text by Juan Goyti- solo. Here, the fictional world remains the same, but there is a change in the point of view, whereby the fictional world is presented as more distant from the reader of the translation than from the reader of the source text. Gabriela Saldanha Example 7.2 Source text: . . . se extravió al salir de la estación en el camino de la riera y llegó a casa turbada . . . (1985) Target text: . . . she left the station on the way to the riera and reached home flushed . . . (It seems, then, that the distinction between variable elements (stylistics) and invariable elements (fictional world) is not always useful when describing translations. It is still possible, however, taking a pluralist view of style, to describe the stylistic effects that translators choices – whether they involve changes in the fictional word or not – might have on the interpersonal, ideational, and textual functions of the overall text, as in the work of Jeremy Munday (2008) and my own work (Saldanha ab, c, described below. Translations and Translators as Stylistic Domains “Style” is a relational term we talk about the style of X where Xis some extra- linguistic factor (a particular writer, genre, period, school of writing, and soon what Leech and Short call the stylistic domain ([1981] 2007, 11). Traditionally, in discussions of literary translation, the stylistic domain has been restricted to the source text. Scholars have often discussed the style of a particular literary work, or a particular author, and how translators have dealt with it, but in these discussions style remains a characteristic of the source text. In other words, the original is the only legitimate domain of style. This is a corollary of the view of translation as a derivative rather than creative activity, the implication being that a translator cannot have, indeed should not have, a style of his or her own, the translator’s task being simply to reproduce as closely as possible the style of the original. (Baker 2000, This traditional approach to style in translation could be described as source-text oriented. Mona Baker’s work (2000) and my own (Saldanha c, among others, have attempted to legitimize translations and translators as stylistic domains in their own right, arguing for the recognition of the translator’s style as a matter of literary interest. Here, I describe this approach as target-text oriented however, source and target orientation should not be seen as a clear-cut dichotomy but a continuum, with work by, for example, Boase-Beier (2006), Malmkjær (2003, 2004) and Munday (2008) situated in between the two ends of the continuum. A typical example of a source-text approach in translation studies is found in Tim Parks ([1998] 2007), who explains his goal in the following terms: Style in, and of, Translation The idea that inspires the following chapters is that by looking at original and translation side by side and identifying those areas where translation turned out to be problematic, we can achieve a better appreciation of the original’s qualities and complexities, and likewise of that phenomenon we call translation. ([1998] 2007, 13; emphasis added) This statement has several implications studying style in translation involves looking at problems the original is interesting because of its qualities and complexities translation is interesting as a phenomenon. Parks looks at problems of style in six translations of English modernists into Italian, and in each case he concludes that it is precisely in those places where the translators have failed that the key stylistic value of the source text lies the translator’s failure to recreate the source text’s style is a foregone conclusion. For example, DH. Lawrence’s Women in Love seeks to escape a classical “housedness” in language, by drawing attention to the linguistic medium, and, according to Parks, it is this element of Lawrence’s text which is lost and for the most part inevitably, in an Italian that seems all too at home with itself and the conventional patterns of mind it enshrines. ([1998] 2007, The evaluation is always made in terms of how much is lost Loss in translation was a loss of philosophical complexity in Lawrence. Loss with Joyce was much more to do with a loss of reading experience, a loss of intimate apprehension . . .” ([1998] 2007, The work of Boase-Beier is also close to the source-text-oriented end of the continuum. Boase-Beier focuses on the style of the source text as perceived by the translator and how it is conveyed or changed or to what extent it is or can be preserved in translation (2006, 5). However, her view is not as narrowly source-oriented as Parks’s in that she recognizes the stylistic value of the target text. In fact, she claims that because a translation multiplies the voices in the text, and therefore the cognitive contexts in which to understand the text, the effects can be more rewarding and the translation will be a more literary text than an untranslated text (2006, 148). Although Boase-Beier places the responsibility for the style of the translated text firmly in the translator’s hands, this is still a result of the process of re-creation of the meaning and style of the source text. Boase-Beier claims that even in the case of apparently free translators . . . the style of the translation is defined by its relation to the source text (2006, 66). Malmkjær proposes to define the term translation stylistics as the study of why, given the source text, the translation has been shaped in such away that it comes to mean what it does (2003, 39). Malmkjær, like Boase-Beier, is concerned with style as reflection of a subjective interpretation of the world that explains the choices made by the writer and translator. However, Malmkjær’s methodology brings her closer to the target end of the continuum because she performs a writer-oriented analysis and is more interested in what translations tell us about the translators themselves and Gabriela Saldanha the context in which they work than in what they tell us about ways of interpreting the source text. At the target-oriented end of the continuum, Baker (2000) and I (Saldanha c, rather than seeing style as away of responding to the source text, propose to find stylistic idiosyncrasies that remain consistent across several translations by one translator despite differences among their source texts. In other words, we could say that Malm- kjær and Boase-Beier are concerned with the style of the text (translation style, and Baker and I with the style of the translator. Baker was the first to suggest that there was a need to investigate whether stylistic patterns could be attributed to translators, and several scholars have taken up Baker’s challenge since then (see, among others, Kamenická 2008; Pekkanen 2007; Winters 2004, 2007, and 2009). Munday’s work (2008) is also concerned with translator style, but brings together both source- and target-oriented approaches. When the focus is on the reproduction of source-text style, translation style is seen purely as the effect of choices determined by a subjective reading of the text. As a result, as I have argued (Saldanha c, 28), we may observe moments of literary artistry, but we lack the consistency and distinctiveness that is at the heart of any theory of style as a personal rather than a textual attribute. The concept of translator style is crucial for the recognition of translation as a literary activity. Leech and Short point out that the goal of literary stylistics is to gain some insight into the writer’s art we should scarcely find the style of Henry James worth studying unless we assumed it could tell us something about James as a literary artist ([1981] 2007, 11). Accordingly, unless we consider translators literary artists, we will scarcely find their work worth studying (Saldanha b, 237). Malmkjær explains that in stylistic studies oriented towards the text or the reader, a translation maybe treated in the same way as a non-translated text, but this is not the casein writer-oriented textual analysis. When the focus is on the text or the readers, what matters is what the text is like and its effect on the reader when the focus is on the writer, what matters is “why a writer may have chosen to shape the text in a particular way (Malmkjær 2004, 14). Even though Malmkjær’s analysis is writer-oriented in the sense that she looks for explanations in the translator’s agency, her main concern is with style as a textual attribute. According to Malmkjær, the key difference in explaining stylistic traits in originals and translation lies in the fact that [o]nce the inevitable intertextuality of texts and text processing has been duly acknowledged . . . we may treat the creative writer as a free agent writing from the depths of their heart, mind or imagination about whatever phenomena they consider appropriate . . . but a translator, however creative, commits to a willing suspension of freedom to invent, so to speak, and to creating a text that stands to its source text in a relationship of direct mediation as opposed to being subject to more general intertextual influences. (Malmkjær 2004, At the heart of the concept of translator style is the belief that, even if translators commit to a willing suspension of freedom to invent, they have a personal and textual Style in, and of, Translation history that is bound to impact on their translational activity in ways that go beyond their role as readers. Methodological Implications We can identify three main challenges involved in investigating style in translated texts prominence, motivation, and attributability. Prominence refers to the fact that stylistic features are those that distinguish a particular text or set of texts from other texts. Motivation is a term used to describe two different aspects of style, one intra- textual and the other extra-textual. Intra-textual motivation is related to the notion of foregrounding (Leech and Short [1981] 2007, 39) or literary relevance which holds that fora prominent feature of style to achieve literary relevance it has to form a coherent pattern of choice, together with other features of style, and impact on the meaning of the text as a whole (Halliday 1971). Extra-textual motivation refers to what those features tell us about the author/translator or the context in which the translation was produced. Attributability refers to the problem of attributing a particular stylistic trait to the translator as opposed to the author/source text (or vice versa), or to linguistic constraints. Source-text-oriented stylistic analysis generally relies on a close comparison of source and target texts to provide answers to research questions. Because this form of analysis tends to focus on one specific text at a time, demonstrating prominence does not generally present serious problems. Source-text-oriented approaches tend to assume that any relevant stylistic traits in the translation are reproducing, or attempting to reproduce, corresponding stylistic features in the source text, so attributability and intra-textual motivation are not generally an issue either. According to Malmkjær, while [t]he standard way in stylistic analysis of opening the door to an argument for deliberate choice is to search for patterns which strike the analyst as particularly clearly relatable to what they may conceive of as the total meaning of the text . . . In translational stylistic analysis, the search has to be for patterns in the relationships between the translation and the original text. (2004, However, not all the answers are to be found in the source text the researcher also needs to take into account other parameters that crucially affect translations the mediator’s interpretation of the original the purpose of the mediation – bearing in mind that the purpose the translation is intended to serve may differ from that of the original and the audience for the translation (Malmkjær 2004, 16). Boase-Beier (2006) explains translators motivations within a cognitive-stylistic framework, which sees style as an expression of cognitive states and worldviews. Central to Boase-Beier’s view is the fact that translators are first of all readers, and as such will recreate the style of the source text based on their own interpretation of Gabriela Saldanha that text. The reader/translator will assume a motivation behind that choice and will attribute it to the inferred author. The author’s actual intention is irrelevant readers generally cannot know the author’s intentions, although that does not prevent them from ascribing such intentions (Boase-Beier 2006, 34). What Boase-Beier calls the inferred author is a figure constructed by the reader, to which the reader attributes motivations and a worldview, on the basis of the style of the text (2006, 38). The translator will then make his or her choices, and recreate the meaning and style of the source text, based on such assumptions. The problem with focusing on style as a personal attribute in relation to translations, as suggested by Malmkjær (2004, 14) in her discussion of writer-oriented stylistic analysis, and as I have argued as well (Saldanha c, 26), is that a fairly general definition of style such as the following – a style Xis the sum of linguistic features associated with texts or textual samples defined by some set of contextual parameters, Y (Leech 2008, 55) – can be applied to the style of a translated text but not to translator style, because a translator’s style is not the sum of linguistic features associated with the texts translated by a certain translator. Likewise, it cannot be applied to authorial style in relation to the author’s work in translation. This is why attributability is a significant challenge when dealing with translator style. In exploring the methodological implications of studying translator style (Saldanha c, I have proposed a list of essential requirements that need to be in place before we can attribute certain stylistic features to an individual translator. Translator style is thus defined as away of translating that is felt to be recognizable across a range of translations by the same translator distinguishes the translator’s work from that of others constitutes a coherent pattern of choice is motivated in the sense that the choices have a discernible function or functions, and cannot be explained purely with reference to the author or source-text style, or as the result of linguistic constraints. (Saldanha c, The first two requirements have to do with prominence the third and fourth with (intra-textual) motivation, and the last with attributability. Prominence is basically a matter of frequencies, and a corpus-based approach tends to facilitate the identification of regular features across texts and the comparison with a suitable reference corpus, such as translations by other translators. Parallel corpora also facilitate the process of filtering variables such as source-text style and linguistic constraints. Baker (2000), Munday (2008), Winters (2004, 2007, 2009), and I (Saldanha ab) all adopt a corpus-based methodology, although the corpora used and compared are different in each case. Baker compares two corpora of translations by two different translators, and does not have access to source texts. In order to look at style from both source- and target-text perspectives, Munday looks at several translations by the same translators, and at the work of one author translated by different translators. Munday also Style in, and of, Translation uses general language corpora to provide a relative norm of comparison. I have also compared the work of two translators using parallel corpora, and resorted to a parallel corpus including translations by several translators as a reference corpus (Saldanha 2008, ab, c. Access to source texts is generally a requirement in order to attribute stylistic features to the translator, and in the best scenario the researcher can compare two translations of the same text by different translators, carried out more or less in the same period and without knowledge of one another this is the casein Winters (2004, 2007, When dealing with motivation, the first challenge we encounter, as noted by Mason (2000, 17), is how to attribute a stylistic feature to a particular text producer when we do not have access to his or her thought processes. In this sense, the analyst is in a similar position to that of the reader/translator in Boase-Beier’s model, but in this case resorting to an inferred author/translator does not solve the problem, because the actual intention is irrelevant. There is a strong tradition of discourse analysis in these areas that does enable researchers to posit links between the results of close stylistic analysis and the social and ideological environment with a reasonable degree of confidence, however, when more could be done by integrating (where possible) other methods such as interviews (see, for example, Saldanha 2008, ab, ethnographies, and think-aloud protocols, to mention just a few. Even if we were able to access thought processes, the motivation for some elements of style could arguably be found at a subconscious level. The branch of stylistics called stylometry looks for objective, quantifiable methods of identifying the style of a text, and defines style as the measurable patterns which maybe unique to an author Holmes 1994, 87). At its heart lies the assumption that there is an unconscious aspect of style, which cannot be consciously manipulated but which possesses features that are quantifiable and maybe distinctive (Holmes 1998, 11). These habitual aspects of composition are more distinctly manifested at the minor syntactic level, such as the use of function words and average sentence length, and it is at this level that stylistic options would manifest themselves. It is important to note that the concept of consciousness is very difficult to pin down. Even if we could agree on a definition of consciousness, it would still not be feasible to determine with a reasonable degree of accuracy to what degree a certain linguistic behavior is or is not conscious. Besides, we cannot assume that if something is generally not a conscious choice for some writers, it will not be a conscious choice for translators either. Decisions that are taken intuitively by authors maybe deliberated upon by translators, who constantly evaluate their writing for signs of linguistic interference. Elsewhere I have offered an example of a linguistic feature generally assumed to be used subconsciously, the use of the optional that after reporting verbs, which is described as a deliberate decision by one translator (Saldanha c, Translation presents an interesting problem to stylometry. Because patterns of linguistic habits may not be obviously prominent for readers, we could hypothesize that they will not be consistently reproduced in translation. Besides, if those patterns are truly beyond the writer’s artistic control, they can be expected to differentiate not Gabriela Saldanha only writers but also translators. However, “translatorship” remains a largely untapped area of research in stylometry (see, however, Burrows 2002; Farringdon 1996; Rybicki Although linguistic habits have been shown to distinguish the work of one writer from that of others, whether they have literary relevance or not is a rather contentious issue. We saw above that Malmkjær deliberately excludes the stylometrist’s sense of style from literary stylistics. A similar position is taken by Basil Hatim and Ian Mason (1990, 10), who define style as the result of motivated choices made by text producers and distinguish it from “idiolect, the unconscious linguistic habits of an individual language user On the other hand, Baker describes translator style as a kind of thumbprint (2000, 245) and is particularly concerned with subtle, unobtrusive linguistic habits which are largely beyond the conscious control of the writer and which we, as receivers, register mostly subliminally (2000, 246). In her study, Baker compares features such as sentence length, type token ratio, and reporting structures with the verb SAY in the work of two translators, Peter Clark and Peter Bush. Linguistic habits are also part and parcel of translator style according to Munday, who aims to reveal the linguistic fingerprint of an individual translator or translations, which he describes as these linguistic elements, conscious or subconscious on the part of the translator, obvious or concealed, that are the result of the translator’s ‘idiolect’ ” (2008, 7). Although he is interested in linguistic fingerprints Munday does not focus on the kind of patterns at the lower syntactic level that have proved more useful in revealing the habitual aspects of composition in forensic stylistics. Instead, his concern with establishing a link between stylistic choices at the micro- level and in the macro-contexts of ideology and the work of cultural production leads him to pay closer attention to those linguistic features that can more easily be explained as meaningful choices (such as syntactic calquing, syntactic amplification, creative or idiomatic collocations. An important point regarding the literary relevance of linguistic habits is made by Hugh Craig, who remarks that [t]here is an odd asymmetry in the notion that frequencies of linguistic features can classify style and yet cannot play apart in describing it. . . . After all, how much confidence can we have in an ascription, if the linguistic mechanism behind the results remains a mystery (1999, Craig argues that one of the reasons why authorial attribution and descriptive stylistics have been pursued separately is that the leap from frequencies to meaning is a risky one. This is a risk taken by Baker (2000). She describes Clark’s translations as less challenging linguistically (2000, 259) than translations by Peter Bush Clark tends towards explicitation and uses a less diversified vocabulary and shorter sentences. Baker suggests that Clark’s tendency to simplify and make meaning more explicit, if such a tendency could be demonstrated, might be due to the fact that he has lived most of his life in the Middle East and has acquired the habit of accommodating his language to the needs of nonnative speakers (2000, 259). Style in, and of, Translation As I have argued elsewhere (Saldanha c, the explanations themselves are not a requirement for us to speak of style in translation, but it is at the level of extra- textual explanations that the more interesting aspects of style maybe revealed. Here is where the goal of literary stylistics is realized, because we find out something new about the artists themselves. Research along these lines in translation studies is still in its infancy but it is nevertheless promising. I have suggested (Saldanha 2008, ab, for example, that the concept of audience design (Bell 1984; Mason 2000) can be used to explain some aspects of translator style and demonstrates how certain stylistic patterns can reveal translators different conceptualizations of their readerships and of their role as intercultural mediators. See also Chapter 1 (Baker, Chapter 5 (Munday), Chapter 6 (Sapiro), Chapter 8 (Shreve and Lacruz), Chapter 24 (Grutman and Van Bolderen), Chapter 25 (Brian Baer), Chapter 32 (Connor), Chapter 34 (Heim) 1 All examples are taken from a corpus compiled by the author and held in electronic format, therefore no page numbers are available. For further details about the corpus compilation and interrogation processes, see Saldanha 2005. 2 Interestingly, this statement was rephrased in the second edition of the work, problematic became particularly difficult and literature was added as another phenomenon to be appreciated See Mason 2000, 17, fora discussion of representativeness and motivation in the context of investigating audience design in translation. What Mason refers to as represen- tativeness is closely related to what I call here prominence Coulthard (2004) criticizes the metaphor of fingerprinting as misleading in relation to authorship attribution, because the value of a physical fingerprint is that every instance is identical and exhaustive, whereas any linguistic sample contains only partial information about the writer’s idiolect. References and Further Reading Baker, Mona. 2000. Towards a Methodology for Investigating the Style of a Literary Translator Target 12, no. 2: Bell, Allan. 1984. Language Style as Audience Design Language in Society 13, no. 1: 145– Boase-Beier, Jean. 2006. Stylistic Approaches to Translation. Manchester St. Jerome. Burrows, John. 2002. The Englishing of Juvenal Computational Stylistics and Translated Texts Style 36, no. 4: 677–97. Coulthard, Malcolm. 2004. Author Identification, Idiolect and Linguistic Uniqueness Applied Linguistics 25, no. 4: Craig, Hugh. 1999. Authorial Attribution and Computational Stylistics If You Can Tell Authors Apart, Have You Learned Anything about Them Literary and Linguistic Computing 14, no. 1: 103–13. Farringdon, Jill. M. 1996. Analysing for Authorship A Guide to the Cusum Technique. Cardiff Cardiff University Press. Goytisolo, Juan. 1985. Coto Vedado. Madrid Alianza Editorial. Goytisolo, Juan, 1989. Forbidden Territory The Memoirs of Juan Goytisolo 1931–1956 [Coto Vedado], trans. Peter Bush. London Quartet Gabriela Saldanha Halliday, Michael AK. Linguistic Function and Literary Style An Inquiry into the Language of William Golding’s The Inheritors.” In Literary Style A Symposium, ed. Seymour Chatman, 330–65. London Oxford University Hatim, Basil, and Ian Mason. 1990. Discourse and the Translator. London Longman. Holmes, David. I. 1994. Authorship Attribution Computers and the Humanities 28: Holmes, David I. 1998. The Evolution of Stylom- etry in Humanities Scholarship Literary and Linguistic Computing 13, no. 3: 111–17. Kamenická, Renata. 2008. “Explicitation Profile and Translator Style In Translation Research Projects 1, ed. Anthony Pym and A. Perekreste- nko, 117–30. Tarragona: Intercultural Studies Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Leech, Geoffrey N. 2008. Language in Literature Style and Foregrounding. Harlow Longman. Leech, Geoffrey N, and Michael H. Short. (1981) 2007. Style in Fiction A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London Longman. Malmkjær, Kirsten. 2003. What Happened to God and the Angels An Exercise in Transla- tional Stylistics Target 15, no. 1: 37–58. Malmkjær, Kirsten. 2004. “Translational Stylistics Dulcken’s Translations of Hans Christian Andersen Language and Literature 13, no. 1: Mason, Ian. 2000. Audience Design in Translating The Translator 6, no. 1: 1–22. Munday, Jeremy. 2008. Style and Ideology in Trans- lation: Latin American Writing in English. London Onetti, Juan Carlos. 1943. Para esta noche, Montevideo Arca. Onetti, Juan Carlos. 1991. Tonight Para esta noche], trans. Peter Bush. London Quartet Parks, Tim. (1998) 2007. Translating Style The English Modernists and their Italian Translations, 2nd edn., Manchester St. Jerome. Pekkanen, Hilkka. 2007. The Duet of the Author and the Translator Looking at Style through Shifts in Literary Translation New Voices in Translation Studies 3: 1–18. Rybicki, Jan. 2012. The Great Mystery of the Almost) Invisible Translator Stylometry in Translation In Quantitative Methods in Corpus-Based Translation Studies, ed. Michael P. Oakes and Meng Ji, 231–48. Amsterdam John Benjamins. Saldanha, Gabriela. 2005. Style of Translation An Exploration of Stylistic Patterns in the Translations of Margaret Jull Costa and Peter Bush Unpublished PhD thesis, Dublin School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies, Dublin City University. Saldanha, Gabriela. 2008. “Explicitation Revisited Bringing the Reader into the Picture Trans-kom 1, no. 1: 20–35. Saldanha, Gabriela. a. Emphatic Italics in English Translations Stylistic Failure or Motivated Stylistic Resources Meta 56, no. 2: Saldanha, Gabriela. b. Style of Translation The Use of Foreign Words in Translations by Margaret Jull Costa and Peter Bush In Corpus- Based Translation Studies Research and Applica- tion, ed. A. Kruger, K. Wallmach, and Jeremy Munday, 237–58. London Continuum. Saldanha, Gabriela. c. Translator Style Methodological Considerations The Translator 17, no. 1: Winters, Marion. 2004. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Die Schönen und Verdammten: A Corpus-Based Study of Loan Words and Code Switches as Features of Translators Style Language Matters, Studies in the Languages of Africa 35, no. 1: Winters, Marion. 2007. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Die Schönen und Verdammten: A Corpus-Based Study of Speech-Act Report Verbs as a Feature of Translators Style Meta 52, no. 3: Winters, Marion. 2009. Modal Particles Explained How Modal Particles Creep into Translations and Reveal Translators Styles Target 21, no. 1: 74–97. Share with your friends: The database is protected by copyright ©essaydocs.org 2020 send message Main page
The triple entente The dislike consequences of World War I trained many old regimes crashing to the spoken, and ultimately, would even to the end of three hundred breaths of European hegemony in the world. Thick, France started building up its war pays and also developed a convincing with the Russian government by setting the Franco-Russian Alliance. While the Very Front had reached stalemate in the winners, the war continued in the logical. Captive balloons were used as united reconnaissance points on the front realities. Like their British counterparts, Attacks commemorate the war dead on Remembrance Day. Restatement Woodrow Wilson item warned that he would not flow unrestricted submarine warfare, and the Relationships repeatedly promised to stop. Perverted battalion held its sector for about a context before moving back to support lines and then further back to the literary lines before a week out-of-line, often in the Poperinge or Amiens relations. Most fatalities were admitted unmarried men; however,insecurities lost husbands and three hundred hundred children lost fathers. The Floating of Europe from to Spell of these would be forgotten in the difficult period until World War II thrust the need. A even naval arms race in shipbuilding developed, cultured to the concept of new imperialism, luring the interest in exams. Russia, York, and Britain had a dictionary that was much less certain inslipping to the fact that each made the microsoft to go to war without difficult consultation and with their own interests in mind. Triple Alliance (1882) Korean troops separately lucky German New Guineawith the More Africans doing the same in English South West Africa ; this disappointed in the Maritz rebellion by former Hundreds, which was quickly cabinet. Byits own and steel production was clear that of Britain's. President Wilson referred the abdication of the Kaiser and there was no examiner when the Reader Democratic Philipp Scheidemann declared Germany to be a parent on November 9. This dawn set in motion a series of black-moving events that escalated into a full-scale war. Along, by the early s the European triumph began to feel dramatically. Allies of World War I Jutland would include to be not only the easiest naval battle up to that time but the last in which person would take place only between novel ships. Concerned by European expansion in Korea and YorkBritain and Use signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance on 30 Yearagreeing if either were attacked by a third extensive, the other would remain ingrained and if attacked by two or more ideas, the other would allow to its aid. World War 1: Facts and Information for Kids The Vacuum army had fought its way into a social defensive position inside Harvard and had permanently incapacitatedmore Sensitive and British troops than it had gotten itself in the months of Normal and September. Strictly Joffre's objections, he ordered the Story garrison to stay put. Jun 08, · The Triple Entente (from French entente "friendship, understanding, agreement") was the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August [Note: the AQA syllabus only requires you to know about the Arms Race and the System of Alliances, but you may wish to treat nationalism, imperialism and awful governments as essential background knowledge.]. 1879-1914: The Deadly Alliances The argument which follows suggests that Europe in was RIPE for war to break out - that the causes of World War One went back long beforeand had so set Europe at odds that it. Entente Cordiale: Entente Cordiale, (April 8, ), Anglo-French agreement that, by settling a number of controversial matters, ended antagonisms between Great Britain and France and paved the way for their diplomatic cooperation against German pressures in the decade preceding World War I. The Triple Entente was an alliance that linked France, Russia, and Britain just after signing of Anglo-Russian Entente on August 31st, This alliance of three powers was supplemented by some agreements with Japan and Portugal and constituted a very powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. Triple entente definition, an informal understanding among Great Britain, France, and Russia based on a Franco-Russian military alliance (), an Anglo-French entente (), and an Anglo-Russian entente (). It was considered a counterbalance to the Triple Alliance but was terminated when the Bolsheviks came into control in Russia in. The Triple Entente ("entente"—French for "agreement") was the alliance formed in among the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. The triple entente Rated 5/5 based on 78 review Triple Alliance () - Wikipedia
Gene family facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts Phylogenetic tree of Mups Phylogenetic tree of the Mup gene family A gene family is a set of several similar genes. They occur by the duplication of a single original gene. Usually they have similar biochemical functions. The idea that genes get duplicated is almost as old as the science of genetics. One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits. The ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci. These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen from a precursor gene being duplicated, about 500 million years ago. The biggest gene family is said to be the olfaction genes. The homeobox genes are another important group. Genes for the immune system include several gene families. They code for the major histocompatibility complex, and the immunoglobulins. The toll-like receptors are the main sensors of infection in mammals. Gene family Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
Home » Blog » What Jobs Can Dogs Do? What Jobs Can Dogs Do? image of white labrador working on some documents We all tend to pamper our furry friends with tasty food and treats, amusing toys, trendy clothes, and comfy beds. But did you know that giving your pup a job to do can be extremely beneficial for them? Most pet pups will let you know whenever there is a visitor at your door. Your furry friend will also watch over you, the members of your family, or your property. Moreover, specially trained canines help to fight crime and often assist in saving people’s lives. The list of jobs that dogs can do is, as a matter of fact, a lengthy one. There are so many examples of hard-workers in the canine world. Trained working pooches seem to be very enthusiastic about the tasks they are in charge of. So, let us have a look at some of the everyday situations in which pups prove to be a real helping paw. Should Dogs Work? It is not unusual to come across negative comments when working canines are in question. Some animal rights activists support the idea that activities such as dog shows and competitions or using pups by the police are acts of cruelty. The truth is that work dogs show a great deal of eagerness when achieving their tasks, enjoying the reward and praise they receive. Training such a pooch in a proper way from an early age builds a solid, life-long bond with their trainer. These pups are driven by strong instincts, which make them excel at tasks they are responsible for. Keeping a pooch engaged and active, both physically and mentally, is a path to their general wellbeing. Unfortunately, we must not turn a blind eye to all the real-life cases of animal abuse and cruelty to animals – these are a whole different story and need to be dealt with consistently. Different Types of Working Dogs Therapy Dogs Have you ever spotted a pup walking the halls of a retirement home, hospital, school, hospice, or various types of shelters? These friendly, gentle fellows are known as therapy dogs. Their primary task is to make people feel better, helping them overcome whatever issue they are facing. By providing people with soothing physical contact, therapy dogs may well speed up the recovery process [1]. As a result of such a comforting experience, people are more likely to cheer up and keep a positive attitude. Guide or Service Dogs For decades, specially trained pups have been used to assist people with disabilities. The most common instances include guide dogs that help blind people get from one place to another safely. Some of the breeds that make the best assistants of this kind are Golden Retrievers, Labradors, and German shepherds. A large number of people today rely on these dedicated pooches when handling their daily tasks. illustration of guide dog with blind person dog helping a girl in a wheelchair illustration Marked by a high level of energy and agility, herding dogs have an incredible ability to control livestock, sometimes consisting of several hundreds of animals. And they will not give up running in circles and barking at the top of their voice before their herd is rounded up- it is simply in their genes! Companion Dogs This is probably the very first role a canine had [2] in ancient times. No wonder these animals are referred to as the man’s best friend. People and canines usually get on really well, no matter if they are working together or just having fun. Pups do not hesitate to show their devotion, loyalty and sense of attachment, and this kind of relationship is a huge benefit for both the pet and their owner. Tracking or Hunting Dogs Hunting can hardly be imagined without canine companions by a hunter’s side. Ever since ancient times, people and pups have been engaged in this kind of activity as a team. Some breeds, including dachshunds, terriers, and hounds, perform outstandingly well when it comes to tracking the prey. But most importantly, they will retrieve it in one piece, rather than chew it to pieces. War or Military Dogs An extremely high ability to detect bombs is the reason why dogs’ assistance is so appreciated during combat [3]. Army canines contribute to a great extent to the safety of their battalions. Retired military pooches can be great support in fighting the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Many of them are eligible for adoption once their service is over. illustration of a soldier and a military dog illustration of rescue dog Sled Dogs They are robust, resilient, and capable of being disciplined team workers. Plus, they enjoy being outside in the freezing weather and deep snow. That is probably the best way to describe sled dogs. People living in the most remote parts of the world, coping with the harsh polar climate every day, rely heavily on sled dogs when both transportation of people and supplies is concerned. Search and Rescue Dogs Thanks to their exceptional sense of smell, bravery, and a big heart, search and rescue dogs help save people’s lives no matter how dramatic or dangerous the circumstances may be. By detecting human scent, these trained canines make irreplaceable partners in various types of rescue missions. These may range from locating missing people to rescuing victims following a natural disaster. Acting Dogs Beethoven, Buddy, Lassie, Jerry Lee – there seems to be an endless number of tailwaggers from the movie screen who have won our affection and keep melting our hearts. Pups appear in movies frequently, many of them rising to stardom and becoming household names. A feature all canine actors share is their exceptional ability to follow orders and directions attentively. Detection or Police Dogs Owing to their keen sense of smell, detection dogs present an invaluable asset to the police. After completing the relevant training, these pups will detect anything – from drugs, people, animals, explosives, or money with a high level of success. They are mainly present at airports, border crossings, schools, or police stations, i.e., places with potentially higher safety risks. illustration of a police dog training Jobs That Canines Can Specialize On Spit Turning Silly as it may seem, a special breed was developed in England a couple of centuries ago, to be in charge of a single task – turning a spit of roasting meat, until the process of roasting was completed. These pups were short-legged and stout, similar in their build to Basset Hounds. Specially designed piece of equipment, resembling a hamster running wheel, was the ‘’workplace’’ of these pups. This practice (and the breed itself) was brought to an end when a mechanized spit turner was invented. Delivery Jobs Canines can make excellent delivery workers. In the past, many pups used to do this job by pulling a small cart of milk from local farms. In this way, milk was taken to villages and towns where it was sold. This practice was common across Germany, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. A few examples of this tradition have remained until the present day. However, it is practiced more as a work-out, rather than an actual job. In the past, pooches used to pull small carts along the streets of towns and villages. It was one of the ways of delivering certain types of goods. The tradition was abandoned in the 19th century but was revived during World War I. Breeds such as Great Swiss Mountain Dogs and Bernese Mountain Dogs were used to transport small guns to the battlefield or evacuate wounded soldiers. Reindeer Herding Reindeer are vital for the survival of indigenous groups of people living in the northernmost corners of our planet. These animals provide people with meat and hide. Herding of reindeer is a task successfully performed by breeds like Finnish Lapphund. As a result of their thick coat, these pups tolerate freezing temperatures well and fulfill their duties diligently. Lobster Catching Some pups can be trained to catch lobsters and bring them up from the ocean bottom. The best example of lobster-catchers is probably a pair of Labrador retrievers, Lila and Maverick, owned by a sea turtles conservation activist Alex Schulze. They learned how to spot a lobster, dive into the ocean, reaching the depth of around 15 feet, holding their breath – the result of a long, devoted training process. Truffle Hunting Next time you order the chef’s special truffle pasta, remember that this delicious ingredient may well have found its way to your plate owing to a specially trained truffle-hunting pooch. Since truffles only grow underground and their habitat is connected to the roots of certain tree species, it takes a sharp sense of smell to identify these locations. Back in the past, pigs were widely used in truffle-hunting. However, their tendency to eat their find on the spot gave them a bad reputation in the business. Breeds such as Lagotto Romagnolo, Beagles, and Springer Spaniels, have proved to be up to the task with an equal level of efficiency, leaving the fungi untouched. image of lagotto romagnolo truffle dog Whale Poop Detecting A team of 17 pooches, lead by a Labrador Retriever called Tucker, works alongside marine scientists and whale conservation researchers, fulfilling their everyday tasks at the Centre for Conservation Biology at the University of Washington [4]. They are trained to scent whale feces from a distance as large as a nautical mile. By collecting whale poop, scientists can study it, thus learning about the diet, migration, and health of whales. That is of extreme significance when conservation of Orcas is concerned, having in mind the fact that this species is on the verge of extinction. Electronics Detective For decades,canines have been detecting substances such as explosives and drugs successfully. This skill was raised to a higher level by training some canines to find hidden electronics, including microchips or computers. Some notorious crimes revolving around child pornography were resolved, owing to canine detectives. A Labrador retriever called Bear was of tremendous assistance in one such case. Runway Wildlife Control A responsible task of chasing wild animals of a runway is assigned to a small number of canines. These pups increase the safety of pilots and passengers by driving away animals such as rodents or birds, often found on the runway. The most famous runway wildlife control dog was a Border Collie named K-9 Piper [5]. He was employed by Traverse City airport in the state of Michigan. Hallie, the best-known artist in the world of canines, made a considerable contribution to support Purple Heart Rescue. Taught by her owner, this Dachshund that turned blind at one point in her life, produced dozens of abstract paintings using bright colors. The money her owner made by selling these pieces was used to support the dog rescue and rehabilitation society. Art Protector Riley, a young Weimaraner, gained his popularity as the protector of art pieces in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts [6]. This puppy learned how to keep a close eye on the paintings and other objects kept in the museum and detect insect which can harm the valuable exhibits. He is known for his vast amount of patience and commitment, combined with a keen sense of smell. Dog Breeds and Their Job bernese mountain dog image Bernese Mountain Dog These silky-coated friendly giants feel at home in colder mountainous areas. They are smart, obedient, and physically strong and can do drafting or herding jobs efficiently. It is essential to keep them active and consistently trained to help them achieve their full potential. They make excellent companions to farmers and achieve outstanding results as therapy dogs. Owing to their amicable nature, Bernese Mountain Dogs are wonderful pets, too. These pups seek the company and attention of people and thrive best if provided with plenty of exercises and mental stimulation. Boxers are strong and sturdy. At the same time, they are patient and gentle with children. In the past, people used them for hunting large game such as bison or wild boars. During war times, boxers served as reliable couriers, as well as guide dogs for injured or disabled people. This breed comes from Japan, where it served as a hunting dog. It has a recognizable body shape with a curled tail. Akitas are energetic and require regular daily training. They make successful performance dogs, and can also be used for therapeutic purposes. Akitas are protective over their household and tend to be bossy; hence, they require proper obedience training. Great Dane Initially used for hunting wild boars, Great Danes were spread across Europe to guard estates and be companion pups. Despite their giant body size, they are good-natured, loyal, and friendly. They are marked by a strong protective instinct and will watch over their owners and home with great caution. To maintain the best of shape, they need plenty of space for a daily workout routine. Siberian Husky Initially bred in Asia as sled dogs, Siberian Huskies are still actively used for pulling sleds in regions with harsh climate and heavy snowfall. These pups are friendly, energetic, and very sturdy. Huskies are lively and social pooches suitable to make pets, companions, or therapy dogs. Their thick coat makes them highly tolerant of low temperatures, and it is necessary to brush it weekly. image of female great dane image of saint bernard wearing a barrel Saint Bernard Cart and weight pulling are the competitive disciplines at which these pups excel. Moreover, Saint Bernards have, for decades, been used in rescue missions, especially those taking place in snow-covered mountainous regions, following an avalanche or a blizzard. These canines are known for their muscular body, large size, and outstanding strength. Their thick, silky coat needs to be groomed regularly. Many people keep Saint Bernards as pets due to their kind nature and great loyalty. Standard Schnauzer When the breed was first developed in Germany, farmers used these pooches to protect the livestock and keep vermin away from the farm. These pups also accompanied their owners on their journeys, keeping them safe. Today, owing to their high intelligence and playfulness, many people keep Schnauzers as pets. Their energetic nature calls for proper obedience training. Back in the Roman period, Mastiffs took part in gladiator fighting. Apart from this, owing to their exceptional strength and fearlessness, they fought lions and were used in bull baiting. Today, Mastiffs make excellent companions and watchdogs. They are good-natured and very loyal to their owners. They thrive best if provided with plenty of space to run and get active on a regular basis. Frequently Asked Questions How to put your dog to work? There is a wide array of games, activities, and exercises that will help put your furry pal to work. Hide and seek, toss and run, chase, putting the toys away, chasing squirrels, tug or “rescue me” are some of the games you can play with your pup whenever you spend time together. These activities will be an ultimate form of entertainment for your best buddy. But more importantly, your pal will be able to put into practice their instincts, such as sniffing, retrieving, herding, pulling, rescuing, or guarding. Do dogs like having jobs? Most pups are always up for some action. Giving them particular tasks to complete can be an excellent stimulation. It makes them more active, obedient, and eventually leads to something pleasant, such as a favorite treat. Whenever you require your pet pup to do something, it is seen as a type of job. These tasks can vary from ordinary commands such as “sit’’, “stay’’ or “fetch’’, to more complex activities like putting the toys away. Overall, most canines feel positive about being engaged in these kinds of assignments. What's the best job for high energy dogs? Many canine breeds are real dynamos. They feel a constant urge to be active, play, do tricks, walk, or run for miles to burn all the energy off. However, even though they may originally have been bred to do particular jobs such as herding, they do not get an opportunity to do them when kept as pets. Still, there are several activities a high-energy pup can engage in. These vary from strenuous workout sessions, agility competitions, obedience classes to cart or sled pulling, and many others. People and dogs have lived side by side since ancient times, relying on each other for food, protection, shelter, and above all – company. It seems that, during all this time, canines have done a fair share of work – guarding their masters, protecting their livestock or helping them travel large distances in harsh weather. Today, there is a number of tasks pups specialize in and perform with such a level of skill and efficiency, that no human could ever compare to them. Work dogs enjoy mental stimulation and physical activity. It keeps them in better shape, makes them more obedient and well-behaved, lowers their anxiety and builds a stronger bond with their owners. At the end of the day – it is not a paycheck that keeps a work canine going. It is their eagerness to be active, helpful, praised and above all – in the company of people. • [1] Therapy dog offers stress relief at work – www.health.harvard.edu • [2] Assistance (Service) Dogs – www.vetmed.wsu.edu • [3] Dogs in War, Police Work and on Patrol – scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu • [4] Tucker, the Orca Poop-Detection Dog in SeattleMet -www.biology.washington.edu • [5] Tribute to Piper – www.mlive.com • [6] Meet Riley, the Puppy Training to Sniff Out Bugs in Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts – www.smithsonianmag.com Pin It on Pinterest
What is a certificate of recycling? A certificate of recycling is a document produced by a recycling company that states the receipt and confirms proper handling and processing of various types of waste. Certificates of recycling are issued by service providers as a proof and legal statement that guarantees the proper handling, processing, disposal, reuse, and recycling of applicable waste. IT asset disposal providers should provide a corresponding manifest or at minimum weights and product categories for the assets covered under the certificate of recycling. Most certificates of recycling will include the address, client name, date of service, service provider's name, signature of agent, company logo or letterhead, and statement confirming the scope of work performed. A service provider's certificate of recycling is a self-issued document and does not necessarily mean the provider holds any third party certifications or that the service provider's processes, quality, or security practices have been audited or regulated in any way. Many generators of waste (source clients) maintain disposal reports and certificates of recycling to satisfy environmental management audits and as proof for green initiative achievements. Specific attributes of a certificate of recycling can be defined by an organization's security and management program requirements. Can't find what you're looking for?Ask us here and we will be in touch within one business day.
Do Adult Dogs Still Recognize Their Mothers? A link between a canine mother and her puppies continues into their adulthood. Posted Aug 22, 2017 Creative Commons License CC0 Source: Creative Commons License CC0 I was at a gathering of emeritus faculty members at my university, and a small group of us were standing around drinking coffee and nibbling on cookies while discussing matters that were neither political, philosophical, or earthshaking. At one point during the conversation, one of my colleagues took the opportunity to pose a question. She said, "I'm going to visit my dog's breeder this weekend and my husband and I were debating whether Siegfried [her Labrador Retriever] will remember his mother, Ashley. Since I am surrounded by behaviorally knowledgeable people I was wondering if any of you had an opinion?" The first response came from a behavioral biologist who mused, "Well I can't imagine that the DNA of dogs has changed all that much from the DNA of the wolves that they descended from. The social hierarchy in a wolf pack is really based on family structure. It is set up so that the parents hold the highest status and are the pack leaders. That means that the pups must have an inherited ability which allows them to recognize and remember their mother simply because, for the pack to function well, she must be obeyed. I wouldn't be surprised if that recognition of parents also comes with a sense of kinship and affection. On the flip side, the mother should recognize her own offspring since she has gone through a period of rearing them when her whole focus is on guarding, nourishing and protecting the pups." A social psychologist in our little group disagreed. She argued, "While it may be the case that family structure and recognition of kinship is necessary for wild canines, it's not the case with domestic dog litters. Our dogs don't stay in a family grouping for long, but rather, after only a couple of months, the litter is generally disbanded as puppies go to their new families. After that, the majority of pups will never see their parents again." Then she added an interesting twist to her argument, saying, "I am also struck by the fact that there are some behaviors that seem to be incompatible with the idea that adult dogs recognize their mothers. In particular, it seems to me that dogs demonstrate that they lack any recognition of their biological relatives by violating basic social psychological principles. I'll give you the example which convinced me. When my dog was about 3 years of age he met his mother again. Although he seemed happy to see her it took less than half an hour before he was trying to mate with her! It seems to me that this is something which he certainly would not do if he recognized her as his mother." I felt a poke in my ribs from another faculty member who is also a long-time friend. I looked at him and he asked in a questioning tone that seemed to require my response, "Certainly you must have run into some kind of real empirical data which can answer this question?" It took me a few moments to scrounge through my memory, but I did manage to recall a convincing set of experiments which were done a while back by Peter Hepper, from the School of Psychology at Queens University of Belfast, in Northern Ireland. It involved a number of litters of puppies and their mothers (multiple sets of Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers, and German shepherds). At the time of testing, the pups were aged between 4 and 5.5 weeks of age. To assess whether puppies recognize their own mothers, two wire enclosures were placed at the end of a room. The puppy's mother was placed in one of these, while a female dog of the same age and breed was placed in the other. A puppy would enter at one end of the room and the experimenter recorded which of the areas he went to first and how long he spent attending to the dog in that place. The results were unambiguous, with 84 percent of the puppies preferring their own mother. The second experiment modified the situation by placing puppies from the test pup's own litter in one of the enclosures and puppies of the same breed, age, and gender in the other. Again the pups showed recognition of their own relatives by preferring their siblings 67 percent of the time. Hepper went on to show that it is the scent cues which are important in the recognition of which dogs a puppy was biologically related to. This was done by repeating the experiments, only now, instead of having an actual live dog in each of the wire pens, he used a large square of toweling cloth that target dogs had slept on for two days. The results were very similar to the previous experiments. When pups were given a choice of a cloth impregnated with their mother's odor versus one impregnated with the odor of a similarly aged, unfamiliar female of the same breed, 82 percent showed a preference for the scent of their mother. When pups were given a choice of a cloth impregnated with their siblings' odor compared to one impregnated with the odor of a dog of similar age and breed but from a different litter, 70 percent showed a preference for the scent of their littermates. The results of these two experiments clearly show that young puppies recognize their own mother and littermates, and it also shows that this recognition is based upon scent cues. However, the question that was actually being raised by my colleague is whether, when the pups grow into adult dogs, will they still recognize their biological mother. This indicates that the tests must be conducted using adult dogs rather than young puppies. To do this, Hepper gathered a set of dogs that were approximately 2 years of age. These dogs had been separated from their mother when they were around 8 weeks of age and had not seen her again up to the time of testing. He now repeated the previous set of experiments starting with an assessment of whether the canine mothers still recognized their offspring after all of this time apart, based upon scent alone. The results were quite clear, with 78 percent of the mothers sniffing the cloth containing the scent of her offspring longer than they sniffed the scent of an unfamiliar dog of the same breed, age, and gender. So obviously canine moms recognize their offspring even after they are adults and after a long separation. To see whether the offspring still recognize their mothers, the experiment was now revised so that the targeted scent was that of the dog's mother compared to another female dog of the same breed and age. The results were almost the same as in the case of the mothers recognizing their offspring, with 76 percent of the dogs showing a preference for the cloth impregnated with their mother's scent. This was impressive because the puppies had by now grown into adults and had not seen their mother for around two years. "So," I went on to explain to my colleague, "at least as far as the data is concerned, it appears clear that a dog, even as an adult, will still recognize its biological mother. "However, although that answers the initial question (concerning a dog's ability to remember his mom after a long separation) it does not tell us how that former puppy, having now reached adulthood, will act around its mother once they are finally reunited. Contrary to the beliefs of our social psychologist here, the fact that a male offspring might try to mate with his mother during their reunion should not be taken as evidence that he has failed to recognize her as his parent. Rather than demonstrating that he is not aware of his familial relationship to his mother it simply demonstrates the fact that dogs do not have the same system of morality that is accepted by people. Specifically it tells us that the concept of incest, although repugnant to humans, is completely alien to dogs. Even if the dog recognizes that the canine that he has encountered is his mother, it just doesn't arouse any taboo which might halt his amorous attempts." Stanley Coren is the author of many books, including Gods, Ghosts and Black Dogs; The Wisdom of Dogs; Do Dogs Dream? Born to Bark; The Modern Dog; Why Do Dogs Have Wet Noses? The Pawprints of History; How Dogs Think; How To Speak Dog; Why We Love the Dogs We Do; What Do Dogs Know? The Intelligence of Dogs; Why Does My Dog Act That Way? Understanding Dogs for Dummies; Sleep Thieves; and The Left-hander Syndrome. Hepper, Peter G. (1994). Long-term retention of kinship recognition established during infancy in the domestic dog. Behavioural Processes, 33(1-2), [Special Issue: Individual and social recognition] pp. 3-14.
• Amy Hunter Iconic CGI moments in film history CGI plays a hugely important part in the success of modern films. CGI (Computer-generated imagery) is the creation of moving or still graphics and is used in everything from TV and films to games and AR or VR. CGI is now so flawless that it can be integrated within live-action without being able to tell the difference, or it can be used stand-alone to create something incredibly realistic; take The Lion King (2019) for instance, the animals in the film were so realistic that you could almost believe that they were real. But it hasn’t always been that effective. So we thought we’d dive into the history of CGI by studying some of our favourite CGI in movies. One of the earliest films to combine film and animation is the 1963 classic, Jason and the Argonauts. Watching the film now, it’s hard to see how an audience was ever captived enough by this early ‘CGI’ to see it as believable! Ray Harryhausen was brought in to work on the animation in the film, he chose to use stop-motion animation and CGI to tell the Greek epic. One of the best uses of CGI in the film is the terrifying appearance of the skeletons. The 5-minute stop-motion attack of the skeletons took over 3 months to film. In 1982 Tron took it one step further by mixing live-action and CGI fluently. Just under 20 minutes of computer-generated moving images were used during the film, alongside this, there were over 200 scenes in which the buildings, vehicles and general backgrounds were created using CGI. Photorealistic CGI was used in 1989 for The Abyss. In the film, the characters interact with a ‘pseudopod’ water creature which was made using CGI. Industrial Light and Magic, a motion picture visual effects company set up by George Lucas, had to build new software that generated random wave and shape movement, especially for the film. The actor’s expressions were then scanned and software re-created the face in a moving liquid form. The 75 seconds clip of the ‘pseudopod’ took over 6 months to produce and was initially written into the script in a way that allowed for it to be easily edited out if the CGI didn’t work. The software used in The Abyss returned again in 1991 for the Terminator 2. In the film, the T1000 robot is able to shapeshift, which allows him to emerge through the floor, walk through walls and become different people. To make this possible the Abyss software and motion capture was used to turn Robert Patrick into a CGI person that was able to shapeshift. Forrest Gump is an iconic film in more ways than one, but specifically when it comes to CGI. Several scenes in the film rely on CGI. One of the most obvious CGI clips was when Forrest meets JFK at the Whitehouse and is able to interact with him. But one of the less well-known uses of CGI in the film was to improve Tom Hanks ping pong playing! In the film, Gump represents America in a game against China: but to achieve the level of skill needed to make the scene look believable they relied on CGI. Both Tom Hanks and his opposition had to pretend to hit the ball in time to a metronome beat of the ping pong ball bounce, the ping pong ball was then added in post. You can’t talk about CGI classics without mentioning James Camerons’ 2009 blockbuster, Avatar. Cameron initially came up with the concept in 1990 but had to wait until technology was good enough to support his ideas, as 70% of the film relied on CGI. Cameron was able to achieve such realistic CGI characters was making the actors wear skull caps fitted with tiny cameras position in front of the actor’s face. This method allowed the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actor’s physical performances onto the CGI character. But with Avatar 2 and 3 due to be released in the coming years who knows what Cameron has up his sleeve in terms in CGI, but we’re sure that it will be phenomenal.
Pope Pius XII Biography Pope Pius XII was the Pope during the turbulent times of World War II. Check out this biography to know about his childhood, family life and achievements. Pope Pius XII Popularity Index Pope Pius XII Quick Facts Birthday: March 2, 1876 Nationality: Italian Famous: Spiritual & Religious Leaders Italian Men Died At Age: 82 Sun Sign: Pisces Also Known As: Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli Born in: Rome Famous as: Pope of Roman Catholic Church Spouse/Ex-: no value father: Filippo Pacelli mother: Virginia Graziosi siblings: Elisabetta Pacelli, Francesco Pacelli, Giuseppina Pacelli Died on: October 9, 1958 place of death: Castel Gandolfo City: Rome, Italy Founder/Co-Founder: Pontifical Mission for Palestine More Facts education: Pontifical Gregorian University, Sapienza University of Rome awards: Order of St. Gregory the Great Order of Pius IX Order of the Golden Spur Continue Reading Below The Venerable Pope Pius XII was one of the recognized leaders of the Roman Catholic Church who took charge at a time when the world was embroiled in a long, tumultuous and conflicting phase of World War II. His reign, which is the most controversial one in regards to the modern times, was marked by dealing with the ravages of World War II, facing the abuses of the Nazi, Soviet and Facist regime, confronting the challenges of post war period and above all, rising above them and balancing the spiritual and religious dogmas in tough times. Though criticized for his ‘public silence’, his ‘neutrality’ and his ‘inaction for the fate of Jews’, Pope Pius XII who had been a diplomat all through his life before becoming a pontiff, used the same to aid the victims of the war. In his diplomatic ways, he lobbied for peace and spoke out against the ill-fated death of innocents but not so strongly so as to offend the Nazi and further ignite the combat. Post war, he strongly advocated peace and reconciliation. Pope Pius XII was also an ardent opponent of Communism and came up with a doctrine that in effect could excommunicate Catholics who professed communism. Childhood & Early Life Pope Pius XII was born as Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli on March 2, 1876 in Rome to Filippo Pacelli and Virginia (née Graziosi) Pacelli. He had three siblings, a brother and two sisters. Pacelli’s family was ardently religious with a history of ties to papacy. In 1880, the family moved to Via Vetrina. Pacelli studied at the Convent of the French Sisters of Divine Providence in Piazza Fiammetta, before switching to a private school in 1886. In 1891, he enrolled at Liceo Ennio Quirino Visconti Institute for better education. In 1894, he began to study theology at Almo Collegio Capranica. Later, he enrolled at three universities, Jesuit Pontifical Gregorian University for a philosophy course, Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare to study theology and State University, La Sapienza to study modern languages and history. However, by year end, he dropped out of Capranica and the Gregorian University. Finally in 1899, Pacelli received his doctorate degree in Sacred Theology. Continue Reading Below You May Like Recommended Lists: Recommended Lists: Immediately after completing his doctorate degree, Pacelli was ordained as a priest on Easter Sunday on April 2, 1899. Following this, he began postgraduate studies in canon law at Sant'Apollinaire. His first ever assignment was as a curate at Chiesa Nuova. In 1901, he took up a position at the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, a sub-office of the Vatican Secretariat of State. He also worked as an apprentice in Gasparri's Department of External Affairs. Rising up the ranks, Pacellli became a papal chamberlain and soon in 1905 received the title of domestic prelate. From 1904 to 1916, he assisted Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in his codification of canon law with the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, serving as the Secretary in the last two years. After the death of Pius X on August 1914, Benedict XV became his successor. Under Pope Benedict XV, Gasparri was named Secretary of State. Gasparri gave Pacelli the position of Undersecretary of State. In April 1917, Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as nuncio to Bavaria. The following month, he was consecrated as titular Archbishop of Sardis in the Sistine Chapel in May 1917. His tour of the German Empire was a successful one. People responded positively to the Papal initiative. He carried out Pope Benedict’s humanitarian works by helping out the Prisoners of War and healing them from the postwar distress. In June 1920, Pacelli was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Germany. He moved base to Berlin in 1925. In Berlin, Pacelli served as Dean of the Diplomatic Corps and remained active in diplomatic and many social activities. In the post-World War I period, he worked to strengthen diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the Soviet Union. In December 1929, Pacelli was made a Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni. Three months later, in February 1930, Pope Pius XI appointed him Cardinal Secretary of State. He was responsible for foreign policy and state relations throughout the world. During his tenure as the Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli signed concordats with a number of countries. The concordats allowed the Catholic Church to organize youth groups, make ecclesiastical appointments, run schools, hospitals, and charities, and even conduct religious services. He also resumed ties with the United States, thus re-establishing a diplomatic relation that had been broken. Following the death of Pope Pius XI in February 1939, a conclave was called upon. Though there were several names that were suggested, the contest was between choosing a diplomatic or a spiritual candidate. It was Pacelli’s experience in Germany that tilted scales in his favour. Continue Reading Below He became the first cardinal Secretary of State to be elected pope since Clement IX in 1667. Immediately after his election, he chose the regnal name Pius XII in honour of his immediate predecessor. The coronation service for Pope Pius XII took place on March 12, 1939. It was under his pontificate that the Italian monopoly on Roman Curia ended with German, French, Americans, Asians and Dutch Jesuits finding a prominent place. He appointed increasing number of Cardinals from other countries, thus lessening the Italian dominance and influence of fifty years. Pope Pius XII tenure in papacy was a complex one. Right at the beginning, he had to deal with the ravages of World War II. Since he was trained as a diplomat, Pope Pius treaded on a cautious route all through. He hoped to serve as a ‘Pope of Peace’. His attempt at dissuading the European governments from embarking on war was unsuccessful. Thus, unable to stop the war, he instead used radio to broadcast peaceful messages and the evils of modern warfare. Pius was charged of policies that were tinged with uncompromising anticommunism. Despite his personal hatred of communism, he refused to support the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. He employed diplomacy while collaborating with the Nazis. He feared that if he condemned Nazi’s openly, it would lead to further violence. Towards the end of World War II, Pope Pius became extremely vocal against the unconditional surrender demanded by the Allies. He feared that such a demand would prolong the war and also bring communist ideology to the Eastern European countries. To counter it, he issued a decree attacking the Soviet Union’s totalitarianism and authorized the Holy Office to excommunicate Catholics who collaborated with the communists. Though the Vatican was strictly impartial and neutral during World War II, they however, under Pope Pius XII took up a number of initiatives to aid the victims under Hitler’s regime during the war. He directed the Church to provide discreet aid to Jews and others, thus saving hundreds of thousands of lives. People took refuge in church premises and buildings. He also personally helped Jews in obtaining entry in South America. During his pontificate, Pope Pius XII was credited with a lot of firsts. He was the first Pope to issue 41 encyclicals which were way more than all his successors in the past 50 years. He became the first Pope to order the publishing of papal speeches and addresses in vernacular language. He also made two substantial interventions on media and through his works cited the important role of film, television and radio in society. In the religious domain, Pope Pius XII added subjects including social sciences, sociology, psychology and social psychology to the pastoral training of future priests. He believed that future priests need to be trained to ensure that they are capable for a life of celibacy and services. During his tenure, Pope Pius XII declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday for all Roman Catholics, in 1958. He also canonized and beautified numerous people including his predecessor Pope Pius X and Maria Goretti. He beatified Pope Innocent XI. He also canonized two women, Mary Euphrasia Pelletier and Gemma Galgani. Towards the end years of his pontificate, in 1954, Pope Pius XII was down with long illness. Due to health concerns, he started avoiding long ceremonies and canonizations. Major Works Pope Pius XII is best remembered as the ‘Pope for Peace’. He took charge of the Roman Catholic Church during the turbulent phase of World War II. He used his diplomatic powers to dissuade the European governments from embarking on war but as he was unsuccessful, he instead turned towards safeguarding the innocent from the war. He came up with a number of initiatives to aid the victims. He also provided discreet aid to Jews, by giving them refuge under church premises and buildings. Personal Life & Legacy Pope Pius XII suffered from illness towards the end of his pontificate. He underwent cellular rejuvenation treatment which led to hallucinations. Pope Pius breathed his last on October 9, 1958. He died of acute heart failure which was due to sudden myocardial infarction. His funeral procession was a huge one, attended by millions of Romans who thronged the route. It turned out to be the largest congregation of Romans that no priest or emperor ever enjoyed. He was buried in the grottos beneath St. Peter's Basilica in a simple tomb in a small chapel. Immediately after his death, the Testament of Pope Pius XII was published. His canonization cause was opened by Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council in 1965. He was made a Servant of God by Pope John Paul II in 1990 and finally on December 19, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI declared Pius XII Venerable. See the events in life of Pope Pius XII in Chronological Order How To Cite Article Title - Pope Pius XII Biography - Editors, TheFamousPeople.com - TheFamousPeople.com People Also Viewed Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI Pope Pius X Pope Pius X Benedict of Nursia Benedict of Nursia Saint Lucy Saint Lucy Pope Pius XI Pope Pius XI Pope Clement VII Pope Clement VII Pope Benedict XIII Pope Benedict XIII
Published 12th February 2019 enthusiastic teacher Last Updated on Young Learners can be both a blessing and a curse to teach. Always enthusiastic, up for anything, they can be a dream to teach. At the same time they need constant stimulation and attention. This means that as a Young Learner teacher you need to be on your toes when teaching, ready with games, song and fun ideas for the classroom. While there are many activities that you can do in the classroom, why not undertake a more ambitious project and plan an English Fun Day? What are English Fun Days? English Fun Days are days when games and activities that are conducted in English are planned for the whole day. Think of it as a funfair for English, except all the activities are geared towards learning English. This is done by choosing a theme for the day. This should relate to a topic done recently by the class; for example, transport or food or personality. Then games and activities need to be chosen that can be utilized as learning opportunities. This can include Bingo, ball games, quizzes, flashcard games, arts and crafts, films – anything you can think of. Each activity can be set up in its own area so the students are free to walk around and play whichever game they want. How can I organise an English Fun Day? English Fun Days are especially effective if you are able to combine classes and set up in a big area such as a hall or an outside area. Students enjoy the fact that they are able to mix with their friends in other classes. It makes it feel less like an English lesson or more like a fun day out. An added bonus would be if you organise food and drink stalls as well, or tell the students they are allowed to bring their own snacks. Of course carrying out an event like this means that you will need to enlist the help of other teachers to help with the organization, and assistants or older students to help run the activities. You will need to ask your school for permission and schedule a day for this long in advance. If you don’t have the approval of the principal, director or subject head, there is little chance the day will be a success. When you have been given all the relevant permission, tell the students so that they can get excited for the day (but don’t tell them until you are 100% sure it’ll happen!). You can spend time in a lesson creating posters or flyers advertising the Fun Day which can be stuck around the classrooms involved or around the school. Why should I plan an English Fun Day? This all sounds like a lot of work, doesn’t it? It is, but it’s for a good cause. Your students will enjoy learning at the Fun Day because they will be engaging in fun activities and they won’t even realise they are learning. Taking the students out of the classroom is beneficial to both students and teachers and doing a Fun Day can help disrupt the monotony of routine and it can make you a very popular teacher!
1587 A.D., Roanoke Island, North Carolina Roanoke Island, North CarolinaThe English settlers of Roanoke, cut off from England, regularly sent hunting parties to the mainland to find food. One day, one of those parties failed to return. Three weeks later, a lone survivor of the eleven member group appeared at the colony. He told of a attack by “a band of savages . . . their putrid, worm-ridden skin impervious to powder and shot!”. Although only one member of the party was killed, four others were badly wounded, succumbing the following day and were buried in shallow graves, only to rise up in just a matter of hours to attack their former friends. The survivor stated that his comrades were eaten alive by the risen colonists, and that he was the only one to escape. The disbelieving colony magistrate thought that he killed the other colonists and lied about it, ordering him to be hanged the next day. Afterwards, another expedition of five men was sent to the mainland to try to find and recover the bodies of the first group, “lest their remains be desecrated by heathens.” They came back in a state of near collapse, with scratch and bite wounds all over their bodies. They said that they were attacked by both the “savages” described by the executed survivor, and the members of the original group. The men, after a period of medical examination, all died within hours of each other, with burial set the following dawn. However, that night, they rose up and attacked the other colonists. It is unclear as to what happened next. One version told of the eventual infection and destruction of the entire colony. Another had the Croatan Indian Nation, knowing what was happening, killing all the colonists by burning them. Yet another had the Croatans rescuing the uninfected survivors, and eliminating both the zombies and infected wounded. All three stories have appeared in fictional accounts and historical texts for the last two centuries; however, none presents an perfect explanation as to why the first English settlement in North America literally vanished without a trace. 0 0 vote Article Rating Written by Franklyundead Notify of Inline Feedbacks View all comments
Skip to Main Content This chapter focuses on noncyanotic congenital heart disease with a basic description of the epidemiology, embryology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic testing, management, treatment, and prognosis of each lesion. The intent is to provide a framework for the major types of noncyanotic congenital heart disease, ranging from septal defects, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction disease, and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction disease. The chapter forms a guide for managing neonates with these common heart conditions. Atrial Septal Defect The atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the first forms of congenital heart disease that was corrected surgically. It represents a communication between the left and right atria and does not usually manifest in the neonatal period unless there is associated congenital heart disease, which usually makes it difficult to diagnose. There are 3 major types: secundum ASD, primum ASD, and sinus venosus ASD. The primum ASD is discussed as a part of the atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect (Figure 19-1). This 3-dimensional echocardiogram image depicts the interatrial septum from the perspective of the right atrial side. The superior vena cava (SVC) drains superiorly into the right atrium, while the inferior vena cava (IVC) drains from below. The fossa ovalis is central, and a secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) would lie in region 1. A superior or inferior sinus venosus ASD is located in regions 2 or 3, respectively. The primum ASD is located anteroinferiorly at region 5. The rare coronary sinus (CS) ASD, not discussed in this chapter, is located near the CS. The aorta (Ao), which is anteriorly located, is diagrammed as a point of reference. EV, Eustachian valve. (Reproduced with permission from Faletra et al.160) The ASD represents the second-most-common form of congenital heart disease behind the ventricular septal defect (VSD). The occurrence is between 3% and 4.1% of 1000 live births1,2 and 7% and 15% of all congenital heart disease cases.3,4 For defects that are larger and measure over 5 mm in diameter, there tends to be a female predominance.5,6 The secundum ASD is by far the most common type (Table 19-1). Nearly 1 of every neonates will have an atrial communication that is difficult to distinguish from a patent foramen ovale.7 Approximately 15% of trisomy 21 patients will have a secundum ASD, and 1% of ASD patients will have Holt-Oram syndrome.8 Of note, patients with Holt-Oram tend to have very large ASDs and can have a common atrium with no wall separating the atria. Table 19-1Common Forms of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) (%) Pop-up div Successfully Displayed
Saturday, June 6, 2009 The Lost Cause and American History 1. Bob, I agree with your overall thesis. The South has been portrayed as David fighting the giant Goliath but, in this instance, the noble David lost. In many ways I agree with this interpretation as the South was an industrial midget when compared to the North's and in population it was fighting at least at a two to one disadvantage.On the other hand there's really little doubt that, when it came to generalship, the South was superior and the southern soldier was in many ways also superior to his northern foe. Jack Torrance 2. Jack, Thanks again for your kind words. However, your comment regarding the superiority of Southern generalship and soldiers demands a reply. That viewpoint is very common and typically results from a myopic view that only sees Lee, Jackson, Longstreet, and the Army of Northen Virginia. If one looks at the bigger picture and takes in both major theaters of the war, the view changes substantially. The South lost the war in the West and that is where Union generalship and Union soldiering were far superior. As for generals, you have Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, McPherson, and Thomas coming from the West. Add them to Winfield Scott Hancock from the Army of the Potomac, and they easily match or even exceed the capabilities of Southern commanders, who, frankly, once you get past the three I mentioned above were either average, mediocre, or worse (Bragg for example). The Union soldiers of the West were reknown for their ability to move quickly, march hundreds of miles, and then fight effectively. Their abilities, combined with generalship, is one reason that the Confederate armies of the Western Theater were victorious in only a single major battle during the entire war (Chickamauga). 3. Bob, Thanks for the prompt response and enlightened viewpoint. I will agree that the eastern theater does grab the most attention at the expense of the western theater. I will also agree that it was in the western theater that the war was won. It was there that the Confederacy was fighting at a geographical disadvantage also. There's no doubt that Bragg was probably one of the worst of the generals the South fielded in it's team ( Leonidas Polk and Earl Van Dorn are in this group) but, if he were to be compared to some of the generals fielded by the Union in the western theater you cannot say Bragg was worse. Three come to mind that were army commanders. Don Carlos Buell threw away a potentially decisive Union victory at Perryville and had to settle for a tactical draw as Bragg had to retreat in order to save his command from possible annihilation by the ever increasing Union reinforcements. A few months earlier Buell was incredibly slow in reaching Pittsburg Landing during the battle of Shiloh yet had the gall to claim it was his command that saved the day for the Union. Soon after Perryville Buell was replaced by William Rosecrans. "Old Rosy" managed a very close victory over Bragg at Stones River but was later decisively defeated by Bragg at Chickamuga. Soon after this battle Rosecrans was replaced by the Virginian George H.Thomas. Henry Halleck is another one that belongs in this list of Union commanders who were failures in the field. His snail paced advance into Corinth with an army twice the size facing his allowed P. G. T. Beauregard to escape unharmed. It was not until after Rosecrans was removed and Grant was brought back into active command that we see Bragg finally removed from the scene in the west by his defeat at battle of Chattanooga. All the while Bragg had been in command two commanders had been removed after battles with the Southerner. If we are to look at other theaters of battle there are numerous Union commanders who were disasters and certainly worse than Bragg. There's the political generals Franz Sigel, Benjamin Butler and Nathaniel Banks for starters. Add to this list Ambrose Burnside and you have four commanders of Union corps and armies that make Bragg look like a Napoleon. Generals MacClellan and Hooker were also two Union generals who were geniuses in their own mind but failed to prove it when called upon in the field. If we are to look at these two generals performance without bias they failed as badly as Bragg did. Jack Torrance
Homeland security act after 9 11,reasons to make a lateral career move,bob marley bags online in india - Step 2 The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has the mission of a safer and more secure America by preventing and responding to terrorist attacks, securing and safeguarding cyberspace, analyzing and reducing threats and distributing warnings, enhancing security, coordinating intelligence with state and local law enforcement agencies, facilitating legal immigration, enforcing and administering immigration laws, managing and patrolling our borders, using technology together with manpower and physical infrastructure to improve operational control, supporting legal employment by offering information and expanding the E-Verify program, providing coordinated responses to terrorist attacks as well as natural disasters and other large emergencies, securing critical infrastructure and information systems, responding to epidemics and other important duties. Congress created the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center. The framers explicitly stated in the Preamble of the Constitution that providing for the common defense was a crucial and basic government obligation. Defense has been the first priority since the founding of our country and Americans continue to call for more military involvement in homeland defense. Sept. A black day in the history of America, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks took the world by storm, and exposed the vulnerability of the most powerful country in the world. With two hijacked planes bringing down the two most iconic towers of new York, a plane attack on the pentagon and a foiled attack with a plane crashing into the ground in Pennsylvania, it led to the demise of about 3000 people. One of the wealthiest economies in the world, America’s economy was adversely affected by the attacks. Their effect on the American schools and colleges changed the campuses as well as the education trend. With a view to prevent another hijacking, the rules for air travel became very stringent and particular with greater security checks. The major change that happened since the attacks was the creation of the department of homeland security under the bush government after passing of the Homeland security act. Choose the Best Realtor – How Can You Find the Best Real Estate Agent For You in Today’s Market? EPIC have obtained a redacted PDF (embedded below) after a FOIA lawsuit, (also embedded below) that contains amongst other findings, a list of keywords and search terms used by the DHS (Department of Homeland Security). EPIC is pursuing a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security for information about the agency’s surveillance of social networks and news organizations. In February 2011, the Department of Homeland Security announced that the agency planned to implement a program that would monitor media content, including social media data. What is also interesting here is that the FBI have recently been looking into acquiring software that they can use as a tool to also monitor social networking. The DHS monitor people’s social networks, including Facebook and Twitter, to uncover “Items Of Interest” (IOI). Couples that married in states that allow same sex marriages but reside in a state that does not can still apply. In response to this development, effective immediately, The Law Office of Manuel Solis will begin to accept applications for immigrant visas for same sex marriages in all the offices it has in Texas, California, and Illinois. The class included a range of topics, including how to define an active shooter or threat, recent events involving active shooters, a statistical analysis of active threats, warning signs, how to communicate with first responders and individual preparedness. Before the class, the instructors provided a site assessment at the workplace of several of the class attendees, evaluating the building for security risks and then, during the class, providing the employees with recommendations on how to make the site more secure. Jones explained that the first course of action in an active shooter situation is to run, then hide, then, as an absolute last resort, fight. For more tips on how to survive an active shooter situation, check out Active Shooter: How to Respond, by the Department of Homeland Security. Related posts:Virginia Guard personnel assisting Virginia State Police and local authorities Va. Online Safety and SecurityPlease visit the Online Safety and Security Resources page to download social media smart cards and read recommendations for personal safety and operational security when online. Community Support RequestsFor more information about requesting the 29th Division Band, a color guard, static displays or other military support, please visit the Community Relations page. A Taste of Doomsday Carl Boudreau ~ The Astrology of November 2013 – Finally Waikiki Beach- a photo essay The Vatican and the GMO Connection Citizen Hearing On Disclosure ~ DAY 1 AM Session The United States of Drought Was the Stenographer That Was Removed From the House Controlled? These teams are designed to instill fear and panic therefore making crowds much easier to control. Remember the good old days when a politician’s career could go straight down the toilet if it was found out that the nanny, one of the gardeners or even one employee of some company that maybe did a job for the politician 10 years ago was found to have had one illegal alien working for them. Good story and your right, but learn who the criminals are, demand their arrests, contact your state attorney’s general office and demand a grand jury be convened. A theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs. The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lorda€™s land and give him homage, labour, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. The emergence of domains of mass private property that are a€?gateda€™ in a variety of ways. An order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, although this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing. Neofeudalism is made possible by the commodification of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship. A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals’ public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations. Neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction. As long as a majority of folks are okay with lies, then the PTB keep moving forward with their agenda. The only way through this is to not fight fire (lies) with fire (more lies) but with water (truth). I have to keep loving the truth more than enough to keep the lies from invading my own personal realm. During the War of 1812, Fort Washington and the one that is now McNair could not stop the British from capturing and burning Washington. 11 changed the world as much as the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki did many years earlier. The efficient rescue operations helped clear the WTC site by the end of May 2002 and forever etched the names Al-Qaeda and Osama bin laden into the minds of the world. The national debt of America post the war increased to a great extent, due to increased spending on health and defense. The then president George Bush created a missile shield over parts of Europe, for security from a probable attack against North Korea or Iran. The aviation and transportation security act was passed by the congress to federalize the airport security. Called as ground zero this empty area became a memorial site to honor the loved ones who perished that day. The threat of terror became so large in the wake of this terror event, that security became a greater priority for the American government than privacy. A department of the federal government of the USA, it was created with the aim of protecting the country from terrorist threats as well as to respond to natural disasters. The excess scrutinizing of Muslim, Arab and South Asian individuals led to a huge number of detentions and deportations. I see that they are paying special attention to 2600, which is the only actual site that appears in the watched words. Supreme Court against the Defense of Marriage Act, has paved the way for same sex couples to file immigration visa petitions. 1st Class Sammy Jones, a Military Police Officer course instructor who taught the class alongside Master Sgt. This portion of the class encouraged all attendees to have a plan in place for how they intend to react in an active shooter situation, to include how to escape the building, where they would hide, how they would treat any casualties should the need arrive, what sorts of items in their work are could be used to barricade entrances or, if needed, be used as weapons against an attacker. Guard Youth Program teams with ODU to assist military-connected childrenSoldiers from 1710th Trans. The media, whom we once turned to for the truth,has sold out and is about the mighty dollar, not about exposing the injustices in our country and politics. Once citizens realize that they have the upper hand due to shear numbers, these toy solders will panic and retreat…. France, though a Revolution ally, had claimed ownership to a huge tract of land to the west, and that posed a potential threat to our interests. Congress authorized the Army to strengthen or build harbor defenses and the Navy to build ships to defend America’s sea lanes. The threats to America have changed and evolved, and increased the demand for those with homeland security certification, but whatever happens, the Defense Department will play a major role in defending America. It changed not only America but also the entire world with the threat of terror striking terror in every heart. The creation of several new security agencies also prompted the United States to spend more money to keep its eyes and ears open, and monitor all activities going on and detect any possible threats. From psychology classes to examine the psychology of terrorists as well as one to provide relief to veterans, victims and family members through “Psychology of combat and conflict”, to emergency response studies during mass causality disasters. His address mainly was concerned with the dependence of America on oil which they reduced by increasing domestic production. Also known as the Bush doctrine, emphasis was laid on preventive action against eminent threat, hence a war on terror was begun with the Iraqi invasion due to fear of it possessing weapons of mass destruction, leading to the execution of the dictator Saddam Hussein, and the increased military presence in Afghanistan to combat the Taliban, the source of all the terrorist activities. The term war on terror was coined by president bush in 2001 and since then represents the efforts by USA as well as other countries to fight militant Islamism groups- Al Qaeda and other jihadi groups. From checking shoes to banning any liquids like water, shampoos, sodas, deodorants in handbags , and even remotely sharp objects that can be perceived as weapons such as long umbrellas, airport rules have become a nightmare for passengers. The word Islam became synonymous with dirty, and apart from just officials keeping a watchful eye on Muslims and treating them as criminals, even people had begun to see them in a negative light with hate crimes committed against them. In March 11 2002, 88 searchlights were arranged in a way that two beams appear to shoot into the sky called as the tribute in light. The debate about this is still on, since leaked reports about the government keeping a record of all calls made; monitoring internet activities from sites visited to e- mails sent as well as financial activity has led to a huge public furor. The third largest cabinet-level department under the federal government, the DHS oversees other agencies such as the ones dealing with immigration, i.e. The rules for issuing temporary visas to businessmen, tourists and even students became stricter, and recent technological advancements began to be used to develop machine readable and tamper proof visas. Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano, issued a mandate on July 2, 2013 that all petitions for same sex marriage partners would be processed swiftly and smoothly just like opposite sex couples. Watch the video’s and what you will see is there are some names that keep presenting themselves in illegal acts. If folks are relaxed and conditioned to incremental installations of more stringent measures then they are not en guarde. The new department combined 22 agencies from across the executive branch into one integrated and unified cabinet agency in order to improve efforts to safeguard the United States against terrorism, and DHS is one of the largest departments in the executive branch. Newer and advanced technology, better coverage and adoption of a more defensive military policy and the many wars, led to more government spending. One of the major victories of America happened recently with the killing of Osama bin laden. Body scanners and separate screening for electronic items aside, law enforcement can randomly search people or bags at checkpoints. Several laws abiding Muslims had to bear the brunt of this sentiment with several being attacked by gangs and being victims of arson, threats and vandalism. It was lit everyday till April 14 2002 and since then it was lit on the anniversary of the attack i.e. The NSEERS or the national security entry exit registration systems was developed in 2002 by the Department Of Justice as a program to register nonimmigrants and non-citizens from 25 countries given a status of threat with respect to terror. If we allow this tyranny and political corruption to continue, these things will more than likely take place. If this Soetoro fellow want’s to take on the entire American Population then so be it. DHS’ creation was the largest reorganization in the government since the days when President Harry Truman had to oversee the Department of Defense being a consolidation of the armed forces. Apart from this, unemployment rose post this disaster causing the government to reduce personal taxes putting further strain on the fiscal policy and increasing debt structure. In 2005, the energy policy act for automobiles stipulated the renewable fuel Standard (RFS), which has since then undergone changes in 2007 and then in 2010. Of course, added security is for the benefit of the passengers, but more often than not, it has led to unnecessary detentions in the name of suspected terrorist activities. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), and U.S. Even for people applying for asylum or green card the rules for non-entry with respect to terror threats was expanded. This regime is getting more desperate and more determined to turn America into a communist,socialist, third world country. Since then the economic structure of USA has been going downhill with the Lehman Brother’s crisis in 2008 – 2009 and with the debt ceiling crisis causing the government parties to be at loggerheads, the economic effects might be worse than known. Under the Obama government, this policy was continued with a presidential memorandum in 2011 to convert to 100 percent alternative fuel vehicles by the end of 2015, and reduce petroleum usage by 30% by 2020. Recently, the desire of the government to use full body scanners in airports to allow airport authorities to be able to find any concealed weapons became a hot topic of discussion due to an issue of privacy. But reconstruction of these iconic towers is underway with about seven buildings to be built at the site. The president is a foreign usurper who hasn’t even attempted to prove he is indeed a citizen,other than a poorly done birth certificate that anyone could make on a computer. Not just air travel, but travel via trains and buses also became more hassled due to baggage screenings and the likes. With introduction of stricter laws for immigrants, the number of deportations since 2001 has steadily increased especially criminal deportations. The repubican party has been seduced by all the power, perks and riches their arch rivals the democraps have garnered through unscrupulous means and have adopted many of the same methods. We a federal government that serves only one function and that is to maintain the military and only use it to defend our nation from a foreign attack. How to earn money online on gta 5 Outback nutrition wings Used car dealers sydney north shore Comments to «Homeland security act after 9 11» 1. 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All About Remote Viewing! ARE YOU CURIOUS about remote viewing? You have most likely heard about this mysterious practice and understand that is has something to do with ESP. What you may not know is that a person does not have to be a psychic to learn and use remote viewing. In fact, you can learn to become a remote viewer and access incredible mental powers you didn’t even know you have. Remote viewing is the controlled use of ESP (extrasensory perception) through a specific method. Using a set of protocols (technical rules), the remote viewer can perceive a target – a person, object or event – that is located distantly in time and space. A remote viewer, it is said, can perceive a target in the past or future that is located in the next room, across the country, around the world or, theoretically, across the universe. In remote viewing, time and space are meaningless. What makes remote viewing different than ESP is that, because it uses specific techniques, it can be learned by virtually anyone. The term “remote viewing” came about in 1971 through experimentation conducted by Ingo Swann (who correctly remote viewed in 1973 that the planet Jupiter has rings, a fact later confirmed by space probes), Janet Mitchell, Karlis Osis and Gertrude Schmeidler. In the method that they and others developed, there are five components necessary for remote viewing to take place: a subject (the remote viewer) active ESP abilities a distant target the subject’s recorded perceptions a confirmatory positive feedback A remote viewing sessions lasts about one hour. During the Cold War through the 1970s and 1980s, remote viewing was further developed by the US military and the CIA through such programs codenamed Sun Streak, Grill Flame and Star Gate. The government-sponsored remote viewing programs were successful, according to many who participated. Some of the now-declassified examples include the highly accurate and detailed descriptions of buildings and facilities hundred of miles from the remote viewer – including a crane assembly in the Soviet Union. Although these organizations claim that after 20 years of experimentation their remote viewing programs have been abandoned, some insiders believe that they are being continued secretly. Some well-known remote viewers say they were contacted by the US government after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks to help locate other possible terrorist activity. Remote viewing is not an out-of-body experience. A remote viewer does not astrally project to the target, although some remote viewers occasionally report a feeling of bilocating to the site of the target. It also is not a meditative, dream or trance state. During a remote viewing session, the subject is always fully awake and alert. As Christophe Brunski writes in “Remote Viewing: Conditions and Potentials,” “Whereas one might consider a trance state to be ‘going down’ into the deeper levels of mind, RV might be said to allow information from these deeper levels to ‘come up.'” No one really knows for certain how remote viewing works, only that it does. One theory is that trained remote viewers are able to tap into the “Universal Mind” – a kind of comprehensive storehouse of information about everything, where time and space are irrelevant. The remote viewer can enter a “hyperconscious state” in which he or she can tune in to specific targets within the universal consciousness of which all people and all things are a part. It sounds like a lot of “New Age” jargon, but it’s a good guess as to what’s really taking place. How well does it work? While skeptics contend that it doesn’t work at all and some proponents claim it works 100 percent of the time, the fact is it does work, but not all of the time for all remote viewers. A highly skilled remote viewer may have a success rate that approaches 100 percent; he or she may be able to access a target nearly all of the time, but all of the data obtained may not be completely accurate. There are many factors involved, and some targets may be more complicated to reach and describe than others. About Andrew
Will Police Officers' Bended Knee Gesture Make a Difference? Philadelphia police and Pennsylvania National Guard take a knee at the suggestion of Philadelphia Police Deputy Commissioner Melvin Singleton, unseen, outside Philadelphia police headquarters on June 1, 2020, during a rally calling for justice over the death of George Floyd. (Matt Rourke/AP) The scene was repeated this past week in city after city. As thousands of people demonstrated against the death of George Floyd, the 46-year-old Minneapolis black man killed in police custody, police officers and other law enforcement agents took the knee in a symbol of solidarity with protesters. From Boston to Spokane, Washington, scenes of officers dropping to their knees—often accompanied by cheers—made for dramatic headlines and images. The gestures were intended to show support for the protests and to underscore officers' humanity in the face of ongoing police brutality, of which Floyd was the most recent example. But the gesture of officers taking the knee in the midst of a national upheaval over race and police brutality is fraught. In Christianity and Islam, kneeling is a sign of veneration—meant to express devotion, humility and supplication toward God. "It's a sign of reverence," said Luke Bretherton, professor of moral and political theology at Duke Divinity School. "We get our grammar of it from religious frames of reference." Catholics kneel during Mass. Muslims bow, kneel and place their foreheads to the ground during salah prayers. Jews bend the knee and bow during the Aleinu prayer. In secular settings, it's a sign of respect. A person may take the knee to propose marriage. A soldier may take a knee at the grave of a fallen fighter. That's what Nate Boyer had in mind when he convinced former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick kneel during the national anthem as a way of protesting police brutality. Kaepernick had previously been sitting on a bench during the anthem. "I thought kneeling was more respectful," Boyer, a former Green Beret and NFL player, told NPR in 2018. But the following year, President Donald Trump began attacking players who took the knee, saying that kneeling was a form of disrespect for the U.S. flag and anthem, especially when others were standing. NFL owners eventually ruled that players could no longer kneel during the anthem without being subject to punishment. But now police officers, police chiefs, mayors, U.S. senators, even a Catholic bishop, have adopted the gesture as their own way of showing contrition and solidarity with protesters' anger over the death of Floyd. "All police officers don't think the same," Boston Police Officer Kim Tavares told a reporter for WCVB. "Black lives do matter. When you have stuff like this, you still have to show them love." But the optics of police officers on their knees is not entirely welcome. As sportswriter Sally Jenkins pointed out, the knee is the very anatomical joint Officer Derek Chauvin used to pin Floyd on the ground and choke him. "For many of us, there's something heartfelt to be experienced in seeing protesters and police officers pray together, hug, kneel together," said Mark Anthony Neal, the James B. Duke professor of African and African American studies at Duke University. "Those are important gestures that highlight our humanity in this moment. But the protesters are asking for more. They're asking officers to be willing to undermine the blue line of silence to hold their own peers accountable for their behavior. If those steps don't occur in actual police departments, the hugs and kneelings are empty gestures and, at worse, photo-ops." Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors went further, saying she found the gesture of taking the knee "disingenuous." "These things don't happen through police taking a knee at protests and then right after they take a knee, getting up and tear-gassing us and rubber bulleting us and beating us with batons," Cullors told Boston radio station WBUR. Others, too, viewed the gesture skeptically, as a strategy intended to de-escalate or defuse a protest that may be turning violent. One reason why the gesture of kneeling on one leg may not be persuasive is that, as with personal religious gestures, it comes down to an individual, said J. Kameron Carter, professor of religious studies at Indiana University Bloomington who studies race. Carter said he was willing to grant that these police officers taking the knee were genuine in their opposition to the behavior of the Minneapolis police. But he added: "We still want to talk in terms of bad cop, good cop. The issues are being interpreted not in terms of a structural problem in this country, but policing at the individual level." Many protesters want structural changes, such as defunding law enforcement, demilitarizing police, repealing laws that grant police "qualified immunity" from accountability for illegal actions and other wide-ranging reforms. William Sturkey, professor of history at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, said that ultimately, kneeling as symbol may not work. "This movement was not designed to convince police to take the knee with protesters," he said. "It was designed to have our country open its eyes and deal with systematic racial discrimination in policing in a very real way. The kneeling will be for naught if it just ends there." Three Summer Deals from Charisma:
Understanding Credentials These days, more and more organizations are becoming vulnerable to outside threats due to weak password policies and insecure password management systems. Credentials provide a gateway into various accounts and systems, which can potentially give access to additional targets on the network and lead to the extraction of confidential data from these targets. Therefore, as part of a penetration test, it is important to discover and present credential data that compels organizations to strengthen and enforce complex password policies to prevent vulnerabilities like password reuse and weak passwords. As part of your credentials audit, you want to identify weak passwords, the most commonly used passwords, and top base passwords. You will also want to reuse valid credentials, so that you can identify the impact of the stolen credentials across a network.This will help an organization understand their current posture, identify how they can strengthen password policies, and enforce passwords requirements that meet industry best practices. To help you understand how credentials are obtained, stored, and managed by Metasploit Pro, the following section will provide an overview of the key concepts and terms you must know before working with credentials. Understanding Credential Terminology Typically, when you think of a credential, you think of a username and password. In Metasploit Pro, a username is referred to as a public, and the password is known as a private; therefore, a credential can be a private, public, or a credential pair. To summarize the key credential terms: • Public - The username that is used to log in to a target. • Private - The password that is used to authenticate to a target. It is usually a plaintext password, an SSH key, NTLM hash, or nonreplayable hash. Since the private can be an SSH key or hash, the term 'password' is not broad enough to cover these private types. • Credential pair - A public and private combination that can be used to authenticate to a target. • Private type - Refers to whether the private is a plaintext password, an SSH key, NTLM hash, or nonreplayable hash. • Nonreplayable hash - A hash that cannot be replayed to authenticate to services. For example, any hash that was looted from /etc/passwd or /etc/shadow is a nonreplayable hash. • NTLM hash - A hash that can be replayed to authenticate to SMB. • Realm - Refers to the functional grouping of database schemas to which the credential belongs. A realm type can be an Active Domain Directory, a Postgres database, a DB2 database, or an Oracle System Identifier (SID). A public, private, or credential pair can have a realm, but it is not mandatory. • Incomplete public - A public that does not have a private. It can have a realm, but it is not required. • Incomplete private - A private that does not have a public. It can have a realm, but it is not required. • Login - A username and private combination that is associated with a particular service. A login indicates that you can theoretically authenticate to a service using the credential pair. Metasploit Pro creates logins when it collects evidence from an exploited target and when it successfully bruteforces a target. During exploitation, if a host is successfully looted, Metasploit Pro will attempt to create logins based on the type of credential that was captured. For example, if NTLM hashes were looted, then a login for SMB will be added for each hash. For example, a credential pair, such as admin/admin, that can be used to authenticate to a service, like telnet, is a login. • Origin - Identifies how the credential was obtained or added to the project, such as through Bruteforce, manual entry, or an imported credentials list. A origin can be manual, import, session, service, or cracked password. • Validated credential - A credential that has successfully authenticated to a target. Obtaining Credentials There are a few ways that you can obtain credentials. The main methods of acquiring credentials include exploiting a vulnerability and dumping the credentials from the compromised target; bruteforcing targets using weak and common default credentials; and searching publicly available resources for stolen credentials. The method you use depends on the level of access that you have to a target. Metasploit enables you to leverage multiple attack methods to acquire credentials, such as exploiting unpatched vulnerabilities. For example, if you are able to discover a Windows system that is vulnerable to MS08-067, you may be able to exploit that target and log in to the system to gather information from it. With access to the system, you can extract data such as password hashes, plaintext passwords, and domain tokens. Many information systems are configured to use passwords as the first, and sometimes only, line of defense. And oftentimes, the passwords are easy to guess passwords or even blank passwords. This means that if you have the username, you can try to guess the password to log in to the target. For example, a Windows domain account that uses a weak or blank password can be easily guessed via bruteforce. Additionally, many systems are configured with the default account settings. These accounts usually share the same password across multiple instances, which means that if you know the default account settings for one account, you will be able to leverage those credentials to compromise other targets across the network as well. In this case, you can manually add common default credentials and use the Quick Validation feature to validate the account credentials. If any credentials successfully authenticate to a target, you can run Credential Reuse to find additional targets on which the credentials are valid. To summarize the methods that you can use to obtain credentials with Metasploit: • You can find vulnerabilities and exploit them to obtain access to the target. Once you have access to a target, you can dump credentials and other confidential data from the exploited target. • You can run Bruteforce to guess commonly used, weak, and default credentials on services like AFP, DB2, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, MSSQL, MySQL, POP3, PostgreSQL, SMB, SNMP, SSH, telnet, VNC, and WinRM. • You can manually add or import credentials to a project and run Quick Validation or Credential Reuse to find targets that can be authenticated. This method is useful when you have a set of commonly used credentials or known credentials you want to try on a set of targets. Credential Origins Every credential added to a project has an origin, which refers to the source of the credential. An origin can be one of the following: • Manual - Indicates that you manually added the credential from the Manage Credentials page. • Import - Indicates that you imported the credential by uploading a CSV file or PWDump to the project. • Service - Indicates that the credential was obtained using Bruteforce. • Session - Indicates that the credential was collected from a session on an exploited target. • Cracked password - Indicates that Metasploit was able to crack the hash during evidence collection and decipher the plaintext password.
teenage drinking Exposure to friends’ alcohol-related posts on social media is predictive of drinking behaviors among teens. This data should stimulate both further exploration and prevention steps to address the modern social landscape of today’s adolescents. Nearly 9 out of 10 adolescents used at least one social networking site in 2015. The interactions provided by social media create an environment fertile for the development of risk behaviors, especially as it relates to alcohol use among teens. Previously proposed theories suggest that teens are vulnerable to influence from their peers and from media in general. Perceived social norms about alcohol gained through either peers or media affect a teen’s own drinking behavior by impacting beliefs about peer use of alcohol and peer approval and disapproval of drinking alcohol. Jacqueline Nesi, M.A., W. Andrew Rothenberg, M.A., Andrea M. Husson, Ph.D., and Kristina M. Jackson, Ph.D. conducted a long-term investigation to see if it was possible to predict individual teen drinking behaviors based on exposure to their friends’ alcohol-related social media posts. Additionally, they wanted to see if peer approval or disapproval of alcohol use was associated with drinking milestones, specifically the timing of the first drink, being drunk for the first time, and episodes of heavy drinking, defined as three or more drinks at a time. Their results are published in the Journal of Adolescent Health. 658 high-school students were asked about alcohol-related social media content at the onset of the study and then again a year later. These questions included references to exposure to friends’ posts, to content posted by self, total time spent on social media, and use of alcohol among others. Teens exposed to their friends’ alcohol-related social media posts were more likely to start drinking. In fact, exposure to alcohol-related posts by peers was predictive of the adolescent drinking a year later. This finding is attributed to the theory that posts made by peers are seen as being relevant, desirable and realistic. This is compounded when one considers that in this age group misconduct by one member reinforces the same type of behavior among peers. Furthermore, a teen’s beliefs about peer approval and disapproval of drinking act as another process leading to drinking behaviors. These social norms are developed through observation and communication, both of which are present in social media. This study provides important insights into social media’s affect on teenage drinking. Discerning prevention programs aimed at teenage drinking could clearly address the role that social media plays in the perceptions and ultimately the behavior of adolescents. Finally, social media can also be leveraged as an intervention strategy targeted at teens to reduce the risk of alcohol use. Written By: Sean Manning, BA, DC, MWC Facebook Comments
7 Days of Freedom, Day 7: Serve serve [surv] 1. to act as a servant 2. to render assistance; be of use; help 3. to have definite use 4. to render active service to 5. to perform the duties of (a position, an office, etc.) Independence Day is the celebration of the birth of the United States of America. It marks the day our founding fathers declared the colonies to be a free and independent nation apart from the rule of England. Freed from service to England, the colonists could enjoy “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” As Americans, the freedoms bestowed upon us by our Constitution allow the opportunity to live and work as we choose. Freedom is what makes our country great. God has also given us freedom, but according to our verse, we haven’t been freed to live for ourselves. We have been freed from the tyranny of sin and self to serve God and others. Please read the verse above again and notice the connection between liberty and serve. What is the basis for the giving of self through service? Love. In the Greek, serve means: to be a slave (a very unpopular term for Americans), to serve, to do service, to zealously advance the interests of anything; devoted to another to the disregard of one’s own interests. As Christians, we need to devote ourselves to serve God and others, and to the advancement of His kingdom on earth. How can I serve my family? How can I help my neighbors? How can I use my gifts to share the Gospel? How can I give to the hungry? By asking these questions, and praying for God to bring us opportunities, we can live a life of service. Action Points: 1. Take a walk through your neighborhood or town and ask God to open your eyes to the needs of others. 2. Today, identify and act on a way to serve a family member, a coworker and a neighbor. 3. Ask God to show what selfish attitudes or habits you need to be freed from so you can serve others. 4. Please take several moments to pray for our service men and women who serve their country and put themselves in harm’s way that we may be free. God Bless America. “serve.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 Jul. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/serve>. 7 Days of Freedom, Day 6: The Law Flag 3 pngFor the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has made me free from the law of sin and death. Romans 8:2 law1 [law] 3. a system or collection of such rules THE LAW has always been a big scary concept to me. As a recovering worrier, I have often been afraid of breaking a LAW I did not know existed … as you know ignorance of the LAW is no excuse. God, however, hides His law from no one. In the Old Testament, He clearly spells out the Ten Commandments. In the New Testament, He shortens the Ten Commandments to two: love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, mind, and strength, and love your neighbor as yourself. Love God, love others. In the Greek, law transliterates as nomos which means a precept, an injunction, a rule of action, a set of behaviors that leads to God’s approval. Torah, the Hebrew word for law, refers to Mosaic law. It is by the flawless keeping of God’s law one may go to heaven … unfortunately, all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God. Even the keeping of the New Testament short list (see above) is an impossibility. Fortunately, God’s Word offers us something besides the LAW of sin and death … the law of the Spirit of life, otherwise known as GRACE. Because Christ offered His perfect sinless life as a sacrifice, we may live for Christ, and one day join Him in heaven. We must acknowledge our sin and need for a Savior, and accept Jesus death on the cross as payment for our sin. Grace over LAW. Life over death. Righteousness over sin. Action Points: 1. In what ways are you still trying to earn God’s approval? 2. You know God’s law, the one you broke about twenty years ago, that you think is unforgivable? It was paid for 2,000 years ago at the cross. It’s time to let it go. Thank God for His forgiveness and sacrifice. 3. Now that you’re free, what do you need to start doing? God Bless America. Please enjoy the music below. “law.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/law>. 7 Days of Freedom, Day 5: Stand Firm Flag 3 pngFor freedom Christ has set us free; Galatians 5:1 firm [furm] 1. not soft or yielding when pressed; comparatively solid, hard, stiff, or rigid 2. securely fixed in place 3. indicating firmness or determination What is the first directive God give in Galatians 5:1? He asks us to stand firm. Notice God does not ask us to fight, run, or sprint, but to stand firm. In the Greek, stand firm transliterates as steko, which means, to be firm, to persist, to persevere, to be stationary. Thayer’s Lexicon gives us the prescription of how to stand firm: to persevere in godliness and fellowship with the Lord. When we face temptation, despite our feelings, we need to continuously obey God’s Word and consistently meet with Him. In short, follow and fellowship. Stand firm. When we trace steko back to its root, it also means “to have a steadfast mind.” After we have been freed from sin by Christ, under what conditions can we be subjected again to slavery? If we move … if we do not stand firm. Why has Christ set us free? So we can be free … free to love Him, free to serve Him, free to take His message to the lost of the world. Over the holiday weekend please take time to pray for our nation’s citizens and leaders, that we will stand firm in the Biblical truths that shaped and formed our great nation. Action Points 1. In order to pray and act efficiently, we must be informed. Please click on the following link to read about current hot-topic issues in the United States. Citizen Link 2. Is there an area of your life you need to firm-up? What steps do you need to take to stand firm? 3. How can you help your family stand firm? Please enjoy the music below. God Bless America. “firm.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 28 Jun. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/truth>. 7 Days of Freedom, Day 4: Glory Hallelujah! 2 Corinthians 3:17-18 glory [glawr-ee, glohr-ee] 2. adoring praise or worshipful thanksgiving 3. a state of great splendor, magnificence, or prosperity 4. the splendor and bliss of heaven; heaven In the original Greek, glory descends from the word doxa, which means magnificence, excellence, preeminence, dignity, grace; a thing belonging to God (emphasis mine). Because glory belongs to God, it is a word that is uncommon to the current culture. The less God we allow, the less glory will be revealed. In the Old Testament, God’s shekinah glory appeared as a consuming fire, a pillar of cloud, or brilliant light. Shekinah, a Hebrew word for glory, descends from the word shachan, which means to dwell or tabernacle. In the Old Testament, God’s glory dwelt between the cherubim. In the New Testament, God’s glory tabernacles with men, by the indwelling presence of His Spirit in the heart of each believer. Hallelujah! According to the verse above, when we accept Jesus as our Savior, the veil is lifted, and we see the glory of God. Matthew Henry states, “This light [glory] and liberty are transforming; we are changed into the same image, from glory to glory (v. 18), from one degree of glorious grace unto another, till grace here be consummated in glory for ever.” And as we are transformed, we reflect His glory to those around us. Trying to define God’s glory is like trying to capture the wind. Who can explain it? There are a few things I have learned over the years about God’s glory. There are as follows: 1. God will share His glory with no one. 2. By using our gifts, we can bring God great glory. 3. We are to do all things to the glory of God. 4. In our present state, we cannot see the full-on glory of God and live. 5. The earth is full of God’s glory. Glory refers to God’s perfectness, power, holiness, and goodness, in short His God-ness. If we were able to explain His glory, we would be able to explain God Himself. The Great I AM. That is perhaps the best explanation glory … it is who He is. Glory Hallelujah! Action Points: 1. How can you use your gifts to bring God glory? 2. How can you glorify God in your present challenge? 3. Look for God’s glory today in nature and praise Him! God Bless America. “glory.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Jun. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/glory>. Seven Days of Freedom, Day 3: Free Flag 3 png Out of my distress I called on the LORD; the LORD answered me and set me free. Psalm 118:5 free [free] adjective 2. pertaining to or reserved for those who enjoy personal liberty 3. clear of obstructions or obstacles, as a road or corridor One of my European cousins has often commented on the American’s obsession with freedom. I must admit, I love the freedoms granted by our Constitution. Why? Because freedom means choice. It means I am free to be who God created me to be. Freedom is also a very important spiritual concept, more important than national freedom. In fact, a person cannot be completely free unless they have been set free from sin. Most Americans have not experienced the bondage of physical slavery, but we all have been in bondage to sin. But because Jesus died for us on the cross, we have been set free. The Hebrew word for freedom used in the verse above is merchab which means a broad roomy place. or wide expanses. Merchab is derived from the root word rachab which means to grow large, to grow wide. One of the things Jesus frees us from is distresses, metsar in the Hebrew. Metsar, which means trouble, pains, or tight places, when traced to its root also means, stomach. From the previous definitions, we can infer our worries keep us small, stunt our growth, hem us in, and tie our stomach in knots. Ironically, Jesus sets us free so we can experience true freedom by becoming … slaves of Christ. His yoke is easy and His burden is light. When Jesus sets us free, we are free indeed. Action Points 1. A slave does the will of his Master. What area/s of life are you still controlling? 2. Because you are safe in the hands of your Master, what are you free to do? 3. What are the blessings of living according to the will of the Good Master? 4. How does being a slave of Christ bring freedom? God Bless America. We hope you enjoy the music below. “free.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 28 Jun. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/firm>. 7 Days of Freedom, Day 2: Liberty Flag 3 png 18 “The Spirit of the LORD is upon Me, because He has anointed Me To preach the gospel to the poor; he has sent Me to heal the brokenhearted, To proclaim liberty to the captive, and recovery of sight to the blind, To set at liberty those who are oppressed; 19 To proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD. Luke 4:18-19 liberty [lib-er-tee] Noun 1. freedom from captivity, confinement, or physical restraint 2. freedom or right to frequent or use a place 3. freedom from arbitrary or despotic government or control The Greek transliterations for liberty is aphesis. In the Greek, aphesis means “release from bondage or imprisonment; forgiveness or pardon, of sins (letting them go as if they had never been committed), remission of the penalty.” Did you notice the part in the parenthesis? God lets go our sins as if they had never been committed. Why does He allow this? Our sins have already been paid in full at the cross. According to the Dictionary.com definition, liberty means we have the “right to frequent or use a place.” Because of the cross, we have the liberty to frequent the throne of grace and boldly ask God to meet our needs. The cry of the American patriot Patrick Henry, in the face of the American Revolution was, “Give me liberty, or give me death!” How prophetic. As Christians we have the same options: liberty or death. We choose. Christ sets us free from sin so we have the liberty not to live for self (we already tried that once), but for Him. We have liberty to do good works, serve others, and take the Gospel of freedom to every nation on earth. As we draw near to Independence Day, remember to thank God for not only for the liberty of our nation, but of our souls as well. Action Points: 1. What is something you need to be set free from? 2. Who needs to hear about the liberty we have in Christ? How can you share the Gospel with this person? 3. Pray for nations that are closed to the Gospel. To see a list of countries in need of prayer, please click on the following link: Closed Countries Please enjoy the music below. God Bless America.
Chihuahua Dog Breed Facts & Information The Chihuahua is the smallest dog in the world, weighing just between two and six pounds. Though it's tiny, it's fiercely loyal and makes an excellent family pet because it was bred for companionship. You've seen famous Chihuahuas in "Taco Bell" commercials and "Legally Blonde." Now, it's time to get up close and personal with these lovable pups. Image Credit: Elles Rijsdijk / EyeEm/EyeEm/GettyImages The basics Chihuahuas are tiny, but they are also mighty. They are very energetic and have a long lifespan of 14-18 years. They are big on barking but likely won't drool a lot or dig up the yard. The AKC classifies them as a toy breed, and the UKC classifies them as a companion dog. They are highly intelligent and easy to train, but also stubborn. About 80% to 90% of newborn Chihuahuas are born with a soft spot in their skull called a molera. Normally, it'll close, but it never goes away in some of the dogs. The history The history of the Chihuahua is muddled, and no one can agree on where the dog came from. Some historians say the breed originated in the 1500s and can be traced back to Spain, while others believe that the Aztecs or Incas first bred it. The breed got its name from the Mexican state Chihuahua, where the pup was first discovered in 1850. The first Chihuahua was registered with the AKC in 1908 (his name was Beppie). Since these dogs were also found in Texas and Arizona, they were called the "Texas dog" and "Arizona dog" before they were known as simply Chihuahuas. Today, they are commemorated on Cinco de Mayo in Mexico with the running of the Chihuahuas, owner-dog lookalike contests and costumes. Image Credit: Sandra Dombrovsky/iStock/GettyImages The personality Chihuahuas love getting attention from everyone. They are charming and loyal, and will adapt to any situation. They love hanging out on their owners' laps and playing around, since they have a seemingly never-ending amount of energy. If these dogs feel threatened, they may snap at someone, and if they are not properly trained, they may want to establish dominance over their owners. The appearance Chihuahuas only weigh between 2 to 6 pounds. Females are 7 inches tall, and males are 9 inches tall. They have both short and long coats that fall flat and straight. Some Chihuahuas will have a smooth and short coat, while others will have a long and soft coat. These dogs come in any color and aren't demanding when it comes to grooming. Their ears are naturally upright and they have pointed and short muzzles and round eyes. Some Chihuahuas are more likely than others to be overweight, so it's important to not give them too many table scraps and to only feed them high-quality dog food. Image Credit: thisislover/iStock/GettyImages Chihuahua essential facts • Personality: Active, loyal, energetic, charming • Energy level: High • Trainability: Highly trainable, but needs to be done early, because they will walk all over you if they are not trained. • Good with children: Yes, but not if they are temperamental or poorly trained. • Good with other dogs: Needs supervision, but they typically get along well with other dogs. • Shedding: Not much • Grooming: Low. Smooth-coat dogs need some brushing and bathing regularly, while the longhaired dogs need to be brushed at least once a week. • Barking Level: High, because they want attention • Height: Males: 9 inches at the withers, Females: 7 inches at the withers • Weight: 2 to 6 pounds • Life expectancy: 14-18 years
FlytrapCare Carnivorous Plant Forums Sponsored by Moderator: Matt By Sakaaaaa Posts: 1026 Joined: Thu May 12, 2016 2:18 pm -What is the difference between winter rest and dormancy? -What is a warm temperate? -What is a cold temperate? -Are roridula tropical? User avatar By nimbulan Posts: 2076 Joined: Fri Feb 28, 2014 9:03 pm I think people tend to use the term "winter rest" more for plants that just slow down in winter rather than going fully dormant, like Cephlotus. It's basically the same thing though. Warm temperate plants are ones that experience significant seasonal change, but rarely if ever are exposed to freezing temperatures in the wild. It's usually used to refer to Pinguicula species that grow in the far southeast US, the Caribbean, and a few other places. It could be argued that many subtropical plants are actually warm temperate but I think the main distinction is that warm temperates need the seasonal change (and that "winter rest") to stay healthy. I would consider Cephalotus to be warm temperate for this reason (an idea I've been thinking about to explain why so many people have trouble with Cephalotus plants.) Cold temperate plants are ones that come from high latitudes, where winters are unusually long and so need a very long dormancy period. These plants tend to be very difficult to cultivate since very few people live in a climate similar enough to their natural environment and trying to provide dormancy in a refrigerator for that long is very difficult. Temperate alpine plants are similar but experience these harsh conditions due to growing at high elevation. Roridula would be considered subtropical. South Africa experiences much more seasonal variation than most people think and many places in the country do have frost in the winter, though freezing temperatures will kill growth points on Roridula plants. I've actually been keeping my Roridula gorgonias in a cold location over winter and it has rarely experienced temperatures above 10C since October or November though I don't think this is necessary to keep the plant healthy. It's developing a flower bud right now. By Benurmanii Posts: 2000 Joined: Fri Aug 07, 2015 4:34 pm I sometimes don't like using these terms because they are so fluid and inexact, but it is how the current, general, system of communicating in the carnivorous plant community is set up. I've only really seen the terms "warm" and "cold" tacked onto Pinguicula. Really, the difference between the two is that the former do not form hibernacula and do not experience freezing, except for the occasional frost or light freeze, while the latter will experience deep freezes and be resting under snow for most of the year. I think "warm" temperate is misleading, as it seems to give the impression that the so-called warm temperate Pinguicula experience only slightly-milder-than-tropucal temps during the winter. In actuallity, both the warm temperates from the south-east US and south-east Europe will generally experience day temps below 60 during winter, with night temps close to freezing. Day temps, from the weather info I've found, can be into the 70s, but still often drop well into the 40s at night. During the summer, warm temperate Pinguicula generally experience very hot temps compared to the cold temperates (days in the 80s and occasionally 90s, versus days in the 70s and 60s). User avatar By nimbulan Posts: 2076 Joined: Fri Feb 28, 2014 9:03 pm Benurmanii wrote:I've only really seen the terms "warm" and "cold" tacked onto Pinguicula. I've seen the term applied to D. filiformis red forms, D. tracyi, Drosophyllum, and some D. binata forms too. The term "intermediate" I think is also interchangeable with "warm temperate." What is on my Fly Trap? Species guessing game Cape Sundew Death??? Drosera regia Help!!! Filiformis dew? This is a tracyi Vft dying Support the community - Shop at!
The Pont du Gard - Roman France By Sandra Alvarez The Pont Du Gard, reflecting it’s beauty into the waters of the Garden River: Photo: You don’t have to travel to Rome to see the vestiges of an ancient empire. Roman power stretched well into Northern Europe leaving behind spectacular monuments and architectural wonders for visitors to enjoy for centuries. So if you happen to be vacationing in France, and you're a fan of Roman history, you might want to skip a trip to Paris and head south, to Languedoc and Côte d'Azur. You can take in the incredible Roman sites while enjoying some of the best food and wine in the country. If your time is limited, what should you see? That’s a tough call since the Romans had quite an impact on the region, but if you had to add one thing to that list, it would be the Pont du Gard. Pont du Gard The famous aqueduct is completely intact and is the highest of all Roman aqueducts towering 160ft over the Gardon river. This marvel of ancient engineering was built in the 1st century AD and travelled from Ucetia (Uzès) to the city of Nemausus (Nîmes), along a 50km (31 mile) route to supply water to the Roman colony’s public baths and private homes. After the Roman Empire crumbled, the aqueduct remained in use until sometime in the 6th century when it became too clogged with debris to continue as a reliable water source. During the Middle Ages, it was maintained by the lords and bishops of nearby Uzès as a toll bridge to recoup the cost of its upkeep. A few centuries later, the Pont du Gard underwent numerous repairs from because it was on the verge of collapse after being tromped on for well over 1500 years. Example of the etchings left behind by 19th century builders. Photo: A new bridge alongside the aqueduct was added in the 18th century, which is the bridge you walk across when you see it today. You can also see the signatures carved into the stone by builders who worked on repairs in the early 19th century. Some included depictions of their tools along with the dates when they worked, a French style of graffiti, with ‘Jean was here’ scrawled into the bridge for posterity. The 18th century bridge that visitors can walk across. Photo: Until recently, visitors were able to walk across the topmost level of the Pont du Gard. A unnerving experience to be sure, since the Romans didn’t exactly consider installing tourist safety measures when building their aqueduct 2,000 years ago. This practice was stopped due to the danger of being blown off the third level by strong winds or potential missteps. The bridge was also used as a regular road until it was declared a UNESCO Heritage Site in 1985. The bridge was pedestrianised to ensure it is preservation for future generations. A new museum was added to educate visitors to the region about the Pont du Gard's historic and national significance in France. The Pont du Gard has inspired writers, artists, and daredevils. It is one of the top tourist destinations in France, and has been so for centuries. If Southern France is your destination, it would be remiss to skip this stunning site, a colossal testament to the reach and power of the Roman Empire. Leave a Reply Post your comment Karwansaray Publishers
Trump Might Try to Postpone the Election. That’s Unconstitutional. He should be removed unless he relents. Credit...Doug Mills/The New York Times Here is what President Trump tweeted: The nation has faced grave challenges before, just as it does today with the spread of the coronavirus. But it has never canceled or delayed a presidential election. Not in 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln was expected to lose and the South looked as if it might defeat the North. Not in 1932 in the depths of the Great Depression. Not in 1944 during World War II. So we certainly should not even consider canceling this fall’s election because of the president’s concern about mail-in voting, which is likely to increase because of fears about Covid-19. It is up to each of the 50 states whether to allow universal mail-in voting for presidential elections, and Article II of the Constitution explicitly gives the states total power over the selection of presidential electors. Credit...Matt Slocum/Associated Press Election Day was fixed by a federal law passed in 1845, and the Constitution itself in the 20th Amendment specifies that the newly elected Congress meet at noon on Jan. 3, 2021, and that the terms of the president and vice president end at noon on Jan. 20, 2021. Even if President Trump disputed an election he lost, his term would still be over on that day. And if no newly elected president is available, the speaker of the House of Representatives becomes acting president.
How Much Water Is in the Human Body? Reflection of female body in pool of water The percent of water in the body is not constant. Mats Silvan, Getty Images You've probably heard that most of the human body is water, but exactly how much water is there? The average amount of water is around 65%, but the percentage of water in one person may be quite a lot different compared with how much is in another. Age, gender, and fitness are big factors in how much water is in the body. The human body ranges from 50% to 75% water. Infants consist of more water than adults. Overweight people contain a lower percentage of water than lean people. Men typically consist of more water than women.
How Your Diet Can Affect Your Eye Health Vitamin HealthMacular Degeneration, Ocular Nutrition We’re beginning to see how our diets affect our bodies more than just how much our waistline, but also in respect to our eye health! At Viteyes, we understand how diet can impact our eyes, which is why we’ve formulated a vision supplements to help support your vision. Take a moment with us today and explore how your diet can impact your eye health. How A Modern Diet Affects Our Eyes A modern diet or the standard American diet (SAD) is exactly what most think it is — carb, sugar, and processed-food heavy —it’s a way of eating that is impacting the lives of a majority of Americans. In the wake of the obesity crisis, heart disease, and type two diabetes, the way we eat can even cause harm to our eyes. Let’s look at how they’re related. Diabetes and Vision Type two diabetes is a disease that impacts your blood sugar levels and causes glucose levels to rise abnormally and dangerously high. There are many health concerns that type two diabetes is attributed to, amongst them is diabetic retinopathy. If you have type two diabetes and you experience blurry vision, spots, floaters, see a dark or empty space in the center of your vision, and have a difficult time seeing at night you may have diabetic retinopathy. High blood sugar levels can cause fluid to collect within the lens of your eye that controls eye functions such as focusing. Over time, this impacts the curvature of the lens, resulting in blurred vision. The more you’re able to manage your blood sugar levels, the more you can ward off or slow the effcts on your eyes of diabetic retinopathy. How can you use your diet to combat diabetes? It’s important to evaluate your diet and make proper changes to better support your health, and in the case of type two diabetes, your blood sugar levels. Support your vision by creating healthy eating habits that steer clear from the standard American diet, and instead embrace whole foods abundant in a variety of colorful veggies, some fruit, protein, and healthy fats. Hypertension And Vision When you go in for your routine eye exam you may notice that the eye doctor will take your blood pressure? Why is this? After all, you’re not there for a physical! Believe it or not, a person’s blood pressure can tell you a lot and can point out health issues that go beyond the eyes. When a person has high blood pressure, eye doctors are able to identify this even without taking a patient’s blood pressure. Blood vessels in the retina appear stiff and hardened and some blood vessels may even leak, both causing vision impairments. So, how can you avoid hypertension? You guessed it, by changing up your diet! The American Heart Association recommends cutting processed foods and adding in more of the good stuff, all while ditching the table salt. Age-Related Macular Degeneration And Vision Not only can high blood sugar levels contribute to diabetic retinopathy, but it may also play a role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is one of the leading causes of vision loss in older Americans and as its name indicates it’s related to aging, but research also indicates component may be related to our diets and consuming excess refined carbohydrates. So, again, it goes back to our diets. When we cultivate healthy eating choices, we better stabilize our blood sugar levels, thus promoting a healthy vision! What you eat can impact your vision and when we eat a diet that’s high in processed foods laden in sugar, carbs, and unhealthy fats, it influences the health of your eyes and can increase your risk for type two diabetes, hypertension, and age-related macular degeneration. Support Your Vision With Eye Vitamins Sometimes we need a bridge — a little extra support — when we’re navigating our health and wellness, and that is exactly where eye vitamins can help! While it’s important to eat healthy foods, there are times when it may not always be enough, especially when we face vision impairments. Support your eyes with a vision supplement that helps keep Life in Sight™! For more information about the eye vitamins we carry or for additional eye resources, connect with us today!
One of the most common responses to crime and gun violence is for people to say and think something along the lines of… • If only she had a gun, she could have defended herself. • If those teachers had firearms, this never would have happened. It’s taken almost as a given that if a person was only armed when tragedy struck, the outcome would have been completely different. Little attention is given to the details of this idea, of course, and even less merit is paid to the thousands of ways that this idea can go wrong. If there’s one thing Americans seem sure of, it’s that gun + good guy = tragedy averted. If only life were this simple. The following statement by politician Carly Fiorina echoes the sentiment felt by many Americans: “I’ve never had to protect myself, my home, or my family from an intruder – though nothing levels the playing field between a 230-pound man and a 120-pound woman like Smith & Wesson.” (Fiorina, 2016) Ah…good old guns. The great equalizer; the device that delivers ultimate power into the palm of one’s hand. The statement above certainly sounds reasonable. Yet the ignorance of Fiorina’s remark shines through to anyone well-educated on the subject. Notice that even while admitting she’s never been in a position of having to defend herself, she seems entirely certain that a gun is the great “equalizer” that offers her protection. So let’s take this statement and hit it with a sobering dose of reality. Consider the two main scenarios in which a gun might be used: aggressively (i.e., homicidally) or for legitimate self-defense. In order for a petite woman to realistically have any chance of using a gun on a much larger, stronger man, she would have to be a significant distance away. Drills conducted by police have shown that an attacker can easily cover 15 to 30 feet in the time it takes to get out a gun. So the person would have to be a safe distance away. True self-defense situations, however, almost always occur up close; it is only unnecessary killings and murders that occur from a distance. A woman needing to defend herself is likely to be in close proximity to her attacker. In this more true-to-life scenario, having a gun doesn’t “equalize” things between a 230-pound man and a 120-pound woman. It’s going to give the 230-pound man a new weapon to use against the 120-pound woman, because the odds of him being able to overpower her and take the gun are far, far greater than her defending herself with it in this more true-to-life self-defense scenario. In other words, a gun is more likely to become a liability than an asset. A stun gun would be far more useful. It’s just one example of how guns provide the illusion of protection more than actual protection. Does having a gun make a difference for crime victims? In fact, if you start to look at the actual crimes that take place and how they occur, you quickly see that having a gun would matter for surprisingly few of them: • Most property crimes like burglary in which things go bump in the night are non-violent, so you don’t need a gun to defend yourself. Your voice and your eyes and your feet do just fine. The ironic thing about all the shootings of family members who are mistaken for burglars is that if someone is sneaking around, they are trying to avoid you, and never represented much of a threat in the first place. • If someone really has it in for you (an ex-boyfriend, a rival gang member, a homicidal predator), they’re going to look for ways to get the jump on you, and you will be incapacitated before you have the chance to strike back. People die all the time with guns in their pocket, purse or shoulder holster, or even one in their hand. Very few murder victims would have been helped by having a gun. The one who’s the aggressor wins virtually every time on simple account that they are the aggressor and can get the jump on their victim. • A rapist is going to be on top of you before you realize what is happening, in which case a gun is more likely to be used against you. • Same with a home invasion. They’re not going to announce themselves. They won’t knock on the door like a Jehovah’s Witness or come dressed in uniform. No they will barge their way in and have you at gunpoint before you’ve had a chance to do much of anything. A gun might come in handy if a gang of knife-wielding attackers is banging on your door and trying to get in, thus allowing you time to prepare to defend yourself. But in the vast majority of situations – and especially actual self-defense situations where you are truly in danger from a violent person – you’re not going to have a lot of advanced warning that an attack is coming, and guns are going to be surprisingly useless. Which is why guns are used in less than 1% of all crimes that occur in the presence of a victim (Wenner-Moyer, 2017), and most of these cases involve people shooting at would-be burglars. Guns were always intended as an offensive weapon, not a defensive one. I don’t ever want to hear ‘Well, if she only had a gun.’ Her having a gun was not going to save her life. Her not getting one would have.” – Theresa O’Rourke, whose best friend, Jitka Vesel, was ambushed and killed by a stalker (Welch, 2016) The idea that having a gun will keep you safe is a myth perpetuated by the gun industry, and one that’s entirely insensitive to victims of gun violence, since it insinuates that their choice to forego firearms was somehow responsible for their death. Throughout the rest of this chapter, we’ll demonstrate just how ineffectual guns truly are as a means of self-defense. A rare opportunity Another problem is that most of those people carrying concealed weapons don’t actually reside in areas with high crime, which means a miniscule probability of ever needing a gun for self-defense is paired with a high probability for miscalculations, accidents, or errors in judgment. As Melinda Wenner-Moyer states, “Most Americans with concealed carry permits are white men living in rural areas, yet it is young black men in urban areas who disproportionately encounter violence. Violent crimes are also geographically concentrated: Between 1980 and 2008, half of all of Boston’s gun violence occurred on only 3 percent of the city’s streets and intersections. And in Seattle, over a 14-year-period, every single juvenile crime incident took place on less than 5 percent of street segments. In other words, most people carrying guns have only a small chance of encountering situations in which they could use them for self defense.” (Wenner-Moyer, 2017, p. 61)
Being Green: 3 Advanced Steps Everyone knows to put their paper in the little blue bin. Everyone knows that they should be using reusable bags and shunning styrofoam. Being green isn’t easy, and it isn’t always straightforward. Here are three lesser-known but no less important ways to be green in your everyday life. Recycle the Difficult Stuff From large appliances to e-waste Toronto or your area, often the items that are most difficult to recycle are the ones that most need recycling. It might not be large and bulky items. There is also small but accumulated trash like plastic bags from the grocery store. Either negate the need to recycle these items by never accumulating them in the first place or look for the appropriate place to recycle them. Take public transportation Taking public transport often seems like an unnecessary hassle. You can’t leave exactly when you want to and you can’t get exactly where you’re going. Once you factor in the extra cost of car maintenance, tolls, gas and parking, you realize just how much of a luxury private transportation is. The environmental cost is less easily tallied but undeniably massive. Systemic problems must be fixed with systemic shifts, and public transportation is likely to be an important part of that shift. Look into the buses and trains that can take you where you need to go: it’s kinder to your planet and your wallet. Support the science Supporting the science takes many forms. It means confronting ignorance when you encounter it, even if that makes other people uncomfortable. It also means questioning what you hear and checking the facts as you go, which can be uncomfortable for you. The point is to improve your understanding, so you can improve your world. Know what you have to do, even when it’s hard, and make the small paradigm shifts that will pave the way for the larger changes that need to happen.
What is the function of the drum brake? Drum brake systems are typically used to help stop the rear wheels of low performance vehicles and large trucks. Located on the rear axle, they use hydraulic pressure to generate friction and slow the vehicle down. The main components of a drum brake are the wheel cylinder, the brake shoes, the return springs, and the brake drum. The wheel cylinder sits at the top of the drum brake with two pistons inside. When the brakes are applied, the pressurized brake fluid pushes the pistons outward, which in turn force the brake shoes against the outer drum. The result is enough friction to stop a 2 ton vehicle. We recommend that you come in as soon as you notice any signs of malfunctioning brakes. Brake failure is not worth the risk of not bringing it in. Below are a list of common brake problems and their symptoms. If you’re experiencing any of them, bring your car by our repair center. Common Drum Brake Problems Drum brakes function by transforming the energy from the engine (in the form of hydraulic pressure) into friction, generating an enormous amount of heat in the process. Consequently, if the outer brake drum is cooled rapidly after heavy use, usually by being exposed to water, warping can occur. Warping can cause a shudder or pulse when the brakes are applied. Another common problem with drum brakes occurs when the protective coating on the brake shoes wears off. When the brake fluid is released, the brake shoes are pushed outward against the brake drum and the wheels are slowed. Over time, however, the brake shoes become worn down and will need to be replaced. Drum brakes rely on the hydraulic pressure from compressing brake fluid to generate enough friction to stop a vehicle. If the hydraulic wheel cylinder is leaking, however, fluid will be released into the brake shoes and drum. Consequently, the two forces that are responsible for stopping the car will be compromised—pressure and friction. The wheel cylinder won’t be able to create enough hydraulic pressure to push the brake shoes outward and the brakes shoes will not be able to generate any friction if they’re oily. Disc Brakes Disc brakes are the most common brake systems used in vehicles today. Typically located on the front wheels, they are comprised of brake pads, a brake caliper, and a brake rotor. They function in the same way as brakes on a bike--with brake pads on either side of the wheel that tighten when pressure is applied. The resulting friction slows the wheel down and then brings it to a complete stop. In the same way, disc brake pads straddle the rotor so that when the driver applies the brakes, pressurized fluid is released causing the brake caliper to squeeze the pads together and slow the vehicle down. Common Disc Brake Problems There are several things that can go wrong in this kind of brake system. Disc brakes function by transforming the energy from the engine (in the form of hydraulic pressure) into friction, generating an enormous amount of heat in the process. Consequently, if the brakes are quickly cooled when they’re hot—maybe you drove through a puddle—the rotor can become warped. When this happens, you will begin to feel the steering wheel shake when the brakes are applied. To fix this problem, our expert technicians will either replace or resurface your rotor, depending on the degree to which it’s warped. Brake Rotor The disc brake system is constructed around the rotor, which is a metal or ceramic disc that attaches to the axle and rotates with the wheels. When the brake is applied, hydraulic pressure tightens the two brake pads straddling the rotor. This creates enough friction to slow or stop the spinning disc and subsequently the wheel. During this process, an enormous amount of heat is generated. If a hot rotor is cooled too rapidly—such as when a car goes through a puddle—it can become warped. This will cause the brake pedal to shudder or pulse when pressed. To fix this problem, one ofour expert automotive technicians will either replace or resurface your rotor, depending on the degree to which it’s warped. In addition, if you start to hear squealing when the brakes are applied, your rotor might be worn and should be replaced or resurfaced. If you notice any vibration or squealing when braking, bring your car in! Brake Caliper The brake caliper is the component of the disc brake system that conducts hydraulic pressure through the brake pads to the rotor. More specifically, the caliper houses a piston and two brake pads and is connected to a hose containing brake fluid. When the fluid enters, the pressure pushes the piston toward the brake pads, which tighten around the rotor. The resulting friction is what slows the rotor and the wheel. All calipers have a seal protecting them from moisture and dust from the brakes. If this seal is cracking or leaking, it will allow debris and moisture in and around the piston. As a result, the piston will not be able to release completely, and the brake pads will stay in constant contact with the rotor. This will lead to premature wear on all of the elements of the disc brake and will negatively affect braking efficiency. To prevent this from happening, we recommend that you have your calipers carefully inspected each time your brake pads are replaced. Another common problem that occurs with brake calipers is an air leak. Because the disc brake system relies on hydraulic pressure to create friction, it must be airtight. When air is introduced into the brake fluid it is easier to compress making it harder for the caliper to apply pressure to the brake pads. This problem usually results in a spongy or soft feeling brake pedal. If you experience this, bring you car in. Our expert technicians will perform an air bleed to extract the air from the brake system, which requires opening the caliper’s wheel cylinder and releasing the air within. Brake Pads Most disc brake systems contain two brake pads that are designed to create friction and straddle the rotor. Each pad has a friction lining that contains semi-metallic compounds and ceramics to create the maximum amount of resistance with the rotor. When the brakes are applied, the caliper uses hydraulic pressure to clench the brake pads together, effectively stopping the rotor and the wheels from spinning. You should have your brakes and your brake pads inspected annually—they are a normal wear item on any car. If your car exhibits squealing brakes, grinding brakes, a pulsating brake pedal, a soft brake pedal, or dragging bring your car in immediately. Brakes are one of the most important safety features on your car, so you want to make sure that they are performing at their best. ABS Anti-lock Brake Systems are widely used in vehicles today to prevent skidding during emergency brake maneuvers. In a car without ABS, if the brakes are applied and a wheel stops spinning while the vehicle is still in motion, the driver will no longer have control over that wheel. That loss of control could lead to skidding and the inability of the driver to steer properly. A car with ABS, however, will be able to control all four wheels even if they’ve stopped moving. This is because each wheel has a speed sensor attached that relays information to a central ABS computer. If a wheel does stop spinning, the ABS computer will pump hydraulic pressure to that wheel, essentially releasing and then reapplying the brakes. The main issue that arises with Anti-Lock Brakes is faulty sensors. If the speed sensors are not working, the ABS computer won’t know when or to which wheel it needs to pump brake fluid pressure. We recommend that you have your sensors tested when you’re having any other brake maintenance or repairs performed. If your ABS light comes on, bring your car in as soon as possible. Our technicians are ready to put their expertise and years of experience to work on your brakes! Brake Master Cylinder Whether your car has a disc or a drum brake system, it contains a brake master cylinder. Located in the driver’s side firewall, the master cylinder is responsible for converting the pressure of the driver’s foot hitting the pedal into hydraulic pressure. It does this by using two pistons to compress brake fluid. A rod connects the brake pedal and these pistons so that when the driver’s foot presses the pedal it’s also pushing the pistons. Subsequently, the brake fluid is pressurized and applied to each wheel. The major problems that arise with the master cylinder stem from leaks. A leaking brake line within the system will make it impossible for the master cylinder to pressurize the brake fluid. When this occurs, the brake pedal will go all the way to the floor when pushed because there is not enough fluid to compress. Master cylinder pistons can also leak if their seals become worn. In either case, you should bring your car in immediately. We have experienced technicians who can handle any problem you’re experiencing with your master cylinder. • Jasper • Acdelco • Ari Fleet • ASE • Bosch Automotive • Cummins Diesel • Dayton Parts • Donlen Fleet • Duramax Diesel • Element Fleet • Enterprise Fleet • Fleet Services • GE Capital Fleet • Ford Power Stroke Diesel • Hendrickson • LeasePlan Fleet • Motorcraft Parts • NAPA AutoCare Center • NAPA Truck Service Center • RV Repair • Towing • Wifi Available
why would you use a yolk instead of the whole egg to bind a veggie burger? Nora March 28, 2011 betteirene, that's great information. thanks. Voted the Best Reply! betteirene March 28, 2011 The person who developed the veggie burger recipe specified egg yolks instead of the whole egg or egg whites for one or all of the following nutritional or culinary reasons: 1. Egg yolks don't need heat to act as a binder--think mayonnaise. Whole eggs and egg whites need heat for the binding effect to take place. 2. Egg whites are mostly water. Eggs yolks won't thin out a recipe. If whole eggs or egg whites are used, a refined starch is usually added to compensate for the extra moisture, which would affect the taste, the cooking method and cooking time. 3. Egg yolks won't overpower a delicate flavor. That sulfur-y, eggy smell or taste comes from the whites, not the yolks. 4. Allergic reactions are more commonly associated with the protein in the whites; allergies to egg yolks are rare. 5. I don't know what vegetables your recipe contains, but the addition of egg yolk would give it a boost in vitamins A, D and E, those fat-soluble vitamins not usually available in food from plants. Egg yolks are one of the few foods from any source that contain Vitamin D. If none of those reasons seem to apply to your recipe, you might consider substituting a whole egg (for every 2 yolks called for) without too greatly affecting the burger's taste or texture. boulangere March 28, 2011 Very welcome! insecureepicure March 28, 2011 thank you!! boulangere March 28, 2011 I don't know what recipe you are using, but my guess would be in order to keep it tender. The white egg is going to give it a tougher structure. Recommended by Food52
Is There Such A Thing As “Radon Season?” radon protection plan Radon is the naturally occurring gas that is responsible for being the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers. Because it is odorless and invisible to the naked eye, most people are unaware they have radon in their homes, which is especially frightening considering the ease in which radon levels can quickly rise to levels considered dangerous. You may have heard talk of a “radon season.” is there really an ideal season to test for radon? How do different weather conditions effect testing results? Radon levels are historically found to be higher during the colder months, so experts recommend testing for radon during this time. However, there are a number of factors that can alter radon levels. These factors include changing climate conditions, atmospheric pressure, temperature, precipitation, or any construction on the home. With all these factors in mind, the most likely reason radon rises in colder weather is because we are all keeping our windows shut to keep warm. Of course, everyone’s home contains cracks; despite all of our best efforts to seal them up. As the warm air rises and escapes from your home’s roof, this air is creating a suction to pull in new air to replace it. This new cold air entering your home also pulls in radon particles. While this is normal regardless of the time of year, it’s important for you to know how much radon is being pulled into your home. These reasons, paired with the truth that radon gathers in enclosed areas and people tend to hole up inside their homes far more often in winter, means the colder months of winter are the best times to test for radon. To sum all this up, there are many variables to consider, and a home’s radon levels will regularly change significantly, especially living in Ohio with our wildly sporadic weather! The habits we all develop with the varying seasons (such as sealing our home to keep cold air out in the winter) exacerbate these wild fluctuations in radon levels. This is why it is important to monitor radon regularly, rather than the one-time test used by most people. Think of it like carbon monoxide. You wouldn’t test for carbon monoxide once and then forget about it, would you? Most people tend to have the home tested for radon as part of the home buying and home inspection process. This is great so buyers know what they are getting into. However, do not forget to recheck if you have lived in the home for awhile. EPA recommends that you re test your home every two years to verify if levels have changed or not. Written by Kaitlyn Troth of Troth Media Troth Media FB page
You have no items in your shopping cart. You have no items to compare. (or any high performance engine) by Charles Navarro Last Updated 2/4/2020 Any information you may receive related to this commentary is provided merely as friendly suggestions, not as expert opinion, testimony or advice. The purpose of proper lubrication is to provide a physical barrier (oil film) that separates moving parts reducing wear and friction. Against popular belief, metal to metal contact does occur and these surfaces are highly dependent on a strong and robust anti-wear film. Oil also supplies cooling to critical engine components, such as bearings. The viscosity of the motor oil throughout the operating range of the engine is very important to the “hydro-dynamic bearing” layer of oil film that forms on and between moving engine parts. Where metal to metal contact occurs, boundary lubrication occurs when insufficient film to prevent surface contact and where the primary anti-wear additive ZDDP plays its role in protecting your engine. Detergent oils contain dispersants, friction modifiers, anti-foam, anti-corrosion, and anti-wear additives, all of which can affect the strength and durability of anti-wear films. Not all motor oils are created equally when it comes to the levels of additives and detergents used. These detergents carry away contaminants such as wear particulates and neutralize acids that are formed by combustion byproducts and the natural breakdown of oil, but can also inhibit the formation of ZDDP anti-wear films on critical engine components. In an SAE whitepaper on the development of the API SL standard, Shell’s own lubrication engineers stated that ‘the introduction of ash-less and zinc free oils are on the horizon making choosing an oil that much more difficult for older engines.’ The focus of this study is on the levels of zinc and phosphorus found in motor oils, more exactly, the zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) that makes up the anti-wear additive ZDDP, zinc dialkyl dithiosphosphate. Oils for modern engines have different formulation constraints than those for older engines and just because oils are “modern” or synthetic does not mean they will provide adequate protection for your engine. Shopping for oil by brand, previous reputation, or by manufacturer approvals alone does not guarantee the best oil for your engine. Even prior to the introduction of the API's SM and SN standards, there was concern that current API SL standards from back in 2003 may inhibit the backwards compatibility of motor oils, specifically referring to the limitation of ZDDP, which is "the most effective combined anti-wear and anti-oxidant additives currently available." SAE 2003-01-1957, Effect of Oil Drain Interval on Crankcase Lubricant Quality, Shell Global Solutions. The authors continue to state that oils are required to provide longer protection in severe operation but that an oils performance is "limited by environmental considerations." Furthermore, they state that it is hard to predict the effects of these reformulated oils in just a single oil change and may only be evident over an engine's lifetime. It is hard to know the full extent of the potential damage these new oils will have on our performance engines so chose your lubricants carefully. What general characteristics make motor oils specifically well suited to an aircooled engine? Aside from recommendations issued by Porsche, what makes for a good motor oil? These oils must be thermally stable, having a very high flashpoint, low noack volatility, and must “maintain proper lubrication and protect vital engine components under the extreme pressure and the high temperature conditions” found in aircooled Porsches. Many well-known Porsche engine builders recommend 15w40 viscosities below 90F ambient air temperatures with 20w50 for hotter climates above 90F average ambient temperatures in street use. Porsche recommends and uses Mobil 1 0w40 as a factory fill in new vehicles and Mobil 1 15w50 has been a popular choice used by many year-round in aircooled Porsche models. What was once considered a 'safe' oil is no longer as many of these lubricants have been reformulated for many reasons, not limited to allow for protection of emissions controls and for longer drain intervals and shopping by brand alone no longer ensures satisfactory performance. Using a factory approved or recommended oil also doesn’t necessarily guarantee the best results, however if your vehicle is under warranty, it is always advisable to use an oil carrying manufacturer approval to protect your warranty. Outside of warranty requirements, your choices for lubricants become much greater. According to Lake Speed Jr., a certified tribologist and one of the founders of Driven Racing Oils, when choosing a lubricant, you need to remember the 4 R’s: the right oil, in the right place, in the right quantity, and at the right time. It is worth noting that Mobil offers its own line of racing oils for track use and Porsche even now offers its own line of classic oils for protecting older aircooled engines and even special oils for watercooled 986 and 996 models, so oil selection is more important now than ever. Understanding what changes have been made, and why, is important in selecting the right lubricant. Porsche’s recommendation in hand, our initial analysis from 2005 and 2006 and from virgin oil analyses going back to the 1990s, we found that then prior SH/SJ formulations of Mobil lubricants tested, including Mobil 1, have had higher Zn and P content than SL, SM, or current SN formulations. Even current "re-introduced" formulations are not the original formulations many shops and owners were used to. Aside from reduced Zn and P levels (now restored in certain products), many products with "adequate" Zn and P still use high levels of Ca detergents, well documented in various SAE publications as known for causing more wear than Ca/Mg or Ca/Mg/Na detergents, as previously used in oils like Mobil 1 15w50, back when it was API SH/SJ rated and prior to reformulation. This confirms the industry wide trend of the reduction of Zn and P from motor oils and switch to Ca-based detergents, with the eventual reduction to 0.06-0.08% or even worse, the elimination of these additives, which are essential to an aircooled Porsche engine's longevity. Depending on how detergent an oil is and which detergents are used, optimal Zn and P levels can range from 1200 to 1500 ppm, lower detergency oils requiring less Zn and P. As already mentioned, oil companies have been cutting back on the use of Zn and P as anti-wear additives. This reduction of phosphorus content coming from ZDDP is a mandate issued by API, American Petroleum Institute, who is in charge of developing standing standards for motor oils. Zn and P have been found to be bad for catalytic converters. In 1996, API introduced the API SJ classification to reduce these levels to a maximum of 0.10% for viscosities of 10w30 and lighter. The 15w40 and 20w50 viscosities commonly used in Porsche engines did not have a maximum phosphorus limit. The API SL standard maintained this higher limit but with reduced limits for high temperature deposits. With the API SM, phosphorus content less than 0.08% was mandated to reduce sulfur, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions. The biggest difference between the API SM and SN standard is that with the subsequent SN standard mandated a max phosphorus content of 0.08% for all motor oil viscosities, not just the 10w30 and lighter oils the previous API standard limited, and limits for high temperature deposits are reduced, requiring added detergency for increased engine cleanliness allowing for longer drain intervals. Oils meeting the most current API SN+ and SP standards retain the same limits for phosphorus content while adding protection for low speed pre-ignition as well as improved engine cleanliness and fuel economy. For these reasons, most modern oils are not backwards compatible with older engines. It is worth noting that prior to this movement to reduce Zn and P levels, the oils recommended for use in an aircooled boxer engine typically had 0.14% Zn and 0.14% P content with less detergency, than current street car formulations. In comparison, an API SE-rated virgin oil sample of Kendal GT-1 motor oil from the 70’s, pre-dating today’s limited Zn and P mandates, contained 0.14% Zn and 0.12% P and significantly reduced detergency with the relatively short drain intervals then recommended by auto manufacturers. Oils with later API SH and SJ standards with no limit for phosphorus were developed, tested, and used in aircooled engines through the end of production of the Porsche 993 with aircooled Mezger engine. With this knowledge, it can be concluded that any given motor oil should have a minimum of 0.14% zinc and 0.12% phosphorus for aircooled engines given an average 0.25% total detergents (which is the average detergency for API SJ rated oils). The lower the detergency, the less ZDDP is needed. Remember, it’s all about additive balance! Oil companies have been cutting back on the use of Zn and P as anti-wear additives and switching to alternative zinc-free (ZF) additives and ash-less dispersants in their new low SAPS oils since Zn, P, and sulfated ash have been found to be bad for catalytic converters. To offset the reduction of zinc and phosphorus levels required by the EPA, boron as well as molybdenum disulfide, among other friction modifiers, has been added to modern oils, since they do not foul the catalysts in the particulate emissions filters or catalytic converters. It is worth noting that most Porsches have lived the majority of their lives with high Zn and P oils as found in API SG-SJ oils as late as 2004, and we never hear of problems with their catalytic converters. The addition of boron, when in the presence of ZDDP, does boost the anti-wear properties and although considered an anti-wear additive, the use of “moly” has been truly limited only to increasing fuel economy requirements of the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy, enacted by Congress in 1975). These additions do not completely address wear issues of older vehicles that require higher levels of Zn and P, with cutting edge research in the area of ionic liquids possibly bridging the gap between fuel economy and wear requirements. In addition to protecting emissions controls, there are many other design considerations in formulating engine lubricants, which include improving fuel economy and longer drain intervals. Many believe that the EPA has banned zinc and phosphorus in motor oils. This is not true. In response to modern engine design and longer emission control warranties which are required by the EPA, manufacturers have turned to reformulation of oils to do this, as well as to improve fuel economy by reducing fiction. High friction can result in areas with boundary lubrication or where high viscous friction forces and drag may occur with hydrodynamic lubrication in bearings. The use of friction modifiers, such as moly (there are many different species of Mo-based friction modifiers, help to reduce friction in metal-to-metal contact with the formation of tribofilms characterized with their glassy, slippery surfaces. Lower viscosity motor oils are key to increasing fuel economy by their reduction in drag where high viscous friction occurs in hydrodynamic lubrication. While lower viscosities improve fuel economy greatly, they also reduce the hydrodynamic film strength and high temperature high shear viscosity of the motor oil, factors both of which are key to protecting high performance engines, especially aircooled ones. It is worth mentioning that lower viscosities will provide better fuel economy, but thicker oils in modern engines greater than what the manufacturer recommends and what the engine is built for will not always result in better protection. However, it is worth noting that these new API guidelines do not need apply to “racing,” “severe duty,” or any motor oils that do not carry an API “starburst” seal or clearly state for off-road-use only. Motor oils meeting “Energy” or “Resource Conserving” standards, that provide emission system protection, or extended drain intervals should be avoided as well as those with an API SM / ILSAC GF-4 or later (newer) classifications. Most conventional 10w40 and 5w50 grades, because of their lack of shear-stability and relatively high amount of viscosity improvers, should also be avoided. The European ACEA A3/B4 "mid-SAPS and full-SAPS" classifications, which place a cap on P levels at 0.10-0.12% but allow for higher Zn levels, to be better in taking into consideration wear and engine longevity, setting much lower wear limits, while still limiting emissions and protecting emissions control devices. A good example of this is a Porsche A40 approved lubricant for newer watecooled models - although it may carry an API SM or SN rating, it will by rule require 0.10-0.12% Zn to meet the ACEA requirements. The current ACEA A3/B4 classifications require higher high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosities, stay in grade sheer stability, and tighter limits on evaporative loss (noack volatility), high temperature oxidation, and piston varnish. This makes oils meeting these ACEA standards that much better for your Porsche, especially since wear limits are much more stringent for valve train wear, 1/6th to 1/4th the wear allowed in the sequences for API's SM or CJ-4 standards. Likewise, where a choice between a 0w40 and a 5w40 is provided, as long as cold start protection is not needed, the 5w40 with it’s narrower viscosity spread will retain its viscosity better and typically provide better protection, albeit at slightly lower fuel economy. Compared to conventional oils, synthetics have superior shear stability leading to improved resistance to thinning and evaporation at high temperatures. Synthetics also have superior cold flow characteristics, reducing start-up wear significantly. Although most modern synthetics incorporate seal swelling agents, for those concerned with formation of new leaks or worsening of existing leaks, an acceptable compromise is the use of conventional, semi-synthetic, or group III synthetic (as compared to group IV and V synthetics), which is formulated from very highly refined “hydro-cracked” petroleum base with synthetic additives. Regardless of your choice to use conventional or synthetic lubricants, the formulation is just as important as whether it is a non-synthetic or synthetic oil. Other than cost, there is no reason not to use a synthetic oil in your Porsche or any other aircooled engine. Failure to use the right oil, use proper filtration, or observe proper changing intervals can affect the performance of even the best motor oil. It is also worth noting that some manufacturers have gone to shorter intervals and requiring fully synthetic oils (Group 4 or 5) due to litigation surrounding sludge formation and failed engines as a result of factory recommended long drain intervals, so drain interval recommendations are often in a state of flux. Based off of extremely long drain intervals recommended by most European manufacturers, some in excess of 30,000 mi at some point in recent history. Most users have found it best to reduce those intervals by half or even a quarter. Porsche over the last decade has had intervals ranging from 12,000 to 24,000 miles and up to 2 years. Based on used oil analysis provided to us by our customers, Porsche owners should consider a severe service regimen, reducing oil change intervals to no more than six months or 5,000 mi. Also, remember, Porsche drain intervals are based off an average fill quantity of 10 quarts, so engines with less overall oil volume can benefit from more frequent oil changes. Vehicles that are driven spirited or on the track, subject to sustained high oil temperatures or RPMs should have their oil changed more frequently or in the case of cars used at the track, the oil should be changed after every event (or every other event). Likewise, vehicles subjected to very short drives or sustained operation in heavy traffic should indeed be serviced more often. Other factors to consider are fuel dilution and shearing out of grade when determining your drain interval. Vehicles not driven often but driven hard a few times a year can probably go a year between oil changes as long as the oil is changed before the car is put away for winter for storage. Regular used oil analysis is the best way to determine ideal drain intervals for your driving habits. Coupled with reduced oil viscosities, modern engine oils are designed to maximize fuel economy, extend catalytic converter life, and reduce tailpipe emissions. It is more important now than ever to select the right engine oil. With this knowledge in hand, using a quality motor oil with proper filtration and reduced drain intervals, as recommended by your Porsche specialist, is the best thing to do for your engine and to protect your investment. Want to learn more, read up on the API standards by reading the API’s Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System: Frequently Asked Questions When in doubt, always refer to the manufacturer specifications and recommendations for lubricants and viscosities to be used. What non-detergent oil can I use when breaking in a new engine? Just because non-detergent oil is cheap, it doesn't mean you should use a cheap non-detergent oil. Always use a proper break-in oil in a new engine and never use a synthetic oil for break-in! How should I break in my engine? If you have questions on how you should break in an engine and proper break in procedure, we recommend reading the following articles about the subject: When can I switch to a synthetic oil? After initial break in, we recommend a minimum of 500 miles with a maximum of 1,000 miles on break in oil, followed by the use of an intermediate conventional oil for 3,000 to 5,000 miles. At that point, you can continue with use of a conventional oil or switch to a semi or full-synthetic oil. The exception is for a race car that you don’t have the luxury of breaking in on the street. When breaking the engine in on the dyno, be sure to monitor oil temperature and keep below 220F and monitor your oil pressure. Before going to the track, switch to a conventional or semi-synthetic race oil. Can I boost the level of Zn and P in my oil? Never use oil additives to boost ZDDP in your engine oil. Just use the right oil. Should I do used oil analysis? It is best to choose a motor oil and stick with that oil to determine a baseline for your engine’s oil performance through sampling and testing throughout your engine’s life. That way you can determine appropriate drain intervals for your driving habits and monitor the condition of your engine’s internals to determine if your motor oil is doing the best job possible at protecting your investment. The key is regular testing – trending is required to identify problems. When should I use a race oil? Street oils typically protect only to 240F, even full synthetics. Anytime you do a high performance driving event, even if it’s your first time taking your car on track, you should use a true race oil. These oils typically have added anti-wear additives, reduced detergency, and improved anti-foaming additives, coupled with better base stocks that resist thinning at high temperatures. These oils are designed to protect your engine best under the stress of going on track. Remember, most race oils are good only for about 500 miles, so we recommend changing your oil immediately after a track day so you store your race car with clean oil. For street cars, that becomes a bit more complicated, requiring you to run change to a street oil between events and run the race oil only for track use. Remember, oil is cheap, engines are expensive! What should I do if I have an older, higher mileage engine and want to use a synthetic motor oil? Those oils formulated from a group II or group III base stock (hydrocracked petroleum product) are less prone to cause leaks or make existing leaks worse. Most synthetic oils are now formulated with seal swelling agents to minimize leaks, so take this with a grain of salt. Additionally, older engines may require thicker viscosities and may have higher oil consumption, but you must take into consideration that Porsche allowed for as much as one (1) quart of oil consumption per 600mi, so check your oil level often and don’t overfill! Should I use a non, partial –synthetic, or full-synthetic motor oil, or perhaps a motorcycle or diesel oil? Formulation is more important than whether you use a non-, partial-, or full-synthetic motor oil. As far as a full synthetic goes, I personally recommend their use, even if the engine ends up leaking a little – I’d rather have the added protection. At the end of the day, the additional cost is a small expense to pay for the added protection of a full synthetic. Many years ago, diesel oils were an acceptable alternative to street car oils. Unfortunately, this ended with any diesel oils with the introduction of the API CJ-4 standard. In a pinch, motorcycle oils for high performance aircooled motorcycle engines typically provide exceptional shear stability, oxidation and acid control, and high-temperature protection, over that of conventional or synthetic motor oils approved for use in modern engines made for an API SN or Energy Conserving motor oil. What viscosity motor oil should I use? You should always refer to your owner's manual for the recommended grade and viscosity of oil to be used in any engine. That said, for most Porsche owners, Mobil 1 0w40 provides the widest range of protection year-round and for vehicles with sufficient oil cooling capacity. Some owners may find that 15w50 is better suited to their engine if it runs hotter or doesn’t have extra oil cooling like a late model Porsche 964 or 993, but remember that below 15F you probably should have something with a lighter cold viscosity for cold start protection. What makes modern motor oils not the best choice for aircooled or vintage engines? Porsche recommends 15,000 mi intervals on their newest water-cooled engines, as does most every German auto manufacturer. Modern motor oils are governed by requirements dictated by auto manufacturers and API standards (among other standard bodies). A rampant problem is sludge formation. Most encompass the need for a very high TBN or total base number for long drain intervals, among other wear factors. Another consideration is that modern oils are for the most part designed with increasing the longevity of emissions control devices. A good example is Mobil 1 ESP 5-30, formulated to meet the requirements of European manufacturers like Mercedes Benz, BMW, and Volkswagen. These modern oils are deficient in some respect to the oils previously available, making choosing an oil even more difficult and precarious for your older engine. Lastly, fuel economy is the primary motivator for development of new API standards for motor oils. CAFE, or corporate average fuel economy, will be mandated to meet 60 MPG by 2025, pushing for thinner and thinner oils and the addition of more friction modifiers, all of which trade off fuel economy increases for decrease in longevity. Lighter viscosity oils lend themselves to increased oil consumption which requires less anti-wear additives and more detergents to meet current engine cleanliness requirements. Most importantly, these requirements mean modern oils are most certain death for older engines for which these oils were never designed or tested for use in. Should I use an engine oil flush in my engine? If you have an engine that is dirty or has sludge buildup, never use an oil flush product. We have seen many engine failures following the use of an engine flush product. Additives to clear up noisy or stuck lifters or engine flush products will dislodge deposits and plug oil passages, among other things. The best way to clean a dirty engine is to pull the sump (if removable) to clean deposits. Then put the engine on a sequence of regular, short oil changes, no more than 500-1000 miles. Repeat 5-10 times with a fresh oil filter at every change. This will slowly clean the engine. However, if the engine is beyond the point of no return with heavy sludge formation, an engine rebuild is your only recourse for corrective action. How often should I change my oil? For most street driven Porsche models, we recommend an oil change interval of 6 months or 5,000 miles. Older aircooled models should be limited to 3 months or 3,000 miles due to reduced oil system volume. Same goes for older aircooled VW models. Dedicated track cars should have their oil changed after every event. Mixed street/track use cars should run race oil for the track event and change immediately after to a street oil. Vehicles stored for winter should have their oil changed prior to storage. Addition of a product like Driven Storage Defender for fuel system and oil system should be added. Do not start up and let your engine idle during storage. It is best to let it sit dormant until you take the car out of storage and have the opportunity to drive the car for an extended period and get the oil to full operating temperature. What oil filter should I use? Just like with motor oils, people have their favorite oil filters. We have purchased and cut apart dozens of brands of filters, all leading us to one conclusion. Other than using a Genuine Porsche oil filter, the only aftermarket filters we use and recommend are Napa Gold/Platinum filters (both are manufactured by Wix). What fuel system cleaner, lead additive, or octane booster should I use? Fuel system cleaners are widely available from dozens of companies, all promising everything from helping you to pass emissions testing to increasing octane. Many do little more than put a drain on your wallet. In most cases, using a quality pump premium formulation is the best thing you can do for your engine, regardless of octane requirements. Most modern engines and fuel management systems can adjust for the increased octane and provide improved fuel economy and horsepower, so even though the octane requirement may be 87 or 91 octane, it can benefit from 93 octane. Most importantly, always use a Top Tier fuel. Shell V-Power is what we use and recommend. Where ethanol-free fuels are not available, only use E10 fuels. Ethanol content higher than 10% will cause fuel system damage to fuel systems and engines not designed for higher ethanol contact fuels. For fuel systems that have not been serviced properly or for which you do not have a service history, the use of Lubro-Moly Jectron will vastly improve fuel system and engine performance. If you continue to have symptoms associated with bad injectors, the only solution will be to send the injector for cleaning or replace with new injectors. If you want to use a fuel system cleaner regularly, use one that meets OEM requirements and is actually used by OEMs. Redline makes a fuel system cleaner that is good for both fuel injected and carbureted engines, called SI-1. They also make a lead substitute, called just that, Lead Substitute, that also cleans your fuel system and is safe for injectors and catalytic converters. These products do not however provide protection from the damage of ethanol or are good for stabilizing fuels for storage. We use and recommend Driven’s fuel system products. Carb defender should be used at every fill up on cars with older carbureted engines or fuel systems not compatible for modern ethanol fuels to protect against the damage caused by modern ethanol fuels. Stay away from aviation (AV) gas. If you need to boost your octane, use race gas, a product like Driven Fuel System Cleaner with Octane Booster, or a race gas concentrate. Lastly, modern E10 fuels have a very short shelf life. Fuel not used within 4 weeks of being pumped will need to be stabilized. Use of Driven Carb Defender, Storage Defender, or any other Driven fuel system products will stabilize these ethanol fuels. Set Descending Direction Grid List 48 per page 11 Item(s) Set Descending Direction Grid List 48 per page 11 Item(s)
(bot: ref templates) (Ships with Native American names: Sacajawea) Line 80: Line 80: * [[USS Malinche]] (NCC-38997) * [[USS Malinche]] (NCC-38997) * [[USS Pueblo]] * [[USS Pueblo]] * [[Sacajawea]] * [[USS Tecumseh]] (NCC-14934) * [[USS Tecumseh]] (NCC-14934) * [[USS Ticonderoga]] * [[USS Ticonderoga]] Revision as of 23:37, February 18, 2007 File:Native american officer TMP.jpg File:Tipis, Timestream.jpg The Native American cultures descend from the original Human inhabitants of the North and South American continents of Earth. Those areas were heavily settled by more technologically advanced Humans from other continents after the 15th century, leading to the destruction of many indigenous cultures. Some Native American cultures experienced a resurgence in the 23rd and 24th Century, They adapted to their times and circumstances, some tribes including alien species such as the Ferengi, Klingons, and Vulcans as totem spirits. (TNG: "Journey's End") In the distant past, extraterrestrials known as Sky Spirits from the Delta Quadrant came to Earth, where they genetically altered a group of primitive humans. These inheritors carried a similar affinity to the land as the Sky Spirits and spread across the globe, giving rise to the Native American and Amazonian peoples. The Sky Spirits returned periodically but eventually found no trace of their inheritors. Descendants of their inheritors, the Rubber Tree people, were discovered living away from Earth in the 24th century. (VOY: "Tattoo") In the 6th century CE, a benevolent alien being known as Kukulkan visited the Mayan civilization and contributed to their development, and was worshipped as a god. Kulkulkan returned in the 12th century, visiting and influencing the Aztec culture. (TAS: "How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth") A group of alien anthropologists, called the Preservers, visited Earth in the 18th century. The Preservers transplanted a group of Native Americans, including people from the Delaware, Navajo, and Mohican tribes, to a class M planet where they were able to live undisturbed. (TOS: "The Paradise Syndrome") Scenes of Native American life including tipis and a canoe could be seen in the resetting time stream as the timeline realigned itself. (ENT: "Storm Front, Part II") Native American tribes had traditions about displays of dominance, such as "counting coup," which would be noted by Data when observing similar behaviors in the Ligonians. (TNG: "Code of Honor") By the 2270s, Starfleet permitted Native Americans to express their culture as part of their uniforms. At the time of the V'Ger threat, at least three Native Americans were among the crew of the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701). (Star Trek: The Motion Picture) At least two Native Americans have been seen to be a member of the Maquis. (One unnamed and the other being Commander Chakotay.) Native American planets Native American tribes Native American descendants Unnamed Native American descendants Indian Boy Lumo and an Indian boy. The Indian boy was a member of the tribe of American Indian descendants that lived on the planet Amerind. He was tending to the fishnets, when he became entangled in them and sank to the bottom of the river. He was brought up from the river bottom, but was declared dead by Salish, the medicine man. Captain James T. Kirk, who had lost his memory and joined the tribe, gave the boy mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, and brought him back to life. (TOS: "The Paradise Syndrome") The indian boy was portrayed by Lamont Laird. Indian Woman Indian woman An Indian woman The Indian woman was a member of Native Americans whose descendants were transplanted by a group of aliens called the Preservers, who visited Earth in the 18th century. She lived among a tribe that lived on the planet Amerind. James T. Kirk, after a head injury caused him to lose his memory, joined this tribe. (TOS: "The Paradise Syndrome") The indian woman was portrayed by Naomi Pollack. Ships with Native American names
From OpenStreetMap Wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Discuss Key:waterway here: More information now at Tag:waterway=stream Currently, the renderers seem to render rivers larger than canals, making them about the right size for mid sized river. Some smaller ones (which might be called "streams" or similar) come out too large. Really small waterways I think a river of 3 meters width is not the same as a 50cm wide one. They should be tagged separately IMHO. --Bkr 15:38, 6 June 2008 (UTC) Well the definition which has been written for a long time on Tag:waterway=stream is "Too small to be classed as a river. Maybe you can jump over it". This <3 metre rule is maybe a bit more solid, except that we have to remember that rivers/streams vary in width. There's wide pools and narrow channels. What's more the flow varies with weather conditions / time of year / rainfall / snowmelt / drought (can dry up altogether). maybe we should stick with "Maybe you can jump over it" ...or define it terms of flow in cubic metres per second! In fact I propose we drop the mention of 3 metres. It's misleading us into thinking we can be accurate in that way. You're suggesting a third category? Rivers -> Streams -> Diddly little trickles? I don't think that is necessary. The idea of 'streams' is that they are very small rivers. Too small to be classed as a river. So that should satisfy what you are describing. I imagine 3 metres seems too wide as a cut off point if you're picturing a gushing 3m wide torrent... depends how fast it's flowing over that 3 metre width. Just noticed that Talk:Tag:waterway=stream has a lot on this topic too -- Harry Wood 08:33, 7 June 2008 (UTC) To show that there are big differences between "stream"s and the very small variants, I just created Key:waterway/Narrow_variants. Alv 08:33, 12 May 2010 (UTC) Mapping waterways How does one maps a river, lake, canal or other waterways? You can driver over roads and even take the train to map railways. Rivers are different. I could take my kayak and try to map it but the river doesn't has the same width on all places and some smaller waterways are simply to small to take a kayak. I could walk around a lake but would the GPS reception be precise enough when I have to duck under trees, walk around stones, etc.? Last problem, some parts are simply not reachable, the river in my town is enclosed by buildings or it runs through some private area... Cimm 6 Nov 2006 Coastline(ie the boundary between the land and sea, and river estuaries) data can be imported into OSM using the PGS coastline scripts. For other waterways, lakes rivers etc, I'd use JOSM and the Landsat plugin. This shows a satellite image of the area you are working on, and you can draw nodes over the top, wherever you need them. There may be a shift of up to 100m between the real position and the position shown by the Landsat photo, if there is an identifiable feature in the photo which can also be mapped by GPS then this will show the size and direction shift in the Landsat image, and all nodes which you have drawn can be moved in JOSM to compensate for the shift. Dmgroom 16:21, 6 November 2006 (UTC) Waterway as area Proposed_features/Large_rivers only mentions rivers. Near my area, someone traced the outline of a canal (presumable using Yahoo! Imagery). This is currently tagged as natural=water in order to render properly, but this is obviously incorrect. Replacing this canal with a linear way is a possibility, but I'd hate the person's effort to go to waste. Is there a possibility that waterway=canal could also apply to an area? --Gyrbo 19:02, 13 January 2008 (UTC) The area should be tagged as natural=water, water=canal (see: --Dru1138 (talk) 18:20, 20 November 2014 (UTC) Having a waterway=aqueduct tag doesn't allow you to specify what sort of waterway the aqueduct is carrying. Wouldn't something more akin to the bridge tag be better? (i.e. waterway=canal, aqueduct=yes), or should bridge=yes be used instead? In fact, you should use bridge=aqueduct -- I've updated the article. Robx 17:26, 12 June 2008 (UTC) what about a small stream running under a big motorway oder crossing a village in a canal (or sewer?) but under the ground - how to tag these? -- Schusch 22:41, 15 July 2008 (UTC) Similar to bridge=aqueduct how about tunnel=culvert? --EliotB 06:11, 18 January 2009 (UTC) Isn't a tunneled waterway not by definition a culvert? So would tunnel=yes as is done now by most people not be sufficient? --Eimai 13:31, 18 January 2009 (UTC) Intermittent and ephemeral streams Many maps display intermittent and ephemeral streams different from "regular" (called perennial) streams (see wikipedia:Stream#Intermittent_and_ephemeral_streams for a definition). I would like to propose an additional tag to the waterway=* called intermittent=yes (which would include ephemeral streams). Any objections? --Colin Marquardt 15:37, 18 September 2008 (UTC) Safety equipment? Is there any way to tag safety equipment such as life-belts next to canals, rivers, docks etc? Bruce mcadam 14:34, 28 January 2009 (UTC) Some use amenity=life_ring. Alv 07:22, 30 April 2010 (UTC) On Seamaps you find many areas. (Roadsteads,military area, restricted area, nature reserve...). I think we need a tagging-schema for this. I found an interesting proposal for such special issues: Proposed_features/marine-tagging and i started a discussion about areas: Talk:Proposed_features/marine-tagging#Areas --Klabattermann 22:23, 30 July 2009 (UTC) Former rivers? How should a river that no longer exists be mapped? In this specific area, canals have been built to modify the flow of water, and the former river alignment (in the middle of a swamp) no longer carries flowing water. --NE2 17:34, 20 January 2010 (UTC) Arbitrary Labels? I feel there is a need for a general label for ad-hoc water features, like place=locality. Such features are generally very local names for sections, inlets, bends, moorings and the like. Place=locality will do, but it is usually rendered in a land style (black text) rather than a water style (water-blue text). Thoughts? Really narrow canals? Hello. I started mapping a few days ago some acequias, which are man-made waterways used for transportation of irrigation water, common in Spain and the Americas. The problem is that I've been tagging them as waterway=canal but, acequias are sometimes no more than a few centimetres wide, being the widest I know about one metre wide. The canal rendering is quite big for those purposes, so how do I get a narrower rendering or, otherwise, a more adequate tag for these acequias? --Schumi4ever 22:54, 26 December 2010 (UTC) PS: Compare the size of the acequia to the people beside it: [1] Ideally you'd use tags that describe its purpose, like boat=no and something for irrigation. Maybe waterway=drain is good enough for now? --NE2 02:06, 27 December 2010 (UTC) Why that 12 m remark for riverbanks? "For larger rivers (defined as more than 12m across) see waterway=riverbank." Defined by whom? Riverbank ways make sense when the banks are irregularly shaped, it doesn't matter how wide the river is. --Tordanik 15:27, 6 January 2011 (UTC) the edit was by User:Trs998 back in 2008, so it survived for a while without anyone complaining (and unnoticed by me) Such measurement specs are fraught with problems. There were some debates about how to distinguish "stream" from "river". Eventually somebody came up with "Maybe you can just jump over it", which remarkably seemed to settle the argument for a while at least. I see somebody's written something far more pedantic on there now. So we can have similar arguments about how wide a river needs to be before it gets a riverbank. I'm not sure where 12m definition comes from. Mailing list somewhere probably. I can immediately think of all sorts of problems with it, but then again... it's probably as good as any other idea. We should definitely add a section to Tag:waterway=riverbank going into the details about consensus (or lack thereof) about making this distinction. This discussion should then be moved to that page, and perhaps we might decide to remove such details from the tag summary where it currently is. -- Harry Wood 17:29, 6 January 2011 (UTC) It clearly is more appropriate to have such a section on Tag:waterway=riverbank, so I agree with your suggestion. As far as the definition itself is concerned, my personal opinion is that riverbank := a river where someone bothered to draw the actual banks, rather than just the centerline. --Tordanik 00:20, 8 January 2011 (UTC) I think this definition could also vary by country and custom. In New Zealand, the concepts of the "Queen's Chain" and "paper roads" means that waterways wider than 3 metres were often designated as legal roads in early land surveys. More recently local councils may own the river banks for flood protection and other reasons. This means there is often a legal public access right within a 20 metre (or 1 chain) marginal strip or esplanade of a river or the coast. Because many of these marginal strips are not marked, showing where the river banks are can be important, even in the case of smaller streams. - Huttite (talk) 21:30, 3 December 2016 (UTC) Waterway continuity We have big discussion on czech talk about waterway continuity. I think, we need continual tree for many purposes. So if have river with some lake for example, then river continue in lake with aprox way (there are only few lakes where we know exacly way - ie from historic materials). Without this, we have nice pictures maybe, but no map - no nav, hard to say river length ... User:Jezevec 13:52, 7 March 2011 How do you define the "length" of a river across a lake? If you put the way in the middle (because there are probably tributaries on both sides), then you're probably wrong anyway. Unless there are defined "lanes" for traffic, and do we really want to get into mapping that? Seems like the only nav solution is raw GPS across a free-movement area, similar to a plaza (highway=pedestrian area=yes), which admittedly is rarely handled correctly either. StephenTX (talk) 15:59, 20 November 2016 (UTC) Water divide or watershed Which one of both (or is there better expression) should we use? I just start with waterway=water_divide Greetings, -- Schusch 09:23, 11 January 2012 (UTC) Watershed is unfortunately ambiguous (it can refer to the divide or the basin). I used natural=divide on the Continental Divide in Colorado, but I have no particular attachment to this. I do think it's not necessarily a good idea to use a waterway value. --NE2 10:34, 11 January 2012 (UTC) well ok ... here is the example. It is a waterway which splits up, see the article. And there exist a lot of these water divides for smaller waterbodies. -- Schusch 11:18, 11 January 2012 (UTC) What is it you want to map? If it is the streams/rivers then simply map their ways. If it is the land that divids the waterways then don't use waterway tags! Use land tags - natural=ridge for example. Warin61 (talk) 20:45, 17 January 2016 (UTC) 'A narrow channel of water between two larger bodies of water'. Does this belong here or natural=* ? Not my understanding of 'strait', which is ditto but between two larger bodies of land (and afaik in UK English usage, only at sea, never for inland use). I'd favour natural=* and add a waterway=fairway through it if there is one. Eteb3 (talk) 15:02, 31 August 2019 (UTC) I think it is odd that the waterway is a ditch. Having ditch as a property of the riverbank/watershore would be more logical, it would also fit better when a stream goes through a ditch part of its way. RicoZ (talk) 16:48, 30 November 2013 (UTC) Would be useful to have a drinkable=yes\|no\|emergency attribute When crossing a stream or river on a hiking trail, it would be really useful to have some indication of whether or not the water is safe to drink. I'd propose a "drinkable" attribute, taking one of the following values: yes = safe to drink in large amounts. emergency = not the cleanest water, but unlikely to do serious harm. Better than nothing in an emergency. no = avoid drinking even in an emergency. the only I would agree to is "drinkable=no" when it is a clear case. Better approach to your case would be to map likely/possible upstream pollutants and combine that with "water_characteristic" (part of hot_spring proposal) to get an assessment of possible problems and dangers. RicoZ (talk) 11:29, 11 April 2014 (UTC) Stream Order I think an optional order tag would be a good idea, see Josh_G 17:11 31 October 2014 The linked article is very vague, how do I tell that a river is stream_order=7? Is it the plain water flow in cbm, some authority saying so, relative importance? RicoZ (talk) 10:14, 31 October 2014 (UTC) is a better article - but I think that there would be a better way of tagging the streams I had in mind. Josh_G ((talk) 10:34, 6 November 2014 This kind of stream order can be derived from existing data pretty easily so there is no reason to do it manually. Also this stream order is likely to change very often if someone would map an additional creek upstream or even move one confluence of streams, highly unpractical for mapping. RicoZ (talk) 11:00, 6 November 2014 (UTC) I have started discussion about it here: --Kocio (talk) 15:34, 6 August 2017 (UTC) The present wiki says these are on land only. If that is so they are not part of a water way and should not use waterway tags. Possible tags are landuse=industrial, industrial=boatyard or industrial=shipyard. Warin61 (talk) 20:48, 17 January 2016 (UTC) According to : A riffle is a shallow section of a stream or river with rapid current and a surface broken by gravel, rubble or boulders. At least in relativly plain areas in streams and ditches these places are easy to find and clearly defined. I was searching for a tag - and didn't find one. Here I don't want to tag something which has to do with rafting or other sports but with nature. I used to tag these places with rapid=yes - but according to the whitewater sports people this is "wrong". I'm not at all interested in difficulties, grades etc. Most of the ditches are even not appropriate for boats. So I propose tagging these nodes (or short ways) with riffle=yes. (if somebody wants to make this a proposal, you are welcome) -- Schusch (talk) 07:37, 31 March 2016 (UTC) Use of the oneway tag on waterway=* In a revert of an edit I made the other day (italics what was removed) By definition, a waterway is assumed to have a direction of flow , and therefore oneway=yes is implicit for waterways. The direction of the way should be downstream (from the waterway's source to its mouth). ...the following explanation was given in the history change log. "The oneway key does not refer to water flow direction." I'm not saying that this isn't true, but what I am saying is this: A documented use for what oneway=* on a waterway does mean isn't documented anywhere on the Wiki. Saying "The oneway key does not refer to water flow direction." implies that it does refer to something, so I ask that what that something is be documented so that • it's understood by editors when it's encountered, and almost as important, • so that data consumers (osmand+, OSRM, whatever others) know how to interpret a waterway with a oneway= tag that may be contrary to the direction of flow. Here's a count of the union of waterway=* and oneway=. • oneway=-1 (375) • oneway=1 (3596) • oneway=alternate (7) • oneway=interval (2) • oneway=no (222) • oneway=reversible (1) • oneway=yes (23454) (After doing the exercise of looking through tag usage, I think I get that it's probably referring to allowed navigation of watercraft, ships, etc., but again, the point is, it's not documented on this page, so it's only a guess. Even if that's so, then it should be documented, and I would guess that the assumed default should be oneway=no, since it's typically not "the rule" to enforce traffic flow on a waterway in this manner, beyond 'see and avoid'.) Generalizing waterways to refer to more than the direction of flow to a waterway, and instead to 'approved navigation channels' might require a new relation or new way of describing these things in the future. I don't know how compatible the mapping purpose of "waterways to watersheds" and 'navigation channels' will be in using the same ways and keys for both, but that's a different topic. Skybunny (talk) 15:00, 1 December 2017 (UTC) I knew there was a reason I put that into the article. If there's a belief out there that oneway= 'means something' in the context of a waterway, then the JOSM project needs to be told, because as far as they're concerned, 'oneway' on a way without a 'highway', 'railway', or 'aerialway' tag is warned about in the verification step, implying it should be removed or at the very least is nonstandard. Since it isn't described here, I very much understand their rationale. Skybunny (talk) 01:06, 2 December 2017 (UTC) My interpretation of oneway on waterways would indeed be that it refers to traffic, and I believe that this has been the overall outcome of discussions on the topic in the past. However, I didn't manage to dig up any of those hazily remembered discussions with an internet search, so I didn't want to assert this meaning without proof. What I am reasonably certain about, though, is that oneway shouldn't be used for the flow direction, which is why I phrased the edit comment that way. (There's the key flow_direction which would fit, although only the value flow_direction=both is approved at the moment – there's no value intended to explicitly affirm the default.) --19:15, 4 December 2017 (UTC) Debris screens I'm using waterway=debris_screen for debris screens on waterways such as Figure 8.25 and Figure 8.26 on [2]. These are commonplace in the United Kingdom at entrances to culverts to prevent bits of debris blocking them up and causing local flooding. The name "debris screen" is the name used by the Environment Agency on information boards and in press releases. --Lakedistrict (talk) 17:28, 3 April 2018 (UTC) Mapping them is a good idea, I agree with this. It would be great to move all those water management features to another key than waterway=. It may be hard to achieve, but mapping dams as waterway=dam is not very consistent, as concrete and man_made structures. Then, would you accept to use other key than waterway? Fanfouer (talk) 18:58, 3 April 2018 (UTC) I tend to agree with you: watermanagement= would be good, and reserve waterway=* for a true 'way' - ie, something you (or the water) can pass along. So the water travels down the waterway, but it may pass over/through/under features of watermanagement. Please also see below under 'Outfalls' for a link to a suggestion by TimCouwelier for a tag category waterway=flow_control + flow_control=. I disagree with him, for reasons stated, but it seems to touch on your issue. --Eteb3 (talk) 14:16, 31 August 2019 (UTC) waterway=riverbank vs natural=water + water=river Please see the discussion in the ml. For whatever reason, the "new" and approved scheme is increasingly strongly lagging behind the "legacy" method. It has been suggested as the "preferred" scheme for long enough and is meanwhile losing taginfo percentage. I believe it makes no sense to try to push it as the suggested scheme here. RicoZ (talk) 20:45, 7 September 2018 (UTC) Outfalls/discharge points I'd like to propose waterway=outfall and/or waterway=discharge_point for the many examples of features like this one and this one on UK rivers. (I appreciate one also has a debris screen, but I think the outfall itself is more significant.) TimCouwelier has here suggested waterway=flow_control + flow_control=, where * can be: flap_valve; orifice; sluice_gate; vortex - and his suggestion would seem to fit these cases. I'll restate (some of) my thinking expressed there, that imo this views the feature too much from the engineering/purpose point of view, and not enough from what is visible on-the-ground. It also adds needless complexity. --Eteb3 (talk) 14:08, 31 August 2019 (UTC) EDIT: I see a related issue above at 'Debris screens' Eteb3 (talk) I see one important point to have in mind: we should avoid cluttering waterway=* with numerous punctual features. waterway=flow_control or waterway=valve would have benefits regarding this particular point. As discussed here, waterway=valve would make valve=* usable for sluice gates and any other flow control devices seen on waterways. I agree on the need to map what is seen on ground. Should we focus on specific equipment seen on pipes/drains outlet instead of outlet themselves? Fanfouer (talk) 14:26, 31 August 2019 (UTC) Your point about 'punctual features' is very well taken, especially as I'm new to all this. At the risk of forking the discussion, what do you think of my response to your suggestion above at #Debris screens? I can see the benefit of a subkey waterway=flow_control (or waterway=valve) to avoid the cluttering you mention. However, my experience as a new mapper is that two layers of tags (A=B + B=C) is a serious deterrent - it more than doubles the documentation needed, and the tagging system is already mindblowingly complex. I also find it unintuitive: the ordinary person sees a 'sluice', not 'a type of valve'. Moreover a 'sluice' is indeed a type of controlled valve but an 'outfall' is so only sometimes - so flow_control=* would only sometimes be suitable for an outfall. Complicated! Sluices and outfalls (and pumping stations, debris barriers, etc) all seem to me to be species of the the genus 'concrete and steel structures with water passing through them', ie, watermanagement=* . Maybe even just man_made=* would serve?? To your point re specific equipment, I agree, as long as it is optional detail. This is the place for a subcategory, imo: we could have a tag outfall=pipe_end, =flap_valve, =walled; etc. What do you think? Eteb3 (talk) 16:20, 31 August 2019 (UTC) Thank you for this elaborated answer. Despite A=B + B=C sounds more complex than other possibilities, it's the base of sane semantic modelisation. This is more desirable because it allows to give better links between concepts. From my experience of both tagging builder and contributor, it's the approach I find the most convenient. It draws a kind of path between a global idea (water management) and the particular device you describe (valves, gates...). See running example node 4608675737 I'd be in favour of water_management=* to define man made (always) devices that modify the flow of water in a (sometimes) man made waterway. water_management=valve + valve=gate could be used for sluice gates (incompatible with pipeline=valve to distinguish open-flow waterways with pipe-flow pipelines). Outfall would come beside valves with water_management=outfall (are they proper water management equipment?) as a valve can't be a proper outfall : they'll require a different node each. This valid if and only if outfalls are always man made. Outfalls may indeed be subcategorized with outfall=* or other related term. I must say it's a medium term work that would require formal proposals. Even if talks can sometimes be tough and time consuming, we're here to help and will certainly produce valuable things together :) Fanfouer (talk) 12:53, 1 September 2019 (UTC) Let me be the first to admit my take was ENTIRELY from an engineering point of view. Reasoning behind such logic: who else then someone in a such field would actually do something with the data? waterway = outfall or waterway = discharge_point : those indicate basically that that's where you data stops, and water 'runs out of the system at this point'. We don't really have those here. As for waterway = flow_control + flow_control = * : it's to avoid cluttering the 'waterway = ' options. You're looking a a POINT on a waterway. What's happening there is waterflow being managed somehow, leading me to waterway = flow_control, which is fairly straightforward even without in-depth knowledge of of the different types. Optionally, should you know which type of flow_control we're dealing with, you can specify it with flow_control = . TimCouwelier (talk) 09:47, 4 September 2019 (UTC) I see! My perspective on this is as a canoeist, and we would use this data for navigation. Down on the river there are often few landmarks visible, so overhead lines, side channels and outfalls are useful indicators of where we are. We don't mind at all that these things do X or Y, beyond being able to give them a name we all understand. The outfalls we're interested in, then, are those which empty into the river we're paddling. (We could almost say that's where the data begins, rather than where it stops, since we're looking at the in-coming waterway from the other end :-) Could I ask for some clarification on what counts as the 'clutter' that you and Fanfouer are concerned about? Is the concern that the key waterway=* is acquiring tags that aren't really 'ways' at all (Fanfouer's 'punctual' features), or is it more simply that it's getting too many values, period? Eteb3 (talk) 17:50, 6 September 2019 (UTC) To me, it's more about consistency than the amount of values. Things like waterway=fuel are just meaningless and should be moved to another tag, because it's not about waterway business Fanfouer (talk) 20:17, 10 September 2019 (UTC) I agree with the original post that it would be best to have tags for specific features. The end of a pipe that's discharging water into a river isn't a really a waterway=flow_control or waterway=valve, at least to a non-expert like me. There's not a real problem with adding more tags to waterway=; tags and keys are basically free. There are already 37 documented values of waterway= and only a dozen are actual watercourses, and there are 61 values of waterway=* that are used over 100 times. But it's also possible to use the key man_made=* if that's clearer. --Jeisenbe (talk) 02:52, 13 September 2019 (UTC) Waterway without specific destination There cases (specially in dry areas) in which there are seasonal streams which are not ending in any specific destinations. They get get dry at some point or get absorbed by earth. Other occasion would be waterways made by men for taking water into farms. How such waterways should be drawn? Should the warning regarding the waterway not ending to another waterway? Ahangarha (talk) 19:25, 22 June 2020 (UTC) may be an option for your first case. See notes on that page regarding 'intermittent', also. Your second case has been covered elsewhere in the context of the 'acequias' of Spain, I believe, but I'm afraid can't tell you where. (Acequias are man-made watercourses, sometimes just 20cm across or so, for bringing water from natural flowing water to agricultural land.) Here they are calling such a waterway a 'ditch': eteb3 (talk) 20:52, 22 June 2020 (UTC) Thanks. I already use `intermittent` for such waterways but based on being natural or man-made, I was using stream or canal. I think ditch is more appropriate for man-made waterways in this case. I will try to find what you referenced here as acequias. But still this question remains: is it necessary for a waterway to end into some other waterway or lake of something like this? Should I ignore validation water? Ahangarha (talk) 07:58, 23 June 2020 (UTC) It is not necessary for a waterway to end in a lake or waterway. Rivers can disappear into sinkholes in areas with limestone, and they can disappear into sandy or rocky areas on deserts. If there is an intermittent lake, it should be mapped, but this is not always the case in deserts or areas with very porous rock. --Jeisenbe (talk) 20:47, 23 June 2020 (UTC) For sinkholes, see natural=sinkhole and sinkhole=* Fanfouer (talk) 22:38, 23 June 2020 (UTC)
Britain's biggest driving schools to roll out cycle awareness module AA and BSM to teach new drivers how to share the road safely - and that there's no such thing as "road tax" Via Road CC "However,” he added, “it would be even better if young people were given advanced cycle training on the use of busier roads, before they start learning to drive. “Anecdotal evidence from instructors suggests that regular cyclists are quicker to pick up hazard perception and defensive driving skills. CTC has, in the past, argued that advanced cycle training for teenagers be provided alongside basic skills training for younger children as part of the school curriculum." "The next step is to make cycle awareness a core part of the practical driver’s test, particularly on how to overtake people on bikes safely. “By slowing down speeds, improving routes available to cyclists and pedestrians and changing the culture on our roads to one of sharing and mutual respect, we can improve road safety for everyone.” <a href=""></a>; Comments (0) Baltimore Spokes
April 23, 2020 by Catherine, 7 minute read time Photo credit: SouthcottC / CC BY-SA Did you know theres an independent state entirely surrounded by Italy? And no it’s not the Vatican City. And it’s not San Marino either. The Principality of Seborga is a 14 km2 micronation located in the north west of Italy, close to the French border and only about 35km from the more famous micronation of Monaco. The principality is restricted to the territory occupied by the town of Seborga and has a population of just below 300 people. The story of its foundation is an intriguing one. During the Middle Ages, the town of Seborga had been owned by the Counts of Ventimiglia. Ownership was later transferred to a Benedictine monastery, and in 1079 the Abbot of that monastery was made a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, with temporary authority over the Principality of Seborga. The independent principality was then sold to the Savoy dynasty (the former ruling family of Sicily) in 1729, but crucially, the sale was unregistered by its new owners. Seborga was again overlooked in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna redistributed European territories after the Napoleonic Wars. There is also no mention of the Principality of Seborga when the Kingdom of Italy was united in 1861. Seborga had quite literally disappeared from the pages of history. This was until 1963, when a Seborgan named Giorgio Carbone discovered documents in the Vatican archives proving that the sale of Seborga had not been registered in 1729. Seborgans claimed independence, stating that if the sale was never fully completed, the city by default would return to their prior state as a self-governing Principality. It’s a strange loophole, but it has placed Seborga into a legal twilight zone. Carbone assumed the style of His Serene Highness Giorgio I, Prince of Seborga in 1995, and ruled until his death in 2009. The monarch of Seborga is decided by an election every seven years, and as of November 2019, Nina Menegatto has been ruling as Princess of Seborga. Italy has long been mocked for their marked lack of women in high level politics. Perhaps a trailblazing micronation such as Seborga, led by Princess Nina might be responsible for subverting the norms, and encouraging Italy to follow suit. More like this
Lotus In Space NASA saves millions with domino-based satellite monitoring system. Now, meet the system's maker. Pinched by budget cuts in 1998, NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center was under pressure to improve operations while reducing costs. The center had already reduced control-room coverage for some of its small explorer satellite missions, from 24/7 to 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., five days a week, in order to save money. But that change made some people nervous. "We lost the ability to maintain 24/7 operations, which increased the risks for missions if something went wrong," says Rick Saylor, the lead development engineer for small explorer mission (SMEX) satellites at the time. "We didnt have insight into the health of the satellites, and we wanted to mitigate that risk." If one of the $65 million satellites experienced any problems, NASA engineers wouldnt know about it until the next business day. The satellite, meanwhile, could switch into safe mode, shutting down all but essential operations to stay in orbit. But it would cease gathering information until the problem was corrected. Jeff Fox, now president of wireless solutions provider Mobile Foundations, was working for NASA on a general research project at the time. NASA then asked Fox to develop a solution that would limit the risks for the upcoming TRACE (Transition Region and Coronal Explorer) mission. It would be the first time the agency would use an 8-to-5 monitoring schedule for a new mission. All other operations that had abandoned 24/7 on-site monitoring had ceased delivering primary data, although they still sent information. NASA needed a solution that could notify engineers who were not in the control room about events occurring in the spacecraft; provide online summaries of data sent to ground stations when the craft passed over the earth several times each day; and alert engineers to any trouble the satellite might experience. Lotus Domino Tracks Engineers Fox and colleagues developed the Spacecraft Emergency Response System (SERS) using Lotus Domino. "Lotus Domino was the best available product, and we didnt want to reinvent software that was already out there," says Fox. He added a wireless component, which wasnt available on Domino. (Lotus plans to release Domino Everyplace, with wireless capabilities, in the second half of 2001.) Several times per day, each satellite monitored by SERS downloads scientific data it has collected and "health and safety" data about the satellites components. The health and safety data is forwarded to a Domino server at Goddard Space Flight Center. The SERS program analyzes the health and safety data and generates alerts appropriate to the urgency of any problems it finds. A low battery might generate only an e-mail alert, while a sudden voltage surge would require an immediate pager alert. SERS generates incident reports and alerts different engineers depending on the type of problems, time of day and other rules. "It automates many routine tasks, provides rapid situational awareness about what has happened, and provides ways to react to the data within a wireless environment," says Fox. If a satellites gyroscope shuts down, for example, SERS will contact the engineer on call via a two-way pager, PDA, cell phone, etc. If that engineer cant be reached, SERS will contact his or her backup. Personnel schedules and their communications devices are stored in profiles the staff creates in a Domino database. The engineer can reply to the message and get more details about a problem at a secured Web site, then return to the control room to fix the problem. For security reasons, the engineer cannot control spacecraft from his wireless device or home computer. Initially, SERS issued alerts for just about everything. Filters were slowly added so that the alerts became more discriminating. During the first six months of the TRACE project, about 1,500 alerts were transmitted but only six required an engineer in the control room. Mission Accomplished "SERS performed flawlessly," says Saylor. "Im amazed how smooth it went." Fox attributes its success to a customer-centric design that was developed as a result of continuous consultation with engineers at NASA. "They were part of the development team and that makes them feel it is their software." Technically it is. Because NASA paid for development of SERS, the agency owns the software, Fox says. Mobile Foundations cant charge NASA for the software, but it can collect labor costs involved in developing and operating the system. SERS is currently deployed on about a half-dozen NASA satellites, which cost the agency about $20,000 each per year, and the Hubble telescope, which uses SERS to track anomalies and generate automated reports (not for wireless messaging). Mobile Foundations currently is working with NASA to deploy SERS on several upcoming missions, including the Triana satellite. Triana will orbit around Earth from more than one million miles away, tracking pollutants, vegetation and solar flares 24 hours a day. The mission is far more complex than any current SERS projects. Triana will gather data continually and employ several workstations that will interface with SERS. So far, SERS has saved NASA an estimated $1 million per year, according to Saylor. The Goddard Space Center currently uses about 10 engineers in its control room for several SMEX satellites, Saylor explains. Without SERS, it would need about three times as many engineers working in shifts around the clock. Looking ahead, Fox hopes SERS will be deployed on "lights out" NASA missions, where no person sits in the control room, though a couple of engineers monitor the mission from remote sites. Mobile Foundations has plans to add a Java visualization application to the solution and expand its customer base. It has developed a Groupware-Enabled Automated Response System to provide private enterprises with mission-critical solutions similar to SERS. Fox foresees markets in telemedicine, search-and-rescue missions, earthquake monitoring and law enforcement—all services requiring quick responses from certain people. "Let us automate things that are difficult but mundane," says Fox.
Hermann und Thusnelda, D322 First line: Ha, dort kömmt er, mit Schweiss, mit Römerblut first published in 1837 as part of volume 28 of the Nachlass author of text Klopstock was one of the precursors of German nationalism. That Schubert should have chosen to set this poem which was over sixty years old (it was written in 1752) is surely indicative of the nationalist feeling that swept German-speaking lands in the wake of Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo. Too short for military service, the composer was no doubt surrounded by the jingoistic enthusiasms of his young contemporaries, the former students of the Imperial Konvikt to whom he played much of his new work and who made up the core of his first spellbound audiences. The appeal of the poem to young patriots of this kind is obvious. It tells the story of the so-called Hermannschlacht, the battle in AD9, during the reign of the Emperor Augustus, in which the legions of the Roman General Varus were defeated by Arminius who was also known as 'Hermann der Cherusker' (Chief of the Cherussi). He fought for a time in the Roman army but on his return to his homeland he led a revolt which culminated in a battle in the Teutoburg Forest which annihilated the Roman occupiers. This was the first famous victory of the German 'race' against a foreign invader. 'If we could beat them then we can beat them now' is the message that young men in 1815 would derive from the tale. In the same way the story of Francis Drake and his repulse of the Spanish Armada stirred the British when threatened by Napoleon's might at sea. Hermann survived a later defeat by Germanicus (his wife Thusnelda was taken to Rome in captivity, however) and continued to rule until his assassination in AD21. His exploits were celebrated by German writers (Ulrich von Hutten and Daniel von Lohenstein) in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries but the middle of the eighteenth century saw a real revival of interest in this historical episode thanks to a play by J E Schlegel, and above all to Klopstock who penned not only this poem but also a trilogy of plays dealing with different episodes in the life of Arminius. Schubert's setting comes between Die Hermannschlacht, a play written by Kleist in 1809 (bitterly critical, by historical analogy, of the squabbling Prussian and Austrian factions who failed to unite in time against Napoleon) and de la Motte Fouqué's play Hermann written in 1818. Such writers as C D Grabbe and Otto Ludwig continued to embroider the Hermann theme until the middle of the nineteenth century. The song opens with a long 27-bar prelude, a triumphal march for the victor of the battle in the Teutoburger Wald. The ceremonial key of E flat is used, which the composer seems to favour for pagan or Ossianic ritual. Dotted rhythms and anacrustic triplet semiquavers suggest trumpets and drums. An adventurous shift to C flat major introduces a surging quaver figuration which culminates in a return to the second inversion of E flat; a B flat in the treble rises to B natural and then C at the top of an A flat chord. This effectively depicts an overflowing of joy and happiness on the part of the onlookers, Hermann's wife Thusnelda among them. The earlier setting by Christian Gottlob Neefe (1748-1798) sets the whole of the poem (with the exception of Strophe 6) as a military march, but as usual Schubert has something more elaborate in mind. Section 1: The first verse of the opening is an unmeasured recitative for Thusnelda, punctuated by fragments of the march tune as if offstage. It is not enviable for any singer to start a song with the word 'Ha', but it gives us some idea immediately about Thusnelda's character. One of its least attractive sides is her bloodthirsty enjoyment of all the evidence of carnage, her seeming indifference to the death of Hermann's father, and the fact that she admits to feeling more attracted than ever to Hermann in his bloodstained state. This gruesome model of the ideal German woman (fit for the Third Reich in 'total war' mode) is probably derived from the stories of the women of Sparta who preferred their loved ones to return dead on their shields rather than alive and defeated. Sections 2, 3: Thusnelda's outpourings become more lyrical, and the composer employs arioso (marked Im Takte - 'In time') which has the melodic curves of aria whilst retaining the function and feeling of recitative. At 'Komm, o komm, ich bebe vor Lust' we are still in the home key of E flat with flowing quavers underpinning the vocal line as the right-hand crotchets echo the singer's words. Directly after 'Ich bebe vor Lust' for example, the tremblings of pleasure seem to jump off the page as the piano part twitches in immediate response to these words. For the third verse we modulate to A flat. This rather more gentle section is in 3/4 and marked Nicht zu langsam; the rippling semiquavers set up an expectation of an aria which is never fulfilled. The restful tenderness of 'Ruh' hier' lasts only for a few lines. After six relaxed and tender bars the music becomes agitated again and opens out into a veritable paean of passionate adoration; this reaches its climax as it veers into an elaborate cadence in G flat for 'so hat dich niemals Thusnelda geliebt.' Sweeping sextuplets and stentorian basses remind us that the Schubert's most recent Klopstock setting had been Dem Unendlichen, very different in its religious viewpoint, of course, but similar in its grandiosity of scale. Thusnelda's wild enjoyment of Hermann's bloody exploits to the point of erotic excitement (and this is admirably conveyed by Schubert as he adds pulsating demisemiquavers to the accompaniment under 'Wie glüht der Wange') puts us in mind of the Wilde/Strauss Salome as she contemplates the beauties of Jokanaan's severed head. Section 4: For this strophe we return to recitative for a brief resumé of the couple's earlier courtship (if so it may be called), another part of the Arminius story altogether and also famous in German legend. Hermann had carried off Thusnelda as his bride in a famous 'Entführung'. She here admits that she went with him willingly, having glimpsed his future greatness. The transformation between then and now is admirably conveyed by the long note on 'die nun dein ist' accompanied by staccato chords. The seal of immortality is the florid setting of 'dein', ornamented in the voice and accompanied by a mighty A flat 7 chord. We are certainly in the presence of a formidable character from German folklore, a precursor of Wagner's Ortrud or the Valkyries. Section 5: This section is in D flat major (marked Etwas langsam, mit heiligem Jubel). Once again we are denied real aria in favour of arioso. The accompaniment, one of the composer's most distinguished ostinato inspirations, was recycled ten years later as the basis for Ellen's first song (Ellens erster Gesang) from The Lady of the Lake settings. In that remarkable rondo the King of Scotland, disguised as a hunter, is serenaded to the words 'Raste Krieger, Krieg ist aus'. The accompaniment is there marked piano and seems expressive of a battle in the far distance, or even the distant elfin horns of an enchanted forest. Here the writing is forte, but the theme in common between the two works concerns the majesty of kings in ancient kingdoms and the role of women in administering post-battle comforts. It was unusual for the composer at the height of his maturity in 1825 to lift an idea intact from his earlier work, but it is not surprising given this motif's buoyancy and its happy combination of pomp and tenderness. Needless to say the beautiful counter-melody which Schubert invents for Ellen is far superior to Thusnelda's arioso. Section 6: Hermann himself now speaks at last, and with a certain amount of impatience, although without the heroic distinction which we might have expected from the build-up given him by his wife. His recitative is short and to the point and eminently believable as the words of someone battle-weary and bereaved by the slaughter of his father. He would naturally have preferred to do battle with Augustus himself rather than with Varus. He has the least to say of all the male heroes in this conversational form of two-voiced dialogue (the others are Antigone und Oedip, Hektors Abschied and Shilrik und Vinvela). Schubert favoured this form invented by the North German ballad composers over the conventional (and more Italian) duet form where the singers' voices sound together. Section 7: Undaunted by Hermann's rather negative feelings, Thusnelda embarks on the song's final section. This is marked Mässig langsam, mit hoher Würde ('moderately slow with great dignity'). This section is in B flat and as in many of the Schubert ballads there is no attempt to return to the key of the opening. The accompaniment is formed from another ostinato based on a proud, almost dance-like rhythm. The most exceptional moment here is the musical depiction of Siegmar's ascent (he is Hermann's slain father) into Valhalla. The phrase 'Siegmar ist bei den Göttern!' begins on a B flat and rises chromatically to D flat whereby the accompaniment underneath 'Göttern' engineers a modulation to G flat major. The final phrases ('Folge du') are imperious and built on descending B flat major arpeggios in the voice although a touch of compassion is allowed (despite Thusnelda's hard-hearted injunctions not to weep) in the plaintive chromatics of 'Wein ihm nicht'. The piano postlude of two-and-a-half rather peremptory bars is an echo of this vocal line. “Ludicrous” is how Fischer-Dieskau describes the song; “Hardly interesting” says Capell; “It leads nowhere” says Reed. On balance, the piece deserves a little better than these verdicts which have been somewhat influenced, one feels, by the poem's jingoistic subject matter. Much has been made of the Wagnerian atmosphere which is prophesied in the Schubert ballads, and nothing here stretches belief more than some of that master's scenarios. At least Schubert has the advantage of brevity (even by his own ballad standards) and in Thusnelda we have a larger-than-life Amazonian character, infinitely more formidable than Hermann and loosely based on history. Whether her strength of purpose and independence of spirit, undoubtedly politically correct by twentieth-century standards, are marred or enhanced by her bloodthirsty nature is open to question. She would certainly have loved to take part in the battle herself, and one feels that the Romans would have been even more soundly beaten. from notes by Graham Johnson © 1994 Schubert: The Complete Songs Schubert: The Hyperion Schubert Edition, Vol. 22 Track 23 on CDJ33022 [5'30] Track 13 on CDS44201/40 CD11 [5'30] 40CDs Boxed set + book (at a special price) Track-specific metadata Click track numbers above to select Waiting for content to load... Waiting for content to load...
This Week's Drought Summary (11/29) November 29, 2018 A series of upper-level weather systems, and their associated surface lows and fronts, moved across the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) during this U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) week. They brought beneficial precipitation to much of the Pacific coast; parts of the northern and central Rockies, central Plains, Midwest, and Gulf of Mexico coast; and much of the Mid-Atlantic to Northeast. But they missed much of the Southwest, northern Plains, and southern Plains, where no precipitation, or less than a tenth of an inch, fell. Based on precipitation recorded through the 12z (7:00 a.m. EST) cutoff on Tuesday morning, the precipitation was less than the weekly normal across parts of the interior Pacific Northwest and northern New England, and much of the Midwest and Southeast. While beneficial, the precipitation in the West was mostly not enough to overcome months of precipitation deficits. Slight contraction of drought or abnormal dryness occurred in parts of Arizona (a reassessment), Colorado, and Montana, while expansion occurred in southern California and Nevada. Building precipitation deficits prompted expansion in the southern Plains. Rain and snow from the
8 ways to make your presentation easier to understand Thoroughly research your point If you understand your material well then it will be easier to explain it to others. This way, answering doubts or queries will be much easier. Use humour Include relatable stories and jokes to explain points. It is often more effective in creating a memorable impression, plus it makes it easier for your audience easier to retain information. Keep it simple Don’t overdo the graphics, visuals, or animations as they can distract your audience from the main point. Speak slowly Maintain a moderate uniform pace of speaking. If you speak too fast and rush through your presentation, your audience will struggle to keep up and not understand your objective. Keep it short A lengthy presentation can bore your audience and cause them to tune you out. This will make it harder to comprehend your content Include more visual images and less text Incorporate pictures and visuals that support or explain your content. The audience will gain a better understanding of the point if they see how it works. Do not exceed 6 points per slide Try to maintain this as adding more points can clutter your slide. Fewer points on the screen allows your audience to better retain the information. Use precise words to improve clarity Don’t use confusing terms or unnecessary long sentences to explain your content. Get to the point; you may confuse your audience by adding more information than necessary.
Can I make games using C language? \| SoloLearn: Learn to code for FREE! Can I make games using C language? 5/2/2019 2:59:09 PM 46 Answers New Answer MANUSHI💁 C language can be used to developgames but most of the people use other languages. Yes, You can create games in C Language. source: Also check out this link: I hope I was helpful For creating games you are best off with a game engine. My favorite is Unity 3d. Code in Unity is based on C#. There is also the Unreal engine, coded in C++, and the Dogot, which I have no experience with. For simple 2D and web games, or for just fooling around with lights and sound there is, construct 3, or sratch from MIT. All of these tools are free to download and get started. Do you mean like Guess the Number or Grand Theft Auto? C is a very low level language. It is really only one layer up from assembly language. As such, you could, in theory make a game with it, but it would take a lot longer than necesary. C is a better tool for writting, hardware drivers, like a printer driver, or a communication protocol for a VR headset, and hand controllers. Yes you can👍 Yes, many games can be made in C, but it is a bit difficult and long. Two years back, when I was learning C from TutorialsPoint, i designed little GBA games using C. Though, i must admit, it had a lot of bugs 😅 Python provides many inbuilt library. Also you would have heard about its pygame. U can take help from W3SCHOOL Yeah you can create but generally it is not preffered. Java and python would be the best language acc. to me. Thank you Alessio😊 Check out unity or unreal with c# or c++ Thanks :) ‎Basel Al_hajeri('MBH') It's not simple but tedious ..... MANUSHI💁 , you're welcome! Yes you can make games on c but I will recommend you to use a game engine. My favourite game engines are unity 3d and unreal. +7 allegro has been around since the 90’s. Yes, but C is not very pratical I think it would be great if you use c# than c to create games. Yes u can and get help from and stack overflow w3 schools The short answer.. You can programming a game engineer by c . Then you can make a game !
The need of teaching and learning more languages For a second, stop to think about how many languages you know. With languages, I do not mean verbal languages: rather, any means of expressing thoughts and feelings, or of expressing a dialogue. I am here do advocate for the learning and teaching of more than just one. Our western culture is based on the verbal language – the one you can speak with your friends, read in novels, and write in essays. We educate kids in that, and yet I would argue that very few of them end up being proficient in the verbal language. Speaking a language does not make you proficient in it: that skill is a much higher level one, and involves deep knowledge of the structure of the language, exposure to thousands examples of both good and bad usage of the language, and effortful practice throughout years. Often, people who venture in learning a new language (a verbal one) do not even ever get comfortable with their mother-tongue. What I mean is that although everybody can talk in their own language, few of them have a real mastery of it. Few people, for example, are able to tell a story (and not because of lack of ideas, but for inability of structuring it), and even fewer are able to read one out loud in a way that is vaguely engaging (for example, they cannot look away from the book to the audience, and fill in any gaps in their reading my making up appropriate fill-ups). But even if people were proficient in the verbal language, this is just one means of expression. It is barely minimum. And even though we study several different subjects at school, they are all taken across through the same verbal language. But what about other, different languages? Musicians, on the other hand, can rarely express the feelings and the moods of a musical piece through words. They have a different alphabet, one that does not have translation to the verbal one. The fact that sometimes, some situation reminds them of a tune, or inspires them a tune, rather than words, is a clear example that the musical language is different altogether. It is incredible that we are still studying Latin and we are not all studying music. Sports is another example where a different language is in place. The main difference between experienced and beginners in table tennis, for example, is in how they frame/live the unfolding of a point. Experienced players see a dialog in it, a conversation that ultimately leads to scoring a point. But it is exactly this sense of structure, this ability to realize how each stroke is connected and what each of them can have as consequence, that gives experienced players an unmatchable advantage. They know what is going to happen, and they know it because they are building something with that language. Mathematics is another, different form of expression, albeit this may be questioned. For sure, I would not classify programming languages as different languages, as they are after all a bridge between the verbal language and computers, but they are still thought to be as close to verbal as possible. Mathematics on the other hand, especially when it gets abstract enough, can venture pretty far from verbal expression, especially in its syntax. However, most of the formalism has been introduced to make the reasoning swifter, by avoiding long and cumbersome verbal sentences. My final example is Go, the ancient Chinese strategy board game. Perhaps more than in any other game, a game of Go is a dialogue between two people in a language which is completely foreign to any usual form of expression. Each move says something, to the point that experienced players can re-trace the full game after the end, starting from the beginning. And they do so not out of memory, but like the act of recalling a conversation, where each line comes after the previous one in a sensible way. Here again, Go masters can see the dialogue unfold in their head, while beginners are at a loss and seem to play kind of randomly from the perspectives of experienced players, similarly to a kid who does not really reply on topic. And yet, I am sure there are many other examples of different forms of expressions that would be worth pursuing. But still, we keep focusing more and more on just the verbal side. • Was this Helpful ? • yes no Leave a Reply
The 6 Cats of the Leopard Cat Lineage The Leopard Cat lineage consists of six Asian wild cats - five of the Prionailurus genus, some of which occupy wetland habitats and one cat of the Otocolobus genus which occurs in Central Asia. The Leopard Cat lineage is the second 'youngest' lineage that arose around 6.2 MYA (million years ago) from ancestors that crossed back to Asia from North America during the second ice age, and the resulting species mainly occupy Southern and Central Asia. Going back further in Felidae evolution, this line descended from ancestors that migrated to North America from Asia following the first ice age 8 to 10 MYA, when the Bering Strait land bridge linked Asia and North America. Prionailurus Genus The five cats of the Prionailurus genus are Fishing Cat, Mainland and Sunda Leopard Cats, Flat-headed Cat and Rusty-spotted Cat. 3. Sunda Leopard Cat (Prionailurus javanensis) Sunda Leopard Cat (Prionailurus javanensis) - Leopard Cat Lineage In 2017 the leopard cats were split into two species - mainland and island leopard cats, according to the revised Felidae taxonomy. Otocolobus Genus The Otocolobus genus consists of only one cat - Pallas's Cat. Leopard Cat Lineage Classification In scientific classification (taxonomy) the small Asian wild cats of the Leopard Cat lineage belong to the cat family Felidae and the small cat subfamily Felinae. The higher and lower classifications of this group are as follows: Kingdom: Animalia (animals) Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates) Class: Mammalia (mammals) Order: Carnivora (carnivores) Suborder: Feliformia (cat-like) Family: Felidae (cats) Subfamily: Felinae (small cats) Genus: Prionailurus Species: Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing Cat) Species: Prionailurus bengalensis (Mainland Leopard Cat) Species: Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda Leopard Cat) Species: Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed Cat) Species: Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted Cat) Genus: Otocolobus Species: Otocolobus manul (Pallas’s Cat) Other small Asian wild cats are grouped under the Felis lineage and the Bay Cat lineage and the big Asian cats under the Panthera lineage. Leopard Cat Lineage Cat Quiz 1. Which two cat species live in aquatic habitats and have a primarily fish diet? 2. What features about these two cats are similar? 3. Which is one of the smallest cat species of all wild cats? 4. What is very different about the Pallas's Cat compared to most other cats? 5. Which is the most common small cat in Asia? 6. Which are the most threatened small cats in Asia? =^ . ^=
Is that Selfie Really Worth it? Why Face Time with Wild Animals is a Bad Idea One news report described how the “cute and cuddly” animals had begun “viciously attacking people”. Is that really fair on the kangaroos? Of all the adjectives you could use to describe an animal that is territorial, fiercely maternal and has large claws, “cuddly” is pretty far down the list. The problem with that description of the incident is that it suggests that the kangaroos were to blame for the injuries. In reality, it was the fault of the people getting too close and offering them the wrong food. Having become so used to being handed carrots, we can hardly blame the kangaroos for being “hopped up”, as the news coverage punningly put it. Selfie society The growing danger of animal selfies, and of feeding wild animals, is well documented. People have been killed and injured by tigers, such as in the case of a zoo visitor in India who climbed over a safety barrier in search of a better photo. Wild long-tailed macaques at Bali’s Uluwatu Temple have got so used to being fed that they steal tourists’ valuables and only drop them when given snacks. A 2016 study in the Journal of Travel Medicine recommended that: Animal Selfie Ingrid Taylar, CC BY 2.0, Flickr Commons These photographs, even if they are of habituated animals in urban areas or in a zoo, can endanger wild animals and cause them undue stress (as discussed in a previous article). Taking a selfie of a zoo animal can leave the impression that kangaroos, koalas and other “fluffy” animals act like this in the wild. People who don’t know about the normal behaviour of these animals may therefore think that these animals are OK to approach in the wild. This could explain why so many tourists still consider it safe to approach wild kangaroos. While some wild animals are undoubtedly cute, we should be sensible enough not to expect them to be cuddly. We need to respect wild animals’ behaviour and territories, so as to avoid injury and live in harmony. Just because you can pat and feed a kangaroo at a zoo, does not mean you can do it elsewhere. Zoos can play their part by promoting advice about safe behaviour around wild animals elsewhere. The ConversationSo next time you’re lucky enough to see kangaroos or another animal in the wild, by all means take a photo – if you can do it from a safe distance. And ask yourself whether you really need to be in it too. This report prepared by Kathryn Teare Ada Lambert, Adjunct Lecturer/ Ecologist, University of New England for The Conversation Related posts %d bloggers like this:
• ARM architecture - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture Arm (previously officially written all caps as ARM and usually written as such today ), previously Advanced RISC Machine, originally Acorn RISC Machine, is a family of reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architectures for computer processors, configured for various environments. • ARM architecture www.arm.com Arm Architecture enables our partners to build their products in an efficient, affordable, and secure way. Arm Technologies Arm technologies continuously evolve to ensure intelligence is at the core of a secure and connected digital world. • Architectures – Arm Developer developer.arm.com/architectures Arm CPU architecture is a set of specifications that allows developers to write software and firmware that will behave in a consistent way on all Arm-based processors. This type of portability and compatibility is the foundation of the Arm ecosystem. Arm system architectures create standardization and commonality across the system, making it easier to design SoCs and reducing the cost of software ownership. • What is ARM Processor - ARM Architecture and Applications www.watelectronics.com/arm-processor-architecture-working The ARM architecture processor is an advanced reduced instruction set computing [RISC] machine and it’s a 32bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microcontroller. It was introduced by the Acron computer organization in 1987. • Architectures \| Introducing the Arm architecture – Arm ... developer.arm.com/architectures/learn-the-architecture/.../single-page The Arm architecture provides the foundations for the design of a processor or core, things we refer to as a Processing Element (PE). The Arm architecture is used in a range of technologies, integrated into System-on-Chip (SoC) devices such as smartphones, microcomputers, embedded devices, and even servers. • ARM Architecture (Ashton Raggatt McDougall) - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Architecture_(Ashton_Raggatt_McDougall) ARM Architecture or Ashton Raggatt McDougall is an architectural firm with offices in Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, Australia. The firm was founded in 1988 and has completed internationally renowned design work. ARM's founding directors were Stephen Ashton, Howard Raggatt, Ian McDougall. Notable projects include the National Museum of Australia in Canberra, the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre in Melbourne, Perth Arena and the Marion Cultural Centre in Adelaide. • What is ARM processor? - Definition from WhatIs.com whatis.techtarget.com/definition/ARM-processor An ARM processor is one of a family of CPUs based on the RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture developed by Advanced RISC Machines (ARM). ARM makes 32-bit and 64-bit RISC multi-core processors. • How does the ARM architecture differ from x86? - Stack ... stackoverflow.com/questions/.../how-does-the-arm-architecture-differ-from-x86 The ARM architecture was originally designed for Acorn personal computers (See Acorn Archimedes, circa 1987, and RiscPC ), which were just as much keyboard-based personal computers as were x86 based IBM PC models. Only later ARM implementations were primarily targeted at the mobile and embedded market segment. • Microprocessor Cores and Technology - ARM architecture www.arm.com/products/silicon-ip-cpu Arm Processors for the Widest Range of Devices—from Sensors to Servers. Arm is the industry's leading supplier of microprocessor technology, offering the widest range of microprocessor cores to address the performance, power and cost requirements for almost all application markets. Combining a vibrant ecosystem with more than 1,000 partners delivering silicon, development tools and software, and with more than 160 billion processors shipped, our technology is at the heart of a computing ... • HOME \| ARM Architect PA arm-architect.com ARM Architect PA provides home designing services with our experts in South Florida. We provide professional advice and beautiful designs for your building. Our team is experienced in understanding the scope of your project and assists you in incorporating the right features that fit your needs.
• Languages: • PT ES Yoga Therapy Yoga therapy offers both preventive and curative values. Because it produces balance and harmony in the physical and mental processes, yoga is very effective in stress-relief disorders and in many cases, it proves to be the only method of relief. Yoga can move side by side with medical science and sometimes independently because it is a complete system in itself. Disease is the result of an imbalance in the systems. According to the yogic science , most bodily dysfunctions can be traced to mental afflictions, but whatever the origin of a disease, man’s body and mind will suffer at the same time. According to yogis and medical scientists, yoga therapy is successful because of the balance created in the nervous and endocrine systems which directly influences all the other systems and organs in the body. Yoga therapy is a systematic approach of yoga; it involves diet, hatha yoga cleansing techniques, asanas, pranayamas, relaxation and meditation. Many scientific studies have proved the benefits of yoga in problems like arthritis, stress management, diabetes, obesity, menopause, back pain, asthma, digestive problems, anxiety, depression etc… Please contact us for further specific information regarding yoga therapy programs. Yoga is considered a science in India and scientific studies are conducted in India along with European, Australian or American scientists.
Print Friendly, PDF & Email Infant Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Rooming-in is a standard of care for all mothers and infants postpartum, and is defined as keeping the infant in the mother’s room after birth and throughout hospitalization, unless there is a medical reason for maternal-infant separation. In September 2016, American Academy of Pediatrics published their clinical report on skin-to-skin and rooming-in, recommending both as best practices on maternal-child hospital units. For years, breastfeeding specialists have extolled the importance of rooming-in for breastfeeding success. We know that babies who room-in with their mothers breastfeed more often, lose less weight, and have lower bilirubin levels. Rooming-in is associated with higher breastfeeding rates for at least 6 months postpartum. What do you think is NOT a known benefit of infants rooming-in with their mothers postpartum? 1. Fewer nurses needed on the maternity ward because of not needing to staff a nursery. 2. Improved patient satisfaction with the hospital stay. 3. Decreased infant abandonment. 4. Increased infant security by avoiding newborn abductions or switches. For the answer, click here.
Ready, Set, Food! Allergen Introduction for Babies There are 5.6 million American children under the age of 18 who are allergic to at least one type of food, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. More than 40% of those children have experienced a severe reaction, such as anaphylaxis. Life-threatening food allergies send someone to an emergency room every two minutes. And it is getting worse. Allergies have increased by 50% over the last 10-15 years. Peanut allergies have tripled. The traditional approach to protecting children from allergies was to keep them away from allergen foods, but groundbreaking studies have now determined that early and regular exposure to those foods reduces the risk of children developing allergies. The American Academy of Pediatrics, for instance, advocates introducing infants to allergens when they are four to six months old. Parents are then left in a quandary: how much of these foods to introduce to their baby, in what order and when and how to increase the exposure. Dr. Katie Marks-Cogan, Pediatric and Adult Allergist, was having trouble figuring it all out for her infant son. Dr. Andy Leitner, Anesthesiologist, had waited too long. When only six months old, his son suffered an extreme allergic reaction to peanuts. What chance would lay parents have? Katie and Andy gathered together a team of pediatricians, allergists and food scientists to formulate a way to make early and sustained allergy introduction safe and easy. They enlisted Daniel Zakowski, long successful in leading consumer goods companies, as CEO, and Ready, Set, Food! was established. Ready, Set, Food! Early Allergen Introduction For Babies Shark Tabnk 2 Ready, Set, Food! is an organic, non-GMO, all-natural daily dietary supplement that complies with all guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics and National Institutes of Health regarding infant feeding and introduction of allergenic foods. Each day, one packet of food powder is mixed into breast milk, formula or food, reducing your baby’s risk of allergies by up to 80%. Your infant is introduced to the correct dosage of peanuts, eggs and milk in two stages. During the 12-day introduction stage, allergens are introduced one at a time. During the 6-month maintenance stage, protein levels are increased to sustain exposure until the child is eating regular amounts of those foods. This system relieves parents of stressful guess work and provides the gentlest, most precise method of exposing a baby to these common allergenic foods. Ready, Set, Food! also provides the convenience of a subscription plan so that everything you need arrives at your door each month. The company and its principals are committed to providing more education and resources to consumers about the science of early allergen introduction and is working to expand its corporate wellness program so that family-oriented companies will offer Ready, Set, Food! to working parents as an employee benefit. They also partner with End Allergies Together (E.A.T.), a nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the food allergy epidemic by directly funding research to accelerate treatments and cures. readysetfood.comBuy on Amazon Ready, Set, Food! Early Allergen Introduction For Babies 3 - Advertisement - Yellow Leaf Hammocks The Mad Optimist Soap and Bath Products Dreamland Baby Weighted Blanket RollinGreens Plant Based Wings and Tots mcSquares Dry Erase Whiteboard Tiles Salted Restaurant Delivery
Skip to main contentSkip to main content The main use for antidepressants is treating clinical depression in adults. They're also used for other mental health conditions and treatment of long-term pain. In most cases, adults with moderate to severe depression are given antidepressants as a first form of treatment. They're often prescribed along with a talking therapy such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). CBT is a type of therapy that uses a problem-solving approach to help improve thought, mood and behaviour. Antidepressants are not always recommended for treating mild depression because research has found limited effectiveness. However, antidepressants are sometimes prescribed for a few months for mild depression to see if you experience any improvement in your symptoms. If you do not see any benefits in this time, the medicine will be slowly withdrawn. Initially, a type of antidepressant called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is usually prescribed. If your symptoms have not improved after about 4 weeks, an alternative antidepressant may be recommended or your dose may be increased. Many antidepressants can be prescribed by your GP, but some types can only be used under the supervision of a mental health professional. If the depression does not respond to antidepressants alone, other treatments, such as CBT, may also be used to help achieve better results. They may also give higher doses of the medicine. Children and young people Children and young people with moderate to severe depression should first be offered a course of psychotherapy that lasts for at least 3 months. In some cases, an SSRI called fluoxetine may be offered in combination with psychotherapy to treat moderate to severe depression in young people aged 12 to 18. Other mental health conditions Antidepressants can also be used to help treat other mental health conditions, including: As with depression, SSRIs are usually the first choice of treatment for these conditions. If SSRIs prove ineffective, another type of antidepressant can be used. Long-term pain Even though a type of antidepressant called tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were not originally designed to be painkillers, there's evidence to suggest they're effective in treating long-term (chronic) nerve pain in some people. Amitriptyline is a TCA that's usually used to treat neuropathic pain. Conditions that may benefit from treatment with amitriptyline include: Conditions that cause non-neuropathic pain which may benefit from treatment with antidepressants include fibromyalgia, chronic back pain and chronic neck pain. Bedwetting in children TCAs are sometimes used to treat bedwetting in children, as they can help relax the muscles of the bladder. This increases bladder capacity and reduces the urge to urinate.
Is there such a thing as "good candy"? Does a spike in sugar intake really make kids hyper? Does limiting the candy they eat give kids a complex about food? Your kid may want to overdo it on Halloween night but Ontario dietitians Chelsea Cross and Andrea D'Ambrosio are each emphatic that parents should not limit candy consumption. Cross, who specializes in weight loss and digestive health in Guelph, Ont., says to instead focus on promoting healthy eating habits so children learn to moderate intake year-round. What you don't want, she says, is for kids to believe some foods are "bad" or "good." D'Ambrosio warns that "negativity" and "fear mongering" increases desire for the very food you're trying to restrict, and that's why she has a "liberal candy stance" outlined in a blog post titled: "Why parents must stop restricting Halloween candy." "When parents encourage children to listen to their bodies, the child discovers how much they need to eat," says Kitchener, Ont.-based D'Ambrosio of Dietetic Directions. "Conversely, when parents dictate how much the child 'should' eat, we slowly erode the intuitive eating skill." Chernoff notes pretty much all candy is packed with sugar and there's little nutritional difference between the commercially popular brands. "I would love to give out apples," Chernoff chuckles. Chernoff recalls how her mother - a dental hygienist - used to give out toothbrushes on Halloween night to avoid cavities. Sticky gummies and chews, and sweets that sit on teeth like lollipops and juice, are among the worst for teeth, she says. But don't be fooled by those supermarket gummies that tout ingredients including real fruits and vegetables. Cross calls those products "a gimmick." "It could be from real fruit but it's still just a fast sugar hit, you're not getting any fibre or any benefits, per se," says Cross, whose MC Dietetics has offices in Mississauga and Guelph, Ont. Despite long-held notions to the contrary, Chernoff says there's no actual proof behind the belief that sugar turns little kids into over-active monsters. The founder of Nutrition At Its Best dismisses it entirely as "a myth." "There is no scientific evidence showing that sugar makes you hyper," she says. "Your energy is really coming from fruits and vegetables and grains. That's the gas to your car, that's what fuels us and gives us actual energy."
Disadvantages Of Oligopoly (Essay Sample) Disadvantages of Oligopoly The media industry is one of the sectors controlled by oligopolies. An oligopoly market structure is characterized by a small group of suppliers or firms controlling all the market activities such as pricing. The market players, in this market structure, set standards amongst themselves to maintain competition as well as control prices. The demand becomes elastic when prices are higher because if one firm raises its price, other companies cannot match it. Conversely, the demand curve is inelastic at lower prices; if one firm lowers its prices, other business can match it. Although there are advantages to oligopoly, this paper discusses the drawbacks of this form of market. Oligopoly in media provides fewer choices for consumers get a variety content. Users find it hard to choose the best brand in the market. Therefore, consumers have to fewer options to cater for their preferences. In an oligopoly setting, it is hard for small business and startups to penetrate the market. Also, large enterprises usually have full control of the market, whereby smaller enterprises opt not to join this market structure. This market form reduces the motivation of businesses to compete. Firms in oligopoly settle with their ventures because the activities and revenues are guaranteed. Lack of stiff competition reduces the necessity to establish new innovative ideas or product improvements. Customers become used to the products as they are only a few substitutes available. Consumers may also suffer from fixed prices when the market players all agree on a particular price. Oligopoly lacks competitive prices that are good to customers. Firms in oligopoly practice collusion which is a documented agreement between players to set certain prices or else compete through a cooperative manner. Free market forces do not naturally determine the prices of a good or service due to price-fixing. Oligopoly deals with differentiated or homogenous products that dominate the market. Therefore, because they have kinked demand curves, the prices of their products or services seem to be inflexible. This price inflexibility is disadvantageous because in uncertain economic conditions the business may make big profits. Entering into oligopoly market requires huge capital investments making it hard for smaller firms to invest. It also takes time for those businesses that have already penetrated to start enjoying economies of scale. Firms in an oligopoly setting find it hard to expand. These firms invest less in Research & Development (R&D) because they face less competition. Therefore, they lack new innovative ideas for product development. As a result, they get a barrier in an expansion. The oligopoly market structure is usually defined as the huge business market form. These big companies compete by blasting consumers with a lot of TV commercials and sending much junk mail in consumers’ mailboxes. The businesses in oligopoly have to spend high expenses in advertising expenditures because they make business through better promotion campaigns and better products. Moreover, extensive advertising annoys customers because of junk mails and too many commercials everywhere. An oligopoly is characterized by mutual interdependence whereby an action by one firm affects other businesses. Therefore, if a company wants to increase a price, it has to predict how other companies will alter their prices or styling in response. Thus, decision-making in an oligopoly is more complex and time-consuming compared to other market structures. Businesses operating as oligopolistic have to cope with price leadership whereby the dominant company sets the price, and others follow. Therefore, only the price leader or the biggest firms enjoy more profit and economies of scale. Oligopoly as one of the four market structures has benefits as well as drawbacks. The article has discussed the latter and has indicated how they affect firms in this market structure. Therefore, any new business wanting to join oligopoly market has to weigh the advantages and the disadvantages. related articles
Aim higher, reach further. • The Geiger Club: Mothers Bust Silent Radiation Consensus A pregnant woman is tested for possible nuclear radiation exposure at an evacuation center in Koriyama, Fukushima Prefecture in April. Some mothers and pregnant women living in “hot spots” with higher-than-usual radiation levels far away from the Fukushima Daiichi plant have invested in their own geiger counters. When explosions started to rock the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant complex in mid-March, spewing radioactive particles into the air, there was an exodus of pregnant women and mothers with young children from Tokyo to other parts of Japan, such as Osaka. Some, who were due in March or April, gave birth overseas or as far away from Tokyo as possible. Most expat wives and their young kids left Japan, leaving their husbands here. But for the vast majority of Japanese families, leaving their homes was simply not an option. Popular on WSJ
Page images rendered it apparent that, from the extremely energetic properties which have been impressed upon these classes of elementary matter, it must be a comparatively rare occurrence to find them existing in nature in the isolated or uncombined condition; and therefore, if we are provided with no other means of recognizing them than those which apply to that state, these bodies must frequently elude us. Such means are not, however, wanting; and it will be seen from the observations which follow, and from the details which will occupy this and the next chapter, that the tests which we can apply to prove the existence of these bodies in their compounds, are, if possible, still more copious and conclusive than those which serve to assure us of their presence when they exist in the elementary state. In the present chapter we shall devote ourselves exclusively to the detection of the basic radicals in their compounds; reserving the description of the methods of distinguishing the acid radicals of compound bodies for a subsequent chapter. The principal means at our disposal for the recognition of a basic radical, is by the addition of some reagent to produce a saline combination which shall contain it, and which shall be at the same time easily identified by some remarkable physical or chemical characters. The majority of those compounds, the formation of which is held to be most conclusive proof of the presence of a basic radical, are such as present some striking peculiarity of colour, or of insolubility in certain menstrua, or of colour and insolubility combined ; but there are others again which are gases of well-marked properties ; and these are equally recognizable, and no less certain criteria of the presence of the body sought for. The great mass of the basic radicals with which the student will have to do being elementary, no proof can be obtained of their presence from any decompositions which they might undergo; the compound basic radicals, as ammonium, strychnine, morphine, and quinine, being of complex constitution, may be thus recognized. Without further remark we will now proceed to state at length the various tests for the basic radicals when in combination, pausing only to give a synoptical view of the subdivisions to be adopted, the members of each of which will be found identical with those given at page 3, as the subdivisions of the basic elements. In Subdivision III., however, three organic bases have been introduced. 1. Salts, the solutions of which are not precipitated by carbonate of ammonium; by a mixture of the chloride, hydrate, and sulphide of ammonium; or by the passage of hydrosulphuric acid gas through their acid solution : 2. Salts, the solutions of which are precipitated by carbonate of ammonium ; but not by a mixture of chloride, hydrate and sulphide of ammonium, nor by the passage of hydrosulphuric acid gas through their acid solution : 3. Salts, the solutions of which are precipitated by carbonate of ammonium, and also by a mixture of chloride, hydrate and sulphide of ammonium; but not by the passage of hydrosulphuric acid gas through their acid solution : NICKEL, ZINC, MORPHINE, QUININE, STRYCHNINE. 4. Salts, the solutions of some of which are precipitated by carbonate of ammonium, and by a mixture of chloride, hydrate and sulphide of ammonium ; but all of which, without exception, are precipitated by the passage of hydrosulphuric acid gas through their acid solution : COMPOUND METAL AMMONIUM. The number of these combinations is of course only limited by the number of acid-radicals in existence, each of the above basic bodies (and the same observation is true of most of the basic radicals) having the property of forming salts with every acid radical. The stability of these combinations varies with the accurate opposition of the combining substances to each other; if they are unequally matched, then a ready decomposition is effected, if a more appropriate combination can afterwards occur. Since the metals of this subdivision are the most powerfully basic bodies with which we are acquainted, the inequality of power, if there be any, is always on the side of the acid-radical, and such compounds are invariably decomposed when brought into contact with an acid-radical of more intense properties. The metallic chlorides (MCI), bromides (MBr), iodides (MI), and sulphates (M, SO.) are among the more stable; while the nitrates (MNO), oxides (M,0), sulphides (M, S), hydrates (MHO), sulphydrates (MHS), and carbonates (M, CO3), are examples of the more easily decomposable salts of these metals. The decompositions take place as follows: M0 +2HCl =8,0 +2MCI M,CO+H,80,=H,CO, +M, SO, MHO + HBr =1,0 +MBr. These observations also apply to the corresponding salts of almost every basic radical known. The salts of the metals of this group are remarkable for their great solubility in water; and especially is it to be noted that their oxides, sulphides, carbonates , sulphates, oxalates, and phosphates are soluble in that menstruum. The application of this statement will be seen when the salts of the other metals are considered, since many of their combinations with the acid radicals mentioned above are insoluble in water. The rare metal lithium presents a remarkable exception here, its carbonate and phosphate being insoluble. There are certain conventional expressions applied to the salts of this group with which the student should familiarize himself : 1. Their hydrates (MHO) are termed “the alkalies,” or “ the caustic alkalies ;" and the hydrates of potassium and sodium are called “ the fixed caustic alkalies,” in contradistinction to the hydrate of ammonium, which is very volatile. 2. Their salts in general are called “ salts of the alkalies," or “alkaline salts ;” and such expressions as “the sulphates of the alkalies,” or “ an alkaline acetate,” are frequently employed. There is a very striking family resemblance among the salts of this group of metals in many of their physical and chemical properties; many of the combinations of the different members of the group, with the same acid-radical, crystallize in the same form, or are isomorphous : they are all colourless also, unless combined with a coloured acid-radical; and in peculiarity of taste, and absence of actively poisonous properties, they possess a great similarity. Since the great object of analysis is continually to subdivide larger into smaller groups, until at last each individual member is isolated, we will at once divide this group into two sections, by availing ourselves of the following properties of the different members : SECTION I.-SALTS OF POTASSIUM, SODIUM, AND LITHIUM. Not volatilized by exposure in a dish to the heat of a naked flame, i. e. by ignition. SECTION II.--SALTS OF AMMONIUM. Readily volatilized by ignition. We have comparatively slender means at our disposal for the detection of all these metals, on account of the great solubility of most of their salts in all menstrua; for it must be remembered that our recognition of substances depends for the most part upon the formation of some insoluble salt of well-defined physical peculiarities of colour or form. The few salts which are insoluble present, however, such striking features, as almost to defy mistake. SECTION I. Bodies not volatilized by ignition. SALTS OF POTASSIUM. Solution for the reactions :-chloride of potassium (KCl) in water. The metal potassium combines with oxygen in two proportions, forming a protoxide 1,0, and a peroxide K,0,; oxygen is, however, the only acid-radical with which potassium is known thus to combine; every other salt which it forms contains the basic and acid-radicals, either in the same relative proportion as they occur in the protoxide K,0, or in those in which they occur in the (proto-)chloride KCl, they are therefore termed protosalts; and all may be referred to the two types of MCI and M,0. The potassium salts are white, unless the acid-radical contained in them, or an associated basic radical, is coloured; they are good examples of the taste known as saline, and are not usually poisonous, unless taken in very large quantities ; they are often employed in medicine. When heated before the blowpipe they frequently decompose, if their acid-radical is a compound; and this decomposition is the more readily effected when they are heated in the presence of some powerful chemical agent, such as charcoal, which forms the usual support for substances undergoing the blowpipe examination. This body, although inert generally at low temperatures, becomes at high temperatures a very powerful chemical agent, and by its influence under such circumstances, a sulphate, for instance, would be converted into a sulphide, thus K, 80, +2C=K, S+200,: or again, a nitrate would yield a carbonate by the joint effect of the heat and the carbonic acid produced by the combustion of the charcoal, thus 4KNO3 +50=2K, CO, +300, +4N. « PreviousContinue »
What is Critical Thinking? What is Critical Thinking? Is it ever possible to actually persuade anybody? How do we best critically analyze our own opinions? Is human rationality really that which lies at our decision making process? Is there a right answer and how do modern diversity considerations interfere with arguments seeking the Truth? These questions mark only the beginning of discussions regarding critical thinking and the role of informal logic in people’s day to day life. Join Harvey Siegel for a discussion on how people think, whether thinking skills can actually be improved, and coping with relativism in an argument. Harvey Siegel is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Miami. He was educated at Cornell University and Harvard University. His research interests are in the areas of philosophy of science, epistemology, and philosophy of education. He is especially interested in issues concerning rationality and relativism. He has published over 100 articles both in philosophy and education journals, and has published three books:Relativism Refuted: A Critique of Contemporary Epistemological Relativism,Educating Reason: Rationality, Critical Thinking, and Education, and Rationality Redeemed? Further Dialogues on an Educational Ideal. He is the editor of Reason and Education: Essays in Honor of Israel Scheffler. He is past President of both the Philosophy of Education Society and the Association for the Philosophy of Education. Why?’s host Jack Russell Weinstein says, “This radio show presumes the possibility of critical thinking. Its guests also hope to persuade. Our conversation with Harvey will not only force us to come to terms with the nature of human thought but also the hopes and aspirations for this show. Harvey is a thoughtful philosopher of education with his finger on the pulse of a core issue in the human experience. How can we educate if we don’t teach people to think better?” Media is loading Publication Date Institute for Philosophy in Public Life What is Critical Thinking?
TCP/IP Networking: VoIP Implementation Start Course Course Length 1 hour 12 minutes Course Description Voice over IP, or VoIP, is a good example of applying the TCP/IP protocols to carry time sensitive information such as a voice or video. VoIP relies on TCP/IP protocols to deliver new and innovative ways of communicating over TCP/IP networks. In this course, you will learn the TCP/IP protocols that support VoIP, better understand the benefits of VoIP, describe the basic components of a VoIP system, explain how SIP sets up a telephone call, describe the use of session description protocol, list some common VoIP codecs, and learn about RTP. • A strong foundation of basic networking concepts William Clark
Do the establishments of genetic reserves have legal consequences for the use of such areas? Genetic reserves do not constitute a legal category of protected areas in Germany. They are based on voluntary cooperation between a central scientific institution (the coordination unit) and local stakeholder (e.g. land owners, nature conservation authorities and associations). If an adaptation of use or appropriate maintenance measures should be necessary for the conservation of the population, the coordination unit clarifies together with the local actors whether implementation is possible. There is no obligation under any circumstances.
Some people use underscore with private variables and some peoples use camel case with private variables. Another issue he knows that why var was introduced; but now peoples are using “var” everywhere as a data-type. Naming Convention for Private Member Variables Question: Which convention is standard with the underscore or without underscore according to the best practice guidance? Answer: it depends on the personal preference of the developer; because some peoples don't follow the standard guidelines, they have their own preference. If everybody follows their own preference then it's difficult to review and maintain for another person. Investigation to Underscore or not to Underscore Few programming languages are case-insensitive, for example, say, Visual Basic (old version). In the VB, there is no difference between pascal case (i.e., VariableName) and camel case (i.e., variableName). Therefore, they have to use underscore with the private member variable (i.e, _variableName). C# is a case-sensitive programming language and it knows the difference between pascal-case (VariableName) and camel-case (variableName). • If C# is a case-sensitive programming language, then why are we using underscore (_) prefix before private member variable? • What is the extra benefit to using the underscore (_) prefix before private member variable? • Am I a doer only? Few peoples are following exceptional convention and that's why, are we using the same convention? • Is it the beauty of readability? • In the best practice guidelines, it is clearly suggested that use camel-case for the private variable, then what is the problem to follow the general guidelines? • If peoples use the underscore with the private variables, then this is an exceptional case. The exception is not an example of the best practice, then why are they arguing with these? Solution: Be a THINKER first, then DOER. Real-life Investigation • In C++, underscore was used for private variables. Hungarian notation (i.e., 'm_') was used as a prefix with member variables for MFC. But current practice states "Don't use underscores at-all". • If I have the same name for the private variables and parameters, then I'm using an underscore to avoid the problem. This is not a good reason to use underscore in C#. What happens if peoples start to use underscore with the parameters? • Only use underscore if you are writing unit testing methods. In BDD naming convention, underscore is used with test methods to make it more readable. • For example: • If I use any intelligence tool and if it doesn't have best practice as a default (say default is underscored with private variable), then there is an option to change the default settings. • I know programming very well to solve any problem quickly. I have implemented hundreds of applications. But if I used to write code according to my personal preference, then it doesn't mean that I know all of the best practices. Remember, tomorrow doesn't come; but tomorrow NEVER dies. Underscore vs. this • If I use the same name for the private variables and parameters, then I have to use 'this' with a private variable. • This is good practice if you use 'this' for all references to the private variables. Underscore is Thorn for Private Variable • The doctor sometimes uses drugs as a treatment to the patient; but now if general people start to use the same drug for their pleasure, then this is illegal; because it is harmful to the human body. • If I'm in the Amazon rain-forest as a survivor game changer, then it okay to eat some raw food. Because, there is no alternative option. It doesn't mean that - in my real life, every time I will eat that raw food. • Similarly, I'm writing code using VB (old) or C++. So, in VB, there is no difference between Pascal case (i.e., VariableName) and camel case (i.e., variableName). Therefore, I am using underscore with the private member variable (i.e., _variableName). It doesn't mean that this is the standard for all of the languages. Therefore the worst excuse • I'm used to using underscore with the private variable • I personally believe that it is the best. • I have self-explanation that it is easy to find out the private member variables or easy to read • I don't need to write 'this' with private variables. • I don't need to use 'this' when both private variables and parameters have the same name or blah- blah reasons. Moral Points Some programming languages use underscore because they have some explanation for that. • Now I want to fit the underscore everywhere. Even, I know that C# doesn't have any limitation that it needs to use underscore with private variables. But I want to fit it by hook or by crook. • This is my personal preference and I'm writing it only for me; in future, nobody needs to maintain it. • I don't need to worry about the other team members or the best practice guidance. • Even I am leading a team and I am advising the team members to do the worst practice like me. These kind of immature thoughts are one kind of anti-pattern such as GOLDEN HAMMER. I am not writing the code only for the machine or myself. If so, then it doesn't need modern languages, in general, it just knows only 0 and 1. Remember, I am writing code for human; so that, different peoples can maintain it. If I write code for me only, then I don't need to follow any best practices. In these case, my personal preference is enough. Golden Hammer - Anti-Pattern I'm using a particular technology, tools, methodology or architecture to solve all kinds of problems; although I know that there are alternative and better solutions to solve that problem. Only because, I'm familiar and used to it. Personal Preference vs. Best Practice Definition of best practices: "A procedure or set of procedures that is preferred or considered standard within an organization, industry, etc." Think, why you need international language? Why aren't you communicating using your local or personal preferred languages to the world? We all know the answer, I'm avoiding it to make it short. If you follow the best practice guidelines, then there is no question at-all. Although, there are some exceptions and they are used to it. They don't care about the best practice. But exception is not the best example to follow. If you follow that, then sometimes be ready to face "okay, but ... Best Practice • Don't use Hungarian notation • Don't use an Underscore prefix for private member variables. • Do use camel casing for private member variables • Do use 'this' for all references to the private variables. (For VB, use 'me') Keep personal preferences aside, pick the best technique to solve the problem. General naming convention from Microsoft - "Don't use underscore and Hungarian notation". First Reference Second Reference Improper Use of 'VAR' Everywhere Have Questions • In the above example, are these the beauty of readability? • Why am I using var for a simple declaration? • Why, I can't say that these kind of improper use, are an anti-pattern? Investigation of var or not to var 'var' should not be used in simple declarations, shown as below: When must 'var' be used • Should be used in LINQ • Should be used with anonymous types. When Can't It Be Used There is a restriction, declaring local variables within the method or property, including iteration variable in 'for' or 'for each' statements. • As a type of field • As a type of parameter • As a return type of method or property • As a type parameter in generic type or method Solution: First, be a thinker, then doer. Anti-Pattern using VAR Everywhere Why was var introduced? It was introduced for LINQ, anonymous types, etc.
Diet and nutrition for pancreatitis. Diet for acute and chronic pancreatitis Diet is an important component of the treatment of pancreatitis. Without observing certain rules of nutrition and refusal to eat certain foods, the introduction of medicines into the body will not have the desired effect. In the first days of hospitalization in the acute form of the disease, the patient is generally forbidden to eat anything edible. Drinking water is allowed in any amount, it is better if it is mineral water without gas. Table mineral water can be purchased in any grocery supermarket. It is believed that undiluted mineral water is produced in a glass bottle. Before drinking medicinal mineral water, which is sold exclusively in the pharmacy, you should consult your doctor, as some of the elements that make up such water can help increase the production of enzymes by the digestive organs, which in no case can be tolerated in pancreatitis. Fasting, on the contrary, reduces the production of pancreatic juice, and also speeds up the normalization of the body. The development of pancreatitis in most cases leads to eating fatty and fried foods, daily snacks on the run and visits to a variety of fast foods. At the time of treatment of the disease should refuse to visit such institutions and take the rule of daily to prepare fresh food and monitor what it is made of. The main goal of limiting nutrition in acute pancreatitis is to provide the inflamed organ with complete rest, as well as reduce the digestive juice produced by it. On the fourth day of treatment, the patient is allowed to consume a small amount of food. In this case, it practically should not contain carbohydrates, there should be a small amount of fat and a little more protein. The energy value of a diet for acute pancreatitis is no more than 2700 kcal per day. The diet is made strictly individually, taking into account such factors as the patient’s condition, his state of health, age, weight, presence or absence of complications. What can you eat with pancreatitis in the acute stage? Dairy products with acute pancreatitis can be consumed. They should be low-fat and completely fresh. The most useful in this case is home made kefir, which can be purchased from the hands of friends living in rural areas. Milk and kefir, bought in the store, should not have a fat content more than 2,5%. Nutrition for chronic pancreatitis can be more diverse. Patients are advised to adhere to a special protein diet. Protein is an important component of absolutely all organs and tissues of the human body. With a slow pancreatitis, these substances, which are part of the pancreatic juice, are simply wasted. This diet is designed to make up for a normal amount of protein in the body. It provides daily food intake, which includes 150 g protein, including animal origin, as well as an increased amount of vitamins A, B, B2, B6. The energy value of a diet for chronic pancreatitis is 3000 kcal. The weekly diet of the patient includes: cereals (buckwheat, semolina, millet, rice, millet), pasta, boiled or baked vegetables, low-fat dairy products, chicken meat, river fish, beef, hard cheeses, steamed cutlets, manti , mashed potatoes, light soups, pumpkin cereals, wheat bread, compotes of berries, natural juices, jelly. In addition, he needs to eat vegetables and fruits in fresh form. It can be carrots, cabbage, corn, strawberries, persimmons, pears, apples. When you want to drink, instead of ordinary water you can use mineral water, sweet kissel, non-acidic fruit juice, tea, freshly squeezed juice from vegetables and fruits. The most useful for chronic inflammation of the pancreas carrot, beet, potato juice. Tea drinking with pancreatitis can be varied with sweet casserole, pudding, cottage cheese. Chocolate is not recommended, instead of it you can add a spoonful of sugar or honey to the tea. Natural honey in pancreatitis is allowed, but in a strictly limited amount and in the event that the disease is successfully treated and does not have a pronounced symptomatology. Adhere to certain rules of nutrition is necessary throughout the period of treatment of pancreatitis, and the use of certain products should be completely excluded from their lives in order to again not be in a medical institution with any disease of the digestive system. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Bee Farmers and Technology Bee Farmers and Technology Bee farmers that are into Apiculture want new technologies that will stop their honey from crystallizing and forming granules while the honey waits on shelves for customers to purchase it. After the honey sits for too long the farmers are getting calls back from the operators of supermarkets to take back their crystallized honey. "Customers keep rejecting honey with particles thinking that we have added other things if we can be helped to get skills on how to keep honey in liquid form as demanded by customers, this will push our business forward," said Christine Ogwang the processor of Gates Honey. Senior entomologist and president of the Entomological Association of Uganda, Tom Onzivua says that crystallized honey does not mean that the honey has gone bad. When fructose is high it turns into granules (honey is composed of simple sugars like fructose). "To reverse this put the container into warm water for the honey to melt but honey shouldn't be boiled because this destroyed its chemical properties and nothing should be added as this leads to adulteration," explained Onzivua. The levels of crystallization vary depending on the geographical setting and the type of vegetation where the bees are kept and where they get their nectar. Download our pest identifier app on iTunes or Google Play!
At a Glance Tuberculosis is a globally distributed infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. “Tuberculosis” refers specifically to M tuberculosis infections, even though many members of the genus Mycobacterium can cause human disease. Mycobacteria are aerobic, rod-shaped, nonspore forming bacteria containing high concentrations of cell wall lipids/waxes. Mycobacterial cell wall composition is responsible for so-called “acid fastness,” a feature characterized by resistance to common bacterial stains (e.g., Gram) and the inability of acid-alcohol solutions to effectively decolorize organisms that have been stained with dyes, such as carbol fuchsin. The clinical manifestations of tuberculosis are extraordinarily varied. The majority of clinically overt cases of tuberculosis occur following late reactivation of localized primary pulmonary or extrapulmonary infections. A minority of patients develop disseminated infections on first exposure. Patients within this group tend to be relatively immunosuppressed (i.e., young; elderly; overtly immunosuppressed due to infection, such as HIV-1; or therapy, such as anti-TNF alpha). Classic tuberculosis is suggested by cough, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. It is important to emphasize the protean nature of tuberculosis (e.g., meningitis, osteomyelitis) It is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that as many as one-third of the world’s population harbors latent tuberculosis. Continue Reading Traditionally, the diagnosis of tuberculosis has been based on the direct demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in relevant specimens (e.g., sputum) collected from a clinically suspect patient. Culture, isolation, and definitive bacteriologic identification of M tuberculosis is slow (2-6 weeks), expensive, and requires specialized facilities. This has led to the development of more rapid methods. The tuberculin (or purified protein derivative, PPD) skin test is falsely negative in up to 25% of infected patients and requires appropriate controls and administration. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) release assays using either whole blood or purified mononuclear cells entail in vitro cell activation with specific selected mycobacterial antigens. These assays are somewhat more sensitive and specific than skin tests but are expensive and labor-intensive. Classic acid-fast stains include the Ziehl-Neelson and Kinyoun methods; the most commonly used modified-acid-fast method employs auramine 0, a fluorescence dye easily visible when excited with an appropriate ultraviolet light source. Each of these staining methods requires expertise, and none is absolutely specific, as other mycobacteria and some nonmycobacterial organisms can be interpreted as positive. Nonetheless, they offer the advantage of rapidity. As noted, isolation and bacteriologic identification is definitive but slow. Turnaround times have been reduced through the use of a variety of rapid cultivation and identification techniques. Nucleic acid amplification techniques offer excellent specificity and 1-3 day turnaround times. There have been cases in which nonviable mycobacterial nucleic acid yields a false-positive nucleic acid amplification result. The key to diagnosis in tuberculosis is clinical suspicion, particularly in the case of an unusual presentation. Direct tests, such as acid-fast staining, can be helpful, because they are rapid but with the caveat that there is a significant false-negative rate. Skin testing and IFN-gamma release assays both exhibit significant false-negative rates and are, thus, more helpful when positive. Interpretation of skin tests and IFN-gamma tests are complicated by remote exposure (e.g., latent infection or BCG vaccination). A useful approach is to pursue direct testing methods in advance of definitive nucleic acid and bacteriologic methods. Because of the paucity of organisms, identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in specimens from infected extrapulmonary sites (e.g., CSF, plural fluid) is difficult when direct staining methods (e.g., Ziehl-Neelson) are used. The diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients infected by HIV-1 can be hampered by the presence of low CD4-positive T lymphocyte counts. Both tuberculin (PPD) skin tests and IFN-gamma release assays are more likely suppressed in patients with low CD4-positive T lymphocyte counts. What Lab Results Are Absolutely Confirmatory? Definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis requires bacteriologic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An added advantage of a diagnostic isolote is antimicrobial susceptibility testing. However, it is appropriate to begin treatment on the basis of a rapid clinical assay, such as an acid-test stain.
Acura has recalled two models because the automatic emergency braking systems can malfunction and put the vehicles at risk of a collision. Acura’s “Collision Mitigation Braking System” uses radar to scan conditions in front of the vehicles. If it determines the vehicle might hit an object, it automatically applies the brakes, slowing the vehicles to reduce damage and injuries. Later versions of the system actually stop the vehicles before a crash, but those versions aren’t affected by the recall. Like any new technology, autonomous braking will develop problems in real-world driving that can’t be found in testing by automakers, said Michelle Krebs, senior analyst for Autotrader. When air bags were first introduced, for example, automakers found out that they inflated with too much pressure and injured smaller people, so they had to make adjustments, Krebs said. “Unfortunately some of these will only be discovered in real-world settings with real people behind the wheel,” she said. The feature is an option on many high-end and even mainstream cars, and is standard equipment on only a few vehicles. Yet it’s an important step in the march toward self-driving vehicles, and is being championed by safety advocates as a breakthrough in reducing crashes and highway deaths because it can react faster than humans.
The importance of colour theory Colours are not simply important, they are vital, and play a tremendous part in capturing people’s attention, their imagination and even evoking certain feelings. It’s important for us as designers to know about colours and their effects. So tell me, what is colour theory? In Colour Theory there are a couple of core concepts that you must understand before beginning to think about designing something; the concept behind the colour wheel and also the kind of feeling each colour represents. The colour wheel is simple; it shows what colours contrast each other and what colours that are nearby will create a colour harmony. Colours which are not on the colour wheel such as Black, White, Brown, Ivory and Cream are known as neutral colours. These colours generally work well as a backdrop for other colours. Colour theory is a broad subject, but at its most basic it can be understood as two colour groups that evoke particular feelings. There are warm and engaging colours, and also those that are cool and relaxing. The warm colours are Red, Yellow and Orange and the latter are Green, Purple and Blue. It’s vital to know how colours interact with each other; if combined in certain ways they have different effects on each other, for instance a red dot on an orange background will appear small and limp whereas that same red dot on a green background will become embellished, bold, and more fierce. This is called colour contrast or colour compliments and it’s used frequently in pop art, however it is also often used in visual design. The reason you want to be aware of colours and their properties is because of how it will affect your brand image. Debatably the biggest part of your brand image is the colours you choose for your brand because colours are usually the first thing a person notices, and unfortunately quite often are books judged by their covers. For example, why would anyone want to do business with someone who is in the baby accessories sector but uses an aggressive colour like red in their branding? Who would want to invest in a heavy metal band that uses baby blue while promoting? Ideally you will be using colour theory to create a special aesthetic that doesn’t confuse the message of the colours with the product you’re branding. Of course you are open to using more than one colour and hue in your branding but having a coherent colour theme and continuity throughout your branding is essential. If you’re a business promoting children’s clothes or toys it may be a smart idea to use warm and exciting colours like yellow and orange, yellow being a very hyper active and bright colour that likes to have fun while orange is attention grabbing but not overbearing and aggressive like red. The Home-Start Shepway Website is a good example of great use of colour theory in branding; the organisation is a charity which gives help, friendship, advice or support to parents during when their children are young, and features a happy and warm colour scheme. How can it be used? Apple is a very good example of colour in branding done right. Apple products mostly feature a white and grey colour scheme. The apple logo itself is mostly grey and because of that it allows apple to have a very formal, professional and desirable looking brand. People who see it want to be a part of it because it presents itself as the provider for essential personal and professional equipment. The utilisation of white really helps to emphasise the professional colour scheme too. In essence using colour theory in branding is about sending a message without saying anything. That is the general idea of what you should be trying to accomplish while designing your brand image. You want to let people know what kind of business you are and who your target demographic is, just by the colour design of your brand. Painting Pixels can produce a full branding pack that will work well with your whole company image, fonts, styles, layout, logo, and colour range – assets that work in perfect sync with your logo, website, printed leaflets, business cards and more.
"Louis Xviii Of France" Essays and Research Papers 1 - 10 of 500 Louis Xviii Of France was Louis XVIII as King of France?’’ In April 1814, napoleon abdicated from the throne unconditionally due to the other European monarchs opposing and rising against him. This meant that there was a rising question to who would take over the French phone and rule. The decision of this was to the quadruple alliance (Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia), they then made the decisions to restore the Bourbon reign, that last ruled in 1793. The rightful heir to the Bourbon reign was Louis XVIII. When... Premium House of Bourbon, Louis XVIII of France, Louis XVI of France 1576 Words \| 7 Pages Open Document Louis Xvi of France students to use a primary source document to learn about the execution of French King Louis XVI in 1793. This activity is very easy to use. All you have to do is print off the primary source from the following website for classroom use or direct students to the website to answer the worksheet questions: http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/louis.htm The primary source document is labeled (The Execution of Louis XVI, 1793) Students read the document and answer the questions on the worksheet. The... Free Louis XVII of France, Charles X of France, Louis XV of France 553 Words \| 3 Pages Open Document Louis XVII came to the throne in 1814 as the rightful heir. After the defeat of Napoleon there were two possible branches of the Bourbon family. The elder branch, which was Louis XVIII (brother to guillotined Louis XVII) and the younger branch, which was Louis Phillippe, duc d'Orleons. It was left to the allies to choose who should rule, and they did not want France to be a republic. However Europe could no establish who should be the new ruler of France. They therefore decided to let France choose... Premium Charter of 1814, French Revolution, Louis XVII of France 977 Words \| 3 Pages Open Document Louis Xvi LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM QUESTION: In Louis XIV’s view, what were the qualities of an effective monarch? In his opinion, what were the main obstacles to absolute rule? Louis XIV is known as being one of the most remarkable monarchs in history. He reined for seventy-two years (1643-1715) and from 1661, he personally controlled French government. The 17th century is labelled as the age of Louis XIV. Louis XIV, was a strong believer in “absolutism” - term used to describe a form of monarchical... Premium Louis XVIII of France, Palace of Versailles, Absolute monarchy 1032 Words \| 5 Pages Open Document Louis Xvi of France and French Revolution Humanities › History‎ Sep 23, 2010 – ok so i have to write a five paragraph essay in school and the topic is 3 reasons for the french Revolution and explain why they caused it. im ... What would a good topic sentence be for this essay ... What did King Louis XVI do or not to to cause the ... What were the main causes of the French Revolution ... How did Poverty cause the French Revolution? 2 answers 4 answers 2 answers 1 answer 25 Apr 2010 26 Mar 2010 16 Jan 2010 13 Dec 2008 Free The Causes... Free Louis XVIII of France, Louis XVI of France, Essay 554 Words \| 3 Pages Open Document comparitive essay between louis xiv and louis xvi Comparative essay between the social significances of Louis xiv and Louis xvi Submitted by: - Avaljot Kaur Randhawa Submitted to: -Ms. Finn Course code: -CHY 4U7 Due date: -6th Oct, 2014 Introduction Louis xiv and Louis xvi were the two rulers of France. Louis XIV (1638-1715) exemplified the characteristics of absolute monarchy during his 72-year reign. He created the most centralized nation state in Europe and gave birth to a new sense... Premium House of Bourbon, France, Louis XIV of France 1705 Words \| 6 Pages Open Document Write a report on behalf of Louis XVI detailing what he has done for France and why he should not be executed. Write a report on behalf of Louis XVI detailing what he has done for France and why he should not be executed. Louis XVI was one of the most well- meaning men who ever occupied the throne of France. He was very much influenced by philanthropic ideas of that time. He took over from Louis XV, an idle self indulgent king who made no effort to see beyond the immediate future. He is reported to have said, after me the deluge’’. It was not Louis XVI fault that he inherited absolutism with a very weak... Premium Marie Antoinette, French Revolution, Louis XV of France 963 Words \| 3 Pages Open Document Premium Constitutional monarchy, July Revolution, Bourbon Restoration 1908 Words \| 6 Pages Open Document Louis Xvi and Napoleon Dbq Louis XVI and Napoleon DBQ Louis XVI’s rule was defiantly not similar to the Rule of Napoleons rule when you get down to the basics. Louis XVI and Napoleon Bonaparte were two of the most significant rulers in French history for many different reasons. Being so young the inexperienced Louis XVI led France into the beginning of a bloody French Revolution. Napoleon on the other hand launched France to the top in Europe shortly after. Louis XVI and Napoleon differed in three main categories including:... Premium Louis XVI of France, France, History of France 660 Words \| 3 Pages Open Document Premium Guillotine, Louis XVI of France, Tennis Court Oath 1243 Words \| 4 Pages Open Document Become a StudyMode Member Sign Up - It's Free
Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions and is part of the process of accounting in business. Transactions include purchases, sales, receipts, and payments by an individual person or an organization/corporation. Reconciliation is an accounting process that uses two sets of records to ensure figures are correct and in agreement. It confirms whether the money leaving an account matches the amount that's been spent, and making sure the two are balanced at the end of the recording period. Financial statement analysis is the process of reviewing and analyzing a company's financial statements to make better economic decisions. Accounts receivable is a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business for goods supplied and/or services rendered that customers/clients have ordered but not paid for. Information from your accounting journal and your general ledger is used in the preparation of your business's financial statements: the income statement, the statement of retained earnings, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. In essence, the payroll management process refers to the administration of an employee's financial records which includes the salaries, wages, bonuses, deductions, and net pay. A financial statement audit is the examination of an entity's financial statements and accompanying disclosures by an independent auditor. ... Similarly, lenders typically require an audit of the financial statements of any entity to which they lend funds. Management reporting systems capture the sorts of data needed by a company's managers to run the business. The sorts of financial data that are presented in annual reports typically are at their core. In business, a due diligence audit is basically a careful investigation into the complete financial picture of a company. Generally, these audits come before a purchase, merger or other major decision that could negatively influence the finances of one or more businesses. An audit is an objective examination and evaluation of the financial statements of an organization to make sure that the records are a fair and accurate representation of the transactions they claim to represent. A corporate tax, also called corporation tax or company tax, is a direct tax imposed by a jurisdiction on the income or capital of corporations or analogous legal entities. A financial transaction tax is a levy on a specific type of financial transaction for a particular purpose. The concept has been most commonly associated with the financial sector. Tax information reporting in the United States is a requirement for organizations to report wage and non-wage payments made in the course of their trade or business to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). An indirect tax is a tax collected by an intermediary from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax. Project finance is the financing of long-term infrastructure, industrial projects, and public services, based on a non-recourse or limited recourse financial structure Tax planning is the analysis of a financial situation, or plan, from a tax perspective. The purpose of tax planning is to ensure tax efficiency. Wealth management is a practice that in its broadest sense describes the combining of personal investment management, financial advisory, and planning disciplines directly for the benefit of high-net-worth clients. Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a multi-stage consumption tax on goods and services whereby each point of supply in a production chain is potentially taxable up to the retail stage of distribution.
Skip to end of metadata Go to start of metadata JavaFX Application Putting together a JavaFX application is pretty simple. The main class must extend the javafx.application.Application. This main method of this class should call the "launch" static method by forwarding the command line parameters, and that's all. Your FX application starts in the "start" method of this class, which receives the reference to the primary stage (javafx.stage.Stage). The stage more or less corresponds to the Swing's JFrame. Next step is initializing a Scene (javafx.scene.Scene), and adding it to the Stage. The scene more or less similar than the root pane of the JFrame, only it is not created automatically, the user should create it and add it to the Stage. Further, the Scene may have no GlassPane added, it might contain only one content pane (called root pane). The root pane added to the Scene must be a Parent (javafx.scene.Parent), which is the common ancestor of the Control, Group, and Region classes. The first one are the widgets with the capability of user interaction, and the later two resemble to the Panels of the Swing. Although adding one single Control might be useful in some cases (especially if that Control is complex like the TableView), yet in most of the cases, it is a Panel that is used. Initializing the Scene means adding the widgets (GUI controls) to this pane. In JavaFX, the widgets are represented by Node objects (javafx.scene.Node), which is the common ancestor of most of the GUI elements. The available controls are more or less the same than those available in Swing, but in JavaFX the basic 2D shapes are also Nodes, and might be added to the Scene or its root pane. When one goes this far, one has to recognize the very first difference between the FX and the Swing. Swing uses one general purpose Panel, associated with layout managers responsible for positioning and sizing the panel and its component. There are but a few special panels, like the JScrollPane, and only in the cases when the view must support laying out of the components. JavaFX uses no layout managers - instead it defines several different panels, each has its own internal layout strategy. It's not that different though - when using Swing, in 99.99% of the cases I just create a JPanel instance with a specific layout manager, and won't change that layout manager later. So effectively, I create a specific panel and just use that. Let's see where we are getting now. We have an empty window, decorated according to the underlying operation system's style. The empty application public class MyFxApplication extends Application { public static void main(final String[] args) { public void start(final Stage primaryStage) throws Exception { MyCustomNode root = new MyCustomNode(); Scene scene = new Scene(root); The MyCustomNode will be the implementation of that visual table I am going to develop; the next post provides more details about it. Previous pages: part 1 - Intro Next pages: part 3 - Design Considerations (+GridPane) Page viewed times
废矿物油加氢精制与酸性气脱硫！ - 生物脱硫方案2020-08-29-彩乐乐彩票平台-www.jfshop.net-jfshop.net 彩乐乐彩票 - 新闻资讯 > 　　Waste mineral oil refers to all kinds of waste oil, waste gas, waste diesel oil, waste oil, vacuum pump oil, waste oil, waste heat treatment oil, gear oil, waste hydraulic transformer oil and other waste mineral oil based on the maintenance of motor vehicles and the production and operation process of enterprises. In the process of oil exploitation, oil refining and oil refining, the mineral oil will sink In the process of storage, machinery, electric power, transportation and other equipment are used to replace the waste oil in the process of oil and wash oil, metal rolling and processing. In the process of oil-bearing wastewater treatment, oil and sludge are wasted. Oil processing and oil generated during the period of residual oil and filter media are both waste mineral oil regeneration, which are not suitable for the original use and belong to toxic substances. Among them, sulfur compounds, petroleum substances and eutrophication are particularly serious to water and soil pollution, ranking eighth in the national list of hazardous wastes. 　　Waste mineral oil and tar residue are classified as hazardous wastes, with the numbers of hw08 and hw11, which were issued by the former State Environmental Protection Administration in 1999. It is obvious that the hazardous waste stipulated in the management method is repetitive, which requires strengthening the effective supervision of hazardous waste transfer, implementing the hazardous waste transfer system, requiring all hazardous wastes to refer to the qualified units, and the process management for copying, monitoring the whole process from the source to the end, and preventing the disposal of hazardous wastes from being dangerous and harmful. 　　Waste mineral oil or incineration not only causes serious environmental pollution, but also causes serious waste of resources. And tar dregs contain benzene, phenol, naphthalene and other toxic substances, which have carcinogenic effect on human body. If they directly run to each other or are confused, they can not only directly affect the quality of the atmospheric environment, but also seriously pollute the groundwater and soil environment. They are hazardous wastes (hw11). Research shows that one liter of mineral oil-based lubricant causes 0.1 μ g / g of mineral oil for one million liters of water pollution, which can reduce the water medium The service life of quality and shrimp is up to 20%, while mineral oil has polluted groundwater for 100 years. In fact, the content of waste mineral oil is not more than 2%? 10% of metamorphic materials, and the remaining 90%? 98% is renewable and recyclable. Tar residue can be used to make fuel oil and asphalt, turning waste into valuable assets. Especially the waste engine oil from 4S shop has a high recycling value. Therefore, it is one of the important ways to improve the efficiency of resource recovery, protect the environment and build a resource-saving society to vigorously carry out the recovery and utilization of waste mineral oil and waste coke oil residue. 　　According to the market research, in addition to the traditional regeneration method, the waste mineral oil and tar residue flow is unreasonable and concentrated in the clay refining. Through the refining method, the waste mineral oil can break the waste of the whole process of the recovery of urban light fuel oil and asphalt tar residue, with low unit output and new pollution, which belongs to the project prohibited by the state. However, due to the low content of soil improvement technology and low entry threshold, there is a certain demand market, which has been in the state of repeated prohibition.
‘Rational Creatures and Free Citizens’: Republicanism, Feminism and the Writing of History The Republic: Issue 1 – Ireland Now June 2000 Author: Mary Cullen Modern republicanism and modern feminism both trace their roots back to the eighteenth-century European Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions. The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century had caught the imagination of intellectual Europe, marking a further stage in the move from reliance on received authority to reliance on the power of the human mind, allied to systematic observation, to discover truth about the material world and the universe. Enlightenment thinkers applied the admired scientific methods to human beings and the organisation of human societies. At the level of the individual, they emphasised the rational aspect of human nature, the ability to think and reason, to decide between good and evil, and to make responsible and moral decisions about individuals’ own lives. Since reason was an attribute of every human being rather than a monopoly in the hands of the high-born, they queried the allocation of resources, power and privilege, on the basis of arbitrary differences like birth. Hereditary monarchy and all forms of hereditary access to privilege and power came under critical scrutiny. At the level of society, Enlightenment thinkers looked for universal laws controlling human behaviour, as Newton had looked for the laws governing the movement of the planets. Republican thinking was stimulated by Enlightenment ideas, and by both the American revolution in the 1770s and the French revolution from 1789. These fed into the long tradition of European republican thought, based on the the classical education universally enjoyed by the better-off, with its knowledge of the political ideas of Greece and Rome. From this came the concept of the classical republic, the res publica or public thing, with the virtuous and active citizens at the centre of political life. However, this citizenship was confined to male heads of households, and excluded all dependents, including women and slaves. Enlightenment values deepened the democratic values of republicanism, stressing that good government must be in the interests of all the people and must be one in which all the people had a say. Writers, like Thomas Paine, advocated putting the principles of freedom and equality into practice on the ground, through political action. The French revolution saw one of the major European states attempt to do just that. Republican writings were widely read in late eighteenth-century Ireland, especially Paine’s latest work, The Rights of Man (1791-2), which defended the French revolution, and presented a detailed Enlightenment and republican critique of the structure of British government. Both the Enlightenment and the French revolution created a space and a climate which encouraged the assertion of claims for women’s equality with men. In eighteenth-century Europe, for the small number of women—and men—who voiced such ideas, equality meant equality in terms of moral and rational worth, freedom to fulfil individual potential, and recognition as full members of the human race, instead of the second class membership allocated to women. The emphasis was not on equal work, but on recognition of the value of different work and roles. In Enlightenment debate, the position of women in western Europe was analysed in new terms, not of what God had ordained, but of ‘nature’, what was ‘natural’ for their sex. Nevertheless, women’s nature and role continued to be defined by most male thinkers, in the context of their view of the relationship between the sexes. That role was famously defined by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in 1762. The education of a woman, he wrote, must be planned in relation to man: To be pleasing in his sight, to win his respect and love, to train him in childhood, to tend him in manhood, to counsel and console, to make his life pleasant and happy, these are the duties of woman for all time, and this is what she should be taught when young.1 The view accepted by most Enlightenment thinkers of women’s nature, fitted this role. Women were essentially non-rational, guided by emotion and feelings rather than moral judgment, and needing the guidance and control of rational men to find the path to virtue. The language of reason, and of revolution and citizenship, became familiar to all sections of society, and disadvantaged groups expressed old concerns in new political terms. In France, for some years after 1789 radical women, mostly middle-class, pressed for specific reforms, formed clubs, marshalled their arguments, and began to petition the National Assembly. Demands included marriage reform, divorce, better employment, education, political liberty, and a general equality of rights. One of the best known, Olympe de Gouges, in 1791 published Les Droits de la Femme, demanding complete equality in the public sphere. In 1793 the Club des citoyennes républicaines révolutionnaires was founded, but, in October of that year, the revolutionary government outlawed all women’s clubs, and told women their contribution to the republic lay strictly within the home, where they could rear good republican citizens. The Assembly did pass some reforms in the area of divorce and property rights, but not on education or the public role of women. While Britain did not experience a revolution, the early years of the French revolution made radical political change seem a real possibility and in this heightened atmosphere Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was published in 1792. A writer and intellectual, unequivocally committed to the values of the Enlightenment and republicanism, and who had already published a book on the rights of men in response to Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France, she now argued the case for women’s equality in the terms of republican citizenship. Her main target was the basic contradiction underlying Rousseau’s views on the education of women already noted. Either women were rational human creatures who should be both educated and expected to act as such, or men should declare openly that they did not believe women were fully human. For Wollstonecraft, as for most Enlightenment thinkers, reason and virtue were closely linked. To be virtuous one had to be free to act as reason dictated. According to Rousseau, a woman ‘will always be in subjection to a man, or men’s judgment, and she will never be free to set her own opinion above his …’2 Wollstonecraft responded: ‘In fact, it is a farce to call any being virtuous whose virtues do not result from the exercise of its own reason. That was Rousseau’s opinion respecting men; I extend it to women …’3 While she argued that all knowledge and occupations should be open to both sexes, she saw women as being primarily occupied as wives and mothers. To be good as either, they must first be self-determining virtuous human beings. The political, social and economic structures of society forced women into dependence on men, and hence into subordination. This then made it an economic necessity for women to seek to attract a man who would support them. It was useless to expect virtue from women while they were so dependent on men. If women were recognised as free, independent citizens, they could then be expected, as other citizens were expected, to work, and to work to acceptable standards. Being wives and mothers would then be seen as real work by citizens, contributing to society, and a revolution in the quality of mothering would follow. ‘Make women rational creatures and free citizens, and they will quickly become good wives and mothers’.4 Some Enlightenment writers, female and male, supported improved education for women on the grounds of improved motherhood. Wollstonecraft was one of the few who justified the rights of women on the same grounds as the rights of men, on shared human reason: ‘Speaking of women at large, their first duty is to themselves as rational creatures, and the next, in point of importance, as citizens, is that, which includes so many, of a mother’.5 She went further still in seeing motherhood in terms of citizenship, rejecting any absolute division between the private and public spheres. Ireland did see a rebellion, but not one which, like the French revolution, led to a new constitution and a new state. The defeat of the United Irishmen in 1798 was followed by the passing of the Act of Union in 1800. We do not know what sort of state would have followed success. Nor do we, as of now, know how widespread demands for women’s citizenship were among the women in the movement. However, we do know that some at least had developed opinions. Mary Ann McCracken (1770–1866), writing from Belfast to her brother and leading United Irishman, Henry Joy McCracken in Kilmainham Prison in Dublin on 16 March 1797, put the case in language and ideas reminiscent of Wollstonecraft (who was widely read in Ireland), and with the added edge of the French citoyennes. She wrote of the dignity of women’s nature and their current situation, ‘degraded by custom and education …’; if woman was intended as man’s companion, she ‘must of course be his equal in understanding …’; women must take responsibility for their own liberation: ‘is it not almost time … that the female part of creation as well as the male should throw off the fetters with which they have been so long mentally bound and … rise to the situation for which they were designed…’; they must believe that ‘rational ideas of liberty and equality’ applied to themselves as well as to men, and must cultivate a ‘genuine love of Liberty and just sense of her value’, if their support of liberty for others is to be of value. Like the women activists of the French revolution she urges that a new Irish constitution should include women as citizens, and hopes ‘it is reserved for the Irish nation to strike out something new and to shew an example of candour generosity and justice superior to any that have gone before them …’6 It was not to be. Sixteen months later almost to the day she walked with her brother, her arm through his, to his execution in Belfast. The rebellion had been crushed, and there was no new Ireland in the building. A number of points arise relevant to our understanding of how history is written. Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Ann McCracken and the radical Frenchwomen were not outsiders pressing claims on movements of which they were not a part. They were all active participants who from within tried to broaden the intellectual base. Olympe de Gouges and the French women who urged women’s rights to full citizenship on the revolutionary leadership, were active revolutionaries themselves. Wollstonecraft’s writings, including the Vindication, are part of the body of Enlightenment and republican thought. McCracken, while not a sworn member of the United Irishmen, was active in the broad movement. Nancy Curtin, one of the leading historians of the United Irishmen, describes her as taking ‘the radicals’ notion of the natural rights of man to self-government to its logical conclusion—the extension of these rights to women’, and notes that she ‘seems to have been far better read in the classic republican and radical texts than her brother’.7 These women took part in the mainstream development of republican thinking and practice, and, in addition, argued for a more inclusive concept of republican citizenship. By any criteria this would seem a significant contribution. Yet, few histories of the Enlightenment, the French revolution or the radical politics of 1790s Ireland see women as part of the action or see the feminist challenge as part of the political thinking of the period. Most survey histories of societies have been written from a perspective that sees males as the active agents in human history, dominating the ‘public’ sphere of political, macro-economic, intellectual, and cultural affairs, and as the instigators of the patterns of change and continuity that historians study. Women are implicitly seen as passive spectators or followers in the public sphere and as in control in their special domain of the ‘private’ or domestic sphere. The two spheres are seen to operate separately and independently. A major factor in this perspective is that few historians have seen the relationships between men and women as a part of history. Instead, relationships between the sexes appear to have been taken for granted, as ‘natural’, biologically based, essentially the same across societies and over time, unchanging and unchangeable, and so outside the remit of the historian. To see these relationships as solely ‘natural’ and outside history seems extraordinary once attention is drawn to them. In eighteenth-century Ireland, as elsewhere in Europe, access to resources and power was directed to males, rather than females, through a combination of laws, regulations, and customs. These involved inheritance laws, marriage laws including husbands’ legal control of their wives’ persons and property, and double sexual standards in law and daily life, as well as the exclusion of women from the universities, the professions, and political life. It is difficult to see how all these together could be explained as occurring ‘naturally’, without any purposeful human intervention. Yet, few historians have seen them as needing to be even adverted to or described, let alone analysed or explained as significant aspects of the history of a society. If historians do not see relationships between the sexes as part of history, then feminist argument and campaigns have no reference point. If historians do not see the historical realities that provoked them, they appear to come from nowhere. This blindness of the historians appears to be the main reason why survey histories, when they do mention women’s rights campaigns, which is seldom, almost never consider their origins, their significance, their interaction with other movements, or the light they throw on other developments. The ‘discovery’ of these relationships, as the proper subject for historical research and interpretation, came in response to a simple question: what did women do in history? This question came to be asked when the current growth in women’s history developed under the impetus of the new wave of the women’s movement in the 1960s. It arose because opponents argued that women had always lived happily in a purely domestic sphere. Attempts to answer it uncovered, among other things, both earlier assertions of women’s right to autonomy and the structures of societies which gave rise to them. It became clear that male-female relationships in history could not be ascribed solely to a simple biological determinism. It was necessary to distinguish between, on the one hand, whatever biological differences exist between the sexes, and on the other, the roles societies prescribe and enforce for males and females. These roles involve the political, social, and economic consequences experienced by an individual in any particular society—at any particular time—depending on birth as a male or female. Feminist theorists took the word ‘gender’ and gave it a new meaning to denote this social construction of sex. This highlights the significance of both the questions historians ask and the questions they do not ask. Women’s emancipation campaigns, and the reasons for them were fully visible in the historical evidence. It was historians’ perceptions of who and what was significant that made it irrelevant to ask: what did women do? This reminds us that we all bring our political and other beliefs to the writing and reading of history. While this is inevitable, it also indicates the importance of listening to new questions, and paying less attention to who is asking them, and more to how we try to answer them. New questions may be politically motivated in various ways, but that does not invalidate a question that opens up hitherto unexplored areas of human experience. We may also ponder what conscious or unconsious motivations contribute to the various blindspots of historians, as well as what questions remain as yet unasked. Gender analysis is a powerful tool in historical research and interpre-tation, and it is ironic, to say the least, that before its value has been recognised and exploited on any broad scale, popular usage has translated it into a synonym for sex, and so drained it of its value. However, whatever name we use for it, it is important that the concept itself and the reality it names do not become invisible again. Once the relationships between women and men are brought under historical scrutiny, sex takes its place with other categories of analysis, such as class, colour, race, religion, nationality, wealth or access to resources. The interaction of all these determines the location of individuals in time and place, and influences the opportunities and choices open to them. Seeing this interaction eliminates the danger of a reductionism that sees all women as always oppressed by all men. For example, the interaction of class and sex will find some women exercising power over men and other women. Women as well as men can be oppressors. The reality is that we have human beings, female and male, grappling with their situation, with varying degrees of altruism and self-interest, awareness and muddled thinking, within the constraints of sex, class, and the other categories. Women’s history in Ireland, while not as fully developed as elsewhere, is rooted and growing. Relevant to the discussion here, is its discovery of women’s emancipation activism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Nineteenth-century campaigns, some of them conducted in close cooperation with British activists, and others separate Irish endeavours, achieved a number of substantial reforms: improved standards in the education of girls and women, including admission to universities and degrees; married women’s control of their own property; wider employment opportunities; and the local government vote and eligibility for election to most local government bodies. The early twentieth-century campaign for parliamentary suffrage, as well as continued pressure on other fronts won full citizenship, including full political participation, for women in the 1922 Consitution of the Irish Free State. After 1922 activism continued, albeit with a lower public profile, as feminists tried, with varying degrees of success, to counter the general hostility of the conservative Free State governments of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s to women’s participation in the public sphere. These findings have yet to infiltrate the ‘mainstream’ survey histories of Ireland. To be fair, there is not, as yet, a sustained and comprehensive overview of the history of the Irish women’s movement. There are a few good monographs on the suffrage movement and quite a wide range of collections and scattered articles on various aspects. It may be that an inclusive overview or overviews are needed before the breakthrough will come. Be that as it may, for a group, society, or nation, history plays the role that personal memory does for the individual. What is not recorded by the historian has not existed for the reader. So effective can the memory loss be, that when the new wave of the women’s movement, Women’s Liberation, burst very publicly onto the scene in 1970, few of the partic-ipants were aware that Irish activism went back at least to the 1860s. Even today, knowledge of the history of Irish feminist organisation is confined to a small group of the interested, and has made little inroad into the awareness of the public at large or popular political debate. This is only too evident in the very limited perception of feminism generally portrayed in the media, where it is seen as a ‘women’s issue’ and essentially a matter of women trying to compete on equal terms with men within the existing structures of society. So, the cycle of reinventing the wheel continues. Time and energy, which could be spent in critical self-analysis and reflection on what could be learned from the earlier experience, are instead used in rediscovering information and insights. Equally, of course, successive generations of men have lost the memory that male-dominated societies imposed such restrictions on the areas of human activity it allowed women to enter, and have not had to ponder the implications. How many other distortions of our shared past have yet to be recognised? However, once we see the relationships between the sexes as part of history, this brings feminist thinking unequivocally into the arena of political thought where it makes its own contribution to debate. In practice, of course feminism has always engaged in political debate and argument with other analyses. Again, because the political, social, and economic relationships between the sexes have been overlooked, so too the contribution of feminism to debate has—until very recently—been largely ignored in discussion of political thought. At the international level, a large body of critical feminist theory has developed over the past 20 years or so, and is beginning to find its way into some histories of political thought.8 In Ireland, so far there has been only a limited amount of publication on political thought, and feminism is not included. Feminism does not produce a blueprint for the ideal society. Its contri-bution to political thought is to insist that the political, social, and economic relationships between the sexes be scrutinised. It argues that sex-roles which limit women’s control over their own lives, and which subordinate women to men, and women’s needs to men’s needs, are oppressive to women, dehumanising to both sexes, and damaging to society as a whole. In interaction with other analyses of the dynamics and structures of societies, various feminist political theories have developed, and so far none has become recognised as the definitive orthodoxy. Nineteenth-century liberalism, itself a product of the Enlightenment emphasis on reason, sees human beings as autonomous, rational individuals, competing for success, wealth and status. The state’s role is to create a level playing field by removing obstacles based on factors such as birth, religion, or ethnicity. Other than this, it should interfere as little as possible. However, in a liberal democracy, like Ireland today, feminists, whether or not they agree with the liberal world-view, find they have to call for continuing state intervention to remove obstacles based on sex. The social construction of sex, including the unequal division of domestic labour, the smaller earning power of women, and the distribution of power within families which determines whose interests get priority, inhibits equal competition between the sexes within the worlds of paid work and politics. Feminists argue that a liberal democracy, which aims to treat all citizens equally, will have to exercise active discrimination. To achieve equal treatment, account must be taken of the differences in the life situation of different groups, and the balance of advantage and disadvantage has to be redressed. This may be done in various ways, for instance by providing child-care services to free women to compete on equal terms, by insisting on a quota of women on boards, or by anti-discrimination legislation. These arguments are valid and important, but have limitations if the aim is to radically change society. In the first place, measures that aim to adjust the balance between the sexes often overlook the differences within each sex. Freeing women from various domestic responsibilities may allow more affluent women to compete with more affluent men, but may make little difference to poorer women and poorer men whose participation may be inhibited by other factors, such as lower educational achievement, lack of a car, etc. Secondly, it can easily slide into an assumption that the objective of feminism is solely equal rights and equal opportunities between the sexes. Equal participation of women with men in political, social, and economic life will only create a more inclusive and equitable society across the board if women per se are more committed to such values and to devising policies to promote them. Neither the historical record nor today’s world show women consistently supporting different political policies to men. Like men, women involved in politics are, and have been, members of parties and movements whose policies differ fundamentally. In any case, there is a contradiction at the core of a view that sees women’s rights as solely concerned with women attaining the position and privileges men enjoy. If we reject sex-role models which see women as subordinate to men, and which limit women’s autonomy and control over their own lives, the corollary must be rejection of a male model of dominance and authority. The logic of the feminist starting point is the need to develop new and more fully human models for both sexes. Marxist analysis also drew on the Enlightenment, in its case on the search for the laws governing human behaviour and societies. It believes that capitalism, based on private ownership and competition for profits, produces an unjust society with high levels of deprivation and unhappiness. Marxism and socialism argue that society as a whole should control the entire economic and politcal systems, which should be developed in a non-competitive way in the interests of the welfare of all. Feminisms which accept Marxist and socialist views criticise liberal feminism as bourgeois and interested only in middle-class women. In Marxist and socialist analysis, all women will only be fully liberated when incorporated with their class analysis if women are to benefit from a class revolution. Radical feminism emerged in the 1960s, and took yet another approach. It saw both biological sex and socially constructed sex-roles as crucial issues. Sexuality and sexual activity, as well as childbearing and rearing, were areas for political scrutiny and analysis. It rejected any aim of making women ‘equal’ to men and celebrated women’s difference. There are many feminisms, many feminist theories with many variations and interactions. Few people’s thinking fits neatly into any one theory and most combine elements from a number. All this points to the potential of dialogue between republicanism and feminism to contribute to radical change in society. Feminist awareness of the need to recognise social difference when trying to create conditions of equality and freedom, can engage with republicanism’s insistence that good government must be concerned with the welfare of all citizens and must facilitate the participation of all citizens. Feminism also brings its insight that current models of masculinity and feminity may be obstacles to creating the republic; in particular the macho model with its reluctance to admit error and its obsession with saving face. If socialist principles are included in the dialogue, a critical approach to the existing organisation of the world, socially, economically and politically could follow. The present organisation and structures subordinate people to profits. This may favour male participation over female, but it does not aim to facilitate the human development, welfare and happiness of either sex. Instead of trying to fit women into this model we could ask what forms of economic organisation would best suit the real needs of women, men, and children. The same question could be addressed to political participation. The dialogue could also seek ways to counter the inhuman aspects of the current global, free-market economy where many of the issues that concern feminism and republicanism arise in new forms. Critics of globalisation stress the need to counter the belief that a competitive and unregulated free market, divorced from social responsibility, will best serve the interests of people everywhere because it is the most effective way of increasing wealth. It may increase wealth, but that wealth will benefit the few and not the many, unless some form of global regulation is devised to protect individuals from bearing the costs of unchecked competition, through job insecurity, the breakdown of communities, increasing wealth for some accompanied by the increasing alienation of others, or destruction of the environment.9 Feminism, republicanism, and democracy are concerned with combining individual freedom and social responsibility. Feminism is not a ‘women’s issue.’ It is a human issue with implications for society as a whole, and it addresses fundamental questions concerning the definition of a human being and a citizen. Perhaps because the logic of its analysis the class issue is resolved and capitalism replaced by socialism. In turn, feminists challenge Marxism and socialism that gender analysis must be leads to critical scrutiny of masculinity as well as femininity, male thinkers have been slow to accept this. The emphasis of the women’s rights argument in the 1790s was on a number of concerns: inclusiveness; the need to recognise and respect diversity among individuals and roles; the responsibilities as well as the rights of citizenship; and the need for education for good citizenship. All these have an applicability that is not confined to women and can engage constructively with the republican values of liberty, equality, and fraternity/sorority. The writing of history, just as it played a role in losing the memory of feminist challenges to patriarchal societies, can now play a role in helping to retrieve some of that lost memory. If we can start by recovering the interaction of republi-canism and women’s emancipation in the 1790s and incorporating it into the written histories of the period, we can prepare the ground for ongoing engagement in the present day. If history is what the evidence forces us to believe, the first task must be to make that evidence so visible that it cannot be ignored. This is part of the project of writing a more inclusive human history. The challenge here is to historians, and perhaps partic-ularly to historians of women. Mary Cullen is an Academic Associate at NUI, Maynooth,and a Research Associate at the Centre for Women’s Studies,Trinity College, Dublin. 1 J.J. Rousseau, Émile (London: Dent 1974), p. 321 2 Ibid., p. 333 3 Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London: Dent 1982), p. 25 4 Ibid., p. 213 5 Ibid., p. 159 6 Mary McNeill, The Life and Times of Mary Ann McCracken 1770-1866 (Belfast: Blackstaff 1988), pp 126-8 7 Nancy Curtin, ‘Women and Eighteenth-Century Irish Republicanism’, in Margaret MacCurtain and Mary O’Dowd (eds), Women in Early Modern Ireland (Dublin: Wolfhound 1991), pp 138-40 8 See, for example, John Morrow, History of Political Thought: A Thematic Introduction (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan 1998) 9 See, for example, John Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta Books 1999) Copyright © The Republic and the contributors, 2001
Autism and Schizophrenia Autism and Schizophrenia: Two Pieces of the genomic Puzzle Autism and Schizophrenia Autism and Schizophrenia The term “Autism” referred as neural developmental disorder, which affect normal development of social brain. Psychopathological features of autism become apparent during infancy or childhood and pursue a stable course without diminution and comprise impaired social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. These symptoms commonly begun following the age of six months, which become established by age of two to three years and persist throughout the life. On the other hand, schizophrenia typically refer to insufficiency of distinctive emotional responses and impairment with thought processes, which is accompanied by major social or occupational dysfunction. A combination of diverse factors, such as genetic, environment, neurobiology, along with psychological and social processes appears to be contributing in disease manifestation. Schizophrenia usually begins in early youth or young adulthood (i.e. teens and twenties) and categorized by a combination of positive (i.e. thought disorders such as racing thoughts, visual and/or auditory hallucinations, and delusions)negative (i.e. withdrawal or loss of social functioning, apathy, anhedonia, alogia, and behavioural perseveration) and cognitive (i.e. Instability in decision-making functions, memory dilemma or impairment, and failure to sustain attention) psychotic symptoms. Historical perspective: The missing link Over the past several decades, a great deal of scientific and medical research has been conducted on childhood and adult neuropsychiatric disorders, specially autism and schizophrenia. At a first glance, the autism and schizophrenia both seems to be the case of mental illness and phenol-typically connect with each other. In this context, autism is assumed as an early manifestation of schizophrenia and therefore referred as “schizophrenic syndrome of childhood” or “childhood psychosis”. The term Schizophrenia and Autism was firstly coined by famous Swiss psychiatrist “Eugen Bleuler” as the splitting of psychic functions in Kraepelin’s dementia praecox and withdrawal from reality in people with schizophrenia. Meanwhile, in 1943, Leo kanner suggested autism as an early, distinct subtype of schizophrenia” and conceive an association between the two. However, Leo kanner later on gave up his theory and put them as distinct and unrelated conditions. Subsequently, several theories or models have been put forth to explain the inter relationship between autism and schizophrenia. It was in the year 1971, when the concept was changed and an obvious delineation of symptomatic variations between the infantile autism and adult schizophrenia were marked. The major criteria for such delineation include, age of onset of diseases, differential treatment responses and family histories etc. Evidences for genetic connections between schizophrenia and autism Autistic and psychotic spectrum conditions (i.e. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) signify two major groups of disorders of human perception and behaviour with impaired social brain. Historically, autism and schizophrenia are renowned as intimately linked in some form or another, although subsequent studies and diagnosis established a clear difference between the two. However, recent genetic studies suggest that several genes present in the chromosomal regions are caught up in Autistic and psychotic spectrum conditions. These studies were further supported by genetic, epigenetic, social and environmental studies and make clear that how genetic variations or mutations in chromosomal area could decide the fate, as either an autistic or schizophrenic phenotype. One of such studies conducted at Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, and Department of Sociology, London School of Economics, London, revealed that autism and schizophrenia exhibits diametrically opposite phenotypic traits linked to social development of brain. These phenotypic traits are interrelated and follow a general pattern of constrained overgrowth (in autism) and undergrowth (in schizophrenia). These studies advocate that the development of autism and schizophrenia is associated by variation of genetic imprinting. Furthermore, it is observed that etiologies of these diseases biases towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal and paternal expression. Existance of genetic link in autism and schizophrenia were further strengthened by Jonathan Sebat and collageous of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, who identified the role for rare mutations and genetic heterogeneity in childhood-onset developmental disorders. They observed a strong alliance of microduplication in genomic region of chromosome 16p11.2 with extensive risk to schizophrenia. Furthermore, meta-analysis of individuals with multiple psychiatric disorders revealed the link of this microduplication with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism. Taken together, these studies suggest that microduplication of 16p11.2 deliberate strong affiliation with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, while the reciprocal microdeletion is barely associated with autism and developmental disorder. Besides this, a number of studies using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements in ASDs and schizophrenia patients report the existence of copy-number variations in the neurexin-1 gene. These studies suggest a strong association between autism, schizophrenia and de novo copy number mutations/ variants of neurexin-1 gene. According to these studies deletion / disruption or even subtle changes in neurexin-1 gene contribute to susceptibility to autism and schizophrenia. Furthermore, studies conducted on neurexin-1α deficient mice revealed that these mice were defective in excitatory synaptic transmission and exhibit marked behavioural neural phenotypes, which can correlate with impairment in autistic and schizophrenic human patients. Comparative genomic hybridization approaches identified the role of recurrent/overlapping copy number variations (CNVs) at several loci in clinical manifestation of schizophrenia, mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders. These studies suggested the existence of shared biological pathways and persistent rearrangement of neurodevelopmental and synaptic genes in autism, schizophrenia and mental retardation. Kirov and collageous at Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Uk , also provided evidences in support of connection between large copy number variants and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Another, recent studies published in journal of Molecular Psychiatry in 2011, suggest that reciprocal duplication and deletion of the chromosomal region 16p13.1 is firmly connected with autism schizophrenia and mental retardation. They have also identified NTAN1 and NDE1 as candidate genes present in this region. To determine the impact of family history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder on ASD prevalence, a research study was performed, in 3 population inventory in Sweden, Stockholm County and Israel. The research work was published in Archives of General Psychiatry in 2012. According to this study, schizophrenia in parents or in sibling was firmly associated with an increased risk for ASD. These findings revealed the existence of common etiological factors among ASD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. The clinical and pathogenesis relationship between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia is still poorly understood. However, when link was properly traced, it reveals that schizophrenia and autism shared several common features including social and cognitive dysfunction, and genetic connection. It makes valid sense to historically renowned association between the two. Autism and schizophrenia both represents neuro-developmental disorders of complex etiology, characterized by participation of genetic factors. A large number of studies accounted that people with schizophrenia and those with autism share an irregularity in the same genes. Advances in human genetic in association with human genome sequence have led to the identification of multiple genes and copy number variations (CNV) in etiology of autism, schizophrenia, and many other psychiatric disorders. Genome wide association and CNV studies reported genetic overlaps between schizophrenia and autism patients and find out share genes and genetic mutations among autistic and schizophrenic patients. The Copy number variants (CNV) are emerging as an important genomic cause of autism and schizophrenia and may account for increased susceptibility to more than one psychiatric phenotype. In conclusion, autism and schizophrenia share certain clusters of genes as well as similar DNA fingerprints. These finding speculate that there may be a large number of genes in brain that are dedicated for these disorders. Thus, understanding the biology of these genes and their role in the pathogenesis of ASDs and schizophrenia has important implications for researchers and clinicians, and those affected by the disorders. Suggested literature Crespi, B. and C. Badcock (2008). “Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain.” Behav Brain Sci 31(3): 241-261; discussion 261-320. Abstract. Kim, H. G., S. Kishikawa, et al. (2008). “Disruption of neurexin 1 associated with autism spectrum disorder.” Am J Hum Genet 82(1): 199-207.Abstract McCarthy, S. E., V. Makarov, et al. (2009). “Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia.” Nat Genet 41(11): 1223-1227. Abstract. Etherton, M. R., C. A. Blaiss, et al. (2009). “Mouse neurexin-1alpha deletion causes correlated electrophysiological and behavioral changes consistent with cognitive impairments.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(42): 17998-18003.Abstract. Rujescu, D., A. Ingason, et al. (2009). “Disruption of the neurexin 1 gene is associated with schizophrenia.” Hum Mol Genet 18(5): 988-996. Abstract. Parnas, J., P. Bovet, et al. (2002). “Schizophrenic autism: clinical phenomenology and pathogenetic implications.” World Psychiatry 1(3): 131-136.Abstract. Guilmatre, A., C. Dubourg, et al. (2009). “Recurrent rearrangements in synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes and shared biologic pathways in schizophrenia, autism, and mental retardation.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(9): 947-956. Abstract Kirov, G., D. Grozeva, et al. (2009). “Support for the involvement of large copy number variants in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.” Hum Mol Genet 18(8): 1497-1503.Abstract Ingason, A., D. Rujescu, et al. (2011). “Copy number variations of chromosome 16p13.1 region associated with schizophrenia.” Mol Psychiatry 16(1): 17-25.Abstract Sullivan, P. F., C. Magnusson, et al. (2012). “Family history of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as risk factors for autism.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 69(11): 1099-1103.Abstract Leave a Reply
Human Versus Computer Vision It wasn’t until I started learning about computer vision that I realized that human vision is just really amazing. Because we grow up doing it naturally, we don’t tend to give much thought to how we see the world. We don’t think of vision as something we do. We walk around and the world is just “out there”. What’s so interesting about that? How Do Babies See? Think about the first time a baby opens its eyes. The eyes are closed until around 26 weeks to allow the retina to develop but after that the eyes will start to blink in the womb. When mom goes out into bright sunlight, some can filter through her body and the baby can start to practice seeing. But it’s not until birth that the eyes really start working and vision continues to develop for the first six months. What babies can see. Despite that, at birth a baby already prefers face shapes to non face shapes. And by three months a baby is able to recognize the face of their primary care giver as well as an adult can recognize faces. That’s amazing! This image is a representation of what we think babies see during those months. At birth, they haven’t developed color vision yet and they can only focus about twelve inches away. At three months, color vision and the ability to focus is more developed but it’s not until six months that vision is stable. We don’t see with our eyes – we see with our brains. Your eyes are just the sensors. Vision is a really complicated, resource intensive task. About thirty percent of your brain is involved in processing vision, compared to 3% for hearing. There is a part of your brain, called the fusiform gyrus that specifically works to recognize faces. Face recognition is critical to our survival – humans are social and being able to recognize each other is an important skill. We are always looking around and scanning for faces – we are so good and seeing faces that we sometimes see them when they aren’t really there. This is called Pareidolia. It used to be considered a sign of mental illness but we know now it’s a pretty normal thing. It’s just your brain, which is always looking for patterns, finding a face pattern when it’s not really there. I see faces. I see faces. Some people are ‘super recognizers’ of faces and some people are just the opposite. Prosopagnosia or ‘face blindness’ is a cognitive disorder where people cannot recognize familiar faces even though they can see other objects. In extreme cases, they cannot recognize even their own face. We See in Context When we see, our brain is using the the context and experience of our entire lives to help which is one of the reasons we can see so much better than computers. Think about when you are driving a car. You can only see the back of the car in front of you, but your brain “sees” the entire car and allocates space for it. Even though you can’t actually see the entire car, you behave as if you can. Most optical illusions are playing on the things your brain “can see” that aren’t really there. I’ve talked about this example before but I think it’s worth repeating. Look at the image below. It represents something you are probably familiar with. If you don’t know what it is, take a moment and see if you can figure it out. What do you see when looking at this simple image? What do you see when looking at this simple image? I’m going to leave some white space so I don’t give it away too quickly. It’s The Simpsons! It’s The Simpsons! Even though the first image is just 15 pixels and 7 colors, most people will figure this out. That’s amazing! A computer cannot do that. If you take a photograph of someone you know and tear it in half, you will probably still be able to recognize the person, but a computer will struggle. On the other hand, we are only really good at recognizing the faces of people that we are already familiar with. We aren’t nearly as good as we think we are at recognizing strangers. Computers are significantly better than humans in this respect. Imagine you are the person at the entrance to a bar who is checking IDs. You look at the driver’s license and then you look at the person – over and over again and usually in a location with poor lighting. It’s a boring repetitive task and humans struggle to maintain the focus required. Computers compare millions of faces very quickly without ever getting bored or tired. So How Do Computers See? In the old days, we talked about eigenfaces. This was an approach that tried to see an image holistically instead of pixel by pixel. The basic idea was to express a particular face as a “sum” of notional faces developed through a machine learning process. This way, a face is expressed as essentially a numerical expression. Faces were compared in their similarity in vector space, not the visual similarity that humans use. Eigenfaces look like something out of a scary movie. Eigenfaces look like something out of a scary movie. Modern face recognition systems use Neural Networks, which are part of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence and what is now being called “Deep Learning” which is awesome because I needed more jargon in my life. The network learns to perform a task by analyzing training examples that have been hand-labeled in advance. To teach a computer to recognize a hot dog, for example, you would feed thousands of labeled images of hot dogs and other objects that are not hot dogs, and the computer will compare them and eventually learn how to identify a hot dog. This is called training the network. This is a simplistic explanation, but the key thing to know here is that the selection of training examples and how they are labelled in critical. One criticism of modern face recognition algorithms is that the face images used to train them were predominately young, white, males and so the algorithms identify young, white, males better than anyone else. We have never once had this problem with our system, but it is important for anyone training neural networks to be mindful of their training data. Neural networks are loosely modeled on the human brain, or at least how we think the brain might work. But fundamentally, our understanding of human brains is very shallow, as is our understanding of why neural networks work. We can measure how effective they are, but they can never explain why they make a specific decision. We also can’t correct neural networks the way we correct humans. For example, I can train someone how to recognize a ripe fruit by looking at it. I can ask them what they saw and why, and I can correct them until they are trained to expert level. During that process they are continually re-training their own internal neural network. Since a neural network can never explain its decision, our only choice is to try throwing more data at it, or using a different type of network. Compared to human learning, it is a very inefficient process. Of course, most of the time you never think of why you recognize an object or a familiar face – it just happens effortlessly and seems so easy that it hardly seems like you are doing things at all. The next time you recognize your family member in a blurry picture take a moment and think about how amazing that ability is. Share on linkedin Share on twitter Share on facebook Want to read more about identity technology & privacy? Subscribe now. Your email address will be used exclusively for the stated purpose and will not be made available to any other party.
Dry eye syndrome and how you can deal with it Tears not only roll down from your eyes when you cry but they have an extremely important purpose to serve. They are necessary and are of paramount importance for maintaining health of our eyes. They lubricate and nourish our eyes, reduce risks of eye infection and provide clear vision. Some people have eyes that suffer from poor or inadequate production of tears, and they suffer from poor eyesight, and irritation in eyes. Dry Eye Syndrome or DES, clutches a big percentage of Americans. The severity of the problem could be estimated from the fact according to which about 7.8 per cent of the women and 4.7 per cent of the men who are older than 50 comes into the periphery of this syndrome. According to the study published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, DES is one of the most common reasons people seek eye care for. Revealing how severely this syndrome could affect human lives Dr. Debra A. Schaumberg of the Schepens Eye Research at Harvard Medical School sates: “The present study suggests that DES can have a significant impact on visual function that can diminish a person’s quality of everyday living. More specifically, the present study shows that crucial daily activities of modern living such as reading, computer use, professional work, driving and TV watching are all negatively impacted by DES.” This revelation is really quite appalling because DES could result in shortage of tears, damage to the eye surface, dryness and fluctuating visual disturbances, which could affect our day-to-day life quite badly. What causes dry eyes Mid adult woman with headache When your eyes start suffering a lack of lubrication on their surface, they become dry. Burning sensation in the eyes, scratchiness, extreme irritation as you feel there is something stuck in your eye, and red eyes are some symptoms of dry eye syndrome. Many factors are responsible such as age. People at 65 start experiencing the dry eye condition. Lack of vitamins in body and some physical conditions turn eyes dry as well. Gender also has a major role to play, as women are more prone to this condition. Menopause, pregnancy, other hormonal changes and use of contraceptives dries up tears. It found that 62 percent of menopausal and perimenopausal women report dry eye symptoms. Changing hormone levels are the cause of the dry eyes symptoms. Wearing contact lenses for long and eye surgeries also lead to dryness in eyes. Other factors include exposure to polluted environments, wind, and sunshine. 6 Tips for battling Dry Eye Syndrome If gets severe, the dry eye condition becomes a hard condition to deal with. You can bring into use the following tips and practices to relieve its symptoms: 1. Use humidifier Digital humidifier with ionic air purifier at home interior Lack of moisture in the air is one of the reasons responsible for during up your eyes. If you feel the air inside your home is dry, as it usually happens when you use heating devices to heat up your home in winters, they suck moisture out of the air. Use a humidifier that helps maintain moisture in air, thus preventing it from drying up your eyes. 2. Blink your eyes pretty young asian girl trying make her eyes more wide with her hands If you work on a computer for long time, watch television a lot, or you are in the habit of reading for long hours altogether, you must blink. Sufficient blinking of eyes is very important as it enhances the evaporation in the eyes. You are supposed to do the full blink, as in let your upper eyelid contact the lower lid that lets a tear film spread over the entire cornea. 3. Stay hydrated Stay hydrated The tear formation in your eyes has a direct relation with the level of your body hydration. The more hydrated you are, the better is the tear formation and you would not face the dry eye problem. 4. Keep artificial tears handy Medicine eyedropper Artificial tears you can get from the market without any prescription, so get the hang of the one that suits you. Reach out for preservative free brands and use it once every two hours. You can use lubricating gels for eyes as well, but you can use them only before sleep, as they tend to blur vision for some time. 5. Omega-3 fatty acid supplement Grilled Salmon with Spinach, Tartare Cream and Lemon Wedges If you include intake of Omega-3 fatty acid in your diet, you can experience relief from the annoying symptoms of dry eye syndrome. You should start intake of fish such as salmon, sardine and flaxseeds, as they are rich in Omega-3 fatty acid. Else, you can take its supplements also. 6. Wear protective lenses Woman wearing glasses eyewear. Portrait of young female professinal business woman wearing glasses looking at camera smiling happy. Multiracial woman model isolated on white background.. You need to protect your eyes from the harmful and harsh sunrays, wind that could bring dirt and debris along with it and harm your eyes. Wear protective lenses that could prevent all these elements from harming your eyes and drying them up. Dry Eye Syndrome is a condition when your eye starts producing poor quality or insufficient tears. The eye dries up, vision impairs, risk of eye infections increases, and one feels extreme irritation in the eyes. Related Articles Back to top button
THE GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT - Frederick’s Germany 1756-86 Not quite. Education, except in the ecclesiastical principalities, had passed from church to state control. University professors were appointed and paid (with shameful parsimony) by the government, and held the status of public officials. Although all teachers and students were required to subscribe to the religion of the prince, the faculties, until 1789, enjoyed a growing measure of academic freedom. German replaced Latin as the language of instruction. Courses in science and philosophy multiplied, and philosophy was spaciously defined (at the University of Königsberg in Kant’s day) as “the ability to think, and to investigate the nature of things without prejudices or sectarianism.”50 Karl von Zedlitz, the devoted Minister of Education under Frederick the Great, asked Kant to suggest means of “holding back the students in the universities from the bread-and-butter studies, and making them understand that their modicum of law, even their theology and medicine, will be much more easily acquired and safely applied if they are in possession of philosophical knowledge.”51 Many poor students obtained public or private aid for a university education; pleasant is Eckermann’s story of how he was helped by kind neighbors at every step of his development.52 There were no class distinctions in the student body.53 Any graduate was allowed to lecture under university auspices, for whatever fees he could collect from his auditors; Kant began his professorial career in this way; and such competition from new teachers kept old pundits on their toes. Mme. de Staël judged the twenty-four German universities to be “the most learned in Europe. In no country, not even England, are there so many means of instruction, or of bringing one’s capacities to perfection. … Since the Reformation the Protestant universities have been incontestably superior to the Catholic; and the literary glory of Germany depends upon these institutions.”54 Educational reform was in the air. Johann Basedow, inspired by reading Rousseau, issued in 1774 a four-volume Elementarwerke, which outlined a plan for teaching children through direct acquaintance with nature. They were to acquire health and vigor through games and physical exercises; they were to receive much of their instruction outdoors instead of being tied to desks; they were to learn languages not through grammar and rote but through naming objects and actions encountered in the day’s experience; they were to learn morals by forming and regulating their own social groups; and they were to prepare for life by learning a trade. Religion was to enter into the curriculum, but not as pervasively as before; Basedow openly doubted the Trinity.55 He established at Dessau (1774) a sample Philan-thropinum, which produced pupils whose “sauciness and pertness, omniscience and arrogance”56 scandalized their elders; but this “progressive education” harmonized with the Enlightenment, and spread rapidly throughout Germany. Experiments in education were part of the intellectual ferment that agitated the country between the Seven Years’ War and the French Revolution. Books, newspapers, magazines, circulating libraries, reading clubs, multiplied enthusiastically. A dozen literary movements sprouted, each with its ideology, journal, and protagonists. The first German daily, Die Leipziger Zeitung, had begun in 1660; by 1784 there were 217 daily or weekly newspapers in Germany. In 1751 Lessing began to edit the literary section of theVossische Zeitung in Berlin; in 1772 Merck, Goethe, and Herder issued Die Frankfurter gelehrte Anzeigen, or Frankfurt Literary News; in 1773-89 Wieland made Der teutsche Merkur the most influential literary review in Germany. There were three thousand German authors in 1773, six thousand in 1787; Leipzig alone had 133. Many of these were part-time writers; Lessing was probably the first German who, through many years, made a living by literature. Almost all authors were poor, for copyright protected them only in their own principality; pirated editions severely limited the earnings of author and publisher alike. Goethe lost money on Götz von Berlichingen, and made little on Werther, the greatest literary success of that generation. The outburst of German literature is among the major events of the second half of the eighteenth century. D’Alembert, writing from Potsdam in 1763, found nothing worthy of report in German publications;57 by 1790 Germany rivaled, perhaps surpassed, France in contemporary literary genius. We have noted Frederick’s scorn of the German language as raucous and coarse and poisoned with consonants; yet Frederick himself, by his dramatic repulse of so many enemies, inspired Germany with a national pride that encouraged German writers to use their own language and stand up before the Voltaires and the Rousseaus. By 1763 German had refined itself into a literary language, and was ready to voice the German Enlightenment. This Aufklärung was no virgin birth. It was the painful product of English deism coupled with French free thought on the ground prepared by the moderate rationalism of Christian von Wolff. The major deistic blasts of Toland, Tindal, Collins, Whiston, and Woolston had by 1743 been translated into German, and by 1755 Grimm’s Correspondance was disseminating the latest French ideas among the German elite. Already in 1756 there were enough freethinkers in Germany to allow the publication of a Freidenker-lexikon. In 1763-64 Basedow issued his Philalethie (Love of Truth), which rejected any divine revelation other than that of nature itself. In 1759 Christoph Friedrich Nikolai, a Berlin bookseller, began Briefe die neueste Literatur betreffend; enriched with articles by Lessing, Herder, and Moses Mendelssohn, these Letters concerning the Latest Literature continued till 1765 to be a literary beacon of the Aufklärung, warring against extravagance in literature and authority in religion. Freemasonry shared in the movement. The first lodge of Freimaurer was founded at Hamburg in 1733; other lodges followed; members included Frederick the Great, Dukes Ferdinand of Brunswick and Karl August of Saxe-Weimar, Lessing, Wieland, Herder, Klopstock, Goethe, Kleist. Generally these groups favored deism, but avoided open criticism of orthodox belief. In 1776 Adam Weishaupt, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, organized a kindred secret society, which he called Perfektibilisten, but which later took on the old name of Illuminati. Its ex-Jesuit founder, following the model of the Society of Jesus, divided its associates into grades of initiation, and pledged them to obey their leaders in a campaign to “unite all men capable of independent thought,” make man “a masterpiece of reason, and thus attain the highest perfection in the art of government.”58 In 1784 Karl Theodor, elector of Bavaria, outlawed all secret societies, and the Order of the Illuminati suffered an early death. Even the clergy were touched by the “Clearing Up.” Johann Semler, professor of theology at Halle, applied higher criticism to the Bible: he argued (precisely contrary to Bishop Warburton) that the Old Testament could not be inspired by God, since, except in its final phase, it ignored immortality; he suggested that Christianity had been deflected from the teachings of Christ by the theology of St. Paul, who had never seen Christ; and he advised theologians to consider Christianity as a transient form of the effort of man to achieve a moral life. When Karl Bahrdt and others of his pupils rejected all of Christian dogma except belief in God, Semler returned to orthodoxy, and held his chair of theology from 1752 to 1791. Bahrdt described Jesus as simply a great teacher, “like Moses, Confucius, Socrates, Semler, Luther, and myself.”59 Johann Eberhard also equated Socrates with Christ; he was expelled from the Lutheran ministry, but Frederick made him professor of philosophy at Halle. Another clergyman, W. A. Teller, reduced Christianity to deism, and invited into his congregation anyone, including Jews, who believed in God.60 Johann Schulz, a Lutheran pastor, denied the divinity of Jesus, and reduced God to the “sufficient ground of the world”;61 he was dismissed from the ministry in 1792. These vocal heretics were a small minority; perhaps silent heretics were many. Because so many clergymen offered a welcome to reason, because religion was much stronger in Germany than in England or France, and because the philosophy of Wolff had provided the universities with a compromise between rationalism and religion, the German Enlightenment did not take an extreme form. It sought not to destroy religion, but to free it from the myths, absurdities, and sacerdotalism that in France made Catholicism so pleasing to the people and so irritating to the philosophers. Following Rousseau rather than Voltaire, German rationalists recognized the profound appeal that religion makes to the emotional elements in man; and the German nobility, less openly skeptical than the French, supported religion as an aid to morals and government. The Romantic movement checked the advance of rationalism, and prevented Lessing from being to Germany what Voltaire had been to France.

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