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TheNFAPost Podcast A big news is awaited tonight here in India. But, the action will unravel thousands of miles away in the US. At 9.30 pm IST, the tech CEOS, Sundar Pichai, Mark Zucherberg, Jeff Bezos and Tim Cook, will appear together at a congressional hearing to argue that their companies have not violated the antitrust laws and did not stifle competition. But, before going into the main issue, let us understand what antitrust law means. Antitrust laws are designed by the US government with an objective to make sure fair competition remains in the market. They prohibit companies making efforts to maintain monopoly through corrupt means like price-fixing, anti-competitive corporate mergers and predatory acts. Simply put, antitrust laws prevent companies from making and boosting their profits by playing dirty. In the absence of these laws, consumers will be deprived of better prices. The laws allow the government to intervene and stop companies trying to establish a monopoly and striking off competition. To understand the case of the CEOs of Apple, Google, Facebook and Amazon, appearing before the congressional committee, it is better to focus on the Microsoft antitrust case. The company’s rising presence in the personal computing market had raised alarm bells with federal authorities in the 1990s. Bill Gates, Microsoft Founder, was lucky as the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into Microsoft’s bid to create a monopoly. However, the investigation was picked up by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The department, along with 20 attorney generals, filed antitrust charges against Microsoft for giving away its browser software for free which resulted in the collapse of Netscape. The Bill Clinton government had accused Microsoft of making it difficult for consumers to install competing software on computers operated by Windows. As usual, the lobby, majorly composed of the vociferous economists, gave misleading statements and made antitrust laws into a case of protectionism. A group of economists even had published a full-page open letter to Clinton in major newspapers, backing Microsoft stating that laws were anti-consumer. In the trial, Microsoft claimed that its competitors were jealous of its success and supporters went to the extent of terming Microsoft’s monopoly as non-coercive – meaning that consumers prefered Microsoft’s Windows product on their computers than Unix, Linux and Macintosh. Despite all these jingoistics efforts, Microsoft lost the case. The presiding judge, Thomas Penfield Jackson, ruled that Microsoft violated parts of the Sherman Antitrust Act, which was established in 1890 to outlaw monopolies and cartels. He found that Microsoft’s position in the marketplace constituted a monopoly that threatened not only the competition but also innovation in the industry. Jackson also called for Microsoft to divide the company in half and create two separate entities that would be called baby bills. The operating system would make up one half of the company and the software arm would make up the other. Microsoft appealed the decision and charged the judge for giving a biased verdict in favor of the prosecution. The appeals court overturned Jackson’s decision against Microsoft. Instead of seeking to break up the company, the DoJ decided to settle with Microsoft. In its settlement, it abandoned the requirement to break up the company, In return, Microsoft agreed to share computing interfaces with other companies. The company’s market share eroded due to old-fashioned competition. Coming back in the present, the captains of the new age will appear to justify their business practices after members of the House judiciary’s antitrust subcommittee had investigated into the accusations of stifling rivals and harming consumers. The tech giants, who run companies worth a total of around $4.85 trillion, would argue that their businesses are not really that powerful. Amazon is accused of abusing its role as a retailer and platform hosting third-party sellers on its marketplace, while Apple is accused of unfairly using its clout over its App Store to block rivals and to force apps to pay high commissions. Rivals have said Facebook has a monopoly in social networking. Alphabet, the parent company of Google, is dealing with multiple antitrust allegations because of Google’s dominance in online advertising, search and smartphone software. For these tech captains, the hearing will be a test of their mettle, who are under fire. Previous articleDataMail Launches Kannada Language Email Address Next articleIIT Hyderabad Use Corn Husk To Produce Carbon Electrode For High-voltage Supercapacitors Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Accessibility links Breaking News Why Iranian Officials Hide COVID-19 Facts, Figures From The Public? A volunteer from Basij forces wearing a protective suit and face mask sprays disinfectant as he sanitizes a bus station, amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) fears, in Tehran, April 3, 2020 Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the Islamic Republic of Iran's approach to news dissemination about the epidemic has been one of chaotic management, secrecy and lies. Iranian officials first denied the existence of the disease, then refused to quarantine Qom and its religious sites. This behavior was followed by the dissemination of fake news and all this led to the spread of the virus to the other parts of the country. For all the contradictions and ambiguities, the public in Iran still believes that the government is hiding what it knows about the epidemic and its dimensions in Iran. Some three months after the start of the outbreak, still no one In Iran knows whether it was true that the virus was first brought to Qom by Chinese Muslim seminary students and what was the role of the country's executive officials, clerics, security and military forces in the spread of the disease in its initial phase. Did they withhold the news about the epidemic fearing that the resulting panic might affect turnout in the parliamentary elections in February? Or was it the sheer inefficiency of officials that failed to control the disease? After several weeks, still news and information coming from the government is ambiguous and often contradictory. Every day the government releases figures about the outbreak and its death toll. But few inside and outside Iran believe these figures. Even the World Health Organization has questioned their integrity. Sometimes, contradictions and fabricated figures are so blatant that it appears the government could not care less about whether what it says is believable. They give out national figures but withhold provincial figures for what they call "expediency." It is not just the public that does not trust the government's figures. Official institutions such as the Parliament Research Center, medical schools and provincial hospitals often release their own statistics while mentioning that figures given away by the government are inaccurate. The government even exercises censorship over graveyards, hospitals, and provincial health officials who try to give out accurate statistics about the death toll. Instead of trying to explain ambiguities, the government arrests and silences those who question official figures. But why does the government do this? It surely knows about the negative consequences of hiding realities that have something to do with the people's wellbeing? Doesn't it know that there are many ways to verify the truth and come up with the true numbers? We can only guess why. The first hypothesis is that the government hid real figures for a few weeks for political reasons ahead of the elections. But why did they continue their dishonest policy? The second hypothesis is that what we see regarding the epidemic is simply the tip of an iceberg that reveals the tensions within state structures. In fact, this could be simply a manifestation of the conflict between the official and hidden governments. A duality that costs many lives. On the one hand is the government headed by the president and on the other are an amalgam of religious and military centers of power, not to mention the vast administration of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. A third hypothesis is that the government's incapability and its chaotic management, coupled with fear of destructive economic and social upheavals after the outbreak, has led the government to conceal or at least downplay the crisis. The fourth hypothesis is that the government has been trapped by its initial lie and because the officials find it impossible to take back their lie, they go ahead with still more lies. Last but not least, the fifth hypothesis is that like in many other cases, the Iranian government has fallen victim to its usual paranoia. It believes, as Khamenei, President Hassan Rouhani and many other official have said, that "enemies" might take advantage of the situation if they reveal the truth about the epidemic and its impact on Iran. This does not mean that only one of these hypotheses is correct. All five hypotheses or a combination of them can explain the government's behavior. Lack of transparency is a characteristic of the Islamic Republic. It is nothing new. We have seen it on many occasions including during the protests in November 2019 and the downing of a Ukrainian airliner in January 2020. Months after these events that claimed hundreds of lives, the Iranian government has still not told the truth. For instance, still no one knows for sure how many people were killed during the November protests, why were they shot to death and whether those who killed them have ever been questioned. In the case of the downing of the Ukrainian plane, there is still no news of a technical investigation. Iran has been holding the black box of the aircraft and refuses to give it to Ukraine. Everything is shrouded in mystery and kept secret by the government. Lack of transparency as a culture has seriously damaged the people's trust in the government. Part of the reason for this lack of transparency is the hidden government that is responsible for many mischiefs but is not accountable for anything. On the other hand, the concept of what is “expedient” for the regime justifies almost anything as the Islamic Republic’s first and last golden rule. The government does not get its legitimacy from the people, so it does not show any respect to them or their wellbeing. It does not understand citizenship rights. The political structure in Iran does not call for accountability and does not encourage it. The most powerful man in the system, the Supreme Leader, makes all the key decisions but he is not accountable to anyone. In the face of this contradiction, elected institutions such as the parliament and the president have lost all of their powers and have practically "melted into the concept of the supreme guardian" to protect the individuals who occupy posts. As a result of lack of transparency, lying and secrecy have become institutionalized in the Iranian political ecosystem. In order to remain in the government, one should turn a blind eye and keep silent. No one is bothered by the ugliness of deceit. Lack of transparency and fabricated news and data have been practically turned into a culture that erodes the ethical contract between the society and the government and precipitates the erosion of institutional legitimacy. As a result, no one trusts the government and its media outlets and everyone turns to other sources for truth and information. The opinions expressed by the author in this article are not necessarily the views of Radio Farda • 16x9 Image Saeed Peyvandi Professor of sociology from Paris 13 University, Saint Denis, France. He contributes occasionally to Radio Farda.
How many muscle groups there are? 2020-10-22 by No Comments How many muscle groups there are? The six major muscle groups you want to train are the chest, back, arms, shoulders, legs, and calves. You want to train each of these muscle groups at least once every 5 to 7 days for maximum muscle gain. What are the 13 groups of muscle? Terms in this set (13) • Abdominals (Abs) muscles in the front of the abdomen. • Biceps. upper muscles on front part of the arm. • Deltoids (Delts) front and back shoulder muscles. • Pectoral (Pecs) chest muscles. • Obliques (external obliques) • Trapezius (Traps) • Latissimus Dorsi (Lats) • Erector Spinae. What exercises hit all muscle groups? The Best Exercises Targeting Each Muscle Group • Hamstrings: Squats. Deadlifts. • Calves: Jump rope. Dumbbell jump squat. • Chest: Bench press. Dips. • Back: Deadlifts. Pull-ups/ Chin-ups. • Shoulders: Overhead press. • Triceps: Reverse grip/close grip bench press. Dips. • Biceps: Close grip pull-up. Dumbbell curl. • Forearms: Wrist Curls. What are the 5 main major muscle groups? To achieve these benefits, it is important to know the body’s five (5) major muscle groups. Chest, Back, Arms & Shoulders, Abs, Legs & Buttocks and their functions. What are the 7 ways muscles are named? Term What are the 7 ways to name skeletal muscles? Definition Relative size, direction of fibers or fascicles, location, shape, location of attachments, number of origin, action. Term Location of attachments Definition Named according to location of attachment or insertion Which is the smallest muscle? What’s the smallest muscle in your body? Your middle ear is home to the smallest muscle. Less than 1 millimeter long, the stapedius controls the vibration of the smallest bone in the body, the stapes, also known as the stirrup bone. What is the smallest muscle? Stapedius muscle Stapedius muscle is termed to be the smallest skeletal muscle in human body, which has a major role in otology. Stapedius muscle is one of the intratympanic muscles for the regulation of sound. How many exercises should I do per muscle group? Allowing your body at least 1 day to recover between each full-body workout is key, so three sessions per week is a good baseline to start with. Within these workouts, you’ll choose one exercise for each muscle group — back, chest, shoulders, legs, core — and, as a beginner, aim for 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps. What are the 5 ways muscles are named? Anatomists name the skeletal muscles according to a number of criteria, each of which describes the muscle in some way. These include naming the muscle after its shape, size, fiber direction, location, number of origins or its action. The names of some muscles reflect their shape. What are the six ways muscles are named? Terms in this set (6) • direction. rectus abdominus (Rectus=parallel to midline) • size. gluteus maximus (maximus=largest) • shape. rhomboid major (rhomboid=diamond shaped) • action. flexor carpi radialis (flexor=decreases joint angle) • number of origins. biceps brachii (biceps=two origins) • location. What are the 7 major muscle groups? The 7 Main Muscle Groups. Anterior Deltoid. Lateral Deltoid. Posterior Deltoid. 2. Next is the chest. 3. Next are the traps or trapezius muscles. 4. Next are the lats or latissimus dorsi. 5. Next comes the triceps. 6. Biceps are next. 7. Lastly, we have the abs. What muscles should I workout together? Biceps, Triceps and Core. Other best muscle groups to train together include the biceps and triceps, a set of antagonistic muscles. Triceps and biceps can be worked out together with your core in one day. Do a bicep exercise, a triceps workout and finally a core move. What are large muscle groups? Larger muscle groups such as the chest, back, quadriceps and hamstrings are the key muscle groups in the body to target when training for overall muscular size. When trained heavily, these muscles need more time than smaller muscles to recover simply because they are larger. What are the major muscle groups in the upper body? Upper Body. The major muscle groups in the upper body are the deltoid muscles in the shoulders, the biceps and triceps in the arms, the pectoral muscles in the chest, and the back muscles. The cable chest dip works the muscles in the chest and back.
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: French 4. > 5. "Ce chien est le père des chi… "Ce chien est le père des chiots que tu as vus." Translation:This dog is the father of the puppies you saw. July 6, 2020 Quote: "The only time you will have an agreement with avoir is when there is a direct object preceding the past participle." In this case, "des chiots" is the direct object (you saw the puppies) and it precedes "... as vu", so change it to " as vus". Here's another example: "La voiture que j'ai achetée est noire." - acheté (past participle) must be changed to achetée to agree with la voiture. I usually pay close attention whenever I see "que" before the verb. Hope this helps. des= is some, not THE isn't it? Here it is "of the" dah! Merci- I missed that! The word "the" is not necessary in English before "puppies" in this sentence. Without more context, what other puppies would there be? Reported. the puppies' father, the father of the puppies--both the same. both should be accepted I don't see how you could make the first one work. "This dog is the puppies' father that you just saw" sounds like you just saw the father. It needs to be "the father of the puppies" because the following clause refers to the puppies. My answer is technically correct other than omitting the apostrophe after puppies and should have been accepted Learn French in just 5 minutes a day. For free.
1. Forum 2. > 3. Topic: Scottish Gaelic 4. > 5. "A bheil an iuchair agad?" "A bheil an iuchair agad?" Translation:Do you have the key? August 4, 2020 Since 'iuchair' begins with a vowel shouldn't this be 'an t-iuchair'? I know we don't use 'an t-ospadal' (for example when we are describing 'in' (ann an)) but what's the rule here pls? No, because iuchair is a feminine noun, not a masculine one. The effects of the definite article on feminine nouns is explained in the tips and notes to the Animals skill (and on the masc. nouns, including prefixing t- before vowels, in the Food 2 skill). You can find the tips and notes in the web browser of Duolingo at https://duolingo.com and on the https://duome.eu/tips/en/gd website. Unfortunately the tips might not be available in the Duolingo mobile app, so if you use Duo on mobile, you might want to use your web browser for reading. Thanks for the explanation!
Colonel Stott at the Arnhem Commemorations, 1945 Colonel Stott, the Commanding Officer of the Army Graves Service in Western Europe was in many ways the most influential figure of all in how the Second World War British military dead were identified, buried and honoured. Besides the work for soldiers, he was of key significance in the work on behalf of missing RAF aircrew. Stott was a self-effacing man and so far we have not traced any official photographs of him performing his duties. However, there are two photographs in the Gelders Archief in Holland which are 99% certain to include Stott. The first, being posted today, shows him at the commemorations for the Arnhem dead, which took place on 25 September 1945. Stott’s attendance at the commemorations is mentioned in his war diary. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
How to stop the dairy industry from ruining your health Dairy farms are still producing the stuff that made the world famous cream cheese famous. But they are now also producing a new cheese that is less than 1 per cent of the original, and is also more harmful than the original. It’s called dairy free cream cheese and it’s made from cow milk and dairy products, not cheese. The new cheese, called Dairy Free ricotta (or DFR) is a product that is now on sale in the US, but has been banned from import in many other countries. It comes in two flavours, a creamy cheese and a more mild and sweet ricotta. The dairy free version is about the same weight and texture as the original but has less of a taste and more of a creaminess to it. It is more of an egg substitute than a ricotta cheese, making it not exactly a dairy-free option. But there are some important differences. Firstly, it is made from dairy products. Dairy milk has been replaced by more dairy-like cheese products. Ricotta is dairy-based and contains less milk than regular ricotta but it has much more milk than the milk in milk. It also has less flavour and texture than milk cheese. There are other differences too, such as the fact that the new dairy-less version is slightly more sweet. But it is still dairy free. The milk in the milk-free version has been used to make the ricotta that is sold in stores. Dairy free ricottas are not made from milk. They are made from animal fats that are used in the production of the cream cheese. They contain a lot of fat, but the fat is mainly from cows and calves and not from the cows themselves. This fat has been converted to animal fats, called saturated fat, which are in a range of different forms. Dairy-free ricotta is one of the most common cheeses around. It was popularised by the cheese company Kraft in the 1980s and 1990s, when it was first made. Dairy Free cheese was not a problem because it was made from animals that were free of animal fats. Now it is more common to see dairy-Free ricotta on the supermarket shelves. But the new version of dairy- Free ricotto is not 100 per cent dairy- free, and contains a lot more fat and protein than dairy-fattened ricotta from a factory farm. It has also been linked to heart disease and diabetes. How dairy is used to create dairy-rich ricotta A cow, normally used to produce milk for human consumption, produces milk and produces milk-like products called ricotta and other dairy products that are then made into cream cheese, cheese, yogurt and other cheese products and desserts. It does not create its own milk. This is done by a process called fermentation. The animals that are involved in the process are also the same animals that produce milk and produce dairy products such as ricotta in the first place. This means that it is possible for some of the milk produced to end up in dairy products like ricotta or yogurt. But most dairy-fed animals do not use the dairy products produced from their cows. Instead, the animals produce milk from other animals and, in some cases, dairy-finished dairy products from those animals. It may take up to a decade to produce enough milk for the cows to produce the milk and cheese. When it does, the milk is sold to consumers in stores as ricottos and cream cheese or yogurt and is sold as a product to make cream cheese with milk. If the dairy-producing animal is in a good health and does not suffer from heart disease or diabetes, the product is called a dairy product. The process of making the dairy product and its packaging is the same as making milk. However, the cows used to milk the dairy animals that produced the milk are no longer used in this process. The animal is killed and the milk, or cream cheese as it is known in the cheese industry, is sent to a plant for further processing. The final product is used as dairy products in the United States and around the world. But in many countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and the United Arab Emirates, there are no regulations on the use of animals in the dairy sector and no restrictions on the production and marketing of dairy products containing animal fats like butter and cream. But for dairy-farm workers in the UK, where the dairy farming industry is still heavily regulated, this means that the production process for dairy products is regulated at a national level and that there is no control of the products. This makes the products difficult to use in people’s kitchens. A few years ago, the Department of Health banned dairy products made with dairy fat in Britain from being sold in supermarkets and restaurants. It said the products would cause a health hazard and were unsuitable for children. However the move was criticised by some MPs who claimed that Which are the top dairy farms in Australia? Dairy farms in Tasmania are a common sight on the tourist trail, and the state’s Dairy Block has been a mainstay of the tourist industry since the early 1900s. Photo: Supplied Photo: AAP Farmers in Tasmania, in the top 10 are: Steed Dairy Farm, Steed Farm, The Lumberjack’s Farm, the Steed farm, Steeds Farm, Mountains Dairy, the Mountains dairy, The Farm of the West, The Farmer’s Club, The Steeds dairy farm, The Woodlands Dairy, The Ballymores, the Ballymerys and The Millers. Dairy farmers in Victoria and South Australia have the second and third most farms. Dairy farm in South Australia: The Loomys Farm is in South Ayrshire. Photo by Sarah Rolfe. Photo credit: John MacKenzie Dairy farms are common sights in the South Australian and Victorian tourist areas. Dairy farms include the Loomies Farm in North Adelaide and the Millers Dairy in the Kimberley. Photo source Google Maps. Photo of the Lumberjacks farm: John MacDonald. Photo courtesy of the South Aussie Farmers Association. Photo Credit: John McGlone. Dairy Farms in the Northern Territory are common in Darwin and Alice Springs. Dairy Farmers are also common in the Sunshine Coast, the Gold Coast and the South Coast. Photo Source Google Maps
Policy Issues Paper instructions: Write a 700- to 1050-word paper addressing the selected topic of your choice. Within your paper, be sure to address the following elements: Was the content of your video a personal crime, property crime, or policy issue? What causal factors were addressed in the video? What policy implications or recommendations were provided in the video to address the crime? Were budgetary or financial issues discussed in the video? If so, elaborate. What future implications were discussed in the video? What other content-specific information is relevant to your selected video? What basic elements of the crime served as the basis for your selected video? What criminological theory or theories best explains the occurrence of this crime or issue? video link¦http://digital.films.com/play/ZRFSWL Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
The activity and absorption relationship of cholesterol and phytosterols Shoshana Rozner, Nissim. Garti, Shoshana Romer, and Nissim. Garti. 2006. “The activity and absorption relationship of cholesterol and phytosterols.” COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS, 282, Pp. 435–456. A review. Cholesterol is an essential lipid for mammalian life, but a high cholesterol level can almost guarantee the eventual onset of vascular diseases and, in some cases, can lead to death. It has been shown that there is a direct connection between high cholesterol levels and vascular diseases. Some methods for lowering the serum cholesterol level, thereby preventing the development of these diseases, have been developed and those include drugs and food additives. Since both drugs and food additives act to inhibit the uptake of cholesterol, understanding the sterol absorption process is the key to understanding exactly how drugs and food additives reduce serum cholesterol levels. The major drawback of using anti-cholesterol drugs is related to their side effects, and therefore, natural food additives called plant sterols (phytosterols) have been developed as an attractive alternative. Phytosterols are sterols that are synthesized only in plants and that are structurally similar to cholesterol but with the inclusion of an extra hydrophobic carbon chain at the C-24 position. Phytosterols and their esters reduce cholesterol level in the blood in spite of the fact that they are poorly absorbed into the blood stream. The mechanism by which phytosterols/phytosterol esters interfere with cholesterol absorption is not completely clear, but based on the present understanding, three distinct features have been recognized: (1) physico-chem. effects (e.g. competitive solubilization and co-crystn.); (2) effects at the absorption site (e.g. hydrolysis by lipases and esterases); (3) effects on intra-cellular trafficking of sterols. Due to phytosterols' poor solubilization in oil and water, they must be taken in high doses to achieve a redn. in cholesterol level. One of the goals of the food and pharmaceutical industries, therefore, is to develop products that effectuate the same decrease in cholesterol level but in smaller sterol doses achieved by increasing sterol bioavailability. The first line of products to meet the increased bioavailability criterion was the oil-sol. esterified phytosterols combined with fatty acids, which exhibit soly. in oil 10 times higher than that of pure phytosterols. The three primary methods of phytosterol inclusion in food are suspension, pptn. and microemulsion. [on SciFinder(R)] Last updated on 06/28/2020
The Little House Project Instructions from Kathryn Ross: As part of the exhibition, I am making a piece of sculpture which needs people to participate in making a small paper house which will be a representation of themselves. Each house will become part of a sculpture street/town/city of similar shapes but none identical to each other. The house is a good metaphor for each of us. Whilst the shape remains largely the same, representing the common attributes of a human being whilst the material, colour, texture may represent the individuality of each of and how we identify with the world around us. What I need you to do: Download the template provided: Click HERE. If you have trouble with this please email me and I will send a PDF printable image to you. Choose any light and thin material that you think might represent yourself the most. Ask yourself some questions: For example: Do I consider myself to be a person who needs many other people around me to be happy if so, you are probably a terraced house if on the other hand you are someone who is very self-contained you may consider yourself to be represented by a detached house? What are the most important things about you, your openness and transparency or your love of the written word or numbers could be anything but must really be special to you are you complex and mysterious Then send me either: Easy: just the piece of paper or material to make the house and I will make it Medium: the house cut out and left flat for posting and I will put together Hard: make the whole house and send it readymade. Please make sure you include your name and country so I can add you to the contribution list. Example Houses (see image below L to R): 1. represents an open and totally (literally transparent nature, nothing to hide house) 2. is a political newspaper article 3. is made from a squared tissue paper very fragile perhaps vulnerable but the squares surface may indicate a logical streak to this person’s nature. 4. is white and squared paper, the sort you use for mathematical work. You are only limited by your own imagination so do a bit of soul searching and think about what the essence of you is. Email your digital image to Kathryn Ross: or to ask for instructions about delivering your house. a row of little paper houses
I know that astronauts move in and around in ISS. When they move they also touch the modules of ISS and sometimes they apply force on the module to move. When this happens, as far as I know it affects the space station. Is it real? If real how do they solve it? In principle there is an effect, but firstly it's tiny and secondly it averages to zero. The mass of the ISS is about 420 tonnes, or about 5000 times the mass of an astronaut. That means if an astronaut pushes themselves off a wall at 1 m/sec the ISS moves in the other direction at about 0.0002 m/sec. But the ISS isn't very large so after only a couple of seconds the astronaut hits the opposing wall and this stops the ISS moving. The ISS will have moved about half a millimeter as a result, but when the astronaut moves back to the wall they started from the ISS moves back as well. Over time the position of the ISS averages out to a constant value. Though I don't have figures for it I would guess that inhomogeneities in the Earth's gravitational field are the main source of sporadic movements. There is also a gradual position change due to atmospheric drag (the atmosphere is this at 300km but it's still thick enough to produce a significant drag). The ISS uses about 7 tonnes of fuel a year maintaining its altitude. The astronauts do have a potentially deleterious affect on the vibrational environment on the International Space Station. They have to exercise multiple hours a day to keep bone and muscle loss down to a tolerable minimum. The unmitigated vibrations from all that exercising would be harmful to very sensitive micro-g experiments. Before I get to the mitigation, there's an interesting background story on the utility of online polls. In 2009, NASA was about to add what was tentatively called Node 3 to the station. NASA wanted a more memorable name, so they created an online poll by which people could vote for names suggested by NASA. Participants could also write-in a name if they didn't like NASA's suggestions. That poll was hijacked. The first hijack was by the small but dedicated fan base of a US science fiction show. One of NASA's suggested names was Serenity happened to be the name of the spaceship on that show. The second and most successful hijack was by Stephen Colbert, host of a popular comedy / faux news show. He exhorted his audience to vote for Colbert. NASA wasn't exactly thrilled that Colbert won. They named the module Tranquility. NASA did however honor Colbert with a device named after him. The COLBERT is not your everyday treadmill. For one thing, an everyday treadmill wouldn't work in space. One step and the astronaut would be flying toward the ceiling. The astronauts need to be strapped down. For another, the vibrations from an everyday treadmill would make the space station useless for many micro-g experiments. Those vibrations need to be damped out. That's one of the key challenges faced by any space exercise machinery. Non-exercise motion by the astronauts adds to the vibration environment. In addition to the astronauts themselves, there's a good number of motors and other vibration-inducing machinery on the station that keeps the station a livable and usable place. The Station gets buffeted a bit by the upper atmosphere, and this too induces vibrations. The Station goes in and out of darkness every 90 minutes. This creates temporary thermal stresses the astronauts can hear. The Station occasionally has to reboost, which temporarily destroys the low and high frequency micro-g environment. Movements of the robotic arms induce vibrations, particularly if there's a massive payload on the end of the arm. Finally, visiting vehicles rendezvous with and depart from the Station. Your Answer
Speaker: Wendell Wallach Wendell Wallach is an expert in the emerging discipline of “Machine Ethics”, a topic he discussed within the context of ethics as it relates to AGI and the Technological Singularity. Wallach presented a number of difficulties that make these technologies difficult to develop, including complexity of the task, thresholds that must be surpassed first, and bioethical concerns. Can Moore’s Law be equated to the development of minds? Do synapses really relate to bits in any useful sense? Among other obstacles, Wallach mentioned the primitiveness of current brain scanning technologies as well as our poor understanding of semantics, vision, and locomotion. Should these obstacles be overcome, Wallach said that integration of technologies to create AGI would create another level of difficulty. These difficulties aside, there are risks and concerns involved with AGI development and a potential Singularity. Wallach predicted that in the next few years a major catastrophe caused by autonomous expert systems will occur, leading to a surge in AI fears. Popular sentiments could turn from indifference to calls for banning or curtailing further AGI research. The field of machine ethics explores moral decision-making facilities in artificial agents and the host of questions the advent of AGI will pose. Do we need these facilities? Do we want computers to make ethical decisions. On whose morality will these artificial moral agents be based? How can ethics be made computable by computing devices? Wallach proposed two approaches to developing a moral decision-making facility in artificial agents: • top-down: parse provided statements of ethics into code • bottom-up: let the artificial agent learn ethics through evolution, development, learning, or fine-tuning. Finally, Wallach listed some reasons why artificial moral agents might apply ethics and morality better than humans. While humans are based on biochemical processes, machines would be built as logical platforms. Their calculated morality might stand in contrast to human morality. For one thing, machines will be able to look at many moral options at a faster rate than humans, before choosing their actions. Without greed or emotions, machines might make better choices than humans.
What Is a Trading Nation? A trading nation is basically a country where domestic industry makes up a big percentage of the gross domestic product. It is also called the trading nation, because almost all of its Gross Domestic Product comes from its domestic industry. In many ways, the trading nation is similar to the first category, but it does have some distinct differences. Trading Nation For example, in a trading nation goods are traded for goods. When you buy something in the US and bring it back to the US, you have to pay taxes on that purchase, which is why there are taxes on imports. This means that goods imported from other countries are more expensive than goods that are produced domestically, because imports cost more to produce and consume. That is why so many economists believe that a significant portion of the growth in the US economy is a result of trade deficits with other countries, rather than a result of people bringing home their household goods. One of the most important things about a trading nation’s gross domestic product, however, is its level of exports and imports. Exports are what makes a nation wealthy, and importing products is what brings it to prosperity. Trade deficits mean that the country’s income comes largely from exports and importing. If, for instance, there is a big drop in the value of the dollar, and your neighbor starts buying dollars and bringing those back home to use, your country would suffer a large loss in GDP. But if you were to start manufacturing the same items in your home country that your neighbor is buying and selling, and importing those items to your country, you would quickly see an increase in your country’s GDP because you are now importing that item instead of exporting it.
Frequent question: What is the difference between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity? While worshiping, the Western Church promotes kneeling position in prayer while Eastern Orthodox places of worship have normally standing followers. Unleavened bread (made without yeast) is utilized as a part of Roman church customs, while the Orthodox Church utilizes leavened bread. Why did the eastern and Western churches differ? Why did the eastern and western churches differ? disagreements over claims of authorities; use of icons; marriage of clergy; use of Greek versus Latin language. Which is older Catholic or Orthodox? Therefore the Catholic Church is the oldest of all. The Orthodox represents the original Christian Church because they trace their bishops back to the five early patriarchates of Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Antioch. Can you be both Catholic and Orthodox? Most Orthodox Churches allow marriages between members of the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. … Because the Catholic Church respects their celebration of the Mass as a true sacrament, intercommunion with the Eastern Orthodox in “suitable circumstances and with Church authority” is both possible and encouraged. What are 5 major beliefs of Christianity? Jesus’s Teachings • Love God. • Love your neighbor as yourself. • Forgive others who have wronged you. • Love your enemies. • Ask God for forgiveness of your sins. • Jesus is the Messiah and was given the authority to forgive others. • Repentance of sins is essential. • Don’t be hypocritical. IT IS INTERESTING: What are the duties of a resident pastor? Why is the religion called Christianity? The term is derived from the Latin word sacramentum, which was used to translate the Greek word for mystery. Views concerning both which rites are sacramental, and what it means for an act to be a sacrament, vary among Christian denominations and traditions.
What's the skinny on sodas? By Karla Vital, MD With a new day, comes new confusion about diet sodas and artificial sweeteners. The debate continues to rage about what is better, regular or diet. Since many people have exchanged their regular drinks for diet, this is a very important issue. What was once thought to be helpful, may actually carry some risk. Although avoiding soda completely would be best, there may be some benefit in reducing your overall intake first until you can find an unsweetened replacement. However, should we be wary of using excess artificial sweeteners? I will narrow down the latest information in an effort to make things clear. Why is this important? Sugar sweetened beverages have been shown to increase the rate of obesity and it’s related diseases. They account for the largest source of dietary sugar, so eliminating them would be ideal. Thus in the search for the perfect replacement for sugar, there has been an increase in the number and use of artificial sweeteners (or non-nutritive sweeteners). The intake of sugary beverages often leads to increased energy intake, weight gain, dental caries, and less room to consume healthier alternatives. Since free sugars include those that are added as well as those that naturally occur in fruit juices, there is a need to monitor the intake of all sweetened beverages. In 2015, the World Health Organization published guidelines for children and adults for daily recommended sugar intake. They recommended reducing all sugars to no more than 10% of total daily intake, and further limiting sugar intake to 5% of total daily intake to reduce the lifetime risk of dental cavities. Are some sweeteners better than others? Perhaps. Seven artificial sweeteners are FDA approved, and acceptable daily intake limits are set based on the level of where 1% of people will experience adverse effects. Some of the most studied sweeteners include Aspartame (Nutrasweet and Equal), Sucralose (Splenda), Saccharin (Sweet’N’Low), Acesulfame (Sweet One), and sugar alcohols such as Xylitol (which end in -ol). According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, all nutritive sweeteners are considered safe. Therefore, if artificial sweeteners are used to limit overall carbohydrate intake, they can be included as a part of a dietary plan. Although the majority of the studies have been inconclusive with regards to cancer risks, a 2017 review from Dr. Azad and colleagues have linked artificial sweeteners to increases in weight and waist circumference, and higher incidence of obesity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events. Another study by Dr. Suez and colleagues in 2014, showed artificial sweeteners may promote obesity and induce glucose intolerance by altering the microbiome of the gut. Due to the lack of separation of sweetener types, more evidence is still needed to determine differences between the artificial sweeteners. Of the non-nutritive sweeteners, the natural plant-based compounds appear to have the least effects on blood glucose and Insulin levels. Thus, Stevia (from the plant Stevia rebaudiana) and Monk fruit (luo han guo), would be considered the safest choices. So is there a consensus? Yes, consume less sugar from all sources. Excess sugary drinks can double the risk of heart disease with as little as 24 oz/day (2 cans of soda). Researchers from Emory University looked at 18,000 people over age 45 and followed them for 6 years. Their study showed that the “risk of dying from heart disease was 2.5 times higher for the people who drank the most sugar-sweetened beverages”. However, this also included fruit juices, and fruit drinks. So, despite the effort to find the perfect replacement for sugar, it may not be possible. Alternative sweeteners provide options for people looking to cut down on calories and excess sugars but may still carry some risk. Although they may not result in weight loss, they allow people to consume less sugar initially, until they increase their intake of unsweetened beverages. The bottom line is artificial sweeteners still carry some risk, so using them in limited amounts is recommended. Dr. Karla Vital is a Board Certified Nephrologist and Obesity Medicine Physician who is accepting new patients in Houston, Texas. She can be reached for questions or comments about this article on Twitter @drkarlavital, or on Facebook @vitalhealthandwellness. She is also now seeing patients via telemedicine at https://www.rowedocs.com/dr-karla-vital/
Stress. Performance. Focus. Everything we do to achieve greatness is affected by how we train our bodies. The morning of the biggest presentation of your career, you wake up early, tie up your running shoes and head out for a mile-long jog. Why? Because you know how beneficial exercise can be to clear your mind and prepare you for the day. But, are you doing the right exercises to prepare you for specific tasks? Find out below: How exercise affects cognitive function Years of research has demonstrated the need for an active lifestyle. But in the wake of ever-evolving technology, we have grown accustomed to a more sedentary lifestyle... leaving us in a weakened state, both physically and mentally. Various types of workouts provide the increase in heart rate we need to release more oxygen to our brain. And with this fuel, our brain can trigger the correct hormones to promote brain cell growth, decrease stress, and more! According to Health & Human Services, adults should take part in at least 150 minutes to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity a week. Roughly, this translates to 20-40 minutes a day. Or for those short on time, 75 minutes to 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity a week (10-20 minutes/day). But, what the HHS doesn't specify is what type of training will induce the benefits we seek. There are 5 main types of physical activity that can count towards our aerobic intensity minutes: • Speed Training • Plyometric Training • Power Training • Strength Training • Endurance Training Each training releases different hormones, neurotransmitters, and other cognitive benefits. These benefits can be leveraged by busy professionals and high achievers to excel in their performance. How? By understanding the difference between each... and when a change is needed. The Science of Exercise Most of us already understand the benefits of exercise-induced hormone release in the form of the "runner's high." But, the release of dopamine and endorphins are just part of the equation. The endocrine system regulates the production of hormones, which are chemicals that control cellular functions. Hormones can affect a number of different cells; however, they only influence the ones with specific receptor sites. Hormones control a number of physiological reactions in the body including energy metabolism, reproductive processes, tissue growth, hydration levels, synthesis and degradation of muscle protein, and mood. Understanding how exercise influences the hormones that control physiological functions can assist you in developing effective exercise programs When we exercise for greater than 20 minutes, at an intensity high enough to trigger our aerobic system, neurotrophins are released. These neuron-based proteins create the building blocks of the brain, promoting the growth of new neurons and more neural connections. In English: we create new brain cells in specific areas of the brain. Hormones like Serotonin and Norepinephrine facilitate this process of increasing brain plasticity (the ability of the brain to permanently change). In addition, this new cell growth acts as a first aid kit to damaged cells, improving brain function... specifically in our memory and information processing centres. Now, let's talk about the elephant in the room for a second. Improved memory and processing skills are great, but for many individuals, training is a form of stress release. A way to allow those feel-good hormones we discussed early to flow in and let stress hormones like Cortisol flow out. But there are many misconceptions about those -- so, we'll answer them here before moving on. Most training programs are actually stress-inducing… and it’s a good thing! Cortisol helps promote fat metabolism. However, when we exercise for too long, we can elevate these levels to the point of muscle catabolism -- our bodies begin using muscle protein as fuel instead of conserving it for tissue repair. Ouch. So, instead of relying on exercise to reduce stress, we want to focus on how our workouts help us perform better… and begin to understand when our bodies need certain training modes versus others. For example, moderate to heavy loads performed until momentary fatigue generate high levels of mechanical force, which creates more damage to muscle protein, which signals the production of Testosterone, HGH, and IGF to repair protein, which results in muscle growth. Creating your training programme We get it, some people love doing yoga all day every day… some people were born to lift heavy weights… while others dig the long-distance running scene. But here’s the thing: our bodies hate monotony, and require a versatile training program that is multi-faceted to generate specific benefits at specific times of our lives. Speed Training In times of quick decision-making and speed processing, speed training is where it’s at. This includes max-effort sprints, HIIT activities, and agility training. Speed Training’s high-intensity not only triggers the release of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1) to support and repair cell damage, but it also stimulates the production of new cells in the brain through the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). That’s right, we can actually grow our brain through this type of training! Not only can we induce brain growth, but we can also create symmetry in the brain. You’ve heard of Right-Brained v. Left-Brained, right? Well, through the use of Plyometrics such as box jumps, skipping, and jump roping, we can enhance the coordination and balance in both hemispheres of the brain. Struggle with crunching numbers but super creative? Look to balance it out by including some Plyo’s in your training. Studies show this type of training aide in alerting, orienting, and executing necessary functions within the brain. Power Training Searching for menopause relief or simply trying to hold-off the brain fog that comes with age? Power training is for you. Studies found that power training provides the increase heart rate needed to boost Estrogen levels in menopausal women and stimulate improvements in both the Mini-Mental State Exam and Montreal Cognitive Assessments. These tests of orientation, attention, memory, language and visual-spatial skills provide a unique insight into the possibility of preventative measures of mental decline. Strength Training Increasing our muscle mass doesn’t mean we’ll turn into big, jocky meatheads. In fact, we can significantly increase our cognitive capacity through a proper resistance program. Strength training has been found to lower white matter atrophy and white matter lesions in ageing adults, therefore increasing our processing speed and memory. And while the research is fairly new, we have high hopes for the science of strength training beyond the increase in Testosterone among men and women… speaking of which, here’s a fun fact for you: men and women have different triggers for testosterone release -- men, stick with higher intensity strength regimens while ladies can trigger a release through moderate resistance/cardio-based training sessions! Endurance Training Extensive studies have used endurance training to elicit brain adaptations, so the results are widely known. So, here’s a recap: moderate continuous aerobic training provides enhancements in brain plasticity and metabolism. By triggering the release of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF-21), long-distance cardio can enhance our individual executive cognitive functions -- a clearer mind to make the best decisions possible. While hopefully, you didn’t skip through to your favourite routines to find the benefits you’re looking for and instead carefully considered including different training types into your healthy lifestyle to increase your performance in the workplace or in your overall life. If you chose to do the latter, congratulations! You are now one step closer to unlocking the limitless potential of your mind and overall performance. What’s step two? CLICKING HERE to put everything you learned into practice with one of our B2A coaches!
Asked by: Immacolata Valyavsky asked in category: General Last Updated: 6th June, 2020 What is gasket shellac? Gasket Shellac is a slow-drying, hard setting liquid design to coat, seal and repair most gaskets. Use it to seal metal gaskets and threaded connections. Works Best On: Cork, Rubber, Paper, Felt and Metal Gaskets. Use On: Flanged surfaces, gaskets, threaded assemblies, hose connections. Color: Dark Brown. Click to see full answer. Similarly, you may ask, should you use sealant on gaskets? A general rule, if you are using gasket sealant, you don't need a lot! Gasket sealant can be used to make cheaper gasket materials more robust, increasing adhesion and chemical/water resistance. RTV sealants are Room Temperature Vulcanising and needs to be at room temperature to cure. Subsequently, question is, do you put gasket sealer on both sides? So no way would you ever need to use a gasket and sealer at the same time. Just a thin material to seal the scratches is all that is necessary. Too much sealer and you could get a leak. Just use a gasket and you will be good to go. Beside above, can I use gasket maker instead of a gasket? It is fine to use the correct RTV sealant instead of a gasket if used in the right application (oil, high temp, fuel). Not, however, if the gasket thickness is required to produce a specific amount of clearance. RTV sealant is better than primitive gaskets in most applications ie. When should you use gasket sealer? Gasket sealer is often used in outdoor situations where the gasket needs to be water-proof or weather-proof. By sealing the two edges to the gasket, any holes and imperfections on the flange surfaces will be filled. 31 Related Question Answers Found Can you use silicone on rubber gasket? Should you use RTV with a rubber gasket? Is gasket maker the same as gasket sealer? Do I need a gasket for thermostat housing? What is the best gasket sealer? How do you remove silicone gasket? How do you use shellac gasket? How do you make a gasket? What is gasket paper made of?
What are Premium Wood Pellets? 28 June 18 \| Fuel \| Energy Pellets of America makes premium wood pellets. What are premium wood pellets? Read on to learn more about how we earned this distinctive label. What are Wood Pellets? Wood pellets are an energy fuel made out of compressed wood fibers. Wood pellets can be burned in wood pellet boilers, furnaces and pellet stoves. Wood pellets are used to heat homes, businesses and commercial locations. Wood pellets and pellet fuel are a kind of biomass. This means they are made from a growing, renewable source. Energy Pellets of America responsibly makes pellet fuel from recycled wood. Our pellets are made from discarded shipping pallets that are no longer useful in the shipping industry. Our manufacturing process stops waste from going into landfills. This makes a green, environmentally friendly heating source. What are Premium Wood Pellets? what are premium wood pellets.jpgAny pellet product marked premium must be able to show they have passed or exceeded standards for wood pellet fuels set by either the U.S. or Europe. In the U.S. these standards were created by the Pellet Fuel Institute (PFI) and in Europe by Deutsches Pelletinstitut or better known as ENPlus standard. Energy Pellets of America’s wood pellets meet these guidelines and have earned this distinction. This means our premium grade pellets have been tested by third party laboratories. During testing, our pellets were found to contain less than 8 percent moisture content, less than 1 percent ash content and have a high value of heating energy. Pellets are audited regularly to maintain the premium label. Why Burn Premium Wood Pellets? Premium grade pellets burn clean. Burned pellets produce very little ash and emissions. Choosing high quality pellets will help you get the most heat out of your pellets. You also might find that pellets can also be more cost efficient than wood chips or cord wood. Because they are made from compressed wood materials, handling and shipping costs are lower for wood pellets that other wood heating sources. It usually costs less to distribute wood pellets than wood chips. Ready to Get Started with Wood Pellets? Premium wood pellets are a versatile, clean-burning and sustainable method of providing heat to your home, business or commercial location. Energy Pellets of America makes high quality, recycled wood pellets. Call us at (937) 265-0676 to learn more about our wood pellets or place your order today.
Regions Matter Economic Recovery, Innovation and Sustainable Growth image of Regions Matter Why do some regions grow faster than others, and in ways that do not always conform to economic theory? This is a central issue in today’s economic climate, when policy makers are looking for ways to stimulate new and sustainable growth. OECD work suggests that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to regional growth policy. Rather, regions grow in very varied ways and the simple concentration of resources in a place is not sufficient for long-term growth. This report draws on OECD analysis of regional data (including where growth happens, country-by-country), policy reviews and case studies. It argues that it is how investments are made, regional assets used and synergies exploited that can make the difference. Public investment should prioritise longer-term impacts on productivity growth and combine measures in an integrated way. This suggests an important role for regional policies in shaping growth and economic recovery policies, but also challenges policy makers to implement policy reforms. English Also available in: French Economic activity in Belgium is not significantly concentrated in comparison to other OECD countries. Its geographical concentration index is among the lowest in the OECD and no single TL3 region produces more than 20% of the national GDP. English Also available in: French This is a required field Please enter a valid email address Approval was a Success Invalid data An Error Occurred
Pre-diabetes: 119 is High For Fasting Blood Sugar! Prediabetes is an early but reversible stage of type 2 diabetes. In this stage, a person’s glucose levels are slightly higher than normal, yet not high enough to be considered ‘true diabetes.’ However, people suffering from prediabetes are at a higher risk of developing full-blown diabetes than healthy people. People with prediabetes do not generally show the symptoms of the condition. One of the methods used for diagnosing prediabetes is by looking at your fasting blood sugar. The question here is: is 119 high for fasting blood sugar? Testing For prediabetes The normal level of fasting blood sugar is below 100 mg/dl. If your fasting blood sugar lies in the range of 100 and 125 mg/dl, you are more likely to be diagnosed with prediabetes. If the level is 126 and above, you probably have diabetes. So, yes. 119 is moderately high for fasting blood sugar. Another test used to diagnose diabetes is the oral glucose tolerance test. This test is usually used to diagnose gestational diabetes in pregnant women. The blood sugar level is recorded once after fasting overnight and the second time after drinking a glucose-rich beverage. The blood sugar level should ideally be below 140 two hours after the drink. A person may be considered to have prediabetes if their blood sugar level at this time is between 140 and 199. If it is 200 and above, they are said to have diabetes. Long-term effects of prediabetes While they are not as severe as diabetes, prediabetes does have its fair share of long-term effects: • A person’s heart and blood vessels can sustain damage. A person with prediabetes has a 50% higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases than people with normal sugar levels. • Prediabetes does not have any specific symptoms. As such, one may not know if they have prediabetes or not. This can only be checked if your doctor recommends a screening or during a general check-up. How to prevent prediabetes or diabetes On the plus side, it is possible to delay the onset of diabetes or even keep prediabetes under check by making a few modifications to your lifestyle. • Lose weight: It has been proven that by losing just 7% of your body weight, your body will experience a huge difference. You can start by eating healthier and tracking your weight, eating habits, and exercises. By consuming fewer calories, you will slowly start experiencing a better lifestyle. • Eating healthy: A general tip is to fill half your plate with starch-less vegetables such as carrots and asparagus, one quarter with starchy food like corn and potatoes, and the remaining quarter with protein like fish or beans. Carbohydrates could raise your blood sugar since your body breaks down the carbs to form sugar. • Exercise: By stepping out and burning calories, you will lose weight faster. Something as simple and short as a 30-minute brisk walk at least five times a week should be enough to keep your health in check. It is better to exercise with a partner to stick to a schedule. • Get enough sleep: Sleep is absolutely important for helping your body maintain its sugar levels. Ensure you get at least 7-8 hours of sleep every day. Prediabetes may not seem as threatening as diabetes. However, if left untreated, it could blow up into something dangerous. Ensure you stay healthy and go for regular general check-ups. Control your sugar since 119 is high for fasting blood sugar. Therapies And Exercises That Can Help In Treating Annular Tear Of The Lumbar Disc Therapy is a powerful treatment that may help you heal both your body and your soul. It’s commonly utilized to treat people’s mental, emotional, and physical health. When we hear the word “treatment,” we immediately become at ease. The term itself possesses a certain power that allows you to convey the assurance that you will recover quickly. But first and foremost, you must comprehend what it is. The annular tear of the lumbar disc is made up of many concentric layers of strong fibers that confine, surround, and protect the disc’s liquid, soft nucleus. In human bodies, the nucleus works as a shock absorber. When we walk, stand, or sit, it protects the body’s weight by influencing the spinal joint. By crisscrossing, the layers of the annulus fibrosus provide support and scaffolding. Let’s get right into the therapy section now that we know what it is: Conservative treatment is usually adequate to alleviate the pain and other symptoms of the annular tear of the lumbar disc. These include prescription medications as well as physical therapy. Depending on the severity of the problem, physical therapy may include traction, exercise, and other treatments. You can learn about the exercises and experience the healing process by consulting a pain treatment clinic in your neighborhood. Let’s look at some exercises that can help you deal with the pain of an annular tear. The goal of these exercises is to build muscle strength, relieve pain, and improve flexibility. The goal of dynamic lumbar stabilization exercises, in particular, is to make muscles work backward and increase abdominal muscle strength in order to improve flexibility, posture, and strength. weed cartridge The following are a few good annular tear exercises: • Leg extensions, pelvic lifts, lying down hamstring stretches, chin tucks, shoulder stretch, and shoulder blade squeeze are some of the stretching exercises for annular tears. • While lying on your stomach with arms outstretched, complete opposite leg and arm extensions, elevating the left arm and right leg, and then repeat on the other side. • The elbow-based planks are a good way for novices to improve their core muscles. • Lay on your stomach with your arms parallel to the body to develop and stabilize the low back muscles. By tightening the muscles in your lower back, you may now pull your upper body upward. • Try a variety of yoga and pilates movements to relieve discomfort and improve muscle strength and flexibility. • Swimming and bicycling can also aid in the healing process. Effective Purpose for people using testosterone booster There are several reasons why people searching for the best testosterone boosters. It can be used for health reasons, as well as to help build more muscle mass or to help in bodybuilding. To boost testosterone, one must ensure that there are no long-term side effects that could compromise the health of the person. The following are some of the most common reasons people use this. 1. Treatment for sexual problems:The Best testosterone booster can be used to increase the production of the hormone in the body, which can assist men who have problems with impotence, erectile dysfunction, or low libido. Ultimately, this improves sexual drive. 1. Medical conditions: A testosterone booster is used to treat various medical conditions in both men and women. Symptoms, such as bone loss, muscle loss, anxiety, and depression, of old age, can be treated with hormone replacement therapy in men. Most often, post-menopausal women who are being treated for osteoporosis are also prescribed the best testosterone boosters as they increase bone density and strengthen the bones by encouraging the growth of new bone cells. 1. Bodybuilding:Those who are looking to gain muscle mass quickly can make use of the best testosterone boosters. It is commonly used to increase strength and muscle mass with testosterone, an anabolic steroid. A person’s health could be adversely affected by excessive usage of this hormone for this purpose. These supplements can harm an athlete’s performance, which is why they are completely banned. Additionally to these common uses of Best testosterone booster, they may also be prescribed to treat transgender dysfunction or to stimulate the production of testosterone hormone during puberty to increase bone and muscle mass. Both males and females naturally produce this hormone, so it is best to use natural boosters that do not interfere with the body’s production process. Awesome Benefits Of Taking Supplements that Increase Testosterone The health risks linked to low testosterone are vast. Ranging from low sex drive and poor bone density to reduced lean muscle mass, a decrease in body testosterone can have a great impact on the human body. Regardless of your feeding habits, as you age, you will likely notice a significant decrease in your testosterone production levels. The good news is, there are multiple supplements that increase test. For beginners, let’s have a look at the major benefits of taking the right testosterone boosters. Triggers Higher Testosterone Production best testosterone supplement are clinically proven to have the power to trigger more testosterone production. They use the mechanism of stimulating the natural levels of follicle hormone and luteinizing hormone. The luteinizing hormone is known to help in upregulating testosterone production from the LEYDIG cells. Studies conducted on both humans and animals confirmed that testosterone boosters have very potent ingredients that are essential in enhancing the production of testosterone. Boosts Sperm Quality Testosterone boosters like Vitamin D have the power to improve sperm quality. Based on studies, there is a direct relationship between vitamin D deficiency and low testosterone. It was confirmed that when certain subjects stay in direct sunlight for long, their vitamin D levels increased and their testosterone levels increased as well. A study done on men confirmed that men who had higher vitamin D levels experienced increased levels of testosterone production and better sperm quality. best testosterone supplement Natural and Effective Testosterone boosters like ginger and Dehydroepiandrosterone are naturally sourced. There being organic does not make them less effective. As a matter of fact, studies have confirmed that Dehydroepiandrosterone has the power to raise the levels of testosterone production by up to 20% within a very short period of time. Boosters like ginger work by slowing inflammation and in return increasing testosterone production and sexual drive. Based on a study that involved three men, it was confirmed that daily intake of ginger could raise the levels of testosterone by up to 17% within a month. Boosts Blood Flow Poor blood flow is known to trigger signs and symptoms of low testosterone. That is true since when the flow of blood is not consistent, chances are high that the production levels of testosterone will decrease. Organic testosterone boosters such as L-arginine are known to help streamline blood flow and compact low testosterone symptoms. They help boost blood flow by triggering the production of more endothelial production of nitric oxide something which helps reduce issues with erectile dysfunction. Attaining quality lean muscle mass and a strong body isn’t an easy job especially if you are an aged person. That is because the body needs an adequate supply of testosterone to grow healthier muscles and body. Since testosterone production levels are lower in old men, it may be almost impossible to maintain a healthy and strong body. To attain quality and strong muscles, you need to invest in the right testosterone boosters. We have given you a clue on some of the benefits you are sure to gain when you invest in the right testosterone boosters. Consider using the right supplements that increase test and get to enjoy the benefits. A Guide To Choosing The Best Fat Burner Even today, obesity is one of the major health concerns in both men and women. There are many supplements and other options that can help in reducing obesity. However, we are going to tell you how to choose the best fat burner for your health needs here. So, how do we get started? Tips to choose the best fat burner today Here are a few things that you need to know before buying fat burner supplements • Lookout for ingredients: While buying fat burners, you need to check out for ingredients. In case you have some allergies, checking the ingredients will make you aware. Most of the reliable fat burners will ensure they use healthy ingredients that show effective results in lesser time. • Fix your budget: The next thing is to be stern on your budget. Once you have fixed your budget, you will be able to buy a good product without overspending. 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These are the following signs that can occur due to a low testosterone level: • There can be changes in the sexual function, which can lead to a decrease in the sexual desire, low erections during sleep and infertility. • Low testosterone levels can cause insomnia and sleep disturbances. • There can be a lot of physical changes due to a fall in testosterone levels like an increase in body fat, reduction in muscle mass and less strength and decrease in bone density. • Low- testosterone levels can lead to a decrease in self-confidence; one may feel depressed or have trouble concentrating and memorizing things. These conditions are a sign of low testosterone levels, and a natural testosterone booster can help in causing the testosterone levels to rise. The two main types of hormones The testosterone therapy For the testosterone therapy, men need to have a low level of testosterone in the blood as well as well as some other symptoms of low testosterone. In case there you have a low level of testosterone but no other symptoms, then there is no need to go for any kind of therapy. Even if there are some other symptoms, therapy should not be the first step. But in case your doctor thinks that testosterone therapy is right for you, then there are several methods for carrying out the therapy like: • Skin patch- Doctors apply a patch every 24 hours, mostly in the evening, which helps in releasing small amounts of the hormone. • Mouth Tablet- In this method, the tablets are attached to the inside of the cheek at least twice a day. By doing this, the testosterone gets absorbed in the blood. • Gels- Topical gels have to be put over the upper arms, thighs and shoulders. Remember to wash your hands after spreading the gel and also cover the area with a cloth. • Injections- With the injections, the testosterone levels can rise in a few days and then come down after a few days, which is quite a ride. • Pellets- The pellets are implanted under the skin of the hips to release testosterone slowly. These pellets have to be replaced every six months. A lot of men use the testosterone therapy as a testosterone treatment to increase their testosterone level, to feel more energetic, sexually desirable and mentally sharp. Well, therapy can be helpful but is not going to be that simple if you are overweight, have diabetes or have a thyroid. How to Boosts Muscle Growth Healthy way Genetic factors play a primary role in a person’s physical appearance, which is why gaining weight for someone who is naturally slender is difficult. Weight training and increased calorie consumption can modify the human body to a limited extent. It can be just as tough to acquire or regain the weight as it is to lose it. A protein powder that boosts muscle growth can be used sensibly and healthily. Protein powder is a widely used dietary supplement. Protein is a necessary macronutrient for muscle growth, tissue repair, and the production of enzymes and hormones. Using a protein powder that boosts muscle growth and helps people tone their muscles. Select a high-biological-value protein powder for muscle building (a value that measures how well the body can absorb and utilize a protein). Your best choices are whey protein and whey isolates. Types and applications of protein Whey protein is one of the most often utilized proteins and is best for daily intake. It is easy to digest and includes all of the essential amino acids. It can help you feel more energized and lessen stress. After a workout, whey isolates and concentrates are ideal. Another popular option is soy protein. It can help some women cope with the symptoms of menopause by lowering cholesterol levels. It can also aid in the prevention of osteoporosis by increasing bone mass. Other protein types include: • Egg protein is more slowly released than whey protein and can get consumed at any time of day. • Milk proteins aid boost muscle growth and improve immunological function. • Brown Rice Protein is a plant-based protein suitable for vegans and others who do not consume dairy products, also devoid of gluten. • Pea protein is simple to digest, allergy-free, and inexpensive. • Hemp protein is similarly made entirely of plants. It contains a lot of omega-3 fatty acids. What is the recommended dosage of protein powder? Most protein powder serving recommendations are approximately 30g for a valid reason. According to research, this is about the perfect quantity to heal the damage caused by training and start muscle protein synthesis, the process of laying down new muscle tissue. A high-protein diet helps lower body fat levels, so you’ll not only get bigger and stronger but also slimmer. What is the best time to take protein powder? The most obvious time to consume a protein powder is after a workout because your muscles are in desperate need of it. Within 30 minutes of finishing your activity, drink a whey protein shake mixed with cold water or milk to kick start recovery by flooding your bloodstream with amino acids, which are immediately shuttled into your muscle cells to form new muscle tissue. To make high-protein breakfast or dessert pancakes, combine a scoop of your favourite flavour with an egg and a banana in a blender, then fry in a pan. What else can you find in a protein powder? Many protein powders include components from the sports nutrition sector that help or improve performance and recovery. The most important chemicals are Creatine, L-Carnitine, and Enzymes PhenQ Reviews (2021) Weight Loss Pills Ingredients Really Work? PhenQ Reviews (2021) is a weight loss support formula that suppresses the appetite and burns fat, with no compromise on energy levels. It helps to speed up metabolism, works on water retention levels, and improves fat-to-energy conversion, making it easy to lose more weight in less time. You may often hear from people that dieting is impossible for them and they never tend to lose weight, no matter what they eat. To some extent, it is not a lie and weight loss is not just a fight against body fat but food cravings and self-control too. Whenever a person goes on a weight loss diet, the body becomes deficient in leptin, a hormone that signals the brain after the body is satiated. Dieting also increases the levels of ghrelin hormone which increases food cravings and hunger. This weird imbalance of hormones results in increased food cravings, making it hard to continue the diet plan. Additionally, when you stop eating all of a sudden, the body’s metabolism slows down and makes it impossible to lose weight. On the other hand, you feel stressed to see that you aren’t losing weight, despite eating less and starving yourself. This is a wrong approach but all this is likely to be prevented by using a simple dietary formula like PhenQ. Regular use of PhenQ weight loss capsules may regulate hormonal balance inside the body and work on the underlying issues that slow down the metabolism. It lowers the chances of unnecessary eating, making it more likely for the body to lose weight without compromising on immunity and energy. Toxins and free radicals are free-floating chemicals inside the body which, if not removed, may lead to slow metabolism, impaired kidney and liver function, and nerve damage. PhenQ pills may help completely detoxify the body, removing all potential issues in a healthy weight loss. PhenQ fat burner comes in an easy-to-use capsule form that is packed inside a premium-quality plastic bottle with proper sealing. It is advised not to use the bottle and immediately contact the company if this seal is broken or missing. According to the official website, the daily dose of PhenQ is only two pills, one of which has to be consumed along with breakfast and the second one with lunch. Use it for a few weeks to see a visible change in your weight. What Are The Benefits According to PhenQ Reviews? As per the manufacturers, the PhenQ supplement has turned out to be a great help for people struggling with weight, especially those who feel extreme difficulties while losing weight. It is impossible to diet for the whole life and taking out time for the gym every day, for months or years, requires so much dedication and effort which is impossible for a person with long working hours. 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It tastes better when comparing to other forms and is most convenient for the users to consume. The demand for these edibles is increasing high in the marketing industry. There are multiple brands available online and in retail to sell these gummies but to buy them you need to check for the factors like ingredient, quality, source, purity, certification, pesticide-free, and the testing of the product along with its rating. The manufacturers attach the laboratory report along with each product, and it will help you choose the correct one. Medicinal Value of Hemp products. • The gummies flavor more delicious and you can choose from the multiple flavors available. Go for the one which does not have any artificial flavors or colors. 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Life in the UK Test 3rd Edition Practice 7 Time Left: 00:00:00 Your Time: 00:00:00 What does MEP stand for? Out of the following statement which one does NOT apply to The United Nations? What is special on November 5th? What is a traditional pub game in the UK ? Sherlock holmes is a fictional detective created by The Assembly has the power to make laws for Wales in ______ areas. How many members are in the "Council of Europe" ? Where is the London Eye situated ? In UK which of these licence is necessary for watching TV, computer or any other medium that can be used for watching TV? When was the ‘Forced Marriage Protection’ Orders introduced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland? Who were the Picts? How many days does Hanukkah last? What describes the level of expression that the monarch is restricted to when discussing government matters? Traditionally, what do children do on Mother's Day? When are local elections for councillors held? Who wrote ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’? The Commonwealth Membership is The Eden Project is located in What is Roald Dahl best known for How many crosses does the union flag have? Who built roads and public buildings, created a structure of law, and introduced new plants and animals ? Among the following which option is NOT a requirement for becoming a permanent resident or citizen of the UK? European laws are called How often is electoral register updated ?
IN a verdant Elviria urbanisation the smell of jasmine and honeysuckle hang heavy in the air and an anonymous two-bedroom bungalow sits below a towering cork oak tree. A visitor could be forgiven for assuming that Las Cumbres was just another unremarkable costa suburb, but here, until the late 1990s, one of Hitler’s most loyal Nazi generals was able to live out a long and comfortable life. Major general Otto Remer – who played a key role in quashing a major assassination plot against the Fuhrer in 1940 – was able to spend his final years in the modest €300,000 house surrounded by Nazi memorabilia and his ‘glorious’ memories. Refusing to repent right up to his death in August 1997, he regularly received correspondence and visits from fellow Nazis around Spain, as well as his monthly subscription to the surprisingly legal fascist organ Halt. HIDEOUT: Remer’s Costa del Sol pile. Ultimately, the Nazi lived an enviable life on the sunshine coast, despite being a key member of Hitler’s Third Reich, which was responsible for the deaths of millions of innocent people around Europe during the Second World War. The Olive Press has managed to track down his home – rumoured to have been paid for by Spanish neo-Nazis – and even the nurse who cared for him in his final years as he became old and infirm. Jean Goulder, from Burnley, revealed how he refused to acknowledge his part in the world’s worst human rights atrocity. A holocaust denier he failed to repent and even, according to a separate source, mocked Jews whenever they appeared on television. Otto Remer DEFIANT: Remer as a young general had stopped a plot against Hitler “He kept a glass cabinet full of items from the war and photo albums with pictures of his time in the army,” explains Goulder. “All in all he was very proud of his past.” Remer had fled to the Costa del Sol to escape charges in Germany of inciting racial hatred with his continual questioning of the holocaust right into the 1980s. He had become a writer and published articles on the war and the holocaust after being released as a prisoner of war in the mid 1940s. An infamous holocaust denier and a firm believer in Hitler’s politics, he had been commanded by the Fuhrer himself to quash the July 20 plot against him in 1940. The quelling of the plot led to him being promoted to Hitler’s senior ranks, which is where he stayed for the duration of the war. In the early 1990s he was forced to flee from Germany to southern Spain where he had a number of good contacts. Las Cumbres gardener Santi Esteban Gomez remembers the publicity that followed his arrival as a fleeing holocaust denier. SERVICE: Santi Esteban Gomez tended the garden of Remer’s home “There were police kept outside his house for a good while, maybe a month or so,” he recalls. “We thought they were keeping him from going anywhere but actually they were protecting him from people who may have wanted to harm him.” His nurse also witnessed the publicity surrounding the arrival of the famous Nazi. “There was a lot of press waiting outside his house the first day or two that I worked with him, but eventually the interest died down,” continues Goulder. “He had to keep quiet after that as he knew they were after him in his own country.” In fact, Remer was protected by Spanish law, despite his home country’s wish to extradite him to Germany and face charges. Under Spanish law he had committed no crime as he was considered to be exercising his right to freedom of speech. Remer, of course, was just one among many Nazis who fled Germany in the years after the war to avoid repercussions for their actions. Many used Spain as a local jumping off point for South America, where right-wing leaders greeted them with open arms. However, a lot also benefited from Franco’s protection and stayed to make a life for themselves without intrusion from the outside world. Jose Maria Irujo, author of The Black List, estimates that whole colonies of them lived here undisturbed for decades. “Many lived out their lives here and died peacefully,” he says. “We are talking about hundreds of people and the Spanish government never did anything.” Efraim Zuroff, from human rights organisation the Simon Wiesenthal Centre, adds that Spain has ‘a horrendous record on Nazi war criminals’. The Olive Press has discovered countless examples of small communities of Germans that existed on the Costa del Sol from the 1940s. Last month, we told the story about the nazis who lived on in Fuerteventura, in the Canaries, after the war, many with lots of the so-called ‘nazi gold’ to keep them bankrolled for decades. Elviria Beach IDYLL: Elviria in Marbella hid one of Hitler’s inner circle for years. On the Costa de la Luz, in Cadiz, meanwhile numerous Nazis were said to have been given plots of land by Franco’s government to quietly live out their days. In particular, in and around the exclusive urbanisation of Atlanterra, a number of Nazis were said to have set up home (curiously also where Kenneth Noye, Britain’s former public enemy number one, also still has a home). One long time expat, who asked not to be named, explains how the son of a former SS officer told him how his family were often joined by other Nazis, near Barbate, where they used to head for rest and relaxation. He said the enclave was guarded by Franco’s troops both during and after the war to protect the Nazi ‘holiday camp’. Nearer to the Costa del Sol, inland at a place called Barranco Blanco, between Coin and Alhaurin, another infamous camp was apparently set up by Franco himself. Said to have chosen the area of natural beauty as a retreat for his close friends, the well-fortified base was the home of a number of Germans. “There was quite a big German community living there next to a lake, known for its trout fishing,” said Amanda Jane Reynolds, who lived in the area for 30 years. “My parents often used to go there for lunch in a German-run restaurant and you had to go past armed guards to get in.” These days while Barranco Blanco has remnants of the towers that were once guarded by Franco’s civil guards, locals refuse to talk about the area’s chequered history. Nearer to the home of Remer, another community of Germans literally disappeared overnight when Franco died in November 1975. According to local gardener Santi Esteban the group that lived at Camping Marbella Playa fled to South America, fearing persecution with Franco’s protection gone. “They lived in small chalet-style homes, which literally emptied overnight,” he said. “Nazis, who had enjoyed immunity under Franco, foresaw the media storm that would approach and fled before their pasts caught up with them.” Nazi hunters did indeed descend on the costas to try and bring Hitler’s footmen to justice. However often they were too late as their targets had fled or died. In 2005 one of the most wanted Nazi war criminals of all allegedly escaped Spanish police and could still be living at large in South America. Doctor Aribert Heim EVIL: Aribert Heim hid out in Spain. Aribert Heim, who was known as Dr Death at Mauthausen concentration camp for his sadistic experiments on inmates, counted Spain as one of his hideouts. He allegedly evaded capture by Spanish police after being helped out of the country by fellow Nazis. His children claimed the war criminal – tried in absentia in Germany for crimes such as injecting poison and petrol into the hearts of Jews and timing their deaths – had died in Cairo in 1992. IN HIDING: Fredrik Jensen. But increasing numbers of sightings in Spain and sizeable bank transfers from his family to the Catalan town of Palafrugell caused an international search to focus on the Costa Brava and southern Spain until the trail went suddenly cold in 2005. It is alleged he may have been helped to escape by Fredrik Jensen, a Norwegian Nazi who served in the SS and was awarded the Gold Cross by Hitler. Jensen – who was one of very few foreigners to receive the highest decoration granted by Hitler – had fled the US after being deported there to face trial for war crimes in 1994. Surprise, surprise he ended up being discovered living in Marbella in 1999. Jensen served in a number of SS units and fought on the front during the war before spending time in an American military hospital and eventually being jailed for ten years for fighting for the Nazis. When he was released from jail, he moved to Sweden where he made his fortune. Interpol classed Jensen as a war criminal and in 1994 he was deported to the United States for war crimes, but from there he disappeared. In fact Jensen and his wife Karin had moved to the urbanisation of Las Belbederes populated by retired Scandinavians and enjoyed the sunshine and easy life. SHADOWY: Leon Degrelle Another unrepentant Nazi was Belgian Leon Degrelle. He had been sentenced to death for collaboration after the war, but managed to escape to Spain in a plane provided by Albert Speer, which he crash landed in San Sebastian before heading south. He made a life for himself in Malaga, where he continued to host meetings with Nazis and European right-wing extremists and lived very comfortably, running a construction firm which benefited from state projects. He often attended formal functions dressed in his German SS uniform and, in a 1977 interview claimed he would be a Hitler fan until the day he died. While Interpol listed him as wanted, he evaded a kidnap attempt by Belgian authorities, then ruled out any further chances of extradition by becoming a naturalised Spanish citizen in 1954. How many such Nazis remain here is unknown, but Nazi hunters have long been appalled by the lack of cooperation from Spain in seeking out those who need to be brought to justice. Dr Shimon Samuels of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre presented a list of Nazis granted refuge in Spain. “But none of them have been prosecuted and several died with impunity in Spain,” he says. With neither time nor the authorities on their side, it looks likely that the Nazi hunters will have to stand by helpless, as the last few remaining Nazis live out their days in the shadows of the costas. This article was first published in 2009. 1. Very interesting article. The assassination plot against Hitler did not happen in 1940 but on April 20, 1944. In those days Remer was a major of the German army and commanded the Wachbataillon (guard) at Berlin. This guard had to protect the German government at Berlin, especially the ministry of war. After the assault plot had failed, Hitle made a phone call from his military headquarter Wolfsschanze in East Prussia to Major Remer in Berlin and urged him to arrest and punish those German generals in the ministry of war that had headed the coup. Remer did what he was ordered and the military coup, which had already started (they didn’t know that Hitler had survived) failed. Remer was appointed Colonel and lateron the youngest General (32 years old) in the Nazi military. After the end of WW2 and after Remer had escaped from his US prison, he became a military advisor for Egypt’s president Gamal Abd el Nasser. Remer returned to Germany and supported Neo-Nazi activities as you described. When he was sentenced for denying the Holocaust in 1994, Remer escaped to Spain. In 1996 Spain refused to extradite Remer to Germany because denying the Holocaust is no crime in Spain. Location : Germany
Unit 1 French and Indian War By appa • Oct 12, 1492 Columbus "discovers" America Christopher Columbus reached the caribbean and called the island San Salvador. This was a big deal because after that he went back to Europe and told someone and the word got around and most of Europe colinized there. • Jamestown Colony created Jamestown was the first permanet english colony to be established. Then it went through what it calls the starving time. The reason is because the supplies were sunk in the Bermuda Triangle. Then John Ralphe planted tobacco and then sold it for food and other supplies so the colony grew bigger with more settlers arrived at Jamestown. • Plymouth Colony created Plymouth colony made a treaty with chief Massasoit. The colony held The first thanksgiving. It was based off of pilgrams. The colony was so important cause they had the first Thanksgiving. The colony has a rock that say's 1620. • Massachusetts Bay Colony created Massachusetts bay colony was a english colony and it was part of the plans to the first permanent settlement. The colony was created by english puritans. • New Amsterdam becomes New York New Amsterdam becoming New York was a big deal because it passed a law of no english control. • William Penn creates Pennsylvania William Penn creates Pennsylvania because he wanted to escape the religous persicution so he was a beleiver in freedom of religion. • George Washington assaults Fort Duquesne The Fort was Brittish and so George Washington decided to invade Fort Duquesne. • Albany Congress meets It was important because the meeting that was held included Native leaders and colonial officials from the seven brittish colonies. • The French & Indian War concludes This was the end of the 7 year war. Thebattle was a hard fight but in the end we held it together and held a peace treaty to end the conflict betweenus and the indians.
John Howard – Australian hero Among the portraits of Prime Minister’s past hanging in Canberra’s parliament house, that of John Winston Howard, Australia’s second longest serving Prime Minister, is the only one to feature an Australian flag. The presence of the national flag in the context of his portrait speaks volumes about the man, his values, and his legacy. John Winston Howard was born in 1939, in a very average Sydney suburb. After training and working as solicitor for several years, he was first elected to parliament in the safe Liberal seat of Bennelong in 1974, and served the constituency continuously until famously losing the seat, and government, in the 2007 election. John Howard was Australia’s treasurer during the government led by Malcolm Fraser from 1977 to 1983, and was then an unsuccessful leader of the opposition, losing the 1987 election to Labour’s Bob Hawke. For many, lesser men, that loss might well have been career ending. But not for John Winston Howard. After several years in the political wilderness, he was again entrusted with the leadership of his party in 1995, and led the Liberal-National party to victory in the 1997 election, defeating one of the greatest narcissists in Australian politics, Paul Keating. 12144764_1642247842693479_3166878141324422451_nLast year this correspondent heard the aforementioned Paul Keating give a speech at a black tie dinner raising funds for a public building and institution. In addition to reminding the room, containing many of the city’s most influential and powerful people, that his was undoubtedly the largest intellect present, Keating went on to give a speech premised entirely on the notion that every achievement of an Australian government in the last few decades of any lasting merit, was made during the years of his Prime Minister-ship, whilst his successor (John Howard), it seemed clear in the world according to Paul Keating, had contributed absolutely nothing of any substance to public life whatsoever. At one point, with his face shining in the spotlight of a photographer’s flash, it seemed highly likely an angelic choir would appear singing the Hallelujah chorus mid speech. The contrast with John Howard could not have been greater. In public, Howard is gracious to past opponents on both sides of the political fence, and willing to give credit to others for their achievements. Whereas Keating exhibits the typically embittered and egotistical and self-entitled persona of the political left, Howard is gracious, humble, and impeccably decent. The contrast between Howard and Keating has also been played out politically on the national political stage, and is a matter of the historical record. Keating won a single election, and was then voted out at the next one in a landslide. Howard won four elections, including the 1998 ‘GST election’ in which he triumphed with a policy platform that would have been electoral poison and meant certain political death in other hands, including as it did, the introduction of a new broad based consumption tax. John Howard achieved a great deal during the course of his years as Prime Minister – actual economic reform, gun control legislation that has become the envy of the world, and a successful asylum seeker regime that left only four people in detention at the time he left office. The mark of the success, and rightness, of the policies implemented and pursued by the Howard government are clearly evident in the manner in which they, and he as their architect, are so often recalled. ‘The Howard government got this right’ is a sentence heard many times, especially in the context of the asylum seeker debate, and in light of the public policy disaster inflicted on the nation by the catastrophic Rudd-Gillard-Rudd government. But it is not so much his policies, as significant and successful as they were, that are the continuing legacy of John Howard and ‘the Howard years.’ As the portrait, with the Australian flag in the background, symbolises, John Howard steadfastly refused to indulge in the politically correct game of attributing blame for current social ills to the past. His instinct was never to see and think the worse of those who had gone before him, nor of his fellow Australians. As he put it himself, he refused and repudiated the ‘black armband view of Australian history.’ Australians have never been given to emotive and public displays of patriotism. John Howard made it acceptable and, further, gave a sense of rightness to being proud of, and grateful for, the enormous achievements of Australia since white settlement, contrary to the cultural elitists, who wanted only to talk about the very worst expressions of white Australian history. With John Howard at the helm, Australians felt good about themselves, about their history, about the principles of free speech and the rule of law inherited from Britain, and about their flag and all it represents and continues to represent. The particular genius of John Howard as a political leader was the manner in which he was able to sustain a narrative of aspiration and hope, whilst taking the people with him, including, famously, ‘Howard’s battlers,’ the largely middle or working class suburban folks looked down upon with derision by inner city leftists and elitists, who felt abandoned (with good reason) by the so-called ‘workers party’ (Labor), now captive to careerist unionists. John Howard was the quintessential ‘everyman,’ embodying the values and principles of the largely silent majority of decent, hard working, law abiding people. John Howard is, and always will be a genuine Australian hero.
Bank johnson Bank johnson попали самую согласен bank johnson The age group with the lowest normal blood pressure reading is different between the systolic and diastolic reading. Women ages 21-25 have the lowest normal diastolic reading (115. The увидеть больше group bank johnson the highest normal blood pressure reading is women ages 56-60 (132. You can divide bank johnson blood pressure into five categories, according to guidelines from the American College of Cardiology:Elevated blood pressure increases your risk of chronic high blood bank johnson as you bank johnson. Taking steps to manage your bank johnson pressure helps decrease this risk. There are also some health conditions that increase your risks of chronic high bank johnson pressure, including obesity and diabetes. Black people tend to develop high blood pressure more often and earlier in life bank johnson to white people. 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Other low blood pressure causes include:Some of these symptoms are more common in older adults. However, if a person has a sudden fall in their usual blood pressure, especially with symptoms, may indicate bank johnson serious medical condition. For most people with low blood pressure, no treatment is needed. Online Etymology Dictionary: "Diastolic," "Systolic. CDC: "Know Your Risk for High Blood Pressure. CCSAP 2018 Book 1. Medical Issues in the Bank johnson. NIH: "Health Topics: High Blood Pressure. NIH: "Low Blood Pressure. Design correctness has become increasingly significant, as errors in design may result in strenuous debugging, or even in bank johnson repetition of a costly manufacturing process. Although circuit simulation has been used traditionally and bank johnson as the technique for checking hardware and architectural designs, it does not guarantee the conformity of designs to specifications. 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The book is unique for its inclusion of a library of systolic algorithms for solving problems from twelve branches of computer science, and will be useful for designers of hardware and software for parallel processing. Traditionally, diastolic blood pressure, bank johnson second or lower number, was thought to be more important. The document was developed by the coordinating committee of the Bank johnson High Blood Pressure Education Program, which is part bank johnson the National Heart, Lung and Читать полностью Institute. Making systolic blood pressure the major criterion for diagnosis, staging and therapeutic bank johnson of hypertension, particularly in middle-aged and older Americans, represents "a major paradigm shift," the advisory bank johnson. It also calls for more vigorous control efforts and for abolishing the use of перейти на страницу blood-pressure targets. Systolic blood pressure represents the maximum force exerted by the heart against the blood vessels during the heart's pumping phase. Diastolic pressure is the resting pressure during the heart's relaxation phase. The defining systolic number is 140: A bank johnson measurement indicates a need по ссылке blood-pressure reduction through drugs or lifestyle change. Izzo said much evidence points to systolic pressure as the critical factor in determining the risk of heart disease. Bank johnson is clear that lowering systolic pressure is associated with better outcomes in cardiovascular and renal disease. Treating isolated systolic hypertension reduces the incidence of stroke, heart attack, heart failure bank johnson kidney failure, as well as reducing overall cardiovascular disease-related sickness and death. Using diastolic blood pressure to bank johnson hypertension in persons middle-aged and older actually misrepresents the risk bank johnson potential heart problems, Izzo said. 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Re-thinking the Post-migrant Theatre: Possibilities for New Alternative Theater Movements in Germany The true ‘people’s theatre’ of ancient times was the mime, which received no subvention from the state, in consequence did not have to take instructions from above, and so worked out its artistic principles simply and solely from its own immediate experience with the audiences.” A. Hauser The Post-migrant theater movement (PMT), a new understanding of theater, sought the new possibilities of rethinking theater in the context of the post-migration condition, and at the same time, questioned the hegemonic mainstream “German” theater discourse. By doing so, the movement aimed to turn the dominant discourse of hegemonic “German” theater down. PMT produced plays against the migration regime and racism was a cultural resistance that engendered a new aesthetics. Challenging the existing system and attempting to change the given discourse became an agent of discovering a new theatre language. This politically engaged movement with migration arose from the intersection of anti-racist activism and anti-racist dramaturgy of alternative theater in Germany. PMT movement considered the struggle against racist discourse as a core of its anti-racist attitude and became the voice of the silenced, racialized, and victimized people by letting them tell their stories on stage. This movement went beyond all kinds of an essentialist understanding of identity and produced a new political theater language that questions racism and power relations. PMT has been an alternative theater movement created by non-German second and third-generation artists adding the experiences of immigrant and exile artists raised in revolt in the theater field to their own experiences. This rebellion in theater and cultural resistance has left a much wider impact than its own footprints. This movement indicates an existing potential in the field. PMT is both an embodiment of and a response to the contradiction at the heart of German theater. PMT (keeping in mind that theater is one of the dimensions of the social field and cannot be isolated from other social interactions) is an alternative pathway created by the unleashing of existing potential for rebellion. The hegemonic German theater itself produced this potential for revolt. PMT is a specific and unique example of this potential, it is particular but not singular. Therefore, when considering the PMT, both the environment that caused this revolt and the potential that makes this revolt happen Today this rebellion has converted, perhaps have lost its power, but it has not disappeared. should be taken into account. This movement has transmogrified into different forms and turned into other forms of struggle that need to be examined. Besides that, this potential for rebellion is still alive and continues to exist. Can today’s theater create radical off-movements in the here and now, as it always does in every location in every age? Could the German theater, dominated by the normative “German” culture/discourse, need this? What are the potentials of the PMT experience to contribute to the emergence of such an alternative theater movement? Our intention is to discuss the migrant, post-migrant, and exilic fractures in the faultline of the ‘German’ theatre, and to mediate the transfer of the PMT experience and other theatrical experiences associated with this experience (such as migrant, diasporic, exilic, community theater, etc). We would like to review and examine the artistic / aesthetic / dramaturgical / political routes of these experiences in the context of their promises for tomorrow. In discussing one of the burrs and cracks of the monolithic German theatre, we will use a series of pathways and proceed by taking these paths. Migration, Culture, Trauma and Bridges Traumas are open wounds. They don’t heal easily, otherwise, they wouldn’t be traumas. Discrimination is inevitable when collective trauma prevails. And discrimination becomes crueler when it is disguised. Discrimination follows the footsteps of trauma and affects all areas including art. Culturally dynamic places are often crossroads. These intersections, where cultures of “the others” intersect, interact, interchange, and ultimately produce together, are places where new forms are formed and new stories are told. These cultural crossroads remind us that another story is always possible. People change their places for reasons and forms specific to each period. Today, the form of mobility is mostly immigration, being refugees, and exiles. As a result of the crises created by capitalism, masses are displaced from their homes for various reasons or they move towards areas where they think they will live in safety and/or be less exploited. But, most of them crash to the boundaries and fall to pieces even more. Today there are no more crossroads, there are more and more walls. The heart of art is in solidarity with the Oppressed, who can turn the borders they are stuck into crossroads/bridges. Nation-state, Catastrophe and Collective memory Nation-states need a “compulsory Other” in order to protect the produced borders. Consequently, nation-state models are inevitably traumatic, and trauma works bidirectionally. Those stigmatized as the “Other” as a result of migration movements that violate national borders are the most fragile of those. On the other hand, every trauma inevitably activates social memory. There is a collective memory accompanying every (collective) trauma. This memory is also vital for the preservation of social and personal integrity. Collective memory, on the other hand, is a field of resistance against all kinds of oppression established through othering. PMT operates with memory and trauma because it is a theatrical movement produced by a population accepted as the “Other” of a nation and beyond the imagination of the nation-states. There is a constitutive relationship between trauma (or conflict) and memory. Interpretation of PMT in relation to memory and trauma will make it simpler to understand. The effect of the trauma-memory relationship in the dramaturgical and aesthetic outcomes of PMT is also arousing curiosity. Permanent Auschwitz and Cultural resistance Adorno touched upon a very important point when he said that poetry could no longer be written after Auschwitz. This is not a “catastrophe” that poetry (art) as we know it can handle anymore. A new ‘poetry’ (art) is needed to describe this disaster. Subalterns who refined by this and similar new traumas should nail the last nail in the coffin of the theater. They need to make a new-u-r ‘theatre’ afterward and do it on their own. Because for the oppressed, there are no other means of expressing themselves and dialogue with the other. However, the third space of theater/art could make such contact possible. For the oppressed, ‘art’, especially ‘theatre’, is still vital! Subalterns need to write their stories (or create a new theater language) without losing the critical perspective of being a “foreigner” to the society they live in. To understand their history in terms of other people’s history in order to beyond. They need to re-write their stories together with others, that is to say, the transformation of identity construction is a must. Subalterns need to change their conception of identity from a unitary viewpoint to the identity perspective that includes the other Resistance and hope Against all grief and trauma experienced, this is the land where the revolution once came knocking at the door and flourished the hopes. Despite all systematic erasure attempts, the main resistance codes that were transmitted through cultural memory must certainly have been inherited today. And there is also lots of resistance code carried by the new-u-r nomads of the era. Art is revolutionary as it could build bridges, and the theater is full of hope because of being a bridge, and to this respect, it is still irreplaceable.
My last article explained why we humans think so many useless, involuntary thoughts that cause us so much misery. I laid the blame mostly on our obsolete brains, which aren’t much different than they were 200,000 years ago. Bottom line: We have hunter-gatherer brains that are poorly designed to handle the frenzied nature of the high-tech, busy-body world we live in. I ended by stating that while it would take evolution a long time to correct this problem, there was some good news for humanity. Here it is. Remember in the movie The Graduate when that boring corporate tool dad tries to dispense career advice to recent Harvard graduate Benjamin Braddock (played by Dustin Hoffman)? “I have one word for you, Benjamin…Plastics!” Well, my friends, I have one word for you. And that word is… Before I explain what neuroplasticity is and why it offers hope for mankind, a brief and rudimentary tutorial on the human brain is in order. Three Layers According to Paul MacLean’s triune brain theory, the human brain is composed of three layers, one built on top of the other, with the oldest (in terms of evolution) at the bottom and the newest on the top. The oldest (the reptilian brain) we inherited from reptiles. The next oldest (the limbic system) we inherited from mammals. And the most recent addition, and most advanced (the neocortex), we inherited from our primate brethren. Our reptilian brain carries out the same types of basic functions that a lizard’s brain does. It’s been around for roughly half a billion years, first in fish, then on land with reptiles. The main components are the cerebellum and the brain stem, which take care of vital functions that we don’t need to think about. We just do them. Things like breathing and regulating heart rate and body temperature. About 150 million years ago the middle layer of what would become the human brain came onto the scene: the limbic system. First appearing in small mammals, the limbic system’s most important function, for our purposes, is dealing with emotions, especially fear and anger. Its chief structures are the amygdala, the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. The top layer is the neocortex, which began a dramatic expansion in the brains of primates some three million years ago. The neocortex is the most advanced part of our brains and has allowed us to develop language, conscious thought and abstract reasoning. It’s this part of our brain that most separates us from animals. What’s crucial, for our purposes, is that these three layers of the brain don’t operate independently, but are in constant communication with each other through myriad interconnections. This is where things get interesting. The Amygdala — Our Brain’s Worry Wart To explain it, I’m going to go back to May of 2003 when I was a writer on the hit TV show The West Wing. Warner Bros. had fired our boss, Aaron Sorkin, and the rest of us were waiting to see whether the new emperor (John Wells) would turn his thumb up or down on us. I’ll never forget the moment I got the call from my agent telling me that Emperor Wells had given me the thumb down. Upon hearing this news my brain went haywire, which sent the rest of my body into a tizzy. In order to explain what happened to me physiologically, I need to give you a primer on the above-mentioned amygdala. Shaped like an almond (amygdala is the Greek word for almond), the amygdala is located deep within the brain and is responsible for our fight or flight responses. It evolved during our hunter-gatherer period to adapt to truly life or death situations, like seeing a saber-toothed tiger and running for your life. Our obsolete amygdalae One of the biggest problems we modern humans face is that our amygdalae still respond to many of our ordinary life problems as if we were about to be devoured by a hungry tiger. It’s one thing if a guy in a ski mask wielding a sawed-off shotgun bursts into a 7-Eleven while you’re pouring creamer into your coffee. In that situation, sure, your amygdalae have every right to shoot adrenaline to every corner of your body. But it’s quite another to respond this way when…you get fired from The West Wing. Not consciously, but somewhere in my being I thought that losing this job was going to kill me. Sound familiar? We all have these extreme overreactions to challenges life has thrown our way, but virtually none of them were actually life-threatening, were they? The Neocortex — The Cool Cucumber I no longer have this amygdala-gone-crazy, hyper-overreaction to bad career news or similar life curveballs. Why is that? The answer lies in this notion of the different brain regions communicating with each other. The neocortex, being the advanced structure that it is, acts as an inhibitory influence on the more-primitive limbic system, specifically, the amygdala. Example: when you see something in your garden that looks like a rattlesnake, your immediate response comes from the amygdala which gives you a quick jolt of “Uh, oh! Watch out!” But within a second or two the neocortex examines the situation more closely, then communicates a message to the amygdala that says, “No. Just a garden hose that looks like a snake.” And all is well. If it actually were a rattler, the neocortex would yield to the flight response of the amygdala. To put this in layman’s language, the amygdala is the “nervous Nelly” and the neocortex is the cool cucumber whose job is to tell the amygdala to chill out when it determines it is overreacting to a situation. Most important for us, the neocortex also comes into play as an inhibitory force in the general area of emotional reactions emanating from the amygdala. Remember, the amygdala is the main regulator of emotions in the human brain. So a tranquil, emotionally healthy person will most likely have a strong neocortex with ample gray matter and a relatively smaller, less active amygdala. The opposite would be true for highly anxious, neurotic people. My wimpy neocortexBottom line: I think it’s safe to say that for most of my life I had a not-so-strong neocortex and a pretty darn fierce amygdala. So when I got fired from The West Wing, my neocortex wasn’t strong enough to override the total freak out that my amygdala was perpetrating on my entire being. But now when bad life events occur, like getting fired, I don’t “lose it” the way I used to. I don’t get that awful feeling of chemicals being pumped to every corner of my brain as when I got the axe on The West Wing. Don’t get me wrong, I don’t feel like jumping for joy when bad things happen; but I don’t feel like I’m going to die, either. This has been the case for about eight years now. So, what happened eight years ago? Meditation changed everything I started a regular meditation practice. And I’m convinced that meditation strengthened my neocortex and weakened my amygdala. But wait, you might be thinking, that would require an actual physical change in my brain, right? Humans can’t actually change their brains physically. Not through meditation or any other activity. Right? Wrong. One of the saving graces of the human brain is that we actually have the ability to physically alter our brains through various means. And what is this dynamic called that allows us to physically alter our brains? “One word, Benjamin…” So how do I know that meditation is what caused the neuroplastic changes to my neocortex and amygdala? For that matter, how do I even know that my neocortex is stronger and my amygdala is smaller now than they were in 2003 when I got fired from The West Wing? Did I do some high tech, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of my brain both in 2003 and recently that would prove this? The answers to these questions are: I don’t, I don’t and no. So am I just making some grand assumption here about meditation’s effects on me without any hard evidence to back it up? Yes, that is what I’m doing. That’s the bad news. The good news is that there is solid scientific evidence suggesting that meditation absolutely does have this beneficial, neuroplastic effect on our brains. Harvard meditation study 2005 study conducted by a team of researchers at Harvard and Massachusetts General Hospital took twenty experienced meditators and fifteen non-meditators, matched by age, race, sex and education level, and took fMRI images of their brains to measure cortical thickness and related areas of the brain. What they found wasn’t surprising: the experienced meditators had significantly thicker prefrontal cortices. And again, the stronger your prefrontal cortex, the more influential it will be in inhibiting the worrywart amygdala. 2011 study led by another Harvard team, led by Sara Lazar, found that an eight-week mindfulness meditation course led to increased cortical thickness of the hippocampus, a critical structure in the brain responsible for emotion regulation, among other things. More important, the same study found reduced brain cell volume in the amygdala. The takeaway What’s the upshot of all this? While human brains are obsolete and not much different than they were 200,000 years ago when we were hunting and gathering, we have the ability to physically change them for the better. The best activity I know of for effectuating that neuroplastic change is regular meditation, which has been shown to thicken the cool cucumber prefrontal cortex and shrink and make less active our nervous Nelly amygdalae. Not to be too Captain Obvious, but the conclusion is clear: Time to get meditating.
Workplace Air Quality The problem encountered with indoor air quality is the same we experience with that at the workplace (or even worse). It is considered to be more dangerous than outdoor air. This is because of the commercial and industrial indoor materials and assets that could present pollution to the atmosphere. We spend much time at the office, which means we are constantly breathing the air in the building. If the air is of poor quality, we are at risk of health issues that could easily be avoided with a bit of intervention. Monitoring and guaranteeing good quality indoor air is essential, and it should be a shared responsibility between the owners and employees for safety purposes. So, why is air quality important? Air quality at work can drive or potentiate effective changes in the workplace. What does Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) mean? Indoor air quality describes the impact of the air inside an apartment, facility, or building on an individual’s health and ability to be productive (work). It has become a critical concern to commercial companies, business owners, and employees as it has a significant impact on productivity and ability to work and generate income. Statistics and researches carried out by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) declared indoor pollution as a prevalent threat that could affect any commercial organization, including the most adequately managed office. What can cause poor air quality in the workplace? Many contaminants could hamper the quality of air in the office. Amongst the numerous, the most common causes of poor air quality include; Dust particles: Dust is a common environmental pollutant that could find its way into the office. Without adequate measures to improve ventilation, it could circulate through the office and trigger asthmatic attacks or allergies in some employees, causing absenteeism. Moisture (Mold): When there is a drop in outdoor temperature, the indoor air becomes heated, leading to condensation that could be noticed on windows. This causes moisture in the air (humid air), a fertile environment for mold and mildew to grow. It could also be caused by water system damages that have been left unattended. Excess humidity in the air causes dehydration, tiredness and increases the risk of infection. Chemical pollutants : Many materials found in the office building emit chemical pollutants. Such materials include office furniture and equipment, building supplies, wall coverings, and floor coatings. They could emit chemical contaminants like VOCs, PBB, formaldehyde, and CO2 that can cause health issues and reduce performance from employees. What are the ways to detect poor indoor air quality? When indoor air is contaminated, it is tough to notice. It hides behind the façade of fantastic air fresheners and air blown by the air conditioners. Meanwhile, polluted outdoor air is effortless to detect and can be handled appropriately. Checking the indoor air quality is very simple. With the help of AIR8 monitors that measure the presence of PM, VOC, formaldehyde and CO2, you can have a real-time data available at your desk. How do you improve the air quality in your office? 1. Ensure the office is always clean: Maintaining a clean office is the first step in having good quality indoor air. A clean office is at a lesser risk of breeding dust, mold, mildew, or allergens. Eco-friendly cleaning products are best recommended for cleaning as they do not emit harsh chemicals that could trigger health issues. 2. Embrace indoor air cleansing devices : Air purifiers are appliances that help purify the air and eliminate pollutants. They have proved helpful over the years and are efficient in maintaining good air quality. 3. Maintain sufficient ventilation: Ensure that all the air ventilation systems are unblocked. You will also need to ensure proper placements of office furniture and equipment because if they happen to be placed in front of vents, circulation will be affected. It would be best to change the HVAC filters often so that the clogged air filters do not interfere with airflow. The responsibility of monitoring and maintaining good air quality in the office should be a shared one between the owners and employees. This way, it becomes easier to handle. However, professionals can be employed to handle this if you don’t want to do it yourself. Subscribe me to the weekly newsletter Contact us Leave a message, or just your phone no. and we will call you back. Close button Close button
Category Archives: Neural Nets Self-driving car based on deep learning Generalization: automated driving on a yet unknown complex track (compared to training tracks). Note: “jumpy” steering reflects toy RC car limitations: it turns 45° to the left/right or drives straight ahead. (Music: GoNotGently) After struggling to make a neural net that would predict steering commands reliably for an autonomous toy RC car, only based on the current camera view (no history), I approached the problem systematically in a robot simulator, which allowed for faster experimentation, finally leading to success. Training examples: manual driving with arrow keys to create a perfect left/right turn. The purple “Trail” shows the driven path (geometrically clean after several tries). With only two simple training tracks, one with a 90° left curve and the other one with a 90° right curve, I was able to teach reliable driving behavior. The neural net generalizes better than expected, such that the self-driving car stays on the “road”, even for tracks differing significantly from the training data. Given more varied examples of successful steering, the driving behavior could become a lot smoother than the video shows. But interestingly, the convolutional neural network (CNN) seems to interpolate nicely between the provided training examples, and is able to handle unknown degrees of road bends. It even manages to drive through road crossings (see after the break), if a little awkwardly, since crossings “look confusing” and were never trained. When positioned outside of the track facing it at a slight angle, the car also manages to steer in the “hinted” direction and aligns properly with the track! Continue reading Building an autonomous robot car This project is about an autonomous vehicle, based on a modified toy RC car, that can drive along a “road” without any manual interaction required. To this end, the car’s remote control is modified so it can be attached to a microcontroller, that receives commands from a Python program running on a laptop. The camera, mounted on the top of the car, streams its view wirelessly to a neural net on the laptop, that decides what steering commands are the most appropriate at every time step/frame. In this post, I will present how to modify the remote control (soldering and mechanical changes), how to extend the car, and how to stream live video, with low latency, from the Raspberry Pi to a laptop using GStreamer and OpenCV. An upcoming post will show a reliable neural net model for automated steering. Continue reading Compressing arrays of integers while keeping fast indexing While adding support for editing and viewing text encoded in UTF-8 to HxD’s hex editor control itself, it turns out I have to query Unicode property tables, that go beyond the basic ones included with Delphi (and most other languages / default libraries). Parsing the structured text files, provided by the Unicode consortium, at each startup is too inefficient, and merely storing the parsed text into a simple integer array wastes too much memory. A more efficient storage uses a dictionary-like approach, to compress the needed data using a few layers of indirections, while still giving array-like performance with constant (and negligible) overhead. In the following, I’ll briefly present the solution I found. Continue reading Understanding neural nets There has been interesting research in helping to make machine learning models more understandable, such as Unmasking Clever Hans predictors and assessing what machines really learn. Also see practical implementations of this approach:
November 1, 2018 How Solar Panels Have Quickly Become the Best Energy Source Solar Energy However, the real question is whether solar is the best energy source? Well, we certainly think so- and here's why. Let's dive in! What's Solar Energy? Before we move any further into the article, we need to answer this question. In short, the sun's energy can be harnessed and transformed into electricity via devices called solar panels. Solar energy is a fantastic example of a renewable energy source- it's way better for the environment than burning fossil fuels, so it's not surprising more and more people are jumping on the bandwagon! Why the Surge in Popularity? The International Energy Agency (IEA), claim there's been a massive increase in the demand and installation of solar panels- especially in China. So it's safe to say that China has become somewhat of an ambassador for renewable energy production. Incredibly, it's the first time solar energy has surpassed any other source of electricity- including coal! Fun Fact No.2: The IEA believe solar will continue to dominate the industry. So much so, they predict that within the next five years' solar power will be responsible for more than the combined power generation of both India and Japan! Benefits of Solar Energy In light of all the below advantages, it's hardly surprising that solar energy has seen such a growth in popularity! 1. Solar Power is Renewable For as long as humans wonder the earth- we'll always be able to use the sun to generate electricity and heat. Sadly, the same can't be true of other sources of power such as coal (and other fossil fuels) which is why renewable alternatives are so important! 2. Solar Energy is Diverse The broader implications of this are phenomenal. Solar power can do everything from generating electricity in regions that currently don't have access to power- to powering satellites miles away in the atmosphere- how neat is that?! 3. You'll Save Money Obviously, your total savings depends on how many solar panels you've installed and your overall electricity usage and heat consumption. However, if you're able to generate more electricity than you're using, the surplus travels back to the grid, and you'll receive some kind of compensation- what's not to love about that?! 4. Solar Power is Cost-Effective to Maintain One of the best things about solar energy for homeowners and business owners is that solar panels don't need much maintenance. There aren't any moving parts involved so there isn't much that can go wrong! If you're reluctant to do this yourself, hire a professional cleaning service to get the job done for you. This shouldn't set you back more than $45. 5. Developments in Technology Did You Enjoy This Blog Post on the Best Energy Source? If you found this article on the best energy source interesting, then we're confident you'll love the other features on our blog. Is solar a good fit for your home? Find out now! Get Your Solar Savings Report Now! Nick Gorden Join Our Newsletter Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form Related Posts
Education Technology Solution 12229: Differences Between the TI-10 and TI-15 Explorer™. How does the TI-10 differ from the TI-15 Explorer? The TI-10 was created for a younger audience than the TI-15 Explorer. Even though the calculators have many of the same features, some major differences were necessary to make it grade appropriate. The TI-10 has fewer and larger keys. The keys for fractions, the [0.001] thousandths key, p, square root, [^] caret, and % have been omitted from the TI-10. The unit has only one operation key as opposed to two on the TI-15 Explorer. Separate [<], [>] and [=] keys are found on the TI-10. Please see the TI-10 and TI-15 Explorer guidebooks for additional information.
Use these Sortify Discussion Starters to help students reflect on their learning during and after the Sortify Angles game, and expand the discussion to how game play relates to real life. • What strategies did you use when choosing your bucket labels? • How would the tiles in the ‘complementary pairs’ bucket be different from those in the ‘supplementary pairs’ bucket? • Is it possible for a tile to fit in both the ‘acute angles’ bucket and the ”obtuse angles’ bucket? Why or why not? • Which tiles were the most difficult to sort? Why? • If you could create 3 additional tiles to include in the game, what would they be? • If you could create another bucket for the game that was worth 5 points, what would it be?
From Engineer-it Jump to navigation Jump to search Internal links Structural analysis [link to a page on Analysis Modelling in the Structural Enginnering Chapter - not yet available] In an engineered process, It is important to quantify those features that can be quantified. Predictive Modelling Predictive modelling is the use of mathematical representations to estimate the behaviour of systems. Such modelling can be very successful for physical system, e.g. engineering mechanics, but can be less effective when dealing with systems that depend on human behaviour e.g. economic modelling. We tend to think of modelling as a determinate process - that has a correct answer. That is how it is taught in education where learners are normally presented with a model and are required to produce results that are either correct or wrong. In real world modelling, the overall process is non-determinate and has to be addressed using the explicit top-down strategy. Here is how that strategy applies to predictive modelling: Gather information about the context such as the geometry, material, external action, etc. Establish a set of requirements for the model in terms of features that need to be modelled,expected accuracy, etc. Identify the types of model that may be used and assess their validity. Carry out a validation analysis. The validation question is: ‘Is the model capable of satisfying the requirements?’ Two ways of validating a model are: • Assumptions assessment: Compare each assumption made for the model with the expected behaviour of the system. Make a judgement about validity on the basis of this information. • Physical testing: Assess information from commmissioned tests or from published tests. On the basis of the results of the validation analysis and other information, choose the model that is most suitable in the context. Set up the data and run the model. Verify the results i.e. seek answers to the question ‘Has the model been correctly implemented?’ Assume that there may be errors. In safety critical contexts, work to a results acceptance process before using the results. At all stages it is important to operate in a critical thinking mode where information is regularly challenged and tested for reliability. One must keep in mind that the results from predictive models are always approximations to real behaviour. “In God we trust. Others must bring data.” anon. Using data instead of guessing is obviously preferable but: “Lies, damned lies and statistics” anon. It is essential to be sceptical about all data and the results that emerge from its use. For example, use of data is a core strategy in the regulation of drugs but it is not easy to ensure that the processes and the conclusions are reliable. Bias in data and in its interpretation easily arises - both accidentally and deliberately.
When England met Ireland: a tale of colonialism, not romance \| Aeon Essays Alison Garden 19-24 minutes Invalid Date When William Shakespeare wrote there ‘never was a story of more woe / than this of Juliet and her Romeo’, he had no idea of the uses and abuses his play would face in the coming centuries. Shakespeare’s tale of star-crossed lovers has been woefully misappropriated for wildly different scenarios, from selling us balconies as the very emblem of romance (there’s no balcony in Shakespeare’s play) to serving as a leitmotif for the Israel-Palestine conflict. In 1990, the ever-controversial author Lionel Shriver lamented how often the narrative of doomed lovers cropped up in novels about the Northern Ireland conflict, suggesting that the ‘Troubles Writer … compulsively Romeo-and-Juliets his characters across the sectarian divide’. Shriver might be right about the writerly compulsion to endlessly rehash the story of forbidden love, but the Irish history of this influential metaphor predates Shakespeare’s 16th-century play. In Ireland, such ‘romance’ narratives of lovers from opposing sides have historically been used to describe a political relationship between nations, often to gloss over the violence of British colonialism, and the afterlives of this usage echo through centuries of literature and culture. These afterlives don’t just crop up in fiction, either. People in the North still live intimately, cheek by jowl, with this imperial past. Here, I want to explore what is at stake in the messiness of these love stories: as political allegory, colonial metaphor, and, for some, daily life. We’ve been telling drastically simplified versions of the same story for hundreds of years, but why has no one stopped to ask why? During the 30-year conflict – euphemistically known as ‘the Troubles’ (1968-98) – in the North of the island of Ireland, novelists, poets, the BBC, playwrights and filmmakers insistently turned to the narrative of lovers from across the supposed divide. Perhaps the most popular example of this is Joan Lingard’s Kevin and Sadie series, consisting of five young adult (YA) novels published between 1970 and 1976. In charting the friendship, courtship and eventual marriage of Catholic Kevin and Protestant Sadie, Lingard gave her young readers a window into the impact of the Troubles on working-class families. Lingard’s second novel in the series, Across the Barricades (1972), was widely read across Ireland and became a staple on school curriculums. It was found in classrooms across Northern Ireland but also in the West of Scotland and even in a divided Germany. The appeal of stories such as these is undeniable and enduring, and they’ve continued to flourish long beyond the conflict. The most recent, Sue Divin’s Guard Your Heart (2021), is another YA love story about a Catholic (Aidan) and a Protestant (Iona), both born in Derry on 10 April 1998: the day of the Good Friday, or Belfast, Agreement. But let’s get back to Shriver labelling these tales as Irish versions of Romeo and Juliet, thereby misrepresenting swathes of literary culture and erasing the specific political contexts that shape these narratives. We’ve got to remember that these Irish lovers are decidedly not star-crossed: it isn’t fate or bad luck that keeps them apart. Genuine union is curtailed by an environment marked by bigotry, distrust and division, because the difficulties these Northern lovers face are acutely political. It’s not the ‘yoke of inauspicious stars’ that stops romance in its tracks – it’s the legacy of violent colonial conflict. My colleague Ramona Wray has written about her experiences of teaching Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet to undergraduates in Belfast. She notes that the play didn’t ring true for many of her students with first-hand experience of the complicated realities of growing up in a society still marked by division. To them, the ‘ancient grudge’ dividing Montagues from Capulets seemed implausibly lacking in meaning, context or history. Romeo and Juliet wouldn’t have had to negotiate which religion they would baptise their firstborn in, or whether they might spend their summers avoiding or attending the bonfires of Marching Season. The supposed stereotype may or may not be a facile cliché, but either way it demands interrogation. In the YA novels I’ve cited, the young lovers come from opposite sides of the North’s two dominant communities; communities that are mapped on to ethnopolitical identities that are strongly aligned to religious identities. There’s the largely Catholic Nationalist Republican community, whose members identify as Irish, and the predominantly Protestant Unionist Loyalist community, whose members identify as British. Like the Troubles Thriller, a genre that often flattened the desperately uneven politics of the conflict to a simplistic game of cat and mouse between paramilitaries, the ‘love across the divide’ tale is ubiquitous in stories about the North. And, like the Troubles Thriller again, these love stories were soon thought of, by cultural critics at least, as the lowest of literary genres: Troubles Trash. It’s been more than 20 years since the Good Friday Agreement brokered a precarious peace for the North, but the potential for disorder is never far from the surface. We saw this in April 2021, when serious unrest crackled within loyalist communities across the North. Street violence erupted against the Police Service of Northern Ireland and in community interface areas, mostly clustered around Belfast’s ironically named ‘Peace Walls’. The factors that led to this were various and much debated but they owed as much to localised criminal activity as to politics and the widely cited dissatisfaction with the ‘Northern Ireland Protocol’. This legislation, generated by Brexit, is viewed by many of those who wish to remain a part of the UK as creating an economic block between Northern Ireland and Britain. While there’s a performative element to these sporadic outbreaks of violence (the Los Angeles-based artist and filmmaker Mariah Garnett talks of the almost ritualistic performances for the media), to underestimate the situation in the North is dangerously foolish. The roots of this antipathy between communities, styled as a bad romance, goes back centuries. Curiously, in the popular imagination, a series of ambiguous medieval couplings from the 12th century are thought to be intimately related to the Anglo-Norman conquest of Ireland. I use the ambivalent term ‘couplings’ because it’s difficult to find language to describe these encounters when the issue of consent is so fraught. Most important is the marriage between an Anglo-Norman Earl, Richard FitzGilbert de Clare (or Strongbow), and an Irish woman, Aoife MacMurchada. Aoife’s father Diarmait MacMurchada arranged this marriage to compensate for his own romantic transgressions. He’d been dispossessed of his kingdom after abducting Derbforgaill, the wife of a fellow provincial Irish king, Tigernán Ua Ruairc, and, in dire straits, he promised Aoife in marriage to Strongbow – plus the kingdom of Leinster – in exchange for Strongbow’s military assistance. After MacMurchada’s death, a second, more powerful and ultimately more successful Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland took place. And so, a story of ‘romantic’ union opened the door to the colonisation of Ireland. This marriage has become the stuff of myth, so inexhaustibly referenced, recycled and retold that it’s easy to forget that Strongbow and Aoife were real people. What’s more, we should remember that marriages between ‘English’ and ‘Irish’ would be legislated against in 1366, when the ‘Statutes of Kilkenny’ made such unions illegal. Strongbow and Aoife’s marriage was not a metaphor but a lived reality. Frequently invoked as an origin myth about the complex, antagonistic relationship between Ireland and England, it gave rise to the thorny idea that this relationship resembled nothing so much as a heterosexual partnering. As the metaphor morphs through history, the Anglo-Norman man becomes English, then Anglo-Irish or British. In the late 20th century, the motif undergoes yet another transformation into the ‘Troubled’ tale of illicit love. The ‘union’ itself is changeable. It could be an arranged marriage, a reconciliatory romance or, as in selected poems by Seamus Heaney, a rape. Engaging with the cultural history of this motif is laden with difficulties when the partners, and the nature of their union, are always moving parts. While the idea of heterosexual union remains paramount, the variations of the tale are revealing and highly political. The history of European imperial expansion tells us that using gendered language to describe would-be, and actual, colonial territories is not unique to Ireland. In the drawing ‘Allegory of America’ (c1587-89) by the Flemish artist Jan van der Straet, the Florentine ‘explorer’ Amerigo Vespucci’s ‘discovery’ of the Americas is personified as an encounter between him and a naked Indigenous woman, depicted half-reclining in a hammock. The drawing is an allegory for colonial ‘discovery’ but we should never forget the real violence that this masks. Rape and other coercive encounters, including marriage, were used to differing degrees amid the terror and brutality that characterised European expansion across the globe. The frame of reference for the convoluted entanglement between Ireland and England is familial and domestic There’s also a lengthy history of using the motif of ‘romance’ – however euphemistic the term – to describe the relationship between Europe’s imperial nations and those they sought to dominate. It’s a deeply manipulative way of papering over the horrors of colonial violence and transplanting Western ideas about gender. This is the context in which Ireland emerged as a handmaid to England. From the late 16th century onwards, Ireland was increasingly depicted as a young, vulnerable woman in need of some English husbandry. In an extract from Luke Gernon’s ‘A Discourse on Ireland’ (1620), the English-born judge describes Ireland as ‘a young wench that hath the green sickness for want of occupying’, and as a ‘fertile … open harbour’ who ‘wants a husband’. Note Gernon’s explicit feminisation of Irish topography and the emphasis he placed on the need for sexual penetration, or Ireland’s ‘want of occupying’, by an English husband. The violent undercurrent of such descriptions is made strikingly clear in the work of contemporary Irish poets such as Heaney and Medbh McGuckian. Heaney’s most explicit meditation on the theme is at the heart of several poems from his controversial collection, North (1975). In particular, ‘Act of Union’ and ‘Ocean’s Love to Ireland’ contain careful allusions to imperial romances by the 16th-century colonialist and favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, Walter Raleigh. Heaney writes of an ‘imperially / Male’ England and a violated woman, Ireland, whose forced union creates an illegitimate offspring that, Heaney contentiously suggests, is Northern Ireland. Parturition is his chosen metaphor for the partition of Ireland and for the chaotic and traumatic birth of this Northern statelet. Once again, the frame of reference when talking about the convoluted entanglement between Ireland and England is insistently familial and domestic. But I’m getting ahead of myself in thinking about the breakup between Ireland and Britain, and the breaking up of Ireland itself, before discussing their union. The Act of Union that united the Parliaments of the two islands into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into effect in 1801. Over and again, it was likened to a marriage, with Ireland styled as wife to a British husband. This idea was pervasive and reiterated across satirical cartoons, political pamphlets and parliamentary speeches. This political marriage also led to the rise of a new type of novel, which literary critics and cultural historians today refer to as ‘National Tales’. The coinage derives from the novel The Wild Irish Girl; a National Tale (1806) by Sydney Owenson (Lady Morgan). National Tales have much in common with other genres dating to the turn of the 19th century, such as the historical romance and the Gothic novel. However, what makes National Tales distinctive, as the scholar Katie Trumpener writes in Bardic Nationalism (1997), is a ‘national marriage plot’ between an Anglo-Irish or British man and an Irish woman. Once more, the narrative of romantic union between an Irish woman and her British husband is tied to the national politics of the two islands. Gernon, who wrote that queasy description of Irish geography, was certainly not the only English, or even European, imperialist who thought about Ireland and its people in a feminised vein. National Tales expanded and cemented centuries of gendered rhetoric about Ireland and the Irish. The romantic heroines of the National Tales were Irish women who would hopefully become obedient wives to their British husbands, suggesting that the potentially subversive quality of the Irish could be neutralised through matrimonial (or political) union. It is a feminist truism to claim that the personal is always political, yet, through the National Tales, the ostensibly male world of politics morphs into the domestic space of romance and literary fiction. Political instability gets transmuted into the most intimate of unions through the most domestic of cultural forms: the novel. In the Western world, the novel is the vehicle that we most associate with private life. Reading the novel is an individual pursuit and one that, unlike, say, watching a play, often takes place in the putatively private space of the home. The novel is indelibly aligned with the marriage plot and women readers. These National Tales might be read as part of an attempt to contain the public and political matter of the loaded ‘Irish Question’ to the pages of novels about marriage, read in the privacy of the home. Political unrest continued to foment in Ireland throughout the 19th century, leading to notably disastrous uprisings in 1803, 1848 and 1867 – the latter two fuelled, at least in part, by the devastation and horror of the Famine (1845-51). This political fervour peaked with the Easter Rising of 1916, followed by the Irish War of Independence (1919-21). The laborious, protracted and incendiary partition of the island, effective from 1921, was immediately followed by civil war (1922-23). This tumultuous time in Irish history, known as the Irish Revolution, once again saw writers turn to the love story to make sense of what they were living through. The cultural historian Síobhra Aiken explained to me that ‘Veterans of the Irish Revolution often turned to romance (or failed romance) in both first-hand and fictional writings as a means to convey the trauma of their wartime experience. The trope of the love triangle was widely employed to tease out the competing allegiances of civil war.’ Far from being apolitical, the love story became a key genre that mined the compromised and contradictory terrain of Anglo-Irish history, where sexual and emotional commitments can utterly compromise one’s politics. Starting in the latter decades of the 20th century, the BBC has demonstrated a deep investment in these narratives of lovers from opposing sides, dramatising numerous novels for television, including Robert McLiam Wilson’s Eureka Street (1996) in 1999, and Eugene McCabe’s Death and Nightingales (1992) in 2018. The BBC is also fond of creating Northern characters whose parents are in ‘mixed marriages’, such as the superintendent Ted Hastings from Line of Duty (2012-), or the serial killer Paul (Peter) Spector from The Fall (2013-16). This reveal is often cynically used to raise audiences’ suspicions about a character: even if the Northern conflict remains a hazy backstory, the mention of ‘mixed marriages’ reminds audiences what is at stake in these highly politicised acts of union. The BBC’s reliance on the Troubles Thriller, and the story of antagonistic lovers, occludes any chance of nuance, while turning the statelet into a place overwhelmingly associated with death and sex – or violence and desire. Efforts to elevate and reinstate other stories from the statelet have become a crucial redress in work by Northern writers and critics including Lucy Caldwell, Caroline Magennis and Eli Davies. Using the love story to make sense of the past has a sinister history Against this archaic allegorical union is the reality of actual mixed marriage in Ireland: something that, for many people, has defined their lives. Our obsession with the tragedy of these fictional narratives depletes the lived stories of people who were or are in mixed relationships, and navigating a divided society that is all too real. The North still has a segregated school system, meaning that the majority of Catholic and Protestant children are educated separately, further reinforcing divisions between the two dominant communities. The first integrated school, aiming to bring together communities in the classroom, did not open until 1981 and fewer than 8 per cent of children attend integrated schools. It is perhaps no surprise that, in these popular love stories, the emotional optimism of desire between individuals is almost never enough: instead, the Happy Ever After of Romance proper is almost habitually elusive. There’s so much about the relationship between Ireland and Britain that sounds like a bad romance, including gaslighting the people in the North about their experiences during the Troubles. But using the love story to make sense of the past has a sinister history. I’m not saying these stories are perfect – and why we keep returning to this narrative needs to be probed – yet there is some serious meat to them that academics have tended to overlook because they are love stories. It’s because romance isn’t taken seriously as a genre that we find ourselves in a bind. Using the love story as an analogy for a political relationship between nations seems like an attempt to relegate it to the shadowy realms of the domestic, a private space we don’t probe too closely. But, on the flipside, because we don’t take romance seriously, we’re also reluctant to think about these fictional love stories as political. It’s hard not to wonder whether these romances are sidelined by academics because they are usually concerned with heterosexual cis-gendered characters. But there is absolutely a politics to heterosexuality, despite the privileged invisibility that its apparent ‘universality’ affords it. Compulsory heterosexuality and heteronormativity are things we need to question when it comes to Ireland, and especially the North, where the road to legalising same-sex marriage has been notoriously fraught, and came into effect only in 2020. What would happen if we did take romance seriously? We might retire the lazy metaphors for starters: Brexit, for example, might not be a divorce. We might also ask why there is a relative quiet around mixed marriage in Ireland. We might push back against the general unspoken sense that histories of gender, sexuality and family are not the concern of real history. We might read differently. These romances have suffered for want of properly intimate readings, with a granular focus. Joan Didion’s aphorism that ‘we tell ourselves stories in order to live’ endures because we do use stories to help us make sense of the chaos and mess of life. Equally, we learn how to live – how to feel – through stories. Our lives are figured and contextualised in narrative terms, drawing on ideas and stories we absorb through culture. This is as true of love as anything else; love is, as Roland Barthes writes in A Lover’s Discourse (1977), ‘born of literature, able to speak only with the help of its worn codes’. For Ireland, north and south, and its eastern neighbour Britain, the ‘worn codes’ of the love story shape the history of their entanglements – though we’re far from making sense of these. But if we took the leap and committed to seeing these love stories as something worth thinking about, we might begin to flesh out how national stories and daily lives intersect. We could start by exploring an alternative narrative that enriches and complicates our understanding of the relationship between Britain and Ireland, and the story of Ireland itself.
What is the Difference between Business Analysis, Data Analysis and Data Science? The terms and job titles in the data field are extraordinarily large, such as business analysis, data analysis, data science, etc. They often stun everyone, so this article we will talk about all of them, especially the differences. Business Analysis VS Data Analysis Generally, data analysis means that using data to analyse a XXX problem. The pipeline includes data collecting, data warehousing, data cleaning, data visualisation, etc. As we can see, there is a blank in the sentence. Actually, data analysis can be applied to different areas, and that is also the meaning of ‘XXX’ . It can be academic or commercial. If ‘XXX’ is commercial, then data analysis will equal to business analysis. In other words, the business analysis is an application of data analysis. There is a main difference between data analysis and business analysis, which is the data sources. The data source of data analysis positions is often based on the company websites, Apps, ERP system, etc. And those job descriptions will require candidates master SQL, Python or R. However, the data collected from those platforms often exists several problems, mainly the data quality, such as some missing data or data noise. Those are caused by weak IT infrastructures and ‘econnoisseurs’ who want to register more user accounts. However, the data sources of business analysis positions not just include those internal data collected by companies but also include a large amount of external sources. For example: 1. Industry studies 2. Qualitative interviews 3. Quantitative interviews 4. Internal data Business Analysis VS Data Science Because of Alpha Go, Artificial Intelligence is well-known to everyone. However, the successful area of AI is not related to data analysis. They focus on the computer vision and natural language processing, and their industrial applications are mainly in security and supply chain. However, the usage of algorithms in commercial industry is limited because some departments in the company are hard to be represented by data and algorithm models. This causes that algorithm can only solve the specific problems. 1. Firstly, algorithm is related to users directly. The famous example is risk control. Because the factors contributing to the user credits are easy to be built by an algorithm model, commonly logistic regression. 2. Secondly, forecasting algorithms. Business Intelligence is highly required to do forecasting. 3. Thirdly, dimensionality reduction algorithms. It is often to reduce dimensions so it is easy to evaluate a problem, such as new products. In summary, algorithms are useful in business intelligence, however, it cannot replace it. Business Intelligence is an application in commercial problems and algorithm models are tools to solve specific problems. Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn. The Simplest Way to Install SQL Server 2017 on macOS This article we will show how to install Microsoft SQL Server 2017 on macOS, as we talk it in previous blog. Which method we use? Prior to SQL Server 2017, if we want to install it on macOS, a virtual machine (like Parallels Desktop) is essential. Then we can install a Windows system in it and then we install and run SQL Server. Luckily, from SQL Server 2017, we can choose to install SQL Server on Docker containers. How to install SQL Server on Docker? 1 What is Docker? Docker is a platform which can make softwares to run in it. It is called a container, which is an isolated environment. 2 Download and install Docker If you haven’t installed Docker on your Mac, the next step is to install Docker. Go to Docker page to download the .dmg file and then double click and install it according to the instructions. 3 Run Docker and increase the memory Run Docker as you used to run other softwares and the next step is to increase the memory. This is because the default value of Docker memory is 2 GB but SQL needs at least 3.25 GB. I recommend we set the memory value to 4 GB. 1. Click Docker icon on top menu of your Mac 2. Click Preferences 3. Set Memory under Advanced to 4 GB. Click Apply&Restart 4 Download Microsoft SQL Server 2017 The next step is to download SQL Server 2017 from Terminal, which is an easy way. Copy and paste the command in Terminal of your Mac: docker pull microsoft/mssql-server-linux Through it, the latest version of MS Server SQL can be downloaded. 5 Run a Docker image Copy, change and paste the command in Terminal of your Mac: docker run -d --name xxxxxxx -e 'ACCEPT_EULA=Y' -e 'SA_PASSWORD=xxxx\xxxx' -p 1433:1433 microsoft/mssql-server-linux We need to change the name and password as your own here. This step is to run an instance of Docker image. A Docker image is a file, which is used to execute codes in a Docker container. If you want to check, copy and paste the following command to see whether the Docker container is running: docker ps If it works, it will show like this: 6 Install the sql-cli command line tool The next step is to install the sql-cli command line tool. It can allow you to run commands against your SQL Server instance. Copy and paste the command in Terminal of your Mac: npm install -g sql-cli If an error happened and shows you do not have the permissions to access this file as the current user, just try add sudo in your command: sudo npm install -g sql-cli 7 Connect to SQL Server After sql-cli is installed, now we can connect to SQL Server using the mssql command. mssql -u xxxxxxx -p xxxxxxx Here xxxxxxx and xxxxxxx means your name and password. Then you will see: Now you’ve successfully connected to your instance of SQL Server. Next blog we will continue our journey with SQL Server and Azure Data Studio. Maybe you will want to read more about Azure and Microsoft Learn in the previous blog. Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn. Welcome to SQL (SQL 101) If you want to find a BI Analyst job in New Zealand, you may be not a master of Python, R, etc. However, SQL knowledge is essential. Here is a BI Analyst job advertisement on LinkedIn, which is a full-time role. St John is also an accredited employer. If you have a skill that is needed by a New Zealand accredited employer and they offer you full-time work when you are abroed, you may be able to get a Talent (Accredited Employer) Work Visa. From the job description, we can find SQL knowledge is important. What is SQL? Firstly, I want to talk about Database(DB). We all know DB is a kind of software to store a large amount of data, mainly Relational DB. Structured Query Language(SQL) is always linked with DB. SQL can be used to operate data, such as querying and updating. The relationship between DB, data and SQL is like: DB is a plate, data is dishes on the plate and SQL is your fork. Currently, most of the websites and Apps are based on SQL and DB. There are several popular DB on the world, e.g., SQLite, MySQL, Postgres, Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server. Among them, MSSQL Server is the most popular in New Zealand. Luckily, all of them can support SQL although they have different characteristics. It is like if you have the fork, you can operate dishes on different plates. What is Relational DB? A DB is composed of several tables (like tables in Excel) and tables are composed of rows and columns. We can query and obtain some results from the DB through SQL language. Maybe some people will be confused about: What is the difference between DB and Excel? Excel has already existed on the world, why SQL is created? That is because DB = Tables + Relations between tables. Tables in Excel can’t meet the data operating requirements in companies because of the complex relations between tables. How to kick-start SQL? After knowing the terms of SQL and Relational DB, the next step is to set up the environment with SQL Server, which we will talk in the next blog. If you are interested in or have any problems with Business Intelligence, also feel free to contact me . Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn. How Business Intelligence is Making the World a Better Place What is Business Intelligence(BI)? In general, BI refers to that companies slice and dice data to look for patterns. Then they make business decisions by the data insights. When I ask other people this question: Do you know what is Business Intelligence? I usually got the answer “No”. However, I found most of people know what is Big Data. Of course, this is a buzzword. Even those people who are not familiar with this area, they can tell me Big Data means the data is big… This is a good thing. Even sometimes our understanding for terms is not precise. It is common because a glossary consists of many knowledge systems. It is hard to explain it in one sentence. For example, Business Intelligence is a professional area, including ETL, Data Warehousing, etc. You can’t explain all of them to others. Simply, BI is a pipeline which can transform data into information and then it creates business value. How can we create business value using BI? Reporting, which is common in New Zealand. Reporting means using data visualisation techniques to visualise company’s business data. It mainly focuses on finance, supply chain, marketing and human source departments. For example, sales and marketing department cares about sales amount, order quantity, return rate, etc. Then BI can be used to filter and extract analysis results. Tables and figures differ according to their subjects and they relate to each other. Analysis about “abnormal” data. Through data visualisation results, the abnormal data means some data indicators are beyond our predictions. Sometimes it is positive that we are pursuing. For example, average user registration amount is 1000 per month. However, we find one month the number reaches 3000. It is a kind of positive abnormality. Of course, sometimes the abnormal data can be negative. We can analyse which factor contributes to the abnormality through one or more dimensions data tables and figures. Those results can help to make better business plans. BI is actually a business and management area. It comes from the presentation of visual analysis reports. Then it tries to find business problems (positive or negative) to improve business operations. BI jobs in New Zealand: According to Business Analyst on careernz website, BI analyst is in high demand and its salary is $81K-$104K per year. Many companies hire BI analysts in New Zealand, including: 1. Government departments or tertiary universities/institutes 2. Finance companies 3. Marketing companies 4. Professional firms such as law and accounting Next blog I will talk about which techniques are popular in New Zealand and how to learn them. Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn. Why Do People Think Enter X Challenge Innovation Competition is a Good Idea? Except some IT competitions, I also enter X Challenge Innovation Competition in university. X Challenge is a competition that gives every AUT student the opportunity and guidance to develop an idea for a business, cause or project. Each student can experience how to launch and run a business, which starts from an innovative idea. It consists of two stages: The Idea and The Accelerator. You can enter either one or both, as an individual or as a team. When entering as a team at least one member must be a current AUT student. I enter The Idea. Next is my milestones for X Challenge: 01/04/2019: Gather my team. Choosing a partner who matches the marketing and business ability that I lack will shape the future of the business more than any other. In this stage, I choose Mia Lu. She is a marketing and multi-media specialist who holds a double major in Marketing and Economics, with 4+ years of experience in digital marketing and communications. Except the marketing professional ability, design is also her passion and speciality, i.e., graphic design and UX design. More important, she is an amazing women with high execution and communication skills. 07/04/2019: Decide what we want to build. Brainstorming something the world needs and all the members agreed on the idea. Finally, our idea is Named Entity Recognition as a Service. Here is the rationale of our idea. This tool can prevent privacy information leakage for individual Online Social Networks users. It mainly involves in Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing techniques. 17/04/2019: Demonstrate that people want your product and figure out how to scale. We celebrate once 300 people who are not our friends and family tell us that using our product was useful. 25/04/2019: Submit the Google form to AUT. The form consists of one-page idea, including the problem we solve, our product advantages, markets and customers, direct or indirect competitors and team member description. 01/05/2019: Our team is chosen as a winner of The Idea. My feelings: Through the innovation competition, I realise how to change a technical idea to a business product. And I realise how to act as a leader, especially collaborating with other team member. Team support is the key to success! If you are interested in or have any problems with business plan or competitions, feel free to contact me . Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn. How I Join Business Intelligence / Data Analysis Career(Academia) Before February 2018: My Bachelor Degree After I completed my bachelor degree of Information Security in Xidian University and experience in Huawei, I start to look for a new challenge. Then I came to New Zealand to study the Master of Computer and Information Sciences in AUT. February 2018 – July 2018: Selected Courses In the first semester of my master degree, I enrolled in two papers: Data Mining and Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing. The two courses have assisted me in broadening my knowledge while showing me the diverse research side of Computer Sciences, especially Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. July 2018 – December 2018: Master Thesis Then I enrolled in the 120 points thesis in the second semester. The thesis research of my Master degree is totally a different challenge to me. It differs from previous teaching courses because its requirements of the abilities of critical thinking and problem-solving are much stricter. Moreover, research is also an iterative procedure, so patience and persistence are also essential when it comes with persistent failure. Luckily, I met my primary supervisor and second supervisor, who guided and helped me a lot. In 14th November (my birthday day) last year, my primary supervisor suggested me to apply for the Summer Research Award at AUT, which can further augment to my capabilities. Summer Research Award is awarded to students who have got satisfactory results in the three-month project in AUT. The evaluation is based on the final data analysis report. Only 10 students in the Faculty of Computer Sciences can get the award. December 2018 – February 2019: Summer Research Award Then I applied for it and my proposal got approved. Through three months, I successfully classified and achieved a 92% accuracy result by building a neural network model in this project. In the last week of February this year, I developed creative contents as academic reports with online LaTeX Editor (Overleaf) to get my final payment. I recommend the Summer Research Award in AUT, because not only it can bring you some extra gains and honour, but also it can offer you an opportunity to gain some practical skills. The most important thing is that I start to realise I am more interested in practical industry rather than academia! Attachment is the Summer Research Award I gained. February 2019 – July 2019: Two Publications I also developed my research and analytical skills while publishing two papers • “An automated privacy information detection approach for protecting individual online social network users” to the Japanese Society of Artificial Intelligence (JSAI) journal • “Privacy Information Classification: A Hybrid Approach” to The 4th International Workshop on Smart Simulation and Modelling for Complex Systems (SSMCS 2019) Maybe some people think I should take a PhD degree to enhance my research skills. However, I am not interested in academia any more. New Journey: It is time for me to continue my journey and gain more experience in the industry of Business Intelligence and Data Science industry! If you are interested about New Zealand University, selecting papers, Summer Research Award, or how to publish papers on journals or international conferences, feel free to contact me and I can give you some suggestions. Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn. Three Importance Of Life-long Learning In Programming A person with a life-long learning ability will become more competitive. There are two factors contributing to the summary sentence above: human life expectancy and the high changing speed of the world Human Life Expectancy Here is a figure about life expectancy in China from 1960 to 2016. From the figure, it is an indisputable fact that the average life expectancy is still prolonged. Unlike the previous generation, it seems the current millennial generation will need to face a hundred-year-old life. Such a long life will cause the working years be longer too. The High Changing Speed Of The World Here comes another factor: this is a world that is changing at a high speed. What would it look like when a world that is changing at a high speed? The most obvious fact is that some skills suddenly became something worthless, e.g., handwriting. A person who can handwrite beautifully may get a good job in the past, but now he/she can’t because of the cheap price of a printer. Another strong evidence is the rise of the Human Development Index(HDI). The HDI figure from 1980 to 2014 in China is demonstrated below. From the curve, there is a tendency to be on an exponential rise. Thus, from the facts we show above, this world is actually more and more cruel to many people. Too many peers have stopped early, and they have been left behind by the times, so they are at a loss early. The only way you can survive on the long life road that is not the same as your guess is to keep learning. Keep learning is a significant skill. Whereas, massive people are exploded to a phenomenon called ‘Information Anxiety‘, which means some of them may suffer from the feeling of anxiety because of the excessive quantity of daily information[1]. Thus, many actions have been dedicated to alleviating anxious feelings by people, e.g., purchasing expensive online courses. Here comes an interesting and awkward truth: They may spend more money but get little knowledge. However, people with strong self-learning skills are not anxious, at least they will not be anxious because of the learning process – this is a major difference. I. Forward Declaration: The forward declaration is a declaration of an identifier in the area of computer programming (denoting an entity such as a type, a variable, a constant, or a function) for which the programmer has not yet given a complete definition[2]. In schools, we can find the textbooks are very rigorous. It means any term is forbidden to use without a statement. So, after completing a chapter, you can learn the next chapter. If you encounter unfamiliar terms, you can find them in a previous chapter. However, people who are accustomed to this kind of knowledge system in schools will face undesirable consequences in the society. Because most of the social knowledge structure is ‘Forward declaration’. There are some examples: 1. Why do some people always start to understand what their parents have said after many years? 2. Why do some people always think that their managers are just fooling them before they become managers? 3. Why do some people understand that investors’ reminders or suggestions are correct after his/her company goes bankrupt? The reason is that many things are “Forward declaration” and it is very difficult to understand at that time. The advantage of self-learning programming in this aspect is that in the process of self-learning, your learning experience is actually equivalent to a life cycle. So, when facing the same “Forward declaration”, you will not feel so inexplicable. II. The programming is practical, actionable and achievable. III. The self-learners in programming area are the most. Trust me, you are not alone. If you are interested in some high income skills or have any problems about self-learning and programming, feel free to contact me . Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn. [1] Wurman, R. S. (2017). Information Anxiety: Towards Understanding. Scenario Journal, 6. An Introduction To Microsoft Learn In the beginning, I want to state some reasons why I want to keep writing as a blogger. 1. I want to become a better writer. 2. I feel like I have some professional things to talk about. 3. I want a new challenge. I want to improve my communication skills by making professional knowledge easier for readers to understand. Because the most important thing in communication is not speaking, it is how other people can understand your words. To achieve this goal, sometimes maybe I will need to sacrifice the accuracy of some information. However, if the audience can accept some basic terms in the first place, I can express more precise concepts to them. As a nearly graduate IT student, I feel that there is still a gap between what is learned in universities and the practical skills used in real world Luckily, the Internet is convenient enough for us to find what we want to learn nowadays. Practitioners in the IT industry are supposed to maintain the ability to life-long learning. I have accumulated some self-learning experience, and I want to share some of the learning resources with you. The official documents are highly recommended: They will provide the latest tutorials, then we can write a few demos to get started. Consequently, this blog I want to talk about is Microsoft Learn, a learning platform which provides me with the best experience. Microsoft Learn is a new learning platform created by Microsoft and it focuses on Azure. Azure is not free. Although we can sign up for a free trial account, we have to re-apply it after expiring, which is more troublesome. But Azure is widely used in New Zealand. If you want to find an IT job in New Zealand, understanding and mastering Azure skills should be considered as the basic requirements in most cases. However, an Azure subscription is indispensable. That’s why I highly recommend Microsoft Learn. Because it provides free Azure subscriptions and an online Azure Lab in addition to general teaching tutorials. It means that we can use Azure subscriptions for free, create resources, and use them during the course. The subscription will be automatically released after a while, probably several hours. If you haven’t finished, you can continue to learn by recreating another one, which is very convenient. Once the sandbox is activated, we can use the Azure subscription, and the Azure Cloud Shell interface will appear on the right side of the browser. We can enter commands directly into the browser to operate Azure. Every time I complete a course, I will get the corresponding badges and scores. I have already reached the 8th level !! This learning experience seems to play games, and I can’t stop it! If you are interested in or have any problems about Microsoft Azure, feel free to contact me . Or you can connect with me through my LinkedIn.
Site Loader Clams have been around for many years and have been shown to be very beneficial to human health. They are a very nutritional source of shellfish and are very low in saturated fat and sodium. They are perhaps the most widely available type of seafood and are covered with many diverse recipes, terms and styles of cooking. There are various types of clams that are being sold as food for human consumption. These include Basidail, Atlantic, Pacific, Adkins and Chubbs. Then there is the New Zealand Clams, the Australian Clams, the Cook Clams and the usual standard. Which is known as mussels. Clams can be found in many forms, scallops, gowns, shells and even cabbage. They are sold as they come, so you can actually control the process when buying clams. Some folks may find this form of seafood a bit finicky, แอบถ่ายใต้กระโปรง so you may want to go with the mussel if you have decided to go that route. You may want to know what types of Clams actually exist, and what health benefits they hold. We shall discuss these aspects in this article. Mussels are found in the digestive tract of both land animals and water animals. They are considered as bivalves due to that fact. These animals suck sap from the natural environment and then they produce the accreted products. These include oil, cereals, juice, bile, parsley, seaweed and the like. It is highly likely that mussels would have created oil, as well as some of the other recipes mentioned. The discovery of oil is quite an interesting one. It is possible that they produced oil using an earlier discovery method that was later refined to produce the present day oil. Another theory also suggests that they produced the oil by harvesting broken or separated shells. If true, this would also explain why they have become so popular in so many cultures. Netflix ฟรี The commercial importance of mussels became quite high in the ancient world, due to their usefulness in the treatment of many infections. Uses of mussel oil Mussel oil is a very special type of oil that is highly prized. It is generally used in cooking, and it is mainly used for the prosciutto method. Very few people use this type of oil, therefore it comes highly recommended that you use it once you start cooking. First of all, you should know that this cooking oil is of a much higher quality than the other cooking oils. This is due to the fact that it contains a higher percentage of the beneficial omega 3 fatty acids. Therefore, it is widely recognized as one of the best frying oils. It is best for the frying of dry matter, such as meat. Salting and other seawater-based salts are also excellent alternative. แอบถ่ายห้องน้ำ Among the salts are Key West Sea Salt and Kaolin. These are natural, vegan, and don’t contain harmful additives. Kaolin comes from theKNK system, which is a self-average refining process. It is made from sea salt and does not contain any chemicals. You will also find that mussel oil is highly recommended, due to the fact that it can protect the body from degenerative diseases, like cancer and diabetes. It can also lower the bad cholesterol, making it extremely healthy for the body. mussel oil is also a good source of omega 3 fatty acids. Here are some of the main benefits of cooking with mussel oil: With this natural healing oil, take it as a part of every meal; Mix plain and salted shells with bread, yogurt, vegetables, fish, meat. ดูหนังชนโรง HD Create unique desserts, by mixing oil, mix and kneading dough. Mussel oil is also an excellent source of food for pets. It is the only cooking oil that is approved by the American Culinary Federation and the Federation of American Culinary Professionals. Other unusable or excess coatings: While using mussel oil, it is also important to use it with other cooking oils. Due to its natural properties, it is advised to also use coconut oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, and canola oil. These oils will not alter the flavor of the mussel oil, and can be used in replacement of the former ones. undue attention to detail: using mussel oil, cooking bibs, utensils and accessories, recipes, and other cooking materials, the cooking process of mussel also helps to enhance the natural flavor of the product. เด็กไทยโชว์หี Therefore, it is important to observe the technique and the materials used in the production of mussel, in order to get the most value out of your purchase. It is also advisable to observe the food guidelines and control processes at commercial cooking schools, before being trusted to work with edible crabs. Others must also undergo cooking for quality and safety.
Menu Home To be a person that possesses HUMILTY is a basic gift that one should have with them all their life. To be HUMBLE, in life, is to be unassuming, free from PRIDE, modest and to always increase their HUMILITY. One that has HUMILITY is one that is VULNERABLE, and is always open to all experiences with the HEART and SOUL, as mentioned in previous posts. Being on the Onondaga Reservation while I went to Syracuse University, I learned early the lesson of having HUMILITY. It was my first and one of many, many lessons. The Onondaga people will always make sure that no one shows off PRIDE and is always GRATEFUL for any “talent” or “skill” they may have been given. When an Onondaga Native is given a complement for “possessing” a “skill” they always GIVE THANKS TO THE CREATOR for that gift. They always demonstrate GRATITUDE, HUMBLENESS. One day a non-native, from Syracuse University lacrosse team, played a lacrosse game on the reservation. He was a good player in school and he was not HUMBLE about his abilities. He spoke highly of his skills to the Native American players. He was the only non-native playing. So the Natives constantly kept knocking him down, even when he did not have the ball. Most of the time he was ROLLING around on the ground. Half way through the game they started to call him “TUMBLE-WEED.” To this day, 60 years later he is called “TUMBLE-WEED.” As said it was his first lesson of HUMILITY, GRATITUDE, HUMBLENESS. Whatever “SKILL,” GIFT you “possess” GIVE THANKS TO THE CREATOR. The Onondaga Natives believe if you do not GIVE THANKS TO THE CREATOR, HE CAN TAKE THE GIFT AWAY. Categories: PERSPECTIVES Philosophical Perspective ron winnegrad 2 replies 1. This message is most relevant to the younger generations who see boasting after a touchdown, a three point basket or a good shot on the line in tennis. The excitement we posses when we accomplish a task, is more relevant and long lasting when we don’t flaunt that experience, but rather accept a compliment from another. As you point out though, even with recognition, a humble acceptance presents “ a class act”. Thanks again Ron Winnegrad for being you 2. I think everyone needs a lesson in how not to be a tumble-weed. Some may need many reminders! Being humble is a hard thing for which we should all strive. Thank you for the wonderful post and reminder about humility and gratitude. Your words touch me every week. 💜 Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
A colleague of mine just made a comment about cooking food in a microwave oven. According to him it is considered to be harmful to one's health. Is it true? • While microwave cooking can destroy more of the vitamins & minerals in food than conventional cooking, there is nothing "harmful" about cooking the same food in a microwave compared with cooking it conventionally. – Nellius Mar 9 '11 at 10:02 • 9 I’ve heard that the opposite is true – i.e. that vegetables cooked in the microwave actually preserve more of their vitamins than those cooked conventionally. Which is plausible at least for water soluble vitamins. Do you have any sources for your claim? Mar 9 '11 at 11:00 • 1 This article ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10554220 describes the effect of microwave heating on Vitamin B12. – Nellius Mar 9 '11 at 11:07 • 1 @KonradRudolph: From personal experience, I can tell you microwaves destroy vitamin C. When I was studying chemistry in college, we exacted vitamin C from peppers cooked in different way (fry pan, boiled, etc.) and compared to raw pepper. Microwave destroyed the vitamin like nothing else. – Borror0 Mar 9 '11 at 14:13 • 7 What exactly is the claim here? Is it about vitamins? Or does he claim that microwave radiation causes cancer? Or that little green men live inside the microwave and inject cyanide into it? Oct 6 '11 at 15:25 According to the Harvard Medical School, the effect on the nutrients in food by a microwave may actually be lower than standard stove-top heating (the microwaves primarily heat up the water in the food, so the other nutrients are more-or-less un-affected). I have copied the discussion they have, with some emphasis to particular things added by me to highlight the answer. Understanding how microwaves work can help clarify the answer to this common question. Microwave ovens cook food with waves of oscillating electromagnetic energy that are similar to radio waves but move back and forth at a much faster rate. These quicker waves are remarkably selective, primarily affecting molecules that are electrically asymmetrical — one end positively charged and the other negatively so. Chemists refer to that as a polarity. Water is a polar molecule, so when a microwave oven cooks or heats up food, it does so mainly by energizing — which is to say, heating up — water molecules, and the water energizes its molecular neighbors. In addition to being more selective, microwave-oven energy is also more penetrating than heat that emanates from an oven or stovetop. It immediately reaches molecules about an inch or so below the surface. In contrast, regular cooking heat goes through food rather slowly, moving inward from the outside by process of conduction. Some nutrients do break down when they’re exposed to heat, whether it is from a microwave or a regular oven. Vitamin C is perhaps the clearest example. So, as a general proposition, cooking with a microwave probably does a better job of preserving the nutrient content of foods because the cooking times are shorter. As far as vegetables go, it’s cooking them in water that robs them of some of their nutritional value because the nutrients leach out into the cooking water. For example, boiled broccoli loses glucosinolate, the sulfur-containing compound that may give the vegetable its cancer-fighting properties as well as the taste that many find distinctive and some, disgusting. The nutrient-rich water from boiled vegetables can be salvaged and incorporated into sauces or soups. But let’s not get too lost in the details. Vegetables, pretty much any way you prepare them, are good for you, and most of us don’t eat enough of them. And the microwave oven? A marvel of engineering, a miracle of convenience — and sometimes nutritionally advantageous to boot. The Harvard Medical School also has a question answer section that discusses what (if any) real dangers are associated with microwaves. Although that article is more about the containers used in microwaves. I was unable to track down any .edu sites that discuss any particular "changes" to food that aren't identical to changes brought on by normal convective heat. There are some dangers associated with uneven heating or super-heating though, which this paper from the University of Iowa addresses. An unrelated, but often conflated question is about food irradiation. Idaho State University provides this 10 question FAQ for those interested. By definition, non-ionizing radiation does not get left behind like ionizing radiation. If it did, then the entire universe would basically be uninhabitable from ionization. Microwaves are far down the EM spectrum compared to ionizing radiation. • 11 I would add that it is also unhealthy if you microwave in something that is not microwave safe as toxic chemicals could migrate into the food from the container (e.g. from most plastics). – Muhd Feb 18 '12 at 7:55 • 1 The nutritional impact on foods isn't exactly the same as the health impacts on food. If, for instance, some cooking method rendered the food radio active, it might leave certain beneficial nutritional properties, while still making the food unsafe to consume. – Flimzy Dec 8 '12 at 5:14 • 10 @Flimzy fair point. Considering that microwaves are non ionizing, the claim of it somehow "irradiating" the food is silly at best. I will add that into the answer though. Dec 8 '12 at 18:57 • Thanks. Although I already knew that claim to be false, it does seem to be the more often-cited claim about the safety of microwaved food in my experience. So good addition to the answer. – Flimzy Dec 9 '12 at 0:30 • @Icode4food fixed it. Jan 27 '13 at 2:17 You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
Category: Research The current study is focused on the notion of “culture shock” as a widely spread reaction of people to the changes in the social environment. Even though the symptoms of such shock existed since the first human travels, the research is quite urgent due to the rapid world globalization and considerable growth of international students. As the majority of such newcomers to the foreign countries have definite social and cultural identity, they meet a number of physical and psychological barriers on the way of their adaptation to the new environment. The aim of this research is to analyze “culture shock” as a complex phenomenon that is predetermined by a number of factors to find the most effective ways of recovering. Rapidly globalized world and its tendencies make people face new difficulties throughout their lifetime. Among such, travelling for business, study or other long- or short-term stay in a foreign country are getting more and more common. However, the attendant changes in the environment are often stressful and may bring negative consequences for such travelers. Therefore, culture shock has become a widely spread phenomenon in the modern world. In fact, this phenomenon has been determined as the most popular reaction of the foreigners to the social and cultural changes. Among a number of possible problems that may appear as a result of new experiences and considerable life changes, the scholars indicate disorientation, depression, and anxiety among others. Hence, there are good reasons to make numerous efforts to find the underlying reasons of the culture shock-related symptoms and the most effective ways to avoid or at least decrease them. The aim of this paper is to analyze the culture shock-related studies and regard the phenomenon of culture shock as a complex problem that needs to be solved to accelerate the individual’s adjustment to the new environment and raise the possible effectiveness in all spheres. What is Culture Shock? The definitions of culture shock may vary according to different scholars. However, they all support the main idea that it is predetermined by the cultural and social changes but may be dependent on the individual peculiarities of a person. For the first time, the term culture shock was introduced by Oberg. He defined culture shock as “occupational disease” caused by sudden transplantation abroad . Hence, being a disease, it should have its own “symptoms, cause and cure” . Xia emphasized that such phenomenon is not only a reaction to a different cultural environment but also the “emotional response to stress” and “psychological disorientation”. Culture shock is caused by the adjustment to a new culture and change of the emotions from being cheerful to depressed because of the radical environment changes. Hence, the strong dependence of the phenomenon on the emotions of a person makes it interconnected with the individual psychology. The term culture shock is mostly used for the collective influence of strange experiences on cultural migrants. Even though changes in the environment are always stressful, they are less difficult when a newcomer is familiar with the differences in advance. At the same time, the false information or complete unawareness can make the migrant behave in the way that is common to the home country. As a result, such people feel lost in the translation of the foreign experiences to the native ones. Historical Background Culture shock as a phenomenon has a long history and existed since the first travel to the foreign countries. Many missioners had this “disease”, but they did not perceive it as such due to the lack of investigations. As a result, some people never recovered and stayed in this state, while the others could successfully recuperate with the help of their personal characteristics and abilities. Nevertheless, the state of culture shock always leaves the trace on the person’s behavior and beliefs. The researches on the foreign adaptation have started approximately 40 years ago. However, there still exists a great amount of unanswered questions regarding the issue. Among them, the influence of such factors as time, aim and competences are regarded as the most influential. The most popular target group for culture shock studies has become international students. Khan and Khan defined that the meeting of two societies primarily becomes the first obligatory factor on the way to creation of such notions as “culture shock” and “academic sojourner.” For academic sojourners, primarily communication that may appear as a supportive factor together with the academic goals becomes the means to get new cultural knowledge. Zhou et al. reported that migration studies and the aspects of the international students’ mental health in 1950s were the initial attempts to research the social and psychological problems that predetermine the culture shock. The primary and traditional approaches to migration were mostly based on investigation of grief, fatalism and selective expectations. Some other scholars focused mostly on negative life events and reactions that accompany social changes. Additionally, the view of the researcher could focus on cross-cultural contact as one that is highly stressful and necessarily needs medical treatment. Finally, the contemporary theories that appeared by 1980s are more oriented to the study of culture shock with regard to social skills and culture learning. The modern views on culture shock are mostly based on the positive actions and attempts to provide the sojourners with the appropriate preparation and orientation that would be relevant for the new culture. New Culture and Individual The nature of the culture shock is closely interrelated with relations between culture and person. Oberg emphasized the influence of the human-created environment with various institutions, system of beliefs and ideas as the background of the personal world perception and reactions. Therefore, a child is born without comprehension of the particular culture but the ability to learn and get used to it. Apparently, this idea can be revealed when getting familiar with the foreign culture. While ethnocentrism by implying the importance of only native culture is a barrier to learning something new, unbiased comprehension of culture equality is a way to learn something new through history, language and values. The differences of one culture from another are the main reasons that cause the feeling of unfamiliarity among foreign people. The feeling becomes crucial while forming the depression, anxiety or feeling of helplessness to a greater or smaller amount. Thus, the mood, self-confidence and overall health of a person become the spheres that demand particular attention in such case. Oberg paid attention to experiences that can be disturbing for the newcomers to a new country such as intestinal disturbances, uncertainties about how to communicate, strange customs, and living conditions. As a result, these factors may commonly lead to aggressive behavior, anxiety, frustration that may become the cause of inability to get adjusted to the new situation. Hence, the above-mentioned aspects should become the main ones when recovering from such state. Recovery from Shock According to Khan and Khan, the perception of the host community represents a complex tendency in the modern world. In fact, the exterior attitudes may either support or scare the newcomers. As the communication is the basic helpful factor, it is important to make people aware of their abilities to influence the mental state of the international guests. At the same time, in the modern world, socio-cultural behavior is largely predetermined by the stereotypes learned through different kinds of media. According to Cushman, primarily, the native-language instructions that would teach the necessary behavior, academic and survival skills, cultural information and citizenship facts are the obligatory steps that would let students avoid many adjustment difficulties. Moreover, different degrees of intercultural and educational competencies are essential features that can predetermine the reaction of the international students. Furthermore, moral support and numerous connections that are making sure that students are encouraged and provided with the proper directions are the crucial tasks of the educational institutions oriented at the proper student’s mental state. Zhou et al. supported a common view on the issue and emphasized such aspects as culture learning, stress and coping, and social identification as the major ones to be regarded when focusing on how to avoid the negative consequences of the culture shock. Oberg stressed that people should earn foreign languages in order to make the common transitions easier. It is worth mentioning that the ability to have a friendly conversation in a strange world is always helpful. Moreover, it can contribute to the knowledge about the common interests, behaviors and habits in the country. Some other steps on the way to better adjustment to the new society include participation in various group activities with the co-workers or classmates. All of the above-mentioned ways to struggle the culture shock can obviously be effective and are aimed at making the transition to the new culture more gradual and the influence on the person’s social identity less sharp. The long history of the human travelling around the world was full of various examples of the barriers that people can meet when finding themselves in a completely strange environment. However, the globalization of the world has made such occasions more frequent and attracted scholars’ attention to study the notion of the culture shock and the ways to avoid it more deeply. Considering the main feature of the phenomenon such as disorientation, aggressiveness, anxiety or depression caused by the inability to adjust to the new environment, the scholars considered it as a complex issue that related to the individual's personal features, communication, cultural competence, value, and language level. The best cure for culture shock includes the study of the foreign language, communication and engagement and cooperation with the groups of people around. Our Advantages Privacy guarantee No personal data is ever disclosed to any third parties. 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10 Things You Didn’t Know About Exceptionally Creative People exceptional creators Belief: The Intersection of Creativity and Culture In Western culture, we consider creativity the province of a select few. But that’s not true of all cultures. In primitive societies, for example, most people participate in creative activities. In more “advanced” ones, creativity becomes something special and therefore an option for fewer and fewer people. In the West, we tend to be concerned solely with the outcome of creativity. The product, so to speak. Asian cultures, on the other hand, are about the process of creativity. They care more about the journey than the destination itself. How do cultures come to such different approaches towards creativity? It might boil down to our beliefs, particularly as they relate to creation. In the west, our story of creation begins with this, “In the beginning God created heaven and Earth.” We take this to mean that God created something from nothing, and thus, we humans tend to approach creation in the same way. This line of thought suggests that the creative act is linear. It says that the creator starts at X and advances until he/she reaches Y. Chinese beliefs Contrastingly, in Chinese culture, the universe, the Tao, has no beginning. There has always been something and there will always be. For the Chinese, the creative act is not one of invention but of discovery. Confucius himself said, “I transmit but do not create.” hindu beliefs The Hindus hold similar beliefs. In Hindu culture, there is nothing to invent, only old truths to rediscover and combine in new, imaginative ways. For Hindus, the creative genius is like a light bulb illuminating a room. The room has always been there and always will. The creative genius doesn’t create or even discover the room. She illuminates it. And this is not insignificant because without illumination, we would remain ignorant of the room’s existence and of the wonders that lie inside. light bulb Personally, I think that our Western version of creation, from the very beginning, has been misconstrued and taken out of context. If you continue reading Genesis, God’s story goes on to say that God always has been and always will be…That we are carefully crafted in His image. Thus, our creation story is closely in line with that of the Chinese or Hindu cultures. It has no beginning and no end. What they call the Universe, we call God. This points us to the rightful conclusion that the creative act is, in fact, non linear. The process of creativity is just as important, if not more so, than the outcome. When we begin to approach creativity in this way, not only does it become more accessible, but also significantly more rewarding. Make Time to Play boy in train station Children are naturally creative primarily because they’re curious and playful. The experiment endlessly, let their minds wander freely, and they experience imaginative worlds with such detail that it’s often clever. Although the adult world is filled with deadlines and pressure, we have to continue to make time to play. It is our duty and our right to create space in our day for imagination. Perhaps then we will be as clever as children. The Big Bang Theory If you’re going to convince me that a printing press explodes and creates Shakespeare… big bang You need to at least be able to tell me how it exploded. Suffering Breeds Just like if humans were to create robots that turn against us, so does suffering breed the very thing that ends it: compassion. Playa Tamarindo at Sunset Playa Tamarindo at Sunset Secrets aren’t just our creations, they’re our creatures… “The problem with keeping secrets is that they’re alive. We like to think that our secrets can lie quietly in our minds, as inert as dirt, but we’re wrong. Secrets aren’t just our creations…they’re our creatures, beings with wills of their own. They grow. They reproduce, as we form new secrets to support the old ones. They even migrate, colonizing the people closest to us (ask anyone from a secretive family). But the scariest thing about secrets is what they want: They want out. The truth constantly tries to escape into the open, and keeping any of it buried invites isolation, obsession, addiction, even complete psychological destruction. On the other hand, random or ill-advised confessions can be disastrous. The only way to find harmony and balance is to learn when, where, why and to whom you should confess your secrets.” – Martha Beck Read more: http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Your-Guide-to-Confessing-Your-Deep-Dark-Secrets#ixzz2mG1h8Uvo We are all Artists If God is the Divine Artist and He created us in His image, then what does that make us? Think about it, as a kid, you probably loved to draw, write, paint, sing, make up dances, make up just about anything really…. But then somewhere along the way, someone told you that you weren’t any good at it, they laughed at your work, or explained to you why being an artist is unrealistic. See we’re all born artists. We all have it in us to create. The problem is staying an artist when you grow up… God didn’t create us because He was lonely and needed us. Just as a songwriter doesn’t write a song because he needs the song. A songwriter writes a song because he needs to communicate himself. So it is with God, when He created us.
Musicians Have Better Memory Than Everyone Else. Here’s Why. Scientists are fascinated by how the brain processes music. How, for example, was Gord Downie able to eventually relearn the lyrics to 90 Tragically Hip songs for the band’s final tour even though he had a temporal lobe and his hippocampus surgically removed? Maybe it’s because musicians have better memory abilities than non-musicians. This is from Pacific Standard magazine: It’s hard to overstate the importance of “working memory“—the ability to retain information even as you process it. For a new fact to have an impact, you need to be able to hold onto it as you consider how it confirms, contradicts, or modifies your previous beliefs. If your ability to analyze situations and solve problems suggests your working memory is particularly sharp, you might want to thank your music teacher—or the parent who pushed you to learn an instrument. new meta-study concludes musicians tend to have stronger short-term and working-memory skills than their non-musical counterparts. The research, published in the online journal PLoS One, finds they also appear to have a small advantage in terms of long-term memory. “Musicians perform better than non-musicians in memory tasks,” writes a research team led by University of Padua psychologist Francesca Talamini. The Italian scholars offer several possible explanations for this, but concede that “none of them seem able to explain all the results.” Keep reading. Alan Cross Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
13 North American Trout Species Broken Down If you’re interested in fishing, then you’re probably interested in knowing about the various species that we’ve listed as North American trout. There are many different species of trout, but there are only 13 of them that we’ll be talking about in this article. All of the following 13 are from the western region of North America, as they are all found in the states of California, Oregon, Washington, and Montana. The trout species that live in North America vary greatly from the ones that live in Europe and Asia, and so does their tastes in where they live. Ever pondered why you see so many different types of trout here in the US? Well, that’s because the fish living in North America are from 13 different species of fish, and none of them are exactly the same. North American trout are divided into three distinct species groups, based upon their preferred habitat. These groups are shallow, deep, and cold-water. Shallow-water trout prefer shallow, warmer, and slower moving water, where they feed on leeches and other invertebrates. Deep-water trout prefer cooler, deeper, and faster moving water, where they feed on smaller invertebrates, as well as fish. The most commonly-spawned cold-water species are the rainbow and brown trout, which may be caught in lakes, rivers, and streams.. Read more about types of trout and let us know what you think. Coty Perry last updated this page on June 8, 2021. There are many more subspecies and mutations of trout than those included in this article. The reality is that most of these fish will never be seen by most of us. Some are very uncommon, while others are rather frequent. In any case, I’ve been trout fishing since I was old enough to spell “trout.” They’re a great game fish to capture, eat, and target. They are undoubtedly one of the most popular game fish in the nation for these reasons. You will know more about trout than you ever imagined by the conclusion of this essay. North American native trout Let’s begin right here, in your own house. If you’re a trout fisherman, chances are you’ve caught a couple of them, regardless of where you reside in the nation. These trout are delicious to eat, enjoyable to catch, and may be found in streams, rivers, and lakes all around the world. Rainbow Trout are a kind of trout that may be Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are unquestionably the monarchs of trout fishing in North America. The pink horizontal stripe that runs down the side of their bodies gives them their name. They have black patches all over their body, including the top and bottom. When contrasted to the forked tails of many other trout, rainbow trout have a square tail. If the pink stripe isn’t particularly distinct, this is another dead giveaway. These guys are native to the west coast, from southern Alaska to Mexico, although they may be found in rivers and streams all across the nation. If you’re like me and live on the east coast and have caught rainbow trout, that indicates they’ve been stocked. Rainbow trout are supplied across the northeast and as far south as Georgia. Steelhead and rainbow trout are often confused. Steelhead trout are anadromous, which distinguishes them from other trout species while being related to them. That fish species spends part of its life in saltwater before returning to breed in rivers. While they have similar coloring, form, bottom fins, and mouths, their behaviors are very different. Rainbow trout may grow to be approximately 16 inches long and weigh between two and eight pounds when fully grown. A natural rainbow fish taken in Canada holds the world record at 48 pounds. Rainbow Trout Capture It’s not difficult to track these guys down since they live in very conventional settings and are supplied in most of the locations you’ll find them. They like freshwater that is cold, has a firm rock bottom, and is shaded by felled or low-hanging trees. They’ll do best in waters that are between 55 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit. You don’t have to be fussy when selecting a trout lure, fly, or bait since they aren’t finicky. They consume insects, eggs, minnows, and worms because they are opportunistic predators. Cutthroat Trout are a kind of cutthroat trout. Cutthroat trout are the second most popular trout species in North America, despite the fact that you may not hear much about them. They may be identified by their prominent crimson lower jaw, which makes them seem to be bleeding. They have considerably fewer black dots on their bodies and are more evenly distributed than rainbow trout. They may be found throughout the western part of the nation, from Colorado to the west coast, in their native environment. They’re common in Canada’s southwest, and you can find them all the way up the coast to Alaska. The fact that there are 11 subspecies depending on breeding and stocking in northern waterways makes recognizing a cutthroat trout difficult. Many national parks have already developed their own species, so expect to see many different varieties of these guys all across the country, north and south. Mature fish may be anything from six inches to twenty inches long and weigh anywhere from a pound to four or five pounds. Cutthroat trout have seen severe habitat loss over the past decade as a result of wood harvesting, construction, mining, and livestock rearing. The trout have been forced to migrate as a result of this. Physical obstacles, such as dams, also play a significant part in their population decrease. Cutthroat Trout Capture Because there is such a wide range of species, there are many different ways to capture them. Cutthroat trout like to hide under fallen and rotting wood cover and may be found in clean lakes, rivers, and streams. With an ultralight reel and tiny larvae or nymphs near river pools, you have the greatest chance of capturing them. Because they prefer to migrate away from cover at night, the ideal time to fish is in the evening, just before dark. Golden Trout are a kind of trout that is found The golden trout is a rare and difficult-to-find alpine fish. These gentlemen are difficult to locate since they reside in some of the most isolated areas of the Rocky Mountains and Cascades. They have a golden body with red stripes going up and down their flanks, making them one of the tiniest trout kinds. They have a distinct spawning and feeding season than the rest of the trout population, which is one of the reasons they’re so unusual and isolated. Because the inspects die out during the winter months, and winter is lengthy in their environment, they reproduce during the summer. As a consequence, their feeding season doesn’t start until March or April, when some Pacific trout are finishing or starting their spawn. Golden trout in the wild may grow up to 12 inches in length, and anything bigger than that is regarded very uncommon. It’s essential to note that they are not to be confused with palomino trout, which we’ll discuss later. Palomino trout are genetically mutated golden trout that will grow considerably bigger in size. Golden trout are a natural species of the American wilderness, while palomino trout are genetically mutant golden trout that will grow much larger in size. Golden Trout Capture Because of the size disparity, experts labeled golden trout as “threatened” after the introduction of brook trout into their habitat. Many wilderness areas have been devoted to golden trout since then. These regions may be found all throughout the Rocky Mountain region and the Sierra Nevada of California. Golden trout are not suggested as a sport fish, therefore there isn’t much information on how to catch them or what kind of habitat to search for them in. If you capture a golden trout, it’s recommended that you handle it gently and release it. Gila Trout is a species of trout native to Arizona. If you’re fishing along the Gila River in the United States’ Southwest Corridor, you may get fortunate and catch a Gila trout. These are yet another endangered trout species that became extinct as a result of invading species sapping all of the resources that native trout previously had. Since then, recovery efforts have allowed these fish to flourish, and the population of the species is growing year after year. Gila trout are distinguished by their brilliant gold belly and copper gill covering. On the top, there are tiny brown dots and a yellow cutthroat mark directly below their mouth. These fish seldom grow to be more than 12 inches long, and they may be found in rivers and small streams throughout New Mexico and Arizona. The Gila National Forest has designated areas for the protection of these fish and their population. They live in coldwater mountain streams that trickle down, and they shelter from groundwater seeps under fallen trees and pools. Gila Trout Capture Because this is a distinct species, I suggest that you use appropriate capture and release techniques. Allow it to go and treat it with care. Because of the severe climate in which they reside, the population is still endangered and will likely always be. There isn’t much information on how to catch them or what lures or methods to use due to conservation efforts. Regardless, they’re still a lot of fun to look at! Apache Trout is a native of Arizona. Let’s take it a step further with our trout species. Apache trout have a limited range of habitat, exclusively inhabiting higher elevation streams in Northern Arizona. They have a gold belly and an olive-colored body. They grow to be a little bigger than Gila Trout, reaching a maximum length of 20 inches, although most of the ones you’ll encounter in tiny streams won’t be more than a foot long. Authorities in Arizona are really beginning to stock these fish in the Silver Creek Hatchery and the Little Colorado River as part of an active recovery strategy. They spawn on gravel in the early spring and achieve sexual maturity by the age of three. Getting an Apache Trout Despite the fact that Apache Trout are a critically endangered species, they are legal to catch and consume. Fishing using tiny spinners like Panther Martins is the best method to catch them since they eat insects and invertebrates. If you’re using wet flies, stick to natural colors and imitations of mayflies. Because grasshoppers are a frequent food source for Apache trout, they are a great live bait option. A state fishing license and a trout stamp are required to catch them. Keep in mind that a lot of the area where you’ll be fishing for this species is Native American tribe property, so you’ll need a special tribal fishing permit. Species of Invasive Trout Many of the gamefish we like fishing for come from all over the globe, as we all know. Bass, salmon, and trout are all native to different nations, but they were introduced here with the best of intentions. Unfortunately, good intentions don’t always work out, as an invading trout species has discovered. Brown Trout are a kind of trout that lives in They’re called brown trout, although they’re not always brown. They are golden in hue, with orange patches and silver bands running along their bodies. They appear more like a salmon than a trout when compared to typical trout. Because of their close kinship with Atlantic salmon, this is the case. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) are one of the most challenging species to maintain because of their size. They live in the same water as smaller trout, but they may grow up to 14 inches long and weigh up to 20 pounds. Brown trout are considerably more tolerant of changing water temperatures than brook trout and can survive nearly everywhere. They feed extensively, which makes them difficult to manage and regulate due to their migratory habits, since they will eat and take over all of the water they travel through. Brown Trout Capture Brown trout, contrary to common opinion, are not simple to catch. They’re a clever species that can tell the difference between a real bug and a fake. Because they like surface lures, you’ll want fish use a spinning topwater or dry fly. Brown trout don’t move around much, and they’d rather remain hidden than take a chance and come out to investigate your fly. They’re not difficult to catch, however, and they put up a good fight when you do. Are Char Trout Actually Trout? The char vs. trout argument will go on indefinitely, and only a few people, like you and me, are aware of the differences. Although they are native to North America, they are not trout. These fish are part of the Arctic’s cold water salmon family. The only way to tell them apart is to look at their light-colored patches. Char has a light backdrop with black dots, while trout and salmon have the reverse. They also like usually cold water temperatures, so early spring and late autumn are the ideal times to look for them. Let’s take a look at four of the most common char species. Brook Trout are a kind of trout that lives in These are some of the most popular trout in the United States. Because they favor tiny streams and usually inhabit regions of low-hanging cover, you’ll need to put on your finest waders. Brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis) need two years to achieve sexual maturity, although they may spawn after just one year. The spawning season for most North American “trout” species occurs between September and October. They are endemic to the northern United States and Canada, and they grow to reach between 8 and 12 inches long. They may be found in large lake-fed streams and as far south as Georgia’s higher elevation areas. Brook trout have been introduced to Europe and Argentina, among other locations. One of the reasons they’re named “brook trout” is that they need a lot of oxygen to survive. This implies they can only survive and flourish in flowing water since all of the oxygen, minerals, and nutrients from lakes and ponds move downstream, allowing them to eat and grow. Brook Trout Capture Brook trout eat plankton and tiny insects, so stick to worms, leeches, and insects if you want to catch them. If you want to catch brook trout using a lure, use rooster tail spinners or anything similar. Make sure the size is tiny and that you won’t capture anything too wild. Because the smaller brook trout outnumber the larger ones, the larger ones seldom come out to eat. Lake Trout are a kind of trout that lives in The big males of the char family, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), may be found in deep waters across the northern part of the nation. They may be found in cold water reservoirs and lakes. When compared to the muskie or walleye found in the United States, they are a significant game fish in Canada. Lake trout are uncommon, difficult to locate, and much more difficult to get into the boat if you hook one. Prepare for a battle if you do. Another fascinating feature about lake trout is that they live for a long time. In isolated areas of Canada and Alaska, they have been known to survive for up to 40 years. This implies that if you know where to look, you may just come upon something massive. Consider what it would be like to eat a 40-year-old fish. It sounds both wonderful and disgusting at the same time. In any case, the average size of a lake trout is about 20 inches, although lake trout as big as 50 inches are not unusual. They’re also sold in other parts of the country, so you may locate them outside of the New England and Great Lakes regions. Lake Trout Capture They eat crustaceans, insects, and tiny fish, therefore baitfish is the best method to catch them. Because of the usual depth that they occupy, one of the things that makes them so difficult to capture is just getting to them. By the time you get to the right depth in the water column, the other fish in the area will have either eaten your bait or chewed it up to the point that the lake trout doesn’t want it anymore. Bull Trout are a kind of trout that lives in The bull trout is a close cousin of the lake trout. These are one of the most common char species in the United States, and they may be found across the Pacific Northwest and Southwestern Canada. Their copper belly, silver upper body, brown eyes, and orange markings help to identify them. There are many different types of trout, but these are particularly lovely. They, like their brothers, grow to be very big, reaching to 40 inches in length, with the majority of them being about 25 inches. They also live for a long time, with the majority of them surviving for about 15 years. When comparing the habitats of bull trout and brook trout, there is just one significant difference. Bull trout thrive in near-arctic conditions, so you won’t find them as often in the United States as you would in Canada. Bull Trout Capture Fishing using lures that resemble a natural baitfish presentation is the greatest method to capture bull trout. Minnows and streamer-type flies are the way to go. Use a spoon or crankbait if you’re employing hard-bodied lures. Keep in mind that because to their size, they are very difficult fish to catch, so you’ll need a good baitcasting reel and braided line. Trout, Dolly Varden The argument is open on this one, so feel free to slam me in the comments, but I think the Dolly Varden is a distinct species of trout. Because many people mistakenly believe it to be the same as an Arctic Char, I haven’t included it in my list. However, I believe there are enough distinctions between them to constitute them separate species. Dolly Varden may be found all throughout Alaska, Canada, and even portions of Northern Washington. One fascinating detail is that they swam across the Pacific Ocean, causing the Dolly Varden population to expand in Japan and Siberia. They aren’t as large as Lake and Bull trout, but they are larger than the typical brook and rainbow trout. They weigh approximately ten pounds and are distinguished by a distinctive side stripe and markings. The stripe’s precise hue varies, although it typically seems to be teal with pink dots. Aside from that, they resemble a bull trout or a cutthroat trout species. Dolly Varden capture These fish are very aggressive, particularly during their spawning period, and they consume a broad variety of foods, so capturing them shouldn’t be difficult if you can find them. They consume a wide variety of insects and larvae, as well as tiny fish. The best method is to use a light action rod with spinners and spoons. Powerbait is also a good choice, although all-natural salmon eggs are preferred. Crossing Over: The Hybrids Throughout North America and Canada, there are a few unusual and uncommon hybrid trout species. The odds of discovering them are little to none, although I’ve seen some bizarre stuff in my time. Tiger Trout are a kind of trout that lives in If you had a catch-and-release competition between brook and brown trout, the winner would be a tiger trout. They may not seem like either, but brook trout have a more distinct worm pattern than rainbow trout. Because they aren’t frequently seen in the wild, your best bet is to capture them in a stocked lake in the Great Lakes area. Tiger trout are usually 18-20 inches long and have an aggressive temperament, biting a variety of various items. Tiger Trout Capture Because of their hybrid nature, these guys can thrive in a variety of environments, so you can anticipate them to be active feeders throughout the most of the season. Because they don’t eat insects, they only eat other fish, using spinners, spoons, and live bait is the way to go. As a result, tiger trout are one of the few species of trout that cannot be caught with a fly. When it comes to trout species, the splake is a contentious topic. They’re a cross between a male brook trout and a female lake trout. They spread rapidly and are mainly found in the country’s midwestern region. They don’t reproduce in the wild, therefore they’re maintained in cages at breeding facilities throughout Canada. They get their name from a cross between speckled and lake trout. They have a more varied appetite and can tolerate various temperatures, including extremely cold and somewhat warm, since they were seeded across the Midwest and are a cross between lake trout and brook trout. Splake Capture Splake may be caught with fly fishing, spin casting, bait casting, and trolling. These fish will eat virtually everything, and since they develop so quickly, they have a voracious appetite and will consume a lot of food. Live bait, such as fish eggs or tiny insects, is also effective. Palomino Trout (Palamino Trout) The palomino trout is one of the coolest kinds of fish, and I saved it for last. These are known as golden rainbow trout, although they are not the same as the golden trout mentioned previously in this article. Throughout the 1950s, these fish were genetically altered and created in captivity. It was a rainbow trout mutation that gave them their brilliant gold-orange hue, which set them apart from the other fish. Of course, their brilliant color and huge size make them a prime target for overfishing and other unethical activities. Palomino Trout Capture There are vast rivers and streams within 25-50 miles of my area that are home to excellent palomino trout. With some of them weighing as much as 13 pounds, Pennsylvania is an excellent location for capturing these creatures. One thing to keep in mind is that palomino trout are very sensitive and wary, so choose a moderate bait and avoid making too much noise with a loud outboard engine or too much movement. Choose a light-action trout rod and a dependable reel. They also have a strong leap for a shallow water fish, so you’ll want to bring a net. Last Thoughts This article included 13 different trout species. Unless we’re very fortunate, most of us will only ever catch a handful of the many kinds of trout found here. That said, it’s good to be well-informed and know a little bit about various trout species so you can brag to your friends and the men at the local tackle store. Trout fishing allows anglers to pursue a wide variety of species. That is most likely why, next to bass fishing, trout fishing is one of the most popular sport fish. Feel free to leave a remark below if you have something to contribute – I read and respond to all of them! Good luck with your endeavors! In the world of fishing, there are many types of fish that will get you into trouble. Browns, rainbows, and cutbows will keep you on the hook for a lifetime. There are also species of fish that are more pleasant to catch than others. Trout, for example, are not only lovely to look at, but they are tasty and can be caught in almost any type of water environment. They are easily identified by a key set of features, which are listed in the table below, and by their particular nomenclature.. Read more about are brook trout native to north america and let us know what you think. Frequently Asked Questions What species of trout are native to North America? The brook trout is native to North America. How many species of trout are there in North America? There are three species of trout in North America. The brown trout, the rainbow trout, and the cutthroat trout. What is the rarest trout in North America? The rarest trout in North America is the brook trout. This article broadly covered the following related topics: • trout species • trout vs salmon • types of trout • rainbow trout hybrid • hybrid trout species
Express Lucasian Chair People separated in time and space, can use the Web to exchange or even develop each other's innermost thoughts, or alternatively their attitudes and desires of everyday life. It is the means of wider dissemination of personal exchange appeared in human history, far ahead of print. This platform has allowed users to interact with many more groups people scattered around the planet, what is possible within the constraints of physical contact or simply the limitations of all other existing media combined. Thus we can conclude that the emergence of the Internet brought undeniable benefits, it has become a powerful tool in the world, but like all technologies they do, it has also brought many consequences, is to make people much more comfortable, work less, and accessible to other unpleasant information, as with any development tool can also be used for malicious purposes. Internet users usually have defects, generating a large dependence of many things descuidandote personal or work. The network is easy to find good information, while another with different characteristics and unpleasant as pornography, graphic violence, terrorism, which applies particularly to children. It is also presumed to be the main source of Piracy and other evils It has produced such as spam, malware, the proliferation of viruses, phishing, etc. Many writers such as Maya Dubin offer more in-depth analysis. "I think computer viruses are human nature: the only way of life we have created so far is purely destructive." (Stephen Hawking) This was the current owner of Express Lucasian Chair of Mathematics (Lucasian Chair of Mathematics), University of Cambridge and a member of the Royal Society of London, of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Sciences of the United States. Despite this the benefits of this new technology are endless and its contribution in the field of trade can not be denied. E-commerce seeks to fulfill the needs of clients based on the benefits they seek, which means that the price depends on the enhancement of the customer, not cost, such opportunities arise when offered differ by elements of marketing other than price, which produces value-laden benefits, such as comfort produced by direct distribution through electronic software distribution. With all these new concepts are created different paths in the wide world of commerce as are the pages of classified ads. These are places where ads are inserted free on products offered, and in turn are available which offer other people, or in these places can be customers or vendors at the same time. The most common is that the product range is very wide, because in them we find free classified ads for buying and selling of mobile phones, apartments, houses, cars, computers, motorcycles, jobs, clothing, furniture, conveyances, animals, second hand , all steps from here, and the best is the interaction between the user and the system is extremely simple.
10/1/13 - the tragedy of the marielitos In today's selection - when Americans hijacked planes to Cuba, the U.S. government requested they be prosecuted as criminals and Cuba complied. But when Cubans hijacked planes to America and the Cuban government made the same request, the U.S. rejected it -- with unexpected consequences: "When Americans had hijacked airplanes to Havana, the U.S. government called them criminals, urged the Cubans to prosecute them -- and Castro complied. Now Castro turned the tables. He called on the American government to prosecute Cuban hijackers with the same vigor with which Cuba prosecuted American hijackers. ... "The Carter administration totally rejected Castro's arguments. Far from prosecuting the newly arrived Cubans, it welcomed the hijackers as heroic freedom fighters. "In early March 1980, following another hijacking, Castro issued a public warning: if the Americans went on giving Cuban criminals a 'hero's welcome,' he would be delighted to send them other lawbreakers as well. A month later Cuban guards were withdrawn from the Peruvian embassy in Havana, which also had followed a policy of granting indiscriminate asylum to all Cubans who asked for it. Within three days nearly eleven thousand Cubans had invaded the embassy compound. If the Peruvians were so determined to take in political dissidents, Cuban officials said, then let them deal with the consequences. "This was only the dress rehearsal for a much bigger drama. At the end of April, the Cuban government opened the little fishing port of Mariel, just outside Havana, to unrestricted navigation between Cuba and the United States. For years Americans had accused Castro of turning his country into a jail, his people into prisoners. Now Castro called the Americans' bluff: anyone who wanted to leave Cuba could leave. But would the Americans accept them? "Within days, the Straits of Florida were the scene of a Dunkirk in reverse, as tens of thousands of Cubans invaded the United States in small boats. These newcomers had no passports, no visas -- no more legal right to enter the United States than any of the other illegal aliens U.S. forces constantly intercepted, arrested and deported. Yet the Navy, Coast Guard and Immigration and Naturalization Service did nothing to stop them. Castro not only had sprung his trap, he had baited it well. U.S. officials had no choice but to let wave after wave of undocumented Cubans land in Florida: to turn them back would have proven Castro's claims that the United States was applying a double standard, and given him an even greater propaganda victory. The Mary Evelyn arrives with crowded Cuban Refugees "Officials in Washington tried to conceal their embarrassment. Officials in Havana made no effort to hide their glee. 'This was a very erroneous policy of the Carter administration -- to consider everyone who wanted to leave Cuba for the United States as a heroic dissident,' Cuban vice-president Carlos Rafael Rodriguez told reporters. 'The United States is now paying the consequences.' "Washington may have made the mistake, but it was Miami that paid the price. Over the next five months, more than 120,000 Cubans sailed north to Florida from Mariel. After landing at Key West, they headed straight for Miami. But these 'heroic dissidents' didn't consist only of Castro's political opponents. Good as his word, he was also getting rid of Cuba's misfits and most hardened criminals. "Soon the Orange Bowl was packed with penniless refugees all sleeping on bleachers, and with no possessions other than the clothes they wore and a seemingly inexhaustible supply of weapons. Tent City, a collection of leaky canvas shelters and portable toilets that sprang up beneath I-95, the city's main freeway, housed thousands more Marielitos. ... "Miamians, initially at least, were more ashamed than frightened to find tens of thousands of jobless, homeless, rootless foreigners camping out under their freeway. ... Soon Marielitos were invading South Miami Beach's welfare hotels, mugging its elderly Jewish retirees, robbing its delicatessens, staging cockfights in erstwhile kosher dining rooms. Young male prostitutes now patrolled Lummus Park, where, hitherto, elderly men in yarmulkes and beards had read the Talmud aloud. Taking to the free-enterprise system with a vengeance, other Marielitos turned the Deco district into a drug peddlers' paradise. Still others quickly mastered the intricacies of the food stamp and welfare programs. "Not all Marielitos found Miami so congenial. Dozens, disenchanted with life in America, hijacked planes back to Cuba, giving Castro new support for his assertions that the promise of America was false. Of the twenty-seven U.S. airliners hijacked to Cuba between the beginning of 1981 and the end of 1983, twenty-four were seized by Cuban 'refugees' so eager to escape the United States they didn't care if returning home meant going to prison: "Cuban officials pointedly informed the U.S. government that twenty-six persons had been tried, and convicted, for such offenses. ... "The majority [of the Marielitos] were poor and unskilled. Almost none were the valiant 'freedom fighters' both officials in Washington and people in Miami had imagined all those who wished to leave Castro's Cuba, by definition, had to be. But more than 100,000 out of the 125,000 were basically law-abiding folk. Thousands more -- drug addicts, prostitutes, drifters, flagrant homosexuals, unruly teenagers -- were 'criminals' only by Castro's socialist-puritan standards. "That, however, couldn't change the fact that many were criminals. Even though more than a thousand convicted felons were arrested upon arrival in the United States, [Cesar] Odio ... estimated that of those who got through to Miami, ten thousand were 'violent types' and two thousand more were hard-core criminals. This was an estimate subsequent events amply bore out. Following the arrival of these 'refugees,' crime in the neighborhoods abutting Tent City increased 400 percent. As the Marielitos learned to find their way around the city, crime statistics -- in every category from rape and murder to petty larceny and auto theft -- soared everywhere else as well. T.D. Allman Miami: City of the Future University Press of Florida Copyright 1987 by T.D. 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Online Courses (English) This just in: State PCS Daily Updates Indian Polity Repealing a Law • 20 Nov 2021 • 3 min read Why in News Recently, the Prime Minister of India announced that the three contentious farm laws that were passed in 2020 would be repealed in the upcoming winter session of Parliament. Key Points • Article 245 of the Constitution gives Parliament the power to make laws for the whole or any part of India, and state legislatures the power to make laws for the state. • Parliament draws its power to repeal a law from the same provision. • For repeal, the power of Parliament is the same as enacting a law under the Constitution. • A law can be repealed either in its entirety, in part, or even just to the extent that it is in contravention of other laws. • Sunset Clause: Legislation can also have a “sunset” clause, a particular date after which they cease to exist. • For example, the anti-terror legislation Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act 1987, commonly known as TADA, had a sunset clause, and was allowed to lapse in 1995. • Repealing: For laws that do not have a sunset clause, Parliament has to pass another legislation to repeal the law. • Laws can be repealed in two ways - either through an ordinance, or through legislation. • Ordinance: In case an ordinance is used, it would need to be replaced by a law passed by Parliament within six months. • If the ordinance lapses because it is not approved by Parliament, the repealed law can be revived. • Repealing through Legislations: The government will have to pass the legislation to repeal the farm laws in both Houses of Parliament, and receive the President’s assent before it comes into effect. • All three farm laws can be repealed through a single legislation. • Usually, Bills titled Repealing and Amendment are introduced for this purpose. It is passed through the same procedure as any other Bills. • The last time the Repealing and Amending provision was invoked was in 2019 when the Union government sought to repeal 58 obsolete laws and make minor amendments to the Income Tax Act, 1961 and The Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017. Source: IE SMS Alerts Share Page
Why You Need to Back Up Your Computer Daily/Automatically February 10, 2017 POP stands for Post Office Protocol. It is an older protocol and was developed in the mid-1980s,when we did not have high-speed broadband internet and storage was expensive (in those days, 1MB of magnetic storage cost around $160, and that amount would be worth $373 today). Therefore, storing electronic mail on email servers was out of the question. Not only would it have cost a fortune to email service provider, the computers of the time were also not capable of storing such a large amount of data. The solution was to let users pay for their own storage, according to how much email they had. So the POP protocol was devised, which doesnt store any email on email servers, but forwards them to the user, who stores it on his/her computer. If you use an email client to access your email, then POP is a good option. However, the problem is that you cannot access your email on another device. Webmail services like Gmail and Yahoo!Mail use the IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), where the emails are stored on the email server itself – this means that you can access them anytime, anywhere and on any device. The same email can be now be read, archived, forwarded or deleted on your work computer, your laptop at home or your iPhone. The cost per GB is now less than $0.03 (and 1 GB is roughly equivalent to 1000 MB, making the cost per MB of storage extremely small) and so the cost factor does not come into play. Larger internet bandwidths also make it easy to download and read emails stored on email servers. The Microsoft Exchange advantage MAPI (Messaging Application Program Interface) is a protocol that goes a step further IMAP. It was developed by Microsoft during the early 1990s and the reason was to enable MicrosoftOutlook (Microsofts email client) to communicate with Microsoft Exchange, which is Microsofts email server. Microsoft Exchange is better than POP3 (the latest version) or IMAP-based email servers because it lets its users have the added functionality of syncing emails with Contacts and Calendar. Your Calendar can also be shared with others, and vice-versa, meaning it doubles up as a productivity tool everyone can see what is scheduled for when, and on which date. Microsoft Exchange, now, also lets you unsend or edit sent emails, as long as they have been sent to others in the same domain.
What is Sea Glass Sea Glass from coves in Hawaii What Is Sea Glass? Sea glass and Beach glass are similar but come from two different types of water. Beach glass comes from fresh water and in most cases has a different pH balance, and has a less frosted appearance than sea glass. Sea glass takes 20 to 30 years, and sometimes as much as 50 years, to acquire its characteristic texture and shape. Sometimes also colloquially referred to as "Drift glass" from the longshore drift process that forms the smooth edges. How sea glass is made? Where do you find sea glass? Sea glass can be found all over the world, but the beaches of the northeast United States, Bermuda, Fort Bragg, California, Benicia, California, North Carolina beaches, Scotland, northwest England, Mexico, Hawaii, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Nova Scotia, Australia, Italy and southern Spain are famous. What is Sea Glass Sea Glass Mural by Mary Deal 1. Bar Harbor, Maine 2. Fort Bragg, California 3. Fort Smallwood Park, Maryland 4. Gloucester, Massachusetts 5. Lake Erie, Pennsylvania 6. Lake Michigan, Michigan 7. Port Allen, Kauai, Hawaii 8. Port Townsend, Washington 9. Vieques, Puerto Rico 10. Woodland Beach, Delaware What is Sea Glass Glass Beach (Glass Beach, Fort Bragg, California, USA). When to look? The peak time to search is right before or after a low tide; during full-moon periods, when tides are stronger; or after a storm, when currents may have stirred up long-buried lumps. See also: Emerald Weighing More Than 600 Pounds Found in Brazil Top Spots For Gem Hunting In The US
Mucoadhesion Case Study 1160 Words5 Pages Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Mucoadhesion is due to strong interaction between chemical groups of polymers and mucosal lining of the tissues. Mucin, the principal component of mucus, is responsible for the gel-like properties of the mucus. Mucin, basically glycoproteins, which consist of a protein core covalently attached over its length with carbohydrate chains. Mucus helps in protecting the tissues from chemical and mechanical damages using its lubrication properties. Mucoadhesive interactions achieved mainly by hydrogen bonding of carboxyl, hydroxyl and other hydrogen bonding groups between glycoprotein and mucin.1 Transmucosal delivery of therapeutic agents attained much attention compared to other methods of drug delivery in recent days. Transmucosal…show more content… However, typical controlled release formulations are limited by insufficient retention in the stomach. The strategies which are developed to overcome this includes, (a) low density floating DDS b) high density DDS retains in the lower part of the stomach, (c) mucoadhesive delivery systems, (d) swellable which unfolds in the stomach to hinder its escape through the pyloric sphincter. An alternative strategy which combines bioadhesion with the ability to expand by swelling, would be beneficial. This may overcome challenges for oral mucoadhesive systems such as harsh environment of the stomach, which, due to its low pH, results in an inactivation of a wide range of drugs. And also, it prevents the low residence time of the drug at the site of absorption due to wash out effect in the GI tract due to the intestinal motility. Mucoadhesive controlled drug delivery systems are very beneficial, since they provide a controlled drug release over time and localize the drug to a specific site of the body. The prolonged residence time of the drug in the body is believed to prolong duration of More about Mucoadhesion Case Study Open Document
KRH Care Anywhere What is the flu? The flu, or influenza, is a respiratory infection that is highly contagious. You can get the flu at any age, and most people recover in a few days without medical care. However, influenza can be very dangerous for elderly people, newborn babies and people with certain chronic illnesses. What are symptoms of the flu? Flu symptoms usually begin suddenly and may include: • Fever • Body or muscle aches • Headache • Fatigue • Nasal congestion, runny nose or sneezing • Chills • Cough • Sore throat How is the flu treated? People who are otherwise healthy and get the flu will usually recover at home with rest, plenty of fluids and over-the-counter medicines. Your provider may prescribe medicine to lessen the symptoms and help your body fight the infection. Seeking treatment within the first 24 to 48 hours can help reduce the duration of the flu. Receiving a yearly flu vaccination and practicing good hand hygiene are some of the best ways to avoid the flu altogether. Talk With an Online Provider Now
Lambda Expressions With the advent of LINQ in C# 3.0 the use of functions as arguments to higher-order query operator functions was to become a day-to-day activity for developers, having to write query expressions like the following: int[] numbers = new [] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };var evens = numbers.Where(delegate (int i) { return i % 2 == 0; });var odds = numbers.Where(delegate (int i) { return i % 2 != 0; }); You will agree that the preceding code is still quite overloaded with syntactical noise that comes from the use of anonymous function expressions: delegate and return keywords, and curly braces. Note: Concise syntax matters Simplified query expression syntax exists in C# 3.0, reducing the need to deal with the ... Get C# 5.0 Unleashed now with O’Reilly online learning.
Automatic Sprinkler Systems In accordance with Building and Plumbing Bylaw (Bylaw No. 3710), all new residential buildings and building upgrades are required to install an automatic sprinkler system. Automatic sprinkler systems supply water to a network of individual sprinklers, each protecting an area below them. These sprinklers open automatically in response to heat, and spray water on a fire to put it out or keep it from spreading. Contrary to popular belief, only those sprinklers near the fire operate and spray water. Sprinklers Save Lives The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) estimates that the risk of surviving a fire increases by one to two thirds in public buildings and private homes equipped with sprinkler systems. Because sprinkler systems act so early in the course of a fire, they reduce both the heat and flames and the amount of smoke produced in a fire. Dispelling Myths About Automatic Sprinklers Despite the proven effectiveness of automatic sprinkler systems in slowing the spread of fire and reducing loss of life and property damage, many people resist the idea of home sprinkler systems because of widespread misconceptions about their operation: Myth #1: The water damage from sprinklers is worse than a fire. A sprinkler will control a fire with a tiny fraction of the water used by fire department hoses, primarily because it acts so much earlier. Automatic systems spray water only in the immediate area of the fire and can keep the fire from spreading, thus avoiding widespread water damage. Myth #2: Sprinklers go off accidentally, causing unnecessary water damage. Accidental water damage caused by automatic sprinkler systems is relatively rare. One study concluded that sprinkler accidents are generally less likely and less severe than mishaps involving standard home plumbing systems. Myth #3: Sprinklers are unattractive. Sprinklers don’t have to be unattractive. Pipes can be hidden behind ceilings or walls, and modern sprinklers can be inconspicuous-mounted almost flush with walls or ceilings. Some sprinklers can even be concealed. Sprinkler Installation Commercial or residential automatic sprinkler systems should be installed by a qualified contractor who adheres to NFPA codes and standards and/or with local fire safety regulations. Building Division Tel 604.927.5444 Fax 604.927.5404 Location and Mailing Address 2nd Floor, City Hall, 2580 Shaughnessy Street Port Coquitlam BC V3C 2A8
Dubia Cockroach Culture \| Livefood For Freshwater Fish Updated: Aug 24, 2020 Dubia cockroach cultures have, for a long time, been very popular with reptile, amphibian and tarantula keepers around the world, but it may be surprising to learn that many fish keepers culture these insects too. Eating insects is quite natural as insects and their larvae often constitute a significant portion of a freshwater fishes' natural diet. Studies into various freshwater species, from pufferfish to stingrays demonstrate that insects are a very important food source. Take the Colomesus asellus (the Amazon Puffer) for example. Almost half of their natural diet (48.63%-49.9%) is Ephemeroptera (mayfly). Feeding live-insects - as a part of a varied and balance diet - to our captive fish can be very beneficial. This is precisely why many renowned manufacturers now offer insect based fish foods, but culturing livefoods at home provides a level of self-sufficiency, greater control over your animal's diet and direct access to a renewable supply of healthy feeder insects. This is why livefood cultures appeal not only to those who are looking to save money (although saving money is a welcomed consequence), but also those who want the best for their animals. Raising you own feeder insects has additional benefits such as having access to different sized cockroaches, from little to large, to suit the size/type of predator. Cockroach cultures are not only a very popular choice because of their nutritional value, but also because - compared to other livefood cultures - cockroaches are easy and inexpensive to maintain, require relatively little space and are also very hardy and readily available. Dubia cockroaches This article will focus on the requirements of Blaptica dubia (photographed above). The requirements of other species of cockroach may differ. The B.dubia is a species of cockroach, from Central and South America, which grows to approximately 40–45 mm (1.5-1.77 inches). It is the most commonly cultured species of cockroach and they are known to most as the Dubia cockroach, South-American cockroach or Orange-spotted cockroach. Why B.dubia? Their popularity as a feeder insect is owed mostly to the following characteristics: • Their excellent nutritional value • They can not climb smooth, vertical surfaces • They are very slow moving and cannot jump • They are quiet, unlike crickets • They can not bite • They are not capable of sustained flight • They produce a very low odour, unlike some other species of cockroach • They reproduce relatively quickly • They are very capable of withstanding a variety of different stressors What you need: • A storage container (read Housing) • A Drill (read Ventilation and humidity) • Maybe a heat mat and thermostat (read Temperature) • Thermometer • Hydrometer • Egg crate flats (read Egg Crates) • B.dubia cockroaches Blaptica dubia mating and lifecycle 1. Mating occurs when the male deposits a sperm packet in the female. This sperm packet inhibits the female from further mating. 2. Females then lay an ootheca (egg case) which is incubated internally. 3. The gestation period is approximately 28 days. After gestation, anywhere from 20 to 40 young nymphs (approximately 2-3mm) will emerge from the female. 4. The nymphs will reach sexual maturity in approximately 120 days, depending on temperature and nutritio
Are you familiar with the biggest threats to our oceans? This question and the following factuality lead us to the topic of this article, but first and foremost, let us address the issue of the oceans which gives us the context. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) gave a sobering warning followed by a rough estimation of twelve years to limit climate change. The oceans, or 97% of the Earth’s water, are the critical point of this issue. I would hate to be the bearer of bad news, but the human species is responsible for this decrease in our quality of life. Because, yes, we depend on the water on this planet, it sustains all life on Earth, and somehow we did manage to risk it all. Plastic pollution; oil drilling and pipelines; melting ice caps; dying coral reefs; and overfishing; the five critical treats of our oceans. Complete Architecture Package for Design Studios There are a lot of profit/non-profit, governmental or independent/ private organizations and networks working on this matter, in collaboration with people from different spheres of the sectors of society and its branches. Parley for the Oceans is an environmental organization and global collaboration network, working on raising awareness precisely about the unprecedented importance of the Oceans, thus operating on explorative avenues for sustainable creating, thinking, and living on our blue planet. Inspired by many, especially by the advocacy and work of Parley for the Oceans, Spark Architects designed The Beach Hut. Beach Hut in Singapore, by Sparks Architects: A Modern and Modular Approach - Sheet1 ©/Beach Hut by Spark Architects/ The Beach Hut is not yet a project that has seen the light of the day, however, its purpose picked attention since its proposal in 2016, and it won the Experimental Future Project Award at World Architecture Festival, the same year. The purpose of a project such as this is to educate the public of the harmful ways we entertain on an every-day basis or in other words, dumping plastic and other waste material in the waters of our system. In short, to bring awareness to the problem that ocean trash inflicts. In that matter, Spark’s project core is based on the act of using millions of tons of plastic waste from the oceans to build a series of usable architectural pieces along the shoreline of Singapore’s East Coast Park. Inspired by the colourful Victorian beach houses line, stretching from the North Coast of Norfolk, UK to Muizenberg, their Beach Hut are colourful “pine cones” structures, animating the shoreline, thus rendering rental accommodation for the “weekend beach campers”. Beach Hut in Singapore, by Sparks Architects: A Modern and Modular Approach - Sheet2 ©/Beach Hut by Spark Architects/ HDPE (high-density polyethylene) is a type of plastic, and a large percentage of it is found in the Oceans. 30 million tonnes of HDPE is registered to be produced annually on a world scale, and only a small percentage of it is enough to endanger the water and the life-cycles it supports. It is a non-biodegradable plastic (plastic bottles, yoghurt pots, etc.), takes centuries to decompose, and carries a serious environmental threat and a threat to ocean life. In that matter, it is imperative for the ocean waste to be collected, recycled, and re-used, not just for The Beach Hut, but for potential future projects in other industrial branches and the design of many sustainable products with recycled material as they become. Complete Architecture Package for Students Beach Hut in Singapore, by Sparks Architects: A Modern and Modular Approach - Sheet3 ©/Beach Hut by Spark Architects/ For the Beach Hut, Spark proposes for the HDPE waste material from the ocean to be recovered, colour-coded, shredded, and the granules which are the result of the shredding to be poured into customized shingle-shaped moulds, type of 3dimensional fish scales, and then used as “a skin” for the structures. “The skin” is to be designed in the same way traditional roof shingles would be aligned. In practicality, HDPE as a polymer possesses flexible properties, enabling a variety of easy recyclable undertakes and produced applications. Beach Hut in Singapore, by Sparks Architects: A Modern and Modular Approach - Sheet4 ©/Beach Hut by Spark Architects/ The underlying structure of The Beach Hut relies on a precast concrete stem with colourful aggregate due to different types of recycled glass. A cross-laminated timber frame would be the responsible shaping module of the hut, giving the curving shape of it, onto which the recycled HDPE tiles would be mounted. The “scales” of the hut would be laminated with thin-film PV (photo-voltaic) which will help generate sufficient power for the LED lighting of the hut and the interior ceiling fan. Each hut would be accessible through a retractable steel rope ladder and a trap door. The Beach Huts are self-sustainable, with solar-powered battery units, naturally ventilated, and offer a sea view via the vision panel. With their design, the huts provide shelter from wind and rain, offer privacy, enjoyment, and a level of basic “glamping” experience. Beach Hut in Singapore, by Sparks Architects: A Modern and Modular Approach - Sheet5 ©/Beach Hut by Spark Architects/ The Beach Hut is a promising project, not just for its purpose, but for all potential future projects of a similar kind. The purpose of architectural practice, such as Spark Architects and many more, to innovate, not only for the sake of our profession but with the additional purpose of protecting our livelihood, the livelihood of other species here on Earth and to set new standards for the future. The purpose of a country as Singapore prepared to take the matter seriously, devote resources, time, and caring to its maritime environment, invest in innovative avenues to pursue sustainable solutions to protect the ocean’s ecosystem, and to protect our planet. We all should follow in their footsteps, in one way or another. Write A Comment
Wild immunology Amy B. Pedersen, Simon A. Babayan Research output: Contribution to journalEditorialpeer-review In wild populations, individuals are regularly exposed to a wide range of pathogens. In this context, organisms must elicit and regulate effective immune responses to protect their health while avoiding immunopathology. However, most of our knowledge about the function and dynamics of immune responses comes from laboratory studies performed on inbred mice in highly controlled environments with limited exposure to infection. Natural populations, on the other hand, exhibit wide genetic and environmental diversity. We argue that now is the time for immunology to be taken into the wild. The goal of 'wild immunology' is to link immune phenotype with host fitness in natural environments. To achieve this requires relevant measures of immune responsiveness that are both applicable to the host-parasite interaction under study and robustly associated with measures of host and parasite fitness. Bringing immunology to nonmodel organisms and linking that knowledge host fitness, and ultimately population dynamics, will face difficult challenges, both technical (lack of reagents and annotated genomes) and statistical (variation among individuals and populations). However, the affordability of new genomic technologies will help immunologists, ecologists and evolutionary biologists work together to translate and test our current knowledge of immune mechanisms in natural systems. From this approach, ecologists will gain new insight into mechanisms relevant to host health and fitness, while immunologists will be given a measure of the real-world health impacts of the immune factors they study. Thus, wild immunology can be the missing link between laboratory-based immunology and human, wildlife and domesticated animal health. Original languageEnglish Pages (from-to)872-880 Number of pages9 JournalMolecular Ecology Issue number5 Publication statusPublished - Mar 2011 Dive into the research topics of 'Wild immunology'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Cite this
Table of Contents What Is The Earwig? From the Dermapter family, these small insects stand out in the Syracuse insect public thanks to their smooth, elongated bodies. Also, located on these smooth, bodies, you’ll find what is commonly referred to as cerci. These are forecep-like abdominal appendages that give the pest pinching abilities. While these pinchers are more curved on the male, both of the species have them. In addition to this, there are both winged and wingless members of this species. The winged members usually have front and back wings. Despite this, they hardly ever choose to fly. They do have the capabilities but choose not to utilize them. The wings are leathery and membranous, while the bodies are a reddish or dark brown color. Most members of the earwig family are rather small, but there are one species that can grow to be as large as three inches. This is the Helena Giant Earwig species. There are over 900 different know species, but it is the Giant Earwigs that are the biggest. All earwigs are usually found in moderate to warm climates. These bugs draw their name from the common myth that they burrow into human’s ear where they’ll lay eggs in the brain. Luckily, this is just a popular misconception. Why Do People Have Earwigs? Earwigs might prefer warmer climates, but they won’t turn down dark, damp, and dank areas either. If you find them in the home, these will be among the areas they travel to. They usually enter the home through cracks and crevices seeking shelter in warm, dark, damp, and dank areas. These bugs are nocturnal, which means you’ll only see them at night. They sleep during the day and come out to play at night. This is just one of the many things that can make elimination trickier. In addition to all this, earwigs are also drawn to mites, house plants, and fleas. They feed on these things. So, what it comes down to is, if you have earwigs in the home, they are either seeking shelter or looking for food. Find and eliminate these things, and you’ll be well on your way to eliminating your problem. While this might sound simple, it can be much harder than most would ever imagine. Some of the most common areas in which you can find these bugs are basements, bathrooms, and kitchens. You’ll find them during the evening hours, as they are nocturnal. Are Earwigs A Threat? Earwigs in the Syracuse area are nothing more than a threat. Yes, they do have those cerci devices that they can pinch with, but their pinch is so weak that it doesn’t even puncture the skin. They don’t carry venom or diseases, which is always a big plus when it comes to safety. The bug is most commonly known for its ability to wreak havoc on plants and gardens, and this is exactly what they’ll do if given the chance. They can get into delicate blooms and eat the buds or pedals. How To Eliminate Earwigs If you want to eliminate earwigs in the home, you are first going to have to deal with the population outside. These pests are getting in from the outdoors and there is where you’ll have to start. You’ll want to start by tackling potential points of entry. Look for cracks and crevices around the foundation, doors, and windows. They are also attracted to moisture as well as light. Porch lights and outside lighting can be a huge lure. If lighting is essential, you might want to consider opting for sodium vapor lights. The light gives off a yellow allure and is much less attractive to the bugs. Do all this and seal all the potential entry points with caulking, and you’ll have likely eliminated your problem. Once again, this is all much harder said than done, otherwise, we wouldn’t be in business. A lot of people have trouble doing these things. And, it’s not just as easy as getting out there and doing it. It takes quite a bit of knowledge and know-how to accomplish these things. Either way, we are here for you and willing to handle the task for you. Whether it be prevention, elimination, or simple questions, you can give our Syracuse offices a call. When Can You Get Here? We truly believe we miles above the rest of the Syracuse pest management industry. And, this is not only because we hold ourselves and employees to higher standards, but we utilize new technologies and continue learning. Applying tried and tested pest management methods with today’s technology allows us to take an entirely different approach to the pest management world. You can see how we stay pretty busy. That being said, we are more than willing to adapt when needed. Give us a ring, and we’ll have someone out at the property within 24 to 48 hours to assess it. We do, however, have emergency services available when they are needed. Are There Safe Alternatives? Whenever possible, our Syracuse offices try natural and eco-friendly treatments. While these treatments aren’t always applicable in every situation, we utilize them whenever possible. When not possible, we make use utilize techs that are properly trained in handling hazardous chemicals. All our techs are EPA certified and trained properly on how to handle pesticides. We take your safety extremely seriously along with the safety of our employees. We Accept:
What is parallel editing? How and when to use this editing transition Parallel editing, also known as cross cutting, is an editing technique where you cut back and forth between two or more different scenarios. By doing so you can relate the action or characters in those scenarios to each other. The different scenarios can be from the same scene, or (more often) from completely different scenes. Perhaps the most famous example of parallel editing in film is Christopher Nolan’s 2010 film Inception. You know, the film where the characters plug themselves into a dream within a dream within a dream. It’s a headfuck of a plot but is a good example of parallel cutting between time/location. BUT, this is just one way to use parallel editing; in order to intensify the action. There are many other ways to use parallel editing other than to intensify action scenes. We’ll get on to those in a sec. Some say that the first film to use parallel editing was The Great Train Robbery (1903) by Edwin S. Porter, but that’s not entirely true. If you watch the film here, you’ll notice that the character’s storylines are told independently with no intercutting. A more relevant example is Louis J. Gasnier’s 1908 short The Runaway Horse (Le cheval emballé). In this very early film we cut between external and internal to give emphasis to the actions of the horse. Without this intercutting the plot of the film falls flat. There are a few reasons you may want to use the parallel editing technique: 1. To intensify the action in a scene 2. To create context between two characters/scenes 3. To show two scenes in two different locations play out simultaneously 4. To connect two storylines 5. To create tension or suspense 6. To create a paradox By cutting between two shots you are effectively adding together the elements of each scene. Depending on what you want to achieve, there are a few different approaches to parallel editing in film. Below you’ll find explanations of the different types of parallel editing and when you might want to use them. By intercutting between two scenes you can add together the intensity of each scene to create an overall feeling of greater intensity. For example, imagine you have two scenes back to back, each with an intensity of 6 out of 10. By cutting back and forth between the two scenes you can ramp up the intensity to around 8 out of 10. This is how Christopher Nolan uses parallel editing to great effect in Inception. By parallel editing between scenes in two different timeframes (e.g. the present and the past), you can create comparisons and contrast between them. A shot of someone looking out of a window at an empty street might provide little context. Now imagine the same shots intercut with sepia toned versions of the same scenes, but instead of an empty street that person looks out of the window as their lover leaves for work for the last time. We wouldn’t know this was the last time they saw each other without the context from both timeframes. Parallel editing between two different locations essentially shrinks the world in which our characters live. This is most common when cutting between two people talking to each other on the phone. We can also create contrast between these two locations to help with the story: Imagine two sisters are talking on the phone. One sister is talking from a messy household with kids running around screaming in the background. The other sister is talking on the phone from a beach as she tans with a cocktail by her side. We’ve created a clear and evident backstory about the drastically different life decisions these two siblings took. Boom. Just two intercut shots have created an entire narrative. By parallel editing between two storylines we can give clear evidence of how the two stories are connected. Usually the two storylines meet at some point, normally towards the end of the story. It’s a technique used across the entire Lord of The Rings series of films. One group goes off and does one quest, while another group does another quest to help out the main quest. Eventually they all meet and pat each other on the back and tell each other what an awesome journey they had. You’ll find most TV series’ do this. Each character has their own storyline that intertwines into the main storyline that they all follow. You know all of those movies that have you really tense because you know that someone is about to get f’d up. They probably used parallel editing. You’ll find good use of parallel editing in The Silence of the Lambs – the 1991 film directed by Jonathan Demme and edited by Craig McKay. The parallel editing in The Silence of the Lambs cuts between two tense scenes. One scene unfolds indoors as a serial killer panics with a victim. Another scene unfolds as the police are surrounding the house outside, ready to break in and raid the place. No character on the inside is aware of what is happening outside, and nobody outside is aware of what is happening indoors. As the two scenes intercut they play against each other, ramping up the tension to unfold in an unexpected climax. Check it out: If the two scenes played out straight, one after the other, the action would not have felt anywhere near as tense. The editor talks about editing that scene here. The versions above cover how parallel editing can join together two character’s stories. Usually in a way that improves the telling of the story. But you can also edit together two opposing shots purely to create contrast (or ‘ juxtaposition’ if you’re a film student 😉 ). The second scene may not even contain any of the established characters. There is a very early example of this in D. W. Griffith’s 1909 short film A Corner in Wheat. The story follows a tycoon as he monopolises the wheat industry, eventually pricing out the very people that grow the wheat crop. The film intercuts between the rich celebrating their riches and the poor queuing in the bakery without enough money to buy the bread. The characters in the queue are none we are familiar with. This is almost like a kind of reaction shot. Using parallel editing to intercut between the action and the result of that action can create an interesting contrast. There is also contrast between the two classes of society, in many ways. You can use the same technique to create contrast of any type if it fits in the narrative. Here are a few more great examples of parallel editing/cross cutting in film. The intercutting at play here in The Godfather is amazing. If the baptism had just played out linearly in its own scene, it would have fallen flat. It would have killed the pacing of the movie. However, intercut between the violence of the shootouts and you have an incredible example of parallel editing to create contrast. Michael becomes the child’s godfather whilst simultaneously becoming ‘The Godfather’. This scene in The Untouchables is a great example of parallel editing within the same scene. By cutting back and forth to the pram falling down the stairs, the action has been intensified. There is something else at stake amongst the shootout – the life of the innocent baby. Cloud Atlas is like one 3-hour-long parallel edit. Well worth a watch. Whilst this opening scene does not strictly cut back and forth between all the timelines, there is an interplay and correlation between the timelines of each scene. This becomes apparent as the film plays out. For more examples of parallel editing in film, see every Chistopher Nolan film. The guy has built his career using parallel editing. Noteworthy examples are Interstellar, The Dark Knight, Dunkirk, and of course Inception. There are a few tricks you can use to help with the cohesiveness of your parallel editing. Only use parallel editing to help tell the story. If the two scenes you are intercutting between don’t relate to each other, all you’ll do is confuse the viewer. Inception is a parallel editing nightmare (from an editor’s perspective). Probably the most advanced example of the technique in action. But as a viewer it’s fairly easy to understand what’s going on in what timeline. Aside from the set design, colour grading is a strong reason behind this. When you watch it you’ll notice that each ‘world’ or timeline has a different hue to it. One has a more blue tone, another more orange, the other more green etc. It’s easy for the eye to understand which world is which, based purely on colour and not just the environment in the shot. Courtesy of LeifEricson on YouTube You can compare all the timelines side-by-side here. Any scene has its own pace – a rhythm or speed in which the shots play out that creates the overall feeling of the scene. An identity if you will. You can use two different rhythms to create two different identities for two different scenes. The viewer’s brain will subconsciously correlate each particular rhythm to each scene without even realising. In the same way that you can use the timing of the shots to create an identity, you can use cinematography to distinguish between two scenes. You may decide to only use shaky camera in one scene and stable shots in the contrasting scene. Or maybe close shots in one and long shots in another. Dark and light. There are loads of options. Get creative. When parallel editing between two scenes, intercutting similar levels of intensity will amplify that intensity. However, if the intensity of the two intercut scenes is on the opposite sides of the scale then you will average out the intensity – lowering the intensity of the higher intensity shot. I’ll give you an example. Let’s imagine we have a scene of a car chase. The intensity of the scene is 8/10. Imagine intercutting this scene with some cops chasing down a criminal (6/10 intensity). The intensity of the two scenes are close together (8 and 6). This helps each scene increase the intensity of the other, resulting in an edit with an intensity of 9/10. Perfect for pumping up action and high-tension scenes to have you on the edge of your seat. Now imagine we cut the same car chase (8/10 intensity) hurtling towards a house. Inside the house is a gentle afternoon tea party (1/10 intensity). Sounds like a great comedy. This will lower the intensity of the car chase to around a 6 or 7. However the purpose of the parallel editing in this case was not to intensify the action but to create contrast for comedic effect. And tbh it sounds like it’ll have hilarious consequences. You won’t be on the edge of your seat, but you will feel tense, and ready to laugh. To help you figure out if two intercut scenes will increase the overall intensity or average the intensity out, I’ve made a tool for you. You can use this equation when you need help figuring it out: i = intensity of scenario (out of 10) IF Max/Min(i) DIFFERENCE = ≤3 then Max(i) INCREASES IF Max/Min(i) DIFFERENCE = >3 then Max(i) DECREASES So, what does this equation mean? Well, imagine we are rating scenes on an intensity scale of 0-10. If the difference between the intensity (i) of the two intercut scenes (SceneA, SceneB, etc) is 3 or less, then the overall intensity will increase. If, however, the difference in intensity of the two intercut scenes is over 3, then the intensity will be averaged out – decreasing the maximum intensity overall. This is not a hard and fast rule but is a pretty good indicator for those who are unsure. I bet you never thought you’d been learning equations to help you with your video editing, eh? I feel very strongly that the basics of video editing can be broken down into systems, no matter what anyone else may say. Once you know the systems, then you can break them. “Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist.”PABLO PICASSO So, you should now know: • What parallel editing is • The history of parallel editing • The different types of parallel editing • Examples of parallel editing in film • How to successfully parallel edit If you found this useful then so will someone else. Share it with your friends and gain some kudos. Know any other great examples of parallel editing you think should be included? Let me know in the comments. Get weekly editing tips and career guidance Join our free community of video editors and get a weekly email with video editing tips and career guidance, plus a FREE guide on How to Plan the Perfect Edit
Advantages Of Fiber Optic Communication 853 Words4 Pages Fiber-optic communication has transformed telecommunications. Data is now transferred at very fast speeds around the world. Fiber-optic communication transmits electronic signals in the form of light from one place to another through an optical fiber. A fiber optic transmission system consists of 4 major components: transmitter, fiber optic cable, repeater, and receiver. All four basic components work together to transfer data in the system. The transmitter receives input data in the form of electrical signals and the transmitter converts that into light signals. Usually, a stream of light indicates “1” and absence of light indicates “0”. A simple and commonly used transmitter is LED. LED’s main advantage is that they are inexpensive. However,…show more content… Copper is predominantly used in residents as it is inexpensive relative to fiber optic and also accomplishes the goal. But, for many businesses, corporations and organizations, copper wires don’t accomplish the task as it is too slow and cannot handle the bandwidth. Thus, businesses then turn to fiber optics. Fiber optics can carry data at 69% of the speed of light resulting in a much greater bandwidth. Fiber optic cable can carry information over much longer ranges and is not a fire hazard. All these advantages make fiber optic communication a feasible option for large organizations, but due to the high costs, it is not a very practical option residential purposes. The most important application of fiber optic communication is the submarine communications cable. These cables are laid on the seabed between land-based stations across continents. These cables are the backbone of this “Information Age” and without these cables, it would be impossible to have access to internet and call across continents. In conclusion, fiber optic communication plays a very important part in our everyday lives. All the things that we take for granted, such as playing video games or calling family in Europe wouldn’t be possible without fiber More about Advantages Of Fiber Optic Communication Open Document
Question: What are the types of marriage in Sierra Leone? Traditionally in Sierra Leone, the legal age for marriage varies depending on the type of marriage – customary, civil, Christian or Muslim. In most parts of the country, customary law allows a girl as young as fourteen years old to get married, with her parents consent. How many types of marriages are there? The normative texts, dharma texts and some Gṛhyasūtras classify marriage into eight different forms which are Brahma, Daiva, Arsha, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Rakshasa, Paishacha. This order of forms of marriage is hierarchical. How do I get a divorce in Sierra Leone? The grounds for divorce are adultery, desertion for a period of up to three years prior to the divorce petition, and cruelty. The desertion requirement of three years may be dispensed with only if the petitioner can show extreme hardship and depravity. What is the most common type of marriage? Monogamy Monogamy, the union between two individuals, is the most common form of marriage. What are the three divisions of the High Court? High Court judges are assigned to one of the three divisions of the High Court – the Queens Bench Division, the Family Division and the Chancery Division. What is common law in Sierra Leone? The Common law of Sierra Leone comprise the rules of law generally known as the common law, the rules of law generally known as the doctrines of equity, and the rules of customary law including those determined by the Superior Court of Judicature. Contact us Find us at the office Give us a ring Oluwadamilola Gleich +93 552 509 928 Mon - Fri, 8:00-17:00 Tell us about you
12 Keys to Rev up Your Metabolism to Lose Weight! "Metabolism", you hear the term all the time, but what exactly does it genuinely mean and why is it essential to weight loss? Simply stated, it's the process of turning food into energy (heat as well as movement). Metabolism happens in the muscles and organs as well as the result are what's often recognized as "burning calories." Metabolism is essentially the speed at what your body's car engine is operating. The "basal metabolism" is the metabolism or perhaps caloric spending needed to maintain basal body capabilities such the beating of the heart, breathing, muscle tone, java burn review (official statement) etc. It's just how hard the body of yours is operating when you're in a resting state, such as sitting or sleeping. Basal metabolism accounts for approximately 75 % of calories expended daily! The nice thing is that there are 12 ways you are able to "improve" your metabolism! The more of these you are able to incorporate into the life of yours the more you are going to increase the metabolism of yours. This will cause burning more calories every day! 1. Generally eat breakfast! Skipping breakfast sends the message that the body of yours is starving since there was no food consumed in 18 hours or maybe more. As a protective mechanism, the metabolic rate of yours slows down. Food, especially complex carbohydrates, fuels the metabolism of yours. 2. Eat earlier in the morning! Research indicates you can lose weight simply by eating a breakfast and light dinner and lunch. Dinner must be eaten as soon as possible, preferably no less than four hours before bedtime. 3. Never eat less than 1200 calories each day! Less than 1200 is usually not sufficient to keep your metabolism and therefore cuts down on the rate of metabolism. 4. Snack often! Complex carbohydrates (fruits, greens and grains) gas your metabolism. Furthermore, snacks inhibits us from being too hungry. 5. Eat more carbohydrates (plant food), and much less fat (food out of other food and a lot of animals with added fat!) Carbohydrates boost the metabolic process of yours and also have less calories per ounce compared to fat.
Preserving At-Risk Public Universities as Economic Engines What are the issues with public colleges and universities Effect of this drastic change Public higher education boards Know Your Students When a teacher starts teaching they first try to tell about the topic in such a way that the students grasp it quickly. They try to make it more logical so that students can relate to it and will remember things for a long time. In the very first step, the teacher starts with the contents and makes it easy for the students to understanding then after this, they take the help of technology to clarify more and more to the students. They try very hard to make things and topics understandable for each and every student. But, what they forget is very common and one of the important foundational steps in the process, to get to know the students who have enrolled before and those for whom we are designing the class. This is the step which needs to be understood and formalized so that each and every student can perform well in it’s studies as well as in its sport. As the time goes, the goals, characteristics, knowledge, aspirations all the things change over time for each and every student. Students from different countries, difficult backgrounds came to get knowledge and to complete their studies in a college or school where there are students of different backgrounds and different countries sit together in a classroom. This class, having students from different parts, speaker of different languages, show much wider diversity and hence makes teaching a tough task for the teacher. You have to work hard to understand each and every student as they belong to very different backgrounds and you have to work hard to understand how they think, how they can easily be able to grasps what you trying to teach them quickly. Teacher should monitor their each and every student so that teacher can understand their students well. This will help the teacher to make a good bond with students. The teacher can now be able to make their students understand what he actually trying to teach them and if one of them did not get it and teacher know that student then it will be easy for them to find a way through which the teacher can easily help the student to understand. How Harvard deals with their students The main thing is to understand their students and their background as quickly as possible. This will help the teacher to start the class efficiently and students will take more out of it as the session ends. Harvard Business School has started a new idea. Using this method they have jumped a step further to understand each and every student. They have started card things. For the teachers who teach students online, they have started giving them cards. This card holds the details of every student who will take lessons online from that particular teacher who has cards. The card includes students’ every detail. It has a photo, name pronunciation, educational background, work experience, demographic data, and extracurricular interests of different students in different cards. Teachers study these details very carefully and understand it. They do this work before they start their teaching session. By doing these things a teacher can make a stronger familiarity with the students they are going to teach. They can now what students have in mind about the course and what they are willing to get through this class and what are their perspectives and expectations from this course and session. This gives detailed data of the student’s mind to the teacher. Now, the teacher will be able to make things more understandable for their students as now they know what and how their students can relate to the topic they are studying. What should a teacher have to do to familiarise with their students Collecting data about their students is very important for every teacher. Before they start their session they can make detailed data about each and every student they are going to teach. Sometimes what happens is that some students enroll themselves even after the session has started. So, what the teacher has to do is to make data about their interest and their perspective also. They should not have to leave those students as they are also going to be the care taker of their class. Teachers have to do research about the careers their students can choose from. The teacher has to make things much easier to understand. There are some students who are very clear about their study and their goals. The teacher can do their work accordingly. This will take time and the teacher have to maintain calm and peace. They should not have to be hard for their students and especially when they are going through a bad phase. The teaching process should be easy and understandable for each and every student. This will strengthen the bind of students with the teacher.… Donor Gifts University $60 Million for Baseball Stadium Yes you have heard right. An anonymous donor family has given Binghamton University a donation of 60 million dollars to make a baseball stadium in their University. This will help the university to expand its popularity as well as profile nationwide. The university is located in the northeastern US. The baseball stadium belongs to the college and it’s student while the funding will be given by the anonymous donor. More about the donation The university belongs to the State University of New York system. It is one of the well-known universities in the north-east US. It is known for its academic strength all over the northeastern US. Now, after they have received a huge donation from an anonymous donor to build a baseball stadium they will know become the university that can hold a tournament between colleges in their own stadium. This will lift their status in the New York system as well as they will get new fame as well. University started a 7-year fundraising campaign. This donation is the result of this campaign. This was the highest donation this university has achieved in the last 74 years. The donation was announced on the 11th of Feb. The donation in the university has increased and alumni have also donated money for their university. In the last 2 years university has received a donation of almost 14 million dollars. This type of donation has only received only 4 times since their establishment in 1946 to 2018. “It’s a world-class academic institution. We strive in every area of this university to be the best that we can be,” said Pat Elliot, Binghamton’s athletic director. “ For us to be able to get into the postseason, and win championships, and into the national tournament, that raises the profile of all of our teams, of all of our programs” and also gets “ the Binghamton University name out there nationally.” How this donation will be beneficial for the university The donation given to make a baseball stadium will increase their status, they can now organize baseball league at the university level, they can also get external league matches in their stadium and many more things can happen when they will make their own baseball stadium. Kristina Johnson, chancellor of the SUNY system said that this 60 million dollars donation is the second biggest donation given to any SUNY campus. She also added that the system was not funded by any private source earlier so, they decided to enrich their college funds with the money by philanthropy. Thus will make their college systematic and will gain some popularity among other SUNY colleges. How people reacted The response was majorly positive while some of the reactions were negative as well as some of them was like a suggestion about how they can spend their 60 million dollars donation. Many claimed that the baseball stadium university already has received around 2.3 million dollars in order to give it a new look while there is no such thing have noted until now. This is like allegations on the authority of this university. Some have given congratulations to the university to receive such a large donation. They said that this will help the university to promote the athleticism in the students of the colleges. Students will now get involved in this sport when they will see such a beautiful ground with people playing in it. For suggestions, many people suggested that more and more money should be spent on the mental health issues of the students. They can also spend money in order to reduce the burden of student loan from the students, tuition discounts, scholarship and many more things they can do with 60 million dollars rather than building a baseball stadium while already having one. How this is going to help their baseball team All the college have their own teams of different sports they play. Binghamton University also have their sports teams. Binghamton’s baseball team is one of them. They are well known for their play. The baseball team is the most successful team among all the sports teams Binghamton University have. In last 13 years the Binghamton University baseball team has won 10 America East conference regular and postseason titles, the data was given by the university’s online announcement of the donation. This says that the team have a great potential and can do much better in future also. Having a new stadium with new features and a good ground will help them to practice much more efficiently. The team have made their place 3 times since 2013 in NCAA regional competition. The player has received many medals and trophies as well. Many of the team members have gone on to the major leagues and many alumni of the baseball team have also made it to the major leagues in the last 8 years.… Hand-Delivered Hate or Free Speech Exercise? What was the incident How safe student feels in university Aftermath of the incident
Most Popular Model Train Scales • By: Richard • Date: December 25, 2021 • Time to read: 12 min. Model trains are a hobby that many people have enjoyed for centuries. A model train is a miniature replica of an actual locomotive, and it can be built to replicate any engine, from steam engines to modern diesel-electric locomotives. Model railroading has become very popular in recent years, with new scales being invented all the time. This blog post will look at the most popular types of model trains in each scale size and what makes them unique! What Is the Model Train Scale? Model train scales are how railroad modelers measure how big a scale (or size) their model trains and track should be. The most common scales used in modeling are N, HO, OO/Gauge II, S Gauge, and Z Scale. To figure out what scale is right for you, it’s important to understand the basics of each different type! Why Use Model Trains In The First Place? Model trains are a great way to model old-timey railroads affordably and easily. They can be used for simple layouts or as complicated projects that span the length of your basement! Something is relaxing about building your own miniature world with figurines, scenery, tracks, and locomotives. It’s also therapeutic, dusting off all those tiny little pieces every once in a while (though I would recommend getting some help if you have more than 20 trains). The best part is that it doesn’t really matter what scale you choose because there are so many different things to do with them! You could build a small section of track on top of one another – like making LEGO buildings – then add figures from various scales to make them even more realistic. Popular Scales Of Model Trains And What They Are Used For Scale is the size of model trains about their real-world counterpart. The smaller the scale, the more detailed and realistic your train set will be! There are six different scales that you should know about: HO (the most popular), OO, N, TTs/Nn, Z/Zn & S. Ho Model Train Scales The HO Scale is the most popular type of model train scale. It stands for Half O, half as big as a real locomotive or car in full size. The average length of an H0 railway track is approximately 18″, while the average length of a real train is approximately 48″. The HO Scale is perfect for those who want to take their model trains on an “over the countryside” adventure. They can be used in dioramas or even set up like towns and cityscapes with buildings, people, cars, trees, etc. This scale size has become very popular because it offers more room than other scales while also being affordable, so you don’t need a big budget just to get started! O Model Train Scales The O Scale is the most popular type of model train scale. It stands for One Quarter, meaning one quarter as big as a real locomotive or car in full size. The average length of an O railway track is approximately 24″ while the average length of a real train is about 72″. O Scale trains are often used to recreate scenes from old steam and diesel eras because they’re not too small (like HO) but also not too large, so it’s easier on your eyes when you look at them up close since there isn’t any detail lost! N Model Train Scales N Scale is the most popular type of model train scale. It stands for Nine-tenths, meaning nine-tenths as big as a real locomotive or car in full size. The average length of an N railway track is approximately 36″ while the average length of a real train is about 144″. This scale has been so popular because it offers just enough detail to be interesting but not too much that you can’t see what’s going on from all angles! Z Model Train Scales Z Scale is the most popular type of model train scale. It stands for Zillionth, meaning zillionth as big as a real locomotive or car in full size. The average length of an N railway track is approximately 72″ while the average length of a real train is about 288″. This scale has seen significant growth because it offers more detail than other scales and doesn’t take too much space! G Model Train Scales G Scale is the most popular type of model train scale. It stands for Grand, meaning grand as big as a real locomotive or car in full size. The average length of a G railway track is approximately 120″ while the average length of a real train is about 480″. This scale is the best for those who want to live out their childhood dreams and take on full-size railways! The average G Scale locomotive will be about 18″ long, which means you’ll need a lot of room in your home or at the train station. Scale Comparison Scale Comparison G Scale O Scale HO Scale N Scale Z Scale Scale 1:22.5 1:48 1:87 1:160 1:220 Gauge 1.75″/45mm 1.25″/31mm .625″/16mm .375″/9mm .25″/6mm Ho Scale Trains Are The Perfect Size For Both Indoor And Outdoor Layouts One of the most popular scales among model train enthusiasts is HO, which is “half-O.” It was introduced around 1949 by a German company called Marklin, and it means that every inch on the rail corresponds to one foot. The scale offers plenty of details, but not too many, as they are more suited for indoor layouts than outdoor ones due to their size (the track alone takes up lots of space). This makes them perfect for beginners who would like to preserve their investment since these trains can be kept inside your home if you want! • The first reason why this type of model railroad has become so popular is that there are tons of accessories available from different manufacturers worldwide. Hence, people have an easy time obtaining the perfect set for their needs. The most popular ones are from Marklin, Atlas, and Besco, which offer various bridges, buildings (including European models), cars, train sets with different gauges, and regional layouts to choose from! • The second reason is that the HO-scale model railroad has become more affordable over the years due to declining prices of raw goods like metal sheets and plastic parts plus cheaper manufacturing costs thanks to machines. This made them accessible even for people on limited budgets to enjoy these miniature worlds without breaking the bank! • A third aspect is that this railway system uses standard track widths instead of scale sizes, so you don’t have to buy new pieces when switching between manufacturers. • The fourth reason is that HO scale trains are compatible with other scales, so people can mix and match them for a more realistic feel. This makes it easier to create the perfect layout no matter how big or small your space is! • A fifth aspect, which many enthusiasts consider as one of the major benefits, is that this railway system uses standard track widths instead of scale sizes. Hence, it means you don’t have to buy new pieces when switching between manufacturers. And last but not least: these tiny models require very little maintenance because they do not need electric power since most (but not all) locomotives run on air pressure thanks to their integrated toolbox, which houses pneumatic tools like compressors and generators! There Are Many Different Types Of Models To Choose From – Steam Engines, Diesel Locomotives, Passenger Cars, Freight Cars, And More 1. Steam Engines: Steam engines are what most people think of when they hear the word ‘train.’ They make a more realistic sound than diesel locomotives. The downside to steam models is that their size and price tend to be bigger, making them less popular among HO scale enthusiasts. Some modelers will build kits for older trains like Big Boy or Union Pacific’s Challenger engine. 2. Diesel Locomotive: Diesel locomotives use electricity as power instead of coal or oil. This means they can run on batteries and don’t need a track system with an overhead wire, so you can display your train in any setting without worrying about running out of power! There are many different types, from American Flyer to Union Pacific, and if you want something a little more realistic than the traditional train set – this is your best bet. 3. Passenger Cars: Passenger cars are just that – they carry passengers! They make great additions to any model railroad layout where you need them for either freight or passenger service. HO scale trains can be costly, so sometimes it’s better to buy an inexpensive box car to save money on these models (or purchase them separately). 4. Freight Cars: Freight cars have many different purposes depending on what type you’re looking for; some are used strictly as cargo, while others include livestock carriers, tankers, and lumbering cars. The most popular scales among those who build layouts with freight cars are N, HO, and O scales. 5. Passenger Trains: Passenger trains are used to transport people daily. When it comes to model railroads, passenger models can be as simple or complex as you want them to be – they don’t have any moving parts, so the level of detail doesn’t matter! The most popular scales among builders with this type of train are G and Z (G being more common). Model Train Scales Can Range Anywhere Between 1/24th (The Smallest) To 1/87th (The Largest). The More Detail, The Better! • On the smallest scale, trains are as small as two inches long. The largest train of this size is made by Atlas and measures close to four feet! This makes it perfect for those who want a large model that takes up little space on shelves or tables. It’s also great for younger children because of its relatively low price point. • The next most popular scale is HO at about one foot in length, with an average piece costing around $36-$50. The detail here can be perfect but not quite life-like compared to what would come out of a regular-sized hobbyist’s basement workshop (N Scale). The other downside? Due to their smaller size, they are less visible from across the room. • N Scale trains measure around 18” and can cost anywhere between $25-$50 each, depending on the size of the locomotive or car you get. They are a great option for people who have lots of space to display their model train collection because they take up less physical space than HO scale pieces and offer more detail when compared with other scales in its class (HO). However, due to this level of detail, it is not as good an option if your goal is to keep things affordable! • G Scale trains tend to be about two feet long but come at prices ranging from $100-$400 per piece, so they will work better for those looking for something special instead of someone interested in getting into modeling. • Lastly, we have the largest scale of them all: the S Scale. These size trains are around four feet long and can cost anywhere from $100-$450 per piece! These larger models are perfect for those looking to recreate a realistic scene with lots of detail that will make any train lover drool. They take up plenty of space, so they’re best in an extra room or basement when not on display for guests but some enthusiasts like having one set aside as their private model railroad system just because it looks fantastic. Common Mistakes People Make When Choosing A Scale And Why It’s Important To Do Research Before Making A Purchase One of the most important things to consider when choosing a scale is what you’ll be using it for. The larger scales are perfect if you’re looking for something more like an operating model railroad, while smaller ones can be used in dioramas or as tabletop models. Those who plan on purchasing new trains will want to know which size wheel axles their cars require because this impacts how they run (most small and medium-sized scales use 11mm, whereas large-scale trains may have 16mm). If someone wants to operate their train outdoors, metal tracks need to be purchased instead of plastic tracks that won’t hold up well in inclement weather conditions. There also needs to be consideration about whether one would prefer overhead wire or not and where the train will be placed about power sources. The most popular scales were O Scale, HO Scale, S Gauge, and G Gauge, all developed in the 20th century. Many collectors still consider these four as the best option for model trains due to their accuracy in replicating real-life railroad environments from one part of America or another. For example, a collector could purchase an Eastern Lines Kato Tinplate Locomotive with Sound & Light modeled after Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor service line between Boston, Massachusetts and Washington D.C., Georgetown Branch (also known as “the Old Main Line”). This manufacturer also offers models like the Union Pacific GE ES44AC Evolution Series Diesel Engine that look real. What is the best model train scale? There’s no “best” model train scale. The best train to model is the one that you have fun with! But for the sake of answering your question, the HO scale has roughly 0.5m between each modeled foot and has a recommended track size of 16-22″. This scale makes it perfect for kids in smaller spaces or living rooms looking for something interesting to do with their downtime. It will result in trains so detailed that the cars are an original part of its detail and the railroad tracks themselves. Scenes from this scale often include those days when there were barely any people around, farming crops by hand, or stopping at stations along the way back home with a full load for the family stove. What is the best scale for narrow gauge model railroading All the usual scales are available. The most popular narrow gauge modeling scale is the 0 scale, where 1″ (about 25 mm) on the model represents 30 inches (about 760 mm) on the real railroad. The nomenclature “narrow gauge” may refer to different gauges of railroads depending upon the region and culture of their construction. In Colombia, a narrow-gauge railway is any rural railway with a track gauge narrower than standard. In Japan, narrow-gauge railways are defined as lines with a track width between and, regardless of their load capacity or method of operation. This term also includes light industrial branch lines with an AAR loading gauge greater than but less than standard. Which scale has the best support? There are a bunch of good scale models on the market. Daedalus (Russian) is a popular one, which has excellent support, but other well-known choices are too. In reading up on it, the most important aspect to consider is that whichever model you choose satisfies what YOU need in a 1/35th scale model. Finding the right balance between features and your own personal criteria might take a little trial and error. For example, AFV modelers want details inside and out, while aircraft modelers want accurate exteriors alone. And someone who does military modeling will be less interested in accuracy for aircraft or armor than they will for figures where uniforms need more attention to detail! What is the best scale to work in if I want to build a model train layout? When you’re building a model train layout, the best scale to work in is the same scale you want your eventual, completed model railroad design to be. The main difference in scales is that one smaller-scale design will take up less space in a room than a larger-scale one. You can build models of paper trains or use computer software; the only thing that dictates which scale to settle on is what kind of space you have available and which side of the process — designing or building–you value more highly. We recommend HO gauge for beginners because it’s inexpensive and fun, but any size scale would work just as well for most purposes if there’s enough space for it! Model Train Scale is a traditional hobby that has been popular since the 1930s. There are many different scales and trains to choose from, but if you’re just getting started with model train scale models, it’s important to know what size best suits your needs. If you live in an apartment or have small children who may want to play on your layout, HO scale trains are perfect as they can be used both for indoor and outdoor layouts. What Airbrush to Paint a Tank With? Previous Post What Airbrush to Paint a Tank With? Next Post 5 Best Glue for Styrofoam 5 Best Glue for Styrofoam
Lockdown could be the ‘biggest conservation action’ in a century Spring is a bloody season on American roads. Yearling black bears blunder over the asphalt in search of their own territories. In the West, herds of deer, elk, and pronghorn scamper across highways as they migrate from winter pastures to summer redoubts. A smaller-scale but no less epic journey transpires in the Northeast, where wood frogs, spotted salamanders, and eastern newts emerge from their winter hideaways and trek to ephemeral breeding pools on damp March nights, braving an unforgiving gantlet of cars along the way. Among all creatures, it’s these amphibians—tiny, sluggish, determined—that are most vulnerable to roadkill. This year, though, their journey was considerably safer. Greg LeClair, a graduate student at the University of Maine, leads The Big Night, a citizen science initiative in Maine through which volunteers tally up migrating frogs and salamanders and escort them across roads. This spring, he assumed that coronavirus concerns would shut down the project; instead, he rallied more participants than ever. “I think people were just home and had nothing else to do,” he told me. All of those volunteers found an amphibious bonanza. In previous years, LeClair said, the project’s participants counted just two live animals for every squashed one. This spring, they found about four survivors per victim. “The ratio of living animals to dead doubled,” LeClair marveled. Maine’s amphibians are just one of the collateral beneficiaries of the novel coronavirus, which has ground civilization to a halt. Travel bans have confined many of us to our couches; post-apocalyptic photos of empty freeways have circulated on social media. With Homo sapiens sidelined, wildlife has tiptoed forth. Lions basked on a road in Kruger National Park, normally crowded with tourists. Wild boars rooted in Barcelona’s medians. Roadkill surveyors in places as far apart as Santa Barbara and South Africa told me they’ve seen fewer carcasses this year than ever before. In Costa Rica, where Daniela Araya Gamboa has conducted years of roadkill studies aimed at reducing the harm of cars, highways have become less perilous for ocelots, cryptic wildcats bejeweled with black spots. In the more than three months since the pandemic began, Araya recently told me, her project had logged only one slain ocelot. “We have an average of two ocelot roadkills each month during normal times,” she added. The human cost of COVID-19 has, of course, been so incomprehensibly tragic that acknowledging the virus’s silver linings—the cleaner air, the forestalled carbon emissions—can feel ghoulish. But there’s no denying that the abrupt diminishment of human travel, a phenomenon scientists recently dubbed the “Anthropause,” has generated profound conservation benefits. Mounting evidence suggests that we’re in the midst of an unprecedented roadkill reprieve, a stay of execution for untold millions of wild creatures. “This is the biggest conservation action that we’ve taken, possibly ever, certainly since the national parks were formed,” Fraser Shilling, co-director of the Road Ecology Center at UC Davis, told me. “There’s not a single other action that has saved that many animals.” Roadkill’s decline is so significant precisely because its impacts are ordinarily so catastrophic. One recent study calculated that cars crush about 200 million birds and 30 million mammals in Europe every year; in the United States, the toll has been estimated, albeit imprecisely, at more than 1 million each day. In Brazil, researchers wrote in 2014, roadkill has surpassed hunting to become “the leading cause of direct, human-caused mortality among terrestrial vertebrates.” Given the scope of the carnage, even a temporary respite can save an astonishing amount of wildlife. That’s what Shilling and his colleagues documented in a recent report that analyzed collision statistics and carcass-cleanup figures from the handful of states that systematically collect roadkill data. In California, they found, roadkill fell by 21 percent in the four weeks after the state issued its stay-at-home order in March. In Idaho, the reduction was 38 percent; in Maine, it was 44 percent. A year of reduced travel, Shilling estimated, would save perhaps 27,000 large animals in those three states alone. And although state records focus on the hefty mammals that endanger drivers—deer, elk, moose, bears, and the like—they’re mum on smaller critters, such as snakes, frogs, and birds, all of which have likely thrived during COVID-19. “We’re measuring the large animals, but I suspect it’s true for all animals, including insects,” Shilling said. (In Texas, millions of monarch butterflies succumb to grilles and windshields during their migrations to Mexico.) Add up all those less conspicuous casualties and extrapolate globally, and it’s hardly a stretch to say that hundreds of millions, perhaps billions, of wild animals will ultimately be spared because of the pandemic. Nor is it just hyper-abundant animals, such as squirrels and raccoons, that are finding succor during the Anthropause. In California, the poster species for highways’ harms is the mountain lion, several populations of which may soon be protected under the state’s Endangered Species Act. Shilling found that mountain lion roadkill plummeted 58 percent after the shutdown. “When you’re talking about such small populations, you get even one cat taken out by roadkill, and that can spell doom,” Beth Pratt, the California director of the National Wildlife Federation, told me. The Anthropause isn’t merely protecting individual lives, it turns out—in some places, it may be safeguarding the persistence of entire species. Although all available evidence suggests that net roadkill rates have dropped, it’s conceivable that, on some roads, deaths have actually ticked upward. For many species, cars—loud, terrifying, alien—deter animals from crossing altogether, leading one early road ecologist to describe traffic as a “moving fence.” In Oregon, researchers found that mule-deer collisions peaked at around 8,000 cars per day; beyond that threshold, the ungulates appeared to abandon their migration routes entirely rather than attempt to cross. As traffic has declined during COVID-19, then, animals may feel more comfortable venturing onto certain highways, at their peril—leading ultimately to localized roadkill hot spots. And even if it wasn’t more abundant this spring, roadkill might, in some states, simply be more visible, as agencies tasked with cleaning up carcasses divert resources to the coronavirus response. How long will the benefits of the roadkill reprieve linger? In early March, Shilling and his colleagues found, Americans drove 103 billion total miles; by mid-April, shutdowns had reduced our collective travel to 29 billion miles, an astonishing 71 percent cut. As travel bans have eased, though, traffic has crept up again, to about half its pre-pandemic levels in California and Maine. Although cities like Milan, London, and New York have seized the opportunity to install new bike lanes and de-emphasize cars, many urban areas have registered more gridlock, as commuters spurn public transit for the socially distant cocoons of their personal vehicles. “COVID is going to have a very short-term effect,” Sandra Jacobson, a retired U.S. Forest Service biologist specializing in transportation, told me. “At some point the world, but especially our country, is going to have to realize that we cannot simply continue to add more and more vehicles indefinitely.” Shilling is less convinced of the Anthropause’s transience. After all, some of the trends that COVID-19 has spawned—the rise of remote work, for instance—may dampen our enthusiasm for getting behind the wheel. “Coming out of the pandemic, we will hopefully learn lessons,” he said. “One of them might be that we can get a lot of benefits out of not driving.” Either way, the spring’s gains won’t be immediately undone. In Maine, LeClair told me, more amphibians safely reaching their mating ponds should mean more translucent, gelatinous clumps of successfully laid eggs—and, with luck, more migrants in 2021. “If we’re seeing more next year, we can get an idea that this pandemic might have actually boosted some populations,” he said. The benefits of the great roadkill reprieve, in other words, may outlast the pandemic itself. theatlantic.com, 6 July 2020 ; https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/07/pandemic-roadkill/613852/?ct=t(RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN) ”>https://www.theatlantic.com
Ever since the 1973 oil price crisis, when dire warnings of impending fossil fuel depletion were issued, tax reforms have been called for in the way we handle retrofits on the one hand and rebuild others on the other. While these doomed predictions proved completely wrong, a far greater threat was later identified: the impact of carbon emissions on global climate. It is carbon issues that have led recent initiatives to change the focus of tax policy. At the latest with the start of a public petition by the Greens, in which a VAT of zero for retrofit projects and 20 percent for new buildings with the exception of passive house construction is demanded. The intentions of the proposal are difficult to deny. Why not make better use of what already exists and distort the tax system in favor of demolition rather than renewal? Unfortunately, things are not quite as simple as they might seem at first glance. To take into account the petition’s most obvious difficulty, it is recommended that an additional 20 percent tax be introduced on most new buildings. With the desperate need for new housing in the South East, and particularly in London, it seems perverse, to say the least, to make new housing more expensive. What would be the point if an incentive for desirable activities were introduced without evidence that it would lead to a mass housing program based on retrofitting? The point of retrofitting is that the buildings are generally occupied or ready for occupancy. New apartments are by definition for new residents. Demand for new homes in the capital is based on a long-term failure to build for a population increase of about two million over the past 30 years, with the recent London plan assuming there will be millions more in the next 10 years . From an energetic point of view, living is an important type of building, as it tends to last longer than almost anything else. All of this embodied energy is there to last. Given that the percentage of total inventory represented by new residential construction every year is small, and that what is being built is infinitely better than it currently does, the punishment of new housing looks like a dead duck. This leads to another question: why does retrofitting have to be rated zero if new builds are penalized? Why don’t we just rate everything to zero? In traditional circumstances, this would not be an acceptable idea for the Treasury Department. Construction and development tax revenues are expected to at least remain stable in real terms – especially given the likely distribution of billions of pounds to residents of dodgy-style homes. However, we are not in normal circumstances, partly because of mounting pressure to find our way out of recession, but also because we are leading the way on climate change internationally. What good news it would be if we signaled a renewed interest in the circular economy in terms of construction and buildings. Another political message would be how we can change our tax policy without getting permission from the Bureaucracy Central in Brussels. There is another policy for the Greens to consider: the current ability to demolish buildings, for better or for worse, unless they are in nature reserves. Why, when there are increasingly sophisticated ways to preserve what is available, or at least part of it, to save embodied carbon? While the spirit of what the Greens are proposing is understandable, political success requires a broader and deeper strategy.
If I see two products that are cheap, for example, if normally each product costs $10 and now one of them (product A) costs $5 and the second (product B) costs $7. Then what will be the correct form to refer to product B price state? • Choice 1: Product B is less cheap. • Choice 2: Product B is less cheaper. (with comparative form) Now it's obvious that I can use in terms of expensive (for product B) and cheaper (for product A), but my question deals with a situation in which I'd like to emphasis or to focus on the cheapness (since in the end of the day they're both cheaper than normal). Is it valid at all in English to use one of these couple of words: "less cheap" or "less cheaper"? • 1 Product B is more expensive; Product A is cheaper. – J.R. Apr 22 '18 at 16:30 • It is understood, but if I'd like to emphasis or to focus on the cheapness that means that I can't use one of the choices at all? Apr 22 '18 at 16:31 • 1 Intriguingly, I didn't think this is grammatical. English never cease to amaze me! .. Apr 22 '18 at 16:36 • 1 @LucianSava - I changed your search to only include results from the past 35 years, and there were very few, and many of those were false hits (such as when one sentence ends with the word less and the next sentence begins with the word cheaper). We can debate whether this phrase is incorrect, awkward, nonstandard, or ungrammatical, but the point is, it should probably be avoided most of the time. – J.R. Apr 22 '18 at 16:47 • 1 Cheap is not only price. If you say Product A is less cheap. It can mean: Product A is higher quality. When talking about COST, people say: Product A is cheaper [than product B] or Product B is more expensive than Product B. And I would never say at the level we are talking about (comparatives) "X is less cheaper than B", in that kind of utterance. Who would say that?? So, yes, never use that or you will sound weird. [ha ha, joke, if I am permitted to make one.] – Lambie Apr 22 '18 at 17:02 X is cheaper than Y. [X =10, Y=20] X is less expensive than Y. [X=10, Y=20] Those two sentences mean the same thing. Conversely, Y is more expensive than X. Cheap, one syllable, just add ER: Cheap=cheaper Expensive, three syllables, add less or more: less expensive than, more expensive than. In fact, X is much cheaper than Y, by 10 dollars. Much=an adverb that modifies cheaper. much cheaper is an adverb and goes with cheaper. It is not a little cheaper, it is a lot cheaper. much cheaper=a lot cheaper. Adding much or a lot or a little [adverbs] to a comparative is fine. Much cheaper, but: much more expensive. The other meaning of CHEAP=BAD quality: Product A is less cheap than Product B= The quality of Product A is higher than the quality of Product B. Comparative: Product A looks less cheap than Product B. • If "much cheaper" is OK then a little bit cheaper is also OK. The problem is just with more and less cheaper. Did I get you? Apr 22 '18 at 22:01 • 1 @subtle_sibling Yes, more and less cheaper is out except for the kind of example given in that economics book, which in fact does not parse as suggested.... – Lambie Apr 23 '18 at 13:01 Choice 1: Product B is less cheap. Choice 2: Product B is less cheaper. Of these choices, only (1) is possible. Choice (2) is immediately ruled out because we cannot combine a comparative adverb (less/more) with a comparative adjective (cheaper). • And what's your opinion about choice (1)? Do you agree with the other answer here on the page? Apr 22 '18 at 19:29 I have the same question but I end up saying that there is no grammatical mistake in using less with short or long adjectives and with —er or no —er. Because less and more function as adverbs used to modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs. On the other hand, in comparative sentences, we have to respect its rules, so you would get points or not, the administrators could protect themselves with the rule and formulas of comparative form, when to use less and more and when they are not allowed. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged .
Todays Date January 27, 2022 Ivan Babanovski, professor emeritus: "Coup" is a circus to prevent social uprising There are no elements of overthrowing the constitutional order in a country in which one party has absolute power, and the action Professor, could you please initially explain what coup is and what overthrow of the constitutional order is? Babanovski: In the case coup seems like a circus to me because in order to perform the coup some tools should be used that can show strength and elements that aim to overthrow the state order, the constitutional order and not one position or opposition in the country. There are no elements for a coup in the country where one party in a coalition with the party of the entity holds the absolute power, legislative, executive, police-security, court, there are no elements. It is a misuse of the term coup. The biggest abuse and coup in the country is by people who take actions that do not belong to them. Neither the Prime Minister nor the head of the opposition have the right to video someone secretly. So now I ask them, which court can they use it before? Does this mean that all the evidence in the trial will eventually be discarded? Babanovski: First, the evidence provided in this way cannot and must not be in court at all. It must neither be treated before court as it has been obtained in a criminal manner. Criminal acts cannot be evidence in a court procedure. They can only be evidence of conviction of one who committed it and not him to use it for someone else to be responsible. I refer to both parties. Now for the services it is most important to prove how and who participated in providing this evidence used for political purposes. Has any of the services given them in an unauthorized manner? It is another crime, disclosing official or state secret, unlike espionage and counter revolutionary attack on the constitutional system of government in a country. Who and how can perform a coup or overthrow the constitutional order in one country? Babanovski: A coup can be performed by structures which are either supported from inside or have powerful supporters or organizers of the international element, that is, it may be representatives of foreign secret services penetrated in their diplomatic and consular offices. So I think they will find themselves in a very unpleasant situation and the impression is that behind all that dirt out in the public the aim is to trick the public. This is not an opening of a problem to see where the problem is, but a fact that more dirty things will go out to deceive the citizens and to have no idea what is happening in the country. And a great shame is happening. Here those services, police-security, intelligence and counterintelligence are totally shaken. What do you mean when you say shaken? Babanovski: I want to say that all powers to the security services have been usurped. Intelligence which is under the command of the president of the country who at this time will not talk. First to react if someone prepares a coup in the country, the National Security Council was to convene. Even the Director of Security and Intelligence (DBK) did not appear to speak about the action “Coup” but the Interior minister. That is nonsense. Instead of the prosecutor to be Dominus litis in the procedure (the one who takes the whole control and responsibility), he to say what will be done, how it will be done, someone prompts and he performs it. If all you say is like this, does this mean that the two actors in this action want to hide something much bigger? Babanovski: I think this is an attempt to move the Macedonian citizen away from what as an avalanche is approaching and no politician can escape from it. Social revolt is approaching because we have come to the last foot of the patience of the masses to survive the day, to survive the week. I do not see any element that gives me hope that we will avoid it. Moreover, recent secession is threatening Macedonia. How do you interpret the reactions of several foreign countries? Babanovski: First they dissociated. All opportunities have immediately been cut to bond by involving their secret services. No state will recognize it. What country will allow saying that it is implied in anti-constitutional activities in a country that has its representatives, who are here to regulate good political, economic, military, cultural and all other relations between the two countries, no matter how small Macedonia is. How would you assess the security situation in Macedonia? Is there a reason for concern? Babanovski: I think we have never had a worse security situation before. Not because it is the result of our overall situations and relationships that are none, but because the Balkans is shaken. In this shakiness we are the bottom. How not to be concerned when two main leaders harass the Macedonian citizen and the third is silent because he is not sure in his position. You are an ardent critic of the social developments in the country. Is your, conditionally said revolt, result of you having been lustrated? Babanovski: I am not one of those who during the day were in function of the secret services, some of them have been and even today work for foreign services and at night secretly went to work for the interests of Macedonia and defended it against some danger that was exaggerated so that they can better establish themselves in the power which was later constituted. Because if I had been the opposition, I would have stayed in parliament. They only made it easier for the government to fulfill all its wishes. The three women who are out there know how to say what is wrong, have insight into what is happening there and the others who are not in parliament must make connections and operationally find out what happens in committees, working groups, in the corridors. Be there and “fight”. Be a man. I publicly say that I have voted for this shaken opposition which has made me live as a beast in my country and now I must not say it. Is there a way out? Babanovski: I would like to be wrong for the first time in my life but I arrange the cubes and they show something evil for Macedonia. But it is a biblical country and there is no chance for someone to take it from us, rename it and remake it. All these things we have been talking about are transient, we should endure them and unite. The greatest evil is that we ourselves are very shaken.
YouTube working over new AI noise cancellation feature What is Noise cancellation? The noise-canceling circuit senses outside noise with built-in microphones and sends an equal-but-opposite canceling signal to the headset. By producing this countersignal, your headphones block a large part of external sound sources. This is called sound compensation. How does sound compensation work? What can I expect from Noise cancellation technology? Noise-cancellation offers an enhanced listening experience by canceling out interfering with external sounds. However, remember the following: • Depending on how you wear the headset, the noise-canceling effect may vary, or a beeping sound (howling) may occur. In these cases, take off the headset and put it on again. • The noise-canceling function works for noise in the low-frequency band primarily (train, airplane, engine noise). Although noise is reduced, it is not canceled altogether. • When you use the headset on a train or a car, noise may occur depending on environmental conditions. It is not advisable to wear noise-cancellation headphones while driving, as taking notice of traffic sounds is essential for your safety. • Do not cover the microphones. The noise-canceling function or the Ambient Sound Mode may not work optimally, or a beeping sound (howling) may occur. In these cases, take your hands off the headset microphones. You may notice a marked improvement in the audio quality of some YouTube Stories going forward, thanks to a new speech enhancement feature Google rolled out. Now, it’s making the technology available to creators recording YouTube Stories on iOS devices. Modern active noise control is generally achieved through the use of analog circuits or digital signal processing. Adaptive algorithms are designed to analyze the waveform of the background aural or monaural noise, then based on the specific algorithm generate a signal that will either phase shift or invert the polarity of the original signal. This inverted signal (in antiphase) is then amplified and a transducer creates a sound wave directly proportional to the amplitude of the original waveform, creating destructive interference. This effectively reduces the volume of the perceivable noise. Active noise reduction (ANR), is a method for reducing unwanted sound by the addition of a second sound specifically designed to cancel the first. To ensure that it will work for everyone and won’t show bias, Google conducted a series of tests exploring its performance based on various visual and auditory attributes. Those attributes include the speaker’s age, skin tone, spoken language, voice pitch, visibility of their face, head pose, facial hair, presence of glasses, and the level of background noise. Facial hair doesn’t seem to have a big effect on it either, though it works best on faces with no facial hair and those with a close shave. 1. Cancells 40+ noise types 2. Stationary noises like a fan, AC, etc. 3. Non-stationary noises like highway, train, wind, babble noises 4. Highly dynamic noises like traffic horns, baby cry, police siren, dog bark, keyboard Clicks. • Low voice spectral distortion for HMI applications • Preserved Speech Intelligibility for voice calls • Platform-based customizations Post a comment
A lesson about Anger A few days ago, I found myself in a place of anger. You know the kind that infuriates you just by the thought of it. It’s been a while since I got really angry about anything because I try my best to nip things in the bud when it’s at a stage of annoyance, rather than let it fester and evolve into Anger. However, not everyone has the same way of dealing with annoyances and anger, and it just got me curious… – what makes us tick, what are the ways people display anger and what can we do to avoid anger outbursts? Because after the anger dissipates, I was tired af. As the saying goes, Red is not a good look, so let’s put anger under the microscope today. Part 1 : Why do we get angry ? This part addresses our common triggers for anger. Typically this varies from person to person, depending on what we think are non-negotiables / important in life, and how our past experiences have shaped our viewpoints. So Anger is triggered, upon our perceived violation (I use the word perceive because things happen as is, but our perception is how we attribute meaning to an event). of a particular value. And because our values are shaped by our belief system – I notice that triggers can be paired with a common belief. It’s all these virtues, that most of us are taught growing up. Common triggers and its underlying value: • Injustice (We should be fair in our dealings, and each pull our own weight) • Disrespect (We should treat others with respect) • Abuse (verbal & physical) – (We must not cause harm to others) • Lies (We must always tell the truth) • Lack of Control (We are in charge of our own lives) But the grey area is, all these terms eg. fair, respect – means very different things to one another. Maybe for one being disrespectful means not giving feedback face to face, maybe for another being disrespectful is only when swearing is involved. So Triggers are the first phase of Anger. And if triggers are not addressed at the get go, increased frequencies will bring us to the second stage – Escalation. I see these both are just the build up stage. Part 2 : How do we deal with Anger? This part addresses the anger outburst. Shit has hit the fan. This is when we have had ENOUGH. Our head is not in the right space, our blood is boiling. You know the works. When someone is angry, there are 3 general approaches to anger : 1. Passive Aggression This is a non-confrontational approach. This is usually deployed by those who are uncomfortable directly discussing about anger (maybe cause there isn’t a close relationship between the parties, or the person generally dislikes confrontation) or holds the belief that the other party should already know without needing them to explicitly state it. So this often seeps out through maybe cold shoulders, pretending everything is fine when it’s not. To approach anger in a passive aggressive way is to essentially drop hints, and hope the other person ‘gets it’. 2. Open Aggression This is a lash-out approach. Think of it when the lid can no longer hold down the anger, so it spills out of the pot onto everyone else. This is usually deployed by those who struggle to control their anger so it seeps out through verbal or physical aggression like swearing, sarcastic remarks, ‘pay back’ behaviours. To approach anger in an openly aggressive way is to essentially punish someone into subservience whether consciously or not. The more important goal is to express vehemently rather than to get the intended result because we all know shouting at someone is not a good way to get someone to change their behaviour. 3. Assertive Aggression This is the healthiest approach to go about anger. This approach is especially important when we deal with those whom we are close to – be it our family, friends and coworkers. But it doesn’t stop there because just because someone is a stranger and you don’t care about him, means it gives you a free pass to yell at it. So this approach is the golden standard for all situations. It involves awareness of what your triggers are, and that others may have a different viewpoint. Expressing anger assertively means clearly stating how certain actions make you feel and giving the other party a chance to share their side of the story. To approach anger in an assertively aggressive way is to prioritise the end goal of correcting the behaviour, not ruining the relationship along the way. Part 3 : How can we reduce anger outbursts? Prevention is better than cure. Being angry is no fun to anyone. It’s tiring, it disrupts the peace. I’m not saying we should avoid anger but I think there are early interventions that can either reduce the intensity of anger, or reduce the frequency of us getting angry. 1. Manage expectations from the get go It’s important to set the tone right from the start and seek to understand the existing arrangement. Whether it’s at the workplace, household or on a holiday. It’s good to clearly outline the non negotiables for all parties involved and set ground rules on ways to go about it in case there are any disagreements in the future. 2. Voice any displeasures latest by the second occurrence I think this works because it balances both being forgiving for a once off incident, but at the same time giving timely feedback to set the boundaries of what is okay and what is not. Say it too early, maybe it seems like you are petty, say it too late, you risk getting mad and isn’t giving the other party a chance to work on things. 3. Reflect on your own self talk and behaviours Are you engaging in any behaviour that may be triggering for others? Are much of your anger rooted in your perception and negative self talk (you’ll know this when you find yourself ‘misinterpreting’ situations frequently)? Consistent self reflection is a good way to build self awareness and actively work on areas for improvement. 4. Calm down before you decide to express your anger This is an oldie but a goodie. It’s so cliched because it’s true. We are not objective when we are fueled with rage or annoyance. There is no good that can come out of confronting someone right there and then. It’s best to take a walk, talk to someone objective about the matter or anything that gets you into the right headspace before addressing the situation. I know I started this article being a discussion about Anger but it ended up being a pitch for Communication. The more and more I go through life, the more I think that Effective Communication is the #1 life skill everyone should have. Because heck, there are 7.6 billion of us, how else would we get by without any differences at all? Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Body types: somatotypes body types somatypes man When we begin a stage of gaining muscle mass or losing fat, we are interested in reading about this world. It is here where we begin to see the different types of body that exist based on their morphology and their capabilities. These body types are referred to in somatotypes. There are several types of somatotypes and each one has characteristics that make that person unique. When training, the capacities of each person must be taken into account to adapt the training to each level and objective. Therefore, we are going to dedicate this article to tell you everything you need to know about different body types and somatotypes. Body types in men types of men's bodies If you are a tall and thin man there are some characteristics that are related to a lack of strength from training or a body shape that is apparently too weak. There are several types of people depending on the morphology of their body. The set of characteristics that make up a body type is considered a somatotype. Somatotypes are divided into three: ectomorphs, mesomorphs and endomorphs. When it comes to training you need to know the type of body you have to adapt the workouts to your abilities both to recruit muscle fibers and to rest from workouts. Somatotypes: ectomorph We are going to analyze what are the main characteristics of an ectomorph. The characteristics of this type of body are related to the late onset of puberty since the bones are longer and It takes more time to grow than in other types of physical constitutions. The pelvis is usually wider than the shoulders, and excess weight may accumulate in the thighs and hips. Joints and workouts The joints of this body type are quite mobile. The muscles are mostly extended in length before width. This makes you have a much smaller overall volume than the rest of the somatotypes. These types of people are those to whom They find it difficult to gain generalized volume throughout the body and take longer to progress in the gym. They create hypertrophy better in series than in parallel. That is, it is important to highlight eccentric training and plyometrics. This is thanks to its great muscular extension capacity. Eccentric workouts are those that prioritize the eccentric phase, slowing it down to maintain mechanical tension for longer. The circulatory system of ectomorphs has a lower blood pressure. His pulse at rest is relatively fast and his blood circulation is weak. This leads to vasodilation, such as vasoconstriction at a slower rate. These factors often cause colder hands and feet and even some kind of vertigo to get up. Nervous system and digestions In these individuals the nervous system is very effective. They tend to react quickly and are more sensitive to a variety of stimuli. However, they are more sensitive to pain and tend to undergo greater stress on the neuromuscular system. Digestion in these objects is slower as they absorb nutrients with greater difficulty. It cannot be considered as effective digestion. They tend to have low blood sugar levels so it is more advisable to eat five meals a day to have better glycemic levels. Regarding the posture of the body, it must be said that due to a narrower thorax there is little room for the intestines. This makes the belly bulge with almost any food, no matter how small. This causes postures and hyperordotic. All these facts must be taken into account to correct during training. These individuals generate long levers during muscle fiber recruitment exercises. Their muscles tend to be longer than they are wide. This causes the strength improvements to be smaller and more gradual. You have to follow different training programs to better adapt to the improvements. In the same way, if an ectomorph leaves training your loss of strength and muscle mass becomes more visible and evident than in other somatotypes. Somatotypes: mesomorphs somatotypes in women They are those named after the genetically blessed. It is a body type with an athlete's appearance. Blood circulation muscle performance are good as they have low blood pressure and bradycardia. The most negative aspect is that if you get into advanced age, if physical activity is decreased, increases the risk of heart disease. A more regular aerobic training is advisable. In these types of individuals, blood vessel dilation occurs more rapidly. It better supports the cold of the ectomorph. Muscle strength has good connective tissues and strong stretch reflex. They tend to have high levels of adrenaline and powerful muscles. Their digestion proceeds normally unlike the previous case. Somatotypes: endomorphs They are those people who have a large accumulation of fat and rounded shapes. The main characteristic is since somatotype is that it has weaker blood circulation and muscles. They are stronger than the ectomorph, which leads to establish their posture somewhat more rigid but more mobile than a mesomorph. They have a good assimilation of nutrients with good digestion. However, this makes it easier to gain weight. Therefore, your diet should include foods that are less energetic than the rest of the somatotypes in order to maintain an optimal balance between strength and weight. Their ability to relax is very good and they tend to be less sensitive to pain. However, all its functions are carried out more slowly. They usually have a slow resting pulse, low blood pressure, and delayed puberty. They are usually people who are sedentary and overweight or obese. Because they have great problems conserving body weight in case of injury, it is necessary for them to have a more adequate life and more intense resistance training. As you can see, the different body types cater to somatotypes and each one must take into account some main aspects. I hope that with this information you can learn more about somatotypes and body types. Be the first to comment Leave a Comment 1. Responsible for the data: Miguel Ángel Gatón 3. Legitimation: Your consent
how golf clubs are made Ever Wonder How Golf Clubs are Made? If you’ve ever been golfing, you may have found yourself wondering how golf clubs are made. Seriously: how can such a lightweight object force a ball to travel hundreds of yards with a simple swing?! So, how are golf clubs made? In general, today’s golf clubs are made using titanium as the main source material. The titanium then goes through either the casting or forging process which, when completed, produces the finished golf club. It probably won’t surprise you to hear that the materials used in constructing a golf club are fairly common, but the process more complex. If you’d like to learn more about how the material for your set of clubs was chosen and the details of the process that goes into construction of each club, read on! Evolution of Materials Used to Make Golf Clubs how are golf clubs made Golfers have been attempting to gain an advantage through the use of better clubs since the time of the first golf match. The first golf clubs were actually carved by the players themselves out of wood since it was the only feasible material available. However, wood was relatively expensive at the time and was prone to cracks or even complete breaks if used too often. Starting in the mid 1700s, blacksmiths began to use iron instead of wood in constructing clubs. Iron proved to be more durable and less expensive, making it much easier for more people to start enjoying the sport. Over time more and more adjustments were made including steel shafts, incorporating more iron into the heads, and experimenting with composite materials such as graphite. It wasn’t until 1979 that Taylor-Made developed the first all-metal wood driver. This was significant as it reduced the weight of the club as well as led to further drives. Further refinements in materials were made in the early 2000s which involved clubs constructed of both wood and iron. These clubs are still in use today, but gave way to the modern trend of titanium club heads combined with graphite shafts. The Golf Club-Making Process Golf clubs may seem simple in structure and look, but the process of putting a quality club together is complex. There are two processes a manufacturer can use to produce a golf club head: Casting and Forging. Once the head has been made, it is then attached to the shaft. The last step before the club is delivered is adding the appropriate grip. The casting method first involves making a cast of the club head according to manufacturer’s specifications. Titanium (or your metal of choice) is then melted and poured into the cast. Once cooled, the head is then attached to the shaft and the club is nearly complete. Slight adjustments to the weight and grip may be needed, but they are minor. The casting process comes with numerous advantages. First, numerous clubs can be produced in a short period of time all according to nearly identical specifications as they come from the same mold. Casting can also offer a wide variety of choices for golfers to choose from as there are a wide variety of casts available in different shapes and sizes. Clubs produced through casting make up approximately 90% of the clubs on the market today. The main reason they are so popular is that golfers of any age and skill level can find a suitable set of clubs at a reasonable price due to the wide selection available. The forging process uses a single piece of steel or titanium to produce golf clubs. The metal is heated similar to the casting process, but only to the point where the titanium or steel becomes malleable and relatively easy to form into the shape of the desired club. Once hot enough, the steel is hammered and shaped numerous times until it comes close to the shape of the club desired. However, this is not the end of the process. Because the forging technique is much less precise than casting, manufacturers must continuously reshape the club head until it is ready to be connected to the club shaft. The process is labor intensive and takes much more time than casting. You may be asking yourself what the advantages of a forged club are given that they are more expensive than clubs made from casting. Forged clubs are mainly for the experienced golfer who knows what he or she wants in terms of the feel, weight, and performance of their chosen club. Additionally, forged clubs are considered works of art in that they undergo numerous refinements and adjustments in order to achieve that “perfect feel” that some golf aficionados are looking for. Conclusion: How Golf Clubs are Made We’ve seen from our discussion above that golf clubs may seem simple to manufacture, the steps involved can be fairly complex:First, the desired material for the club must be chosen. Today titanium is far and away the most popular material used to form the head of the club. Two processes are available to create a club head: • Casting manufactures clubs by melting metal and pouring it into a premade cast, after which it is connected to the shaft. Casting can create a large number of clubs in a short period of time and are appropriate for golfers of all ages and skill levels. • Forging is a much more labor intensive process that involves heating the metal until it is able to be hammered and shaped into the desired shape. Forged clubs are popular among experienced golfers as they are considered works of art and are customizable in terms of weight and shape. We hope this article has been interesting as well as helpful in choosing your next set of clubs the next time you’re in the market. Happy golfing!
Basics Of Wattage And Electricity The biggest part most people overlook is the wattage and the dangers of electricity, so here are the basics of wattage and electricity. Basics Of Wattage And Electricity YouTube Video How Important Is Electricity And Wattage Planning When you’re looking into building a small scale mining farm or mining from home, electricity planning should never be overlooked. Electricity can be very dangerous and harmful to everyone around the mining operation, it can lead to overheating cables, electricity shorts and worst of all your house burning down. This tutorial will go over the basics of electricity and wattage for Crypto Mining, please make sure to conduct your own research as well regarding your environment, and consult an expert for help. Wall Plug Understanding Your Fuse Box 1. Best place to start is to decide where to place your Mining Rig(s) 2. Open your fuse box and locate which breakers are connected to the outlets that you will be using. 3. Read the fuse box labels carefully, then plug a lamp or anything light weight to test the outlets. 4. Turn off the breaker and check if the light turns on, do it to all of the outlets that you will be using and write down your wattage limits. Doing The Calculations With the method above, you will be able to figure out how much watts can a plug handle. Now that you hopefully labeled which breaker is related to what plug then you’re ready to perform the calculation, here is an example that you can follow: • If the breaker says 15 Amps, then it means you can do : 120v * 15 amps = 1800 Watts. Voltage is usually 120v for residential in U.S. and Canada but please double check and contact your electricity supplier and ask them. Putting the limitations For example in our mini-mining farm we are running 3 Rigs from 5 different outlets, those rigs have a total of 5 power-supplies ,hence it is 5 outlets. We got 2 EVGA 1200 Watts Platinum, 2 Thermaltake 750 Watts Gold RGB, and 1 Corsair HX1200 Watts Platinum. The 2 EVGA 1200 Watts are running on a 20 Amps outlet, which yields 2400 Watts total, and the others are running on 1800 Watts outlets. Please make sure to never go beyond 80% usage of the power outlet, it can make the breakers go off and shutdown the rigs if they get too hot. If you have 1800 watts to use, do NOT go beyond 1500 watts of usage and to track how much your using use this Power Draw Tracker. Powersupply Ratings And Power Output Powersupply ratings can play a big part in your electricity bill, the more PSUs you use the higher the rating you want to save as much watts as possible now let us explain how. The Ratings refer to the efficiency of the powersupply, Titanium being most efficient meaning that less power will be lost when it is being moved around the wiring to your GPUs, and other parts. Using a 80 plus White PSU will only be 80% efficient therefore 20% power will be lost. With the Titanium it will be 90% used and only 10% lost with also the ability of it being more stable and reliable for long-term. Now that you finished the article we hope you got some critical tips on the basics of electricity and wattage and also learned how to mine safely. Here is your checklist before you start mining… 1. Figure out where you’re placing your Mining Rig(s). 2. Check how much Watts you have in the outlets that will be used for Mining. 3. Make a plan with your rigs and see how much watts you will be using from each outlet, make sure to never pass the 80% threshold. 4. Get high efficiency Powersupplies to avoid wasting power and to have a more reliable way to power you’re rigs. 5. Under-volt your cards by following our ‘Basics Of Overclocking‘ Tutorial to reduce your power usage by a noticeable amount 6. Finalize and then we recommend making an excel sheet of all your rigs, your costs, and your expected profits so you can have it planned out. Table of Contents Searching For Specific Posts? Latest Guides: Latest Fundamentals: Mining Software: GPU Settings: RTX A4000 Mining Settings RTX A5000 Mining Settings RTX A2000 Mining Settings RX 480 Mining Settings RX 470 Mining Settings RX 570 Mining Settings Sign Up For Our Newsletter! Be notified when we publish new Articles and Tutorials Thank you for reading! Share us: Share on facebook Share on reddit Share on whatsapp Share on twitter Share on telegram With Your Support We Can Continue Making Great Content.
What are the parts of a church? • Narthex. • Façade towers. • Nave. • Aisles. • Transept. • Crossing. • Altar. • Apse. What is a church singing group called? What is the apse in a church? Apse, in architecture, a semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir, chancel, or aisle of a secular or ecclesiastical building. First used in pre-Christian Roman architecture, the apse often functioned as an enlarged niche to hold the statue of a deity in a temple. You might be interested: Question: What Architectural Element Of The Choir At The Abbey Church Of Saint-denis Was? What do you call the part of the church where the congregation sits? The nave is the main part of the church where the congregation (the people who come to worship) sit. The altar is usually at the east end of the church. People in the church sit facing the altar. We say that the church “faces east”. What are the rooms of a church called? What are the four main parts of the church? What are the 6 types of voices? What songs do they sing at church? Songs sung at church • 10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord) – Matt Redman. • A Beautiful Life – William Golden. • Abide With Me – King’s College Choir of Cambridge. • Above All – Michael W. • All Things Bright and Beautiful – Libera. • Amazing Grace – Traditional. What are the songs in church called? You might be interested: Often asked: Why Is There A Choir In Church? Which direction does a church face? Within church architecture, orientation is an arrangement by which the point of main interest in the interior is towards the east (Latin: oriens). The east end is where the altar is placed, often within an apse. The façade and main entrance are accordingly at the west end. What does an apse look like? In the world of architecture, an apse is a semi-circle, like an upside down bowl, built into the ceiling over a pinnacle point. In pre-Christian times, it would be the highest point of the ceiling. Where was the altar usually located in Gothic churches? In later Gothic churches, we sometimes see yet another level below the clerestory, called the triforium. The nave was used for the procession of the clergy to the altar. The main altar was basically in the position of the apse in the ancient Roman basilica, although in some designs it is further forward. What is the side door of a church called? A doorway would often be inserted in the “heathen” north side of the church to allow them to enter and worship on the site. Because of the association of that side with the Devil, the name “Devil’s door ” became established. What is the room behind the altar called? A sacristy is a room for keeping vestments (such as the alb and chasuble) and other church furnishings, sacred vessels, and parish records. In most older churches, a sacristy is near a side altar, or more usually behind or on a side of the main altar. You might be interested: Quick Answer: Why Were Women Not Allowed The Sing In Church Choir? What is the wall behind the altar called? Similar Posts Leave a Reply
Zakynthos Island The Flower of the East Zakynthos has undergone a great many changes over the centuries, mainly owing to the influence of foreign invaders, all leaving their mark on the island, and devastating earthquakes; yet it has always managed to rise from the ashes and thrive, exerting a strong appeal on both its residents and visitors from the four corners of the world. According to Homer, Zakynthos, son of Dardanus, King of Troy, founded his citadel on the island, after liberating it from the snakes that had overrun it. Later, Zakynthos Island was ruled by Ulysses, King of Ithaca, and actively participated in the war of Troy. Similarly, the islanders were present at the Peloponnesian War, having allied with the Athenians. History has it that the Romans were the first to conquer the island, taking advantage of its strategic position. During the Byzantine Era, Constantine the Great attempted many invasions and Zakynthos was, eventually, annexed to the province of Illiria. Evidently, the island flourished under the Venetian domination that followed. In fact, Venetians named Zakynthos, “Florence of Greece”, as it stood out in terms of culture and architecture. Following the fall of the Venetian dynasty, the island was subjected to democratic France until 1809. That year, the British occupied Zakynthos, establishing it as the capital of the State of the Ionian Islands. This was founded as per the Russian – Turkish agreement. Albeit not conquered by the Turkish, Zakynthos played an instrumental role in the Greek fight against the Ottomans. The year 1864 is considered a milestone, as all the Ionian Islands, including Zante, joined Greece. That year, the efforts of the radical movement that had been developed in the region bore fruit. zakynthos island \| Villa Shangri-La Zakynthos, Greece During the World War II, the Nazis were the successors of the Italians on Zakynthos Island. In the course of the Nazi occupation, a notable story of bravery unfolded. Metropolitan Bishop Chrisostomos and the Mayor Loukas Karrer vigorously refused to turn in the members of the Jewish community living on the island, defying the risk of being imprisoned and killed. Instead, they made sure that all the Jews were sheltered and looked after properly. On top of that, they only wrote their 2 own names on the list of the Jewish residents they submitted to the German commander, after his demand to reveal all Zakynthian Jews. Their brave struggle to keep the latter safe and sound was fruitful and has been celebrated accordingly. zakynthos island \| Villa Shangri-La Zakynthos, Greece Ancient ruins, paintings, manuscripts, traditional buildings and, of course, the Greek National Anthem are testament to the thriving island’s culture. Zakynthos has given birth to and has inspired acclaimed poets, playwrights, painters, artists, many of which are regarded as the forerunners of Greek literature. Dionisios Solomos, Andreas Kalvos, Gregorios Xenopoulos, Nikolaos Koutouzis, Nikolaos Kantounis are only a few names on the endless list of the Zakynthians who greatly contributed to Greek literature and art. A visit to the local museums can give history and culture enthusiasts an insight into the island’s rich history. "The chasm opened by the earthquake was fast covered with flowers" Dionysios Solomos Έλεγχος Διαθεσιμότητας Κλείστε τις διακοπές σας εδώ και επωφεληθείτε από τις μοναδικές προσφορές. 1 Δωμάτια , 1 Ενήλικες , 0 Παιδιά Τηλέφωνο επικοινωνίας: +30 697 991 4889 Πολιτική Απορρήτου Όροι και Προϋποθέσεις
If you have a pet dog, you are already aware of the incredibly strong bond people build with their four-legged friends. Dogs are actually considered as a member of the family, and studies show that grieving a pet is similar to losing a close relative, and sometimes, even more difficult. Losing a dog is a great loss in life since people tend to share loving memories with them. Researchers have found that the connections between people and their dogs are similar to important friendships in life. The time spent and the physical touch stimulate the release of the same hormones in the brain as when we are doing that with humans. According to Psychology Today: An animal friend offers an incredibly strong love, acceptance, and joy, and their love is nonjudgmental, unconditional, and pure. Therefore, their loss causes a huge emptiness. Also, pet owners usually start their day with a hug with their dog, spend their days with it, and say a goodnight every night at bedtime, and the routine they lack when the pet is gone is also very sad and stressful. Owners usually feel guilty and responsible, since their pets are completely dependent on them, and the life of the dog is in their hands. In certain situations, they have to make a difficult decision, for the sake of their pet, but it can be extremely painful. Yet, even though the degree of grief can be the same as when losing a dear person, there is no cultural grieving process for pets, no ceremonies, flowers, support, or condolence cards, and others do not consider the loss of a pet something one should grieve over. Therefore, you should find understanding for anyone who grieves his lost dog, as it can be really traumatizing and stressful. Check Also
However, there are also non-probability based methods of sampling such as quota sampling, which first breaks down the population into various groups based on a certain attribute and then samples are taken. Convenience sampling is useful as it considers only those people who have answered the questionnaire. Case control sampling is another such method wherein we select the sample based on opposite sides of an attribute for a set of people. Post deciding on the sampling methodology, the most important thing is the questionnaire, there are some basic hand rules which are helpful when creating a questionnaire. We should be unambiguous, ask simple and straight forward questions using simple language. There should be a clear purpose to the questions and should be framed to suit the knowledge level of the person answering the question. We should be doing several dry runs of the questionnaire, to get n overall feel and response to the same. Additionally, it’s important to follow up and make the questionnaire as readable and enjoyable to answer as possible. The outcome can also be in different ways, which need to be assimilated before the final analysis. However, the analysis can be of three types (L7: S8): Univariate: This type of analysis measures variables accurately and in detail Bivariate: This looks at pairs of dependent or independent variables to reach an outcome Multivariate: This helps in analyzing the effect of more than one independent variable on a dependent variable There are additional methods like the factor and cluster analysis, which helps you in either clubbing the variables which are related or in analyzing specific clusters of the samples in inferring on certain attributes. Qualitative Research Also, case narratives are of prime importance as there needs to be multiple perspectives of analyzing the case studies. Interviews are another way of analyzing more deeply towards the general attitude of the sample population. However, even if these methods can provide useful insights towards culture and some attributes which can be missed by just looking at numbers, we need to be careful in summarizing and collating all the feedback, as these tend to be qualitative responses and it is more difficult to compile such responses. One way to better organize data is to have codes demarcating specific chunks of information, so that it can be extracted easily. We also need to be cognizant of the fact if events are recurring and if there is some correlation or similarity between the events. This will help us in draw conclusions and inferences moving forward. The findings should also be in sync with the background research done on the topic. Also, we should be able to distinguish between repeated practices and rituals, meaning that something might have been followed as a rule or something might have just been repeated in the past few days or weeks due to special circumstances. There are different ways also to show the narrative, i.e., the story can be told in multiple ways. It could be either in the form of a drama showing day-to-day activities or it could be in form of a narration by a third person on the account. It could also be as highlighting only the major turning points in the researcher’s mind that has to be displayed in front of the individual. Lastly, the need to summarize the data, collate the findings from the interviews, narratives is crucial. This can be done by a simple quote or using a metaphor to impress upon the audience, the outcome of the research. This representation can be done in various ways 。 The use of everyday products is what most of us take for granted. It is everyday products that are used the most and at the same time are not considered for their environmental impact. This essay is a case study analysis of a product that we use almost every day-toothpaste. In 2007 it was alleged that more than 300 people died because of the use of toothpaste which has diethylene glycol. This is a substance that is commonly made use of in antifreeze. The use of this substance could cause such issues as kidney failure, paralysis and more. In investigation on this allegation, it was established that the substance could not have been introduced after the toothpaste was manufactured; it was probable that the substance was introduced in the lifecycle of its manufacture (Delmas, and Blass, 2010). Not all toothpaste products could have a direct negative impact on the health of the individual or the environment, and only a sustainability triple bottom line analysis could reveal the negative impacts that such a production and lifecycle process might have. It is the intention of this chosen case study to not only include the negative impacts but also the positive ones. Ecological / Environmental questions The natural resource that goes into the product is something that cannot be replaced. These resources are however renewable. For instance, in the case of the product used in the form of palm oil the palm plantations can be grown again. However, the environmental impact element to be understood here is whether the products are having a higher demand than the rate at which they are manufactured. In the situation where there is a high demand, the rate at which the palm oil and other sources are manufactured will actually go down. So speeding up production will become necessary for manufacturing more of these sources, which would in retrospect lead to the problems of deforestation, climatic changes and more (Attaran, and Attaran, 2007). Colgate attempts to balance this by ensuring that there is a balance between the environment and the production and supply processes. In order to reduce the greenhouse gases that are emitted, the company is seen to work with a project called the Carbon Disclosure Project’s Supply Chain Leadership Collaboration Project. This project was incepted in the year 2008 and is seen to create a form of awareness for its suppliers. In this program, it becomes easier for Colgate to understand the overall carbon footprint of all its suppliers. It was able to find out through surveys that around 85 percent of its suppliers could report on the direct sourcing and expenditures which would enable the company to understand the demand to sourcing relations. With these data forms, Colgate plans to achieve energy reduction in its manufactory and distributions. In particular, the company aims to work with a “Supplier Enhancement Program” where the overall competition among the suppliers would be increased but would be done in a way that sustainability becomes a key important criteria. This is now a positive end when it comes to the TBL as it is seen that the company directly encourages its suppliers to build on sustainability and also ensures that they focus on sustainability as a competitive advantage (Ethical Consumer, 2016). Waste is produced from manufacture to the final disposal of the element. In the case of Colgate, the issues raised in terms of waste management shows that the company aims to reduce its wastes by focusing on the landfills created in production. As much as 10 percent in landfills are reduced now and the company aims to reduce further by more than 15 percent. While the company has been focusing on reducing wastage for years, it was the 2010 wastage reduction program that enabled the company to make the drive more formalized in structure. The company works with waste vendors who would be able to convert the waste generated into something useful. Also the company makes use of standardized scorecards that are useful to make the waste management policy more visible. The use of waste vendors can be considered as a positive step in TBL as the waste is converted to something useful for society (Choi, and Gray, 2008). According to Borg, a well-known philanthropist and an environmental minister, the system of international cooperation has been marked through work of actors at international level. Even though the states in the international law are equal and have sovereignty, they are still far from being similar to be called single unit. They are different to one another not only in terms of resources but also with regard to the position occupied by them on values and beliefs. From his statement, it implied that international cooperation can be regarded as a response of natural nature on the collective action issues and general threats (Haas, 2010). According to him, furthermore, these states cannot be side-lined as there is a role for every state with stakeholders appearing crucial for efficient solutions achievement. However, international cooperation requires that it is properly supported through rules. This indicates that the international environment protection agreements are such rules that help promote the international cooperation for protecting the environment and securing it. Until 1970 international cooperation, meant only to have a focus over prevention of war and over growth of economy. Other international cooperation areas such as development of scientific nature and technological innovation were viewed as essential back then, and therefore, international cooperation was needed in this regard. In the year 1972, Human Environment Conference was held within Stockholm and in this summit, international cooperation started to develop for environment security (Imber and Vogler, 2003). For instance, this was the situation with regard to the issue of acid rain. This was a key concern for Stockholm and this issue also became the key focus of majority of efforts made in European cooperation. This led towards long range trans-boundary air pollution convention to develop. In the context of America, mainly a bilateral dimension was taken up by acid rain and the issue started becoming a perspective of stress with regard to the negotiation between 2 nations, Canada and U.S. 2 decades after the conference of Stockholm, there already were 900 multilateral agreements for the environment with a bilateral dimension associated to them (Yoffe et al., 2003). Additionally, the conference of UN over environment security in the year 1992 was helpful in allowing the creation of connection between protection of the environment and development of social and economic nature. This is a conception which is subjected to distinct definitions with converging nature, but these have a focus over fostering socio-economic equitability and welfare also ensuring to protect and secure the environment. This became an essential component of the landscape of international cooperation. In addition, issues are regarding conflict of acute nature which emerged as a result of depleting natural resources started to be apparent (Ostreng, 2005). This issue became a component of the global landscape of cooperation. Concerns are connected to acute conflict, which additionally emerging as a result of depleting natural resources. It in turn led towards the formation of the environmental security notion to the agenda of international level. A business structure sets the foundational base of an organization and there are different approaches of organizational structure available for them. These are selected based on business requirements and preferences. The level to which a business lays emphasis either on organic or mechanistic system can have substantial variations. There can be relatively mechanistic systems in context with dimensions such as period of control, command chain, impersonality, procedures, rules, centralization and authoritative hierarchy. On the other hand, the organic system lays emphasis on the competence of individual employees, instead of their formal position across the hierarchical level. This involves the empowerment of employees for specifically dealing with major uncertainties involved. During its initial operations, Cisco followed a mechanistic structure which lacked significant effectiveness. In the current scenario, Cisco has an organic structure in which the innovative ideas of lower management are strongly considered. Cisco has taken over an approach of organic structure in which there is involvement of lower managers in the process of decision making. This helps various business divisions and teams in implementing their innovations and ideas aligned with the long-term strategies. In the case of Cisco, there are multiple working groups, boards, councils and teams involved for the creation of vast internal integrated structures. This is allowing the company to make decisions at a faster speed referring to the right personnel for ensuring the agility of Cisco. This complex structure of Cisco supports it for entering new markets at a quicker rate. The key emphasis of Cisco is laid upon cross functional teaming and horizontal integration for enhancing the scope of agility. Suitability of the Organizational Structure The organic approach of organizational structure can be considered suitable for Cisco as the company grows from this structure in terms of direction, delegation, collaboration and coordination. In following a mechanistic structure, top ten corporate managers of Cisco worked collaboratively for developing strategies of new product design. Further ahead, orders were sent down by top management to lower hierarchy work force for implementing the main ideas. As a result of the organic approach, all of the top divisional managers do not have to compete for obtaining rightful resources and authority. With the approach of organic structure, Cisco enjoys the ability of sharing responsibilities and taking credit for the success of one another. Further ahead, the company is able to maintain strong social control instead of formal control. By the provision of more authorities and responsibilities for different divisions and teams in an organization, the creation of faster responses is possible in the case of decision making. This further supported the quicker establishment of new products related to an organization. As a result, the company successfully enjoys the benefits of increased agility and enhanced innovation (Galbraith, 2014). The most common attribute of mechanistic system is centralization while shared decision making and decentralization is crucially embedded in the case of organic system. There is distribution and better organization of regulations and rules from the headquarters to each and every department and office while reporting on individual basis across the hierarchy. Hence, it can be concluded that the organic structure is highly suitable perceiving the vast global operations of Cisco. 論文代筆-組織分析與理論應用的案例分析。該案例顯示了與花園堆場相關的許多組織問題。默裏·金買下了由賈妮斯·鮑曼管理的花園倉庫。賈妮斯對穆雷的女婿德裏克•辛克萊(Derek Sinclair)所做的工作的清晰度和質量並不滿意。Derek對工作的態度是不合適的，工作的質量影響了Janice的工作表現。該案例顯示了組織中與領導力、團隊合作、沖突解決和溝通相關的許多問題。 The first issue was that the managers in the four departments are not working as a team effectively at Garden Depot. A team is referred to the group of people who are committed to achieving a given goal (Gregory, 2013). The leaders have the responsibility to define the goals, determine the needs of the team members and motivate them towards their goals. It has been found that if Derek is hired as the manager by Murray as the landscaping manager, then it will affect the work process of the organization. Derek has no work experience either in the management of the work and employees or the landscaping. The roles and responsibilities were not clear to Derek as a landscaping manager that is a major issue of affecting the work performance. The role conflict was experienced by Janice as she tries to complete the invoices of Derek and her work. It shows a lack of the coordination between the employees of the organization. There is a lack of leadership skills in both Murray and Derek. The leaders play a significant role in guiding and motivating the whole team. Murray was not aware of the issues prevailing in the company and for this, Janice was frustrated and not able to find a solution for the issue. The conversation of Derek and Janice clearly shows that they do not care about the development of the organization. Communication issue is there because Derek and Janice have interpersonal communication issues. The flow of communication is very much important in an organization to carry out the work (Canada, 2016). There is a communication gap and low trust level between the members of the organization. Dave was inefficient in evaluating the performance of the employees and implementing reward program for them. The employees were ineffective in developing a team work and coordinate each other to solve all the issues. Janice has stated that many organizational issues have been raised affecting the quality of work and performance of the processes within the organization. The managers were not working as a team which shows ineffective work carried out by them. Appropriate training was not provided to Derek who leads to ineffective management of the work processes (Johns & Saks, 2008). Janice was working under huge pressure as she has to manage her work and invoice work of Derek. The team was not guided appropriately because there was a lack of leadership, knowledge and skills. The organization was facing huge difficulties due to conflicts, communication issues, lack of leadership and inefficient management. The Organizational behaviour is one of the most important aspects of an organization. It helps in depicting the way that people of the organizations communicate within the groups. In the given case study of Garden Depot, there are various issues watched, and the key issue is the issue of nepotism, where the owner of the organization appoints his son-in-law, Dereck, as a landscape manager of the company. It is completely a case of nepotism where an unskilled and inexperienced individual who is not suited for the position is employed with this higher position. Hence, the key issue is inappropriate recruitment. The recruitment of Dereck as landscape manager without any prior experience and requisite skills for the specific position is considered as a big mistake. Besides this, he is irresponsible and lacking any leadership quality that creates lots of issue for the company and the company is losing a reasonable amount of money due to his incompetency (Kreitner, Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013). The company Garden Depot is a successful organization, however, the company has been facing numerous issues because of its inappropriate organization behaviour. The company is a family owned floral company which was initially run by Mr. and Mrs. Murray, and eventually, it grows and has various departments like gardening, lawn care and landscaping sections. The organization has faced various problems as per the office manager Mrs. Bowman. The company is lacking from an effective leadership as Mr. Murray does not look after the operation of the organizations and the senior managers of the company cannot dare to complain against Dereck as he is the son-in-law of Mr. Murray, the owner of the company. Besides this, it is evident that the team coordination is very poor in this organization, and for carrying out the operational activities of the organization, the team work is the most necessary. Among the various departments, the landscape department is very weak in this matter. Dereck is the head of the department, and he is incapable to establish a team. Hence, the company must find an alternative of Dereck and train the members of the landscape sections so that they can accomplish their tasks appropriately. The first problem is John who has been not static enough on one idea and test it, such as sticking to the idea of a good run restaurant. Over spending on marketing by Mary was a grave mistake, even though she thought that marketing is not a cost and will be compensated. This is not right for a 20 room hotel which is competing with similar category hotel and in a small market. There are fewer exemptions for mistakes in a sensitive and small market, which Mary ignorantly committed. Analysing the origin of problems John sensed that the restaurant was not doing well or not fit to be run when it fell in its sales only a bit, which could actually have been due to natural economic shifts. Changing the restaurant plan abruptly led to the resignation of his reliable chef and the eventual close down of it. John seemed to be preoccupied with a notion of finding faults when the majority of things were going good with a small amount of unexpected events. These can always be accommodated as they may not be of an intentional nature, but being externally influenced. The processes were never in place for a long enough time for them to reflect their impacts on profits, because John and Mary kept on changing and intervening in them when there was a slight fall. Too much intervention leads to cluttered thinking, leading to ignorant decisions, often self-destructive in nature. They could have hired and retained good quality staff by learning from them and forming a committee of new ideas proposed by all heads of departments. Involving people in suggestions, decision making could have made an otherwise difference to the hotel than it did with their own intervention (Mauri, 2012). What caused the problems? The problems caused within the framework are the lack of proper belief in the authenticity of the processes which make things much simpler, and free the owners from their daily responsibilities. They did not have a proper HR system, and a team bonding program which was lacking and which bred more distrust within the team than trust, leading to simultaneous resignations. No single process was allowed to survive for substantial time until it was fully exploited and a conclusion was reached. Other problems lie in the distrust of the Powers in delegating their responsibilities to more reliable and expert employees. They could have hired more knowledgeable and skilled employees than themselves to run the hotel instead (Hayes, Ninemeier & Miller, 2012). The destination’s beauty and advantages were not fully exploited by the Powers, who always tend to go with the market flow. They could have explored the hidden treasures of the location by offering unique stay experiences, different from its rivals. In addition, the hotel did not develop one single core competency that could have made its regular clientele keep coming back, despite the slowdown. Building one or two superior market qualities makes the hotel survive turbulent times. 加拿大论文代写-电子商务时代。电子商务的应用在短时间内取得了巨大的增长。现在，社会在计算机网络(internet)的帮助下获得了交易产品和服务的特权。尽管私营部门恰好是一个以全球消费者为中心的利润驱动市场，但“电子商务业务能否被有效利用，以产生更多收入和社会地位”的问题没有改变。互联网设施和服务的爆炸式增长为各种创新铺平了道路，这些创新被认为是开创性的(Huang & Benyoucef 2013)。主流电子商务的出现为传统的经营模式提供了一个可行的替代品(Hajli & Khani, 2013)。在当今的商业世界中，电子商务可以被描述为利用技术进行电子商务的创新方式。如今，是电子商务的时代和时代。 Another issue that scares the society is that the sellers receive the payment, but they did not dispatch the goods from the warehouse (Turban et al., 2015). One more issue can be cited into the list is that the society does not gets update regarding actual price of the goods at marketing which factually becomes advantageous for the sellers as they set up the price of the goods without following to the market price (Huang & Benyoucef 2013). By doing so, it creates huge profit for them. If the seller fraud the buyer, then the society will turn into having low standard. If this occurs extensively, then society will stop buying products from the E-commerce and establishing the faith once again will become more difficult. Regardless, there are still other issues of E-commerce that put high impact on society. One of them is the shipping issues. In this context, the buyer will purchase goods from the seller globally reside, and it is the sellers’ duty to make the shipment delivered to the ordered address at right time. In shipping domain, the sellers need to have good data management so that information of the customers such as buyers’ names, buyers’ addresses, credit card information and contact information of the buyers can be secured. Moderate variables: In case of moderate variables, e-commerce businesses can quote product search, product credibility, experience of the product, truthfulness of the retailer and payment method as the factors to best describe the functional values of E-commerce. Government participation in e-commerce Probably, there are wide ranging ways wherein governments become the active participants in E-commerce through their e-government activities. Here, the major emphasis was given to the five most significant governmental e-commerce activities which are telecommunications, online transactions for businesses as well as citizens, Government procurement, private sector e-commerce activities by governments and outsourcing of non-core governmental functions. Telecommunications: Both e-commerce as well as E-government demands robust, reliable and secure telecommunications networks. In all cases virtually, government acts as the consumers of the telecommunication services as they seek out to establish web enabled governmental functions (Huang & Benyoucef 2013). This is the fact as governments want to launch internal data links for sharing databases or to allow the exchange of e-mail in between agencies and government departments. When governments wish to offer ready access to information or desire to facilitate the conduct of online transactions for their citizens, the telecommunications networks becomes more critical. assignment代写-中国能源消费现状。中国，也被称为世界工厂，来自世界各国的各种公司在中国的工业区合并，以利用成本效益有效的资源，如劳动力。对于大多数西方公司来说，劳动力是负担得起的，因为他们的劳动警察无法吸引当地的生产(纽约时报，2007)。中国有13亿多人口，人口众多，似乎比其他任何国家都更容易获得足够的劳动力供应，这给了企业更好的议价空间。与此同时，FDI在国内具有许多促进作用，如创造更多的就业岗位，提高要素生产率，增加技术转让等(OECD, 2000)。然而，当不断扩大的外国投资和廉价劳动力继续推动整体经济快速增长时，政府等环保监管机构对经济增长与环境的和谐背道而驰，人们周围的环境受到了相当大的影响。为解决这一问题，政府试图引导无论是外国投资者还是国内投资者转移投资风能、太阳能等替代能源的方式(Frey 2014)。中国的工业增长使其成为光伏太阳能电池板和风力涡轮机制造商的领导者。此外，中国最近与俄罗斯签署了一项价值4000亿美元的天然气协议。 David Elliott (1997) pointed out that the issue of environment is remarkable from early 1970s; some of key problems even emerged earlier. For example, the ‘smogs’ of the UK, the damage suffered by Germany’s black forest. Recent years, with the development of merging market, the problem of survival environment have been concern more by many of the other countries, not only for developed economies, the issue of environment has up to the level of international (Frey 2014). By concern of the situation of Chinese environment pollution, one kind of energy is deserve special attention, because of this nation is the king of coal, not matter as a coal producer or a coal consumer, the statistics of Chinese coal have deeply influenced the world coal price, and nearly eighty percent of China‘s total electricity generation is coal-fired, as a type of fossil energy, continued using of coal-and lots of it will make a heavier burden for environment governance. (Buchan, 2010), not limited to the area of coal, from the report of EIA associated with total energy consumption from 2001 to 2011, Chinese oil, nature gas and nuclear energy are inevitably have the rising trend with the economic growth, EIA forecasts that growth in China’s demand for oil will account for 64 percent of increased oil demand of the world during 2011-2013, and natural gas production is more than tripled over the last decades, nuclear power was more widely used than before, as of mid-2012, China had 15 operating reactors, and 26 new one are under the construction. With the increasing energy consumption in China, the conflict between economy demand and society and environment harmony is increasingly prominent. Chang (2010) have found out that in long run and short run Chinese CO2 emission continue to increase along with the rapidly economic advance and energy consumption. More and more CO2 emission impact on climate change in Asian region, further accelerating the trend of global warming. Another point need to be concerned is because of China’s air pollution, resulted from unlimited use of dirty energy, human health in China will confront a new threat. According to China Daily, premature death related to PM2.5, which is the main source of air pollution in China in major 31 Cities have reached 257,000, making it become a major killer equivalent to smoking (Frey 2014). Evidence shows that the death rate of haze period of China is much higher than non-haze period, unfortunately, Guangzhou have average of 278 days of haze period each year, like many other cities in China. Regarding China’s domestic enterprises of energy industry, there are also several reasons giving rise to increasing energy consumption, mainly it because the efficiency of using energy for Chinese companies is far lower than the companies of developed countries, lead to the creation of more pollutants, with the expansion of production, discharge of pollutants is difficult to get scientific and effective supervision. In addition, many Chinese enterprises blindness pursuit of economic interests, however ignoring the sustainability development of their own and enterprise moral education and corporate social responsibility. Many measures in China have been used to control energy consumption, in this dissertation, influences of accounting audit system will be considered as major research direction. 一个关键的部分是客户发挥围绕游戏程序开发整个幻想文化。正如之前所阐述的那样，这款游戏的目标人群是那些拥有意愿和能力，能够在游戏中平均每周投入22个小时的玩家以及那些沉迷于幻想的玩家。这个团队是如此的专注和投入，以至于能够围绕他们已经准备好的游戏以一致的方式创造更多的电子游戏体验。仅仅是，暴雪通过调节和托管信息页面(Mullins et al.， 2012)来促进社区的发展。这使得公司与客户保持一致的联系。此外，游戏消费过程也具有很大的灵活性，以满足客户的不同需求。它甚至在玩家连接到暴雪娱乐提供的电子游戏世界之前就开始了。他们首先能够选择他们想要的服务器。每个服务器都由不同的可能性和规则组成。然后，玩家便会沉浸在一个具有世界交互性的不断照亮的环境中，在这个环境中，每个行为都对他们的个人发展和外部世界产生了真正的影响。据研究人员Levine(2007)说，这款游戏有一个独特的智能规则集，当玩家刚开始玩游戏的时候，游戏会变得很有趣，但现在已经达到了最高的排名。这使得公司可以将其流程与概述的产品以及产品与定价系统相连接(Kotler, 2012)。这反过来又使他们的流程与营销策略保持一致。 A key part is played by the customers to develop the entire culture of fantasy around the gaming procedure. As it has been illustrated out before, the game targets individuals with a will and ability of investing 22 hours per week average within the game and for those who are involved in fantasy. The group is so much focused and engaged that it leads towards creating more video game experiences at a consistent manner around their already prepared games. Merely, Blizzard helps in facilitating the community as it is known over their website through moderating and hosting informational pages (Mullins et al., 2012). This allows the company to stay in connection with their customers on a consistent basis. The game consumption process furthermore, also has much flexibility so as to meet the distinct needs of the customers. It initiates even prior to players who connect with the universe of video gaming provided by Blizzard Entertainment. They first are able to select over which server they desire playing. Every server consists of distinct possibilities and rules. Players then get immersed in a constantly illuminating environment with world interactivity where each action has a real influence over their individual development and the world external to them. As per the researcher, Levine (2007), the game has a unique intelligent rule set which makes it fun when playing for people that only started as players but have now reached the top rank eventually. This allows the company to connect its processes with the outlined product and the product with the system of pricing (Kotler, 2012). This allows in turn aligning their processes with their marketing strategies.
Advertisement Close Why didn't Jerusalem Become an Independent City State? posted on: May 21, 2021 Why didn't Jerusalem Become an Independent City State? By: Ahmed Abu Sultan/ Arab America Contributing Writer Jerusalem is one of the holiest places known to the world. Throughout history, it has seen more invaders from all over the planet. Never has a holy place this much attention from foreign interest. It was in the 20th century that this city was treated as a target for many foreign interests. Everyone wanted a piece of the city without any consideration for human life. Why wouldn’t a city this holy be excluded from conflict initiated by man? The Holy See Why didn't Jerusalem Become an Independent City State? “You are shaking… so am I. It is because of Jerusalem, isn’t it? One does not go to Jerusalem, one returns to it. That’s one of its mysteries.” Elie Wiesel The apostolic see of Diocese of Rome was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, then the capital of the Roman Empire, according to Catholic tradition. The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognized by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I. For the longest time, the Papal States ruled the Vatican independent from foreign intervention. It wasn’t until the 19th century that the city of Rome capitulated to the new Italian Kingdom. In 1929 the head of the Italian government, at the time the Italian Fascist leader, Benito Mussolini ended the crisis between unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treaty, signed by the two parties. This recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity, the Vatican City State, limited to a token territory. As a result, Vatican City was granted independence under its own police and military force. So why is it that the Vatican was granted such privileges? Jerusalem “Al-Quds” Why didn't Jerusalem Become an Independent City State? “In my heart, there was joy mixed with sadness: joy that the nations, at last, acknowledged that we are a nation with a state, and sadness that we lost half of the country, Judea and Samaria, and, in addition, that we would have, in our state, 400,000 Arabs.” David Ben-Gurion It is one of the oldest cities in the world and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religionsJudaismChristianity, and Islam. Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power; however, neither claim is widely recognized internationally. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows the first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE. Throughout history, Jerusalem served as the center of attention for many different civilizations for religious, political, or even economic reasons. However, it was not spared the ungodly actions of mankind. It has seen countless genocide all in the name of personal gain in contrast to the common misconception that all crimes against humanity were done under legitimate justification. No man on earth has a justification to determine the fate of the Holy City under God, which begs the question: why was it not granted the right to be independent of foreign intervention? Corpus Separatum Roughly translated as “Separated Body”, Corpus Separatum was a plan for the city to be placed under an international regime, conferring it a special status due to its shared religious importance. The corpus separatum was one of the main issues of the Lausanne Conference of 1949, besides the other borders and the question of the right of return of Palestinian refugees. The origins of the concept of corpus separatum or an international city for Jerusalem has its origins in the Vatican‘s long-held position on Jerusalem and its concern for the protection of the Christian holy places in the Holy Land, which predates the British Mandate. The Vatican’s historic claims and interests, as well as those of Italy and France, were based on the former Protectorate of the Holy See and the French Protectorate of Jerusalem, which were incorporated in article 95 of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which incorporated the Balfour Declaration, but also provided: “it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine“. Although modern history can vouch that the Balfour Declaration did not include Palestinians. Partition Plan It was the only beacon of hope that Jerusalem will remain clear from the senseless destruction of human life. However, the Partition Plan was not implemented on the ground. The British did not take any measures to establish the international regime and left the city on 14 May, leaving a power vacuum. As a result, tens of thousands of human souls found themselves in a seemingly eternal conflict. In a letter of 31 May 1949, Israel told the UN Committee on Jerusalem that it considered another attempt to implement a united Jerusalem under the international regime “impracticable” and favored an alternative UN scenario in which Jerusalem would be divided into Jewish and Arab zones. It was not the people that determined the fate of this holy land, but those who follow their political agenda. As a Palestinian, who has never been blessed with the bliss moment of being within the Holy City, I feel great despair that after centuries of the same mistake being repeated to hurt the sanctity of the city. After all, Palestine is the land blessed by God and cursed by man. Check Out Arab America’s Blog Here!
Archifdy Ceredigion Archives ADX/224: School Books Acc. 721 Ref: ADX/224 Reference: [GB 0212] ADX/224 Title: Literacy Books for Schools Date(s): 1880 - 1914 Level: Fonds Extent: 5 items Scope and Content 1. The Royal Readers, no VI (Royal School Series, London 1880) 2. The Illustrated Readers fifth book (Longmans' Modern Series, London 1883) 3. The Royal Atlas Readers: The United States, for standard VII (Royal School Series, London 1892) Note: this book is inscribed with the name of Penfforddelen Board Schools, Groeslon. 4. McDougall's Season Reader, Spring, Summer Autumn, Winter (London, nd, probably pre 1914) 5. Saxons Everybody's Letter Writer, being a complete guide to letter writing by Penholder (n.d., c. 1894) Note: some of these books were in use in local schools, including Commins Coch, in the late 19th and 20th century. Website developed by Technoleg Taliesin
APSN Banner Referendum: Route to Timor independence without shame The Nation, Bangkok - April 11, 1997 Xanana, the 49-year-old leader of the pro-independence Fretilin has become a national symbol for the East Timorese struggle. A former seminary student, a teacher and a poet, Xanana spent 17 years leading the armed resistance in the East Timor jungles before he was arrested and imprisoned in 1992. In the mid-1980s, he became leader of the East Timor national front, representing an alliance of opposition organisations in East Timor which is called the Council of National Resistance of the Maubere (CNRM). The Indonesian military caught him a few months after the bloody Dili massacre in November 1991 during which more than 200 East Timor pro-independence protesters were gunned down by Indonesian troops. According to Xanana, the CNRM 1992 Peace Plan sets out a way in which East Timor can gain independence without causing Indonesia "shame." The London-based Index on Censorhip magazine together with the Jakarta-based Institute for the Studies on Free Flow of Information recently conducted an interview with Xanana. The following are excerpts: Q: What comments do you have regarding the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Bishop Belo and Jose Ramos Horta? A: It is perfectly fitting for these two leaders of East Timor to be given the prize. They represent the aspirations of the people who, throughout this prolonged conflict, have craved a true and lasting peace. Q: What influence will the Nobel Prize have on East Timor? A: In our struggle, in which the Maubere people are few and lack the strength to oppose the power of a modern military, the moral aspect plays a very important role. Even minor victories encourage the "fighting spirit" which breathes life into the national consciousness of our people. The Nobel Prize is clearly an international acknowledgement of our struggle. Because of that our people see this Nobel Peace Prize as a sign that their sacrifices have not been in vain. Q: What do you see as the most fundamental problem facing East Timor? A: The basic problem is that there is no single international solution that is acceptable to all sides. Jakarta always rejects our peace proposals for illogical, and at times, apparently stupid reasons. Human rights violations also continue to be a serious issue, because the most fundamental human rights violation is the violation of the right of our people to decide their own fate. The East Timorese people have never been given the freedom to say freely what they want for their political future. Other problems are consequences of the illegal and criminal military occupation. The problem is not the lack of freedom, but the cause of the lack of freedom. Q: What role does the Indonesian media have in the struggle in East Timor? A: What happened to TEMPO, Editor and DeTik weeklies made me understand the situation of the media in Indonesia. The days of professional and independent journalists are gone and all we see now is political subservience. I believe that the journalistic world in Indonesia feels that it has failed to accomplish its mission in society and has besmirched its reputation in the eyes of the world. I have followed the case of TEMPO and, more closely still, the PDI [Indonesian Democratic Party] case. I saw the disappointment of the Media Indonesia [daily] readers when the newspaper was forbidden to write about Megawati Sukarnoputri. The Indonesian press' room for manoeuvre these days is about as wide as my prison cell. Q: What does the Indonesian government need to do for East Timor? A: If the Indonesian regime imprisons and tries its Indonesian critics, imprisons and tries people who are attacked, and allows to go free those who cause disturbances and attack and provoke riots, do you really think we can hope for something different or special for East Timor? Q: What are your suggestions for a solution to the East Timor issue? A: If you read the CNRM Peace Plan you will see the kind of freedom we want for East Timor. The issue of a referendum is the principal one, and there cannot be at truly just solution if UN norms are not applied. But, supposing the East Timorese people chose integration, there won't be any freedom there if the Indonesian people continue to be oppressed and denied freedom. The referendum must be carried out under the aegis of the UN and international supervision in order to prevent it from becoming a farce, like elections in Indonesia. With the forthcoming elections, for example, the comedy started last year with the ouster of Megawati by that clown Soerjadi, the arrest of the PRD [People's Democratic Party] activists and with the judicial review of unionist Muchtar Pakpahan's case by the prosecutor, and so on. Q: What are the limits to your freedom at the moment? A: My freedom is only as limited as my will to struggle. Q: Is it true that you are forbidden from speaking to the outside world? A: Yes. The Indonesian government is really afraid of me speaking the truth and explaining to the Indonesian people why the annexation of East Timor is illegal and criminal. What is surprising is that the government knows that what I say will never be published [in Indonesia]. Yet even so they are afraid of me, in the same way that they fear opposition figures like Ali Sadikin, Abdurrahman Wahid, Sri-Bintang Pamungkas, Megawati, George Aditjondro, and all their critics who honestly wish to see political change in this country.
Transformation - Jane Austen Emma to Clueless 2160 Words9 Pages The transformation process redefines a story to make it accessible to the culture and values of a contemporary context. The manipulation of medium, genre, setting, characters and plot enables the transformed text to be understood and connect with a new audience. Amy Heckerling’s post-modern film transformation Clueless (1995) is derived from Jane Austen’s classic novel Emma (1816) with both texts comparable as they use satire to address similar values. The shift in context enables the texts to reinforce the values of Regency England or 1990s Beverly Hills. Heckerling subverts and appropriates the original text to a cinematic context, through this she can comment on American society thus invoking new meaning to the ideas in Emma. Both…show more content… Furthermore, the text magnifies the attempts to be socially mobile through marriage, evident as Emma devises long-term strategies for advancement thus, demonstrating the desirable goal to belong to a class supported by inherited wealth. This is shown with Emma promoting Mr. Elton over the “society of the illiterate and vulgar” Mr. Martin. Emma’s didactic description of the yeomen farmer marks her attempt to match Harriet with one of higher consequence so her friend doesn’t end up socially inferior like Miss Bates and Miss Goddard who are unmarried. However, order is restored in the text as the concept of marriage between equals is reinforced with Emma’s realisation in her interior monologue “that Mr. Knightley should marry no one but herself”. Emma’s reward of an equal partner combined with her acceptance of Harriet’s decision to marry Martin emphasises how society valued marriage between equals as it allowed for a consolidation of the social hierarchy. Emma presents the place of marriage within the social hierarchy of Highbury with the value shaped by the attitudes of Highbury. Marriage in Clueless holds less importance than asserted in Emma with the focus placed on sex and romance. In the world of Clueless marriage had become a temporary alliance with divorce rates at a Get Access
King Lear William Shakespeare Royal and Derngate Richmond Theatre Michael Pennington Credit: Marc Brenner Michael Pennington, Sally Scott and Shane Attwoll Credit: Marc Brenner Gavin Fowler and Daniel O'Keefe (Oswald) Credit: Marc Brenner Cordelia walks to the front of the stage carrying a hunting rifle at the start of the Royal and Derngate’s imaginative production of King Lear. She stands there alone for a moment as if pondering something very serious. Raising the rifle, she fires across the heads of the audience. This grim image of her isolation anticipates what happens a little later when Lear divides his kingdom between his daughters according to their expressions of love for him. Goneril and Regan offer him exaggerated affection. Each is awarded half the kingdom. Cordelia fails to please him and gets nothing. It is a terrible mistake that will lead to war and a world where, in the words of the character the Earl of Gloucester (Pip Donaghy), "madmen lead the blind." When first performed in 1606, this play would have been seen by some as a commentary on the foolishness of King James lavishing money and positions on court flatterers. Shakespeare allowed the character of the King to make the critical observations on the "scurvy politicians". Referring to the example of a dog chasing a beggar, he says of the people appointed to office of the State, "there thou mightst behold the great image of authority: a dog’s obeyed in office." Michael Pennington gives a clear and perceptive performance as Lear. He begins the show as a relaxed, playful father handing over his power. The decision to give Cordelia nothing is made to seem more tentative and less vindictive than it is often portrayed. By the end, Lear is deeply traumatised, but Michael Pennigton makes sure we never miss that even while suffering Lear is sharply intelligent about the world around him. Pip Donaghy is very impressive as a sensitive and engaging Gloucester. Both he and Lear are presented as warmly physical with others. Gloucester affectionately hugs his son Edmund. Lear gently kisses the head of Cordelia in the opening scene and later also kisses the head of Gloucester who has been brutally wounded by Cornwall (Shane Attwoll). Director Max Webster’s fine attention to detail gives us many vivid moments. There is the very disturbing image of Gloucester’s face under torture contorting into an expression that is reminiscent of the painter Francis Bacon’s screaming Pope. It is not an expression you will easily forget. In that same scene, there is also that all too human reaction of the second servant to physically flinch when he is given a knife to hold after he has watched another servant try to stop the torture and fail. He looks at the knife as if it is the horror he has just witnessed. This is a very visually, distinct production in part due to the ingenious lighting of Natasha Chivers but also others in the creative team who ensure that characters stand and move about in ways that ensure that every moment appears interesting. Take a photograph at any random point in this show and you will have a picture that will look painterly in its composition. This is a very enjoyable production. I arrived to the hundred and ninety-five-minute performance slightly tired. By the end I was alert, refreshed, and wanting to instantly watch the show again. Reviewer: Keith Mckenna
As a whole, we’re a stressed-out nation. In fact, Gallup reported that 55 percent of Americans are stressed-out during the day. That’s actually 20 percent higher than the global average — I’d suspect that stress has skyrocketed since the pandemic. While stress is a normal emotion, when not addressed, there can be serious repercussions. Stress can damage everything from your cardiovascular system to your nervous system. It can also contribute to feelings of depression and anxiety. And, it certainly will interfere with your productivity and relationships. No wonder it’s been dubbed “the silent killer.” What’s even more troubling? Teenagers are more stressed-out than ever. “The American Psychological Association (APA) periodically surveys for stress in the American public, and since 2013, teens have reported higher levels of stress than adults,” says Diana Divecha, Ph.D. “In the 2018 APA survey, teens reported worse mental health and higher levels of anxiety and depression than all other age groups.” “These findings are consistent with other surveys, and I have yet to see data that counters that trend,” adds Dr. Divecha. “A 2019 analysis by Jean Twenge, author of iGen and psychology professor at San Diego State University, showed that between 2005 and 2017, teens and young adults experienced a significant rise in serious psychological distress, major depression, and suicide.” Furthermore, “a 2018 American College Health Association survey of more than 26,000 college students found that approximately 40-60% reported significant episodes of anxiety or depression during the year—an increase of about 10% from the same survey conducted in 2013,” Dr. Divecha states. Why are teens so stressed out? Some of the most common triggers include: • Academic stress, such as grades and applying to college. This also includes keeping up with classmates and pleasing teachers and parents. • Social stress like maintaining friendships and resolving conflicts with bullies. • Family discord. This can be anything from marital problems to unrealistic expectations. • World events ranging from COVID-19 to school shootings terrorism. • Traumatic events, like the death of a friend or family member. • Significant life changes, such as divorce or moving. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution, one way to help the teenager in your life reduce stress? Help them improve their time management skills. That might sound like a bunch of malarkey. But, this will help them avoid procrastination when it comes to meeting project deadlines or studying for an exam. In turn, this will make them less anxious and feel less overwhelmed. Moreover, time management ensures that they follow through with academic commitments while also being able to hang-out with friends and family. Time management will also sharpen their decision-making skills and improve scholastic performance. Best of all? Learning how to manage your time at a younger age is a life-long skill. It’s used throughout college, as well as in your professional. And, it will make it possible to live a happy and fulfilled life. So, whether you’re a parent, guardian, educator, aunt, or uncle — here are eight, time management tips you can share with the teenager in your life. 1. Figure out their style. The first step is helping them understand their own unique rhythms. “We all have times of day when we’re able to be more productive than others,” writes June Scharf for Your Teen Magazine. “Helping teenagers identify their own productive periods is more effective than parents deciding when teenagers should do what,” adds Scharf. “A key to time management for teens is letting them be in charge.” Suggest that they use time tracking to find out when they’re most productive. Let them pick the time tracking period. Also, recommend that they use a time tracking tool like RescueTime, Clockify, Toggl, or ATracker — and of course, Calendar. And, help them set up a time log so that they can maintain it on their own. 2. Map out the weeks. Every Sunday, take some time to discuss the upcoming week with your student,” suggests Todd VanDuzer, Co-founder & CEO of Student-Tutor. From there, generate “a list of things that fall into these categories: • Need to get done (“Bottlenecks,” that need to get done immediately) • Would like to get done (Can wait a bit longer) • Want to do (Recreational things like watching TV) Next, “have them write out Monday – Friday and note the number of hours they have for each.” They should have a general understanding of this after tracking their time. Also, advise them that there “should be a start and end time for every day,” adds VanDuzer. “Help them place the different tasks based on priority and time.” How can they prioritize their tasks and to-do-lists? “Separate the “must-do” tasks from the “should do” or “would like to do” tasks that may not really be assigned a hard deadline,” advises Choncé Maddox in a previous Calendar article. 3. Give them the right tools. As of now, your teenager is on the younger side of Gen Z with Generation Alpha right at their tools. Despite this, you may still want to hook them up with tried and true time management tools like timers, analog clocks, or academic planners/Calendars. They’re effective at keeping track of time without the distractions from devices like a smartphone. At the same time, you could also steer them in the direction of online tools like Calendar. We’ve noticed that, at least in the workplace, Calendar has been able to meet the unique demands of Zoomers, such as; • Helps them reduce screen time. As a result, this keeps them focused, without succumbing to FOMO. • Grants a more flexible schedule so that they’re able to follow through with their commitments, but still have free time. • Allows them to put their mental and physical health first. • Encourages social responsibility. • Provides real-time feedback so that they can make adjustments quickly. 4. Discuss the consequences of procrastination. In fairness, there’s nothing wrong with a little bit of procrastination. “When used the right way, procrastination can motivate you to get more done and remove unnecessary tasks,” explains Abby Miller in another Calendar article. “It may even help you make better decisions, stimulate creativity, and find insights on what’s most important.” At the same time, discuss what it’s important for them to now always wait until the last minute. “Procrastination can have a negative effect on students’ schoolwork, grades, and even their overall health,” notes Oxford Learning. “Students who procrastinate experience higher levels of frustration, guilt, stress, and anxiety—in some cases leading to serious issues like low self-esteem and depression.” “The effects of procrastination can have an even bigger impact on high school students,” the article states. “Once students reach high school and start receiving more take-home assignments and larger projects, students who procrastinate until the last minute tend to receive lower grades than their peers.” Eventually, this can affect their self-confidence and even post-secondary opportunities. It’s important that you don’t lecture them after explaining the consequences of procrastination. Listen to why they’re prone to procrastination. And, then come up with solutions together, such as; • Breaking projects into smaller tasks. • Making the project meaningful to them. • Boosting their confidence by pairing work with rewards. • When giving feedback, follow the 80/20 rule — 80% should be positive, 20% negative. • Creating a dedicated workspace with them. • Encouraging healthy habits, like eating correctly and getting enough sleep. • Making a project and helping them stick to it like setting mini due dates. • Developing better study habits. For example, focusing on the learning process as opposed to just grades. 5. Encourage routines and structure. Up until the COVID, teenagers had decent structure — at least throughout the school year. For instance, they knew that from roughly 7:30 A.M. to 2:30 P.M. that they would in classes. At 3 P.M. they might partake in an extracurricular activity like playing a spot. Even the pandemic has changed that because of virtual or hybrid instruction, there’s still a routine intact. But, you can also encourage non-school routines and structure. One example, as recommended by Amy Morin, LCSW, is to have them do their chores right after school. Once they get “into the routine of doing things in a certain order,” they “won’t have to waste time thinking about what to do next,” says Morin. 6. Let them play games. I’m not going to gloss over the risks involved with excessive video game playing. Children, in particular, may experience negative effects like anxiety, sleep problems, and obesity. Aggression, desensitization, and cyberbullying are also valid concerns. However, since children do learn what they see on a screen, there are also benefits to playing video games. Games like Just Dance encourages physical activity. Video games can also promote critical thinking and prosocial skills, while “brain games” can enhance cognitive development. Rather than banning video games, set up boundaries in your home. Agree on when they can play and for how long. We should also inquire about the game before it’s purchased by reading reviews or asking your teen to describe it to you. And, if they’re up for it, make this a family event, like having a weekly game night. But, you don’t just need video games to practice gamification. Let’s say that they’re overwhelmed by a math assignment. Have them break it up into smaller sections that they must complete within a specific timeframe. When they do, they “level up.” 7. Model it yourself. “Very few people enjoy being nagged,” writes time management and productivity expert Laura Vanderkam. “It’s at least somewhat easier to enforce things like no screens at dinner, or a reasonable bedtime, if adults in a household do these things too.” “You could ask to see a child’s planner/calendar, but it might be just as helpful to show her yours and ask for suggestions about how you should deal with various big projects and potential conflicts coming up,” Vanderkam adds. “It’s the same skill but doesn’t involve you judging her.” “Similarly, teens (like adults) need to exercise, and it’s easy to let this slide when life gets busy.” However, “it’s more effective to simply build in physical activity to required family events (e.g., we’re all going to bike on Saturday and go walk by the river on Sunday) than to harangue someone.” It’s kind of like being your teen’s “gym buddy.” You’re there to hold them accountable, but in a supportive way. And, it’s also “a good way to build in extra time together,” says Vanderkam. 8. Encourage free time. Regardless of your age, free time is necessary. It encourages self-care, creativity, and reinforces what’s been learned. Moreover, it gives us something to look forward to and makes us happy. With that in mind, encourage your teen to not pack their calendar so tight that there’s no room for them to relax. And, most importantly, have a little fun. Image Credit: ketut subiyanto; pexels
1 minute read 7 Myths About Teens and Cell Phones Last Updated: February 20, 2014 Luke Gilkerson Luke Gilkerson 1. Most teens use their cell phones to browse the Internet. Not true. In fact, 79% of teens do not go online with their cell phones at all. 2. Teens from higher income families are more likely to use their cell phone to go online. Actually, the opposite is true. Teen cell phone owners in households that make under $30,000 annually are the most likely to use their hand-held device to go online. This is compared to 22-27% for all other income brackets. No longer do homes need computers and broadband Internet access to give teens connectivity. Cell phones are overcoming these financial roadblocks. 3. The typical teen sends over 100 text messages a day. Actually, despite the fact that 75% of teens have unlimited texting plans, less than a third of teens send that many texts a day. Over half of teens send 50 or less. 4. Parents and teens do not use texting much to communicate with one another. Teens were asked who they text “several times a day.” Ranking at #1 was friends (75%), followed by a boyfriend or girlfriend (40%). But nearly a quarter of teens say they text several times a day with their parents, with another quarter saying they do this “at least once a day.” Additionally, 17% say they text several times a day with a sibling or other family member. 5. The typical teen makes dozens of calls a day. Actually, 58% of teens make only one to five calls per day, and 20% make six to ten calls. 6. Most schools prevent teens from texting during classes. It is true that 62% of teens are allowed to have cell phones at school, but not in the classroom. However, despite this 50% of teens who take their phones to school send or receive texts during class at least several times a week, and most of these do so every day. 7. Parents do not try to monitor what is on their teen’s cell phone. Actually, 64% of parents have looked at the contents of their child’s cell phone. Many also restrict cell phone usage in some way (taking phone away as a punishment, limiting the number of minutes, limiting times of day the phone is used, or using the phone to monitor their child’s location). *Source: Amanda Lenhart, “How do [they] do that? A Pew Internet guide to teens, young adults, mobile phones and social media” Pew Internet & American Life Project. June 2010. Accessed: October 27, 2010. • Comments on: 7 Myths About Teens and Cell Phones Leave a Reply
5The Entropy of Systems 5.1. System entropy: general considerations 5.1.1. Introduction The issues of sustainability, reversibility, diversity and perpetuation of organisms, systems or time are raised in this chapter. We discuss several application areas related to automated processes in a company. More precisely, we discuss some mechanisms, principles and concepts related to entropy and we will transpose them in different areas such as: 1. basic information used in any process; 2. reasoning and solution determination in decision-making; 3. hardware, manufactured products, software, services and applications, and more generally, information systems (IS); 4. evolution and impact of changes in industrial systems, organizations, economic or administrative structures. This chapter is thus intended to define some concepts related to entropy and sustainability, and then to better understand how to design a best-of-breed production system, why we use a particular approach to designing and developing decision support systems (DSS) for the management and control of complex systems, and how they can be improved and enhanced over time. 5.1.2. Information and its underlying role in message and decision significance Information is a basic concept widely used in every system: IS, DSS, planning/scheduling, etc. Its main principles relevant to information theory, associated with information technologies, were first developed in the telecommunication industry. There was initially a momentous need related ... Get Sustainability Calling now with O’Reilly online learning.
Home >Public Platform >Equipments Living Imaging System for Small Animals This system mainly adopts two technologies, namely bioluminescence and fluorescence. For bioluminescence, luciferase genes are employed to label cells or DNAs, while fluorescent reporter groups (GFP, RFP, Cyt, dyes, etc.) are adopted for labeling with respect to fluorescence. With a set of very sensitive optical detection equipment, researchers can directly monitor cell activity and gene behaviors in living organisms. Through this system, biological processes such as the growth and metastasis of tumors, development of infectious diseases, and expression of specific genes can be observed in living animals. Collection and observation of bioluminescence or fluorescence labeling signals to know the changes and migration of fluorescence in animals, completion of the original tracking of gene expression in animals and plants, observation of the growth and metastasis of tumors, elimination of the effects of individual animal differences on the experimental results. It is mostly used for drug screening and efficacy testing, plant mutation detection and screening, oncology research, immunology and stem cell research, gene therapy research, protein interaction, signal transduction research, cancer and anticancer drug research, immunology and stem cell research, pathogenesis and virus research, interaction between gene expressions and proteins, construction of transgenic animal models, drug selection and pre-clinical test, drug formulation and dosage management, etc. ICP备案号：沪ICP备15036656号-1 版权所有：上海市肿瘤研究所
Tooltip container The Good Soldier Švejk Hovudpersonen Change languageChange language Change languageChange language Novel on-lineŠvejk MuseumLiterární ArchivFacebookŠvejk CentralBlogTravel diaryContact Map of Austria-Hungary in 1914 showing the military districts and Švejk's journey. The entire plot of the novel took place on the territory of the Dual Monarchy. The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk is a novel which contains a wealth of geographical references - either directly through the plot, in dialogues or in the authors own observations. Jaroslav Hašek was himself unusually well travelled and had a photographic memory of geographical (and other) details. It is evident that he put great emphasis on this: 8 of the 27 chapter headlines in The Good Soldier Švejk contain place names. The quotes in Czech are copied from the on-line version of The Good Soldier Švejk: provided by Jaroslav Šerák and contain links to the relevant chapter. The toolbar has links for direct access to Wikipedia, Google maps, Google search, and the novel on-line. The names are coloured according to their role in the novel, illustrated by these examples: Sanok a location where the plot takes place, Dubno mentioned in the narrative, Zagreb part of a dialogue, and Pakoměřice mentioned in an anecdote. >> index of countries, cities, villages, mountains, rivers, bridges ... (589) Show all >> I. In the rear >> II. At the front >> III. The famous thrashing Index Back Forward I. In the rear Hovudpersonen Macedoniann flag Wikipedia czdeenno Google mapsearch Macedonia is used as an adjective through the author's term for Alexander the Great, Alexandr Macedonský. Macedonia was an ancient kingdom with its origin in the northern part of the Greek peninsula. During the reign of Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great it became an enormous empire, stretching all the way to the river Indus. The capital at the time (400 BC to 300 BC) was Pella. Macedonia is the first of more than eight hundred geographical reference in the novel, and it appears already in the third sentence! Quote(s) from the novel Velká doba žádá velké lidi. Jsou nepoznaní hrdinové, skromní, bez slávy a historie Napoleona. Rozbor jejich povahy zastínil by slávu Alexandra Macedonského. Dnes můžete potkat v pražských ulicích ošumělého muže, který sám ani neví, co vlastně znamená v historii nové velké doby. Also written:Macedonie Hašek Makedonie cz Makedonien de Μακεδονία gr Македонија mk Praguenn flag Wikipedia czdeennnno Google mapsearch Švejkova cesta Social-Demokraten, 21.12.1920 Krásná Praha, 1907 Světozor, 20.2.1914 Prague is mentioned already in the introduction, and later on the action of the entire first part of the novel takes place in the home city of Švejk. The author knew Prague extremely well, and he refers to nearly 140 places in the city during the novel. The plot takes place in the districts of Nové město, Staré město, Malá Strana and Hradčany. The principal area is NME where it all starts. Švejk probably lived very close to the street Na Bojišti which is located in this area. The plot also strays into suburbs that in 1922 became part of Greater Prague: Karlín, Vršovice, Žižkov, Motol, and Břevnov. Švejk also sets many of his innumerable stories in Prague and adjoining suburbs. Prague is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic. It is located on the river Vltava and the population is about 1.2 million. After 1648 Prague has been little exposed to warfare and as a result the old city centre is very well preserved. The city can thus offer intact architecture from several eras and is considered one of the most beautiful in Europe. The inner city area has since 1992 been on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Prague was already in the Middle Ages an important city and reached its summit during the reign of Charles IV, who was also Holy Roman emperor. After Bohemia came under Habsburg rule from 1526 onwards, it gradually lost its importance and was by the outbreak of World War I reduced to being one of several Austrian regional capitals. Prague in 1914 At the outbreak of World War I the city was much smaller than today, consisting of the districts I. Staré město, II. Nové město, III. Malá Strana, IV. Hradčany, V. Josefov, VI. Vyšehrad, VII. Holešovice-Bubny and VIII. Libeň. The city was officially called Královské hlavní město Praha (Royal Capital Prague). The numbering of the districts differed from today's; Malá Strana, for instance, was Prague III whereas it is now part of Praha I. The population count in 1910 was appx. 224,000, with suburbs included it was 476,000. More than 90 per cent reported Czech as their mother tongue, the rest were predominantly German speakers. The city was also seat of Generalkommando des VIII. Armeekorps, the unit k.u.k. Infanterieregiment Nr. 91 reported to. In 1922 several adjoining districts were incorporated into the now Czechoslovak capital. The new administrative unit became known as Velká Praha. Hašek's home city Jaroslav Hašek was born in Školská 16 in Praha II. 30 April 1883. He lived in Prague and the nearby districts of Vinohrady and Smíchov until February 1915. From 19 December 1920 to 25 August 1921 he also resided in the city, although mostly in Žižkov which was still to become part of the capital. Part one and the beginning of part two of The Good Soldier Švejk were written here from March to August 1921. Quote(s) from the novel Když jsem šel do Prahy pro jelita. Sources: Radko Pytlík, Baedekers Österreich 1910 Also written:Praha cz Prag de Austriann flag Wikipedia czdeenno Google mapsearch Austria shown in red, Hungary in grey. Austria is briefly mentioned in the introduction, but plays a key role throughout the novel and is mentioned many times. The Dual Monarchy, Austria-Hungary, is the main target of Jaroslav Hašek's satire. The author mostly uses the term Austria even when referring to the entire monarchy. The bulk of the novel takes place on Austrian territory: part one, half of part two, the final chapter of part three and all of part four. The rest of the plot is set in the Hungarian part of the empire. The satire is particularly stinging in [1.15] where Švejk for the first and only time reveals his true opinion on Austria: "Such an idiotic monarchy ought not to exists on earth". Austria is mentioned 58 times in the novel. The Czech Rakousko appears 56 times, and the German Österreich twice. This number counts the nouns only, the name of the country obviously often appears as an adjective, i.e. Austrian. Austria was the political entity that ruled Bohemia from 1526 to 1918. From 1804 to 1867 the term applied to the entire Habsburg empire, but after the Ausgleich in 1867 it applied only to the Austrian part of what had now become Austria-Hungary. Vienna was capital throughout both periods. A much used unofficial term for Austria from 1867 to 1918 was Cisleithanien. The official name until 1915 was Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder, from 1915 again Österreich. The latest name change took place despite strong protests from the Czech deputies in Reichsrat. The area was officially an empire and Kaiser Franz Joseph I. was emperor until his death in 1916. Politically it was divided in 17 crown lands that enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy. The result of the defeat in World War I was the empire's disintegration; the area was split between the new republic of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Italy and Romania. Quote(s) from the novel A tento tichý, skromný, ošumělý muž jest opravdu ten starý dobrý voják Švejk, hrdinný, statečný, který kdysi za Rakouska byl v ústech všech občanů Českého království a jehož sláva nezapadne ani v republice. A oba pokračovali dále v rozhovoru, až konečně Švejk odsoudil Rakousko nadobro slovy: „Taková blbá monarchie nemá ani na světě bejt,“ k čemuž, aby jaksi ten výrok doplnil v praktickém směru, dodal druhý: „Jak přijdu na frontu, tak se jim zdejchnu.“ Also written:Rakousko cz Österreich de Ausztria hu Kingdom of Bohemiann flag Wikipedia czenno Google mapsearch Ottův slovník naučný Kingdom of Bohemia is just about mentioned in the introduction but plays otherwise a minor role, at least when it comes to direct references. Still a substantial part of the plot and almost all the anecdotes take place on the territory of the former kingdom. Kingdom of Bohemia was a historical kingdom that existed from 1198, and from 1526 to 1918 it was a political entity (crown land) ruled by the Habsburg Empire. Some of the Habsburg emperors were also crowned as kings of Bohemia. Kaiser Franz Joseph I. refused coronation and this caused a great deal of resentment amongst Czechs. The emperor's executive in the kingdom was the "Statthalter" (governor) who held residence in Prague. The official languages were Czech and German. The kingdom was dissolved in 1918 and its territory became the most influental region in the newly proclaimed Czechoslovakia. Quote(s) from the novel Also written:České království cz Königreich Böhmen de Czechoslovakiann flag Wikipedia czdeennosk Google mapsearch Czechoslovakia is indirectly mentioned by the author through the term "The Republic". Later on there are several references, particularly in bitter outbursts against people who had worked for the Austrian oppressors and now lived comfortably in the new republic. See Mr. Slavíček and Mr. Klíma. In the epilogue to book one the country is mentioned by its full name. Czechoslovakia was a historic state in Central Europe. It was established on 28 October 1918 as a consequence of the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. Czechoslovakia consisted the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia, and a small part of Silesia. Until the Munich agreement destroyed the state in 1938, Tsjekkoslovakia was a highly developed democracy with a strong industrial base. After the defeat of the Nazis, Czechoslovakia was restored with a democratic government, but in February 1948 the communists took power in a coup and a one-party state was established. In 1989 democracy was restored, but the state was split in the Czech Republic and Slovakia 1 January 1993. This was one of the world's few peaceful political divorces. Quote(s) from the novel Dnes jsou důstojničtí sluhové roztroušeni po celé naší republice a vypravují o svých hrdinných skutcích. Od hostinského Palivce nemůžeme žádat, aby mluvil tak jemně jako pí Laudová, dr Guth, pí Olga Fastrová a celá řada jiných, kteří by nejraději udělali z celé Československé republiky velký salon s parketami, kde by se chodilo ve fracích, v rukavičkách a mluvilo vybraně a pěstoval se jemný mrav salonů, pod jehož rouškou bývají právě salonní lvi oddáni nejhorším neřestem a výstřednostem. Also written:Československo cz Tschechoslowakei de Ephesusnn flag Wikipedia czdeenno Google mapsearch Ephesus is mentioned in connection with Herostratus, the vain fool who here gets compared to Švejk and stated to be his complete opposite. The terms "herostratic fame" refers to Herostratos setting fire to the temple in Ephesus to achieve fame. Ephesus was in ancient times an important port on the western coast of Asia Minor with around 250,000 inhabitants. The city was Ioanian Greece's economic centre and later one of the most important cities of the Roman Empire. The city housed one of the seven wonders of the worlds; the Temple of Artemis. Quote(s) from the novel On nezapálil chrám bohyně v Efesu, jako to udělal ten hlupák Herostrates, aby se dostal do novin a školních čítanek. Also written:Efesos cz Ephesos de Efes tr Index Back Forward I. In the rear Hovudpersonen © 2009 - 2021 Jomar Hønsi Last updated: 27.1.2022
From FountainPen Jump to navigation Jump to search An imprint example It is usually called imprint the inscription that generally shows the name of the manufacturer together with other data, which are traditionally found "imprinted" on the pen, in the most common case in the longitudinal direction on the body of the same as in the adjacent figure. The custom of having an imprint was practically universal until the '20s and on hard rubber models, to disappear gradually on models in plastic or metal. In addition to a reference to the manufacturer, an imprint can contain various other information, such as the name of the model, the country of production, any logos used by the company, references to patents used for the pen, etc. In addition to the illustrated case of longitudinal arrangement, there are imprint placed circularly on the bottom of the pen (in particular for some Waterman), sometimes on the section (as used by the Aurora) or on the cap (typical of the Montblanc). Engravings on metal parts (clips, cap edge, head) are also classified as such, provided they refer to brand or model (as in the case of the Pelikan). On the other hand, there is a tendency not to consider as real imprint (even if technically they are made in the same way and this distinction is not formally established in any way) the most elementary engravings that show only the number of the model, the gradation of the nib or the direction of rotation of a bottom. A photo gallery can be found on this page.
Skip to main content Evidence for impaired amyloid β clearance in Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of extracellular plaques and intracellular tangles. Recent studies support the hypothesis that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide within the brain arises from an imbalance of the production and clearance of Aβ. In rare genetic forms of AD, this imbalance is often caused by increased production of Aβ. However, recent evidence indicates that, in the majority of cases of AD, Aβ clearance is impaired. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), the dominant cholesterol and lipid carrier in the brain, is critical for Aβ catabolism. The isoform of ApoE and its degree of lipidation critically regulate the efficiency of Aβ clearance. Studies in preclinical models of AD have demonstrated that coordinately increasing levels of ApoE and its lipid transporter, ABCA1, increases the clearance of Aβ, suggesting that this pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for AD. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It affects nearly 27 million people worldwide, and an estimated 4.6 million new cases were diagnosed this year. Nearly 60% of those afflicted live in the Western world and the majority of these individuals are over 65 [1]. The memory loss and cognitive decline that accompany AD impart a heavy burden both emotionally and financially on patients and their families. Pathologically, AD is characterized by the presence of extracellular plaques composed of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) and intraneuronal tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ is a peptide formed by the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Evidence from genetic, biochemical, and animal model studies strongly supports the hypothesis that Aβ is a causative agent in the pathogenesis of AD [2]. There is growing evidence that impaired clearance of Aβ (specifically of the hydrophobic form, Aβ42) is responsible for the most common type of AD: sporadic or late-onset AD (LOAD). Age is the greatest overall risk factor for developing LOAD. However, the APOEε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD as the ApoE4 isoform is less efficient than ApoE2 or ApoE3 at promoting Aβ clearance. In this review, in vivo evidence supporting the hypothesis that impaired clearance of Aβ contributes to the development of AD will be covered, along with the current understanding of the influence of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and cholesterol metabolism on Aβ clearance in the central nervous system. In vivo evidence for impaired clearance of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease In vivo microdialysis is a method used to measure levels of small diffusible proteins such as soluble Aβ in the extracellular interstitial fluid (ISF) of the brain. This technique allows direct monitoring of protein levels in ISF over time in an awake, behaving animal. Microdialysis probes are small enough to measure protein levels within specific cortical or subcortical brain regions such as the hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala. When coupled with a γ-secretase inhibitor to halt production of Aβ, microdialysis can determine the kinetics of Aβ clearance [3]. Combining microdialysis in genetic models of disease with pharmacological interventions has allowed insight into mechanisms of Aβ clearance. Aβ can be transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family members [4] or undergo proteolytic degradation intracellularly in microglia and astrocytes via neprilysin and extracellularly via insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) (for an in-depth review of Aβ degrading enzymes, see [5]). Microdialysis studies comparing young (3 months old) and old (12 to 15 months old) PDAPP mice found that the half-life of Aβ within the ISF is doubled in older animals, even when Aβ production was stopped by a γ-secretase inhibitor [3]. These data imply that the brain's ability to clear Aβ diminishes with age. Hippocampal microdialysis revealed a strong correlation between the age-dependent decrease of Aβ42 in the ISF and increase of Aβ42 in the insoluble pool in APP transgenic mice [6]. Plaque growth is dependent upon high levels of Aβ in the ISF as APP/PS1 mice treated with a γ-secretase inhibitor demonstrated that even a modest decrease (~30%) of Aβ in ISF was enough to arrest plaque growth [7]. In vivo microdialysis studies determined that mice expressing the different human ApoE isoforms exhibit altered Aβ homeostasis in the ISF [8]. ApoE4 mice had higher ISF and hippocampal Aβ levels, beginning as early as 3 months of age. The half-life of Aβ was longest in ApoE4 mice (E4 > E3 > E2). Products of APP and rate of Aβ synthesis did not change between genotypes, strongly pointing to a difference in the clearance, rather than the production, of Aβ in the ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 mice. One challenge of working with animal models based on the genetic forms of AD is determining how well pathologies correlate to the sporadic form of the human disease. An encouraging example supporting the translation of mouse models to humans is from in vivo stable isotope-labeling kinetic (SILK) experiments, which allow the determination of the rates of biosynthesis and subsequent clearance of Aβ peptides. These studies have demonstrated that the rates of synthesis and clearance are similar in normal subjects; thus, modest perturbations can result in accumulation of Aβ in the brain [9]. An important study, by Bateman and colleagues [10], demonstrated that clearance of Aβ is impaired by approximately 30% in patients with LOAD (5.6% per hour in AD versus 7.6% per hour in controls). Although the mechanism is still unknown, it is likely to reflect age-related impairment in Aβ clearance mechanisms which are influenced by APOE genotype. Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on amyloid clearance Population studies have demonstrated that APOE genotype is the strongest risk factor for LOAD. Three common isoforms of ApoE, differing from each other at two amino acids, occur in humans: ApoE2 (cys112 and cys158), ApoE3 (cys112 and arg158), and ApoE4 (arg112 and arg158). Possession of one ε4 allele imparts a threefold increase in risk for LOAD and two alleles impart a 12-fold increased risk [11], whereas the ε2 allele decreases the likelihood of developing LOAD [12]. With a prevalence of about 15% in the population, the ε4 allele has been estimated to account for 50% of all AD cases [13]. The ε4 allele is also associated with an earlier age of onset [14, 15] and increased Aβ deposition both in animal models of AD [8, 16, 17] and in human AD [18]. ApoE is the predominant apolipoprotein in the brain, where it is secreted primarily by astrocytes, but also by microglia, in high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like particles (reviewed by Bu [19]). Lipidation of ApoE is mediated primarily by ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and secondarily by ABCG1 [20, 21], and the lipidation status of ApoE has been shown to regulate its Aβ-binding properties [22]. Direct evidence that ABCA1-mediated lipidation influences amyloid degradation has been demonstrated in multiple transgenic models of AD. Deletion or overexpression of ABCA1 results in increased or decreased Aβ deposition, respectively [2325]. Both intracellular and extracellular degradation of Aβ is also dramatically enhanced by lipidated ApoE [26]. ApoE4 is less stable [16, 17] and a less effective lipid carrier under physiological conditions than ApoE3 or ApoE2 [27, 28], and this probably contributes to its influence in AD pathogenesis. The effects of the various ApoE isoforms on Aβ clearance were further investigated in targeted-replacement mice expressing human ApoE isoforms at the murine locus. Aβ deposition and cognitive deficits are exacerbated in APP/ABCA+/− targeted-replacement mice expressing ApoE4 but not ApoE3 [29]. It has been proposed that ApoE4 modulates amyloid pathology by enhancing Aβ deposition into plaques and reducing clearance of Aβ from the brain [17, 3033]. One of the first pieces of evidence linking ApoE to AD pathology was ApoE immunoreactivity in amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary tangles [34]. It has since been shown that ApoE forms complexes with Aβ, with ApoE2 and E3 binding Aβ more efficiently than E4 [3537], and these complexes are thought to influence both seeding of fibrillar Aβ and transport of soluble Aβ. It has been shown that AD transgenic mice lacking ApoE have decreased plaque deposition and increased levels of soluble Aβ in the cerebrospinal fluid and ISF [32, 38]. Crosses between AD transgenic mice and human ApoE targeted-replacement mice exhibit Aβ accumulation in an isoform-dependent manner, with greater Aβ deposition observed in ApoE4-expressing mice than those expressing E2 and E3 [8, 16]. The cause of the accumulation is most likely due to the degree to which the isoforms impact Aβ clearance and deposition [8, 39]. However, a recent study by Holtzman and colleagues [40] has provided new evidence that Aβ does not directly interact with ApoE to any significant extent. Instead, ApoE competes with Aβ in an isoform- and concentration-dependent manner for binding to lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), and this could impact Aβ clearance by glia and across the BBB [40]. Apolipoprotein E facilitates amyloid beta clearance by proteolytic degradation The expression of ApoE is transcriptionally regulated by ligand-activated nuclear receptors, which act broadly in the brain to regulate lipid metabolism, inflammation, and neuroprotection. The principal type II nuclear receptors regulating ApoE expression are peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and liver × receptors (LXRs) [41], which form an active transcription factor through dimerization with the retinoid × receptors (RXRs). LXR:RXR, upon binding of endogenous oxysterol ligands, promotes the expression of reverse cholesterol transport genes (ApoE and ABCA1) [21, 42]. Astrocytes up regulate ApoE mRNA and protein expression in response to RXR, PPARγ, and LXR agonists, leading to the synthesis of ApoE-containing HDL particles [19, 43]. There is strong evidence that the isoform of ApoE and its degree of lipidation influence the ability of ApoE to promote Aβ proteolysis both extracellularly and intracellularly and to modulate γ-secretase activity [26, 44, 45]. Microglia, which play a prominent role in Aβ degradation, are influenced by ApoE. Terwel and colleagues [46] demonstrated that ApoE secreted in media from primary astrocytes treated with LXR agonists stimulated phagocytosis of Aβ in primary microglia; however, the mechanistic basis of this finding is unknown. This corroborates earlier work from Giunta and colleagues [47], who described increased microglial phagocytosis of aggregated Aβ with the addition of recombinant ApoE3. The degree of lipidation and ApoE isoform impacts the efficiency of intracellular degradation of Aβ within microglia, and more highly lipidated ApoE isoforms (E2 > E3 > E4) are most effective [26]. Lee and colleagues [48] recently established that the cholesterol efflux function of ApoE is responsible for accelerating the transport of Aβ to lysosomes in microglia, where it can be degraded by lysosomal proteases. Many studies in mouse models of AD have demonstrated that treatment with LXR agonists increases levels of ApoE and ABCA1, and this is correlated with cognitive improvements and decreased Aβ deposition [26, 46, 4953]. Similarly, PPARγ activation can stimulate the degradation of Aβ [41, 54]. In addition to its ability to increase ApoE and ABCA1 levels, PPARγ activation has been shown to induce the expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 on microglia, which increased the uptake of Aβ [55]. LXR agonists and PPARγ agonists have been valuable tools for elucidating the role of ApoE and mechanism of Aβ clearance in AD. Currently, therapeutic potential for LXR agonists has been limited by an unfavorable side-effect profile and inadequate BBB permeability. Therefore, bexarotene, a BBB-permeable US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that stimulates both LXR and PPARγ pathways, has been used in AD mouse models. The RXR agonist bexarotene facilitates degradation of soluble Aβ42 in a PPARγ-, LXR-, and ApoE-dependent manner in both primary microglia and astrocytes [52]. Interestingly, the levels of IDE and neprilysin were unchanged with bexarotene treatment, suggesting that type II nuclear receptor activation may facilitate soluble Aβ42 degradation through other mechanisms. In vivo microdialysis revealed that bexarotene reduced the half-life of Aβ in APP/PS1 and C57Bl/6 wild-type mice but had no effect on Aβ clearance in ApoE-null mice, and this clearly demonstrates that the bexarotene treatment increased Aβ clearance in an ApoE-dependent manner [52]. Brain to blood and peripheral clearance of amyloid beta ApoE and ApoE receptors have also been implicated in the clearance of Aβ across the BBB. Dysfunction of the BBB is seen in both human and animal studies of AD and is linked to poor cerebral blood flow, hypoxia, and accumulation of neurotoxic molecules in the parenchyma (reviewed in [56]). The transport of Aβ across the BBB is of considerable interest because only very small, nonpolar molecules are able to passively diffuse at the BBB. Unlike in peripheral blood-organ interfaces, peptides such as Aβ along with other nutrients and large molecules must be actively transported. Therefore, the equilibrium between Aβ in the plasma and parenchymal ISF can be influenced by the ability of receptors at the BBB to transport Aβ. The existence of such an equilibrium is the basis of the 'peripheral sink' hypothesis of AD treatment, which emphasizes clearance of peripheral Aβ species in order to provide a vacuum or 'sink' which favors transport of Aβ out of the brain and into the plasma [57]. Receptor-mediated transport of Aβ from brain to periphery is mediated principally by the ApoE receptor, LRP1, and impairing LRP1 function significantly decreases the clearance of Aβ from the brain [33, 58]. Conversely, the receptor for advanced end glycation products (RAGE) transports Aβ in the reverse direction and contributes to Aβ accumulation at the BBB and in the parenchyma [59]. LRP1 and RAGE recognize and transport free Aβ, but the association of Aβ with ApoE influences receptor transport of Aβ. ApoE-bound Aβ is redirected from LRP1 to other LDLR family members, reducing the speed of Aβ clearance at the BBB [39, 60]. The isoform of ApoE further influences this process, as discussed above. Growing evidence from mouse models of AD and in vivo SILK studies in humans indicates that impaired clearance of Aβ leads to the development of AD pathology. ApoE plays an important role in mediating Aβ clearance through multiple mechanisms, as depicted in Figure 1. The expression of ApoE and ABCA1 is regulated by the activation of type II nuclear hormone receptors (LXR, PPARγ, and RXR). ApoE is lipidated predominantly by ABCA1. Lipidated ApoE promotes the intracellular degradation of Aβ by enzymes like neprilysin through its cholesterol efflux function. Extracellular degradation of Aβ by IDE is more efficient in the presence of highly lipidated ApoE. Aβ can also directly bind to ApoE receptors and cross the BBB. ApoE4 is less effective than ApoE3 and ApoE2 at stimulating Aβ clearance, and this may explain, at least in part, why it is such a strong risk factor for AD. Targeting the type II nuclear receptors, such as RXRs, has shown promising therapeutic benefit in mouse models of AD. Treatment with LXR, PPARγ, and RXR agonists decreased Aβ pathology and improved cognition in various studies, supporting the hypothesis that increasing the level of lipidated ApoE may be a strong therapeutic strategy for AD. Figure 1 figure 1 Mechanisms of amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance are mediated by apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1). Activation of nuclear hormone receptors - liver × receptor (LXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and retinoid × receptor (RXR) - induces the expression of ApoE and ABCA1. The lipidation of ApoE by ABCA1 stimulates the degradation of Aβ through multiple pathways: extracellular degradation by insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) or uptake by microglial cells and subsequent lysosomal degradation. 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Deane R, Du Yan S, Submamaryan RK, LaRue B, Jovanovic S, Hogg E, Welch D, Manness L, Lin C, Yu J, Zhu H, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Stern A, Schmidt AM, Armstrong DL, Arnold B, Liliensiek B, Nawroth P, Hofman F, Kindy M, Stern D, Zlokovic B: RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain. Nat Med. 2003, 9: 907-913. 10.1038/nm890. CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar 60. 60. Bell RD, Sagare AP, Friedman AE, Bedi GS, Holtzman DM, Deane R, Zlokovic BV: Transport pathways for clearance of human Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide and apolipoproteins E and J in the mouse central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007, 27: 909-918. PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar Download references This work was supported by grants to GL from the National Institutes of Health (AG16740 and AG030482). The funding agenicies played no role in the writing or publication of this review. Author information Corresponding author Correspondence to Kristin R Wildsmith. Additional information Competing interests KW is an employee of Genentech, Inc. (a member of the Roche group) and receives a fixed salary. GL is an officer of ReXceptor, Inc. (Cleveland, OH, USA). The other authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Cite this article Wildsmith, K.R., Holley, M., Savage, J.C. et al. Evidence for impaired amyloid β clearance in Alzheimer's disease. Alz Res Therapy 5, 33 (2013). Download citation • Published: • DOI: • Amyloid Beta • Bexarotene • Impaired Clearance • ApoE4 Mouse • ApoE Receptor
The different forms of digital imagery The different forms of digital imagery. The different forms of Lens-based equipment for digital imagery based on my media studies. Digital cameras: The main form of photography in this generation is done with digital cameras, this is a camera that stores pictures in electronic memory instead of film. Because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than a traditional film camera, which over time has grown on photographers as they are easier to view and store their images. Digital cameras are much more effective for what photographers need today, with the internet and social media being the biggest influence for businesses and interest to everyone’s day to day life, it is important that photographers are able to keep their images safe, and to send their work virally and efficiently with no quality loss. For this, because digital cameras use an image sensor instead of photographic film, to store images we use memory cards or SD cards to store the photos in a digital format. Images can be transferred either over the internet, connecting USB cables and wireless transferring which compared to film cameras is a huge pro. What I love about digital cameras, DSLR’s, in particular, is the way that you can view your images in their full potential using the screen, whereas with film cameras you can’t do so. DSLR’s are perfect for photographers as they allow you to adjust your cameras shutter speed, aperture, ISO, which is important when trying to capture the perfect image. Some cameras don’t allow you to change settings but as for DSLR’s they are perfect for doing so, and they are the best for capturing high resolution and high-quality images. Screen Shot 2018-01-18 at 11.32.55 AM Film cameras: A film camera is basically a lightproof box that lets in a bit of light at just the right moment. Once the light enters the camera, it creates an image by causing a chemical reaction on photo film. Used since the late 1800s, the film is a chemical on a plastic substrate (film) that is sensitive to light. Film cameras are analogue cameras. (Analogue is a representation of an object that resembles the original. Analogue devices monitor conditions, such as movement, temperature and sound, and convert them into analogous electronic or mechanical patterns) Unlike digital cameras film cameras store images on film strips which are extremely delicate towards the light, making film strips fragile and important to keep safe. Developing the film takes research and skill to ensure the images aren’t destroyed. Exposure of light or wrong development in the developing processes can destroy images. Patience is needed with shooting on film, as unlike digital cameras you have to wait until the developing processes are complete. Whereas with digital cameras, you can see them straight after taking a picture. Although there is a lot of risks of complications in using film cameras, they are a prized joy within photography. With film cameras you don’t know what you’re going to get, the tension of waiting and not knowing whether or not it has gone right or wrong can be a thrill. Film scanners have become extremely popular with film photography as it transfers negatives into high-quality images to computers, which can be edited and sent through the internet to publish and showcase online. Screen Shot 2018-01-18 at 11.31.53 AM Mobile phone cameras: The mobile phone camera is able to capture photographs and often record videos, using one or more built-in digital camera. Most camera phones are simpler than other digital cameras we know, they have much poorer lighting, they lack a physical shutter, some have a long shutter lag, optical zoom, and tripod screws are rare. Mobile phone cameras have improved more so over the years creating built-in modes such as panorama, slow motion, video, time-lapse, effects, timer, live, HDR, rear-facing camera and flash. Because of this, it has given people the experience of taking pictures an easier way, without spending a lot of money and without the difficulties of using digital cameras. Some mobile phones lack a USB connection or a removable memory, but most have Bluetooth and wifi which is extremely easy when wanting to share photographs as they are already on your phone. Mobile phone cameras are mostly the starting point to people’s interests into photography, as there are many apps for editing and sharing on social media. Screen Shot 2018-01-18 at 11.50.33 AM Webcams are digital cameras connected through computers, they are used for sending live images from it’s sited location by means of the internet. The webcam is widely used for video chatting on sites such as Skype for long distant video calls. Many desktop computer screens and laptops come with a built-in camera and microphone, but they can be bought separately too. Webcams are similar to a digital camera and work much the same way, although unlike a digital camera they are known for low-quality photos and videos. Primarily designed to upload photos onto web pages or to send across the internet. Some laptops which are more expensive such as Apple include effects and animations to their webcam which adds quality to their customers. But all in all, webcams are very basic in terms of cameras. Screen Shot 2018-01-18 at 1.55.41 PM Scanning equipment: Flatbed scanners for scanning film : Made for scanning photographic film directly to computers without the use of any intermediate printmaking. The scanner is a much simpler way to convert film negatives, positives or reversal/IP photographs without going through the developing process in the darkroom. With film scanners, you are able to transfer film photographs directly to a computer with the option to edit/convert your images in photoshop to share throughout the internet. To me, film scanners are extremely handy when wanting to shoot in film, but not wanting to have the long process of developing the film and waiting for the images, to only have to do them again if it didn’t come out properly. A positive of using a film scanner is being able to have the images straight on your computer, with the ability to change the quality and detail instead of having it on photographic paper as it was taken. Screen Shot 2018-01-18 at 2.00.21 PM Screen Shot 2018-01-18 at 2.21.26 PM Drum scanner: Drum scanners are used by publishing industries to capture high resolution, detailed, sharp, dynamic ranged, and colour renditioned images. The drum scanner tape, clamp and fit photographs and transparencies to clear cylinders and spun over 1,00 RPM during the scanning operation. Drum scanning is a lot of hard work due to wet mounting. Compared to other scanners they are high maintenance, as they are high-end high-precision mechanical devices that need a lot of care, regular maintenance and most of all a skilful operator. Screen Shot 2018-01-18 at 2.19.29 PM.png Find out more about my work: Interested in reading more of my work? Read ‘what inspires me to photograph
lunes, 20 de octubre de 2014 Since I heard about particle accelerators for the first time, like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN, I have been interested in learning more about these high technology machines. With the construction of the Alba Synchrotron near the city where I live, I even could eventually visit one kind of them: A synchrotron. Barcelona Synchrotron Park Alba Synchrotron is a part of the Barcelona Synchrotron Park, a complex of electron accelerators to produce synchrotron light, which includes wavelengths from infrared to X-rays. Synchrotron light is a kind of light emitted by electrons or other charged particles of high energy and rotating within a containtment ring. As the X-rays have a similar wavelength to the distance between atoms, synchrotron light allows the visualization of the atomic structure of matter as well as the study of its properties. Barcelona Synchrotron Park Barcelona Synchrotron Park Alba Synchrotron The ALBA Synchrotron is a 3rd generation Synchrotron Light facility, being the newest source in the Mediterranean area, located in Cerdanyola del Vallès, 15 km from Barcelona city centre. Its characteristics as a third generation source make it comparable to the new facilities found in Germany, Switzerland, France and the United Kingdom. Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona Alba Synchrotron located near Barcelona The ALBA Synchrotron light source is the most important singular scientific facility in the south of Europe. The facility consists in a linear accelerator and a synchrotron which accelerates electrons at near-light speed, at an energy of 3 GeV. Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona Inside the Alba Synchrotron facility Generating Synchrotron Light The procedure for generating synchrotron light is: 1- A source generates an electron beam as thin as a hair, and the beam is accelerated through a linear accelerator (also known as LINAC by its acronym in English). The electrons almost reach the speed of light and a first energy level, 100MeV. 2- The electron beam is directed to a second circular accelerator, called booster, that increases its energy to the level operation of the synchrotron, 3 GeV. The low-emittance, full-energy Booster is placed in the same tunnel as the Storage Ring. The RadioFrequency (RF) systems of ALBA are responsible of the electrons acceleration in the Booster and the Storage Ring. In the Booster, the energy of the electrons is increased from 100MeV to 3GeV. In the Storage Ring, the RF systems just restore the energy that the electrons lose due to synchrotron radiation (1.3MeV/turn maximum). Radiofrequency system of Alba Synchrotron The acceleration is accomplished creating high electric fields in the path of the electrons. The electric fields are created in resonant cavities which are fed by RF Amplifiers. 3- Electrons are injected into a storage ring of 270 meters where revolve for several hours and emit synchrotron radiation, which is used at the beamlines. This storage ring is optimised to produce a continuum of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from infrareds to X rays. They are stored and maintained within the ring using magnetic fields. Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona The booster and the storage ring are located inside this structure Booster and storage ring of Alba Synchrotron Booster and storage ring of Alba Synchrotron 4- When the electrons moving around in the ring take a curve, they emit extremely intense light with wavelengths ranging from the visible to X-rays. This light is highly focalized, polarized and then emitted in the form of pulses like a camera flash. So using electromagnetic devices the trajectory of the electrons are deflected or forced to oscillate. Electrons lose energy as light, thus generating synchrotron light. 5- The energy lost by electrons in the form of synchrotron radiation (those beams of light) is compensated by RF cavities giving them energy to keep spinning and the process is repeated. 6- The synchrotron light is focused and selected (selection of the wavelength) by optical devices (lenses and mirrors) that guide it towards the experimental stations. 7- Each beamline is a real laboratory to prepare and analyze samples, analyzing the information obtained and thus study the most varied problems: from masterpieces of Renaissance art to chronic degenerative diseases. Basic Physical Principle of Operation The ALBA accelerators rely on electromagnets to guide and focus the electrons along the trajectory under the influence of magnetic fields, electrons follow the Lorentz force: At ALBA four different types of magnets are in use: • Dipole magnets: these are typical construction electromagnets with an iron yoke, in a C-form or H-from and two coils wound around the yoke. Dipole magnets are used to deflect the electrons in the transfer lines and also to provide orbit correction. Dipole of Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona The red magnet is a dipole • Quadrupole magnets: as the name indicates, these have four magnetic poles and therefore 4 coils. The magnetic field created by a quadrupole increases linearly with the distance from the center. Quadrupoles are used to focus the electrons and enable the transport of an electron beam over long distances, like for example, an electron beam circulating inside the ALBA storage ring. Quadrupole of Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona On the left a sextupole magnet and, on the right, a quadrupole magnet • Combined function magnets: are a combination of a dipole magnet and a quadrupole magnet. They are used both in the booster and in the storage ring and fulfil two functions at the same time: on one side, they are responsible for the electrons completing the 360º of circumference around both circular accelerators, and on the other side, they provide additional focusing. By the use of combined magnets, space has been saved inside the accelerators. This space has been used to increase the length available to insertion devices. Magnets of Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona A dipole magnet (red), a sextupole magnet (yellow) and a quadrupole magnet • Sextupole magnets: have six poles as its name indicates and are used to provide additional focusing. The magnetic field increases quadratically with the distance from the center. Sextupole magnet of Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona Sextupole magnet of Alba Synchrotron ALBA's 270 meter perimeter has 17 straight sections all of which are available for the installation of insertion devices. ALBA currently has seven operational state-of-the-art phase-I beamlines, comprising soft and hard X-rays, which are devoted mainly to biosciences, condensed matter (magnetic and electronic properties, nanoscience) and materials science. Additionally, two phase-II beamlines are in construction (infrared microspectroscopy and low-energy ultra-high-resolution angular photoemission for complex materials). During operation of the beamlines, the accelerators run 24 hours a day, 7 seven days a week. About 75% of the time that the accelerators are powered up is dedicated to providing beam to the beamlines. The rest is dedicated to improving the quality of the beam as well as the further development of the accelerators. Beamline of Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona One of the operational beamline of Alba Synchrotron Beamline of Alba Synchrotron in Barcelona High technology equipment in a beamline of Alba Synchrotron Applications of Alba Synchrotron • BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE to improve the diagnosis and treatment of certain diseases and develop drugs. • NANOTECHNOLOGY to study and build electronic and magnetic devices to the nanometer scale. • MATERIALS SCIENCE to create more durable materials, corrosion-resistant, lightweight, elastic. • ENVIRONMENT to analyze toxic materials of, soil, rocks. • PHYSICS to determine the atomic structure of liquids and solids. • CHEMISTRY: to analyze and improve the efficiency of chemical reactions. • HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC HERITAGE To study art or archaeological objects noninvasively. Alba Synchrotron in Catalonia One last picture before leaving the Alba Synchrotron after a really interesting visit No hay comentarios:
Snooker rules and regulations pdf Posted on Friday, May 7, 2021 6:23:16 AM Posted by Icaro A. - 07.05.2021 and pdf, for pdf 3 Comments snooker rules and regulations pdf File Name: snooker rules and regulations .zip Size: 13781Kb Published: 07.05.2021 Snooker is a popular billiards game that is similar to pool. The object of snooker is to score more points than the opposing player. Sounds simple right? Rules of snooker In addition, the Regulations of Pool Billiards cover aspects of the game not directly related to the game rules, such as equipment specifications and organization of events. The games of Pool Billiards are played on a flat table covered with cloth and bounded by rubber cushions. The player uses a stick pool cue to strike a cue ball which in turn strikes object balls. The goal is to drive object balls into six pockets located at the cushion boundary. The games vary according to which balls are legal targets and the requirements to win a match. Snooker is a cue sport that is played on a baize -covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. It is played using a cue and snooker balls : one white cue ball , 15 red balls worth one point each sometimes played with fewer red balls, commonly 6 or 10 , and six balls of different colours : yellow 2 points , green 3 , brown 4 , blue 5 , pink 6 , black 7. A player or team wins a match when they have achieved the best-of score from a pre-determined number of frames. The number of frames is always odd so as to prevent a tie or a draw. Snooker is played on a rectangular snooker table with six pockets, one at each corner and one in the middle of each long side. The table usually has a slate base, covered in green baize. The cushion at the other end of the table is known as the top cushion. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Section 1 - Billiards 2. Balls The balls shall be of an approved composition and shall each have a diameter of Or Red, Yellow and White which may have spots; b they shall be of equal weight within a tolerance of 0. A cue shall be not less than 3ft mm in length and shall show no substantial departure from the traditional and generally accepted shape and form. shot put rules and regulations pdf Rules of Snooker. Type of Game: International or "English" snooker is the most widely played form of snooker around the worl d. It is generally played on 6'x12' English billiard tables, with cushions that are more narrow than on pocket billiard tables and which curve smoothly into the pocket openings. On a 6 x 12 snooker English billiard table the playing area within the cushion faces shall measure 11' 8. You can play snooker like games in the most popular online casino sites. When playing online casinos with real money you can win prizes, but check your local laws before doing so. The Snooker World Championship is — for many — one of the biggest sporting events of the year but the sport is also played in clubs, and sometimes pubs, all over the UK by amateurs of all levels. It developed from another cue sport, billiards, which began in the 16th century, with snooker coming along in the late 19th century. The object of the game is to use the white cue ball to pot the other balls in the correct sequence and ultimately score more points than your opponent in order to win the frame, a frame being the individual game unit. Snooker is played one against one and the size of the balls and table are regulated. The table is rectangular, measuring 12ft x 6ft and just under 3ft in height, and usually made of wood with a slate top covered in green baize. The table has six pockets into which the balls are potted, one in each corner and two in the middle of the long sides, or cushions. The end from which the game starts is called the baulk end and has a line across the width of the table 29 inches from the baulk cushion. За мгновение до того, как они сомкнулись, Сьюзан, потеряв равновесие, упала на пол за дверью. Коммандер, пытаясь приоткрыть дверь, прижал лицо вплотную к узенькой щелке. - Господи Боже мой, Сьюзан, с тобой все в порядке. Она встала на ноги и расправила платье. - Все обошлось. The Standard Table. Dimensions. Balls. The balls shall be of an approved composition and shall each. Cue. A cue shall be not less than 3ft (mm) in length and shall show no substantial departure from the traditional and generally accepted shape and form. Ancillary. Frame. Game. Match. Balls. Blackball Pool Rules - Джабба засопел и сделал изрядный глоток. - Если бы в игрушке Стратмора завелся вирус, он бы сразу мне позвонил. Стратмор человек умный, но о вирусах понятия не имеет. • Violation of any regulation may cause severe penalty or punishment or both. Rebecca S. - 07.05.2021 at 18:20 • The Objective of the Game : Blackball is played with 15 coloured object balls and a cue ball. Erik L. - 10.05.2021 at 21:30 • English snooker is a popular cue sport played all around the world. Casandro R. - 12.05.2021 at 21:12
Taking my First Glider Lesson Last weekend, I took my first glider lesson. I’ve wanted to try glider aircraft! Since moving to California, it’s been hard to get back into general aviation. Not because of the pandemic, but because of moving as well as fire season. Now that we’ve found our groove, more hobbies can come back. First, what is a glider? A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft supported in flight by the air’s dynamic reaction against its lifting surfaces. Unlike an airplane, a glider aircraft does not rely on an engine, and in fact, most gliders do not have an engine. The most basic type of glider is a “paper airplane,” but gliders go hundreds of miles. Taking my First Glider Lesson What are the Types of Gliders? Type of Glider: Paraglider Hang glider Glider Pilot position sitting in harness usually lying prone in a cocoon-like harness suspended from the wing; sitting in a seat with a harness, surrounded by a crass resistant structure or “cockpit.” Typical Speed: Slower: typically 25 to 60km/h for recreational gliders 20-80 mph The maximum speed of about 170 mph, with a stall speed of 40mph. Also able to fly in windier conditions Maximum Glide Ratio: about 10 about 17 Typically around 60:1 Pilot position: Sitting in harness Typically lying down Sitting in a crash-resistant “cockpit” Cost: $2000+ $5000 $300,000 Taking my First Glider Lesson My experience with a glider lesson: First, I had no experience with glider aircraft. I’ve never even been in one. A few months ago, I watched my spouse fly a glider. Going up: Most gliders need a tow plane. You attach a rope from the tow plane to the glider. The tow plane pulls the glider and tows it while airborne. Think of a trailer towing another vehicle. Once you are airborne and wherever you want to go, you release the rope, and it’s just you. Taking my First Glider Lesson Gliders are much quieter than airplanes, which is due to the lack of an engine. The loudest part is when you are towed, and once you are released, it’s tranquil. How do Gliders Work? Before my glider lesson, I had a basic idea of how a glider worked (I imagined a giant paper airplane). Paper airplanes are the basic form of gliders. I had no idea gliders could travel hundreds of miles-with no engine. With the right conditions, the capabilities of a glider are almost endless. Taking my First Glider Lesson So How do Gliders Aircraft Work? For a glider to get airborne, it must generate lift to oppose its weight. To generate the lift, a glider must move through the air. The motion of a glider through the air also generates drag. With powered aircraft (such as an airplane), the engine’s thrust opposes drag, but a glider has no engine, so it cannot generate this thrust. Gliders are designed to be extremely efficient and designed to descend very slowly. The glider’s pilot is also constantly looking for pockets of air that is rising faster than the glider is descending. These pockets of air give the glider the capability to gain potential energy and actually gain altitude. So with the right amount of “good air,” glider’s capabilities are endless. These rising air pockets are called: updrafts and usually found when wind blowing at a hill or mountain has to rise to climb over it. They can also be found over dark land masses that absorb heat from the sun. The heat on the ground warms the surrounding air which causes it to rise. Rising hot air is called a “thermal.” Glide Ratio: One of the best measures of performance is the “glide ratio.” A glide ratio of 30:1 means that a glider can travel forward 30 meters while losing only 1 meter of altitude in smooth air. Putting that into context, they travel thousands of miles. The glide slope is the distance traveled for each unit of height lost. Taking my First Glider Lesson My Experience with the Glider Lesson: I took my lesson at Williams Soaring Center in Williams, CA (just north of Sacramento). My instructor, Ted, was great (I would recommend it to anyone). First, I got a tour of their entire facility. Williams Soaring Center is one of the distributors for some of the best-made gliders. Some of the instructors even participate in glider races (also known as sailplane races). Taking my First Glider Lesson They even fix and repair gliders at Williams Soaring Center. Once there was a glider available, he taught me all about the glider. I knew nothing about it, so it felt slightly overwhelming. Think of getting into a car for the first time, and then you will drive it. With glider lessons (and really any general aviation lessons), there is a full set of controls for the instructor. So if we are nose down heading towards the ground or in an emergency, the instructor can take over. Taking my First Glider Lesson Once we were set, the tow plane came, and we were off. I was slightly nervous. An aircraft without an engine is daunting. It took about 5 minutes of towing; it was my time to release the tow. Once released, we cruised around Williams for about 30 minutes. One thing I like about gliders is how quiet they are. Without the engine, a glider aircraft is almost completely peaceful while on its own. (Most people don’t realize how loud general aviation is). Taking my First Glider Lesson Would I take another glider lesson? I enjoyed my glider lesson and had a great time. I would definitely be interested in doing it again. Williams Soaring Center is great, and I had a positive experience. More Flying Posts: Private Flying to Watertown, NY Flying to Essex County Flying to Bridgeport, CT Flying through the Hudson Exclusion and NYC Flying to North Jersey Private Flying to Aeroflex-Andover Airport Questions for you: Would you take a glider lesson? What is something you’ve done outside of your comfort zone?
Does Neutering Help With Aggression In Dogs? If you’re wondering if neutering or spaying dogs calms them down, read on… This article discusses the results of three different studies which were conducted to examine whether neutering affects aggression in dogs. Comparing Chemical and Surgical Dog Sterilization A study conducted by five scientists in Chile unveiled some interesting evidence about dog sterilization techniques, and the impact they have on aggression. One hundred and two dogs were successfully tested in total. The test compared non-sterilized dogs with those who were surgically neutered, and dogs that were sterilized through chemical administration. Chemical sterilization isn’t commonly used in the US. Typically speaking, male dogs undergo surgery to be neutered. However, many areas of the world struggle with an overpopulation of wild dogs. Chemical treatment is a relatively safe, cheap, acceptable alternative to letting these dog populations suffer from overbreeding. Even so, tests in Chile revealed that chemically sterilized dogs did indeed show more aggression towards other dogs, than those who were neutered surgically, or not treated at all. Dogs that had been surgically neutered showed no increase in aggression in this study. Comparing Aggression in Male and Female Dogs After Surgical Neutering or Spaying Another study conducted by two German researchers examined behavioral changes in a number of dogs. These dogs had human handlers. The study revealed that aggression was decreased in most male and female dogs after they were surgically neutered or spayed. Among the dogs that had issues with aggression, 49 out of 80 aggressive male dogs, and 25 of 47 aggressive female dogs became more calm after being spayed or neutered. However, 10 female dogs ended up being aggressive after being spayed. Interestingly enough, it’s illegal to spay or neuter dogs in Norway. However, in 2010, Norwegians began to seek an amendment to Norway’s Animal Welfare Act. One which would allow owners to neuter dogs who showed sexual aggression, or whose lifestyle is negatively affected by being not being spayed or neutered. Therese Bienek, who moved to Norway from the US, claims that she has never had to suture so many bite wounds on dogs. Bienek claims that sexual aggression is to blame because it can cause male dogs to attack one another. Additionally, 1 in every 4 female dogs will get breast cancer in Norway. Bienek says “It is well documented that spaying prior to the second estrus gives a dramatic reduction of the risk for mammary tumors later in life.” For this reason, among others, she hopes that Norway will reform their stance on altering dogs by surgical means. When To Neuter A Dog? There are a number of studies that examine how spaying and neutering affects a dog’s risk of developing health problems. In general, however, it would appear that the types of health conditions that are impacted depend greatly on the breed of the dog. However, when considering when is the best time to neuter a dog, most studies indicate that it’s better for a dog’s health to spay or neuter them after they reach physical maturity. All in all, it would seem that surgically spaying and neutering dogs does, in fact, calm them down. Meanwhile, it’s possible that chemically sterilizing dogs may have an adverse effect on their behavior.
Quick Answer: What is the capital city of Spain? What are the 8 capitals of Spain? What are the two capitals of Spain? The Kingdom of Spain has a population of 47.1 million people (in 2020), the capital and largest city is Madrid; Spain’s second city is Barcelona, the capital city of Catalonia. What are the capital cities of Spain? Is Barcelona a capital? Barcelona is the capital city of the homonymous province and autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain. It has a population of 1.62 million inhabitants. What was the capital of Spain in 1492? THIS IS FUNNING: What country eventually forced the Spanish missions out of Georgia?
Data is at its most powerful when it is interconnected. A major challenge for modern data is interconnection of different data types to obtain a fuller picture of the data subject. Questions about an individual’s mental health, for example, might benefit from interlinking social media with the medical record. Obviously, such data would be extremely sensitive. The recent NHS-Google DeepMind data sharing deal. The Royal Free Hospital trust shared 1.6 million patients’ data with the UK based artificial intelligence company, Google DeepMind. The deal is an exemplar of some of these challenges. It is clear that there are potential benefits to the medical outcome of Royal Free hospital’s patients in having some of the best minds the UK has to offer examining their data. But there are societal challenges about the mechanisms of implied patient consent that the deal relies on. For health data, the Hippocratic oath specifies that the welfare of the patient is paramount, but there are clear conflicts of interest for clinicians. They need to play off their personal ambition for their research versus their immediate concern for patient welfare.1 Complex questions, and they recur across the entire data landscape. A major worry is that if large private (and public) organizations are given full control over access to and utilization of our data then there are significant challenges in alignment of objectives between data subjects and data controllers. While in Europe we already have data protection legislation, such law is powerless to prevent transgressions if the data controllers are so large relative to data subjects that the subjects cannot hold them to account. There are particular challenges for international legislation. For example, even if we were to ensure a strong regulator within the UK, that is of little use when data is stored outside UK borders. While international legislation might help, it is likely to be particularly slow in coming.2 In previous posts and articles I’ve argued for co-evolution of regulation and greater democratization of the data landscape. This means aligning data control with data provenance, i.e. respecting some form of data ownership rights. This is also complicated, because sharing of data, for example a photograph of more than one person, or genetic data, leaks information not just about the individual who shares, but also other data subjects such as family members or friends. One possible way forward is the notion of a “data trust”.3 The idea of a data trust is inspired by the observation that previous technological changes have often been handled in the legislative environment by evolution of existing mechanisms of law.4 Trust law seems an obvious candidate to provide mechanisms by which data could be shared equitably. Trusts are made up of trustees, trustors and beneficiaries. The trustors give up some of their asset rights to the trustees who act on their behalf and undertake to use the the assets for the beneficiaries. For data trusts there is likely to be a significant overlap between trustors and beneficiaries. The trustors of a data trust would be the originators of the data. A data trust would be an organization set up to manage data on the trustors’ behalf. The trust would stipulate the conditions under which the data was to be managed and shared. Trustees would have responsibility to ensure that those conditions were upheld. They would be the data controllers. There are two major advantages to managing data in this way. First of all, it is not clear, yet, what the right mechanisms are for sharing data. Whether that’s from a technological perspective, the social perspective and or an individual’s personal perspective. Different people have different levels of concern about their personal data. Trust law would allow different trusts to suggest different technological mechanisms for sharing,5 different motivational reasons for sharing6 and different contractual terms under which data is shared. These trusts could also evolve their ideas over time. We could imagine a trust that was set up for medical data sharing, perhaps with a focus on a particular disease. Trustors are likely to include individuals who are suffering from the disease and close family members and friends. As well as altruists from wider society with a particular interest in the disease. The nature of the trust is that some of the rights over the data are handed over to the trust. But this could be time limited or under some stipulated conditions. Alternatively, we could imagine data trusts set up for more trivial concerns, like improving product recommendation, or matching consumers to suppliers. Secondly, trusts would become large enough to be effective partners in controlling utilization of data. The legal mechanism of the trust would cause each trust to prioritize their beneficiaries’ interests in negotiations. Through collation of data the trust would become power brokers themselves. The trustees become the guardians of individual interests. Oversight of the trustees would be through the founding constitution of the trust. If the trust also allowed withdrawal of data then an ecosystem of trusts could be envisaged where the success of a trust was dependent on enticing a large enough number of members to join, the resulting quantity of data increasing the power of the trust as a form of data brokerage. Data subjects could move between trusts. The 1832 reform act in the UK gave the vote to 'freeholders of land' triggering the formation of land societies Similar approaches have been taken in the past to assimilation of resources to empower beneficiaries. In Victorian Britain, following the 1832 reform act, the vote was associated with freehold ownership of land. In response the freehold land movement purchased large tracts of land through “Land Societies” with the express intent of subdividing it and issuing the freehold of the land to individual members of the society to obtain the vote. Data trusts would allow more individual control over data. They would also relieve the clinician of the burden of disentangling their own research career from the individual interests of patients and the wider patient population. They would relieve credit checking companies from the responsibilities of acting as both profit making companies, and the guardians of the authoritative data of record. They would act as a broker between the data originator and the data service supplier. They would reduce the proliferation of terms and conditions and ensure that there was a meaningful balance between negotiations. Trustees would be able to negotiate on behalf or a large number of beneficiaries. Data trusts would prevent the rise of the digital oligarchy through the explicit representation of individual interests in the sharing and assimilation of data. Importantly, all this could be done without second guessing the technologies of the future. An ecosystem of data trusts would have the flexibility to evolve as more successful models of data sharing were developed. Data trusts could return the power of assimilated data to the originators of that data. This would increase the availability of data to improve our ability to make informed decisions. Importantly, data trusts would allow that to happen without compromising the rights of the individual. 1. The recent New England Journal of Medicine editorial, now widely known as the “Research Parasites” editorial, showed to what extent some clinicians believe that they should control data of patient origin. This desire to control data can conflict with the wider patient interest of extracting as much value from the data as possible. 2. The recent general data protection directive in EU law is a standardization of the implementation of the 1995 data protection directive across EU member states. These twenty year time frames are too slow to react to the rapid changes we are experiencing in the modern data landscape. 3. The idea of “data trusts” emerged in conversations on data ethics between myself and Jonathan Price, barrister at Doughty Street Chambers in February and March 2015. 4. For example patent law evolved from Letters Patent: a form of monopoly granted by the head of state. 5. For example differential privacy or homomorphic encryption 6. For example sharing for financial gain or altruism.
Custodial sentence A custodial sentence is a judicial sentence, imposing a punishment (and hence the resulting punishment itself) consisting of mandatory custody of the convict, either in prison or in some other closed therapeutic and/or (re)educational institution, such as a reformatory, (maximum security) psychiatry or drug detoxification (especially cold turkey). For some crimes, such as cases of child sexual abuse, a custodial sentence is almost inevitable. Although usually not labeled as such (at hence not in the legal sense) it can be considered a type of corporal punishment, even if no further physical punishments are practiced within the institution (these can also be informal, without any rights of defense), since it constitutes a physical coercion. Indeed the technical term duress is equally used for loss of liberty and for coercion. The concept of penal harm often induces additional elements of physical endurance. Every other sentence and punishment is non-custodial, such as fines, judicial beatings, various mandatory but 'open' therapy and courses, restriction orders, loss or suspension of civil rights, or even suspended sentences. See also
Another year has come and gone! Before making your new year’s resolutions, consider these creative and mindful ways to reflect on the year. Why reflect? Well, reflection is a great way to acknowledge and honor what you’ve been through. By doing so, you can take those learned lessons into the new year to plan for a better future. Create a scrapbook by compiling your favorite photos from the year into a book with fun stickers, stamps tickets and stationery. This will be fun to look back on in the future! Create a shadow box or time capsule with memorable items collected over the year. Items could include: movie stubs, event tickets, wine bottle corks, bottle caps, seashells, sand from beaches visited, pressed flowers, feathers, stickers, jewelry or charms, buttons, photos, letters, medals, and souvenirs. Since this craft is preserved by a frame, the memory reminders can be enjoyed often if the shadow box is hung up on a wall in a frequented room. Create a reverse bucket list of all the awesome events, activities and milestones experienced during the year. This could also be a gratitude list of memories you’re thankful for. Journal answers to reflection questions such as: • What is the best thing that happened? • What accomplishment are you most proud of this year? • What did you learn about yourself? • What new skills did you learn? • What new habits did you start? • What challenges did you overcome? • What is the most important lesson you learned this year? Leave a Reply
Skip to main content A computational fluid dynamics approach to determine white matter permeability A Correction to this article was published on 09 August 2019 This article has been updated Glioblastomas represent a challenging problem with an extremely poor survival rate. Since these tumour cells have a highly invasive character, an effective surgical resection as well as chemotherapy and radiotherapy is very difficult. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED), a technique that consists in the injection of a therapeutic agent directly into the parenchyma, has shown encouraging results. Its efficacy depends on the ability to predict, in the pre-operative phase, the distribution of the drug inside the tumour. This paper proposes a method to compute a fundamental parameter for CED modelling outcomes, the hydraulic permeability, in three brain structures. Therefore, a bidimensional brain-like structure was built out of the main geometrical features of the white matter: axon diameter distribution extrapolated from electron microscopy images, extracellular space (ECS) volume fraction and ECS width. The axons were randomly allocated inside a defined border, and the ECS volume fraction as well as the ECS width maintained in a physiological range. To achieve this result, an outward packing method coupled with a disc shrinking technique was implemented. The fluid flow through the axons was computed by solving Navier–Stokes equations within the computational fluid dynamics solver ANSYS. From the fluid and pressure fields, an homogenisation technique allowed establishing the optimal representative volume element (RVE) size. The hydraulic permeability computed on the RVE was found in good agreement with experimental data from the literature. The most common brain malignant tumours, glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs), leave patients a median overall survival rate ranging from 12 to 18 months, as reported in Mehta et al. (2015). Moreover, despite affecting only 6 in 100,000 people, the treatment cost in Europe in 2010 was about 5.2 billion Euro (Olesen et al. 2012). Conventional treatment options such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation have not proved themselves as decisive, despite being highly aggressive for the patients (Crawford et al. 2016). Therefore, Bobo et al. (1994) introduced a new technique, namely CED, which has shown encouraging results with recurrent glioblastoma in the last 20 years (Crawford et al. 2016). Indeed, it allows overcoming the main obstacle to pharmaceutical treatment of tumour, the blood–brain barrier, by injecting a therapeutic agent under positive pressure directly into the parenchyma. A key aspect to reach good results is the ability to predict, in the pre-operative phase, the distribution of the drug inside the tumour (Raghavan et al. 2006, 2016). This would allow planning the infusion point and the flow rate to optimise the treatment. Several studies have been conducted in the last 15 years proposing numerical models which were based on different assumptions (Ehlers and Wagner 2013; Støverud et al. 2012; Linninger et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2012; Sarntinoranont et al. 2006; Chen and Sarntinoranont 2007; Morrison et al. 1999; Raghavan et al. 2006; Raghavan and Brady 2011; Smith and García 2009). Nonetheless, the cerebral tissue complex structure has represented a formidable challenge to modelling, and more studies should be conducted to reach a satisfying level of accuracy. As suggested by Ehlers and Wagner (2013) and Støverud et al. (2012), this could be due to the fact that the constitutive parameters which are used in the models vary significantly across the scientific literature (up to three orders of magnitude). Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to shed light on the hydraulic permeability which is one of the key parameters affecting CED outcomes. Indeed, it drives the convective flux through the brain thus determining the pharmaceutical agent ability to spread within the cancerous tissue. The brain could be divided in three main components characterised by different properties: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), grey matter and white matter. The CSF can be found in all the empty spaces within the skull thus comprising the gap between the brain and the skull, the ventricles and the ECS. The grey matter consists of neuron cell bodies which are highly packed making the tissue very dense. In contrast, the white matter can be found in the inner part of the brain and presents a more regular structure made of elongated parallel axons with a quasi-circular cross section (Støverud et al. 2012). In addition, the blood vessel system runs through the parenchyma to supply oxygen and nutrients. This simplified description of the brain is not meant to be exhaustive but highlights that the brain is a multiphasic material (Ehlers and Wagner 2013). Nevertheless, as pointed out by Tavner et al. (2016), the correct mathematical framework to model the brain parenchyma is still a controversial subject which depends on the specific phenomenon studied. In this work, since the blood vessels occupy less than 3% of the total volume (Duval et al. 2016), we describe the white matter as a biphasic continuum in which the axons represent the solid phase which is immersed in the ECS which constitutes the fluid phase. Under the hypotheses of incompressible fluid and very low Reynolds number, the convective flux through the axons can be described by means of Darcy’s law, which relates the pressure loss across a porous medium with its average velocity according to the hydraulic permeability (Dullien 2012; Kim et al. 2012; Støverud et al. 2012; Ehlers and Wagner 2013). The latter depends only on the porous media geometry and the fluid properties (Yazdchi et al. 2011), and it can be computed in three different ways: 1. (i) Experimentally: numerous experimental techniques have been developed and described in the geotechnical literature (Türkkan and Korkmaz 2015), but to the best of our knowledge, only a limited number of studies can be found concerning human tissues (Swabb et al. 1974; Netti et al. 2000; McGuire et al. 2006; Franceschini et al. 2006). In particular, Swabb et al. (1974) conducted the first in vitro experimental campaign which aimed to infer the hydraulic permeability of hepatocarcinoma, the most common liver cancer. Netti et al. (2000) performed confined compression test on slices of freshly excised tissue belonging to four tumour lines. Then, they estimated the permeability fitting the experimental data with a poroviscoelastic model. McGuire et al. (2006) followed a similar approach implanting three tumour lines in mice. Then, after the injection of a controlled flow of Evans blue-labelled albumin in the centre of the cancerous tissue, the latter was excised and sliced. Finally, the albumin distribution was fitted by means of Darcy’s law for unidirectional flow in an infinite region around a spherical fluid cavity. Franceschini et al. (2006) conducted an extensive and comprehensive work in which they performed several types of mechanical tests on human brain samples within 12 h of death. Without entering into details, we will just focus on the permeability extraction. They performed an oedometric test on 12 cylindrical specimens harvested in the parietal lobe. The average ratio between initial and final specimen’s shortening under a loading step, namely consolidation ratio, was depicted as a function of time. These data were fitted according to Terzaghi's theory thus allowing to infer the permeability. Despite the works cited above being extremely valuable, they are affected by two important limitations. First, the permeability is not measured directly, but it is inferred from a model which is based on certain assumptions. and second, the hydraulic permeability decreases with time post-mortem and its estimation is therefore affected by the exact time measurements have taken place (Tavner et al. 2016). 2. (ii) An alternative methodology with respect to the experimental one is using the Kozeny–Carman equation which relates permeability to other geometrical parameters such as porosity and specific surface; for details, the reader can refer to Xu and Yu (2008) and citation therein. However, the major drawback of the analytical approach is that it is only suitable for simple and regular geometries but cannot be applied to complicated structures such as the white matter. 3. (iii) Finally, in the numerical approach, Navier–Stokes equations are solved to obtain the permeability under some hypotheses. It has been proven to be a powerful tool to analyse random arrangements of fibres as shown in Hitti et al. (2016), Nedanov and Advani (2002) and Takano et al. (2002) or other porous media (Pinela et al. 2005; Kolyukhin and Espedal 2010; Dias et al. 2012; Zeng et al. 2015; Eshghinejadfard et al. 2016). For example, Hitti et al. (2016) computed the permeability of a unidirectional disordered fibres array with constant diameter by first assessing the velocity and the pressure fields of the convective flow through them. Then, by means of an homogenisation method, they obtained the permeability of the whole domain. In this paper, we develop an approach that for the first time applies numerical techniques to the study of the brain microstructure. The brain geometry and spatial organisation are considered to describe the inter-axons convective flux. We present an outward packing method to create a bidimensional random geometry based on the ADD provided by Liewald et al. (2014) that ensures a ECS volume fraction and a ECS width in the physiological range (Syková and Nicholson 2008). Moreover, a spatial analysis, by means of Ripley’s k-function (Hansson et al. 2013; Marcon et al. 2013), is conducted to guarantee that the overall geometrical organisation is consistent with the one of the experimental data. Then, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is implemented within the commercial software ANSYS (ANSYS, Lebanon, NH) to compute the white matter hydraulic permeability which will be compared with other data available from the relevant literature. Materials and methods In the study conducted by Liewald et al. (2014), the authors measured the inner diameter of myelinated axons in three anatomical structures namely corpus callosum (CC), superior longitudinal fascicle (SF) and uncinate/inferior occipitofrontal fascicle (IF). Their analysis was performed on three human brains and a monkey brain. Since the first ones underwent a late fixation that could lead to degradation of cellular material and a reduction of hydraulic permeability as pointed out by Tavner et al. (2016), we used the ADD of the monkey which guaranteed an higher fixation quality. Moreover, since we are interested in the external diameter, we added the average myelin sheath width, measured by Liewald et al. (2014), to the ADD. Brain-like geometry The first objective was to design a geometry which could mimic the white matter structure and spatial organisation. Therefore, we created a two-dimensional random disordered fibres packing with a circular cross section which met four important geometrical requirements that drive the convective flux in the extra cellular space: axon diameter distribution, ECS volume ratio, ECS width and spatial organisation. The generation algorithm was based on the closed form advancing front approach presented by Feng et al. (2003), but with a main difference. This work introduces an optimisation phase which pushes the ECS volume fraction at a lower level with respect to the previous method in order to meet the physiological requirements. All the algorithm here presented was developed in the environment provided by MATLAB: 1. 1. The user specifies the total number of fibres, which are represented by discs of varying diameters in our two-dimensional representation, and the desired ADD and ECS volume ratio. Then, he indicates the shape of the domain inside which he wants to insert the discs, e.g. a square or a rectangle, with a certain ratio between adjacent edges. The initial domain area and its boundaries are computed from the sum of each disc area using simple geometrical arguments and calculations. This initial area is not big enough to host all the discs because it does not consider the empty spaces. Therefore, the area increases iteratively until all the discs have found space. 2. 2. The algorithm is based on the following geometrical consideration: given a couple of discs, it is always possible to add a third one which is tangent to both of them if the distance between the first two is less than the diameter of the third; this is schematically depicted in Fig. 1a. Figure 1b shows the polygon formed by the disc centres which constitutes the front along which the generation algorithm propagates. Each new disc is accepted if it is contained inside the domain boundaries and if no overlapping with the other discs occurs. 3. 3. Once all the discs are placed in the domain, the ECS volume ratio is computed as the ratio between the void spaces between the discs and the total area. The outcome of this first part of the algorithm is a highly packed structure with an ECS volume ratio of about 0.22. 4. 4. However, as stated by Syková and Nicholson (2008), the ECS volume ratio can reach a minimum of 0.15 in the brain; for this reason, we implemented an optimisation algorithm which fills the empty spaces in the structure. It could be summarised in four additional steps: 1. (i) The original geometry is converted in a black and white image to allow morphological analyses, which are a collection of nonlinear operations related to the shape or morphology of features in an image (Patil and Bhalchandra 2012). 2. (ii) The subsequent step is the skeletonisation that, starting from a black and white image, uses the iterative thinning algorithm to reduce all the objects to lines, without changing the essential structure of the image (Haralick and Shapiro 1992). The branch points of the skeleton represent the location where the distance between close discs is maximised. In other words, they are the best locations where it is possible to add new discs as can be appreciated in Fig. 1c. 3. (iii) Even in this case the new disc is accepted if its diameter is comprised in the range of the ADD previously defined. 4. (iv) The process continues iteratively until reaching the minimum physiological ECS volume ratio. 5. 5. Finally, the desired porosity is achieved by means of a shrinking technique as described in Hitti et al. (2016). It is easy to understand that the discs shrinking affects the desired ADD. However, for the physiological porosity range, which does not exceed 0.3, the shrinking produces a decrease in the axons diameter of only 2.5% which could be considered negligible. Fig. 1 figure 1 Discs generation algorithm: a given two discs with radius $r_1$ and $r_2$ and centred at $c_1$ and $c_2$, respectively, the centre $c_3$ of the new disc (green) with radius $r_3$ is given by one of the two intersections of the dotted discs with radius $r_1+r_3$ and $r_2+r_3$ centred at $c_1$ and $c_2$, respectively; b the first three discs form the initial propagation front, a new disc is added on the right side of each arrow; c in the second part of the algorithm, new discs are added at the skeleton branch points (black dot) if their diameter is comprised in the ADD It must be noticed that the second part of the algorithm, where the empty spaces are filled with discs, changes the ADD. Indeed, since the void spaces are small, they are more likely occupied by the discs with a smaller diameter. Nevertheless, this limitation could be considered negligible as discussed in “Appendix 1”. Spatial distribution analysis To compare the permeability evaluated both within the same ADD and between different ADDs as a function of ECS volume ratio, it was necessary to ensure that the spatial organisation of every geometry was consistent. Therefore, the ability of the algorithm described in Sect. 2.2 to create random arrangements of axons was quantified by means of Ripley’s function (Ripley 1976). The axon centres represent a spatial point process, see the contribution by Diggle (2003) for details, and Ripley’s function was used to differentiate between: (1) aggregation, where the points tend to stay close to other points, (2) inhibition where the points form a regular pattern and (3) complete spatial randomness (CSR) where the points do not follow any specific rule (Jafari-Mamaghani 2010; Lang and Marcon 2010; Marcon et al. 2013). Moreover, we compared the model spatial organisation with the experimental one analysing the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images provided by Liewald et al. (2014). Therefore, as a preliminary step, we manually segmented the microscopy images and computed the centroids for each anatomical structure (Gopi 2007). Ripley’s function is defined as: $$\begin{aligned} R(t)=\lambda ^{-1} E \end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda$ is the number of points per unit area, namely the intensity, and E is the number of extra points within a distance t, which is the distance scale considered, of an arbitrary point (Ripley 1976). For a homogeneous Poisson process that characterises the CSR: $$\begin{aligned} R(t)=\pi t^2 \end{aligned}$$ given the location of all points within a domain, the equation below describes how to compute R: $$\begin{aligned} R(t)=\lambda ^{-1} \sum { \sum {w(l_i,l_j)^{-1}}\frac{I(d_{ij}<t)}{N}} \end{aligned}$$ where $d_{ij}$ is the distance between the ith and jth points, N is the total number of points and I(x) is a function whose value is 1 if the distance between the ith and jth points is less than t and otherwise is zero. Finally, $w(l_i,l_j)$ provides the edge correction to minimise the effects that arise because points outside the boundary are not counted (Dixon 2002). Usually, it is convenient to linearise the R-function as: $$\begin{aligned} L(t)=\root \of {\frac{R(t)}{\pi }} \end{aligned}$$ because the L-function plot for a CSR distribution is a simple line with an angular coefficient equal to 1 and passing from the origin. On the contrary, for clustering and inhibition the angular coefficient is higher and lower than 1, respectively. Thus, it is easier to show the deviation from CSR and the length scale at which it occurs (Dixon 2002; Hitti et al. 2016; Chen and Sarntinoranont 2007). Brain convection model In the brain, the axons represent the solid phase of the white matter which is immersed in the ECS. As well as the other cells, they could be modelled as a soft tissue but a unique answer on which constitutive model is more appropriate is still missing. For example, for Støverud et al. (2012) the solid phase behaves as an isotropic linear elastic material, whereas Ehlers and Wagner (2013) used a hyperelastic model. On the other hand, other authors stated that if the flow rate is very low, the deformation provoked by the fluid–structure interaction can be considered negligible and therefore, it is possible to safely model the axons as a rigid material (Kim et al. 2010,2012 ; Raghavan and Brady 2011). Since the interest of this study is to infer the permeability in a quasi-static condition (creeping flow), we follow the latter approach and we model the solid phase as a rigid porous media, whose continuity equation is: $$\begin{aligned} {\mathbf {\nabla }} \cdot {\mathbf {v}}=0 \end{aligned}$$ where ${\mathbf {v}}$ is the fluid superficial velocity. The well-known Darcy’s law is a macroscopic relation between the pressure loss $\nabla p$ and $\tilde{{\mathbf {v}}}$ which is the velocity through the pores averaged on the fluid volume $V_f$ (Eqs. 6 and 7, respectively) $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{{\mathbf {v}}}=\ & {} \frac{{\mathbf {k}}}{\mu } \nabla p \end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{{\mathbf {v}}}= & {} \frac{1}{V} \int _{V_f}{ {\mathbf {v}} \hbox {d}V} \end{aligned}$$ where ${\mathbf {k}}$ is the permeability of the porous media, $\mu$ is the viscosity of the fluid ($10^{-3} \, \hbox {Pa}\,\hbox {s}$) (Jin et al. 2016), V and $V_{\mathrm{f}}$ are the total and fluid volume, respectively (Yang et al. 2014; Hitti et al. 2016). The superficial velocity though the pores was computed solving the Navier–Stokes equations by means of the finite element method (FEM) software ANSYS (ANSYS, Lebanon, NH) with semi-implicit methods for pressure linked equations (SIMPLE) (ANSYS 2017). A no slip condition was set on each wall and the conduct length was designed to have a fully developed flow before the porous zone. The boundary condition at the inlet (velocity inlet 0.0024 m/s) was chosen to have a very low Reynolds number $Re \approx 10^{-3}$ to respect Darcy’s law hypothesis and to have a velocity close to the one that is usually used in CED intervention (Barua et al. 2013, 2014). A zero pressure was applied at the outlet to reproduce the conventional experimental conditions for measuring hydraulic permeability (Yazdchi et al. 2011; Truscello et al. 2012; Hitti et al. 2016). RVE size determination According to Drugan and Willis (1996) an RVE is: “the smallest material volume element of the composite for which the usual spatially constant (overall modulus) macroscopic constitutive representation is a sufficiently accurate model to represent the mean constitutive response”. However, as stated by Du and Ostoja-Starzewski (2006), a lot of studies are based on the existence of a so-called RVE, but only a few of them have quantitatively determined its size with respect to the microheterogeneity. As previously described in Sect. 2.2, the ECS volume ratio can range between 0.18 and 0.3; however, we decided to limit our study to geometries with the highest value for the following reason. Since the space between each axon is proportional to the ECS volume ratio, choosing a value equal to 0.3 leads to a geometry with a larger ECS width. This characteristic is strongly desirable from a computational point of view; indeed, the smaller the inter-axons space is, the more the meshing process becomes challenging and the simulation dramatically more time-consuming. In this work, we created 6 (n) random structures for each ADD (CC, SF and IF). The mean permeability ${\bar{k}}$ and the standard deviation $\sigma$ were computed for each brain zone as a function of the RVE size. $$\begin{aligned} {\bar{k}} =\ & {} \frac{1}{n} \sum \limits _{i=1}^nk_i \end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \sigma =\ & {} \root \of {\frac{1}{n-1} \sum \limits _{i=1}^n{(k_i-{\bar{k}})}} \end{aligned}$$ The RVEs size was determined dividing the height of each model geometry by 20 as shown in Fig. 2 which also depicts a comparison between the model geometry and a TEM image belonging to the SF. However, only the first 16 RVEs were considered for the calculation as a consequence of the channelling effect described in Nield and Bejan (2013) which rises at the walls. A detailed explanation can be found in “Appendix 2”. Fig. 2 figure 2 On the left: each model geometry was divided in 20 square RVEs whose edge length is a fraction of the porous media height. The picture shows 5/20 (red), 10/20 (green) and 20/20 (blue); on each RVE the permeability was computed by means of Darcy’s law. On the right: TEM image of the SF, with courtesy of Prof. Dr. Almut Schüz (Liewald et al. 2014) Figure 3 shows the relationship between two geometrical parameters that are fundamental in determining the fluid dynamics within a porous media, namely, the ECS volume ratio $\alpha$ and the ECS width d. The latter has been identified by Syková and Nicholson (2008) as an “atmosphere” surrounding every axon which can be quantified by the following equation: $$\begin{aligned} d =\frac{V_{\mathrm{axon}}}{S_{\mathrm{axon}}}\frac{\alpha }{1-\alpha } \end{aligned}$$ where $V_{\mathrm{axon}}$ and $S_{\mathrm{axon}}$ are the average axon volume and surface area for an ideal thin slab of length equal to 1 $\upmu$m. As depicted in Fig. 3, the ECS width in our model increases in a quasi-linear fashion with the ECS volume ratio from a minimum of 16 nm to a maximum of 35 nm which is comparable with the range identified by Syková and Nicholson (2008). The minimum ECS volume ratio that we were able to reach with our method was equal to 0.18, which is very close to the experimental minimum value of 0.15 (Syková and Nicholson 2008). Fig. 3 figure 3 The ECS width is represented as a function of the ECS volume fraction for CC, SF and IF. The ECS width increases in quasi-linear way from a minimum of 16 to a maximum of 35 nm Figure 4 depicts the results of Ripley’s function analysis applied to the TEM images and to the geometry generated through the algorithm described in Sect. 2.2. Moreover, it is possible to compare them with the ideal case of CSR. We can observe that in all the anatomical structures the spatial organisation of both real and model axons is almost coincident to the CSR as we approach the final part of the curve. It should be noted that there is an initial discrepancy between the experimental and the model trend. However, this could be easily explained since the number of axons for each image was significantly lower than the one in the model. Therefore, the presence of big axons in the TEM images strongly affects the analysis, whereas their effect is mitigated in the model geometries. Nonetheless, for t equal to 1 which is a normalised value corresponding to the 25% of the image length as suggested in Jafari-Mamaghani (2010), both experimental and model data converge to CSR. Fig. 4 figure 4 In each graph, it is possible to appreciate the comparison between the $L-function$ under ideal CSR hypothesis (red line), the $L-function$ obtained with model described in Sect. 2.2 and the $L-function$ computed on the TEM images of CC (blue), SF (light blue) and IF (green) Grid sensitivity analysis The first important step is to perform a grid sensitivity analysis to find the correct trade-off between the discretisation error reduction and the cost of the simulation in terms of computational time (Montazeri and Blocken 2013). The grid resolution depends on different parameters; we varied separately the maximum face size allowed for each cell and the edges’ discretisation in the porous zone (ANSYS 2017). We compared 6 grids with an increasing number of nodes, from a coarse one, characterised by 14,862 nodes and an average element size of $0.16 \,\times \,10^{-2} \, \upmu \hbox {m}^2$, to a finer one corresponding to 153,496 nodes and $0.015 \,\times \, 10^{-2} \, \upmu \hbox {m}^2$ average element size. In Fig. 5, it is possible to appreciate the geometry used for the grid sensitivity analysis and the lines along which the velocity has been computed, and the results of the analysis are shown on the right. The independence of the average velocity from the grid resolution is achieved for a number of nodes close to $10^5$. Indeed, the percentage error between the grids with 100,155 and 147,016 nodes ranges between 0.08 and 0.4%, which can be considered negligible (Montazeri and Blocken 2013). Therefore, further analysis was performed following the discretisation features of the 100,155 nodes grid which has been proven to assure high accuracy and adequate computational cost. The simulations took 3 h on a workstation with a i7-6800K 6 cores 3.60 GHz CPU and 16 GB of memory. Fig. 5 figure 5 a Geometry used to perform the mesh sensitivity analysis, also showing the lines along which the velocity has been averaged. b Effect of the grid resolution on the area-weighted average velocity is shown. Note that convergence is reached after about 100,000 nodes RVE size Fig. 6 figure 6 The hydraulic permeability (a) in the CC, SF and IF is represented as a function of the RVE size along with the respective velocity (b) and pressure contours (c) Figure 6 represents ${\bar{k}}$ as a function of the RVE size for CC, SF and IF. The standard deviation is very high at the beginning when the RVE size is less than 8 $\upmu \hbox {m}$; then, as the RVE size increases, the standard deviation decreases progressively until it becomes two orders of magnitude less than the mean permeability. This is due to the fact that the bigger the area considered for the homogenisation is and the more it is representative of the porous media behaviour. On the other hand, a large area can increase dramatically the computational cost of the simulations. The best trade-off between accuracy and simulation time is identified by the optimal RVE size. In each anatomical area, we found the RVE critical value as the point that satisfies two requirements: the average permeability is constant and the standard deviation becomes a small fraction of the average value. It is worth noticing that the minimum standard deviation is about 2% of the permeability, thus confirming that 6 geometries for each ADD provide a sufficient level of accuracy. The results are summarised in Table 1. Table 1 RVE size and average hydraulic permeability in CC, SF and IF Furthermore, Fig. 6 shows examples of velocity and pressure contours for each ADD. In each geometry, the flow paths as well as the maximum velocity is very similar since the average ECS width, which drives the convective flux in CC, SF and IF, is comparable. Moreover, the pressure field decreases linearly along the porous media with an overall pressure drop of about 30,000 Pa. Comparison with previous studies In the literature, there exist a few studies concerning hydraulic permeability in human tissues, which report a wide range of values. Table 2 lists three of the major experimental papers where the authors used different types of tissue (Netti et al. 2000; Swabb et al. 1974; Franceschini et al. 2006). The obtained results vary significantly and cover a range of three orders of magnitude. This suggests a strong correlation between permeability and histological features. Our results are well within the experimental range. Table 2 Experimental studies on hydraulic permeability with several types of tissues The relevant literature concerning fibrous porous media has seen many attempts to describe the hydraulic permeability of unidirectional fibres; the models can be roughly divided in ordered and disordered where the analytical or numerical approach has been followed, respectively. In the former category, an analytical relationship between hydraulic permeability and porosity can be established according to the fibres packing (triangular, square, hexagonal) as described by Gebart (1992) and Tamayol and Bahrami (2009). On the contrary, in the second category, computational methods have been used to understand how permeability is influenced by other geometrical factors such as the mean nearest inter-fibres distance and the degree of disorder (Chen and Papathanasiou 2007, 2008; Hitti et al. 2016). Although the contributions of the researches cited above are valuable and underline the importance of the geometry on the overall behaviour of the porous media, they use a population of fibres with the same diameter which is not the case of the white matter as explained in Sect. 2.1. Therefore, the presence of a geometry which is able to mimic the main geometrical characteristics of the white matter is fundamental to model effectively the flow through the axons. In Sect. 3.1, we demonstrated how we achieved this task implementing a model geometry in which the main histological features of the white matter are considered. Indeed, the ECS volume fraction covers 87% of the physiological range. Moreover, the ECS width is in very good agreement with the experimental data presented in the literature, also considering the inter-species variability, since they analysed murine brain, and the differences between grey and white matter (Nicholson et al. 2011; Ohno et al. 2007; Nicholson and Hrabětová 2017; Syková and Nicholson 2008). Furthermore, we exploited Ripley’s function to inquire the spatial organisation as depicted in Fig. 4. Although a comprehensive analysis that covers the entire parameter space is out of the scope of this work, the randomness analysis performed on either the experimental images and our model shows a behaviour which is ascribable to CSR. Moreover, assessing the spatial organisation of a porous media and ensuring that it is homogeneous along all the length scale considered is fundamental in all the studies that aim to estimate the correct size of an RVE (Hitti et al. 2016). The sensitivity analysis conducted on the grid resolution allowed us to obtain accurate results as well as a feasible computational times for a challenging geometry. The permeability of each ADD was computed on RVEs of increasing size. The results illustrated in Fig. 6 and Table 1 show outcomes concerning both the RVE critical size and the permeability values which were similar in the cases examined. This is probably due to the fact that even if we are considering three different anatomical structures, their ADD as well as the ECS width are very similar, thus producing a comparable effect on the fluid flow as suggested also by Chen and Papathanasiou (2008) in their discussion on the mean nearest inter-fibres distance. On the other hand, comparing our results with data presented in the literature has proven to be a more difficult task since a very small amount of experiments have been conducted. The work which is closest to our study is that performed by Franceschini et al. (2006), who computed a permeability value which is slightly lower than ours. However, it must be noticed that there are four important differences to take into account. Firstly, there is an inter-species variability, as suggested by Abbott (2004), since we are analysing a monkey brain instead of a human one. A second factor to consider is that the permeability is not a direct measure but it is inferred from a model which is based on simplifying hypotheses and, for example, does not consider non-circular axons and deviation from collinear bundles, which would both contribute to lower the permeability of the tissue. Third, the results obtained by Franceschini et al. (2006) are an average between brain samples excised in both grey and white matter, whereas we limit our study to white matter. Finally, the average ECS volume ratio in the brain is about 0.2 (Syková and Nicholson 2008), whereas we used the maximum value of 0.3 for the reasons explained in Sect. 2.5. Since the ECS volume fraction is directly related to permeability, this contributes to the lower value obtained by Franceschini et al. (2006). Nevertheless, our results are in good agreement with the experimental data if compared to the range of values presented in the literature and represent the first attempt to estimate the permeability with a numerical approach which starts from the white matter microstructure. The method presented in the present contribution opens the possibility to further extend the study incorporating more images belonging to normal or pathological subjects, thus allowing to create a specific database for the permeability of brain tissue matter. Fig. 7 figure 7 a Velocity contour before the porous media, the channelling effect is clearly visible near the walls. The black lines indicate the direction along which the velocity profiles have been extracted; b average velocity profile for the CC, even in this case the sudden increase in the velocity profile points out the beginning of the channelling effect zone; c its exact starting points have been determined averaging the position of the first and last local minima between the 6 random geometries of the CC Concluding remarks We presented a novel method to assess hydraulic permeability, starting from the ADD of three white matter anatomical structures. Moreover, we paid particular attention to estimate the RVE size to ensure the reliability of the results obtained. The approach consisted of the following three steps: (1) generation of a random geometry in which the cross-sectional area of the neurons is considered circular. The algorithm created a fibres assembly according to the experimental ADD of CC, SF and IF, offering also the possibility to vary the ECS volume fraction covering almost all the physiological range. (2) Implementation of a CFD model by means of the finite element solver ANSYS to compute the velocity and pressure fields experienced by our model white matter. Furthermore, we conducted a grid sensitivity analysis to ensure high accuracy. (3) Finally, we used these data to compute the hydraulic permeability on different RVEs in order to determine its size. We found that the RVE size and the hydraulic permeability are slightly different for each anatomical structure suggesting that an RVE characterised by a length scale of about $17 \upmu \hbox {m}$ can be representative of the overall behaviour. Moreover, the permeability values that we found are consistent with the results provided by experimental data available in the literature. Albeit based on simplifying assumptions, we believe that this work is the first important step towards a combined experimental and computational approach which aims to shed light on fundamental constitutive parameters to model brain matter. Extensions to three-dimensional domains, consideration of irregular axonal geometries and osmotic pressure, contribution of glial cells and a parametric study on the effect of the ECS volume ratio will constitute the subject of further studies. Change history • 09 August 2019 The article “A computational fluid dynamics approach to determine white matter permeability” written by Marco Vidotto, Daniela Botnariuc, Elena De Momi and Daniele Dini was originally published electronically on the publisher’s Internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 20 February 2019 without open access. 1. Abbott NJ (2004) Evidence for bulk flow of brain interstitial fluid: significance for physiology and pathology. Neurochem Int 45(4):545–552 Article Google Scholar 2. 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Additional information Publisher's Note Appendix 1 In Sect. 2.2, we explained that the algorithm to create a brain-like geometry is mainly comprised of two phases. In the first phase, the fibres are randomly arranged respecting a prescribed ADD, and the minimum ECS volume ratio reachable in this phase is about 0.22. In the second phase, whose objective is to minimise the ECS volume ratio, the empty spaces are filled with other fibres whose diameter is comprised in the range of the ADD. Since the axons with a small diameter are more likely to find room between the others, the ADD is more skewed towards them with respect to the original one. That results in a median diameter which goes from the 0.34 $\upmu \hbox {m}$ of the original ADD to the 0.3 $\upmu \hbox {m}$ of the skewed ADD. To quantify the effect of this limitation on the permeability calculation, we created a geometry respecting the ADD of the CC. Then, applying the shrinking method described in Sect. 2.2, we reached the desired ECS volume ratio equal to 0.3. We computed the permeability on an RVE of 17.5 $\upmu \hbox {m}$ as suggested by the results reported in Sect. 3.3 obtaining a final value equal to $1.4 \, \times \,10^{-16} \, \hbox {m}^2$ which is 5% higher than the one presented in Table 1. In conclusion, our generation algorithm, on the one hand, introduces a very small error, and, on the other hand, allows analysing almost all the physiological range of ECS volume fraction. We believe that the increased flexibility obtained by the proposed algorithm and its fidelity in reproducing realistic ECS volume fractions greatly overcome the potential error introduced in the computation of permeability, and therefore, we considered this limitation acceptable. Appendix 2 In the attempt of filling a volume or an area with solid particles, a common issue usually rises in the proximity of the walls. Indeed, here, the particles find it harder to pack together, with respect to the inner zones of the porous media, because of the presence of the walls. Therefore, the free space volume fraction increases; for an analytical description of this phenomenon, the reader can refer to the work by Nield and Bejan (2013). As it is easy to imagine, the volume fraction increase brings, as a consequence, the augmentation of the volume of fluid flowing near the walls as well as the average velocity, and this is evident in Fig. 7a. Since this phenomenon, which is known as channelling effect (Nield and Bejan 2013), affects the permeability computation, we designed a method to infer and exclude the areas involved. In each geometry, we extracted the velocity profile along 10 lines in the proximity of the porous zone as indicated in Fig. 7a. The threshold of the channelling effect zone can be identified by the anomalous and sudden increase in the velocity profile highlighted in Fig. 7b. Mathematically, this operation means finding the position of the first and last local minima along the normalised height of the channel h. Finally, Fig. 7c depicts the position of the upper and lower threshold averaged between the 6 geometries created for the CC. Equivalent results (not shown in this paper) emerged for the other anatomical structures. Accordingly, the porous media areas corresponding to 10% of the channel height at both ends (top and bottom in Fig. 7a of the computational domain) were excluded from the hydraulic permeability computation. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (, which permits any noncommercial use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license and any changes made are indicated. Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Vidotto, M., Botnariuc, D., De Momi, E. et al. A computational fluid dynamics approach to determine white matter permeability. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 18, 1111–1122 (2019). Download citation • Received: • Accepted: • Published: • Issue Date: • DOI: • Convection-enhanced delivery • Hydraulic permeability • Representative volume element • White matter
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Products derived from these GM crops include amino acids, alcohol, aspartame, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, citric acid, sodium citrate, ethanol, flavorings (“natural” and “artificial”), high-fructose corn syrup, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, lactic acid, maltodextrins, molasses, monosodium glutamate (MSG), sucrose, textured vegetable protein (TVP), xanthan gum, vitamins, vinegar, and yeast products. How Do GMOs Affect The Environment? Over 80% of all GMOs grown worldwide are engineered for herbicide tolerance. As a result, use of toxic herbicides like Roundup® has increased 15-fold since GMOs were introduced. GMO crops are also responsible for the emergence of resistant super weeds and super bugs which can only be killed with ever more toxic poisons like 2, 4-D (a primary ingredient in Agent Orange). These chemicals also pose a threat to beneficial insects like pollinators, which are critical to much of our food supply. GMOs are a direct extension of chemical agriculture and are developed and sold by the world’s biggest chemical companies. It’s also important to note that the companies who produce these chemicals are also the same companies developing the GMO crops that require their use. The long-term impacts of GMOs are unknown, and once released into the environment, these novel organisms cannot be recalled. How Do GMOs Affect Farmers? Because GMOs are novel life forms, biotechnology companies have been able to obtain patents which restrict their use, banning farmers from saving, replanting, exchanging, and selling seeds as they have done for millennia and upon which their livelihoods depend. As a result, the companies that make GMOs have the power to sue farmers whose fields become contaminated with GMOs, even when it is the result of inevitable drift from neighboring fields. GMOs, therefore, pose a serious threat to farmer sovereignty and national food security. They also pose a threat to an organic farmer’s organic certification status. As a result, many organic farmers fear for their livelihood and their ability to fill consumer desire for organic products. An additional threat to food security is posed by GMO crops because their seeds are identical clones lacking genetic variation. As GM crops become increasingly common, this narrow germplasm leaves the world with severely limited crop diversity. When drought, flooding, blight, or another source of plant disease comes along, this lack of diversity leaves us vulnerable to large-scale crop collapse. Are GMOs Labeled? An overwhelming majority of consumers in Vermont and across the US have long been rallying for clear, simple, on-package labeling so that they can know at a glance if a product was produced with genetic engineering. In July of 2016, Vermont became the first state to make it happen as our groundbreaking GMO labeling law went into effect. The law required mandatory labeling of food for retail sale if produced with genetic engineering (GE) and banned the use of the label “natural” for food made with GE ingredients. The rollout was off to a smooth start and it felt like a significant victory for transparency in food labeling and consumers’ right to know. Unfortunately, our celebration was short-lived. Senators Pat Roberts (R-KS) and Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) proposed a compromise GMO labeling bill (S.764) nicknamed the DARK (Denying Americans the Right to Know) Act. Vermont’s leaders fought hard to defeat the DARK Act as it moved through the House and Senate but despite their best efforts, the proposal passed both the Senate and the house. It was delivered to the White House on July 19th and was signed into law shortly thereafter. In a nutshell, this law dissolved Vermont’s labeling law and falls well short of consumer expectations. This law leaves a significant number of GE products unlabeled due to a definition of GE food which ultimately excludes some sugars, oils, and corn products. Companies are also able to opt out of clear, accessible on-package labeling by using digital “QR” codes that are unreadable by approximately half of rural and low-income Americans without access to smartphones or cell service. There are no penalties for lack of compliance, and no authority to recall products that are not properly labeled. We’re deeply disappointed to see Vermont’s strong labeling law replaced by the DARK Act, but we also recognize that we should all be incredibly proud of what we accomplished over the past few years. Today, if you go into grocery stores in Vermont and across the nation you will find genetically engineered foods labeled for the first time – Vermont was a driving force in making that happen! National food manufacturers like Campbell’s and Dannon announced that they will continue to label their products, and others are expected to follow suit. In the end, a lot more people know what is in their food because of what we managed to accomplish here in Vermont. Avoiding GMOs at the Co-op The fight for meaningful and clear food labels will continue. In the meantime, if you wish to avoid GMOs while shopping in the Co-op, look for products bearing a certified organic label and/or products bearing the third-party certification of the Non-GMO project. Ask questions about where food comes from and how it is made. Perhaps the product has been imported from one of the 60-plus countries around the world that have banned GMOs. Or, perhaps it’s a local product from a small farmer or producer that may not bear an organic or non-GMO label, but can assure you that their products are grown or produced without the use of GMOs. You Might Also Be Interested In © Copyright 2021 - Middlebury Food Co-op
OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls 2018 C5: Validate All Inputs C5: Validate All Inputs Input validation is a programming technique that ensures only properly formatted data may enter a software system component. Syntax and Semantic Validity An application should check that data is both syntactically and semantically valid (in that order) before using it in any way (including displaying it back to the user). Semantic validity includes only accepting input that is within an acceptable range for the given application functionality and context. For example, a start date must be before an end date when choosing date ranges. Allowlisting vs Denylisting There are two general approaches to performing input syntax validation, commonly known as allow and deny lists: • Denylisting or denylist validation* attempts to check that given data does not contain “known bad” content. For example, a web application may block input that contains the exact text <SCRIPT> in order to help prevent XSS. However, this defense could be evaded with a lower case script tag or a script tag of mixed case. • Allowlisting or allowlist validation attempts to check that a given data matches a set of “known good” rules. For example a allowlist validation rule for a US state would be a 2-letter code that is only one of the valid US states. Important When building secure software, allowlisting is the recommended minimal approach. Denylisting is prone to error and can be bypassed with various evasion techniques and can be dangerous when depended on by itself. Even though denylisting can often be evaded it can often useful to help detect obvious attacks. So while allowlisting helps limit the attack surface by ensuring data is of the right syntactic and semantic validity, denylisting helps detect and potentially stop obvious attacks. Client side and Server side Validation Input validation must always be done on the server-side for security. While client side validation can be useful for both functional and some security purposes it can often be easily bypassed. This makes server-side validation even more fundamental to security. For example, JavaScript validation may alert the user that a particular field must consist of numbers but the server side application must validate that the submitted data only consists of numbers in the appropriate numerical range for that feature. Regular Expressions Regular expressions offer a way to checkwhether data matches a specific pattern. Let’s start with a basic example. The following regular expression is used to define a allowlist rule to validate usernames. This regular expression allows only lowercase letters, numbers and the underscore character. The username is also restricted to a length of 3 and 16 characters. Caution: Potential for Denial of Service Care should be exercised when creating regular expressions. Poorly designed expressions may result in potential denial of service conditions (aka ReDoS ). Various tools can test to verify that regular expressions are not vulnerable to ReDoS. Caution: Complexity Regular expressions are just one way to accomplish validation. Regular expressions can be difficult to maintain or understand for some developers. Other validation alternatives involve writing validation methods programmatically which can be easier to maintain for some developers. Limits of Input Validation Input validation does not always make data “safe” since certain forms of complex input may be “valid” but still dangerous. For example a valid email address may contain a SQL injection attack or a valid URL may contain a Cross Site Scripting attack. Additional defenses besides input validation should always be applied to data such as query parameterization or escaping. Challenges of Validating Serialized Data Some forms of input are so complex that validation can only minimally protect the application. For example, it’s dangerous to deserialize untrusted data or data that can be manipulated by an attacker. The only safe architectural pattern is to not accept serialized objects from untrusted sources or to only deserialize in limited capacity for only simple data types. You should avoid processing serialized data formats and use easier to defend formats such as JSON when possible. If that is not possible then consider a series of validation defenses when processing serialized data. • Implement integrity checks or encryption of the serialized objects to prevent hostile object creation or data tampering. • Enforce strict type constraints during deserialization before object creation; typically code is expecting a definable set of classes. Bypasses to this technique have been demonstrated. • Isolate code that deserializes, such that it runs in very low privilege environments, such as temporary containers. • Log security deserialization exceptions and failures, such as where the incoming type is not the expected type, or the deserialization throws exceptions. • Restrict or monitor incoming and outgoing network connectivity from containers or servers that deserialize. • Monitor deserialization, alerting if a user deserializes constantly. Unexpected User Input (Mass Assignment) Some frameworks support automatic binding of HTTP requests parameters to server-side objects used by the application. This auto-binding feature can allow an attacker to update server-side objects that were not meant to be modified. The attacker can possibly modify their access control level or circumvent the intended business logic of the application with this feature. This attack has a number of names including: mass assignment, autobinding and object injection. As a simple example, if the user object has a field privilege which specifies the user’s privilege level in the application, a malicious user can look for pages where user data is modified and add privilege=admin to the HTTP parameters sent. If auto-binding is enabled in an insecure fashion, the server-side object representing the user will be modified accordingly. Two approaches can be used to handle this: • Avoid binding input directly and use Data Transfer Objects (DTOs) instead. • Enable auto-binding but set up allowlist rules for each page or feature to define which fields are allowed to be auto-bound. More examples are available in the OWASP Mass Assignment Cheat Sheet. Validating and Sanitizing HTML Consider an application that needs to accept HTML from users (via a WYSIWYG editor that represents content as HTML or features that directly accept HTML in input). In this situation validation or escaping will not help. • Regular expressions are not expressive enough to understand the complexity of HTML5. • Encoding or escaping HTML will not help since it will cause the HTML to not render properly. Therefore, you need a library that can parse and clean HTML formatted text. Please see the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet on HTML Sanitization for more information on HTML Sanitization. Validation Functionality in Libraries and Frameworks All languages and most frameworks provide validation libraries or functions which should be leveraged to validate data. Validation libraries typically cover common data types, length requirements, integer ranges, “is null” checks and more. Many validation libraries and frameworks allow you to define your own regular expression or logic for custom validation in a way that allows the programmer to leverage that functionality throughout your application. Examples of validation functionality include PHP’s filter functions or the Hibernate Validator for Java. Examples of HTML Sanitizers include Ruby on Rails sanitize method, OWASP Java HTML Sanitizer or DOMPurify. Vulnerabilities Prevented • Input validation reduces the attack surface of applications and can sometimes make attacks more difficult against an application. • Input validation is a technique that provides security to certain forms of data, specific to certain attacks and cannot be reliably applied as a general security rule. • Input validation should not be used as the primary method of preventing XSS, SQL Injection and other attacks.
Issue 2 2019 Being kind to plants and to our planet Ask people if they care for the environment and the future of planet earth and the answer, from most, is a resounding ‘yes’. At home and at work we’ve become accustomed to considering how to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming, for example. In life and in business we care about reducing fossil fuel-generated energy consumption, using more renewable energy, and safeguarding or increasing the natural vegetation that absorbs or sequesters some of the carbon dioxide produced by mankind’s life on earth. Our business is to support farming, to provide crop nutrition products that help farmers produce the food the world needs. So if a farmer wants to choose a low carbon footprint fertilizer, what advice can we give? The answer is ‘choose Polysulphate’ because a recent study has shown, compared with other fertilizers, that Polysulphate has the lowest carbon footprint. We had a hunch that our Polysulphate has environmentally-friendly credentials. We mine, crush and screen Polysulphate without any further energy-intensive chemical processes. However we needed more than a hunch. We needed expert input to do the calculations and count up the carbon produced in producing Polysulphate. Waste and sustainability experts Filkin and Co measure carbon footprint as an estimated value of the product’s global warming potential. They looked carefully at our production and for Polysulphate they calculated the carbon footprint to be 0.06 kg CO2 e per kilo of product. In comparison, the global warming potential they calculated for a kilo of ammonium nitrate is almost 1.2 kg CO2 e – or twenty times higher. We are delighted with the result and invite you to share it. However the satisfaction is not just that we know our Polysulphate has the lowest carbon footprint. The real joy is that we can advise our farmer customers that through choosing and using Polysulphate fertilizer they are taking good care of their crops and their nutritional needs, but also they are contributing to reducing the production of greenhouse gas emissions. In simple, the message is this: choose and use Polysulphate to be kind to plants and to our planet! See the report summary here Contact us: [email protected] Follow us: Facebook \| Twitter \| Youtube

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