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Speech Therapy Speech therapy is rehabilitation of speech, tongue, communication, swallowing and voice. The planning and implementation of the rehabilitation often requires careful co-operation between experts of different fields and the customer’s immediate surroundings. Forms of implementing speech therapy are examination, guidance, counselling, therapy and follow-up. Tasks of a speech therapist also include distributing information about communication disorders. The speech therapist can give instruction on the use of augmentative and alternative communication methods if needed. A doctor’s referral is always needed for speech therapy. For a child the referral is written either by a Child Welfare Clinic doctor or a school doctor. A notification about the arrival of the referral will be sent to the parents of the child. The notification will include the contact information of the speech therapist so that the parents can discuss with the therapist over the phone even before the examination, if needed. For working-aged people and seniors the referral is written by a doctor of a local health station or the Turku City Hospital. Customers will be invited to the reception by mail or by phone.
Race and Victorian Science In The Control of the Tropics (1898), the social evolutionist Benjamin Kidd asserts that the indigenous inhabitants of the tropics "represent the same stage in the history of the development of the race that the child does in the history of the development of the individual." Thus Africa, India, and so on simply could not be economically developed by their own populations; instead, "the white man" must improve and govern the tropics "as a trust for civilization." Victorian imperialism received ample confirmation of its own justness from the nineteenth-century human sciences, which were concerned with quantifying and accurately describing racial and cultural difference among the world's people. Beliefs about the intrinsic inferiority of subject peoples inevitably shaped ethnological studies like Edward Tylor's Primitive Culture (1871), which in turn could be used as proof of that inferiority. Influenced by Darwinian ideas about the mutability of species, Tylor is interested in the development of human culture from simple to complex, primitive to advanced. Modern-day races can be measured along the same continuum, and deemed "savage" or "civilized" depending on how far they have progressed toward the high state of culture enjoyed by the "educated world of Europe and America." Charles Darwin also wrote of the "struggle for existence" whereby some species came to prevail over others (NAEL 8, 2.1539), and social evolutionists like Kidd and Herbert Spencer argued similarly that some races were destined to be the losers in the global struggle for predominance, or might even be eliminated through natural selection. The Royal Geographical Society's Hints to Travellers (1883) included an article on field anthropology by Tylor, urging the naturalists, sportsmen, and tourists who visited the tropics to gather scientific data about native physiognomy and exotic customs. In other words, any educated European man was fit to make confident pronouncements about the nature of the "lesser" races. For instance, the historian J. A. Froude argued in The English in the West Indies (1888) that the black descendants of slaves were a congenitally lazy and shiftless lot who "would in a generation or two relapse into savages," and thus were not fit to govern themselves. The black Trinidadian intellectual J. J. Thomas wrote Froudacity (1889) as a riposte to such "miserable skin and race doctrine." Thomas defends the "soundness and nobility" of the African character, and suggests that exploitation by Europeans has interrupted the natural progress of subject peoples, not their own inherent limitations. Moreover, the British Empire hardly represents the triumphant climax of human development, for history teaches us that many great empires rose and fell in centuries past. Turning the arguments of social evolutionism to his own purposes, Thomas speculates that the scattered populations of the African diaspora, with their transcultural and global perspective, may be uniquely suited to form the next great world civilization.
5 Things You Aren't Thinking About With Net Neutrality Since it's right around the corner Net neutrality is a hot-button issue all across the board. It is an important issue that will forever change the way we use the internet and the way we view the world wide web. Ever since the 90's with the boom of e-commerce websites like Amazon and eBay, the internet has had an enormous role in society, bringing consumers and businesses face to face at the click of a button. Today's business world has companies dependent on computers and the internet for nearly every function. This gives jobs to software developers, engineers, and staffs numerous IT departments. If the free and open internet policies change then, so will these businesses and their practices. Having a fast lane for some companies and a slow lane for everyone else will change the climate of most industries. With such a hot-topic issue, it's really important to stay informed. 1. Anti-virus Software Started Non-neutrality Oddly enough, there is already a form of non-neutral internet policies. You've probably heard of it being used by countries outside of the United States. This is when governments issue censorship over certain websites in favor of other websites. This type of discrimination was originally developed by antivirus companies around the year 2003. It seemed impossible to discriminate data over the internet in the early days. However, this software was developed to filter out malware. It was called deep packet discrimination. Deep packet discrimination worked like a charm at discriminating certain data from the rest. Then, this type of software was what governments used to develop internet censorship. This is similar to how ISPs will to discriminate data. 2. The Developing World Has It Already We all know that some foreign governments are guilty of censoring the internet that we love. In many parts of the world there are sites that are allowed to get a much larger share of bandwidth at a lower cost such as Facebook Zero and Google Zero. These special sites are called "zero rating" sites, and they are actually given reimbursement for the traffic they generate. As previously stated, non-neutral internet is happening in other countries, but "zero rating" sites are typically used more in developing nations. 3. Freedom Over Innovation Many people are for net-neutrality because of the innovation that is promoted by having a free and open internet. With a non-neutral internet everybody who logs on through an ISP will have to go through that ISP's portal as if it is the gatekeeper. In this case only the bigger companies will be let through because they can afford to pay, while small businesses are essentially out of the game. The most popular resources and websites will continue to have traffic meaning that all growth outside of the popular vehicles will be stifled. Try to imagine all of today's top developers attempting to walk through the same three doors to get into a building. With a non-neutral internet our geniuses will have to wait in line to get their ideas moved into the public eye. 4. Non-neutrality is Downgrading Services When you think about it, how much faster can the internet get? We can already load any site at the drop of a hat, so those sites likely won't be getting any quicker if net-neutrality were to end. No, the companies that can pay for the fast lane would get the same service they do now. However, any company that can't pay the toll to enter the fast lane would be slowed down by the ISP being used. People wouldn't really get a faster connection to any site, but they would receive a slower connection instead. 5. This Will Affect Everyone...Seriously Everyone Since we are so reliant on the internet as a society, this will easily affect every sector of every modern industry. Shipping clerks will have less choices of where to pick up orders, or they will have to pay to use bigger companies. IT Engineers and developers will have less choices about how they operate and might have more difficulty doing their job, such as network performance monitoring with slower lanes of internet. All parts of our social, economic and political structure currently revolve around using the internet in its current free and open form. It's important to understand net-neutrality issues because it impacts our lives. It is something our society is thinking about changing, so you need to stay ahead of the curve and learn about it. Make up your own opinions, do your own research and if you want your voice to be heard then, speak up. comments powered byDisqus Read next: Going To Market With Digital Products: Developing A Software Sales Culture
Morgan le Fay is a sourceress, known from legends about King Arthur. She is actually his half sister and her role varies from story to story, from era to era. I'll try to add as many interesting facts about her character as this project evolves, but for now we'll start as her graphic representation through the eyes of many artists. Morgan le Fay by Frederick Sandys (1829-1904) aubrey beardsley morgan le fay sir tristram Morgan le Fay and Sir Tristram by Aubrey Beardsley (1872-1898) edward burne jones morgan le fay Morgan le Fay by Edward Burne-Jones ((1833-1898) edward burne jones last sleep of arthur The Last Sleep of Arthur by Edward Burne-Jones ((1833-1898) Morgan Le Fay is a lady of many faces. She is a fairy, magician, priestess and goddess. Although her origin is unclear we can safely presume she belongs to Celtic mythology. Her name is a name for a man. Correct would be Morgain, but we are not talking about an ordinary person. Here are few intereting facts about Morgan Le Fay: 1. We can find her roots in Irish and Welsh mythology, but also in the background of real people from 6th century, where some real events possibly inspired the legend of King Arthur. 2. She is able to change her appearance (shape-shifting), she can transform in younger, older, prettier or uglier person, she can become an animal as well. Her second name Fay clearly suggest her magic powers because 'fay' means 'fairy' 3. While her character and role in so called Arturian cycle is constantly changing, in all works she is associated with strong healing powers. These are sometimes connected with black magic. Morgan Le Fay is a healer of King Arthur. 4. Her love life is pretty interesting too. Different authors connected her with King Urians, his nephew Giomar and with Sir Lancelot. 5. Morgan is in earlier works mentioned only as a healer and sourceress, but in later she has the same mother as Arthur. It is interesting to notice, she is only his healer in older works, but she becomes his enemy in later stories. Morgan Le Fay by John Roddam Spencer Stanhope Voyage of King Arthur and Morgan Le Fay to the Isle of Avalon by Frank William Warwick Topham
In physics and mathematics, simple explanations are best. Logically concise proofs convey information that is absolutely true. The known axioms of physics, which can explain much of what goes on in the universe, can be written on a single index card. Nuanced explanations require billions of index cards by definition. They list many complicated conditions and subtle distinctions to describe events. Why do people give them more credit than simple logical proofs? Professor Alex Bavelas ran an experiment to test preferences for complicated vs simple explanations. (via Mahalanobis, another great blog) In one experiment, two subjects, A and B, are seated facing a projection screen. There is a partition between them so that they cannot see each other, and they are requested not to communicate. They are then shown medical slides of healthy and sick cells and told that they must learn to recognize which is which by trial and error. In front of each of them are two buttons marked “Healthy” and “Sick,” respectively, and two signal lights marked “Right” and “Wrong.” Every time a slide is projected they have to press one of the buttons, whereupon one of the two signal lights flashes on. “A” gets true feedback; that is, the lights tell him whether his guess was indeed right or wrong. His situation is one of simple discrimination, and in the course of the experiment, most “A” subjects learn to distinguish healthy from sick cells with a fair degree of correctness (i.e., about 80 percent of the time). “B’s” situation is different. His feedback is based not on his own guesses, but on A’s. Therefore it does not matter what he decides about a particular slide; he is told “right” if “A” guessed right, “wrong” if “A” guessed wrong. B does not know this; he has been led to believe there is an order, that he has to discover this order, and that he can do so by making guesses and finding out if he is right or wrong. In other words, there is no way in which he can discover that the answers he gets are noncontingent — that is, have NOTHING to do with his questions — and that therefore he is not learning anything about his guesses. So he is searching for an ORDER where there is none that HE could discover. This leads to an obvious result. Subjects A learned to distinguish between healthy and sick cells through simple means which lead to accurate guesses. Subject B, literally, learned nothing of the difference, but rationalized that he learned something. B rationalized why he failed to guess so often, so he looks for ever more subtle “clues” to distinguish the cells. His explanation is, in a word, nuanced. Afterwards the subjects are asked to explain the difference between healthy and sick cells to each other and judge who’s view is more accurate. This is where the experiment produced an interesting result. “A”‘s explanations are simple and concrete; “B”‘s are of necessity subtle and complex — after all, he had to form his hypothesis on the basis of very tenuous and contradictory hunches. The amazing thing is that A does not simply shrug off B’s explanations as unnecessarily complicated or even absurd, but is impressed by their sophisticated “brilliance.” “A” tends to feel inferior and vulnerable because of the pedestrian simplicity of his assumption, and the more complicated “B”‘s “delusions”, the more likely they are to convince A. This is amazing and depressing at once. Subject Bs’ explanations are long-winded, delusional, and wrong, but they convince Subject As through sheer verbiage. The nuanced are ignorant but disguise their lack of knowledge with a show of words to intimidate others. They become so nuanced that they engage in self-deception too. They are in awe of their ability to see and describe such complicated things. Nuance vindicates their perception of their enlightened intelligence and it distinguishes them from the simpletons. Nuance is wrong. And yet we continue to value false nuanced arguments over concrete and simple proofs. A related logical fallacy is the conjunction fallacy. This is the belief that a more complicated statement with more specific conditions is more probable than a general statement. For instance: Which is more likely? Linda is a bank teller. 85% of those asked chose option 2. Which is horrifying, no? If you think of set theory, this should be obvious. There’s Sets {Not Bank Tellers}, {Activist Feminist} and {Bank Tellers}. You can draw a Venn Diagram of this to visualize it. {Bank Tellers} has two subsets {Activist Feminist Bank Tellers} and {Not Activist Feminist Bank Tellers} The subset {Activist feminist bank tellers} is contained entirely within the whole set of bank tellers. This specific subset is probably smaller than the whole set of Bank tellers and can be no more than equal to the whole (if all bank tellers are activist feminists). Yet 85% of people will say it is more likely that Linda is a activist feminist bank teller than a bank teller. P(A+B)< P(A) It’s an impossible conclusion. Adding many complicated and specific conditions to a statement makes it less probable but we are hard-wired to believe it is more likely to be true. Odd, no?
Biology chapter 29 Jeremy colorundo Central Nervous System In vertebrates, this is made up of the and spinal cord and is used to send sensory signals to the brain Peripheral Nervous System Nerves that extend from the central nervous system throughout the body make up this system Somatic nervous system A division of the peripheral nervous system which controls skeletal muscles and relays sensory signals about movements and external conditions Auto in nervous system A division of the peripheral nervous system that relays signals to and from internal organs and glands Para sympathetic a part of the autonomic nervous system these neurons encourage digestion and other common yet necessary tasks within the body A part of the autonomic nervous system these neurons are activated in times of distress, such as when vertebrate is in danger Sensory neuron A neuron which its receptor endings detect aspect fix stimulus such as light or pressure A neuron that both sends and receives signals to and from other neurons. They are located mainly in the brain and spinal cord Motor neuron A neuron which controls a muscle or a gland Neuromuscular junction A synapse between a neuron and a muscle A chemical found in many animals including humans which is released by nerve cells to transmit signals Norepinephrine and epinephrine These hormones secreted by adrenal glands promote fight or flight response The region where a neruon's axon terminals transmit signaling molecules to other cells White matter Central nervous system tissue consisting of mainly myelinated axons Gray matter Central nervous system tissue which consists of neuron axon terminals, cell bodies and dendrites as well as neurological cells Cerebral cortex The outmost portion of the cerebrum, it's a 2 milimeter thick layer of gray matter. Over the course of human history the layer has grown increasingly folded. These folds emable the brain to add additional gray matter while adding minimal space Lobes of the brain There are four lobes of the brain. They are frontal, parental, occipital and temporal. Each has its own purpose. Frontal controls voluntary movement. Parental is involved in sensory information and awareness of position. Occipital controls sight. Temporal controls sense of hearing smell memory thought and judgment Lambic system This set of structurally and functionally related structures deep within the brain gives rise to our emotions. This system includes the hippocampus which plays an essential role in the formation. Of declarative memories Created with images by Double--M - "From the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary" • Double--M - "Central nervous system drawing circa 1900" • NICHD NIH - "Metastatic paraganglioma" • GreenFlames09 - "Brain Model 4" • jurvetson - "Upload" Report Abuse
AOK: Natural Science Valeria Espinosa Valeria Espinosa Katya Herbert, Valeria Espinosa, Alexandre Ait-Ettajer April 7, 2017-April 17, 2017 AOK Badge: Natural Science "The Intricate Relationship Between Doubt and Science " IS doubt the enemy of science? planning Journal The Cave of Forgotten Dreams Question 5: Make a link between this film, and Plato's Allegory of the Cave. When you do so, discuss make a link to at least one area of knowledge. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, there are cave dwellers that have been imprisoned and chained to the wall. Not only are they physically prisoners but, they are also prisoners in their own mind as they continuously watch shadows found on the wall in front of them; they are unable to see 'reality' as they are only presented with the shadows in which the objects cast. At one point one of the prisoners gets freed and leaves the cave to explore the outside world and what he sees truly amazes him. He sees a bright world filled with colors and as a result, he immediately runs back to the cave to describe it to his imprisoned companions. Throughout language he tries to describe the wonders that he saw, but the people facing the cave are unable to understand him. Archeologists face similar situations in present day, as they try to depict the meanings and try to understand the messages that our ancestors have tried to convey in their drawings. Although some drawings are unclear, archeologists are able to understand most meanings of these drawings and through the dark walls of the cave they are shown a simple reflection of our ancestors life. This connects to the movie "The Cave of Forgotten Dreams” as the archeologists in the movie see only the mere reflection of an ancient lifestyle. Each archeologists interpreted the drawing in their own manner, similarly to each prisoner that interpreted the shadows on the wall differently. Throughout the different interpretations of the drawings it can be connected to human science as it shows that we are not identical in our behavior or our thought process. This is shown through the drawings in the cave, due to the fact that each archeologists interpreted each drawing in unique manner. What is the main point about your AOK that you want to make in your Badge Project ? (primary aim) My question for this badge project is "Is faith the enemy of science?" The main point that I want to make for my AOK is that doubt does not limit science, but rather allows it to flourish in unpredictable ways. I am going to prove this point using Professor Stuart Firestein as an example. In my paragraph I will be discussing how doubt does not hinder science rather allows it to grow. I will also touch on the fact that doubt was not only the basis of the course in which Fierstein created, but was what also drove professor Fierstein to create his class in the first place. This will demonstrate that doubt is a driving force of science and does not fully hinder its full potential, but rather allows people to create and consider their own point of view regarding a certain situation or topic. Assess your badge project (paragraph) as it stands now? In my opinion my paragraph still needs a lot of work. My only problem is that I can't really find a way to connect my evidence to my question. The thing that is extremely weird is that I have the hardest part done which is my analysis. The thing is tI am trying to connect all of it together. I am going to try to re-read my article and find a way to connect all of it. I feel like once I how to phrase my transition sentences it will all make sense. I still feel like it needs a lot of work, but I honestly can;t wait to see the end product. I am bit frustrated at the moment, but I know that it will be almost perfect once it's done. Reflection journaL I think that my AOK2 project went extremely well. In my opinion, the presentations are better. I think that with the presentations we can be more creative and at the same time it's so nice that we can work we our peers. With the essay I fell extremely restricted since we had to follow a format. I think that we should have spent a bit more time talking about the format because my friends and I were extremely confused. Although I liked doing presentations more than I liked this project, I still enjoyed writing it. I found it difficult connecting the evidence form the elective reading to my main topic sentence. Once I read over the article again and write a couple of notes, it was so much easier connecting the two. Compared to my draft, my final copy is so much better. My sentences flow and they all make sense. When I was looking at the final piece I wanted to make sure that I could relate almost every sentence to my question and of course my topic sentence. Although I was frustrated at the beginning, I realized that it was not as hard as it seemed. I think that this style of writing will prepare me for the essay that we will write next year. Thoughts on Peer-Editing I think peer editing was extremely beneficial. It really showed me what my weaknesses were. I learned that I tend to overcomplicate things and that I should really be more concise on what I am trying to see. My classmates told me that the only thing in which I had to change was the fact that my paragraph was way too long. The only way that I could possibly shorten my paragraph was by cutting out any extra and irrelevant information. For me that was one task that was extremely difficult. 3 knowledge questions 1. Does sense perception hinder the verification and investigation of science? 2. Is faith the enemy of science? 3. To what extent are faith and science irreconcilable? This badge project is by far one of the most difficult projects that I have done this semester. Although at times it was frustrating, I believe that it is good practice for our TOK essay in which we will write next year. I think that this essay really required a lot of critical thinking. At first, the format of the paragraph was confusing, but once we broke it done and analyzed each section of the sample essay, I was able to understand the format. Below are two documents the first document is my rough draft. Most of my peers commented that my points were precise, however the only problem was that it was extremely long. The only suggestion that they made was that I needed to shorten it. That was one task that was extremely difficult for me. However I feel like the final draft was substantially better than the rough draft. The second document is the final copy of my Area of Knowledge #2. A dragon in my garage Certainty and doubt: Certainty and doubt is a major aspect of "The Dragon in My Garage" text. The owner of this so called dragon is certain that it exists despite it not being visible and having heatless fire and all these other characteristics that would make others doubt the existence this dragon. It is obvious that whomever is shown this dragon will doubt its existence due to all these characteristics that make this dragon unseeable. Does this make the person who is certain the dragon exists less sane than the person that doubts the existence of the dragon, I don’t think so. Look at religion as an example, many people believe in a religion whether it is Christianity, Judaism, Islam or any other. In every religion there is a being that is invisible to the people, that cannot be felt or sensed but this doesn’t make a believer any less sane than an atheist who doubts the existence of an almighty being. Proof and evidence: Proof and evidence is a necessity when it comes to making someone to start believing in a something. The owner of this dragon believes that it is exist but cannot bring up any evidence or proof to support his statement. In the passage every time the non believer proposes different ways to prove the dragons existence the owner counters every physical test with a plausible explanation to why it cannot be proven. “Your inability to invalidate my hypothesis is not at all the same as proving it is true” This quote explains that without proof it the hypothesis cannot reach the conclusion of being truthful regardless of the inability to invalidate it. This shows how important proof and evidence is to claiming something is true. Correlation: There is a major correlation between “A Dragon in my Garage”and Religion. Carl Sagan explains that the only way for people to think that this dragon exist is solely based on belief. The belief that regardless of there not being any proof that this dragon is real and really is living in the garage. The same can be said about religion, many people believe God to be true without any proof or evidence to support the claim that he in fact does exists. But there are also many skeptics that believe more in the scientific method and that the world was created by the “Big Bang” there is a greater amount of proof that the world was created this way, regardless of the proof people have different opinions and beliefs that define their life in different ways. The same can be said about “A dragon in the garage." EXPLORING Conjectures and Refutations A conjecture is basically an imaginative hypothesis. This idea is seen in "A Dragon in my Garage." The conjecture that is created is that there is an invisible dragon living in the garage. This is a conclusion based on incomplete information since there is no evidence that this dragon exists and there cannot be any evidence discovered due to the many different "characteristics" stated by the owner of this dragon. These characteristics include being invisible and having heatless fire.It is obvious that whomever is shown this dragon will doubt its existence due to all these characteristics that make this dragon unseeable. Does this make the person who is certain the dragon exists less sane than the person that doubts the existence of the dragon, I don’t think so. Refutation is defined as the action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false. In “A Dragon in my Garage” There are also signs of refutations as the non believer tries to prove that the dragon isn’t real and disband Sagan’s theory of a dragon existing. This is because all of the evidence in which is given is unseeable, however that does not mean that the owner's belief of an existing dragon is incorrect. extension proposal Story on Ashley King Coyne’s describes the case of Ashley King, a girl who has a tumor on her leg. This tumor was causing “her leg to decay while her body started to shut down.” Doctors were certain that the only way the could possibly save Ashley King was by amputating her leg. In a sign of disbelief, her parents refused the doctor's orders and moved their daughter a Christian Science sanatorium. The tenets of their faith believed that there was no medical care. However, ashley's parents “arranged a collective pray-in to help her recover.” Ashley died three weeks later. This connects with the question because later on Coyne believed that if they Ashley's parents were atheist, she would have most likely survived. Ashley’s parents let faith get in the way of a scientific knowledge that was certain. They turned to faith rather than science. However that does not guarantee that faith was a lot more accurate than science; it all really depends on the knower's perspective. This should be added to the elective reading list because it discusses the relationship between religious faith and science. Although it't not fully focused on natural science, it still touches on the idea that faith could potentially hinder the power of scientific knowledge. I feel as though this should be added to the elective reading lists because it focuses on both an area of knowledge (natural science) and also a way of knowing (faith). By looking at this situation, I realized that neither one hinders the other because they are two distinct views and ideals. A knower can have a different perspective on both religious faith and science. They can agree with one more than the other. However that does not mean that one is more right than the other. Created with images by NASA Goddard Photo and Video - "Coloring the Sea Around the Pribilof Islands" Report Abuse
Does Our Brain Change or Adapt? The human brain is composed of approximately 100 billion neurons. Early researchers believed that neurogenesis, or the creation of new neurons, stopped shortly after birth. Today, it is understood that the brain possesses the remarkable capacity to reorganize pathways, create new connections and, in some cases, even create new neurons. This is part of the amazing process called brain plasticity. What? Brain plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or cortical remapping, is a term that refers to the brain’s ability to change and adapt as a result of experience. Up until the 1960s, researchers believed that changes in the brain could only take place during infancy and childhood. By early adulthood, it was believed that the brain’s physical structure was permanent. Modern research has demonstrated that the brain continues to create new neural pathways and alter existing ones in order to adapt to new experiences, learn new information and create new memories. This is especially promising when it comes to traumatic brain injury, brain cancer, or other physiological problems. There are four key facts about neuroplasticity. First, it can vary by age. While plasticity occurs throughout the lifetime, certain types of changes are more predominant during specific ages. Second, it involves a variety of processes. Plasticity is ongoing and involves brain cells other than neurons, including glial and vascular cells. A glial cell is a supportive cell in the central nervous system. Unlike neurons, glial cells do not conduct electrical impulses. The glial cells surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them. Glial cells are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system. Types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells. We know the first few years of a child’s life are a time of amazing brain growth. This, of course, is why many psychologists speak often on the importance of these so-called formative years. At birth, every neuron in the cerebral cortex has an estimated 2,500 synapses; by age of three, this number has grown to a whopping 15,000 synapses per neuron. Interestingly, the average adult has about half that number of synapses. Why? Because as we gain new experiences, some connections are strengthened while others are eliminated. This process is known as synaptic pruning. Neurons that are used frequently develop stronger connections and those that are rarely or never used eventually die. By developing new connections and pruning away weak ones, the brain is able to adapt to the changing environment. Synaptic pruning refers to the process by which extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions. The entire process continues up until approximately ten years of age, by which time nearly fifty percent of the synapses present at two years of age have been eliminated. The point of this process is to improve the efficiency of the neurological system. Neuroplasticity refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. This discovery has lead to new approaches in physical and occupational therapy. Although it takes patience and time, it is possible through therapy, and through the use of various cognitive challenges, to begin to rewire the brain. There is a claim that’s been around for decades which indicates we use only about ten percent of our brain. There is no scientific evidence that this is true. According to the believers of this myth, if we used more of our brain, then we could perform super memory feats and have other fantastic mental abilities – maybe we could even move objects with a single thought. Who knows what abilities there are hiding in the remaining ninety percent? Certainly there are numerous pathways that serve similar functions. For example, there are several central pathways that are used for vision. This concept is called “redundancy” and is found throughout the nervous system. Multiple pathways for the same function may be a type of safety mechanism should one of the pathways fail. Still, functional brain imaging studies show that all parts of the brain function. Even during sleep, the brain is active. The brain is still being “used,” it is just in a different active state. It seems reasonable to suggest that if ninety percent of the brain was not used, then many neural pathways would degenerate. However, this does not seem to be the case. The popular notion that large parts of the brain remain unused, and could subsequently be “activated”, rests in popular folklore and not science. Though mysteries regarding brain function remain—e.g. memory, consciousness—the physiology of brain mapping suggests that all areas of the brain have a function. Frankly, we use one hundred percent of our brain. If ninety percent of the brain is normally unused, then damage to these areas should not impair performance. Instead, there is almost no area of the brain that can be damaged without loss of abilities. Even slight damage to small areas of the brain can have profound effects. Brain scans have shown that no matter what one is doing, all brain areas are always active. Some areas are more active at any one time than others, but barring brain damage, there is no part of the brain that is absolutely not functioning. Technologies such as positron emission tomography (also known as PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allow the activity of the living brain to be monitored. They reveal that even during sleep, all parts of the brain show some level of activity. Only in the case of serious damage does a brain have “silent” areas. The 2014 film Lucy, starring Morgan Friedman and Scarlet Johansson, depicts a character who gains increasingly godlike abilities once she surpasses ten percent – though the film suggests ten percent represents brain capacity at a particular time rather than permanent usage. The human brain is complex. Along with performing millions of mundane acts, it composes concertos, issues manifestos and comes up with elegant solutions to equations. It’s the wellspring of all human feelings, behaviors, experiences as well as the repository of memory and self-awareness. So it’s no surprise that the brain remains a mystery unto itself. I believe the myth that we use only ten percent of our brain stems from people’s conceptions about their own brains. They see their own shortcomings as evidence of the existence of untapped gray matter. This is a false assumption. What is correct, however, is that at certain moments in anyone’s life, such as when we are simply at rest and thinking, we may be using only ten percent of our brains, but we are not limited to using only one-tenth of our brain. The brain has an extraordinary ability modify its own structure and function following changes within the body or in the external environment. The large outer layer of the brain, known as the cortex, is especially able to make such modifications. Brain plasticity underlies normal brain function such as our ability to learn and modify our behavior. It is strongest during childhood — explaining the fast learning abilities of kids — but remains a fundamental and significant lifelong property of the brain. Adult brain plasticity has been clearly implicated as a means for recovery from sensory-motor deprivation, peripheral injury, and brain injury. It has also been implicated in alleviating chronic pain and the development of the ability to use prosthetic devices such as robotic arms for paraplegics, or artificial hearing and seeing devices for the deaf and blind. In recent years, brain plasticity has been implicated in the relief of various psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders both in humans and in animals. These disorders include obsession, depression, compulsion, psychosocial stress, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, recent research suggests that the pathology of some of these devastating disorders is associated with the loss of plasticity. Collectively, there is a growing recognition that brain plasticity plays a fundamental role in either the deterioration to, or the alleviation of, psychiatric and degenerative brain disorders. Spare Change I love this girl’s poems. They are so, I don’t know, genuine and profound. I commented to her recently that she writes likes I wish I could. Anyway, enjoy this piece. If you like what you read, check out her blog at http://memorphilia. What I wanted Was to write The lines That would say How I had changed Since I walked Out of the rain Instead I threw Three quarters Into a callused palm And continued on my way View original post Moral Injury My uncle served in the United States Army during the Vietnam War. He was boots on the ground in country, getting shot at and exposed to hellish conditions. He was exposed to the horrific compound Agent Orange, which ultimately led to non-cancerous masses on the back of his lungs, diabetes, and kidney failure. He was unable to recover. That, of course, was only the physical aspect of his injuries. Certainly, we are all familiar with psychological injuries. We’re particularly acquainted with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). What you might not be familiar with is the extent to which combat veterans are making the fatal decision to end their own lives. 6,500 former military personnel killed themselves in 2012. In 2013, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs released a study that covered suicides from 1999 to 2010, which showed that roughly 22 veterans were committing suicide per day, or one every 65 minutes. Some sources suggest that this rate may be under-counting suicides. A recent analysis found a suicide rate among veterans of about 30 per 100,000 population per year, compared with the civilian rate of 14 per 100,000. However, the comparison was not adjusted for age and sex. A study published in the Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine found that combat veterans are not only more likely to have suicidal ideation, often associated with PTSD and depression, but they are more likely to act on a suicidal plan. Especially since veterans may be less likely to seek help from a mental health professional, non-mental-health physicians are in a key position to screen for PTSD, depression, and suicidal ideation in these patients. The same study also found that in veterans with PTSD related to combat experience, combat-related guilt may be a significant predictor of suicidal ideation and attempts. The statistics are grim, to say the least. Veterans commit one-fifth of all suicides in America today, at the rate of about 8,000 suicides per year. In 2012, the United States lost more active-duty soldiers to suicide than to combat in Afghanistan. It was the highest number in a year (349) since the Pentagon began tracking numbers in 2001. Defined as an anxiety disorder, PTSD is believed to be driven by intense fear, helplessness, or horror, following a traumatic event, resulting in a variety of symptoms. Perhaps the toughest group to treat for PTSD are Vietnam vets. Many complained for decades of insomnia. Many also suffered from nightmares and hypervigilance, avoided crowds, and had marital difficulties. Psychiatrists learned to give a quick PTSD diagnosis to these vets and apply the usual formula for treatment. That is, prescribe medication to blunt the fear response, recommend social support, and refer the patient for talk therapy. A psychiatrist by the name of Jonathan Shay, also a combat veteran, began treating Vietnam vets in the 1980s. Shay said “psychological and moral injury” sustained in combat destroys trust. He also said that when the capacity for social trust is destroyed, all possibility of a flourishing human life is lost. In Shay’s book Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character, he said he was struck by one veteran’s description of himself as a “typical young American boy,” an eighteen-year-old virgin with “strong religious beliefs.” When he went to Vietnam, “I wasn’t prepared for it all.” He found that it was “all evil…I look back, I look back today, and I’m horrified at what I turned in to. What I was. What I did.” Treatment personnel noted that they had been trained to focus on the soldier’s fear. But these veterans were not talking about fear. They were talking about right and wrong. For those with severe long-standing PTSD, the problem was often a combination of fear and guilt and shame. Those potent emotions came not only from what they had witnessed, but also from their own actions in the morally confusing situations of modern combat. Michael Yandell, a veteran, wrote for The Christian Century earlier this year. He said, “For me, moral injury describes my disillusionment, the erosion of my sense of place in the world. The spiritual and emotional foundations of the world disappeared and made it impossible to sleep the sleep of the just. Even though I was part of a war that was much bigger than me, I still feel personally responsible for its consequences. I have a feeling of intense betrayal, and the betrayer and the betrayed are the same person: my very self.” Soldiers face impossible moral situations in combat, of “the real stakes for people having to make these decisions.” Interestingly, a group of psychiatrists at Duke University coined the term “post-Vietnam syndrome” in 1972. The syndrome was marked by alienation, rage, feelings of betrayal by military leadership and the country itself, and an inability to give and accept love. These are all “deeply moral categories.” But their moral resonance had been lost in the systemization of PTSD and the nearly thirty years of research that followed. Eventually, moral injury became another way of understanding combat trauma. Moral injury occurs when a soldier is exposed to or partakes in acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations. While traumatic events and atrocities can cause moral injury, so too can more subtle acts that transgress a moral code. Here’s the exciting part. At the heart of the Gospel is a narrative of creation, brokenness, redemption and reconciliation, a “new creation.” In Jesus Christ, we have a paradigm of mental health and flourishing. After all, Jesus was once rumored to suffer from mental illness. Mark 3:21 says, “And when his friends heard of it, they went out to lay hold on him: for they said, ‘He is beside himself.’” Christ certainly endured physical and mental anguish. The Church has language and practices to foster healing for veterans, such as lament, confession, and reconciliation. All of these allow us to “listen, reflect, bear, and grieve” with our veterans. War, even when justified, is always a tragic manifestation of human brokenness. Churches and faith-related organizations have launched programs in recent years to better care for veterans’ mental and spiritual health. It is an important finding that our veterans are suffering from moral injury. Just on its face, it seems such an injury cannot solely be treated with medication and talk therapy. One thing though: moral injury is really a rediscovery of an older set of truths. The Church has a long history of ministry to and by veterans. Now the Church needs to find “creative and faithful ways” to walk with people suffering from a range of mental health issues. So, in the meantime, what can we do when we encounter a veteran who has returned from combat and is struggling? If there’s one thing combat veterans hate, it’s the question, “Did you kill anyone?” It’s best simply to ask a veteran what their deployments were like, keeping in mind that people feel differently about their time in the service. The most effective approach is to be human and work on friendship. The Church has the opportunity to dress the wounds of each war-torn soul among us. Good mental healthcare is a necessary and valuable part of that work. But if we seek the full flourishing of those who have been impacted by war, the Church has an irreplaceable role to play. It is time to realize that combat veterans suffer not only on an emotional and physical level, but also on a spiritual and moral level. It would seem to me that this is the piece that has been missing from our therapeutic work with soldiers suffering from PTSD. May God bless the men and women of our armed forces. Of Men (A Poem) Of men, I know little, Feeling less than one myself; Struggling, stumbling, looking For courage to do what I must; Seeking validation, yet wishing I didn’t need it to define me; How much easier it would be If only I could accept myself And ignore the elucidation of others; But here I am, subordinate, Deficient if only in my mind; Now if you ask me what I know Of mice, that I can tell you; Small, inconsequential, puny And teensy, chased and trapped Of men. Sonnet To America I recently did a Google search for poems about patriotism. It seemed the thing to do given our country’s current situation, and in light of the upcoming presidential election. Me, I have always been proud to be an American. Not once have I wished I lived elsewhere. This I claim in spite of all that’s been wrong in our past, and despite the many problems and challenges we face today. Here is a poem by Sir Edwin Arnold. Arnold was born at Gravesend, Kent, the second son of a Sussex magistrate, Robert Coles Arnold. One of his six children was the novelist Edwin Lester Arnold. He was educated at King’s School, Rochester; King’s College, London; and University College, Oxford, where he won the Newdigate Prize for poetry in 1852. AMERICA! At this thy Golden Gate, New traveled from those portals of the West, Parting — I make my reverence! It were best With backward looks to quit a Queen in state! Land of all lands most fair, and free, and great, Of countless kindred lips, wherefrom I heard Sweet speech of Shakespeare — keep it consecrate For noble uses! Land of Freedom’s Bird, Fearless and proud! So let him soar that, stirred With generous joy, all lands may learn from thee A larger life, and Europe, undeterred By ancient dreads, dare also to be free Body and Soul, seeing thine eagle gaze Undazzled, upon Freedom’s sun full-blaze.
NASA Is Testing ‘Impossible’ Warp Drive Engine- And It Seems To Be Working Rob Waugh EM Drive Robert Shawyer NASA is testing a fuel-free engine which has been described as ‘impossible’ - and it seems to be working. The concept of the EM Drive was considered implausible - and scientists suggested that it broke the laws of physics. But in its first public update on its tests, NASA has said that the engine still appears to work. The engine works by bouncing microwaves around inside an enclosed container, and was designed by British researcher Roger Shawyer. Previously, NASA researchers have said that the drive is ‘ producing a force that is not attributable to any classical electromagnetic phenomenon’. If the ‘EM Drive’ works, it could take humans to Mars in a fraction of the time currently possible - landing people on the Red Planet within just 10 weeks. . 'And yet the anomalous thrust signals remain.'
4 avg rating ( 2 ratings by Goodreads ) 9780850365368: The Myth of the Good War: America in the Second World War A fresh and provocative look at the role of the USA in World War II. - Historian Jacques Pauwels attacks the widely held belief that World War II was the "good war," the war in which America led the forces of democracy and freedom to victory over fascist dictatorship and Japanese militarism. - He argues that the role of the USA in World War II was determined not by idealism, but by the interests of America's corporations and by the country's social, economic, and political leaders. - He examines the American elites response to Fascism, and looks at how American companies' collaborated with Nazi Germany, at how Uncle Joe was presented as the next enemy, at why bombing Dresden was a warning to the Soviet Union, he explores ways reasons why anti-fascists were marginalized in post war Germany, why America did little to support De-Nazification but did support German business interests. - On the non-fiction bestseller lists in Belgium for four weeks when first published in 2000. Since then it has been translated into German, Spanish, French, and English. "synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title. About the Author: JACQUES R. PAUWELS is an independent scholar who has a special interest in 20th-century history. He has taught European history at the University of Toronto, York University, and the University of Waterloo. The first edition of this monumental work, published in 2000, has also been published in German, Spanish, and French, and has been on several national bestseller lists. This new edition has been revised and updated to incorporate new research on the war published since then. "Pauwels' exposure of the dirty truths behind such historical tragedies as Dieppe, Hiroshima, and Peal Harbour will likely cause outrage, but his documentation is sound, his reasoning sharp." Quill & Quire "The Myth of the Good War is an accessible and well-written book... The reader feels immersed in a bath of refreshing ideas." De Morgen (No Available Copies) Search Books: Create a Want Create a Want
What’s Asthma? It’s among the most encouraging of respiratory ailments, understood to change around 10% of kids and 5% of the world’s adult people. Asthmatics have problems with regular episodes of breathlessness interspersed with spells of complete normalcy. Their air sacs fill up with air like little balloons when ordinary individuals inhale. In exhalation they deflate expelling atmosphere. Airways are open and clear in healthy individuals. Their bronchi and alveoli failure, rather than when air flows through them enlarge. Consequently, they are able to inhale and exhale less. 1. Dry cough 2. Trouble in breathing 3. Feeling of lightness in the torso 4. Occasionally a running nose, irritated eyes, or an itchy throat precedes an episode. 5. Nearly all patients endure more episodes within their slumber, at night. 6. Asthmatics have more difficulty exhaling than inhaling. Variables that precipitate an asthma attack are called causes. They cause constricted and the air passages to get clogged, making it hard for the patient. Constricting the airways the inflamed bronchioles create more mucus as well as cause the muscles around them to tighten and get irritated. Nevertheless, asthma has many different causes. 1. They change from person to person. Nevertheless, dust allergies appear to be the factor that is common. 2. Blend of Variables: For others, it’s triggered off by a combination of sensitive and non-allergic factors including air pollution, anxiety and strain or diseases. 3. Strange Body Chemistry: Asthma may result from the unusual body chemistry including a defect in muscle activity within the lungs or the body’s enzymes. 4. Heredity: In 75 to 100 per cent instances it’s been found that when one or both parents have problems with asthma, the kids have allergies that are similar. Evaluations across the world, have demonstrated remarkable results in treating asthma. Sometimes it’s also been found that episodes can in fact be averted, through yogic practices, only with no assistance of drugs. Now allopathic and homeopathic physicians have arrived at the consensus that Yoga is a fantastic alternative treatment for Asthma. Since Yoga considers the head is essential to a diseased state, placating and pacifying it would, in itself, help treat the disorder to an excellent extent. The practice of yogic kriyas, yogasanas, pranayamas, relaxation and meditation composure down the entire system. This, consequently, eases appropriate assimilation of food and reinforces the digestive, lungs and circulatory system. Over a time period, that assesses episodes and even treats the state. It is because Yogic practices result in more stress decrease than drugs do. Yoga gives patients access to their own inner experience and helps them pinpoint the cause of their ailment, i.e locate their own causes. This comes through increased self awareness. Simple Yogic practices help improve lung function, along with control respiration routines. ResultThe Majority Of patients can handle their state simply by allaying their concerns and worries. It’s now established the consistent and standard practice of yoga increases its local resistance to diseases in the respiratory tract along with the body’s fortitude to disease. Relaxation and yogic rest reduce the nervous system’s general task, resulting in extraordinary healing. Place more emphasis on cleansing Sutra Neti and techniques like Jala Neti, Vaman Dhauti and pranayamas like Kapalbhati, Anuloma Viloma, Ujjayi, Surbyabhedana and Bhramari. All yogaasanas are tremendously valuable without emphasis or exclusions on any. Nevertheless, Shavasana, should be practiced for so long as possible and whenever possible, standing, sitting or lying down Wear light, loose fitting clothing and practice in a cozy, well-ventilated, airy room or outside, with sufficient room to lie down. If you experience any symptoms sit on a seat for some time and rest your head on your folded arms or on one cheek, either on a table. If you feel short of breath, nervous, or nauseous in some of the practices, quit instantly, get up and walk around. You demand to burn off some energy and are probably hyperventilating. Do not restart your practices right away. Instead give them a rest for about a day or two. It’s conditioned behaviour, which can readily be changed. Leave a Reply
Monday, October 12, 2009 Wall Art The cave dwellers figured it out over 17, 000 years ago. Tell your story by drawing or painting on a wall. So, it took a few thousand years or so, eventually it caught on. Let's face it, you can't drive down a city street today without noticing wall art. Whether it's there to advertise a restaurant, a parking lot, decorate a skate park wall, create a scene on a neighborhood market wall (think Roosevelt Market), or an alley full of graffiti, it's a way of telling or selling a story. And it's here to stay. This week at the East End Art Studio, we'll be telling our story in much the same way. The cave dwellers told us that animals were essential to their existence. From those drawings and a basic understanding of paleolithic times, we know their drawings of bison, horses and deer provided valuable information about who these people were and what was important to them. We'll be discussing some of those very same things in the East End Art Studio this week. Students will be asked these questions once when they get settled in to the studio: "If you were given a brick wall in Boise, to draw and paint images of things that are important to you, what would you include?" 'What could you draw on a wall that might provide clues about our culture?" "Suppose 17,000 years from now people looked at these walls, what would they be able to learn about us?" Using chalk pastels and brown construction paper, students will create a wall painting. Brown construction paper will be folded in quarters horizontally to provide the basis for a brickwork background. Students will determine what they feel is essential to their everyday lives and create a drawing by blending colorful pastels of their choice. The folded lines will provide a guide for creating a brick background for their "wall art". I'll be posting a variety of our studio created "graffiti" over the next few days! The children came up with a broad range of ideas of people, places and things that are important to them - things that reveal as much about our culture as the animal drawings in the caves of Lascaux. If you found a little pastel dust on your children's clothes this past week, it means they really threw themselves into this project! It gave them an opportunity to learn about how people began communicating thousands of years ago and how we still continue to tell our story as people of the 21st century. Their "wall/graffiti" drawings will be coming home in their portfolios sometime soon. Make sure to take a minute and let them know what a great job they did!
Know Causes & Symptoms of Diabetes Neuropathy!: Health Tip By on 4:26 PM Causes & Symptoms of Diabetes Neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy is a nerve disorder caused by diabetes. Over time, patients may develop nerve damage throughout the body. Some people with nerve damage have no symptoms sometimes. While others may experience symptoms such as pain, tingling, or numbness in the arms, hands, and feet. Nerve problems can occur also on organ systems, including the digestive tract, heart, and s*x organs. Approximately 60-70 percent of people with diabetes have some type of neuropathy. Diabetics can suffer nerve problems at any time, but the risk increases with duration of diabetes. Highest level neuropathy occurs in people who have had diabetes at least 25 years. Diabetic neuropathy also appears more common in people who have problems controlling blood glucose, blood lipid levels and have high blood pressure, as well as overweight. What causes diabetic neuropathy? Cause of various types of diabetic neuropathy may be different. Researchers are still studying how to contact with high blood glucose that is too long can cause nerve damage. Nerve damage may be caused by some combination of the following factors: 1. Metabolic factors, such as high blood glucose, duration of diabetes, abnormal blood fat levels, and possibly low levels of insulin. 2. Neurovascular factors that cause damage to the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the nerves. 3. Autoimmune factors that cause inflammation of the nerves. 4. Mechanical injury to nerves, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. 5. Heredity factors or descendants that increase susceptibility to neurological diseases. 6. Lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol consumption. So what are the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy? Symptoms that appear depend on the type of neuropathy and which nerves are affected. Some people with nerve damage sometimes no symptoms at all. For others, symptoms typically first appear numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet. At first the symptoms are usually mild, and because most nerve damage occurs over several years, mild cases may go unnoticed for a long time. Symptoms can involve motor nerves, sensory nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. In some people, especially those with focal neuropathy, the onset of pain may appear suddenly and severely. Some of the symptoms that often arises is as follows: 1. numbness, tingling, or pain in the fingers, hands, arms, feet, and toes 2. stiffness in the muscles of the legs or arms 3. indigestion, nausea, or vomiting 4. diarrhea or constipation 5. dizziness or fainting due to drop in blood pressure after standing or sitting 6. problems with urination 7. erectile dysfunction in men or v,ginal dryness in women 8. weakness
What is hepatitis C? Hepatitis C is a virus that affects the liver. Transmission occurs through blood to blood contact – when blood containing the virus enters the bloodstream of another person. Hepatitis C injecting Through any form of skin penetration with unsterile equipment including injecting equipment or needle stick injuries. Hepatitis C transmission through razors Sharing personal items that may have blood on them such as toothbrushes, razors, or sex toys. Hepatitis C skin penetration Skin penetration with unsterile tattooing, body piercing or acupuncture. Very rarely, hepatitis C may also be transmitted during sex without a condom where blood is present. Find out more about how you can help prevent hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is not transmitted by casual contact like holding hands; kissing on the cheek; coughing or sneezing; sharing food; or sharing eating utensils. Without treatment, about three quarters of people infected with hepatitis C develop chronic (long-lasting) infection and some eventually develop liver failure or cancer of the liver. About a quarter of people infected with hepatitis C virus recover or 'clear' the infection without specific treatment. There is treatment that can cure hepatitis C in 70-80% of cases, and treatment continues to improve. For further information visit Hepatitis NSW. What are the symptoms of hepatitis C? Most people have no hepatitis C symptoms when they are first infected. If there are symptoms, they can include a mild flu-like illness, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, or fatigue. How do I get tested? If you’ve been sharing injecting equipment or other unsterile skin penetration equipment, see your GP.
For Quality, Essential, Generic Medicines Chapter 2 Essential Drugs Generic vs Brand Name Drugs need to be sold only by generics and not brand or so-called patented names. (For instance, paracetamol is a generic name while Crocin is the brand name for the same drug. Like Crocin, manufacturers market paracetamol under different brand names.) Only 60 to 80 drugs are prescribed most of the time, from over 100,000 formulations in the country. It is a common practice among doctors to use brand names when prescribing. Prescribers are often influenced by the marketing practices of pharmaceutical companies. Drug companies claim brand names are of better quality than generics. This is a myth. Quality depends on the consciousness and ethics of the manufacturer, distributors, retailers and the regulatory authorities (see the discussion on Lentin Commission in Chapter 4). Use of brand name is an important issue for the profit-oriented drug companies. The Kefauver Committee (87th US Congress Hearing on Monopoly and Anti-trust (Drugs) 1961) reported that innumerable branded products were being sold at prices ten times higher than their generic equivalents (11). In India, brand names are subject to excise duty of about 15 percent, with a few exceptions; the excise duty is passed on to the consumer. The drug industry allocated only one per cent of research and development spending to poor world diseases in 1980 - that is, half as much it costs to develop just one new drug. Most research and development spending goes into producing "me too" drugs - these are slight variations on existing drugs which can then be patented as "new" drugs and sold at high prices (12). Often these variations are no better than molecular manipulation or a mere addition of other unnecessary ingredients. In contrast, consider the following advantages of having a generics-only policy: * Only generic names are used in medical and pharmacological textbooks and in pharmacy education. * Only generic names are used in scientific medical journals and WHO publications. Use of generic names will ensure production, sale and dispensing of more rational single ingredient drugs. The same with different names * It will ensure clarity by giving information about the class of drug and thus avoid confusion arising out of many dissimilar brand names of one drug. * Quality drugs are cheaper when purchased under their generic names rather than their brand names.
Can Gut Microbes Help With Weight Loss? By Diane Gold There is extremely specific evidence that gut microbes have something to do with weight loss or gain. Much research is in process, and a new, amazing breakthrough has just been published. Twins, MaleOn September 5, a new study came out in the journal, Science, where germ-free mice were colonized with gut microbes (called “microbiota” in the study itself) from four pair of human twins. Each pair of twin donors contained one obese and one thin human. The recipients of the fecal matter were sterile mice who had no gut microbes until they were exposed to the human microbes. Those mice who received the transplanted material from the obese twin became obese. The mice who received the transplanted material from the thin twin became thin. The mice were genetically identical so as to rule out genetic differences. So far, this research, in its early stages, shows much promise. Not only did it show that the obese donors’ gut matter with controlled diet affected the recipient mice to get obese and vice versa. A big conclusion came out of this: it might be possible to change out microorganisms in an obese person’s gut so that the new microbes could promote thinness rather than obesity. The researchers fed the mice a low-fat diet, which regular mouse food is. The microbes from the lean twin took over the gut of a mouse that already had microbes from the obese twin. The overweight mouse started to lose weight. The microbes from the overweight twin did not take over in a mouse that was thin. Dr. Jeffrey I. Gordon, the senior researcher on the study, from Washington University in St. Louis, called the collection of microbes the “Battle of the Microbiota.” This is what happened. After the transplants, the mice from each set of microbes, both obese and thin, were put together in the same cage. Mice typically eat each other’s dropping. So both sets of gut microbes were shared, and the mice with obese donor microbes started converting to the microbes from the mice from thin donors. There were sterile mice also introduced into the cages to see which microbes would appear in the gut of the sterile mice. The thin microbes seemed to take over. One of the research colleagues, Vanessa K. Ridaura came up with the idea of creating two different diets for the mice, based on a national survey of what Americans eat: a high-fat diet with saturated fats and a low-fat diet with the most fruits and vegetables diet. The researchers created mouse pellets of two compositions to reflect these two types of diets. What they found was the mice who were overweight and received food high in fat, low in fruits and vegetables, stayed overweight and kept the gut microbes from their obese human. The thin twin’s gut microbes took over only when the mice were fed the food rich in fruits and vegetables and low in fat. This study parallels the science that shows how low fat and high fruits and veggies are good for you. Dr. Gordon has said he wants to search out which particular microbes are responsible for the effect on obesity and leanness so that, eventually, people can be given microbes instead of fecal matter. A gastroenterologist, not part of the study, Dr. Alexander Khoruts, University of Minnesota, mentions how this isolating “the” microbe could take decades. He mentions that it would be a lot quicker to try fecal transplants. To date, just under 500 fecal transplants have been reported for very aggressive clostridium difficile infection with successful results in over 90% of the cases. For obesity therapy, the prospects are hopeful. It seems like the simplest, least expensive, least invasive therapy to date. When the study came out two days ago, the New York Times, the paper whose Sunday crossword puzzle my mother could get through without much effort, writer Gina Kolata, used the words “Gut Bacteria” in the headline. Enjoying using the right language, I started this mad dash to check what to call the microbes in our intestine (did you know these biological helpers are also in our conjunctiva [the eyelid inner skin], on and under our skin and in the mucous membrane [in the mouth, nose, gut]?), and I wondered whether this study used bacteria exclusively. Now I know it was a combination of whatever was in the stool. Microbe Tree Phylogenetic Tree Of Life I kept seeing the words “gut flora” in the brilliant encapsulation with the same title in Wikipedia, also in the L.A. Times’ rendition of the study which was published on the same day and in various other publications. I was confused because I had always used the words that distinguish plants from animals, flora from fauna, by thinking of Bambi, the fawn. Faun, get it? So, to my knowledge, flora was plant matter. It turns out the words “gut flora” when speaking about our intestinal microorganisms is used although it is phasing out to the correct microbiota, “biota” pertaining to the diverse collection of “micro” or tiny organisms. Flora was probably begun to differentiate the microbes from the exclusive word “bacteria” which would leave out fungi and archaea, other microbes that live in the gut and help us thrive. The New York Times article used the limiting word, “bacteria,” in this article. We are influenced heavily by what we eat. Now we have more proof than we used to that gut microbes have influence on the proteins produced and the processes that contribute to our weight and our appetite. It is important to be thoughtful of what the food we eat does to support or inhibit our bodies and to make changes accordingly. Here are a few easy steps we might take to protect our gut microbes. Imagine if weight loss were only a matter of balancing our gut microbes, as may be. It seems correct since these microorganisms have so many productive jobs to keep our body functions optimal. Veggies At Each Meal 1) Make more than half the food you eat fruits and vegetables. 2) Experiment with ingredients in a salad or vegan nori rolls, so quick and nutritious. Abdomen Circles 3) Do a few seconds of abdomen circles every day to assist with digestive flow. 4) Notice how food affects your body, and be good to it. Your bathroom visits will be regular and smell mild if the body appreciates the way you eat. The more vegetables, the better. They nourish and cleanse. 5) Consider making one new food choice, and commit to it for a week. If you do not feel better or if you get bored, let it go, and make another food improvement. If you do feel better, continue it for another two weeks. If you still feel good, keep the change. These steps are the beginning of changing any habit so that your gut microorganisms can make you strong and healthy. Time will tell about how powerful are the findings in the above scientific breakthrough study. Lab Mice Wouldn’t it be tremendous if this non-debilitating method of achieving better health could be made available to all who need it! Please leave a comment and LIKE. She looks for the latest research techniques that can help people curb cravings. There are so many keys to health that are right in front of us. She says, “The current science about our own microorganisms in our gastrointestinal tract is vast and growing. It makes sense to me that we can use this micro eco system within ourselves for balance. I hadn’t considered that we could offer each other our good microbes for health, but it’s so logical. “The ease with which this therapy could help people all over the world is remarkable. I am very excited and await more gut microbe news.” Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment.
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Media Third and Final Piece of Coursework Extracts from this document... Media Third and Final Piece of Coursework Introduction The third and final advanced piece of coursework was to produce a promotional music video. The video was to last up to five minutes and could be produced individually or part as a group. The practical work on the promotional music video had to be supported by a critical evaluation which consists of 3,000 words. There are vital differences between the foundation and the advanced coursework. Firstly the length of the piece is dramatically different; the foundation coursework only had to be three minutes long, whereas the advanced coursework can be up to five minutes long. The more time used for the video allows there to be critically sophisticated filming and editing techniques. There also has to be a more effective storyboard with efficient time being spent on the planning. The last significant difference between the two would be the motives behind the music video and thriller. The music videos main aim is to entertain and promote, whereas a thrillers purpose is to create tension and be suspenseful. Consequently in the music video there is a post modernist theory highlighted more in a music video, which means that they do not follow a narrative structure nor meaning, as a result, the artistic style may be different from that what is used in the thriller. Out of all of the sections, evaluating the text, could be argued as the most important difference. There are critical theories that have to be evident in the evaluation. This uses any different theories and assumptions in order to analyse and draw results on our work. This was not required in the first piece of coursework. The Original Brief The brief of the advanced coursework is to design, construct and evaluate a promotional music video, which is up to five minutes long. In addition to this promotional music video you will have to provide a three thousand word critical evaluation which includes critical media theory. ...read more. Therefore, some mid shots were included where we felt they were too many close-ups, so as to not confuse the audience. The band scene also employed a variety of shots so as not to appear tedious and repetitive. We aimed to use various angles to create a dynamic atmosphere for the band scene; shots of the lead singer from various angles were shown in quick succession at one point in the video to emphasize this sense of energy we were trying to convey. In addition, close-ups of the guitars and a crab shot of the lead singer was used to keep audiences engrossed. The filming was shot using two cameras. The first camera used to film the poker scene was a basic camera, however to film the band footage, a High definition sophisticated camera was used; this was to give the impression of a more professional look which would be vital for a band playing. There were many types of camera shots and movements such as slow panning, close ups, crab shots, low angle shots, point of view shots, and over the head shots. There was not much lighting that was used during the poker scene; it was coming from a lamp that was placed away from the action. This was intentional as we wanted to try and give the poker scenes a gritty feel. Just like a film noire film a mixture of chiaroscuro would be used this was to highlight an influential idea in filming history but new for an indie video. During the band shots there was a spotlight in the drama room that focused on the lead singer, this had worked well with the close up shots of the singer (Dan) and shown his passion for singing the song. Colour and mise-en-scene played a very important role within this text. In the shots where the more desirable lead singer is being filmed the lighting made Dan glow and the white shirt that he wore made him stand out against the black background. ...read more. There was also a problem with the editing at the start of the new I-Macs, this was due to the fact that they were upgraded versions but did not have the same amount of effects as the ones used before for creating the thriller and children's program. We dealt with this problem by changing to the older I-Macs. Postmodernism is characterised by pastiche Definition - Pastiche A work imitating style, an author or period Three characteristics of postmodernism Based on pastiche of traditional generic material Much of the imitation is of images of the past, offered as a nostalgic substitute for any real exploration of the either the past or the present The artist is unable to say anything which has not already been said A further characteristic of postmodernism is: Bricolage This is defined as the playful mixing of elements from different styles and periods There is no specific set of conventions to shape the text Elements from various genres and influences can be chosen and mixed With intertextuality the text has a fluid relationship with other, similar, media texts. With Scream the film makes reference to 'the rules' of the horror film It then 'plays' with these rules E.g. The 'double' ending If the audience understands the conventions then this gives greater enjoyment and satisfaction Semiotics is the study of signs Or, the social production of meaning by sign systems A sign refers to something other than itself This is called the signified This is the 'idea' or 'meaning' within the sign The signifier is a physical object or concept, e.g. a sound, printed word, advertisement. The signified is a mental concept or meaning conveyed by the signifier Semiotics and Media Texts An audience consuming a media text is creating meaning from a complex system of signs that they have become used to 'reading' By understanding the nature of signs and how they work, we can gain some insight into the process by which media messages are interpreted ?? ?? ?? ?? Jamie Mason Media Studies Mr. Deeney Advanced Coursework ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related GCSE Narrative essays 1. Horror trailer evaluation. As I have stated, other horror films use characters that are abnormal, but my characters were perfectly normal teenagers. However, they do still fit in with the genre of a horror. The setting was in an old school which had been abandoned. he know what he is on about, it can appeal to his target audience which would set out to be a male reading audience of 16-40. Also Jeremy Clarkson looking directly at the reader with a thoughtful expression engages the reader and brings the reader towards the article. 1. Why should we and How can we Study the Media? technology or, at the very least, would be much more difficult to establish. How many people really contemplate what actually happens when they send an email, talk on a cell phone, purchase online via credit card, etc, etc. The same technologies that grant one more freedom have the same capacity to harm and to enslave if not respected. benefit from responding perhaps even be penalised by giving their real opinion. Students should be told why the information is being collected and how the results will be beneficial. They should be asked to reply honestly and told that if their response is negative this is just as useful as a more positive opinion. 1. How did the media portray Micheal Jackson in his trial? The Jackson 5's first started in 1968 and went on for many years but Michael Jackson eventually went on to become a solo singer and launched his first single 'Ben'. He soon went on to release some great songs like 'Billie Jean' in 1979 and then in 1982 he brought 2. Evolution of 'new' media. The thing that stands out most about M though is that fact that Bond treats her with a great deal of respect, even when he thinks she is in the wrong, and this is shown again with the quote above in which Bond says, 'with all due respect.' 2. English Media coursework (fight club review) Some viewers who weren't familiar with diseases such as schizophrenia would find It confusing. Therefore some critics can say the twist ending was a fail. There were many different interpretations of the film, one being the critics thinking Tyler and the Narrator appear to be on the edge of turning • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Comparison of Latin Males Extracts from this document... 2 Comparison of Latin Males Both Esteban Garcia from the novel The House of the Spirits written by Isabel Allende and Pedro from the novel Like Water For Chocolate, written by Laura Esquivel are seen as weak males in the Latin American culture. Esteban Trueba is described as machismo by the author. A machismo male has an exaggerated display of masculinity where the male characteristics such as strength, aggressiveness and emotional response are emphasized, ("Machismo" par 1). Pedro is considered a weaker man because he does not have the required characteristics of masculinity, such as bravery, money, leadership and lack of emotion. Both Latin authors, Laura Esquivel and Isabelle Allende, have created weak male characters. And in the Latin culture, for a man to be considered 'macho', he must be willing to be jealous, malicious, vindictive and willing to fight without hesitation to protect one's manly image. In Allende's novel, Esteban is considered to be a machismo male; whereas, in Esquivel's novel, ironically Pedro does not play the machismo role. Even though both Latin American writers create two different types of male characters; a machismo male and weaker male, they both end up failing. In the beginning of The House of the Spirits, Esteban Trueba is seen as a man in love; he gave up two years of his life to live in a "wooden shack" (21) to work in a mine for Rosa the beautiful. ...read more. Esteban buys a big luxurious house also to show his authority, his wealth, and his success. Esteban thought that buying such an expensive house with extravagant decorations would prove his manhood, but it just makes him weaker as he thinks the house is a "reflection of himself, and family" (93). Even though Esteban is the owner of the 'big house on the corner,' he is still not the man in charge of the house. Clara has more control of what goes on in the house than Esteban, as she is the one who decides to "have another room built in the house, when a new guest arrives" (93) or "have a wall knocked down, until the mansion was impossible to clean" (93). So even though Esteban Trueba is a 'strong' man who likes to boast about his belongings, he is still seen as a weak character because his wife has control over him. 4 In Like Water for Chocolate, Pedro does not have any expensive belongings or a successful career to boast about. But Pedro feels that even though he is married to Rosaura, he still has an extravagant prize, Tita. But because Pedro does not have the strength to stand up to Mama Elena, to say that it is Tita he wants to marry, and it is Tita that he will marry, he remains with her sister, Rosaura. Pedro is not like other men, who like to boast about possessions because Pedro does not own much. ...read more. But all he is doing is hurting Tita even more, and that shows that he is not a macho man, even though he is trying to be closer to Tita. He has no control over his relationship with Rosaura or Tita, as "just a look from Mama Elena can inform him to look for Rosaura to repair the damage" (Esquivel 48). This shows Pedro's weakness and Mama Elena is in control. In conclusion, the authors use these two different types of men to show that men in the Latin American culture can be considered weak. Normally, when people think of a 'macho' man, they think of strong men who know how to take control, but in Allende's novel, Esteban as a macho man is a weak character, who gets caught up in materialism and power. In Esquivel's novel, he a weak man that is easily controlled by the other female characters, even the weakest female characters such as Rosaura. But by using two different male characters, the authors are able to show that the man who strives for active fulfillment as a young man, such as Esteban Trueba in The House of The Spirits, can become frustrated and end up withdrawing because he is not able to deal with his pain. And in Like Water for Chocolate, Esquivel creates a character who is easily dominated by the females, yet, after twenty years of suffering, is finally able to achieve his happiness. Therefore, Latin American authors use different male characteristics in their novels to highlight the strength of the females and the suffering of the males. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related International Baccalaureate World Literature essays These two forms send Hang in different directions, but Huong shows the life of Aunt Tam in a better light because it is the life without communism. Life with Hang's actual mother is a life of poverty and struggle, a representation of the everyday citizen of Vietnam. This enables McEwan to create two sharply different characters opposing science and arts. As the victim of Jed's erotomania, Joe must endure his love, "the barrage of letters, door-step confrontations and street vigils so familiar in the sad literature of this condition." 1. THERE HAD NEVER BEEN A DEATH MORE FORETOLD: The Value of Honour in Latin ... Marquez purposefully uses twins/two murderers to emphasize on the point that Santiago's death was not only their fault, but the entire town's responsibility (collective responsibility). Nevertheless, in preparation for the murder, "the Vicario twins [firstly] went to the bin in the pigsty where they kept their sacrificial tools and picked 2. How does love and suffering connect the characters and their lives in Allende's HOUSE ... 1"Pedro lied to her on her wedding day.............. As time went on he really had grown to love Rosaura. " The above narration undoubtedly illustrates that the selfish love of Pedro, which unfortunately led to an unwanted relation between Rosaura and Pedro. intentions via the communicative strength of her food that now poses as a medium far better than any worldly one that maybe be clouded by misunderstood words or misinterpreted ones for that matter. The use of food is also prominent in the way it helps in the setting of situations As equal in harsh attitudes with Tereza's mother, Mama Elena was cruel to her daughter but still expected Tita "to take care of [her, Mama Elena] until the day [she, Mama Elena] die[d]."(p.14) Certain places it is obvious that for Mama Elena Tita had become a tool in which she 1. Annotations for Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand Smith stayed on the job. One horse caught smith?s eye and his name was Knighthood. Knighthood had quite the history and many had quite the superstition towards him. Smith bought him in a claiming race but during that race, Knighthood was injured. 2. The question of whether humanity still exists or has faded as a result ... Nivea was a driven feminist unrelenting in her battle for securing ?the vote for women?[3] in elections. For more than ten long years she fought to the uplift of women in the suffragette movement. She was a force to be reckoned with, permitting not even her numerous pregnancies to come in the way of her ultimate goal. • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Real-World Education for Modern Marketers Join Over 600,000 Marketing Professionals Start here! Question:What is a "customer segment?" Answer:Segmentation has been used to signify many things, not all of which are accurate. Typically, you'll find the term segmentation applied to demographics and lifestyles in consumer markets, and to size, industry, and geography in business markets. On the Internet, people use age, gender, etc. for segmentation. Worst of all, many confuse segmentation with terms like one-to-one marketing, as though people share little commonality. There is a way to make this clearer, and this is the way marketing academics have found it makes the most sense. The answer lies in the work of Russell Haley (Journal of Marketing, July 1968), who first used the term "benefit segmentation." Also known as needs-based segmentation, benefit segmentation is essentially the idea that customers should be segmented on the basis of their needs. Simply put, customers in different benefit segments have different needs. This is confusing to some people because they think that benefit segmentation is just one of many ways to segment a market. But it is the only way that is correct, since it is simply based on the idea that people differ only to the extent that the money they give you for your product is based on the benefits your product provides. No other way of segmenting the market does this. For a more concrete example of segmentation, see our tutorial on the subject. MarketingProfs uses single
Socialness In Carnivores Linked To Size Of Frontal Cortex October 9, 2013 Researchers Study The Brains Of Social Carnivores April Flowers for - Your Universe Online A growing body of research from Michigan State University reveals that the region of the brain that makes humans and primates social creatures may play a similar role in carnivores. Sharleen Sakai, professor of neuroscience, has studied spotted hyenas, lions, and most recently the raccoon family to find a correlation between the size of the animals' frontal cortex and their social nature. The current study, published in the journal Brain, Behavior and Evolution, examined the digitally recreated brains of three species in the Procyonid family - the raccoon, the coatimundi and the kinkajou. The researchers found that the coatimundi had the largest frontal cortex of the three. This bears out the belief that the frontal cortex regulates social interaction, as the coatimundi is by far the most social of the three animals, often living in bands of 20 or more. “Most neuroscience research that looks at how brains evolve has focused primarily on primates, so nobody really knows what the frontal cortex in a carnivore does,” said Sakai, professor of psychology. “These findings suggest the frontal cortex is processing social information in carnivores perhaps similar to what we’ve seen in monkeys and humans.” Sakai, part of the MSU faculty member group who helps to make the university's brain research portfolio one of the most diverse in the nation, collaborated with Bradley Arsznov, a former MSU doctoral student who’s now an assistant professor of psychology at Minnesota State University. The current study was based on data collected from 45 adult Procyonid skulls acquired from university museum collections - 17 coatimundis, 14 raccoons and 14 kinkajous. Using computed tomography (CT scans) and sophisticated software, the researchers filled in the areas where the brain would have been. Analyzing the findings allowed the researchers to discover that the female coatimundi had the largest anterior cerebrum volume consisting mainly of the frontal cortex, which regulates social activity in primates. Sakai said that this makes sense, as the female coatimundi is highly social. The male coatimundi, in contrast, once grown, typically lives on its own or with another male. Coatimundi, also known as the Brazilian aardvark, are native to Central and South America. The smallest frontal cortex was found in raccoons, which are the most solitary of the three animals. The raccoon also has the largest posterior cerebrum - the area of the brain that contains the sensory area related to forepaw sensation and dexterity. Raccoons are known for their extremely dexterous and sensitive forepaws. The largest cerebellum and brain stem were found in the rainforest-dwelling kinkajou. This region of the brain regulates motor coordination and is crucial for arboreal animals like the kinkajou. Sakai said that brain size variations in this small family of carnivores appear to be related to behavioral differences, including social interaction.
If Johnny Depp believes he’s Native American, then is that more important than if he actually is or not? And does the exact percentage make him more or less Native American? How much does that matter for the movie “The Lone Ranger“? I ask this as someone who has been challenged as being East Asian American enough by other East Asian Americans, specifically Japanese Americans because I didn’t measure up to their prejudices of how a Japanese American should act. Oddly enough, I was only faced with these accusations when I left my native San Diego and moved to Los Angeles and Orange County. I am 100 percent Japanese ethnicity, but for some, including my ex-husband and former in-laws, that wasn’t enough. There are other East Asian Americans who had earlier attempted to delineate what was true and false (e.g. Frank Chin and the editors behind “Aiieeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers“). Depp’s assertion that he was part Native American comes long before he was cast on Tonto. According to Ethnicelebs.com, Depp made this claim first in 2002. That was the same year that shooting for the first “Pirates of the Caribbean” movie began. It should be noted that Depp probably has little way of proving that he is Native American. Not all Native Americans have been tested and testing that may prove membership will not necessarily distinguish specific tribe membership. According to a 2006 Slate Magazine article about genealogical testing: Admixture testing works best in groups like African-Americans, whose ancestors in Africa and Europe lived far from each other. Most of the ancestry of today’s African-Americans can be traced to West or Central Africa, with a minority from other parts of the continent. (Gates’ family is a bit exceptional in terms of origin.) But for other groups things can get a lot more complicated. Many amateur genealogists are interested in whether they might have a Cherokee ancestor, for example. And for some people, admixture tests can give a relatively accurate answer about Native-American ancestry. But other people, including Greeks and Ashkenazi Jews, may have “Native American affinity,” according to the tests, even if they and their ancestors have never been to America. As far as anthropologists know, there were no lost tribes connecting Greeks, Jews, and ancient Americans. So, maybe this “Native American affinity” reflects the scattering of alleles by prehistoric Asian nomads to the ancestors of Greeks and Jews as well as to American Indians. Maybe the SNPs that they share gave these groups a leg up in fighting diseases. There another point that the Ethnicelebs brings up. Depp seems to have African ethnicity in his background. I had heard that during less enlightened times during American history, people hid their African heritage by claiming American Indian heritage instead. In any case, according to Ethnicelebs, Depp has both African American (3/2048) and Native American ancestry (1/2048 Powhatan Native American descent). If Depp’s claims of ancestry are true, it wouldn’t be enough for him to be considered Native American, but that 3/2048 would have, in a different era, been enough to have him considered black. Yet there is another problem within the Native American population. Native American populations mixed with white and African immigrants. White and Native American intermarriages have occurred since the 1700s. Yet to be an official member, an individual must have 1/4 or more ancestry within a federally recognized tribe. Yet who is recognized and who is not? In researching this article, I was surprised to discover that Rosa Parks was also part Native American. The Wikipedia article on Black Native Americans notes that ” African Americans are using DNA testing to find out more about all their ancestry. Native American identity has historically been based on culture, not just biology.” Further, Native American groups have excluded Freedmen from membership based on the early 20th-century Dawes Rolls (Cherokee freedmen controversy). As I mentioned above, I am 100 percent Japanese by ethnicity, but most people will not guess that I am Japanese American. The natural state of my hair (wavy) doesn’t help. This and other factors has led other Japanese people in Japan to consider my second and third cousins in Japan as not Japanese. Traditionally, wavy hair was stigmatized in Japan. So I might not be able to pass as Japanese and if I were an actor, I might not be cast as Japanese. I’m also not Buddhist, Taoist or a follower of Shinto which might also make me seem less “real” Japanese. Still in Japan, my relatives embraced me and pointed out characteristics that made me part of the family. This was particularly true for my father’s side of the family. I remember this when someone tries to tell me otherwise and pejoratively label me a banana. What gives that person the right to tell me s/he knows how a true East Asian ethnic or Japanese ethnic should act? My friend once told me that he believed he was full Chinese from Vietnam, but was traumatized to learn that he was part Vietnamese, particularly since his father looked down on the Vietnamese. So just who are we: What we are or what we believe we are? And just how much is enough? If Depp isn’t Native American enough either culturally or by blood is one issue, then the other issue should be can he pass? What about Iron Eyes Cody who passed despite being of Italian (Sicily) ancestry? Cody lived his life as a Native American and married a Native American woman. He was also honored by the Native American community in 1995 despite his lack of ancestral ties to the Native American community. The Irish, Comanche and Cherokee Micki Free, a Native American musician. One of the commentators, Sonny Skyhawk, has passed for Native Hawaiian and Mexican so that was reasonable enough for him. He was, by his own logic, taking away a job from a Native Hawaiian. Those Mexican roles are easy to rationalize because many Mexicans are mestizo or part Native American, even if the mixing was a long time ago, just as seems to have been the case with Johnny Depp ancestry.In a different era, Mexican actor Ricardo Montalban played Native American roles as well as East Asian (a real stretch). images bird-hat bird-hat1 tumblr_lrmpwljVGT1qlv0aho1_500 So much has been made of the bird in Tonto’s hat. The painting that inspired the make-up has a crow, but not in the Native American’s hat because he isn’t wearing one. Fashionista know that bird in hat are old hat--something that Marie Antoinette popularized. According to the blog by jmongeon, women in the 1900s adopted this fashion long after Marie Antoinette had lost her head in 1793. Actually, I’ve also seen a few Hollywood hats off to Tippi Hedren and Alfred Hitchcock’s “The Birds” in West Hollywood during the 1990s. Bjork may have had a swan dress in 2001, but other women in the 2000s have re-visited the bird or bird nest hat. What could be more steampunkish than re-adopting the stuffed animal hat of yester-year for a bit of high fashion today? That model with the bird nest and wings was from a 2006 fashion show. Now, I’m not saying that the Native Americans copied the fashion of White American women. Yet we need to ask: Did Native Americans wear bird in their hair? Apparently some did as seen in these photos of Crow (Apsaroke) Native Americans from the past. See these old photographs of Crow (Apsaroke) Native Americans. The movie “The Lone Ranger” had a supervisor and Depp was adopted into an Comanche family. At least from the perspective of one recognized Native American (William “Two-Raven” Voelker) and then one person who perceives himself as Native American (Depp), the movie portrayed Native Americans in an acceptable fashion. But like everything else, that’s just an opinion of two different people.
* charis * Strong’s Concordance charis: grace, kindness Original Word: χάρις, ιτος, ἡ Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine Transliteration: charis Phonetic Spelling: (khar’-ece) Short Definition: grace, favor, kindness Cognate: 5485 xáris (another feminine noun from xar-, “favor, disposed to, inclined, favorable towards, leaning towards to share benefit”) – properly, grace. 5485 (xáris) is preeminently used of the Lord’s favor – freely extended to give Himself away to people (because He is “always leaning toward them”). 5485 /xáris (“grace”) answers directly to the Hebrew (OT) term 2580 /Kaná (“grace, extension-toward”). Both refer to God freely extending Himself (His favor, grace), reaching (inclining) to people because He is disposed to bless (be near) them. [5485 (xáris) is sometimes rendered “thanks” but the core-idea is “favor, grace” (“extension towards”).] NAS Exhaustive Concordance Word Origin a prim. word grace, kindness NASB Translation Thayer’s Greek Lexicon STRONGS NT 5485: χάρις 1. properly, that which affords joy, pleasure, delight, sweetness, charm, loveliness: grace of speech: (Ecclesiastes 10:12); 2. good-will, loving-kindness, favor: in a broad sense, χάρις παρά τίνι, (Luke 2:52); Moreover, the word χάρις contains the idea of kindness which bestows upon one what he has not deserved: (Romans 11:6); N. T. writers use χάρις pre-eminently of that kindness by which God bestow: favors even upon the ill-deserving, and grants to sinners the pardon of their offences, and bids them accept of eternal salvation through Christ; 3. what is due to grace; a. the spiritual condition of one governed by the power of divine grace, b. a token or proof of grace, Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance grace, favor From chairo; graciousness (as gratifying), of manner or act (abstract or concrete; literal, figurative or spiritual; especially the divine influence upon the heart, and its reflection in the life; including gratitude) — acceptable, benefit, favour, gift, grace(- ious), joy, liberality, pleasure, thank(-s, -worthy). see GREEK chairo Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
BIO 220 Week 5 CLC Assignment: Conservation Presentation Buy an essay today BIO 220 Week 5 CLC Assignment: Conservation Presentation This is a Collaborative Learning Community (CLC) assignment. Select an endangered species and create a 15-slide PowerPoint that outlines the following: Explain the causes for the decline of this species; include statistics that demonstrate the decline of the species, when available. Explain how human activities may have affected the species. Provide information on current efforts by conservationist to preserve this endangered species. Include information on how conservationists are taking into account preserving the entire ecosystem of the endangered species. One slide should include a sample picture that could be used for a marketing campaign to save the endangered species. List a minimum of four peer reviewed references on the last slide according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. Include speaker notes throughout the presentation slides. Note: Each student is to include their name in the notes section of the slides that they worked on. Type of paper Academic level Subject area Number of pages Paper urgency Cost per page:
Censorship Across the Globe North korea, syria, china, and america Table of Contents • Introduction • "Censorship is Isolation"; Artistic Product by Anna Holly • "Silencing the People"; Artistic Product by Alanna Humphrey • "Destruction Within Expression"; Artistic Product by Carolyn Snell • "Mirrored Silence"; Artistic Product by Lillian Kostoff • Bibliography Silencing Their People All over the world, throughout a variety of countries, censorship from uptight governments is taken to a whole new level. People in power can control the actions and speech of their citizens. For example, in Damascus, Syria, where the novel A Hand Full of Stars takes place, the government tries to limit how much citizens are allowed to talk about their country. This is commonly done because some governments are overpowering and don't want their people to find government secrets. By speaking out, people could spread awareness and improve their lifestyles by forcing the negativity out. Sometimes going against the government can result in punishments such as being beaten, facing jail time, and more. This type of behavior reinforces the severity of this topic that occurs throughout several different countries. Beijing, China Censorship is Isolation (審查是孤立) By Anna Holly In the past, we saw China as the land of cheap rip-offs. Now we see 'The Great Firewall', communism, and censorship. Chinese citizens are outraged by the laws and regulations that the Communist Party are creating. This is because the government bans the most popular websites and applications, and replaces them with their own heavily monitored versions. Most of these "replacements" are huge in China because if citizens want social media and internet, they are forced to use creations from those companies. Therefore, in my depiction of this situation, I created a digital prainting. The small red planet on the top right is China. I used their flag to represent the planet. China is isolated from what looks like the rest of Earth. In reality, Chinese citizens feel like they are isolated from what is known as the "Western World", or every place on Earth that isn't China. So, organizations pop up and try to stop the Communist Party from increasing the distance between them and the rest of the world. That's why you see a rope trying to pull the two planets together again. Chinese people want to see change, and they even get help from other countries like America to make it happen. New York City, USA Silencing the People By Alanna Humphrey In the first amendment it states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble; and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” This amendment has been active since December 15, 1791 and is one of the most important amendments in our bill of rights. In the 21st century, it has become more difficult for the government to keep this amendment alive ever since September 11, 2001. The first amendment can be lifted only for security issues, interrogations on suspicious individuals if this is necessary. The New York Times recently reported that national security reporter James Risen may be jailed for refusing to reveal a source, while freelance digital journalist Barrett Brown faces more than 100 years in jail for linking his reporting yo stolen documents although he was not involved in the actual theft. The freedom of the press protects the right to obtain and publish information or opinions without government censorship or fear of punishment. In the United States, the government may not prevent the publication of a newspaper, even when there is a reason to believe that it is about to reveal information that will endanger our national security. The government cannot pass: a law that requires newspapers to publish information against their will, impose criminal penalties, or civil damages, on the publication of truthful information about a public person except in rare circumstances, impose taxes on the press that it does not levy on their businesses, compel journalists to reveal, in most circumstances, the identities of their sources, prohibit the press from attending judicial proceedings and thereafter informing the public about them, Therefore, only when the national security is compromised, is when they would have to uplift this amendment. For my artistic product, I created an original artwork piece. It contains a woman with her mouth zipped shut. This symbolizes how we can be silenced by people around us and our government. The United States has very little restrictions on this, but some countries have to be very cautious when they speak. In my background, I included the American flag to symbolize the country I researched Damascus, Syria Destruction Within Expression By Carolyn Snell This drawing represents silence within the Syrian people by their own government. Commonly, in Syria, writers and journalist are the ones who are silenced and or punished by speaking out with their opinions. The buildings on the left side of the paper are going up in flames and papers written because of freedom of expression, flying in the direction of the government to show that they have more power and can control their people. Fire destroys everything in its path and leaves a mark wherever it goes. Buildings going up in flames shows that work that has been done or said by the citizens of Syria have been marked by the government and symbolizes that the government has the control. The government tries to be informed of everything that Syrian citizens do, especially being aware of Freedom of Expression. As the civil war raged on, Syria remained one of the world’s deadliest places to practice journalism in 2014. People who are brave enough, typically types of authors or publishers try to speak their minds about different issues to try to inform others to have their claims heard. Sadly, several consequences occur and the government takes control to silence these people for going against the government. At least 17 journalists were killed and dozens more were injured, abducted, or imprisoned by the government of President Bashar al-Assad, various Syrian opposition factions, and the Islamic State (IS) militant group. Paper flying towards the direction of the government shows silence by taking writing from publishers. The drawing shows three buildings that are commonly knows in Syria for the workers in these majors to speak out. The government takes work produced, in this case the papers, and hides them from the world so that no one can see the opinion of true Syrian citizens and the issues created by the overpowering government. This happens because the government doesn't want anyone to take control and overpower the government itself. They cover the fear of this by silencing the citizens and overruling Freedom of Expression. To hear such consequences for a human citizen right is just upsetting. The government should have a positive influences to make their country better and more functional place for the citizens. Instead, it isn't. People are being punished and silenced for speaking their minds out. To show a visual representation, this drawing physically shows using flames and paper to symbolize silence within the Syrian people by their own government. Commonly, this happens with publishers and writers which is shown in the artwork. People can't do anything about this situation because they are silenced and it's hard to truly understand what is happening in this country due to this issue Pyongyang, North Korea Mirrored Silence By Lillian Kostoff For my piece, I drew a picture of a laptop and split the image into two separate sides. On the left side of the piece, there is a photo of a dog on the laptop. On the right side of the piece, there is very small font with the name Kim Jong-un bolded where it is the only thing on the laptop that is visible. This is pretty straight forward at first glance - the left side represents how in America, you are able to access any website that you want. I drew the dog because it is such a difference from the average North Korean website, having pictures and lots of bright colors. In the United States, you could visit a website of dogs if you please because there is no internet restrictions keeping anyone from doing so. However, in North Korea, there are many restrictions within the online world. On the right side of the photo, there is a very simple image of only a black and white screen with words on it. This represents that very little internet access is available to citizens, only the bare necessities are available for public consumption. Also, on the computer screen, the name Kim Jong-un is bolded above everything else. Kim Jong-un, the supreme leader of North Korea, has programmed all North Korean websites so that whenever his name is mentioned, his name is bolded so that his name is seem above everything else. I put that into the piece because it’s a true fact, but also for another reason and very important representation. This represents that Kim Jong-un is very overpowering to his country. He is seen to be bigger and oppressive to the rest of North Korea and his people. Since his name is extremely large and nothing else is able to be seen, this is a metaphor of how he silences his citizens to the point where they don’t have a voice against him. This piece shows the major differences between internet in the United States and internet in North Korea, where North Korea has major censorship laws, unlike the United States where we live. "First Amendment Update." Gale U.S. History in Context, Gale, 2015. U.S. History in Context, link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/WOYVTD169227774/UHIC?u=pl7053&xid=6495da41. Accessed 8 Dec. 2016. @FreedomHouseDC. "Syria." Country Report \| Freedom of the Press \| 2015. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2016. "Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press." Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2016. <http://www.lincoln.edu/criminaljustice/hr/Speech.htm>. "Human Rights in Syria." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2016. Magnay, Jacquelin. "London 2012 Olympics: Syrian Athletes May Compete under Neutral, Five-ring Olympics Flag." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2016. "Syria." Free Speech and Free Press Around the World. N.p., 18 Apr. 2013. Web. 19 Dec. 2016. "Why Liberals and Progressives Hate America." HubPages. HubPages, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2016. Yeo, Kok Leng. Wikimedia Commons. Kok Leng Yeo, 24 Sept. 2008. Web. 19 Dec. 2016. Created with images by TheDigitalWay - "globe world map" • Erdenebayar - "street traffic high way" • Unsplash - "manhattan empire state building new york city" • jemasmith - "Alley way, Old Damascus, Syria." • yeowatzup - "Pyongyang, North Korea" Made with Adobe Slate Make your words and images move. Get Slate Report Abuse
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Schrodinger Equation 1. Feb 20, 2009 #1 So I've been looking online @ Schrodinger's Equation, but I still can't get a good grasp of what it's all about... All I know so far is that its part of quantum mechanics and that its solutions describe atomic and subatomic systems, electrons and atoms.. <---but what does that actually mean? And I read that there were 2 variants... (And the simple English definition on Wikipedia is insufficient) So.. what is the equation all about? 2. jcsd 3. Feb 20, 2009 #2 Think Newtonian kinematics, then dynamics; then have another look. 4. Feb 20, 2009 #3 .. I'm still as confused as I started out to begin with... 5. Feb 20, 2009 #4 Well, the wave-mechanical nature of classical objects, is used to formulate a wave-machanical description of "an electron's position and momentum' = kinematic and dynamic properties. Start with linear motion (kinematics and dynamics), go through harmonic motion, end up with Schrodinger. It's about one undergrad Physics book worth (unless you're a quick study). You aren't usually introduced to the quantum and Schrodinger, until 2nd year, btw. At least in Chem or Phys you aren't (it's for the bigger kids)... 6. Feb 20, 2009 #5 HAHA. O goodness. That's great. Because here I am sitting in highschool trying to make some sense out of this. Thanks for your help! 7. Feb 21, 2009 #6 Simply speaking, Schrodinger's equation is corresponding to "F=ma" at Newton mechanics. In other word, more difficultly say, it also corresponds to time generation equation at hamilton mechanics. Hamiltonian in Schrodinger's equation undertakes as time transform generator. 8. Feb 23, 2009 #7 it is a partially differential equation in which the unknown variable is the wavefunction Similar Discussions: Schrodinger Equation 1. Schrodinger Equation (Replies: 1) 2. Schrodinger equation? (Replies: 8) 3. Schrodinger equation (Replies: 1) 4. Schrodinger equation (Replies: 4)
How Joseph Saved Christmas Joseph Kept Jesus Safe by Obeying God's Warnings in Dreams mla apa chicago Your Citation Zavada, Jack. "How Joseph Saved Christmas." ThoughtCo, Dec. 16, 2016, Zavada, Jack. (2016, December 16). How Joseph Saved Christmas. Retrieved from Zavada, Jack. "How Joseph Saved Christmas." ThoughtCo. (accessed October 19, 2017). How Joseph the Carpenter Saved Christmas Lisa Thornberg / Getty Images Joseph, a carpenter and foster father of Jesus Christ, rescued not only the first Christmas, but the future celebrations of Christmas for all time. Joseph's bravery is recorded in the gospel of Matthew, where, in the ESV Bible, he is called "a just man." In other versions he is described as "faithful to the law" or "righteous." This was a rare compliment indeed, applied to only a few men: Noah, Lot, Abraham, and Jesus himself. How Did Joseph the Carpenter Save Christmas? Joseph's righteousness presented him with a dilemma. He and Mary were betrothed, the second step in the Jewish marriage process following engagement. Betrothal was a legally binding contract that lasted about a year. During that time, the man and woman lived apart, with no sexual contact. Then Joseph learned Mary was pregnant. As a law-abiding Jew, what should he do? What could he do? God Instructs Joseph in a Dream In the Old Testament, the law was clear: A virgin and a man who defiled her were to be stoned to death (Deuteronomy 22:23-24). Conditions seem to have changed by the time of Joseph. He loved Mary, but knowing he was not the father of the child, he decided to divorce her quietly. The text says he did not wish to put her to shame, but in a small village like Nazareth, Mary could not have kept the pregnancy and birth secret. She would have been an unwed mother, a great disgrace in those times. That's when God stepped in again: When Joseph woke from the dream, his path was clear. He would go through with the marriage and adopt the child as his son. Luke's gospel adds that a Roman census required Joseph to return to Bethlehem, the town of his birth, to register. Mary gave birth to Jesus in a stable there, fulfilling yet another of the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah's birthplace. Wise Men Obey a Dream Too Time passed, perhaps as much as two years, before the Magi came to visit the Christ child. They stopped in Jerusalem first to inquire of King Herod. In his later years, Herod had become so jealous over his throne that he had murdered three of his sons and his favorite wife. Herod discovered from the Wise Men when the star leading them had first appeared, giving him the approximate time of Jesus' birth. Then he sent them on their way, telling them to give him the location of the child on their way home, so he could pay homage to him too. The star led the Magi directly to the house in Bethlehem where Joseph, Mary, and Jesus were living. There they worshiped the child, giving him gold, frankincense and myrrh. Yet another dream came, warning the Magi not to return to Herod. They went back to their own countries by another way. This delay in Herod getting the information proved crucial. Joseph Saves Future Christmases After the Magi left, God sent another dream to Joseph. In that dream, an angel warned him: Joseph took Mary and Jesus in the middle of the night and fled to Egypt, about 90 miles from Bethlehem. The delay caused by the Wise Men avoiding Herod gave the holy family enough time to escape safely. Some Bible scholars think Joseph paid for the trip by selling the gifts from the Magi. When Herod found out he had been tricked by the Wise Men, he was enraged. He ordered all male children two years old and younger in Bethlehem to be slaughtered. Scholars think between 10 to 30 infants were massacred. Shortly after, Herod died. An angel of the Lord appeared in still another dream to Joseph in Egypt, telling him it was safe to return home. They journeyed back to Israel. But another danger remained. Herod's son Archelaus, even more cruel than his father, was reigning in Judah, where Bethlehem was located. God sent a dream to Joseph, telling him to go to Galilee instead. Once again they settled in Nazareth, where Jesus, like his foster father, would become a carpenter and would one day leave there to become Savior of the World. (Sources: International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, James Orr, general editor; New International Bible Commentary, W. Ward Gasque, New Testament editor; Sacred Books of the East, Max Muller, editor; New Bible Commentary, G.J. Wenham, J.A. Motyer, D.A. Carnson, R.T. France, editors; NIV Study Bible, Zondervan Publishing.) mla apa chicago Your Citation
Trees and shrubs aromatic, mostly with alternate, simple, punctate leaves. Flowers with a colored perianth of 4 to 6 slightly united, strongly imbricated sepals. Anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upwards by as many recurved, lid-like valves. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free, in fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed without albumen. Genera 50, species 450, chiefly natives of the Tropics. Properties. - The species of this highly important order are throughout pervaded by a warm and stimulant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is the dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, of Ceylon, etc. Camphor is obtained from many trees of this order, but chiefly from Camphora officinarum, of Japan, China, etc. Cassia Bark, from Cinnamoinum aromaticum, of China. Persea gratissimn, ft tree of the W. Indies, yields a delicious fruit called the Avocado pear. Some of the following species are also moderately medicinal. The classic Laurel is Laurens nobilis of S. Europe. § Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves evergreen....................... § Flowers declinous. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous. () Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Lvs. lobed.................. * Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-cellcd, 2-valved. Leaves entire......... * Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Leaves entire..... i. PER'SEA, Gaert. Red Bay. Bay Galls. Flowers perfect, umbellate, with no involucre; calyx of 6 sepals persistent in fruit; stamens 12, the 3 inner sterile, reduced to mere glands, anthers 4-celled (2 cells above and 2 below); drupe oval, seated on the persistent calyx, containing 1 large seed. - Trees evergreen, the fls. in axillary, pedicellate umbels. P. Caroliniensis Mx. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or pointed at each end, coriaceous, entire, glaucous beneath; umbels simple or compound, on long peduncles; sep. coriaceous, velvety, the 3 outer smaller; drupe oval, blue. Va. to Fla, in swamps. A tree 30 or 40f high, with a deeply furrowed bark and coarse branches; but more commonly in poor soils a stinted shrub rilling the sandy swamps. Lvs. evergreen, about 6' by 18", attenuated to a short petiole. Drupe 5" by 4". Ap, May. - Wood of a fine rose-color, once used in cabinet-work. 2. SAS'SAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. (Spanish, salsafras, saxifrage; from the supposed resemblance of properties.) Dioecious; involucre 0; calyx 6-parted, equal, deciduous;Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1584 stamens 9, in 3 rows, the inner with a pair of stipitate glands at the base of each; anther 4-celled; Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1585 stamens 6, imperfect; ovary ovoid, acuminate; style short, stigma capitate; drupe ovoid, on a fleshy pedicel. - Trees deciduous, with the fls. yellow in terminal clusters appearing before the leaves. (Laurus, L.) S. officinale Nees. Lvs. of two forms, ovate and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate at base; fls, in terminal and axillary, corymbous racemes, with linear bracts. - U. S. and Can. An interesting shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high. Leaves alternate, petioled, those of the young shoots ovate-lanceolate, others with 3 large lobes. Fls. greenish-yellow, in clustered racemes at the end of the last year's twigs; drupe blue. Apr. - Jn. Every part of the tree has a pleasant fragrance, and a sweetish, aromatic taste, which is strongest in the bark of the root. 3. BENZO'IN, Nees. Spice Wood. (Named for its fragrances which is compared to that of the resinous substance, benzoin.) Flowers dioecious with 4 involucrate scales; calyx 5 to 6-parted;Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1586 stamens 9, in 3 rows, the inner lobed and gland-bearing at base; anthers 2-celled; Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1587 stamens 15 to 18, sterile, filiform; drupe obovoid, on a pedicel not thickened. - Trees or shrubs with entire, deciduous lvs. and small, lateral clusters of yellow fls. preceding the lvs. 1 B. odoriferum Nees. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, veinless, entire, deciduous; fls. in clustered umbels; buds and pedicels smooth. - A shrub 6 to 12f high, in moist woods, U. S. and Can. Lvs. cuneiform and acute at base, 2 to 4' long, half as wide, paler beneath. Fls. pedicellate, in small, sessile umbels, 4 or 5 from each bud. Drupes red. May. (Lauras Benzoin, L.) 2 B. mellissaefolium Nees. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, abrupt or cordate at base, veiny, pubescent beneath; fls. in clustered umbels; buds and pedicels villous. - Borders of shallow ponds or exsiccated swamps, S. States. Shrub 2 to 3f high, with running roots and virgate shoots. Lvs. with prominent veins. Fls. about 3 from each bud. Drupes red. Feb., March. (Lauras mellissaefolia Walt.) 4. TETRAN'THERA, Jacq. Pond Spice. (Gr.Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1588 four-fold, Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1589 flowery; four flowers in the umbel.) Flowers dioecious, in little stalked umbels, with a 4 or 5-leaved deciduous involucre; calyx 5 or C-partcd, deciduous; Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1590 stamens 9, in 3 rows; anthers unequally celled (2 cells above and 2 below); Order Cvh Lauraceae Laurels 1591 stamens 12 to 15 rudiments; stigma dilated, 2-lobed, smooth; drupe naked. - Lvs. deciduous. Fls. yellow, appearing before the lvs. T. geniculata Nees. Branches divaricate and geniculate; lvs. small, oblong and oval, nearly smooth, cuneate at base, mostly obtuse at apex; umbellets terminal, glabrous, on distinct pedicels. - In sandy swamps, borders of lagoons, Va. to Fla. Shrub 8 to 15f high, with branches and branchlets remarkably crooked and straggling forming an angle of 90° at every fork. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 5 to 8" wide. Drapes red. Feb., Mar. (Lauras geniculata Walt.)
The Reformation Martin Luther (CC) The Protestant Reformation started with a German priest named Martin Luther. He was upset with some of the practices that the Catholic Church was taking part in, particularly the selling of indulgences. Luther wanted to show his displeasure with the Catholic Church. He created the 95 Theses. The 95 Theses is a list of wrongs that he felt the Catholic Church was committing. On October 31, 1517 he posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg for all to see. Thus, a desire to reform the Roman Catholic Church was publicly sparked. For some background information on Martin Luther's life before the Reformation click here. The Renaissance was a time of change. Almost everything in Europe changed; the social life, economy, politics, art, science, and government. The only thing that had not yet changed was the Church. The Black Death had begun to deteriorate the people's belief in the Church, but the Church still had all the wealth and power. As humanism spread throughout Europe, however, the people began to realize that they did not need the Church as much as they had previously believed. They began to believe that they could have a direct relationship with God and that they didn't need a middleman (the clergy). The Reformation was an attempt to change how the Catholic Church worked. The problems with the Church as seen by many, were the following: 1. Priests and bishops were not seen as religious anymore. 2. The Pope was so involved in politics that he neglected his religious duties. 3. The Church was too rich because they did not pay taxes. 4. The people believed that they could have their own connection with God, without the Church. 5. The people wanted to be able to live their lives on Earth, instead of just preparing for the afterlife. 6. The sale of indulgences. The sale of indulgences was the money the Catholic Church said you had to pay to get your family out of purgatory. 95 Theses Posted to Door (CC) For some background information on Martin Luther click here. When Johann Tetzel was sent to Erfurt (a town that Luther had lived in) to sell indulgences (see Luther Movie Clip) for the reconstruction of Saint Peter's Basillica, Martin Luther was compelled to write his 95 Theses. The 95 theses is a list of things that Luther felt the Catholic Church needed to change. His followers printed many copies of this paper and even posted this list on the doors of the Castle Church in Wittenburg, Germany (Real Door). When the Church denied his theses, he continued to protest against the Church. Thus, he inadvertently began a whole movement for change in the Church, called the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther then became the main leader of the Reformation. To see part of the Luther movie and 95 theses, click here. When Martin Luther did not recant (take back) the things he said about the Church, he was excommunicated. Later that same year, Martin Luther was called in front of the Diet of Worms (A trial for heretics, not food). This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire, that took place in a town called Worms. Here, Luther was presented with copies of his writings. He was then asked if he was the author, and if he still stood by their contents. Luther admitted to being the author, and he said that he still stood by the contents of the writings: "I CANNOT RECANT". Luther at the Diet of Worms (CC) The Diet of Worms (youtube clip) then declared Luther an outlaw, banned his literature, and demanded his arrest. The Diet of Worms also declared that it is a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter, and that anybody can kill Martin Luther without legal consequences. However, instead of being arrested, Luther managed to escape. On his way home he was kidnapped by Friedrich the Wise. For the next several years, Luther continued to fight against the Catholic Church, hiding in Friedrich the Wise's Castle in Germany. Here he copied the bible into the local language and published books on his ideas. These books were spread around the country and his ideas caused others to join the movement. Five years after his visit to the Diet of Worms, Luther began organizing his very own church, a branch of Christianity separate from the Catholic Blue shows Protestant Gains and then loses during Counter Reformation (CC) Church. His new Christian sect was called Lutheranism. Some people started to follow Martin Luther’s ideas about leaving the Catholic Church, like John Calvin. John Calvin used his new religion, Calvinism, to take political and religious power in Switzerland. This is called a Theocracy. Another person who followed Martin Luther was King Henry VIII of England. He wanted a divorce from his wife, but the Catholic Church denied it. So, he decided to make his own church. This religion was called the Church of England or the Anglican Church. This new branch of Christianity allowed him to divorce his wife. The map to the right, shows the change from Catholic Areas, to Protestant areas. Many people continued to want a "different topping on their pizza" (see video at bottom of page) and over the years thousands of new protestant churches have been created (see some here). Today, there are three main branches of Christianity; Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Catholicism still being the largest of the three with today with about 1.2 billion followers. Catholic Church's Reaction--The Counter Reformation! At first, the Catholic Church just ignored the Reformation. They ignored the Protestant Reformation, hoping that it would die down by itself. When Martin Luther and the others continued to protest, however, the Church had to do something. So, they began using violence. The Church would put anybody who opposed the Church in a trial for heresy. Most people would then be sentenced to death or torture (most likely leading to death). However, the Church never killed Martin Luther, because he would then be a martyr, and more people would join the Reformation. A martyr is a person killed because of their religion or other beliefs. The use of violence slowed the Reformation, but did not stop it. The Church finally decided to change some of its ways, but by then it was already too late. People had begun to break away and form their own branches of Christianity. Effects--PP on this topic The effects of the Protestant Reformation were large, long lasting and in some cases, still in our world today. Some of these effects were: Heretics Being Burned (CC) 1. Political conflicts-- Religious Unity of Europe is shattered and people took up arms against fellow countrymen. 2. Division within Europe The north countries became Protestant (England, German, Sweden and others), while southern Europe (Italy, Spain, France, and others) remained Roman Catholic. 3. Religious wars: Two Main examples: French Huguenots and Thirty year war (Germany). Catholics vs. Huguenots in FR (CC) 4. Social changes - Bible now in local languages: People can read the bible and not depend on the Church to interpret the scriptures. People also began to believe they come to G-d without the middle man of the Church or Clergy. Luther called this the Priesthood of the Believers. It also saw the social classes push for social change. 5. Federalism- Starts in the Church and the protestants believed power should be shared between leaders and the people, this is unlike the power inside the Catholic Church. The sharing of power between local government and a strong central government. For example, the United States's strong central government shares power with fifty state governments and thousands of local governments. 6. Treaty of Westphalia- a treaty to stop the religious war between the Catholic French and the Protestants or the Huguenots (French Protestants). The treaty was written because the French king was Catholic and banned the Protestant religion. 7. Creation of Protestantism--it spreads and with protestants being persecuted in Europe, it spreads to the new world and a land that will be called America. The Protestants challenged the Catholic Church. Catholic leaders adopted religious reforms to preserve the Church's influence. The religious changes of the Reformation led to conflict and social changes. The Protestant Reformation was a statement that the people also have power and that no longer will they spend their whole lives thinking about religion. Click here to test what you've learned! Stop Motion by Maria, June 2012. Created by David and Stephen June 4, 2009 Revised by Reid and Bagatur May 1, 2011 Links added by Maddie May Links added by Jack 2012
Total Pageviews Wednesday, August 10, 2011 Salt Crystal them grow! Pipe cleaner salt crystal designs. pipe cleaners clear cup or jam jar 1/2 cup hot water (Be careful! Adult helps with this part) 1/3 cup salt pencil string food coloring (optional) • Bend a pipe cleaner into any shape you like. • Carefully pour the very hot water into the clear cup (1/2 cup per cup). Add a few drops of food coloring if desired. • Mix in 1/3 cup salt just one spoonful at a time--stir and dissolve after each spoonful. Keep adding salt until no more will dissolve. • Wrap one end of the pipe cleaner around the middle of a pencil. • Set the pencil across the top of the cup. Make sure that the pipe cleaner hangs down into the salty, hot water. • Place your crystal growing cup into a place where it will not be disturbed and where you'll be able to check on it often. • You'll have to be patient! It will take a few hours for the signs of the growing crystals to show up on the pipe cleaner. • Observe the crystals and see how they change each day. When most of the solution is evaporated from the cup, remove the pipe cleaner and slide it off the pencil. You can tie it to a piece of yarn and use it as a beautiful, sparkly ornament. Did you know that before the salt in your salt shaker is ground into tiny little specks it actually looks like this? This is a large crystal chunk of salt How did the experiment work? When you dissolve the salt into the hot water, the tiny salt crystal molecules are spread apart and are mixed up with the water. As the water evaporates, the salt molecules line up in a regular pattern to become a crystal again, clinging to the pipe cleaner. Basic Science Vocabulary: Molecule: the smallest part of a substance that has all the properties of the substance. Dissolve: one substance, (such as salt molecules breaking apart) and going into another substance, (such as the water) and making a solution. Evaporate: the process of a liquid changing into a gas. Crystal: a substance in which the molecules are packed into a orderly, three-dimensional pattern. Most crystals are solids---salt and sugar are both good examples of crystals. adapted from Science Arts by MaryAnn F. Kohl and Jean Potter 1. What happens the first day when creating the crystal? 2. Many people realize the importance of crystals in energy flow, in attracting positive energy as well as their derivative power. Free Paladins Crystals
There is perhaps an ongoing war between modern forms of text and classical literature. Students are tearing away from the old guard and English teachers and librarians think this growing rift of sorts is something to keep them worried. Young people now only read classical texts when it becomes an academic requirement and sometimes teachers have to force them to take these texts seriously. While classical literature perhaps have significant attributes that make them important to a teen's education, are teachers fighting a lost battle? Should teachers continue their attempt to make teens embrace classic literature or should teachers succumb to the call of the new technological age that has changed the way teens consume information. One significant difference between classic literature and modern text is the language. For teens, modern texts are easily relatable are written in language that they speak and write with. Classic literature are written in archaic language forms that are barely relevant in modern communication. Asides this, they are difficult to comprehend and may require extra efforts to follow through the plots. However, teachers argue that such texts can help improve teens' self-discipline. This may be true but teens can as well learn self-discipline from other places especially other fields that are directly useful in the twentieth century. An example of this Computer Programming. What teachers and librarians cannot hold onto is that teens do not read. Publishers send out about two hundred thousand books yearly and if nobody reads them, these publishers would not publish as much any longer or they would go out of business. Adaptations of medieval literature, written in modern English has also attained much success. Similarly, modern literature like Harry Potter, which turned its writer into a billionaire, have shown that literature when written well and in modern language can achieve similar success that classic literature. One thing that cannot be taken away from some of these classic texts are the depth of their stories which provide insightful lessons that can guide today's decision making especially in critical situations. for teens from today quickly fleeting experiences and connect with the world in a different way Spanish Philosopher According to Spanish philosopher, George Santayana, those who do not remember the past are doomed to repeat. In a more common language, those who fail to learn from history are bound to repeat it. Medieval Literature Medieval literature, whether fictional or non-fictional document scenarios in history that may prove very relevant in modern scenarios. The illustrious Achilles' adventure in the decade-long Trojan war provides a lot of lessons for American generals. Art of War Sun Tzu's Art of War has become a renowned text that today's businessmen and politicians continue to learn from. Similarly, the Richest Man in Babylon can help today's youth learn about financial management in its simplest and most understandable form. Literature Consumption If English teachers and librarians want more students to learn about plots set before the twentieth century, they can encourage adaptation of such literature to fit modern modes of literature consumption. Iambic Pentameter However, the beauty of iambic pentameter as well as other medieval literature tools should not be overlooked. The few people who are able to connect with them extol their virtues and feel a deep sense of connection. Classic Literature A bond between classic literature and modern bite-sized information could provide a common ground for teens to enjoy great plots. However, classic literature in their original forms can provide an escape. Are you finding it difficult to decide what school to choose for your radiology programme? Here are a list of things you should consider when looking for the right radiology school for you. Location And Schedule What lengths will you go to complete a radiology programme? You have to consider how far you are willing to travel and how flexible you are with your schedule to enable you choose the kind of school you will send your application. You may also have to consider the cost of travelling and/or cost of residing in the new location overtime. When you have made these salient decisions, it would help you narrow your choices to schools that work within your budget and schedule. Schools get different accreditations and you must know what kind of accreditation the schools you are looking for have. Schools can have accreditation from state, regional, national or an authoritative body. The kind of certification you are looking to get can help you decide which accreditation the school you want to attend must have. Similarly, the place you intend using the certification after completing your program can influence your decisions. If your state or general job requirements in your state do not require certain licensing standards, you may apply to schools without such accreditation, but otherwise, you need to confirm that your school choice is duly accredited. Certain certifications as the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) or ARDMS will required that you take a program that is accredited by Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JCERT). When this is the case, you can head to the JCERT website to search for the accredited institutions that fit your choice. Different Accreditations Schools get different accreditations and you must know School You Want to Go Decide the best what school to choose for your radiology programme Radiologic Technologists The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) Request For Their Programs Details And Compare You should request information from the schools you will be sending your applications. You should have a list of things you think the school you want to attend must have or offer. This will help you make choices or ask the right questions when speaking to a school's representatives. You should check for the time classes would start, the cost of books for the programs, job placements, requirements and so on. Different schools have different packages and taking time out to checkout which ones suit your plan is important while choosing your radiology school. This helps avoid unforeseen expenses. What Type Of Certification They Offer If you are applying for a job, you should check the type of certifications and licenses they require. Else, several companies just follow the state or country standards. It is advised that you apply to schools that are accredited by both ARRT and JRCERT. For you to be certified with ARRT, you would need to pass a certification exam after completing your radiology degree. To become licensed, you will need to apply for it via your state. Find out more information about obtaining certifications and licenses based on your state. What Facilities You Have Access To You should examine the facilities some of these schools. These would help decide if they have the right tools to make you proficient at your chosen study. You may also compare the qualifications of their tutors to gain more insight into the quality of the school. Do not be in haste to decide which school you would be running your programme. This might be a career defining decision and you should endeavour to make the best choices for yourself. ARRT certified counterparts-Radiologic Technologists have higher salaries than Radiology Technicians Have a question or need a custom Help? We started a college campaign to renew the interest of students in classic literature and organized reading clubs across different campuses.
Friday, April 18, 2008 A Book of Decline (Coal, not Republicans) Review of "The Face or Decline" by Thomas Dublin and Walter Light This book is a well-researched and very gripping analysis of the history of the decline of Pennsylvania’s anthracite industry. This tells of the events creating this industrial giant. It then details the circumstances that destroyed this once financial dynasty. Pennsylvania was once a leading input towards our nation’s economic strength. It’s approximately 500 square miles of anthracite coal, which is 95% of the world’s known supply, accounted for 16% of American’s energy needs during the industrial era of the 1890s. The demands for increased energy during the 1910s due to World War I kept demand for Pennsylvania anthracite thriving. Yet, after the war, people turned to lower cost alternatives, such as oil and gas. Anthracite over time has found it increasingly difficult to compete. In 1917, Pennsylvania saw 100 million tons of anthracite was extracted by 181,000 miners. In 2000, less than 1,000 miners produced 4 million tons. With the decline of industry came the decline of coal communities. This is a region that has gone from almost 1.2 residents in the 1930s to 836,000 today. This is more stunning compared to the population boom throughout most of the rest of the country. As the authors note, these towns have more than the typical share of abandoned commercial sites, elderly, and people requiring public assistance as the only available income option. As the Depression of the 1930s forced many mine investors to close their companies, unemployed miners still wanted jobs to feed themselves and their families. They created “bootleg” companies and continued mining, up to 5 million tons in 1939, without authority of the owners. This led to a period of literal mine wars, where armed labor protectors would do battle with armed mine police. Governor Gifford Pinchot responded by declining to send in state police officers as mine owners requested. World War II produced increased energy demands, and many mines officially reopened. Unfortunately, many mine owners, many absentee investors and many often operating in partnership with union officials, liquidated and diversified mine assets in ways that was profitable during wartime, yet financially crashed upon peacetime. Several public redevelopment projects attempted to stem the economic collapse of this region, yet the projects were haphazard with no overall plan. They may have helped stem some losses, yet they failed to resolve the larger challenges as the area was thrown into a downwards cycle, according to the authors. The Pennsylvania state legislature played interesting roles in this history. A key issue has always been the transportation of all this coal. At first, it was legislated that coal and rail interests be kept separate, and that no transporting company could own a mine. Railroad companies hired lobbyists who, in 1860, persuaded the legislature to end this ban. What resulted was investors, in particular J.P. Morgan, owning both rail companies and coal mines. Coal mines not owned by rail companies discovered that no rail company would ship their coal, or would do so at exorbitant rates, and they were driven out of business and absorbed by the rail and coal conglomerates. Anthracite coal mining was not an easy occupation. Nor was it safe, as over 10,000 workers are known to have perished in these mines. In 1869, the legislature and Governor enacted the first notable mine ventilation laws, yet only for mines in Schuylkill County. When 108 perished from lack of oxygen in a mine the following year in another county, the law was extended for the entire region. In addition, the law required two means of egress and provided for five qualified inspectors. The authors point out that stronger safety procedures and laws requiring them were known. England had stricter mine safety rules. Pennsylvania lawmakers lagged behind the British in their abilities to enact these tougher requirements. This demonstrated the political strength of the mine owners and their ability to influence elected officials. Pennsylvania law in fact allowed private Coal and Iron Police who in actually were a militia that kept mine employees mostly controlled. An early attempt of a mine strike by the Workingman’s Benevolent Association (WBA) led to a failed strike that lasted six months and can concluded with wage reductions and the demine of the WBA. Over time, disgruntled mine employees likely killed some mine foremen and superintendents and burned and bombed company offices. Pinkerton investigators claimed members of the Molly Maguires were behind the disturbances. In 1877, ten were convinced and executed for these crimes over evidence that, to today, is debated as to whether those blamed, perhaps due to their political activism and perhaps over discrimination over their Irish ethnicity, were in fact innocent. A strong union created with greater employee approval, the United Mineworkers, emerged in the 1890s. Crashes between union members on one side and Coal and Iron Police and local Sheriffs and their deputies on the other side, at one point led to 19 deaths and 73 arrests. The clash resulted in increased union membership and made the union even stronger. In 1900, about 100,000 coal miners went on strike led by such organizers as “Mother’ Jones. U.S. Senator Mark Hanna (R-Pa.), fretted that this continuing shutdown of coal supply could endanger the administration of President McKinley during a reelection year, tried to get union President John Mitchell to travel to meet J.P. Morgan. Mitchell declined. Union members were offered 10% pay increases and on October 29, union members accepted. For many years, October 29 was celebrated throughout Pennsylvania as Mitchell Day. In 1905, the Pennsylvania legislature prohibited children age 13 or younger from working in mines. Even this law provided a loophole where all it took was a parent swearing to the age of a child. Thus, many underage children continued mine work. The legislature and Governor approved the state’s workers’ compensation law in 1915. The legislature again found a loophole for mine workers, as the law did not cover black lung disease. Many injured mine workers relied upon help from friends and ethnic benefit societies. Subsequent mine strikes became a national controversy. Sen. William Borah (R-Idaho) began an effort to nationalize coal mines. Governor Pinchot helped the sides reach an agreement. The authors believe Pinchot hoped this would gain him much national prominence, yet the accord led to higher coal prices, disgruntled consumers, and diminished Pinchot’s public favorableness. Pinchot later attempted to get the legislature to restrain rising coal prices, yet coal lobbyists saw to it that the proposal never was reported from committee. This is a very useful history of Pennsylvania anthracite coal mining. The authors have captured this period and how it affected the people living and working there. This book would interest people interested in coal mining, Pennsylvania history, and the sociology of coal mining areas.
Glasgow Famine Memorial Glasgow Famine Memorial There are famine memorials, particularly associated with the Irish Potato Famine, already in many cities in Ireland, the UK and further afield. Cardiff and Liverpool, which acted as a major transit point for both Irish people arriving in England and departing the UK for Canada, the US and Australia, both have memorials. There are statues in New York, Boston, Sydney, Philadelphia, Montreal, Toronto and many others. Glasgow, of course, was also a major receiving city of Irish immigrants. Most people in the West of Scotland have some ancestral link to the Potato Famine (in my own case, family legend has it that a Dunn landed on these shores to flee the famine, and converted to the Church of Scotland in order to help him find work). The Glasgow memorial will also be dedicated to those affected by the Highland Potato Famine. The potato blight did not just affect Ireland; it affected many countries across Northern Europe, including Scotland. In both Ireland and Scotland, the famine was compounded by the inaction and neglect of landlords, some of whom saw it as an opportunity rather than an entirely avoidable crisis. It is estimated that over 1.5 million people left the Highlands because of the potato famine there, although many will also have moved from the glens and long coastline to the towns and cities of the Central Belt and Lowlands, or used Glasgow as a transit point on the long road to Australia, the Americas, and other far-flung places. The people who fled famine in the Highlands and in Ireland have had a massive effect on Glasgow, most of it for the better. They helped the sporting, cultural, religious and economic life of the city to flourish. And immigrants still come here, and enrich the life of the city. The Memorial in Glasgow should be just as relevant to those who come here for refuge in modern times, as it is to the descendants of those who arrived here 150 years ago. It should also be a symbol for the willingness of Glaswegians, both past and present, to help those oppressed by hunger. Cllr Dalton said, ““The Great Hunger saw thousands arrive in Glasgow from both Ireland and the Highlands and Islands and they gave this city its Celtic characteristics. And when they arrived Glaswegians gave generously. Today, Glasgow continues to be a beacon for people fleeing hunger and famine across the globe. “Yet, Glasgow is the one major world city where there continues to be a large Irish diaspora which has no permanent memorial. “There is no fixed idea as yet, but a commitment to a memorial is an important step. This motion will take us closer to marking the sacrifices of the past up to the present day, while recognising the positive benefits brought to our city by migration over many years and our shared heritage as we look forward to a positive future together, acting as a beacon of hope to others. So far, the administration of the council has seemed receptive to the idea of a memorial to famine victims. Hopefully, council will agree that it should go ahead. For, to paraphrase the Proclaimers, victims of famine are part of Scotland’s story, and we are all worth the same.
Thursday, 26 November 2009 Wave Power: The World's Your Oyster! A study into the feasibility of tidal power in Jersey has been commissioned. The Environment Department is measuring the tidal flow off the north east coast of the island and finding out whether the seabed is suitable for turbines. Mike Taylor, from the Fisheries and Resources Advisory Panel, said plans to use tidal power to generate electricity were only in the very early stages. He said tidal power in Jersey was "a long way off" and more technological advances were needed. Mr Taylor said the panel wanted to build a tidal power plant that was entirely underwater, with turbines on the seabed that generated electricity as the current passed through them. It's just a germ of an idea and might not happen at all. "At the moment the idea is that you would see no structures coming out the water." But he said no such structure currently existed anywhere in the world. "So one would have to see how technology pans out," he told BBC Jersey, "It's just a germ of an idea and it might not happen at all. "If it was to happen it might be 15 or 20 or 25 years away when energy prices possibly are much dearer," he added. (1) I heard the substance of this with the interview Mr Taylor gave to Roger Bara this morning. One thing struck me, because it was repeated twice on BBC Radio Jersey, that Mr Taylor said "no such structure currently existed anywhere in the world". Yet reported two days ago, on the 24 November 2009, a news story broke that: Aquamarine Power activated the connection of the Oyster in the waters off Orkney, marking one of the few ocean power devices to be producing electricity. The device is a hydraulic pump operated by a "hinged flap," where a large metal piece moves back and forth from the motion of the waves. The movement moves a hydraulic piston that pumps water underground to a hydro-electric turbine that drives a generator to make electricity. The peak power output of the Oyster 1 is about two megawatts, depending on the location. The company, which received research funding from the U.K. government, is now working on a second-generation device. There are a number of technologies being pursued to convert wave or tidal energy into electrical energy, including underwater generators. The advantage of the pump design is that it's relatively simple and many components, such as gear boxes and generators, are not exposed to the water. Twenty Oysters, which are attached to the seabed at about 10 meters of water, could produce enough electricity to power 9,000 homes in the U.K., according to Aquamarine Power. (2) Why the Oyster is significant is because there are a considerable number of technologies being developed to use wave power, they haven't been used commercially. The research and development is coming on line, but nothing currently exists apart from the Oyster in the commercial field. It is linked to the electricity grid and is producing power now: The Oyster is different because "it is currently the world's only hydroelectric wave energy device producing power"(4). It has mad the leap from experimental prototype to commercial application. That is not to say that there will not be others devices, but it does mean that Mike Taylor's knowledge is just a tad out of date, because it was officially launched by Scotland's First Minister Alex Salmond MP, MSP at the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney last week. Who knows - perhaps Jersey may benefit from a different kind of Oyster industry? No comments:
Storytelling: Origins, Opportunities, and Assessment This Curriculum is designed for professionals and clients in Human Services and Education organizations who want to elevate their understanding and skills around Storytelling. TheCurriculum is an introduction to Storytelling and helps the Learner to explore the purposes of storytelling by our ancestors and to write a short story for use at organizational events, social media, and other materials. Who is this Curriculum right for? This Curriculum supports organizations in rich Storytelling, participating in the long time human practice of using stories to education, pass-on messages, and entertain. This Curriculum is compatible with organizations who do and do not have strategic branding plans. For the lean, sophisticated organizations, this curriculum is a timeless part of your ongoing work. Today, the phrase “an origin story” often refers to branding or, more broadly, the public image of the organization’s mission and work. This curriculum is NOT branding. This Curriculum is about Storytelling; that is, sharing stories. Organizations have many stories to share: the origin of their organization, the success of program participants, the passions of their staff team, and celebrations of partnerships and community impact. While all of your organization’s stories will share the themes of your organization’s mission, the many stories that you can share will be written in the unique voices of the Storytellers. The “bite-size” approach to designing this curriculum makes studying and refining Storytelling fun for the users. Anchoring Success was founded on honoring the challenging tasks that direct service staff, program participants, and organizational leaders engage in. Why can’t you have fun while you undertake serious and important work? How this course is organized This curriculum has three lessons. By the end of Lesson 1, you will: 1. Learn the origins of storytelling from our ancestors. 2. Draft a story that is educational and entertaining. By the end of Lesson 2, you will: 1. Decide on which of the three areas for sharing your story(ies) is best for your organization. 2. Draft a one-year action plan based on the one area you chose for sharing your story(ies). By the end of Lesson 3, you will: 1. Align the one-year action plan and a mini-assessment plan for determining how well the storytelling is going. 2. Draft a mini-assessment plan with specific data collection strategies and practical measurements. Never miss a post! Never miss a post! You have Successfully Subscribed!
The Electoral College and the Constitution – A Tutorial The Electoral College and the Constitution – A Tutorial by Temerity Forthright Most citizens of the United States erroneously believe that they elect the president. Obviously, they have never read the Constitution. Many go on to say that since Hillary Clinton got more popular votes than Donald Trump that she should have won the election. Again, they never read the Constitution. Trump received 290 electoral votes to Hillary’s 232. Here’s how and why Trump won the presidency over Clinton. The Electoral College was established in Article II Section 1 of the Constitution. There are now 538 electors, of which a minimum of 270 of them are needed to officially elect the next president. All states, except for Maine and Nebraska, have a winner-take-all system in which the winning candidate in those states is awarded all their electoral votes. So, in terms of following the Constitution, we do not officially have a president yet. The people of the Electoral College will meet to cast their votes for president on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, which is December 19, 2016. But we still won’t have a president then, at least not officially. On January 6, 2017, the Electoral College votes that were cast from each state, including the District of Columbia (established by the 23rd Amendment), will be counted in a joint session of Congress. The vice president, who presides over the count, will announce the results of that count. Then, and only then, will we have officially elected Donald J. Trump as the next President of the United States. He will be inaugurated on January 20, 2017 (established by the 20th Amendment). There were four other presidential elections when the winner of the popular vote did not win the Electoral College vote. Remember Sore-Loserman? Al Gore and Joe Lieberman lost the 2000 presidential election to George Bush by a hanging chad. George Bush won 271 electoral votes although Al Gore received half a million more popular votes. In 1888 Benjamin Harrison beat incumbent presidential candidate Grover Cleveland in the Electoral College even though Cleveland won the popular vote by a very narrow margin. In 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes won a highly contentious, and still controversial, election over Samuel Tilden. The only instance where neither the people nor the Electoral College decided the outcome of the presidential election was in 1824. Since neither John Quincy Adams nor Andrew Jackson received enough electoral votes to win the presidency, it was decided for the first and only time by the House of Representatives under the terms of the 12th Amendment. Again, read the Constitution! John Quincy Adams was declared the winner of the 1824 election after a House of Representatives vote of 87 to 71. Andrew Jackson went on to win the 1828 presidential election and serve two terms. Unfortunately, the majority of American do not understand the presidential election process in their own country. This is the cause of so much misunderstanding and misrepresentation of the Constitution and the Electoral College. I offer this tutorial on the presidential election process as it is stated in the Constitution, and the history lesson, as a public service to all Americans. Comments are closed.
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month William Golding Extracts from this document... William Golding William Golding was born in St Columb Minor in Cornwall in 1947. He lived in a house and his bedroom overlooked a green where boys would play football. For his whole childhood he long to be on that green instead of a little room he long for an adventure and that's why I think he wrote this book. These are all of the things he wished he had done when he was a child. His back garden was an ancient burial ground. His first novel The Lord Of The Flies became a best seller. William lived through the First and Second World War, these people and places influenced Golding a great deal. The first thing that you notice about the novel is how isolated the boy's are on the island. Golding's experiences on a boat during the Second world war and there are a few clues to show this like " It was roughly boat shaped". The island was boat shaped because when Golding was in the war he served on a boat and was very isolated from the rest of the world much like the boys in his story. ...read more. this novel cause he didn't want to keep a diary so he wrote all of his thought and feelings throughout his characters in his book. His book was his only bit of sanity in the cruel era of his life. William Golding loved and had a lot of admiration for the sea. It was his next door neighbour for so many years he became its friend. He uses very good explanatory words to describe the sea and the only two deaths that are described in the novel end in a floating body into the sea. "The body a fraction of an inch from the sand and a bubble of air escaped from the mouth with a wet plop". This is an example of how Golding compensates for mans blackness too each other. " Simon's dead body moved out towards the open sea". This shows why Simon was washed out to sea. I think ever William Golding was very respectful for the sea. He thought it was like facing a war. ...read more. The book tittle is significant as well the lord of the files could mean the lord of small things like little boys. William Golding uses the island as a microcosm of the world. At the end the boys destroy the whole island. Which is what Golding says is going to happen to the world in the we are going to destroy it if we keep on having wars and pollute it. William Golding's idea for the novel Lord Of The Flies came from the books around at the time like Treasure Island and Coval Island. Golding was reading one of these books to his children and realized they were all about islands and none of them where about the truth. An uninhabited dangerous island which is the truth. So he set about writing a novel called the Lord Of The Flies which won him the Nobel literacy award. William Golding was knighted in 1988 and died in 1993 but his wonderful stories will be a credit to his memory for many years to come. William Golding used his life to influence his work and that was what made him such a great writer. Tom Etra 27/11/00 Tom Etra 27/11/00 ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related GCSE William Golding essays 1. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 as William Goldings debut novel. But why are they hunting? There are plenty of berries to keep everyone happy and healthy, it may possibly be due to freedom from parents and rules that makes them want to hunt for the pigs or maybe because its what they have read in books or heard stories of and hunting is what they believe they should do. 2. Extracts from Piggy's Diary. I had tried to run after him but there was no chance of me keeping up with him. As I ran up the hill my breathing became more and more difficult and I my asthma nearly started. When I finally reached the top I hear Ralph say "They let the bloody fire out". • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Islet exposed by retreating glacier, Svalbard Islet exposed by retreating glacier, Svalbard C035/6695 Rights Managed Request low-res file 530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked Request/Download high-res file Uncompressed file size: 59.6MB Downloadable file size: 6.1MB Price image Pricing Please login to use the price calculator Caption: Tourists on Nyholmen, an islet that was exposed by the recession of Monacobreen, a tidewater glacier in Liefdefjorden, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Another tidewater glacier, Seligernreen, which is calving many icebergs is seen in the background. Keywords: arctic, blue, calving, cliff, climate change, coast, cold, earth science, fjord, frozen, geological, geology, glacier, glacier recession, glaciology, global warming, ice, iceberg, island, landscape, liefdefjorden, monacobreen, mountain, nature, norway, nyholmen, physical geography, polar, recession, rock, rocks, sea, seligerbreen, small group of people, spitsbergen, spitzbergen, svalbard, tidewater glacier, water
How Exercise Can Help With the Lymphatic & Cardiovascular System The human body has two circulatory systems, which are your body’s delivery systems. One is the cardiovascular system and the other is the lymphatic system. Lymph and Immune System The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels. Blood moving from the heart delivers oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body. On the return trip, the blood picks up waste products so that your body can get rid of them. Increased blood circulation helps your body eliminate waste products and deliver oxygen-rich blood to oxygen-depleted muscles, helping them recover faster. The lymphatic system is also connected to every part of the body, but its function is completely different from that of the cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system is made up of the spleen, thymus, tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes and lymph fluid. Lymph vessels branch through all parts of the body like blood vessels, except the lymphatic system carries a colorless liquid called lymph instead of blood. Lymph circulates through the lymph system, around body tissues to the lymph vessels. As blood circulates, fluid leaks out into the body tissues. The leaked fluid drains into the lymph vessels where it is filtered; the old worn out red blood cells are replaced with new ones and returned to the bloodstream. Increased lymph flow helps the body eliminate waste products and helps kill pathogens and some cancer cells more effectively. Being aware of the differences between these two systems makes it easier to understand the special difficulties encountered when any part of these systems are not functioning properly. Comparison of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Cardiovascular System (Blood) Lymphatic System (Lymph) of the entire body. Normally the body maintains a balance of fluid in tissues by ensuring that the same amount of water entering the body also leaves it. The circulatory system transports fluid within the body via its network of blood vessels. The fluid, which contains oxygen and nutrients needed by the cells, moves from the walls of the blood vessels into the body’s tissues. After its nutrients are used up, fluid moves back into the blood vessels and returns to the heart. The lymphatic system also absorbs and transports this fluid. Using the Exerciser Elite® is one of the quickest ways we know to help the lymphatic system get rid of the excess liquid build up.
Are Climate Claims for Burning Renewable Trees a Smokescreen? The answer surprised us too. First in a series. By Robert McClure 22 Apr 2014 \| The Tyee / Investigate West Robert McClure is executive director of InvestigateWest, a nonprofit newsroom in Seattle specializing in the environment, public health and government accountability. A veteran newspaper reporter with a quarter-century on the environment beat, he has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and winner of the John B. Oakes Award for Distinguished Environmental Journalism. McClure was named in 2013 as one of Seattle Magazine's "most influential" people in Seattle. He is a longtime board member at the Society of Environmental Journalists. Olivia Henry contributed to this report, which was supported by a Tyee Fellowship for Investigative Reporting, a $5,000 bursary funded by Tyee readers to pursue a major journalism project in the public interest for British Columbians. [Editor's note: Shipments of B.C. fuelwood pellets are worth nearly $200 million a year to the provincial economy. But with fire comes smoke -- and, inevitably, greenhouse gases, and a growing chorus of biomass skeptics questions how green and climate-friendly wood fuel truly is. The subject is complicated, but we thought Tyee readers needed to know whether B.C. forests were being used to save the climate, or greenwash. So we partnered with InvestigateWest, a Seattle-based non-profit journalism studio, to examine B.C.'s biomass bonanza. Investigate West's Robert McClure presents the first of three reports today.] Nestled into a seaside forest on the University of British Columbia's lands, amid a carpet of sword ferns and salal, sits a gleaming industrial facility that's been hailed as a significant step toward a carbon-neutral future for B.C., Canada and even the world. The wood-gas fired plant just off Marine Drive in Vancouver, the university boasts, "will reduce UBC's natural gas consumption by 12 per cent and campus greenhouse gas emissions by nine per cent (5,000 tonnes), the equivalent of taking 1,000 cars off the road." "It's very exciting," said Brent Sauder, UBC's director of strategic partnerships, who helped shape plans for the plant. "It's not a research activity -- it's a mission." That mission is to replace finite, climate-baking fossil fuel with renewable wood to generate electricity. It sounds so darn cool: UBC students charging their iPods on solar energy stored in wood. And indeed, if there is a state-of-the-art to turning wood into power, this is surely it. Its very sophistication may make its accomplishments difficult to reproduce, however. Which is too bad, because when it comes to extracting energy from "biomass"-- basically any plant matter that will burn, from switchgrass to whole trees -- the impacts on the environment depend very much on the details. And British Columbia is ramping up to sell the world an awful lot of biomass. Most dry biomass will burn. And just like your holiday campfire, it will produce heat, some light, smoke, and invisible gases that are the result of its combustion. The heat is what we're looking for. But to turn the old saying on its head, "Where there's fire, there's smoke." We want the heat, but smoke is a health hazard. One of the breakdown products of combustion is climate-changing carbon dioxide. The trick is to harvest the heat, without creating noxious smoke pollution or greenhouse gases. The technology at work in UBC's shiny new plant is the offspring of a partnership between Vancouver's Nexterra Energy Systems and General Electric. And it's nothing like heating a kettle on your campfire. In a two-stage process, the facility first converts chipped wood into a gas with about one-fifth the caloric value of natural gas. The gas is then burned to create steam and generate electricity. Nexterra's proprietary system cleans up the tars that typically make wood combustion dirty. Burning the syngas produces none of the nitrogen oxides found in woodsmoke that can sometimes send people to the hospital. And it produces only minute traces of soot -- 10 times less, in fact, than even natural gas, itself a huge improvement over super-soot-spewing coal. "We actually rate this plant against Massachusetts and the San Joaquin Valley, which are the two toughest jurisdictions [for air quality] in the world," Sauder said. As for CO2, the plant's designers believe they have that covered too. As Nexterra engineer and R&D chief Cliff Mui explained, standing near a cavernous cedar-scented room where wood chips are stored at the UBC plant: "It's renewable because over a lifetime, the carbon is stable. You release the carbon, and you put it back in -- the [growing new] trees absorb it." "This is a natural cycle," Mui argued. "Trees absorb carbon as you breathe. But when they die and they rot, they also release carbon." The benefit of using biomass for energy, he argues, is that by releasing that CO2 in a matter of seconds instead of over a period of years or decades as wood decomposes, we at least get some juice to run our streetlights and dishwashers. It's a way to turn the natural cycle to our advantage. That's the promise of biomass energy, and the reason that many countries, especially in Europe, are switching from fossil carbons to forest-grown ones: it's renewable energy that, in effect, cleans up after itself. 582px version of Biomass graphic The trouble with biomass carbon "offsets": Growing trees absorb carbon from the air (1-4). Burning wood releases it again (5); just like burning coal or oil (6). "Offsets" imagine that carbon released from burning wood "cancels out" carbon from fossil fuels (7). It doesn't; it adds to them (8). In fact, it takes decades for new trees to recapture the carbon released when the old ones were burned (9-12). Graphic by Indiana Joel. For B.C., the promise is far from academic. After disappointing experiences with the other "big three" of renewable energy sources -- wind, solar and run-of-river hydro -- biomass is one thing the province has historically had plenty of. That's one reason why former premier Gordon Campbell made it a centrepiece of the province's 2007 commitment to become carbon-neutral, with a 2020 goal of slashing greenhouse gas emissions by a third. The province had a big head start: it already relied heavily on electricity generated by dams on its major rivers. Hydro reservoirs emit a small fraction of the greenhouse gasses of thermal power plants, and provide 86 per cent of B.C.'s electricity. But there is that other 14 per cent. Of the renewable fuels required to close the gap, the BC Bioenergy Strategy declared that more than half would come from some form of biomass. Nine-tenths of that would come out of the forests. That works out to wood-based energy providing roughly six or seven per cent of B.C.'s total electricity needs. Triple benefits for remote communities For some 80 remote communities off the BC Hydro grid, there may be more to gain than climate cred. Today, many rely for winter heat on electric heaters fed from generators run on diesel that's trucked or barged in. In addition to the high cost, burning all that diesel produces its own trail of toxic air pollutants and greenhouse gases. For those communities, biomass energy makes great sense from every standpoint, argues David Dubois, who leads the Wood Waste To Rural Heat project based in Cache Creek, near Kamloops. His alternate vision: burning the biomass growing at the doorstep of many such communities in high-efficiency burners directly for so-called "district heating" that serves several buildings. Dubois notes that biomass met only about five per cent of B.C.'s heat needs in 2008. Tripling that to 15 per cent by 2025, he estimates, would save $240 million a year and create more than 600 jobs, most of them in rural areas where they're badly needed. Total up all the CO2 emissions from the current system, he argues, and it would also reduce B.C. carbon emissions by 830,000 tonnes a year -- 166 times the amount claimed for UBC's power plant. Much the same thinking, on a scale much larger than UBC's, is behind plans to convert a 46-year-old district heating system supplying heat to the Vancouver Public Library, the Queen Elizabeth Theatre and more than 200 other downtown buildings from natural gas to biomass. The facility's private owner, Creative Energy Canada Platforms Corp., suggests the switch would cut 14 times more emissions from the atmosphere than UBC's power plant. That's assuming, of course, that biomass is carbon-neutral: that burning what can grow back doesn't change the overall balance of carbon in the atmosphere. This conviction traces to the Kyoto Protocol, the global pact adopted in 1997 that was meant to put the world back on the path to a stable climate by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The protocol's framework considered all fossil fuels -- natural gas, coal, basically anything extracted from underground -- as contributors to destabilizing the climate. It also assumed that all biofuels, including wood, were carbon-neutral. As a result, for countries trying to reach their Kyoto commitments (Canada formally repudiated the agreement in 2011), burning biomass represents virtuous energy: a fuel that doesn't add to their emissions total. Selling B.C. biomass to some of those countries has made the province a global-scale exporter, earning about $194 million per year. But here's what both Kyoto, and today's biomass buyers and shippers, largely overlook. Yes, the carbon we burn today gets absorbed back into trees eventually. "Over a lifetime," as Nexterra's Mui put it. But trees take a long time to grow. And eventually can be many decades into the future. If the forests felled now don't grow back, it may be never. Kyoto's accounting however, not only regards the carbon that is supposed to be sucked up by trees growing in the future as a sort of "credit" against fossil-fuel carbon "debt"; it also allows that credit to be "cashed," so to speak, as soon as the biomass is burned -- not when the released carbon is fully sequestered back in timber at some time in the future. Critics argue that's like saying a family carrying a 30-year mortgage is free of debt, because the debt will be repaid eventually. Meanwhile, guess what? UBC's $34-million Bioenergy Research and Demonstration Facility will not reduce the amount of planet-warming gasses actually being emitted on the campus at all. In fact, it will put out just about as much as was previously produced by burning natural gas: at least 5,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide every year, Sauder said. "What actually comes out of the tailpipe or smokestack is exactly the same," said Timothy Searchinger, a researcher at Princeton University and co-author of an early article pointing out the flaw in Kyoto's assumption. So, is B.C.'s biomass the green bonanza its government, its pellet-makers, Dave Dubois and the University of British Columbia think it is? Or is it a form of carbon kiting: spewing emissions, while claiming credit today for carbon that won't be soaked up in future trees for decades to come? This series tries to unravel that puzzle in its next report, appearing tomorrow on The Tyee. [Tyee] Read more: Energy, Environment Share this article The Tyee is supported by readers like you Join us and grow independent media in Canada Get The Tyee in your inbox The Barometer What are you doing about reconciliation? Take this week's poll
Armor and fighting equipment Armor and equipment of the time was very different from the days of the stereotypical lorica clad legions of the 1st and 2nd centuries. Such highly crafted armor was rare and almost impossible to attain for common adventurers. The mail shirt (now commonly called chain mail) was a simple but effective form of protection usually worn over a padded tunic or undershirt. Such extra padding could defend from sharp blows and prevent the mail from chaffing. Most mail shirts extended to mid-thigh or knee and the sleeves could reach elbow or wrist. Some soldiers and other heavily armed fighters may have worn a small plate of steel or bronze on the chest, often highly decorative, to add extra protection or to cover the ties that laced up the front of the mail. Scale and lamellar constructed armor was common, as it was slightly cheaper and faster to make than mail and provided comparable protection against blades and arrows. Head protection had developed too from the galic-type helmets of the early empire. Helmets tended to be heavier and enclose more of the face than before. The iconic cheek guards of earlier styles now looked almost like visors covering all but the areas around the eyes and completely covering the ears. Mail and scale hoods, identical to the medieval coif may have been worn over the head instead of helmets which were often very heavy and made movement of the head difficult. While artistic representations still depicted heroes and soldiers wearing classical style muscled cuirasses and Corinthian style helmets, such style was entirely ceremonial or simply hundreds of years outdated, as if a solider of the Second World War had gone into battle dressed like a trooper of the English Civil War. At the same time, a sword was a sword, and a Roman soldier of the 3rd century would have had no trouble identifying and using all the principle equipment of the Norman knight at Hastings a thousand years later. Armor continued to be very expensive to produce and time consuming to maintain. A generic adventurer may not have had access to such protection and would have to make due with leather or cloth padding. A finely smithed sword could be a family heirloom or a generous gift by a patron or employer. However, if an adventurer stumbled across the scene of a battle between two armies, he or she might be able to scrounge enough military equipment to dress themselves in fine style. Armor and fighting equipment Zenobia: Dreamers of the Day Scyldmund
Sunday, November 2, 2014 NOVEMBER 2, 1814 200 years ago today in Washington County, Indiana there was no standard time or daylight savings time. In 1814 there was only local mean time throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Local mean time was based upon noon when the sum was at the zenith of its daily transit from horizon to horizon. This means that when Washington County was being settled each locality had its own time. As an example, noon at Cincinnati, Ohio would have occurred about 6 minutes before it occurred in the developing town of Salem, Indiana. Similarly, noon would have occurred in Salem about 16 minutes before it occurred at St. Louis, Missouri Territory. In the days before the development of an extensive transportation infrastructure, these differences in local mean time were of no concern. In 1814 there were not yet industrial employers that demanded a starting time to a work shift. There was no stage line in Salem until 1830 so there was no departure time to miss or arrival time to await. Most people awakened at dawn when the roosters crowed. However, local legal and civic affairs were conducted on some type of schedule although there was undoubtedly a considerable degree of latitude as to when events actually commenced. Persons were summoned to court to appear at a set date with the understanding that one appeared at the start of the day and waited their turn. The Washington Circuit Court probably had all appearances scheduled for the same implicit time and dealt with each case when all were determined to be present. At the end of the day if someone did not appear they were then determined to be in default on in violation of their appearance bond. Each court session in 1814 adjourned until the "next morning" with no beginning time recorded. The William Lindley home where public business was being conducted until a court house was built must have had a clock of some kind. In 1814 most clocks were tall casework (grandfather) clocks. The height of the clock cabinet accommodated the pendulum mechanism which provided the momentum for the mechanical energy that made the clock run. A longer pendulum kept more accurate time but tall case clocks were expensive as most were made in Massachusetts or Connecticut. The mechanical parts were made of wood as brass was generally unavailable due to trade restriction of the War of 1812. The mechanical power for the clocks consisted of iron weights suspended from small cables and pulleys. If a family had a grandfather clock, they probably had been former landowners in Kentucky as settlers immigrating to Indiana directly from Virginia or North Carolina often didn’t use valuable space or load capacity for such a large and delicate item. Wall clocks were available for purchase in Louisville but were not as accurate. By 1810 smaller shelf clocks were being made and wore more affordable. They had to be wound daily. Pocket watches were possessed by some of the pioneer men of the Indiana Territory. Watches of that era used a cylinder escapement mechanism and were not terribly accurate. By 1820, pocket watches were being made with a lever escapement which made them more accurate so that they only varied from solar time by a minute a day. 200 years ago, it is not known what clock was maintained by County or Town officials to determine the official local mean time. One can speculate that Thomas Beasley’s tavern on South High Street had a clock that may have been the unofficial clock as Beasley was also on the first Board of Town Trustees. Interestingly, the new court house under construction was not to have a clock mounted in its tower or on its exterior. When the second Washington County Court House was built in 1826, it didn’t have a clock tower either. It wasn’t until 1888 when the present Court House was built that Salem had its iconic Court House clock tower. Five years previously, the railroad industry had lobbied for the establishment of standard time so that train schedules could be made uniform and travel and commerce made more efficient. Therefore, the Court House clock has always been set on Standard or Daylight Savings time and never was set on local solar time. Imagine this conversation when John DePauw came to town from his home on the hill southeast of Salem to collect lot payments and stopped at Beasley's Tavern: DePauw: Tom, what time is it? Beasley: You mean now? TALL CASE PENDULUM CLOCK TRADITIONAL ALARM CLOCK WASHINGTON COUNTY COURT HOUSE CLOCK TOWER 1 comment:
Lab says ray can see nuclear materials Device more effective than X-rays in finding smuggled weapons February 23, 2005\|By Michael Kilian \| Michael Kilian,CHICAGO TRIBUNE WASHINGTON - Scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory have developed a muon cosmic ray screening device that can accurately detect smuggled nuclear weapons and materials in any vehicle or container, the nuclear lab reported yesterday. According to Los Alamos officials, the device would provide an enormous advantage over X-ray scanning equipment, which can generate dangerous amounts of radiation and cannot penetrate lead containers and other shielding. Several test models of the scanner have been built and successfully operated, and work on a full-size prototype has begun, the laboratory said. "We expect it will be completed this summer," said Rick Chartrand, a member of the Los Alamos project team in New Mexico. Large enough to scan a 50-foot trailer truck or a typical 20-foot-long ship container, the new devices would cost about $1 million each and could be used for screening vehicles at border crossings or ship cargo at major ports. Its essential parts are two sets of parallel tubular sensors constructed so that large trucks and other vehicles could drive through or the sensors would fit over ship containers. In its threat analysis report for the year just ended, the CIA said: "The threat of terrorists using chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials remained high." Though few believe that terrorist groups possess the sophisticated knowledge and means to build a nuclear weapon, that possibility exists - as does the more likely prospect of terrorists deploying a so-called "dirty bomb" that would scatter radioactive material over a large area with a conventional explosion. Despite the concern over these threats, less than 5 percent of the cargo entering the United States is examined, largely because the government lacks an efficient and reliable means of doing so. The Department of Homeland Security has been approached about the muon cosmic ray device but has made no decision on its deployment. "We believe we've worked through all of the major obstacles to building a prototype system for a range of security scenarios," said Chris Morris, another Los Alamos scientist. Chartrand said the new system has proved to be accurate within a 3 percent margin of error, and "we think we can continue to improve that." At present, it takes 60 seconds for the muon system to complete its scan of a vehicle or object. The scientists expect to reduce that time to 20 seconds, Chartrand said, making it feasible for use with a large volume of motor traffic or cargo. The muon device was developed and funded by the Los Alamos nuclear lab, which is part of the Department of Energy and one of three such facilities in the country. The labs invent and develop new technology and products but do not manufacture them. Scientists at the lab had been studying the possibility of using muon cosmic rays for screening purposes but the project did not get its full impetus until the Sept. 11 attacks. It received its principal funding in October 2003. X-ray devices such as those used at airports require the generation and focusing of radiation beams that can penetrate luggage or ordinary metal packaging material but not dense lead and similar shielding. Also, they produce images that must be interpreted by an operator. An X-ray system large and powerful enough for vehicles and ships' containers not only would have a poor success rate but would pose a significant health hazard, according to the team's report. "If you had illegal migrants inside a container you would kill them with X-rays," Chartrand said. The Chicago Tribune is a Tribune Publishing newspaper. Baltimore Sun Articles
How to Navigate the School System When Your Child Has a Disability child and teacher As a parent, there are moments when warning bells go off-times when you notice that your child might be having trouble grasping certain skills that their peers seem to have mastered. Over the course of my career as a teacher and child case worker, time and time again I've heard parents make statements like the following : "I have been reading with my child, but he doesn't seem to understand what he has read." "I notice while we're practicing spelling words, my daughter mixes up the letters, or writes them in reverse order." "My child just seems to drift away; she's not really overly active, but she doesn't seem to be paying attention." Do any of these scenarios sound familiar? If so, you may want to start the process of getting some help with your child's education. When your child is diagnosed with a disability, the rule of thumb for parents is: the earlier you can document the problem, the better. Where to start? Start by gathering information to support your concerns. Contact daycare providers, the child's doctor, or anyone else who might be interacting with your child or knows them and may have observations to share. Are they seeing what you have noticed? Have them put something into writing. Then it's time to contact your child's school for help. Put your concerns in a letter to your child's school and be sure to include the date. Keep a copy of this letter in your files. This letter will start the ?timeline? that documents the disability and need for extra support. Clearly state that the letter serves as a request for a multi-factored evaluation and that you are giving consent for this to take place, and be sure to clearly outline your observations and concerns. Include copies of any documentation, evaluations or assessments that support those concerns. Also, describe any special or extra supports that the school may already be providing for your child. Be sure to provide your contact information with your address, both day and night phone numbers, email and cell phone. Remember that a reasonable time frame for response would be (1-2 weeks), and address your letter to the principal and Special Education Coordinator of your school or district. By doing this, you have started the process for your child to get the help they need. There are timelines that each state must go by, but the final determination of what type of help they will provide should be made within 100 days. The process may vary from state to state. You do have the right and responsibility to participate in any meetings with your school during the evaluation process. There should be several meetings: one to plan what evaluations will take place, which could include screenings, classroom observations, monitoring, consultations, assisted technology, and materials to support student achievement. Your child must be assessed in all areas associated with the suspected disability including an appropriate evaluation in the areas of: health, vision, hearing, social and emotional status, general intelligence, academic performance, communicative skills, and motor abilities. The members of the team from the school will come together to review the results and determine if your child meets the criteria for services. The right to receive those services has been mandated under Federal Law-The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) provides that if school-aged children fall under one or more qualifying conditions or under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, they should be eligible for support. If your child is determined to be eligible, your child's team will develop an ?Appropriate? (which means equal to an education that is provided for those students who are not disabled) program that will be designed to provide an ?educational benefit for a person with disabilities? This covers all school age children who meet specific criteria who may fall under on or more qualifying conditions , ie autism, specific learning disabilities, speech /language impairments, emotional disturbance, traumatic brain injury, visual or hearing impairment, and other health impairment. Under IDEA, an Individual Educational Plan will be made. The name of this plan will vary from state to state, but it must be developed within 30 days. This plan will be reviewed on a yearly basis, to establish goals for your child's education and the supports that will be provided. Your child will be re-evaluated every three years to determine eligibility for continuation of services. A child may also receive services under Section 504, which has less specific procedural criteria under which school personnel and services are provided. Under Section 504, a child who meets the definition for qualified ?handicapped person? may receive services,, such as a physical or mental handicap that substantially limits a major life activity. This would include a child who has a disability that impairs walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, learning, working, or caring for him or herself. 504 services cover a lifespan, and safeguard a person with disabilities in areas of school, employment, transportation and public access to buildings, among other things. If a 504 plan is developed, it will be reviewed periodically, usually annually, and the guidelines are more flexible. Help your child find other ways to express herself. Initially, you can sit down with your child and identify alternative ways for them to express themselves that don't involve a dramatic display of their bad mood. So the message they want to get across might be, "I don't want to go to bed now," or "I don't want to do my homework," or "Why can't we go to the movies?" Instead of pouting, as kids grow older, the expectation is that they should be able to express that verbally to you. So at first, bring it to their attention. Say, "I notice now that you're sulking. If you want to say something to me, figure out a better way to say it." In my opinion, the best thing to do is ignore it and say, "I'm not going respond when you act this way anymore. You're going to have to communicate differently." What are my rights and responsibilities? If your child is denied services, you have the right to request that an independent evaluation be done to assess your child's needs. Under IDEA the school will be responsible for the expenses, while under 504 the parents would cover the costs. You may also appeal the decision under due process with the state education department. Each state may have a slightly different process-you can find out more about the process in your particular area by accessing the websites for the Department of Education for you state/province. Also check the yellow pages and web sites for advocacy groups for various disabilities in your area. They can be a strong support for parents during this process, and have materials that can help you on this journey. Remember: You are your child's advocate. You know your child better than anyone else at the table and it is your role to help develop the best educational supports to meet your child's needs. You should be notified of any planning meetings scheduled for your child. Prepare for these meetings by making notes and doing research. Be ready to give your views: you are an important part of the planning process. Build a file or binder about your child. Keep copies of all correspondence, (send important concerns by registered mail), evaluations, minutes of the meetings and your copy of the educational plan. This can become one of the most valuable documents in your child's life. Most schools make sincere efforts to provide the education and services your child needs. But there may be times where you will need to push for things that you feel will make a difference for your son or daughter's education. Accommodations and supports may range from very minor changes to more restrictive or creative educational settings. Some supports may be as simple as alternative means of testing for your child, (oral testing, extended time to test, etc.) to employing a one-on-one aide who will support your child on the bus or in each class. The beauty of the team approach is the problem-solving and creative solutions that can be developed to meet the needs of your child. This is why it is called the individual education plan. Remember we must "parent the child we have." It is our job to advocate for the best education that can be provided for your child. You know your child, and you are their cheerleader and supporter. Your involvement in their education will make all the difference.
Sunday, September 21, 2008 Claim The Grid's Squares Game for 2 players. Draw the grid large enough so that each square can contain the game-piece (such as a coin) of each player. Play starts with each player marking any one of the squares, a different square for each player, with the player's symbol or filling in a square, using colored pencils or pens, with the player's color. Players each then place their game-piece on their starting The game consists of "turns" where one player moves and then the other. Who moves first in each turn alternates. So the moves are done like this: (player 1, player 2) (player 2, player 1) (player 1, player 2) (player 2, player 1), etc. Before either player moves in a turn, the player who moves second in the turn calls out how many spaces both players will move in the turn. The number of spaces called out is an integer from 1 to (n-1). Players, in the appropriate order, then move their game- pieces either up, down, left, or right the same number of squares on the grid. (Both players must move the same number of positions in a turn, but each can move in their own If a player cannot move because the number called is too big, and the move would take the player off the grid, then that player simply does not move on that turn. When a player is the first to land his/her game-piece on a square, the player then marks that square with his/her symbol, or fills the square in with her/his color. Players can always land on squares that are marked (by either player), but they can only claim empty squares for their own. Players can't move onto squares where their opponent's game- piece is located. Play continues until every square is filled in, or until a predetermined number of turns have passed. The winner of the game has the most number of squares marked with their symbol or with their color. Clarification: a player must move if he/she is able to move, whether she/he wants to or not. Leroy Quet No comments:
QF 12lber Ordnance QF 12lber 8 cwt Country of origin Great Britain Royal Arsenal Year(s) designed Production began Production ended Weapon type Light Field Gun 3in (76.2mm) / 12.5lb (5.7kg) Shell Barrel Length 84in (2.1m) Bore length 78in (1.9m) 896lb (408kg) Muzzle velocity 1,585ft/s (483m/s) Maximum effective range 5,100 yards (4,660m) Years of Service 1894 - 1917 Used by Great Britain The Ordnance QF (Quick Fire) 12lber 8 cwt was a Field Artillery piece used by the Royal Navy at the time of the Second Boer War. The 12lber 8 cwt was intended to be deployed on land by Navy forces and was therefore less powerful than the equivalent 12lbers in use at the time by the Royal Navy. Design DetailsEdit The Ordnance QF 12lber 8 cwt was less powerful than the heavier Field Guns in use by the Royal Navy at that time. However the 12lber 8 cwt was intended to be deployed by the navy on land rather than be mounted on a ship and was therefore put on an easy to manouevre carriage. This allowed the 12lber 8 cwt to be moved around quicker than the standard artillery in use by the Royal Navy. The term QF was applied to the "Quick Fire" mechanism that was intended to speed up the breech loading mechanism of typical Field Guns. Instead of a screw open breech, the QF breech mechanism used a sliding block which would be used to set off the charge and launch the shell. This method was quicker than the conventional design, but was never as popular and was soon overtaken by other innovations. The Ordnance QF 12lber 8 cwt fired the same 12.5lb shell that all other Royal Navy guns used. This shell, however, was not the norm for the rest of the Military, being specifically designed for the "QF" group of Field Guns. This shell was designed to use a brass case which would form an air tight seal in the barrel/breech. The Ordnance QF 12lber 8 cwt was deployed by the Royal Navy during two major conflicts. The first use, during the Second Boer War (1899-1902), was not particularly well documented (bar their use at Natal). However their use in the First World War was widespread across the Africa Campaigns in both the East and West of Africa. The 12lber 8 cwt was also deployed during the Battle of Gallipoli, as the Navy (which had begun to be outfitted with newer equipment) had spare shells for the 12lbers. The guns were dropped, along with the remaining stocks of ammunition for them, on the beach and used by Allied forces in the trenches. Ad blocker interference detected!
Barbers , barber , barber shop, Philadelphia Comments Off on The History of The Barber History of the Barbers barber, barbers , clipper, barber shop, haircut Fast forward to the Middle Ages. Barbers were not only tasked with hair and grooming; they also performed dental extractions and minor surgeries. At the time, clergymen were the only people authorized for major surgery, and when they became overloaded with patients, they trained barbers to perform surgery. It’s hard to imagine going to a barber shop to have your appendix removed, but barbers were the only other people familiar enough with surgical tools and human anatomy to perform these tasks. Later, Henry VIII of England would order that barbers have a certain amount of bodies per year to dissect and learn, much like medical surgeons. This is where the famous “Barber pole” got its colors. Since barbers performed medical procedures as well as haircuts, the public needed a way to identify such shops. The result was a pole with white, red, and blue stripes. The white represents the bandages used in surgery, the red represents blood, and blue represents veins. It’s quite a gruesome tradition, but also an interesting page in barbers’ history. Barbers continued in this manner until 1745, when King George separated the barbers from the medical surgeons, and barbers were to undertake hair care only. The barbershop became a place for men to receive hair and facial care by professionals highly trained in their needs. It has continued this way for over 250 years. Today, the barbershop has a modern culture all its own. Nic Grooming aims to merge the traditional barbershop qualities, such as skin care and facial hair grooming with modern technology. Taking inspiration from the barbershops of the 1940s and 1950s, we merge old school and new school together in harmony. Comments are closed.
Cure Your Diabetes Monday, July 28, 2008 How does an NGV operates? How does an NGV operate? Article - Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) operate similarly to traditional vehicles, but they use natural gas fuel. Natural gas can power existing cars and trucks by converting the engines to a bi-fuel capability. They can run on gasoline or natural gas. Creating a natural gas vehicle To convert vehicles to natural gas requires installing a tank, fuel pressure regulators, and fuel lines. NGVs can operate on either natural gas or gasoline for added range. Most systems incorporate an electronic module which adjusts the engine to maintain comparable performance levels with either fuel. Limited production of dedicated natural gas engines and vehicles is under way at motor vehicle manufacturers. Refueling stations use the same natural gas as commercial facilities and residences. These stations can also provide compressed natural gas for quick-fill or time-fill for overnight refueling. How a Natural Gas Vehicle Works 3. In a bi-fuel NGV, a fuel selector on the dash permits selection of natural gas or gasoline. A dedicated NGV operates solely on natural gas. 8. In a bi-fuel NGV, natural gas mixed with air flows down through the gasoline carburetor or fuel injection system and enters the engine's combustion chambers. In a dedicated NGV, natural gas is injected into the engine's combustion chamber via specially designed natural gas fuel injectors.
subject-matter: a) to develop the knowledge of what makes a well-organised purposeful text and how to create it b) to broaden the understanding of character drawing techniques thinking - a) to make them aware of the use of reflection and its analysis for the development of their skills of creating a 'good' text b) to generate the first draft of the ENV of a character Materials: a) the students' collated comments on their peers' co-authoring tasks (see lesson reflection of 24.03.2011) b) Task: Write ten key words that would best characterise one of the characters (to your choice). a) the students (one by one) noted the ideas they would take for themselves as tips for the future and I put the ideas into the following structure: Parameter /Feature/How to achieve it (the example of the draft grid we made will be posted in Materials). Time: it took us about 50 minutes (tuning-in, collecting ideas, summarising and reflection). What did we create? – The system of parameters, features and advice how to create a good text. Why did we organise it into a grid? - More visible. What model did we use? _ ENV (only oe of the students mentioned it). What is the element that we desribed? - text Can it be applied to any text? – it should be made more general ... Is it complete? – Of course not, it should be developed. Why do we need it? – to use it as a tool in the future. Then I said: 'Here are your co-authoring tasks. You may improve them if you wish and know how. But you can also stop here and start the next task from this stage.' b) They did the language task (see above) at home - so they had lists of words, mostly epithets. My purpose was to show them the contrast between the way we readers describe the personages and the way it is done in a fiction text. Time: 15 minutes. I asked one of the students to name his list: husband, man, relaxed, polite, caring etc.. about Martin). First, I got him to prove why he thought these words best describe Martin. He failed to explain. Then I asked them to look at their lists and range the list according to which would be the best characteristics. And then we discussed how we obtain the information. As a result, we got such a structure: a list of features, how we got to know about them (indirectly: through description of routine activities, tastes, habits, dialogue (what one says, what about, who about, how), inner thoughts, direct evaluative characteristics, description of body language, instant behaviour, reaction to what is happening etc.) and then we put these features through the filter of WHO is the source of information (the narrator, a character him/herself, another character ...). This was the idea, of course, we have not finished it. And I helped quite a lot, which is not good I realise. Then we reflected on whether this view will help them to better understand the characters and consider the believability factor. I got them to continue doing it at home. They found it useful - according to the feedback. We are still on the way of putting it together: parameter (which we did not clearly mark yet), feature, how it is shown and from which source, there are other things I feel we need to fit (key: serious/ironical etc.), when mentioned/about which time (past/present/future). Homework: explaining the reflection tasks on the whole work on the text 'Weekend' (I gave them two weeks for doing it). I will put the questions into the Materials section. Overall reflection: partially we reached the aim a) some of them realised through reflection that the task she got was half done and said she has got skills how to do it and know what to add. All of them noted what has to have been done and what they will do in a co-authoring task (e.g.). However, they do not realise the value of the ENV (and I am not skillful to show it to them). Another useful thing we realised about the preparation is that gridding the features and proofs from the text is NOT the task itself (if the task is to make a comment) but a useful HOW TO step to make this comment purposeful and informative. Re: ThTF - I think in a) it was step 3 (reflect on how the reflection can help) and in b) step 1 (limitation - best characteristics), step 2 - trying to create a sort of algorithm to be able to highlight and describe these best characteristic features). I realised I take too much time on such tasks. I need to learn to make the common discussion/reflection time shorter in time and more purposeful. I am learning to do it, and in my next group the focusing them on the character drawing took 5 minutes. They do not see the ENV value. I'll go on trying without imposing it on them of course. Could you give me an example of how it could be done in my context? I am still deeply rooted in the communicative ELT, and often find myself a) telling them more than I should have b) trying to make a task complete Now I am learning to view a task as an opening for thinking and development - and try not to get them bored. And what I have also started - explicitly and orally discussing the metacognitive value of the tasks with the students. It helps. Now they are writing - we started to understand why we are doing these tasks, all of them enjoy the tasks, some find the tasks difficult but not impossible. One wrote: the reflection was important - I realised I have to be more open and to pay more attention to how to do the task. Most of the students (according to their written feedback) have enjoyed the work on the tasks. # Susan Granlund 2011-04-10 11:44 Larissa, I agree - it's very hard to get out of the 'habits' of communicative ELT and not to keep telling them too much!It's easy to feel that too much time is being spent on one thing,and at least the first time I do something I think I always take too long over it. I guess we're learning though! It helped me to read what you wrote at the end - I have to be more open and pay more attention to how to do the task. # Larisa Sardiko 2011-04-12 11:12 Thanks for support, Susan! Joomla SEF URLs by Artio
The Info List - Bitter Orange --- Advertisement --- BITTER ORANGE, SEVILLE ORANGE, SOUR ORANGE, BIGARADE ORANGE, or MARMALADE ORANGE refers to a citrus tree (_CITRUS_ × _AURANTIUM_) and its fruit. It is native to southeast Asia, and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. Wild trees are found near small streams in generally secluded and wooded parts of Florida and The Bahamas after it was introduced to the area from Spain where it had been introduced and cultivated heavily beginning in the 10th century by the Moors . It is a hybrid between _ Citrus maxima _ (pomelo) and _Citrus reticulata _ (mandarin). Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil , and are found in perfume , used as a flavoring or as a solvent . The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade . * 1 Varieties * 2 Cooking * 3 Herbal stimulant * 3.1 Similarities to ephedra * 3.2 Drug interactions * 4 Other uses * 5 References * 6 External links See also: Citrus taxonomy § Oranges * _ Citrus × aurantium_ subsp. _amara_ is a spiny evergreen tree native to southern Vietnam , but widely cultivated. It is used as grafting stock for citrus trees, in marmalade, and in liqueur such as triple sec , Grand Marnier and Curaçao . It is also cultivated for the essential oil expressed from the fruit, and for neroli oil and orange flower water , which are distilled from the flowers . * _ Citrus × aurantium_ var. _myrtifolia_ is sometimes considered a separate species, _ Citrus myrtifolia _, the myrtle-leaved orange. A selection known as Chinotto is used for the namesake Italian soda beverage. * _ Citrus × aurantium_ var. _daidai_, Daidai , is used in Chinese medicine and Japanese New Year celebrations. The aromatic flowers are added to tea. * _ Citrus bergamia_, the Bergamot orange , is probably a bitter orange and limetta hybrid; it is cultivated in Italy for the production of bergamot oil, a component of many brands of perfume and tea , especially Earl Grey tea . * _ Citrus × aurantium_ subsp. _currassuviencis_, Laraha , grows on the Caribbean island of Curaçao . The dried peels are used in the creation of Curaçao liqueur . The Seville orange—when preserved in Caribbean sugar —is the principal ingredient in traditional British marmalade , reflecting the historic Atlantic trading relationship with Portugal and Spain: the earliest recipe for 'marmelat of oranges' dating from 1677. The peel can be used in the production of bitters . The unripe fruit, called _narthangai_, is commonly used in Southern Indian cuisine, especially in Tamil cuisine . It is pickled by cutting it into spirals and stuffing it with salt. The pickle is usually consumed with yoghurt rice called _thayir sadam _. The fresh fruit is also used frequently in _pachadis _. The Belgian _ Witbier _ (white beer ) is made from wheat beer spiced with the peel of the bitter orange. The Finnish and Swedish use bitter orange peel in gingerbread (_pepparkakor_), some Christmas bread and in _mämmi _. It is also used in the Nordic mulled wine _glögg _. In Greece and Cyprus , the _nerántzi_ or _kitrómilon_, respectively, is one of the most prized fruits used for spoon sweets , and the _C. aurantium_ tree (_nerantziá_ or _kitromiliá_) is a popular ornamental tree . In Albania as well, "nerënxa" or "portokalli i hidhur" is used commonly in spoon sweets . The blossoms are collected fresh to make a prized sweet-smelling aromatic jam ("Bitter orange blossom jam" Morabba Bahar-Narendj), or added to brewing tea. In Turkey , juice of the ripe fruits can be used as salad dressing, especially in Çukurova region. However, in Iraqi cuisine, a bitter orange or "raranj" in Iraqi is used to compliment dishes like Charred Fish "samak/simach maskouf", tomato stew "morgat tamata", "Qeema", a dish that has the same ingredients as an Iraqi tomato stew, with the addition of minced meat, boiled chikpeas "lablabi", salads as a dressing and pretty much on every single dish you desire to accompany bitter orange with. Iraqis also consume it as a citrus fruit or juice it to make bitter orange juice "'aseer raranj". Throughout Iran (commonly known as narenj), the juice is popularly used as a salad dressing, souring agent in stews and pickles or as a marinade . In the Americas , the juice from the ripe fruit is used as a marinade for meat in Nicaraguan , Cuban , Dominican and Haitian cooking, as it is in Peruvian ceviche . In Yucatán (Mexico), it is a main ingredient of the cochinita pibil . Bitter oranges The extract of bitter orange (and bitter orange peel) has been marketed as dietary supplement purported to act as a weight-loss aid and appetite suppressant . Bitter orange contains the tyramine metabolites _N_-methyltyramine , octopamine and synephrine , substances similar to epinephrine , which act on the α1 adrenergic receptor to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure and heart rate . Several low-quality clinical trials have had results of p- Synephrine (alone or in combination with caffeine or some other substances) increasing weight loss slightly. Following bans on the herbal stimulant ephedra in the U.S. , Canada , and elsewhere, bitter orange has been substituted into "ephedra-free" herbal weight-loss products by dietary supplement manufacturers. Like most dietary supplement ingredients, bitter orange has not undergone formal safety testing, but it is believed to cause the same spectrum of adverse events (harmful side-effects) as ephedra. The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health found that "there is currently little evidence that bitter orange is safer to use than ephedra." Case reports have linked bitter orange supplements to strokes , angina , and ischemic colitis . Following an incident in which a healthy young man suffered a myocardial infarction (heart attack) linked to bitter orange, a case study found that dietary supplement manufacturers had replaced ephedra with its analogs from bitter orange. Bitter orange may have serious drug interactions with drugs such as statins in a similar way to the long list of grapefruit–drug interactions . This orange is used as a rootstock in groves of sweet orange. The fruit and leaves make lather and can be used as soap . The hard white or light yellow wood is used in woodworking and made into baseball bats in Cuba . * ^ "_ Citrus × aurantium_ L.". _Germplasm Resources Information Network_. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-12-17. Retrieved 2010-01-05. * ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 29 September 2015. * ^ _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ _C. aurantium_. Purdue Horticulture. * ^ Morton, Julia (1987). _Fruits of warm climates_. Miami: Morton, J. 1987. Sour Orange. p. 130–133. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. pp. 130–133. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0 . * ^ TRILLO SAN JOSE, CARMEN (2004). _AGUA Y PAISAJE EN GRANADA: UNA HERENCIA DE AL-ANDALUS._ Granada, Spain: DIP. PROV. DE GRANADA. ISBN 9788478073528 . * ^ " Plant Profile for Citrus ×aurantium L. (pro sp.), http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CIAU8 * ^ Sharpe PA, Granner ML, Conway JM, Ainsworth BE, Dobre M (December 2006). "Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city". _Journal of the American Dietetic Association_. 106 (12): 2045–51. PMID 17126636 . doi :10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.014 . * ^ _A_ _B_ "Bitter Orange". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health . April 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03. * ^ "Dangerous Supplements: Twelve Supplements You Should Avoid". _Consumer Reports Magazine_. September 2010. * ^ Roger M. Grace. "Cadbury Schweppes Reigns Supreme Over Orange Soda Market". _metnews.com_. * ^ " Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit.". _Germplasm Resources Information Network_. * ^ Campaña de recogida de la naranja amarga. sevilla.org. * ^ Apenas se aprovechará la naranja que se recoja en la capital este año. 20minutos.es. * ^ Henry, Diana (2012). _Salt sugar smoke : how to preserve fruit, vegetables, meat and fish_. London: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845336752 . * ^ _A_ _B_ Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, Weintraub AR, Estes NA (April 2006). "Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement". _ Mayo Clinic Proceedings _. 81 (4): 545–8. PMID 16610576 . doi :10.4065/81.4.545 . * ^ Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ (January 2006). "Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange". _The Annals of Pharmacotherapy _. 40 (1): 53–7. PMID 16317106 . doi :10.1345/aph.1G488 . * ^ Hess AM, Sullivan DL (March 2005). "Potential for toxicity with use of bitter orange extract and guarana for weight loss". _The Annals of pharmacotherapy_. 39 (3): 574–5. PMID 15657116 . doi :10.1345/aph.1E249 . * ^ Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M (August 2012). "A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine." . _Int J Med Sci_. 9 (7): 527–538. PMC 3444973  _. PMID 22991491 . doi :10.7150/ijms.4446 . * ^ Duenwald, Mary (2005-10-11). "Bitter Orange Under Scrutiny as New Ephedra". New York Times _. Retrieved 2008-11-03. * ^ Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K (October 2004). "Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions" (pdf). _ Canadian Medical Association Journal _. 171 (8): 993–4. PMID 15497209 . * ^ Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS (April 2005). "Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine". _Mayo Clinic Proceedings_. 80 (4): 541–5. PMID 15819293 . doi :10.4065/80.4.541 . * ^ Holmes RO, Tavee J (July 2008). "Vasospasm and stroke attributable to ephedra-free xenadrine: case report". _Military Medicine _. 173 (7): 708–10. PMID 18700609 . * ^ Sultan S, Spector J, Mitchell RM (December 2006). "Ischemic colitis associated with use of a bitter orange-containing dietary weight-loss supplement". _Mayo Clinic Proceedings_. 81 (12): 1630–1. PMID 17165643 . doi :10.4065/81.12.1630 . * ^ Thomas JE, Munir JA, McIntyre PZ, Ferguson MA (2009). "STEMI in a 24-Year-Old Man after Use of a Synephrine-Containing Dietary Supplement: A Case Report and Review of the Literature" . _Tex Heart Inst J_. 36 (6): 586–90. PMC 2801940  . PMID 20069086 . * ^ Mayo clinic: article on interference between grapefruit and medication _ Wikimedia Commons has media
Chapter XI It has often been noticed as remarkable, that none of the prophets in Judah or Israel, from the time of Solomon down to the time when the prophets began to write their prophecies, or for near two centuries, made any mention, so far as recorded, of the Messiah or the Messianic kingdom. Why was this? Why was not this kingdom held up as an object of hope to encourage the hearts of the people in those dark and troubled days? To this it may be answered, that by no means all the utterances of the prophets during this period are preserved: they may have spoken of the Messiah and His kingdom to the faithful, though their words are not reported. But there is another answer: our brief historical survey shows us that at no time after the division of the kingdom could the coming of the Messiah have been to the nation at large an object of true spiritual desire or hope. The moral conditions were wanting. The promises respecting Him appealed to faith, and His kingdom in its higher characteristics could not be an object of mere intellectual apprehension. It has been already observed, that only as the people were faithfully fulfilling their duties to Jehovah as the theocratic King, could they understand the nature of the higher blessings of the future kingdom, and truly desire them. That in a time of general unfaithfulness, affecting both king and people, there should have been no true expectation of the Messianic Kingdom, and no mention of it by the prophets, need not, therefore, surprise us. The prophets could not speak of future spiritual blessings to those who had no ear to hear. It was their immediate duty to make the people see their unfaithfulness in their present relations to Jehovah, to convince them of their sins, and, if possible, to bring them to repentance. God sent by their lips many messages to His people, but they had special reference to present transgressions and perils and judgments. In the Northern kingdom, Elijah and Elisha and their companions warned the wicked princes and people of God's anger, and in some cases inflicted by His command severe punishments, but were silent as to Him that was to come. How, indeed, could they speak of Him as the representative of Jehovah, and the Son of David, to those who were openly worshipping Baal, and fighting against the house of David! The first step was to repent, and return to Jehovah, and walk in His ways, and thus be brought into that spiritual condition in which they could hear with joy of the holy Kingdom He had promised. In the kingdom of Judah, also, the prophets of this period may have been silent as to the Messiah, and, if so, probably from the same cause. Obedience under the Theocracy was the indispensable condition of preparation for the Messianic Kingdom; and this obedience was not simply of individuals, but of the nation headed up in its kings. As the sin had been national, so must be the repentance. Idolatry from the first was tolerated, and afterward sanctioned by royal authority, and thus found entrance into the hearts of the people. (2 Chron. xii. 1.) The images of idols and their impure rites defiled Jerusalem, the city of the great King. In the palace of David was not found that pure and holy atmosphere in which could be nurtured Jehovah's promised Deliverer, the Righteous One; oppression, greed, luxury, were seen everywhere in the land; and the efforts of the occasional faithful kings to stay the flood of evil were unavailing. Thus it was that to neither kingdom from the time of the division was the promise of God respecting the Messiah as His righteous and holy King, an object of hope, and, therefore, could not be made a subject of prophetic exhortation. The higher stage of Divine revelation and of holiness could not be desired by those who were unfaithful in the lower. That there were individuals who discerned its purport, and ardently desired its fulfillment, we may well believe; and the witness which the Psalms bear to the Messianic hopes of this time will be later considered.
Gandhi Test \| Mid-Book Test - Medium Louis Fischer Buy the Gandhi Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Multiple Choice Questions 1. After weeks of meditation, Gandhi informed the British Viceroy that civil disobedience would take place on what day, since he feared the promises for India's change of status would never be fulfilled? (a) March 11th. (b) April 11th. (c) March 21st. (d) March 1st. 2. Gandhi returned to India in 1915 to the shouts of Mahatmaji. What does the "ji" suffix indicate? (a) Respect and affection. (b) Father. (c) Friend. (d) Leader. 3. Why was it important that Gandhi was considered "colored?" (a) He was not allowed to ride on trains. (b) He should not have been allowed to ride in first class. (c) He was in the minority. (d) He was not of African descent. 4. For what did Gandhi take blame? (a) Miscalculating the dangers of the hartal. (b) Allowing the hartal to get out of hand. (c) Leading the hartal. (d) Organizing the hartal. 5. When Gandhi returned to India, what did he learn? (a) His wife is missing. (b) His brother is missing. (c) His father died. (d) His mother died. Short Answer Questions 1. The future of the 100,000 Indians in South Africa was in jeopardy. What does Gandhi decide to do? 2. As a child, what did Gandhi hide from his elders as much as possible? 3. While riding on a train from Maritzburg, what did an English man do? 4. Persecution stemmed from what? 5. Clearing his mind and soul of personal needs and desires allowed him to do what? Short Essay Questions 1. Why were a million people gathered on January 31, 1948? 2. Describe Gandhi's marriage. What was his opinion about this type of marriage? 3. What happened when Gandhi was again arrested and jailed in May? 4. What happened when Gandhi went to Nepal? 5. Why did Gandhi end his campaign against the Rowlatt Act? 6. Describe where Gandhi spent the next sixteen years of his life. 7. By 1920, how did most British officials feel about Indians? How did this affect Gandhi? 8. What is a Yogi? 9. What happened when Gandhi and his followers walk freely around Transvaal? 10. Describe Gandhi as a child. (see the answer keys) This section contains 880 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) Buy the Gandhi Lesson Plans Follow Us on Facebook
In the Castle of My Skin Test \| Mid-Book Test - Medium Buy the In the Castle of My Skin Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ Multiple Choice Questions 1. When an old woman tells a schoolboy she had once been a slave, what does his teacher tell him? (a) Not in Barbados and a very long time ago. (b) In England, a short time ago. (c) In Barbados and a very long time ago. (d) In America, a hundred years ago. 2. Who runs a busy food cart that the villagers buy food from every morning? (a) Pa. (b) Savory. (c) Mr. Foster. (d) Mr. Creighton. 3. Whom do Mr. Foster and the overseer's brother ask for an opinion about Mr. Slime? (a) Bob's mother. (b) Ma. (c) A boy. (d) Miss Foster. 4. How is Trumper able to get his two friends inside the gate of the landlord's home? (a) He blackmails Mr. Slime for a key. (b) They make a tunnel under the gate. (c) The overseer leaves a key for Cutsie and he got it. (d) He bribes the overseer for a key. 5. What does Ma have Pa do to get him to stop thinking about dying? (a) Look at old photos of themselves. (b) Say a prayer together. (c) Talk about it with her. (d) Call a neighbor to talk. Short Answer Questions 1. What device does the author use to let the reader know that the head teacher likes to drink ? 2. What makes the drinking water give G. a belly ache? 3. What does G.'s mother do every Sunday when he walks past the corner on his way to Sunday school? 4. The village overseers are given special favors. What is one favor given? 5. Who does the headmaster put to the back of his mind as being too big and important to deal with yet, after he has seen the contents of the envelope? Short Essay Questions 1. What does the reader know about Pa and Ma? 2. How does the author portray the village as being at war with itself in Chapter 1? 3. What is Pa talking about in his sleep when he brings up the words "silver" and "Africa"? 4. When Trumper, Boy Blue and G. observe the fisherman in Chapter 6, what is he doing? Describe his attitude. 5. What is the pattern of the customers on the "corner"? 6. Why do the villagers trust Mr. Slime? 7. In what way does Pa compare Mr. Slime to Moses? 8. The shoemaker makes a little speech in Chapter 5 to the men he is standing with as they watch the villagers buy food from the cart. What is the point of his speech? 9. What has given both G. and his mother some anxiety and confidence about how things will be in Trinidad for G.? 10. What is the head teacher trying to discover as he listens to Pa's reactions to what he has been told in Chapter 13? (see the answer keys) This section contains 1,038 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page) Buy the In the Castle of My Skin Lesson Plans In the Castle of My Skin from BookRags. (c)2017 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved. Follow Us on Facebook
Thursday, Oct 19th Last update:07:55:50 PM GMT John 18 E-mail Print PDF This chapter ‘fills in’ some more details not found in other narratives. It is the time of betrayal and the start of the final hours of the Lord on this earth. Verses 1&2 In chapter 17 we read some of the very last words of instruction and encouragement given by Jesus to His disciples. Now, the moment arrived for Him to be betrayed, and He took His disciples to His usual respite place, a garden near the Cedron brook. The brook only had water flowing during flooding or winter (this we know from the meaning of ‘Cedron brook’), but we do not know for certain if they had to cross a dry river bed or the water at this time. However, it was April, so it is reasonable to conclude that the river bed was dry. The word cheimarros actually translates as ‘winter-flowing’. The name ‘Cedron’ (Kedrōn/Kidron) underlines this fact, because it is the name of a torrent of water that flowed from outside Jerusalem, down the Kidron valley under the mount of Olives, and into the Dead Sea. Thus, ‘Cedron’ was the name of the torrent and not the garden. The garden must have been on the lower part of the mount of Olives. Was the ‘garden’ tended as a garden, or was it just a pleasant place to rest? As the Mount was covered with olive trees, the garden was probably tended AS a garden. The words “into the which he entered” imply a walled garden or one with some kind of perimeter fence or shrubs. The group sat down and perhaps talked some more, but their rest was interrupted by Judas Iscariot and a band of Temple soldiers who had been sent from Jerusalem. Judas guessed rightly where Jesus was, for they had been there often when Jesus wanted to rest quietly. Verses 3-6 Judas guided the Jewish Temple soldiers (NOT Roman soldiers) led by their officers over the brook and towards the garden. Lanterns and torches gave light, and thus we know it was fairly late at night. In this text ‘lanterns’ may have meant ‘torches’, as the word, phanos, could refer to an object carrying oil, but also a torch, consisting of strips of wood bound together, the resin content acting like oil. This is more likely because a lantern holding a wick and oil would need replenishing too often, so a separate container (angeion) for extra oil was needed. It is unlikely that this company of men would have bothered with such added baggage – their aim was to get Jesus quickly in the dark, to avoid a commotion from the usual crowds, so they would have moved swiftly with torches of bound wood strips, which burned for longer. Shamefully, the soldiers carried weapons (swords, spears and maybe heavy wooden truncheons), to arrest a man known everywhere for His peaceful ways! On the other hand, they did not know how His disciples would react (as one did), or if they might have to fight off onlookers. Jesus, of course, knew what they had come for and walked towards them, asking who they were looking for. He saw Judas standing at their side. Someone answered “Jesus of Nazareth”. Calmly, Jesus replied “I am he”. The actual response was “I am”, which is itself interesting for it means “I am present” but is also a repeat of God’s state of self-existence: “I AM”. Perhaps I make too much of this... but it is interesting. Even more interesting is the fact that as soon as He said “I am” all the men who came after Him moved away from Him involuntarily, reversing their direction, before falling backwards onto their backs. It is very interesting because the same feature can be found in many charismatic meetings when people are touched on their heads by the preacher. In their case, the falling backwards is a sign of anti-Christ dealings and is caused by occult means (Satan). The other possibility is that the men all fell backwards because they dared to arrest the Son of God, Whose mere power of His presence threw them down on the ground. Whichever is the cause, it was a sign of the men’s wickedness, for men who acknowledge God’s/Jesus’ divinity fall forwards onto their faces, not backwards. (For more on this phenomenon, see my various articles on charismaticism). It is also possible that Jesus wanted them to link His Name with what just happened to them. Verses 7-9 One can only imagine the terror those soldiers felt, especially as neither Jesus, nor His disciples, had touched them! They evidently got back up again. Jesus repeated His question – who are you looking for? They again replied (possibly with less aggression) “Jesus of Nazareth”. Jesus said that He had already told them He was standing before them, and then He asked that they would let His disciples go free. After all, their business was with him, not them. And, the prophecy said that not one of His men would be lost. The soldiers must have been more than willing to oblige, after being forced to the ground on their backs by what was, to them, an unknown force somehow coming from Jesus. Verses 10-14 It is often said by ignorant Christians that we have no right to be violent towards anyone for any reason, and may not carry weapons. It is even an excuse not to go to war. Yet, the same ones are more than happy for police or soldiers to protect them, using reasonable force! It was customary for Jews to carry swords, and even Jesus told the disciples to carry them. A machaira could be a big butcher’s knife, almost like a machete, or it could be a curved bladed sword (as many Arabs used to use) for a slicing movement (often from a horse), or a straight pointed one for thrusting into bodies, or just a smallish sword carried for protection. Simon Peter drew his sword and we may reasonably guess that he had a sword with a curved blade, for it had a cutting edge rather than a point – he cut off the right ear of one of the arresting group. Though Jesus had no problem on a previous occasion with disciples having swords for self-defence, on this occasion Peter mistook what to do. The ear belonged to Malchus, the servant of the current High Priest, Caiaphas. Jesus commanded Peter to put his sword back into its sheath, saying that it was time for Him to undergo His prophesied end of life. It was something only He could bring about. Remarkably, the soldiers did not arrest Peter. The most likely reason was that Jesus miraculously replaced the ear, healing Malchus instantly. Even so, they tied Jesus’ arms and led Him down the garden, back over the river bed, and onto the track leading to Jerusalem a short distance away. When they reached the Temple confines, Jesus was handed over to Annas, the father-in-law of the High Priest. (Annas was a former High-Priest, put out of office by the Procurator Valerius Gratus, but retaining immense influence over Jewish affairs). The text reminds us that it was Caiaphas who had earlier said that it was better for one man (Jesus) to die, than for the whole of Israel to die at the hands of Romans, if they did not quell what they thought would be a national uprising if Jesus became physical king). Verses 15-18 Peter and another disciple followed the arresting soldiers from afar. The unnamed ‘other’ disciple was known to the High Priest and so was able to enter the palace with Jesus. Peter, however, remained outside until the ‘other’ disciple came back to clear his entry with the young woman in charge of the door. The woman immediately recognised Peter and said ‘Aren’t you one of Jesus’ disciples?’ Peter, afraid, replied “I am not”! Just inside the doorway was a group of servants and Temple officers standing around an open fire, because it was early morning and still cold. Peter, hoping not to be further identified, stood with them, warming his hands. Verses 19-21 1. The high priest then asked Jesus of his disciples, and of his doctrine. The High Priest came to see Jesus when he was refreshed by a night’s sleep, whereas Jesus had been awake all night. Pretending to be interested, and thinking himself to be clever, the pompous High Priest began to question Jesus about His ministry and His disciples. Jesus replied as every modern day preacher and Bible teacher should respond – He cut out the nonsense and hidden hatred and went ‘straight to the heart’. Jesus was blunt – His ministry was well-known, He had preached in the Temple and in synagogues, where plenty of Jews attended, so everything He said and did was well-documented and known openly; there were no secrets! Jesus asked ‘Why are you asking me this inane question? Ask all those who heard me – they know what I said’. We can legitimately read between the lines, for Jesus was mocking the High Priest who had already received many reports from his spies about what Jesus said and did. If you are a preacher or wish to witness to others, do not be distracted by this kind of stupid questioning by attempting to answer their annoying questions, which only serve to increase their feeling of power. Atheists in particular love to make stupid remarks or to ask stupid questions of Christians, which have already been answered many times, not just by scripture, but also by God’s men before us. The aim of these unbelievers (including within the churches) is just to tie you in knots and to prevent a clear retort. To put it in common parlance, just hit them between the eyes and walk away! They have no interest in your reply or in truth. If they honestly wanted answers, then we are obliged to answer them. But, not otherwise. Verses 22-24 3. Now Annas had sent him bound unto Caiaphas the high priest When Jesus, King of kings, answered the High Priest, one of the Temple officers slapped Him across the face for daring to answer his master in such a way. What? With truth? What an historical and eternal blunder – to hit the Son of God! This is the retort of most haters of God: they attack rather than discuss, and their only response to truth is violence or the law! See how atheists today try to destroy Christians who dare to question or criticise homosexuals and Islam! There is no discussion of the actual facts, just a clamp-down using law as a weapon. Jesus rightly asked why the man had struck Him, when He had said nothing wrong. A small note tells us that Annas had Jesus bound and sent to the High Priest. Not because Jesus was a physical threat, but just to show the supposed power of the Sanhedrin. Many rulers throughout history resort to naked power: this abuse conveys bluntly that those rulers may have raw power, but they have no authority! We see this today in all Western countries, as well as in those countries terrorised by Islam. If they had true authority, the people would accept their rule and agree with what they do. But, as they have no such authority they degenerate into issuing unfair laws. Verses 25-27 3. Peter then denied again: and immediately the cock crew. Meanwhile, Peter continued to warm himself, his mind probably reeling from the recognition of the maiden, but wanting to know the fate of His Master. Others soon recognised him and asked if he was one of Jesus’ disciples. Again, Peter replied “I am not”. A little later another man, a servant and family/tribal friend of Malchus, asked if he had seen Peter with Jesus in the garden. Peter again said he did not know Jesus. Immediately, the cock crowed, and Peter was devastated by his own disloyalty and frailty! He was the one who said he would die for Jesus; now, here he was, cowering like a coward, denying the Lord he had previously acknowledged to be the Messiah, Son of God! Would YOU be stronger? Do you shake your head at Peter’s fear? Why? He was in the power-house of Israel’s rule. Where Jesus was about to be beaten to within an inch of His mortal life. He was surrounded by snarling, wicked men. Are you SURE you would have reacted more strongly? I doubt it, yet a stronger witness in the face of actual and real danger is what we must strive for, even if we miss the mark. Verses 28-30 It was still early morning and guards led Jesus from the portico to the judgment hall (the praitōrion – of Latin origin) of the palace. Though the palace in which the High Priest lived, it was used as a central headquarters by Roman rulers and by the Roman soldiers. The Roman governor owned the right to live in the palace, so the High Priest was allowed a privilege to stay there. In reality it seems the Roman ruler actually lived in Herod’s palace across the other side of Jerusalem. Pilate is known to have lived in the castle of Antonia (usually identified as Herod’s palace), occupied by the Roman garrison. The Jews and leaders did not enter the judgment hall, “lest they should be defiled”, “but that they might eat the passover”. Did not Jesus eat the Passover the night before, after which He sent Judas to do his foul deed? It is likely that the reference is to the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which comes immediately after the Passover Feast. However, this is unclear. Whilst they wanted to murder Jesus, they did not wish to be ritually tainted by being part of any judgment (A futile thing to do for they had already been forming their judgment over the past three years. It is called hypocrisy). Pilate came into the hall and asked why the Jews had brought Jesus to him. As if trying to unintentionally hide their shame, they did not answer directly, but objected that if Jesus was not a criminal, they would not have brought Him. Thus, they avoided the question, no doubt annoying the Roman ruler, who was quite astute. The Jews used the word “malefactor” to describe Jesus – thus calling Him someone who did evil, kakopoios. This was a direct lie, as they already knew! Jesus did nothing in His life to be called ‘evil’. Today, homosexuals call Christian ‘evil’ for defying and rejecting their wickedness. In so doing they project onto Christians the very thing they are themselves guilty of. And they use the same kind of underhanded and foul tactics used by the Pharisees, demanding a legal end to the One Who told only the truth. Verses 31-34 Pilate saw through their scheming and told the Jews to judge Jesus according to their own religious laws. Only then did the Jews ‘cut to the chase’ – they could not do so, because they demanded the death penalty, and the Jews were not allowed to make such a judgment. Once again, the hapless Pharisees fulfilled prophecy, victims of their own sins! Pilate then entered the hall again, calling Jesus to approach him. he asked a direct question: “Art thou the King of the Jews?” You might think this was just a mockery, but Pilate did not care who was the king... so long as he obeyed Roman rule! Any Jewish king was just a puppet, used to control the excesses of zealous Jews. Verses 35-37 Jesus did not just say “Yes”, but asked Pilate why he asked the question – was it his own, or was he primed by the Pharisees? Possibly, this annoyed Pilate, but we do not really get this from the text. Pilate answered that he was not a Jew, and the rulers of the Jews had brought Him to be judged by Rome. So, “what hast thou done?” Note that he had to ask the question because the Pharisees had not yet made accusations against Him. Jesus’ answer should have been enough for Pilate to throw the case out. Jesus told him that His kingdom was not of this world. In itself this answered the question “Are you King of the Jews?” If he was a king of the Jews in the physical sense then His followers would rise up and fight (as did many false Messiahs during that time). But, as His kingdom was not earthly, His followers did not rise up and cause trouble. Pilate asked “Art thou a king then?” Jesus; answer is often abused by unbelievers. Jesus, in His answer, admitted He WAS a king. ‘You say I am a king’ and “to this end was I born”. That was a direct affirmation that He was indeed King of the Jews, but in a spiritual sense. As king He came to witness to God’s truth, and everyone who believed (was elect: they were “of the truth”) listened to what He said. For Pilate this was just Jewish mythology and not a threat to the relative peacefulness of Israel under his rule. For this reason Pilate was not that interested. Verses 38-40 Pilate asked Jesus “What is truth?” He asked this as a Roman, rather than as a seeker of God. He was familiar with Roman multi-god realities and so asked Jesus what were the objective facts about Jesus’ claim that proved His kingship. But, his question was just a throw-away line for he did not wait for an answer. He had heard enough and went out to the Pharisees to tell them he found no fault with Jesus. Possibly, seeing their faces and anger, he gave them a life-line. He said they had a custom, to release one prisoner at Passover. Did they want him to release the King of the Jews? Then, the satanic wickedness of the Jews took over and they cried out ‘No! Release Barabbas!’. Barabbas was a robber who attacked people for their money and goods. So, he was also violent. Films often depict him as a freedom fighter against Rome, but there is no actual evidence of this. A robber did not care who was ruling; his only aim was to get rich by attacking and robbing people. © May 2015
How BASF's Process Control and Electrical Engineering Contribute to Improving Energy Efficiency 27 April 2009 Martin Schwibach, senior automation manager at BASF, a large chemical company, explained that the company gives top priority to saving energy. There are multiple drivers for this. Firstly, the shortage of oil and gas resources will continue to be a major factor in manufacturing costs. The need to preserve both resources and the environment drives sustainable manufacturing, which requires companies to rely less and less on oil and gas for energy and raw materials. BASF has a goal to reduce gas emission 25 per cent by 2020 BASF's goals are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25 per cent by 2020, implying a comparable increase in energy efficiency. This exceeds the European Council of 2007's policy to achieve 20 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. In the future, BASF wants to use more renewable energy sources, that are economical in themselves and do not require economic stimulation from the state. "Verbund" is the term that BASF uses to identify the company's integration initiative, which includes integrated energy production and manufacturing at production sites, with highly efficient material and energy processes. The energy efficiency of modern gas turbine power plants, which is currently around 60 per cent, can be improved to approach 90 per cent in combined-cycle electricity and steam generation plants. More efficient production processes can also contribute to reduced energy consumption. Processes and equipment can be designed for energy efficiency. One example is using reactive distillation or dividing wall distillation that combines two or more unit operations in a single piece of equipment. The remaining steam demand can further be reduced by so-called heat-integration of processes and plants, whereby heat and steam are reused, inside and across plants on the site, if appropriate. Heat integration makes processes and their control more complex. An example is load-dependent control of reboiler heating in a distillation column. The use of APC to reduce of quality variance also leads to lower energy usage. BASF targets both batch and continuous processes. The company reports that the payback on process control applications for energy efficiency is generally less than one year. BASF monitors specific energy consumption versus throughput, compared to historical data and the benchmark. The deviations are used to trigger problem solving, resulting in significant energy and cost savings. The company’s electrical engineering group modernises old lamp fittings with mirrors and electronic control, which can reduce energy consumption by 15 per cent. Variable speed controls and high efficiency drives reduce energy consumption by 20 to 30 per cent and 3 to 5 per cent, respectively, significantly reducing lifecycle costs for pumps. Temperature-dependent controls on anti-freeze protection of process equipment have reduced energy consumption by 80 per cent at the company's main manufacturing complex in Ludwigshafen. This corresponds to the annual electricity typically consumed by 250 households. BASF's recommendation is to start by designing energy-efficient process technology, and to apply operability analysis and process control design in early design stages. For existing plants, energy-efficient devices should replace older equipment. In operations, BASF recommends the use of APC, KPI monitoring, and a continuous improvement approach. BASF also recommends that companies communicate best practices and standardise on solutions and tools for ongoing improvements. Contact Details and Archive... Related Articles... Most Viewed Articles... Additional Information... Print this page \| E-mail this page
What does kars mean? Definitions for karskɑrs Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word kars. 1. Kars(ProperNoun) A historically Armenian city in eastern Turkey. 2. Origin: From Kars, from Կարս. 1. Kars Kars is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of Kars Province. The population of the city is 73,826 as of 2010. The Nuttall Encyclopedia 1. Kars an almost impregnable fortress on the Russo-Turkish frontier in Asia, 100 m. E. of the Caspian Sea; was successfully held by the Turks under General Williams in 1855, of which Laurence Oliphant wrote an account, but captured by Russia in 1877, and ceded to her by the Treaty of Berlin, 1878; it is a strong place, and a prize to any power that possesses it. Suggested Resources 1. KARS What does KARS stand for? -- Explore the various meanings for the KARS acronym on the Abbreviations.com website. 1. Chaldean Numerology The numerical value of kars in Chaldean Numerology is: 8 2. Pythagorean Numerology The numerical value of kars in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4 Images & Illustrations of kars 1. karskarskars Find a translation for the kars definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these kars definitions with the community: Word of the Day Please enter your email address: Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "kars." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 19 Oct. 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/kars>. Are we missing a good definition for kars? Don't keep it to yourself... Nearby & related entries: Alternative searches for kars: Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support.
The Gulf of Guinea Creoles This Chapter is currently unavailable for purchase. Since Luis Ivens Ferraz’ work of the 1970s on the four Gulf of Guinea creoles, it has been generally accepted that we are dealing with closely related languages based on historical and linguistic data. However, Ferraz (1987: 348) considers that the Gulf of Guinea creoles share similarities because “(…) they grew up together, with slaves and settlers introduced through the central administration in São Tomé. Hence different languages developed in the archipelago rather than dialects of one contact language.” This paper will reassess the linguistic relation between the Gulf of Guinea creoles and the typological contribution of the African strata. It will be argued that there is indeed substantial linguistic evidence that the GGCs are the result of a common ancestor, a proto-Gulf of Guinea creole. Furthermore, since Ferraz (1979) it has generally been assumed that the substrate of the Gulf of Guinea creoles, in particular of Santome, is halfway Edo and Kongo. I will argue, against this claim by showing that most of the features that are shared by the GGCs or can be reconstructed to the proto-GGC relate to the Niger delta, and Edo in particular, whereas western Bantu languages only played a secondary or adstratal role. This is a required field Please enter a valid email address
Which Farmed Fish Welfare Issues Does the Public Care Most About? (Activist Messaging) When advocating for non-human animals, it helps to keep in mind that humans are often influenced to act when they perceive an individual as suffering. This fact is especially relevant to fish advocacy, since humans have a much harder time empathizing with fish than they do land animals. It also leads us to ask these questions: Which farmed fish welfare issue is perceived as causing the most suffering? And which farmed fish welfare issue is most likely to prompt the public to demand change from major food companies? Answering these questions will allow farmed animal protection groups like Mercy For Animals to create more effective talking points and more persuasive materials (videos, websites, and so on) when advocating for policy improvements for farmed fish. For this study, we recruited 215 participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk. We presented them with short descriptions of six major farmed fish welfare issues: crowding, slaughter, handling, feeding practices, breeding, and water quality. Each issue was described in two to three sentences in the persuasive style typically used by animal protection organizations. The six issues were presented to participants in a random order. After reading about an issue, participants were asked three questions: 1. To what extent do you think the issue you just read about causes pain and suffering to fish? (The response scale was from 0—fish don’t suffer at all—to 10—fish suffer greatly, much like humans.) 2. If you found out that a restaurant that you eat at, such as Burger King or Red Lobster, served fish products (such as fish sandwiches or fish fillets) from fish who were raised in the condition you just learned about, would you want to stop eating at that restaurant? 3. How important do you think it is for restaurant chains, such as Burger King or Red Lobster, to serve fish products (such as fish sandwiches and fish fillets) from fish who are not raised in the condition you just learned about? Participants were also asked to force-rank the six welfare issues on how much suffering each issue caused. We analyzed 203 completed responses using t-tests, with p-values adjusted using the Holm-Bonferroni method. Which Practices Are Viewed as Causing the Most Suffering? On a scale of 0 (fish don’t suffer at all from this) to 10 (fish suffer greatly from this), participants rated the six farmed fish welfare issues between 6.2 and 7.9. Crowding, slaughter, and water quality were rated as causing the most suffering. These three issues were rated significantly higher than handling, feeding, and breeding, although the differences between these three and the others were not statistically significant. It is worth noting that participants rated fish capacity for suffering fairly close to human capacity for suffering. We’re not confident that this is an accurate picture of how much participants think fish can suffer. In this subsequent study, fish were thought to have a significantly lower capacity for suffering than other farmed animals. Since we didn’t ask participants to rate any other animals in the current study, we don’t think that the absolute values should be used but that we should focus on values relative to one another to determine which welfare issues are thought to cause more suffering than others. Would You Eat at Restaurants That Used These Practices? On a scale of 0 (this practice would not make me at all less interested in eating at a restaurant) to 10 (this practice would definitely make me less interested in eating at a restaurant), ratings of each of the six issues ranged from 5.5 to 7.2. Poor water quality (and its outcomes on fish welfare) was the issue that made people most likely to want to stop eating at a restaurant, and the difference between it and the other five welfare issues was statistically significant. Should Corporate Policies Be Changed? On a scale of 0 (it’s not at all important that companies prevent this practice in their supply chains) to 10 (it’s very important that companies prevent this practice in their supply chains), participants’ ratings for the six issues ranged from 5.9 to 7.4. Poor water quality was the issue that participants felt most strongly restaurants should not allow in their supply chains. (This result was also statistically significant.) The second-most important issue participants wanted companies to address in their supply chains was crowding. Participants were least concerned about breeding. (The difference here was also statistically significant.) Welfare Issues Ranked After rating all the issues separately, participants were asked to rank the six welfare issues according to which issues they thought caused the most suffering. Overwhelmingly, people ranked slaughter as causing the most suffering to fish. Just over half (52%) of participants put slaughter at the top of the list. The issues of water quality and crowding were also ranked high by participants—crowding was ranked first or second by about half of participants, and water quality was ranked in the top two by about 40% of participants. Breeding was ranked last by nearly half of participants, and feeding was ranked last or next to last by about half of participants. The results of this study suggest that poor water quality, along with the welfare issues it causes, is the farmed fish welfare issue that resonates most with the public. It is the issue that participants felt most needed to be addressed in a restaurant’s supply chain. And participants were most likely to stop eating at a restaurant if poor water quality existed in its supply chain. Crowding and slaughter also appear to be issues that generate some concern from the public, with slaughter viewed as causing the most fish suffering. Poor breeding (and the welfare issues it causes) appears to be the issue least likely to generate public support for policy change. These results suggest that farmed animal protection organizations working to create policy changes to protect farmed fish should focus primarily on poor water quality and its outcomes and secondarily on crowding and slaughter. More research is needed, however, before drawing any final conclusions on this topic—in particular, research to see whether these results hold when participants are presented with more comprehensive information, such as a webpage or petition with pictures and text. Mercy For Animals intends to carry out such research in the coming months. Below are the descriptions of animal welfare issues presented to study participants. Tanks are so overcrowded that the fish are jammed so tightly together they can barely swim around and often don’t have enough oxygen to breathe. This causes fish to become so agitated and aggressive they sometimes bite off the tails and eyes of other fish. Unlike some other farmed animals, they have no meaningful legal protections during slaughter. They are often killed by being chopped open while still alive and fully conscious. Others are left in open air or in ice slush to slowly and painfully suffocate to death, which can take anywhere from ten minutes to several hours. Fish are often yanked out of the water for long periods of time (which causes them to start to suffocate), are swung by the tail, and are dropped or thrown onto hard objects. They are also often crowded tightly together by nets, and are sometimes maimed or killed by being jammed against sharp objects during the handling process. Feeding Practices The majority of wild-caught fish are actually caught and killed to be fed to factory farmed fish. Because of this, fish farms are a leading cause of overfishing and ocean depletion, as well as many of the other consequences of overfishing: coral reef destruction, ocean acidification, and destruction of non-targeted species like dolphins and turtles. Poor Breeding Fish are artificially bred to grow as fast and as large as possible with no concern for how it impacts their welfare. As a result, these unnatural fish are often abnormally aggressive with one another and suffer health problems caused by their poor breeding. Water Quality The water quality in the tanks is often very bad, which causes a host of problems for fish, including infestations of parasitic sea lice, which eat away the flesh and faces of fish. Fish receive no individual veterinary attention, and the bad water quality leads many fish to slowly and agonizingly suffer to death from disease or other ailments. Supporting Documents
Urban Guerrilla Grafters are Putting Free Fruit in City Trees By \| Image: Levy In the daylight hours of early spring, quiet, fast-moving (but otherwise visually obvious) groups of Guerrilla Grafters set out to make their mark in the city of San Francisco. Carrying only fruit tree branch tips swathed in damp paper towels, small knives, tape and baggies, these stealthy urban gardeners are on a clear mission: bring fruit back to the ornamental trees that line city streets and parks. And although the goal seems innocent enough, some are asking: what’s the point and why so secretive? According to Margaretha Haughout, the intention of the Grafters’ labor is threefold: daring, caring, and sharing. When the teams head out, they dare to defy the expectations of the status quo by grafting the ornamentals. In doing so, they are considered vandals in many cities, as grafting is considered exactly that: vandalism. And like graffiti, it is illegal for that reason. That’s where the “dare” comes in. Haughout explains, “Our team is guerrilla because it is covert, laterally organized, very much the underdog. It is the work of the dare.” And later, as the tree accepts the attached scions and responds with leaves on the grafted branches, team members must return and assist further or engage a neighborhood ally into the “caring” stage, which ensures the grafted tree branch matures enough to eventually bear fruit. Watering and pruning may play necessary parts in this stage. This process of fruit-bearing can take up to five years in some cases — although can also possibly occur immediately the very same season, like a recent San Francisco mission of Asian pears which formed within five months of grafting. Finally, “sharing” is the latest stage, comprising the harvesting and distribution of the fruit. This is the time for cleaning up around the trees, ensuring no one slips and distributing the fruit before it rots and attracts rodents. This is the part where the Grafters are able to show city officials and concerned residents that fruit trees have a place in the cityscape and they can prove it. In this pattern, then, we see Haughout’s rhyme unfold, “Daring provokes caring, which in turn elicits sharing.” Another great reason for fruit-bearing trees in low income areas is because many such regions have no supermarkets and very few produce-providing stores, says Tara Hui, a San Francisco fruit tree grafter. And in Hui’s view, fruit grafting is a healthy, simple solution that problem. She states, “What better way to alleviate scarcity of healthy produce in an impoverished area than to grow them yourself and to have it available for free.” But city officials and urban foresters express the concern for slipping is a real one. Once a single piece of fruit falls to the sidewalk and gets crushed, that area becomes slippery immediately, posing a threat the residents walking by. Carla Short, an urban forester with the San Francisco Department of Public Works, claims territory over 103,000 public trees in the area, and insists that fruit “isn’t forbidden everywhere, and the local government does encourage them in community gardens.” But although she does admit to “looking for” the guerrilla grafters, she also states she hasn’t found them yet. Regardless, the Grafters haven’t given up and in fact have caught on in other areas as well. In addition, similar ideas have sprouted up with the innovative, which connects overly abundant fruit tree owners with those willing to harvest them, Food Forward and CropMobster, which also organize volunteers and farmers willing to work for donations or free in order to link access farm produce to those who need it. There’s also an increasing “Grow a Row, Give A Row” farming movement which is modeled by the Maris Farm of upstate New York, giving a row of produce away for every row sold. This intentional abundance is harvested primarily by volunteers from a nearby college who believe in the effort.
Gratitude is a "generalized tendency to recognize and respond with grateful emotion to the roles of other people’s benevolence in the positive experiences and outcomes that one obtains" (McCullough et al., 2002). The study of gratitude is a good example of a topic in the area of positive psychology. According to the influential study by McCullough et al. (2002), the following can be concluded about grateful people: grateful people appear to be different from their less grateful counterparts in three interesting psychological domains: (a) emotionality/well-being, (b) prosociality, and (c) spirituality/religiousness. Compared with their less grateful counterparts, grateful people are higher in positive emotions and life satisfaction and also lower in negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, and envy. They also appear to be more prosocially oriented in that they are more empathic, forgiving, helpful, and supportive than are their less grateful counterparts. Relatedly, grateful people are less focused on the pursuit of materialistic goals. Finally, people with stronger dispositions toward gratitude tend to be more spiritually and religiously minded. The GQ-6 scale has only 6 items. The score on this scale ranges somewhere between 6 and 42 points (because there are 6 7-point Likert scale items). Here are some group averages from different studies that give you some idea of the ranges (all the details are in this document): Group N Average score Post-traumitic disorder group (PTSD) 16-year olds from Long Island Taiwanese college students US high school students aged 14-19 Australian college students Adult volunteers aged 18-75 Business school graduate students Run the demo The scale can be used for research when citing and acknowledging the authors and their paper. This is implemented as a very basic scale item with some reverse scored items. The survey code for PsyToolkit scale: agree - strongly disagree - disagree - slightly disagree - neutral - slightly agree - agree - strongly agree l: gq6 t: scale agree o: width 25% q: Indicate how much you agree with each statement - I have so much in life to be thankful for. - {reverse} When I look at the world, I don’t see much to be grateful for. - I am grateful to a wide variety of people. - {reverse} Long amounts of time can go by before I feel grateful to something or someone. l: score t: set - sum $gq6 l: feedback t: radio q: Your gratitude score is {$score}. - I am grateful for the answer :-) • A scoring sheet with some extra information which can be retrieved from Emmons' lab.
We offer Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Applied Science at A Level. Biology, Chemistry and Physics are AQA board. Read more ... Business Studies (A-level) AS/A level Business Studies What is it? Have you ever wondered... • Why Wayne Rooney earns more than the Prime Minister? • Why Woolworths went bust even though it was profitable? • Why news media so much stress on interest rates? • How Primark can sell clothes so cheaply? • Why are more flowers sold on a Monday? • Why is it so complicated to work out the best mobile phone tariff? Study A level Business Studies to find out. Business studies is an academic discipline which involves studying how organisations work, their management and the changing external environment in which they operate. Read more ... AS/A level Art What is it? A level Art and Design is a two year course. After completion of AS level in Year 12, students can continue their studies and take A2 Art in Year 13. A level Art is a largely practical course which builds upon skills gained at GCSE and develops the students’ ability to draw and paint through use of a variety of media and techniques. Students will study the History of Art and develop their research and investigative skills. During the first year of the course students are required to complete a body of practical work, in which they explore a variety of materials and techniques and a 10 hour terminal examination. In the second year students continue practical work and they also write an accompanying personal study of up to 3000 words. They complete the course with a 15 hour examination. Read more ... English Language and Literature AS/A level English Language and Literature What is it? An English Language/Literature AS/A level course involves developing your enjoyment and interest in literary and non-literary texts. The course covers aspects of stylistics, linguistics, narratology and creative writing. What shall I study? AS level Paper 1: Views and Voices Paper 2: People and Places A level Paper 1: Telling Stories Paper 2: Exploring Conflict What qualifications do I need? At least a grade 5 in GCSE English language and English literature. Who is it for? AS/A level English Language/Literature is a course for the committed and enthusiastic student who has really enjoyed their GCSE English course. It will require you to study texts in greater detail and depth and wider reading is an essential element of the syllabus. There is a great deal of work involved with this course so it does require conscientious study. Where might it lead me? Higher education or employment. Who can I ask for more details? Careers staff or the English Department. Why study English at St Thomas More Catholic School? • Favourable group sizes. • Experienced and committed staff. • Opportunities to visit theatres/workshops/lectures. • Your personal opinion is valued and respected. Computer Science AS/A level Computer Science What is it? This specification encourages pupils to develop a broad range of skills and knowledge of computing as a basis for progression into further learning, including progression from AS to A2, and/or employment in computing-related fields. It promotes the integrated study of computer science. It will enable learners to develop a broad range of skills in the areas of programming, system development, computer architecture, data, communication and applications. Read more ...
Human Genome Essay Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 337 • Published : November 13, 2008 Open Document Text Preview Human Genome Project The Human Genome controls from the eye and skin color to the potential for developing disease. Humans display remarkable and endless variety which is controlled by the Human Genome. Human Genome is the complete “instruction manual” found in the nucleus of all cells that is used to define a specific organism. Decoding and understanding these instructions is the goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP). This project began in 1990, which was coordinated by the United States department of energy, and the National Institutes of health. Some of the project goals were to: •During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others. identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, •determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, •store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and •address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. To help achieve these goals, researchers also studied the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms. These include the common human gut bacterium Escherichia coli, the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. After years of multi-billion-dollar research, the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics (a non-government biotechnology company) jointly announced drafts of the human genome sequence in 2000. By mid-2001, scientists associated with these ventures had presented the true nature and complexity of the digital code inherent in DNA. We now understand that there are approximately 35,000 genes in each human DNA molecule, comprised of approximately 3 billion chemical bases arranged in precise sequence. Even the DNA molecule for the single-celled bacterium, E. coli, contains enough information to fill all the books in any of the world's largest... tracking img
Nursing Theory Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 8914 • Published : June 3, 2009 Open Document Text Preview Nursing Theory: Explanation and Relevance to Nursing Practices Katherine Lott Azusa Pacific University Theoretical Foundations for Nursing UNRS 306 Professor Cone May 20, 2009 Merriam Webster defines the word "theory" as "a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action." There are various categories of theories accepted and practiced throughout the world and throughout professional practices today. One example of a type of theory is a nursing theory. However, some might not be fully aware of what a nursing theory entails, examples of such, and the relevance of nursing theories. This paper will explain these matters. What is a nursing theory? A nursing theory is an expression that has arose from a philosophical perspective that explains some phenomena. Overall, it is used to describe the accumulation of knowledge that is used to support nursing practice. It incorporates experiments and research to define nursing and nursing practice; furthermore, it gives reason to the accepted principles that form the basis for practice, and goals and functions of nursing (Wesley, 1995). In essence, a nursing theory enables understanding of what, how, and why nurses continue to practice. What is the origin of a nursing theory? The first theorist to clearly articulate a role of nurses was Florence Nightingale. Before she developed her nursing theory, the primary role of the nurse was to merely care of the patient as prescribed by the doctor's orders. Nightingale was able to expand the nursing profession making it distinct from the medical profession. Her first theories were developed and published in a book titled Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not in 1859. Through Florence Nightingale's original work, nurses realized that simply treating patients based upon their disease was not a satisfactory way of attending patient care, and, rather, they should be making a holistic assessment (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2009). At this point the phrase "nursing theory" has been described and a history of it has been presented; however, there are several different nursing theories that are used today. This paper will discuss a few common theories and their practices. One example of a nursing theory would be one Florence Nightingale created titled Environmental Theory. This was used to define nursing as "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery." It focuses on changing and manipulating the environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act. Nursing theory has evolved on a number of levels in the past fifty years. While it is true that Florence Nightingale is commonly recognized and accepted as the founder of modern nursing, she was simply able to provide the first step towards developing nursing into the holistic profession it is today. There are numerous theories and models of nursing that have developed after her time. One such example of these theories is one that was manufactured by Dorothea Orem and named the Self-Care Theory. She was able to use this theory to define nursing as, "the act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness." This theory focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being. Lastly, Hildegard Peplau used her Interpersonal Relations Theory to say that nursing is a "maturing force and an educative instrument." In fact, she defined nursing using her theory as, "an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an Individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help (Parker, 2006)." A few examples of nursing theories have been discussed; however the question of why these theories are relevant in nursing... tracking img
St. Louis Guanella Before You were Born I Dedicated You (Jer 1,5) By Fr. Joseph Rinaldo, SdC Fr. Louis Guanella died on October 24, 1915. When Pope Benedict XV heard of his death, he affirmed: “A saint died.” Almost a century later, Benedict XVI confirmed that prophecy by proclaiming Fr. Louis Guanella a saint before the entire Church. At the beginning of his ministry, no one believed him. Everyone, including his bishop, thought that he was a failed visionary, intolerant, aggressive and aimless. He fought against the Masonic government and against corruption, giving his life for the protection of the handicapped and the elderly. He also understood that illiteracy was a great problem. The majority of people did not know how to read and write and therefore the authorities took advantage of them. He opened homes for the handicapped, the elderly and schools for children and adults. He was persecuted, fined, punished and exiled. But he never gave up until his hour came through God’s providence. Fr. Guanella’s body and soul were shaped by his parents and the mountains where he was born and grew up. The St. James Valley is still lavishly green and surrounded by the snow-covered Alps. The small Rabbiosa Torrent hops over cliffs and rocks, foaming and churning its way toward the valley. Up, up on the mountainside, patches of velvety edelweiss look down from the precipices. This spectacular scenery was what Louis saw when he opened his eyes for the first time. However, the valley itself was unrewarding and life dull and difficult: cows to lead to pasture, hay to collect, wood to cut, many children to feed. And the bread had to be soaked with water because it was hard bread and had to be shared with others. Louis Guanella was born in the village of Fraciscio, in the heart of the Alps, on December 18, 1842, the same year St. Joseph Benedict Cottolengo died. It seemed like the passing of the torch of charity from one saint to another. Pa’ Lorenzo and Maria Guanella already had eight children roaming the house, and Providence would bring four more to the family. Pa’ Lawrence was the mayor. People loved and followed this wise man. He settled matters more by the law of the heart than by the law of the land. Maria, the mother, was pure sweetness. Her kindness kept unity in the family, and through her care everyone grew generous of soul and healthy in body. Pa’ Lawrence was a demanding and austere man, but filled with charity. During the long winter evenings, he gathered his family around the fireplace and narrated the adventures of Abraham, Moses, King David, and the wonderful deeds of Jesus feeding the poor, healing the sick, and preaching the Kingdom of God. “Was Jesus feeding more people than we are here in Fraciscio?” “More than that, son!” “Even a number bigger than the people coming for the Feast of St. Rocco?” “Many more, many more …” Fr. Guanella often commented: “I remember, that after these stories, my sister Catherine and I would go outside and prepare ‘soup’ with water and dirt for the poor. And we told each other that, when we were grownups, we would prepare many loaves and plenty of soup for the poor.” Louis did not have to go far to know what poverty was. It was the one thing that abounded in every house in the village. Frequently, when going out of the house, he met people in need, people who were leaving their land and migrating to Switzerland for a piece of bread. Pa’ Lorenzo sometimes brought poor people that he met on the road to their table, happy to give them some corn-meal, or a bowl of soup. In those harsh times many people were abandoning their villages and migrating to surrounding European countries or to America looking for a better life. On more than one occasion, local emigrants brought a handful of native soil and Mama Maria’s cake with them. These heartbreaking scenes were indelibly impressed upon the mind of the little boy Louis for the rest of his life. There were many mouths to feed in the Guanella family, but in other families there were also many children and not enough food. For little Louis, his family became a school of life, a powerful catechesis! If, sometimes, the polenta voraciously eaten at supper was not enough to make the little ones fall asleep, Pa’ Lawrence helped them with his long litanies of prayers that went on and on in honor of all the Saints venerated in the Valley and beyond. However, no sleeping was allowed during Rosary. More than once, by the second or third Mystery, Louis’s eyes would become heavier and heavier. The Hail Marys were like a rocking chair lulling him to sleep, closing his eyes and dreaming of his mom baking more bread and more pie … The clearing of his dad’s throat was enough to wake him up, to straighten his shoulders, and to get him to respond to the unending list of prayers while his older brothers, who knew better, restrained their smiles. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Profiles in History: Nellie Bly/Elizabeth Jane Cochran This month, in honor of Women’s History Month, the Radical Idea is profiling women who made important contributions to feminism or to their respective fields throughout history. These profiles in history are intended to honor the work and the accomplishments of some incredible women. Some of these names may sound familiar, but I think some of the best stories are the ones not enough of us actually know. So here’s a name you might not be so familiar with: Elizabeth Jane Cochran. Cochran was an American journalist writing in the decades surrounding the turn of the 20th century, under the pen name Nellie Bly. She was an early investigative reporter, which in and of itself would probably make her an interesting figure, but even more importantly, she pioneered the practice of undercover reporting, making enormous contributions to the field of journalism and to our knowledge of mental healthcare in the United States. Bly started out at the Pittsburgh Dispatch, after an editor offered her a job in response to a letter she penned reacting to a highly misogynistic column that appeared in the paper. The editor originally rescinded the job offer because of Bly’s gender, but eventually she convinced him. At 21, dissatisfied with the way the paper relegated her to covering fashion and gardening because she was a woman, Bly relocated to Mexico to serve as a foreign correspondent. She returned to the US after her reporting resulted in her receiving threats from the Mexican government. In 1887, Bly ended up in New York and took a job going undercover for the New York World. She feigned insanity in order to investigate complaints of brutality and neglect at the Women’s Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell Island. Bly discovered that the staff at the asylum was abusive, both verbally and physically, and that the facilities were kept in poor conditions (we’re talking rats, terrible food, etc). She also became convinced that some of the other patients were sane, as sane as she was. After ten days the New York World got her released from the asylum, and her reporting resulted in a grand jury investigation and significant changes being made to improve the quality of care and ensure that only the truly mentally ill were sent to the asylum. As if all of that were not cool enough, Bly also traveled around the world in 72 days, again for a story for the New York World. Nellie Bly is one of those names that, if you aren’t a journalist, you might not know. But the reality is that Bly had to defy tremendous sexism in her field in order to pursue a career as she saw fit. Many female newspaper writers of her time were only able to publish on arts, theater, fashion, etc., and it was only Bly’s willingness to take chances and attempt difficult assignments that made her so extraordinary. Moreover, she undertook some real risks in investigating the Women’s Lunatic Asylum, and underwent a painful experience in doing so. Investigative reporting is a tremendously important part of modern journalism, and throughout the twentieth century and now into the twenty-first, undercover reporting has permitted journalists to access stories that may otherwise have never been told. Undercover reporters have been able to tackle issues such as sex slavery, crime in schools, and human rights issues impacting migrant workers, in ways that overt reporting would never have permitted. For more on undercover reporting, please visit NYU’s database on undercover journalism here. For more on Nellie Bly, please see our original source here. ~ by Randi Saunders on March 4, 2013. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Does The Earth Have Its Own Consciousness? //Does The Earth Have Its Own Consciousness? earth consciousness Properties of Consciousness In the same way that your hand is a hand and also a part your body, consciousness consists of parts that are linked to the whole. The consciousness that manifests in individual beings has particular goals and lessons it would like to learn. Yet all individual consciousnesses are connected. The purpose of this complex interplay is to help the universe learn about itself. You are like the eyes and ears of the universe, showing it different possibilities and aspects so that it can learn and evolve. The Earth is a Conscious Being The earth, like all planets, is a conscious being. The first goal of our earth was to use conscious intention to form minerals and to turn these into rocks and crystals. Crystals are thus infused with particular perspectives and expressions and we can connect to these energetically. It is almost as though the earth left us a scavenger hunt of billions of little crystal USB drives containing energetic messages like love or protection that we are able to “download.” Then the earth set out to create the conditions necessary to support more and more complex and diverse life forms, ultimately leading to the right conditions to support humanity. In this way our consciousness is connected to the earth, both influencing and supporting each other. The Earth is Evolving in Consciousness The earth is evolving in consciousness, which is related to and influences our conscious evolution. Two features of this transition are the so called “quickening” of time and increased synchronicity. The Quickening Have you noticed time seems to be speeding up? There is a purpose to this: To make the consequences of our behavior more salient. Picture yourself in the middle ages writing a letter to the family that lives far away. In your letter, you convey some disappointing news that will ultimately change your family’s lives forever. Think about how long it would take for the letter to reach them and for you to hear back from them and experience the consequences of your letter. Now flash forward to the present, in the same situation, distance does not have the same impact: you can chat online in real time with individuals practically anywhere and thus influence and effect one another across vast distances. This is just one example but it is meant to illustrate the different significance that time holds today. The quickening of time ultimately shows us our individual effect on the greater whole. For example, instantaneous news via the internet has allowed many to become aware of the consequences of things like unchecked capitalism and environmental destruction. With the ability to see and feel how our decisions affect the greater whole, we may choose to vote with our dollar, opting for sustainable, environmentally friendly options when possible. We can also expect to see increased synchronicity to help us understand the divine connection of the events in our lives. Synchronicity is the notion of seemingly unrelated things coming together in a way that holds great significance. For example, have you ever had a thought, perhaps about things happening in your life, plans to take a trip or a goal you’d like to achieve, only to later that day overhear complete strangers discussing the very thing you were thinking about and then maybe a TV show you watch that evening has to do with the very same thing as well? This is synchronicity. For many, the illusion our lives are composed of purely random “chance encounters” is evaporating. This is meant to demonstrate that we are here for a reason, and nothing in your life is void of meaning. These elements work to increase our awareness and facilitate higher consciousness. There is nothing that occurs in isolation. What you do to and for yourself you literally do to all. If you let this guide you, you can be sure to evolve with the earth into higher states of awareness. Information about earth consciousness informed by Indigo Adults by Kabir Jaffe: Leave A Comment Trending Articles 8 Turmeric Uses for Homemade Remedies for Health and Beauty April 30th, 2017\| Turmeric is a plant indigenous to Southern Asia. There are some incredible turmeric uses that will make you want to add this spice to your life. In countries like Iran, India, Nepal and Pakistan, turmeric has long been an essential part of the daily foods, being used in the cuisine for coloring and dyeing. In Vietnam and Cambodia, the plant January 7th, 2017\| Does The Earth Have Its Own Consciousness? Send this to a friend
Educational Questions & Answers How To Improve Your Listening Skills Listening forms the basis of any communication. Unfortunately, no scientific or methodical training in listening skill is offered in educational institutions. The main steps to listening can be listed as follows: * Maintaining good eye contact with the speaker * Being relaxed and attentive * Not getting distracted by thoughts * Not interrupting the speaker * Focusing on key words. * Observing the speaker?s body language * Grasping the meaning of words by the pitch, stress, voice and tone * Visualizing the speaker?s words * Asking pertinent questions when the speaker finishes * Not imposing your ideas. Effective listening can be developed by persistent practice. A careful listener always speaks clearly, confidently and correctly. Listening improves the language proficiency of a person. It is the gateway to knowledge and successes in all our endeavours. How To Improve Your Listening Skills
Summary: Your alignment with God’s word will determine where you stand (sit, and walk) on any issue. Advice from Scripture is better than advice from anybody else. Study Tools Like a Tree Psalm 1 Why do some people have all the luck? I understand that luck is a fabricated force that many people use to explain how apparently random forces fall one way instead of another. I’m not saying that luck exists. I am simply pointing out that many people, us included, sometimes wonder how we can swing the advantage in our own direction. Let’s ask the question in a way that is a bit more realistic. It isn’t a question of luck. We know that God does favor some people, though he doesn’t play favorites. We call the people God favors, blessed. We find ourselves wanting to know how we can fall into this category. On the other hand, some people seem to be doomed. I like that word, it says an awful lot even if it does seem melodramatic and suggest something that may not be changed. We don’t want things to go wrong and we don’t want our lives to be meaningless and empty. Before I get started I want to talk about something technical for a moment. It is very important for understanding the point of this psalm. In English poetry we have certain devices that make a poem pretty to our ears: things like rhyme and rhythm. The similarity in sounds in words make the flow of the poem smooth and melodious. In Hebrew poetry it is different. They did not have many devices like this. One device they used was like building a platform for the point to rest on and then building a stair-case rising to the point and another one descending from it. The point of this kind of poem is somewhere near the middle and each stair leading up or down has something in common to show it is on the same level. This is one of those psalms. The reason I point this out is because we as English readers tend to get distracted from the point. We see the beautiful image of the tree standing by the river and we remember that and forget that it leads us directly to the point of the psalm. But we will get there in a few minutes. The question addressed by this psalm is “who is blessed and who will perish?” Or as I like to say, “who is doomed.” The psalm starts on the first level in verse 1 by telling who is blessed and ends on the first level in verse 6 by telling us who is doomed. Then the writer tells us what he means by doomed. The psalmist pronounces the final judgment: • The way of the wicked will perish • You will perish. You will die. Now of course everyone is going to die and we must be careful not to think that people die because they did something unusually wrong or because God is angry with them. This is not usually true. Sin brings death in an ultimate sense. But individual deaths usually don’t come about because of individual sins. What is the “way of the wicked?” That is an interesting question that may be partially explained by the second level of the psalm that defines the blessed person by asking a second question: It answers with the question “where are you?” More accurately, “where are you not?” The psalmist asks this question 3 ways: • Where do you not walk? • Where do you not stand? Talk about it... Nobody has commented yet. Be the first! Join the discussion
Get Started with Home Care Today (866) 977-7503 Healthy Eating for the Elderly Posted on April 10, 2017 with 0 comments Even though you should be eating healthy throughout your life, it becomes that much more important as you grow older. At some point your body begins responding to all that you have been putting into it. By the time you are into your 50s you have some idea of the sort of illnesses that may affect you in the future. It is around this time you get to know if your blood pressure, cholesterol or sugar levels are on the higher side along with the condition of your bones/joints and many others. This is also the time where you need to be very careful about what you eat as it can have a major impact on your health and quality of life. 1) Cardiovascular Diseases Heart diseases and other cardiovascular conditions are some of the most common threats faced by the elderly due to an inactive lifestyle and poor diet. Those that are at risk of cardiovascular diseases should have high amounts of polyunsaturated fats (such as fish, corn oil, walnuts) and unsaturated fats (like avocados, natural peanut butter, and sardines). When you add these foods to your diet you need to remember that they are healthy but they have a content of calories so they need to be eaten in moderation. Senior that have high blood pressure need to lower the amount of salt they use on their food, high intake of salt will further raise their blood pressure and can cause heart attacks. However, you should note that you can’t stop consuming salt altogether as it would lead to Hypothermia that deteriorates your mental state and lead to nausea and even seizures. 2) Cancer Many types of cancer can be avoided by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and eating the right foods. Consuming a diet rich in plant-based foods reduces your chances of developing cancer significantly. Plant-based foods boost your immune system enabling it to protect your body against cancerous cells. Plant-based foods are rich in anti-oxidants like beta-carotene, vitamins A and vitamin C aid the body in eliminating toxins and free-radicals which can cause cancer. 3) Osteoporosis Senior adults tend to fall a lot and their weak bones and joints make them susceptible to fractures and broken bones. Your bones are bound to wear down with time but having around 500g of calcium every day and having a good amount of Vitamin D will reduce your chances of developing osteoporosis and fortify your bones. Adults also need to make sure they are getting enough sunlight as well. 4) Dental Diseases If you think that your teeth falling off is a natural sign of aging then you are wrong. The wearing away of your teeth has nothing to do with aging at all. The strength of your teeth is totally reliant on how well you look after them. By limiting your consumption of acidic and sugary foods while looking after your teeth properly you should be able to prevent Caries (the decay and wearing off of teeth). Leaving an acidic environment in your mouth allows for plague to breed causing gingivitis and periodontists. Periodontists isn’t reversible, it damages the bone and tissue that hold the teeth, causing them to fall off. Crunchy foods such as apples and carrots can serve as a cleansing mechanism in your mouth while vitamin rich foods strengthen your enamel. Either way, no matter what you eat and drink you need to brush and floss regularly. Latest News Now Hiring! Please click below if you are intersted in joining the 123 Home care team:
Monday, October 02, 2017 The quantification of power: some thoughts on, and tools for, measuring democracy (More substantive content soon! This is mostly of interest to political scientists, R users, and people concerned with the measurement of democracy). Democracy is the government of numbers. No other form of government has historically been as concerned with the quantification of power. Indeed, the idea that power depends on the exact numerical strength of one’s supporters, rather than their qualities, would have seemed absurd for most of human history. And I would guess no other form of government has evoked so much mathematical effort. (Even the recent election here in NZ produced extraordinarily sophisticated Bayesian models to predict the outcome). And yet because the concept of democracy uneasily mingles what is, what can be, and what ought to be, people often object to the attempt to quantify its degree (or even its existence) in particular places and times. (My students often do!). Democracy does not seem like the kind of thing that would be easily and uncontroversially measurable. On the contrary, because any attempt to measure democracy reflects certain normative standards, it cannot but be controversial, especially since most of its conceptualizations for such purposes tend to reduce it to competitive elections with a wide suffrage, which for a variety of reasons seems like an unacceptably narrow view of the ideal to many people. This is most obvious when we’re talking about cases like Venezuela, where to take a position on the question – to say “Venezuela is a democracy” or “Venezuela is not a democracy” – is to take sides in a rancorous political dispute. But even to say something relatively uncontroversial, like “the United States is a consolidated democracy”, is fraught with normative implications, since clearly “actually existing democracies” (representative governments with non-Potemkin opposition parties and nearly universal suffrage) are highly imperfect, and to give them top scores in some scale seems to imply that they are better than they truly are. In any case, although most people around the world accept democracy as the only legitimate form of government, they disagree enormously about whether or not a given place is or is not actually democratic, and the degree to which particular practices and institutions “matter” for democracy. Democracy measurement, then, is a somewhat dubious enterprise. The essential contestability of the concept (is democracy about equality, or about self-government, or about freedom? In what proportions?), as well as good-faith differences of opinion about the sorts of preconditions that are essential for its functioning and the kinds of institutions that actualize its values, make it difficult to take seriously any single measurement of “democraticness.” And these disagreements are not really resolvable by appeal to the dictionary; they go back to the earliest discussions of democracy as a distinct phenomenon in history.[1] Yet I still think the attempt to summarize in some disciplined way particular judgments about “democraticness” over time and in space is useful. A democracy measure seems to me to be a numerical crystalization of a political history: a history at a (literal) glance that can be put to use to say more interesting things about the world. One need not agree with any particular conceptualization of democracy, or take any given measure as a normative standard of what democracy should be, to appreciate the possibility of historical comparison across time and space. And because the concept of democracy is inescapably contested, I think the more the merrier: let a hundred measures of democracy bloom, let a thousand schools of thought contend! I am thus pleased to announce three different R packages (or rather, two and one update) for accessing and manipulating all the democracy datasets I know about: 1. A package to access the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) dataset, version 7.1 (the latest update). The V-Dem dataset is the gold standard of democracy measurement today. It provides indexes targeting multiple conceptualizations of democracy, and an extremely wide variety of indicators that you can use to satisfy basically every measurement need that you might have; if you don’t like their particular conceptualizations of democracy, you can basically build your own. Each country is coded by at least five people, all of whom are live there, and subject to rigorous aggregation and validation procedures. Plus, it is annually updated, and covers the entire period 1900-2016, so it’s pretty comprehensive. If you do any serious empirical research that requires you to use measures of democracy, you should seriously consider using V-Dem as your first choice of measure. This package allows you to access the entire V-Dem dataset (more than 3,000 variables, including external ones) directly from R, and to extract combinations of columns easily according to particular criteria (e.g., section of the codebook where they appear, label, etc.). Check it out at, and install it using devtools::install_github("xmarquez/vdem"). 2. A package to download or access most other democracy datasets used in scholarly work from R, including Polity IV, Freedom House, Geddes, Wright, and Frantz’s Autocratic Regimes dataset, the World Governance Indicators’ “Voice and Accountability” index, the PACL/ACLP/DD dataset, and many others, including some which are now of merely historical interest. (There are 32 of them in the package). The package automates the process of putting these datasets in standard country-year format, assigning appropriate country codes, and the like, and makes it easy to access some less well-known democracy datasets. (Mostly I created it because I’ve spent hundreds of hours tediously repeating these operations!). Check it out at, and install it using devtools::install_github("xmarquez/democracyData"). 3. Finally, I’ve also updated my package to replicate and extend the Unified Democracy scores. (I first described this package on this blog). This produces a latent variable index from multiple democracy measures, based on methods discussed by Pemstein, Meserve, and Melton in 2010; the most recent update of the package extendes these scores up to 2016 and incorporates revisions and updates of a variety of datasets, including Polity IV, Freedom House, and V-Dem It also includes improvements to the functions used to calculate UDS-style models. Check it out at, and install it using devtools::install_github("xmarquez/QuickUDS"). Feedback, contributors, and pull requests for any of these packages welcome; I hope to be able to submit at least 2 of these packages to CRAN in the near future, so if you use them and encounter any problems let me know. (The V-Dem package is too large for CRAN and will probably never be there). In what follows, a short discussion of the characteristics of these measures, probably of most interest to people who already use them. Some general characteristics of democracy measures The numerical measurement of democracy is about fifty years old. The earliest comprehensive measures of democracy – the Polity project, Freedom House’s Freedom in the World index (first known as the Gastil index), Kenneth Bollen's and Tatu Vanhanen's measures of democracy – go back to the late 1960s and early 1970s. (Vanhanen, who’s been at this business longer than most, identifies some earlier attempts to measure democracy numerically, some going back to the early 1950s, but these were pretty small and unsystematic). There are now 32 different accesible datasets containing some measure of democracy, most developed in the first decade of this century (at least AFAIK): Most of these measures tend to be highly but not perfectly correlated, reflecting differences in conceptualization as well as varying judgments about the political situation of specific countries and periods: Yet the high overall level of correlation among these measures masks substantial variation over time: There is a lot more agreement among measures of democracy after the 1920s than before, simply because it is harder to make judgments of democracy for the more distant past (how much should class-stratified male suffrage count? etc.), though go back far enough and it’s reasonably easy (since there are no democracies past a certain point). In any case, only 13 of the 32 datasets measuring democracy code countries during the 19th century, and only 8 of these make any effort to be comprehensive (mostly because they follow the Polity IV panel, or modify the polity IV scores in some way). These correlations among measures also mask substantial variation in space: In other words, while on average the pairwise correlation between different measures of democracy within individual country histories is quite high (0.7), for a substantial minority of countries correlations can be much lower, or even negative. These numbers are better if we only look at the degree of agreement among measures from large, well-resourced projects, to be sure, but they are still by no means reassuring if we are looking for consensus: Most democracy measurement projects are actually variants of these large-scale efforts; a large number of them take Polity, PACL/ACLP, or Freedom House as starting points to develop their own measures. If we take their correlations as measures of similarity, we can cluster the indexes hierarchically to show these quasi-genealogical family resemblances: At the top, we have the “Polity cluster” – measures of democracy that mostly just modify Polity, including the Participation-Enhanced Polity Scores (PEPS), the PITF indicators (based on subcomponents of Polity), and the Polity scores themselves. These are highly related with some calculated indexes, including the Unified Democracy Scores and my extension, Freedom House, and Coppedge, Alvarez, and Maldonado’s “contestation dimension” (from a principal components analysis of a number of democracy measures), that attempt to weigh multiple factors in the construction of a measure of democracy, but mostly end up giving weight to the contestability of power and civil liberties. In the middle we have a cluster that attempts to weigh participation and contestation more equally (LIED, the V-Dem Additive Polyarchy Index, Vanhanen’s Index of Democratization, etc.) and then a cluster of measures that derive from PACL’s attempts to develop a dichotomous measure of democracy (including Boix, Miller and Rosato’s extension as well as Geddes, Wright, and Frantz’s dataset of Autocratic regimes, as well as several other academic datasets). Then there is another cluster of measures that give more weight to formal inclusion (e.g. Doorenspleet, and Bernhard, Nordstrom, and Reenock, both of which make democracy depend on the existence of universal suffrage), a cluster of V-Dem indexes (which weigh multiple factors to come up with a number, including formal inclusiveness), and finally at the bottom we find measures that simply gauge the degree of participation (Vanhanen’s index of participation and the “inclusion dimension” calculated by Coppedge, Alvarez, and Maldonado). There is a lot more that one could show here, but this is probably enough for now; hope these tools are useful to others! All code for this post available in this repository. [1] On the other hand, unlike other controversial numerical measures of social phenomena, like university rankings or GDP per capita, governments and other organizations do not spend much time trying to “game” measures of democracy, because few people other than a small number of political scientists care, and little money is at stake. This is probably a good thing, on balance. Monday, February 13, 2017 Propaganda as Literature: A Distant Reading of the Korean Central News Agency's Headlines A rather long post on reading the Korean Central News Agency's headlines I am not putting directly on this blog because it contains interactive graphs that I cannot figure out how to embed, but look nice on GitHub. North Korean politics plus lots of data art, including baroque Sankey flow diagrams! See it here. Saturday, January 28, 2017 Big Lies at the Monkey Cage No, not that post. Just me talking about the uses of lies in politics, which may interest some readers here. Posts at the Monkey Cage are highly constrained in terms of length and style, so I may as well use this blog for some additional notes and clarifications. Mythical Lies. One point that perhaps could be stressed with respect to the political uses of myth would be that their acceptance always depends on the persuasiveness of alternative narratives. Moreover, it seems to me that the acceptance of myths usually hinges on taking particular narratives “seriously but not literally,” as was sometimes said of Trump supporters (and could, of course, be said of many other people). For example, the appeal of the Soviet socialist myth in the 1930s did not hinge on its general accuracy or the degree to which practice lived up to its internal standards, but on its articulation of values that seemed plainly superior to the ones on offer by the major alternative narratives (liberal capitalist or fascist). Not everyone may have felt “dizzy with success” in the 1930s, but little that was credible could be said for capitalism at the time (a lack of credibility reinforced by the impossibility of travel and centralized control of information, of course, but not only by that). Here’s Stephen Kotkin in his magisterial Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization: The antagonism between socialism and capitalism, made that much more pronounced by the Great Depression, was central not only to the definition of what socialism turned out to be, but also to the mind-set of the 1930s that accompanied socialism’s construction and appreciation. This antagonism helps explain why no matter how substantial the differences between rhetoric and practice or intentions and outcome sometimes became, people could still maintain a fundamental faith in the fact of socialism’s existence in the USSR and in that system’s inherent superiority. This remained true, moreover, despite the Soviet regime’s manifest despotism and frequent resort to coercion and intimidation. Simply put, a rejection of Soviet socialism appeared to imply a return to capitalism, with its many deficiencies and all-encompassing crisis— a turn of events that was then unthinkable. (Magnetic Mountain, pp. 153-54). On one reading of Soviet history, the valence of the capitalist and socialist myths eventually reversed (perhaps by the late 1970s? Or later?): capitalism came to seem fundamentally superior to many Soviet citizens, despite its problems (which, incidentally, were constantly pointed out by Soviet propaganda), while Soviet socialism came to appear unworkable and stagnant (despite the material advantages that many Soviet citizens enjoyed, including great employment stability). But this reversal in valence had less to do with specific facts (popular Soviet views of capitalism in the early 90s could be remarkably misinformed) than with an overall loss of trust in the values Soviet myths articulated, reinforced by decades of failed prophecy about the coming abundance. (Perhaps best conceptualized as a cumulative reputational cost of lying?). Strategic Lies. One thing I did not emphasize in the piece is that people may of course be predisposed to believe lies that accord with their deep-seated identities. Everyone has their own favorite examples of this, though I am reluctant to speak of “belief” in some of the more extreme cases. (See, e.g., this post about the differential predispositions of voters to identify the bigger crowd in two pictures of the inauguration; perhaps it’s better to speak here of people giving the finger to the interviewers, reasserting their partisan identities). But by the same token, these lies do not work for groups whose identities predispose them to reject the message or the messenger (e.g., Democrats, in the question about inauguration pictures). So “identity-compatible lies” (anyone have a better term?) should be understood as ways to mobilize people, not necessarily (or only) to deceive them, which put them in the same functional category as “loyalty lies” below. From a tactical standpoint, the question then is about the marginal persuasive effect of such lies: does telling a big lie that will be embraced by supporters and rejected by non-supporters increase or reduce the chances that an uncommitted person will believe you? I’m not sure there’s an obvious answer to this question that is valid for most situations. In any case, it seems to me that, over time, the marginal persuasive effect should decrease, and even become negative (as seems to be happening in Venezuela, where in any case most people who are not Chavistas can and do simply “exit” government propaganda by changing the channel or turning off the TV, and the remaining Chavistas become increasingly subject to cognitive dissonance (how come after all the “successes” proclaimed by the government in the economic war, the other side is still winning?). Loyalty Lies. The idea that baldfaced lies can help cement the loyalty of the members of a ruling group when trust is scarce seems to be becoming commonplace; both Tyler Cowen and Matthew Yglesias provide good analyses of how this may work within the context of the Trump administration. (Cowen is also interesting on what I would call “lies as vagueness” and their function in maintaining flexibility within coalitions, which I didn’t mention, but which are obviously related to this and this). But I wanted to plug in specifically a really nice paper by Schedler and Hoffmann (linked, but not mentioned, in my Monkey Cage piece) that stresses the need to “dramatize” unity in authoritarian environments in order to deter challengers during times of crisis. Their key example is the Cuban transition of power from Fidel to Raul Castro (2006-2011) – a situation which saw the need for supposedly “liberal” members of the Cuban regime to show convincingly that they were in fact “on the same page” as everyone else in the elite. And the same need to dramatize unity in a crisis seems to me to be driving the apparent lunacy of some of the statements by Venezuelan officials (check out Hugo Perez Hernaiz’s Venezuelan Conspiracy Theories Monitor for a sampling). I suspect that the need to dramatize loyalty within a coalition (by “staying on the same page” and thus saying only the latest lie du jour) may conflict with the imperatives of strategic lying (saying things that are credible to the larger groups). Here the tradeoff is about the relative value of support outside vs. support within the ruling group; the less you depend on the former, the less it matters whether elite statements are believed "outside."
(redirected from .mpeg) (compression, standard, algorithm, file format) It uses discrete cosine transform (DCT) and Huffman coding to remove spatially redundant data within a frame and block-based motion compensated prediction (MCP) to remove data which is temporally redundant between frames. Audio is compressed using subband encoding. These algorithms allow better than VHS quality video and almost CD quality audio to be compressed onto and streamed off a single speed (1x) CD-ROM drive. MPEG encoding can introduce blockiness, colour bleed and shimmering effects on video and lack of detail and quantisation effects on audio. The official name of MPEG-1 is International Standard IS-11172.
Home / Personal Empowerment / This is what opportunity looks like This is what opportunity looks like overalls worker resize (Courtesy of PersonalEmpowerment.co) 66 Intelligence and knowledge Intelligence is the ability to understand, to learn, to apply knowledge, to problem-solve, to think abstractly and conceptualise, and to make logical inferences and intuitive connections. Intelligence makes learning and knowledge possible. But intelligence isn’t the same as knowledge, although people often confuse the two. Knowledge is information memorised or understood. It is the content of understanding or skill learned or acquired through study, practice, and experience. Intelligence is the capacity to learn; knowledge is what you have learned. Intelligence sometimes makes up for lack of knowledge, and vice versa. If knowledge is a vehicle, intelligence is the driver; you need both to reach your destination. Great negotiators are intelligent and knowledgeable in their fields. But a great negotiator doesn’t have to have encyclopedic knowledge. Intelligence is realistic, strategic, and practical. You can’t know everything. So, have knowledgeable people on your team or working for you in the background. Knowledge is secondary; intelligence is primary. In the crucial points in a negotiation, when “the rubber hits the road”, intelligence must take the lead and apply knowledge strategically and effectively. Some people are naturally more intelligent than others. But wherever you are in the intelligence spectrum, you can grow beyond your current level. The brain is an organ that can be exercised and developed, and the consciousness operating through the brain possesses unknown potential. This means intelligence, like knowledge, skill, concentration, and character, can also be developed. You can develop your intelligence, knowledge, and concentration simultaneously. You do this by studying materials relevant to your personal or career interests. Your study must focus on three key elements: memorisation, comprehension, and practical application. Doing all three develops critical and creative thinking, or left-and-right-side, whole-brain intelligence enabling both the analytical and creative sides of your brain to function well. Practices like meditation and contemplation further develop and refine intelligence, awareness, and concentration. Awaken the giantgiant trees The popular saying that we only use ten percent of our brain is not literally true. Yet it may be true that we generally operate at ten percent of our full potential. The principle of “use it or lose it” applies almost everywhere. If we consistently challenge and develop ourselves in these ways, we can increase our intelligence, knowledge, awareness, and concentration. If we do this with rigor and discipline, we will to some degree encounter another force, a mysterious X-factor, latent in each of us, waiting to emerge. This X-factor can appear in every field of human endeavour – in sports, the arts and sciences, and religion; in all the physical, intellectual, creative, and spiritual pursuits of man. It is seen in those individuals who suddenly awaken or come alive, developing and advancing in their chosen field at an inexplicable pace, and performing at levels far exceeding their previously apparent potential. Suddenly, unaccountably, everything seems to come together; the individual is seemingly transformed, gifted or graced with uncanny abilities, faculties, insights, and perceptions which even he or she cannot explain. What such individuals often share in common is a deep desire and dedicated pursuit of the talents and abilities that later appeared in greater measure than anyone, themselves included, ever expected. This X-factor can also awaken the latent intelligence in each of us. The painter Paul Gauguin and the poet Walt Whitman both accessed this power that awakened their genius after leading unpromising lives of apparent mediocrity. To be a great negotiator you must develop your hidden intelligence and potential by linking your passion for your purpose with hard work and discipline. Anyone can do this. But it requires an uncommon effort and persistence over time to which relatively few are willing to commit. Thomas Edison pointed to such ideas in these two observations: “Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work.” And “genius is one percent inspiration, and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” The one percent inspiration accessed through that ninety-nine percent perspiration has always been the intelligent force moving our civilization forward. If you are willing to provide the necessary perspiration, you too can access an inspired intelligence that will give you an advantage in any negotiation. World-renowned professional golfer Gary Player says, “The more I practice, the luckier I get”. Homehunt - Start searching now. Review overview
Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) & Constructivist Learning Environments (CLE) Constructing Knowledge:flickr:5961397224 Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) is an information processing theory used to explain the limits of working memory based on current knowledge of human cognitive architecture. Cognitive architecture refers to the concept of our minds having structures such as working memory, long term memory, and schemas. How a computer processes information is a common analogy used to describe CLT's concept of the human mind: the brain is a processor of inputs coming in from the outside environment. Constructivism is really a theory of knowing rather than a teaching theory. A purely constructivist view would state there is no objective reality and that all knowledge is constructed subjectively. This could place us on some difficult philosophical grounds (law of non-contradiction,truth is relative, etc..), but for our purposes it may be easier to compare CLT with a constructivist learning environment (CLE). Constructivist Learning Environments (CLE) are characterized as hands-on learning environments that strive to imitate real-life contexts. A CLE has a social learning component as well. In a CLE, learners construct knowledge,solve novel problems, and test the truth or accuracy of their conclusions through social negotiation, otherwise known as collaboration. Constructivist Learning Environments stress the flexibility of the learner's mind and its ability to actively construct meaning. Important Concepts of CLT "If nothing has been altered in long-term memory nothing has been learned." 1. Magic Number 7: Working Memory can only handle 7 disconnected items at once. 2. Overload occurs when Working Memory has to process too much too fast. 3. Long Term Memory is virtually unlimited and assists Working Memory. However, if information learned was recently acquired, the ability to transfer prior knowledge to new situations is somewhat inflexible. 4. Schemas are memory structures written in Long Term Memory by Working Memory. 5. Working Memory is overloaded when its ability to build a schema is compromised. 6. If Working Memory has capacity left over, it can access information from long term memory in powerful ways. 7. Automation (doing something without conscious thought) results from well developed Schemas due to Working Memory's interaction with Long Term Memory. Well developed schemas come with repeated effort and effective practice. Important Concepts of CLE "If nothing can be transferred to real-life contexts nothing has been learned." 1. Active & Adaptive Learners: giving students hands-on activities will help them construct knowledge and adapt prior experience to novel situations in the future. 2. Authenticity: the way to keep students engaged is to create high-relevance and the best way to do that is involve them in realistic situations. Students want to apply what they are learning to other contexts they care about-contexts that reflect real life. Adult learners need to know WIIFM. 3. Collaboration: working with others actively builds knowledge and provides built-in engagement. Everyone has gaps in their knowledge. Through collaboration, those gaps of knowledge can be closed. 4. Successive Refinement: throwing learners into complex real-life situations will help them adapt to cognitively demanding situations in the future. Every experience helps refine prior knowledge and future performance. 5. Transfer!: Learning applied to real life is the ultimate goal of instruction. CLE's make this happen. Strengths and Weaknesses Theory Strengths Weaknesses CLT Recognizes novice's needs for cognitive supports in the form of advanced organizers, concept mapping, isolating and simplifying complex tasks. Transfer is more difficult to accomplish if instruction is too artificial. If information is presented in a way that doesn't relate to actual performance then transfer of learning will be more difficult. CLE Recognizes high learner's need for relevance and authentic experiences. Transfer of knowledge to real-life situations is a useful benchmark to gauge success. Collaboration is a built-in engagement tool. Without proper instructional supports learners might not achieve intended instructional goals. Authentic situations can be too complex for novices-cognitive overload effect. There is at least one important commonality between CLT and constructivist-based learning. Both camps have advocates that suggest the learner needs moderate challenge. Students need to work on problems that are the right level of difficulty (Willingham, 2009). Social constructivists like Vygotsky also suggest an optimum level of complexity in the concept of the "zone of proximal development" (ZPD). A Blend of Both? Guided Discovery as an Option Types of Guided Support (Scaffolding) -(Jong, 2005) Directive Support Steer the learner in a specific direction. Provide advice, hints, direct guidance. [Clear Entry Points] Non-Directive Support Give the learner a chance to revise or correct their work, but with little or no direct guidance. [Struggle or trial-and-error processes may have a place, but be aware that novices often don't have the meta-cognitive skills to realize they are headed in a wrong direction and might not reach intended concepts without guidance.] Interpretative Support Activate prior knowledge (make connections, establish relevancy), map concepts visually, build mental models, provide feedback. Experimental Support Suggest possible problem solving strategies, help students interpret problems, propose multiple perspectives, provide feedback during the process and after the process. Reflective Support Require reflection journals to help students gain meta-cognitive and self-regulation skills. Reflect back on the discovery process "Average is Over" Listen to author Thomas Friedman as he describes how America's workforce needs to keep up with a higher global curve. Minnesota MPR Show: Thomas Friedman: how America lost its way. (Listen to the last 10 minutes) Do you think he is recommending Constructivist instructional methods as the answer? If you have time, I would really recommend watching "Digital Media-New Learners of the 21st Century (PBS VIDEO)." You will see current examples of constructivist learning environments with Just-In-Time (JIT) scaffolding. Like Friedman, the show emphasizes the need to prepare the next generation to be flexible thinkers, to be able to navigate our century's "buzz of confusion". While you are watching, ask yourself if the ideas in this show reflect a sensitivity to the structural and cognitive needs of the learner. Have you read, The Tipping Point, by Malcolm Gladwell? In the chapter, The Stickiness Factor, he suggests a simple way to package information that, under the right circumstances, can make it irresistible. Gladwell's book, Outliers, would also be a good place to read about the CLT concept of automaticity and the 10,000 hour rule. Want to be blown away? Take a look at the Bard Prison Intiative. Clark, R. C. (c2008). Building expertise: Cognitive methods for training and performance improvement. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer. Clark, R. E., Feldon, D. F. (2005). Five common but questionable principles of multimedia 116). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Dick, W., Carey, L., Carey, J.O. (c2009). The systematic design of instruction. Columbus, OH: Pearson. Ertmer, P. A., Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(40), 50-72. Retrieved from Hattie, J. (c2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New York, NY: Routledge. Kalyuga, S. (2005). Prior knowledge principle in multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp.325-338). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Jong, T. de (2005). The guided discovery principle in multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp.215-228). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Mayer, R.E. (2004, January). Should there be a three-strikes rule against pure discovery learning? The case for guided methods of instruction., American Psychologist 1(59), Reynolds, G. (2008). Presentation zen: Simple ideas on presentation design and delivery. Berkeley, CA: New Riders. Sweller, J. (2005) Implications of cognitive load theory for multimedia learning. In R.E. Mayer Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 19-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Willingham, D. T. (2002, Winter). Inflexible knowledge: The first step to expertise. AFT, 26(4). Retrieved from: Willingham, D. T. (2003, Winter). Why students think they understand—when they don’t. AFT, 27(4). Retrieved from: Willingham, D.T. (2009, Spring). Why don't students like school? AFT, 33(1). Retrieved from: Willingham, D. T. (c2009). Why don’t students like school?: A cognitive scientist answers Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. -Written by Mike S.
Three types of bras sit on a white background. Image: Shutterstock You may have noticed an influx in pink products recently, and you know what that means! October is breast cancer awareness month, and pink water bottles, clothing, and football turfs are popping up everywhere. I thought this might be a good time to delve into some history to investigate those that have been supporting women for many, many years: bras. They’ve changed quite a lot over the past several centuries, from simple handkerchiefs to some of the more intimidating contraptions on the market today. Supposedly, the very first bra likely came from ancient Greece, where women wrapped their breasts in wool or linen and pinned the fabric to their backs, and it’s likely that other cultures had similar ideas. The modern corset as we know it didn’t appear in literature until about 1500, whereupon it quickly became a fashion necessity and standard for women in Western societies. But it didn’t take long before doctors began to point out the many physical ills that came with wearing a corset: muscle atrophy, restricted breathing, and bruised internal organs (a problem on the rise today with the advent of shapewear and Spanx). The first modern American bra was patented by Caresse Crosby in 1914. Crosby she created a simple bra made from handkerchiefs to wear over the corset that poked through her sheer evening gown. People were excited about her invention, and she eventually sold a patent to the Warner Brothers Corset Company for $1,500. At the start of World War I, ladies’ undergarments changed again to allow for more comfort for working women as well as a reduction on unnecessary material which could be put toward wartime efforts. After excess material was discarded, bras began to take on other shapes with nods to current fashions: bandeau bras saw their glory in the 1920s when women sought to flatten their chests, and then 10 years later bras evolved when the adjustable clasp and padded cups were introduced. Currently, bras and women’s lingerie are an industry worth billions of dollars. Each generation of bras seeks to appeal to its customers: now, lingerie companies have expanded their range of sizes to accommodate the population who will be wearing them, and minimal bras—not ones with those awfully pointy cups of the 50s and 60s—are sought after. Some people, of course, still want to do away with bras altogether, and for those who choose not to wear a bra, that is just fine. But bras will continue to evolve and change as the population does—so who knows what’s next?
Saturday, October 25, 2008 Transparency International - Corruption in the pharmaceutical industry Transparency International, the global coalition against corruption founded in 1993, is trying hard to implement anti-corruption reforms worldwide and claims that "corruption hurts everyone". Of course they have to focus on medicine and on this page there are some data on the corruption in the pharmaceutical industry and health. This is one of their texts: Corruption in the pharmaceutical industry "In addition to cases of bribery and corruption discussed in the sub-page on procurement of medicines (typically involving drugs and medical equipment manufacturers as the bribe payers and government officials or hospital administrators as the recipients) there are other ways in which the pharmaceutical sector might have a corrosive influence on the drugs and medical equipment market. One of the reasons why the sector is vulnerable to corruption is that it is heavily regulated. Heavily regulation is essential to safeguard the population against sub-standard drugs and unfairly priced goods. But there is a second central reason why governments regulate the pharmaceutical market: to ensure that industrial policies strengthen economic competitiveness of the pharmaceutical sector and improve innovation and efficiency. These two objectives can sometimes lie at cross-purposes. If regulators are subject to pressure from commercial groups, health objectives can be compromised. Generous political campaign donations and lobbying expenditures by pharmaceutical companies are examples of such pressures. The relationship between drugs companies and physicians is also vulnerable to corruption. Doctors may be offered commissions for prescribing a particular drug or a drug from a particular company. Because this practice is illegal in most countries, companies may employ underhand methods to disguise such kickbacks. The aggressive promotion of medicines, the sheer volume of information that is received in its many forms by prescribers and the use of patient groups through which to generate demand for prescription drugs, all contribute to the inappropriate prescription of medicines. In the United States some US$ 16 billion is spent annually by pharmaceutical, device and biotechnology industries on marketing to physicians. The issue of unethical pharmaceutical marketing practice has received a great deal of attention in recent years, prompting many doctors associations, pharmaceutical industry associations and individual corporations to engage with the issue. Many have passed codes of conduct and ethical guidelines for the marketing of pharmaceuticals; but if not monitored and enforced, their impact will be limited. Another form of corruption threatening the pharmaceutical industry occurs during clinical trials. Doctors are often paid by pharmaceutical companies to recruit patients for clinical trials or sit on clinical trial boards while simultaneously on the pay role of the manufacturing company in question. Many research institutions and universities have institutional review boards or research ethics committees responsible for reporting procedures and policies regarding conflicts of interest. Problems arise as to who will monitor the conflicts of interest and what, if any, sanction doctors will receive for failing to disclose conflicts of interest. On a national level, oversight becomes even more problematic. Moreover, there is debate over whether disclosure is sufficient: should researchers be allowed to conduct research for companies in which they have a financial interest?" It's amazing how hard it's to fight corruption and it's funny that the word "corruption" is not used when dealing with pharmaceutical industry issues. The real name for what is going on is corruption. Ten most corrupt leaders Name Position Estimates of funds allegedly embezzled (in U.S. $) 1. Mohamed Suharto President of Indonesia (1967–1998) $15 to 35 billion 2. Ferdinand Marcos President of the Philippines (1972–1986) 5 to 10 billion 4. Sani Abacha President of Nigeria (1993–1998) 2 to 5 billion 6. Jean-Claude Duvalier President of Haiti (1971–1986) 300 to 800 million 8. Pavlo Lazarenko Prime Minister of Ukraine (1996–1997) 114 to 200 million 10. Joseph Estrada President of the Philippines (1998–2001) 78 to 80 million Source Transparency International - 2004 Stan said... Dear Ana: Corruption in the Psychiatric and pharmaceutical industry! No way! I just can't believe this is true {Laughing}. What's next? Major University's Medical Programs accepting Drug money and not reporting it while doing a government funded trial or study for that same said drug! Someone should actually investigate this whole mess if it's really happening {Smirk}. Dismayed, Shocked, and Disappointed; Ana said... You know what? I believe these people most be vegetarians! This is all bullshit. They want to heal depression with plants and herbs and bipolarity with protein. They want to put in disbelief our drugs. Can you imagine life without SSRIs antipsychotics and benzos? It would be total insanity! As a Biederman follower I will have to take some measures. He and Harvard don't deserve to be put at the same level as Alberto Fujimori. That takes the bake. (I just hope this expression I've learned when I was a teenager is still being used. I still remember when I came across with the word... handkerchief. LOL It was the first big and strong word I had ever seen. Got very disappointed knowing what it means. Stan said... Dear Ana: It’s not rocket science to realize corruption is everywhere. But what being done about is what's appalling. Do you see any new laws or any of these {excuse my French"} fucking assholes going to prison? NO! Because with no doubt Big Pharmaceutical has our government completely in their pocket and controlled; just like the Universities, research, and the Doctors, and especially the Democratic Party and its socialist medical agenda. Watch very carefully what happens to Senator Grassley over the next few months to a year! They will gather up their dirt making machine and bury him like a gutted spring pig. You think we have it bad now! Just wait and see what the next four years brings. Obama is completely bought and paid for by Big Pharmaceutical (his nationalized medicine program is just a nice way of saying I’m giving a green light to big pharmaceutical to do whatever they want without repercussions; this is why he is behind tort reform to limit financial and criminal liability for the pharmaceutical industry). We are on a path that History will record as the greatest travesty to be perpetrated upon a population buy corporation’s man has ever known. And our government will just stand by and watch it happen. And this is just the tip of the ice berg! we are all riding on the Titanic! Ana said... You're right Stan. Unfortunately something is quite right with Stan!:) The corruption of Pharmas is global. Yes. This will be recognized as the dark ages of medicine. Unfortunately I'll not be alive to read this chapter of "History of Psychiatry" chapter 9..... "When people got iatrogenic diseases because of corruption."
• Devdutt Pattanaik: Use for Rudolf's nose Devdutt PattanaikDec 25, 2016, 06:20 IST Do you remember the story of Rudolf, the reindeer, who had a shiny red nose? And how every other reindeer made fun of him? His father even asks him to hide his nose so that he fits in. But then, Santa Claus looks at him, and finds his shiny red nose very useful: as the leader of the pack of reindeers pulling his sleigh through the snow, his shiny red nose could serve as a bright indicator in the dark foggy winter nights. This is the story of the person who does not fit in society's clearly defined roles: the outsider, the queer. How is that misfit included in society, made useful, rendered valid? Illustration/Devdutt Pattanaik Illustration/Devdutt Pattanaik We all have a shiny red nose. Some of us want to hide this from society lest we are mocked and rejected. We want to fit into the tribe. Some of us use that red nose to ensure they are never part of the group — thus asserting our individualism. Most of us are somewhere in between, revealing our shiny red nose when we feel we will not be rejected for it, or when we feel we will be admired for it. Sometimes, all reindeers with red noses come together and form a group of the persecuted minority or the group of the contributing minority. We feel such an organisation will protect us from bullying by the regular reindeers. The greatest fear is that Santa Claus will not find us useful, and so exclude us from his herd, or worse, get us culled. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, inter-sexed and other such queer people are used to this discrimination by political and religious leaders, who have somehow decided that anything related to sex and sexuality is unholy and non-Godly. Even heterosexual men and women, who choose not to marry, or stay monogamous, are seen as dangerous misfits, who need to be ostracised. Disabled people need to constantly prove they are differently abled, so valuable, so valid in society. These are the very obvious Rudolphs of our society. In Babylonian mythology, in a drunken party, the gods play a game. They create different types of humans using clay, and challenge Enki, guardian of humanity, to give these queer creatures a role. To the blind man, Enki gives the role of musician. To the infertile woman, he gives the role of a courtesan. To the eunuch, he gives the role of a scribe. Thus, every Rudolph is made useful. The lesson being, to exist in society, we all have to prove our usefulness. And, to allow our difference to thrive, we have prove that our difference adds value. So, we now find scientific papers in Dr James O'Keefe's TEDx talk, explaining why nature creates queer people. There is increasing evidence that it is not an accident but part of the design, an intra-uterine epigenetic calibration in response to the mother's external ecosystem. It is nature's way of ensuring that everyone is not bound to the fertility wagon. That there is someone in the herd, pack, hive or tribe, who thinks differently about life, love, pleasure and play, and is not consumed with childrearing and inheritance. This study suggests that nature deliberately produces Rudolphs because diversity is nature's way, not homogeneity. The author writes and lectures on the relevance of mythology in modern times. Reach him at devdutt@devdutt.com Read Full Article
Mara Schiff begins her chapter with this summary of restorative justice: it is a philosophy for reforming criminal and juvenile justice intervention strategies based on principles of repairing harm, involving key stakeholders, and creating community/government partnerships in the justice process. Nevertheless, in most parts of the world, restorative justice has been applied as a series of ad hoc program initiatives rather than as a systemic approach to justice intervention. Schiff’s purpose in this chapter is threefold. One, she describes the most common restorative models; where they are located; how they are implemented; and what evidence there is, if any, of their effectiveness. Two, she examines some of the key obstacles to effective implementation and to the collection of reliable research data on those processes. Third, she considers what promise, if any, restorative processes hold for the future.
A Will is a document that records what you intend to happen to your assets after you die . In other words who gets what? Wills also nominate a person or persons that you trust to see that your wishes are carried out. This person is referred to as the executor. Many complications can arise after your death, if you do not have a will. For example, you will not have any control over who your assets are left to. The cost of arranging for your assets to be distributed is usually higher than would be the case if you had a will, and this cost is paid for out of the assets of your estate. There is also inconvenience caused to your loved ones in arranging for this process to take place and because your intentions are not documented, disputes and conflict can arise between loved ones, as to what your intentions were. Therefore, wills are essential for most adults. It is also very important that you view your existing wills regularly to see if they need to be changed because of a change in personal circumstances. For example if you buy or sell a property you may need to review your will.
Saturday, July 23, 2016 Week 5: Space + Art Prior to the readings and lectures from this week, I had a fair knowledge of space. I have taken a couple astronomy classes, so I am familiar with the fundamentals and basics of space. Despite this knowledge, the readings still fascinated me, because it stretched my imagination in terms of human capabilities to explore space. Immediately, what came to mind when doing the readings were science fiction films. As a matter of fact, the lecture explicitly states that these films inspired some of the scientific breakthroughs. Movies such as Gravity and Interstellar were some of my favorites scientific fiction movies. Gravity Movie Poster One thing that this week’s lectures and readings made me really think about is how large our universe really is. I thought about the Power of Ten, which is the effect of adding another power of zero when you zoom farther away using a telescope. The more zeros you add, you can imagine that there is millions of galaxy that follow. One of the images that amazed me was the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The image shows many galaxies in one picture. NASA took the picture by capturing various amounts of light throughout the years. Hubble Ultra Deep Field However, NASA would not be where it is today without the space race. The events that occurred during the space race surprised me the most, because technology was becoming so advanced in such a short amount of time. This all started when Sputnik was launched by the Soviet Union. Essentially, this meant that the Russians were ahead of the United States in terms of space exploration and technology. This inspired the creation of NASA and shortly after, they launched Neil Armstrong and his team into space, which marked the first time humans landed on the moon and the United States overtaking Russia in the space race. Space Race "A Brief History Of Space Art." A Brief History of Space Art. Don Dixon, n.d. Web. 23 July 2016. Clar, Richard. "Website of Richard Clar and Art Technologies, a Collaboration between Space Technology and the Arts." Website of Richard Clar and Art Technologies, a Collaboration between Space Technology and the Arts. Art Technologies, 2005. Web. 23 July 2016. Dunbar, Brian. "NASA Designs New Space Telescope Optics to Find a New Earth." NASA. NASA, 14 Feb. 2013. Web. 23 July 2016. "Hubble Anniversary: 25 of the Most Beautiful Images Captured by Nasa's Space Telescope." International Business Times RSS. IBTimes Co., Ltd., 22 Apr. 2015. Web. 23 July, 2016. Marlow. "An Eames Office Website." Powers of Ten Blog. N.p., 2 Jan. 2013. Web. 23 July, 2016. "Gravity." Slate. N.p., 4 October 2013. Web. 23 July, 2016. "Hubble Ultra Deep Field." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 July, 2016. Skelly, Dylan. "The Space Race." The Space Race. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 July, 2016. 1 comment: 1. I liked that despite you having a fair knowledge of astronomy, that you were able to look at the interaction between space and art through a different lens. It's the history and politics post World War II that drove the race of innovative technology to rapidly flourish. I watched Gravity and although I did not enjoy it much, it is definitely a great example of art showing scientific breakthroughs.
Sinking Cities – fact or fiction? Jakarta, Houston, Shanghai, Manila, California, Bangkok, New Orleans and many other cities/regions all face a common problem – they are sinking. But we won’t get Atlantis 2.0, eigh? First of all it is crucial to know simply that land is not sinking without a major reason. Before we dive deeper into the topic, I just want to pinpoint, that humanity is connected to the natural environment. Period. Therefore we always have to keep in mind that every action we are taking, small or big, the environment is effected, too. I find this fact essential for this topic of sinking cities, because it shows what happens if we forget exactly about that connection. Getting specific data about how much land is sinking, is not that easy. I found that the central area in Bangkok sinks 2-3 cm per year. Manila sinks estimated 8 centimeters per year. Jakarta is more or less famous as worst sinking city. There the ground is already like a Swiss cheese, and people are still digging deeper, even if the area sunk 4 meters during the last three decades. One might comment, well those couple of centimeters won’t make such a difference, will they? The answer is: Every centimeter matters, because many of those sinking cities sink under sea level. Combined with sea level rise due to climate change, the risk of severe flooding increases towards a much higher level. For example 40% of Jakarta is under sea level … and counting. Here is a tool where you can see and measure the risk of flooding ( I tried several cities and it might work in USA only.) But it is impressive to see. Try New York, New Orleans or Manhattan Beach, LA or Houston (Texas). So here comes the ultimate questions: Why? Why do cities sink? The main reason is groundwater extraction. 80% of all land subsidence goes back to excessive local groundwater withdrawal. Imagine the water underneath a city gets extracted to a state where it cannot obtain the normal level and therefore sinks much lower. As the British Geological Survey points out: “When recharge is less than natural discharge plus abstraction, groundwater levels fall.“ As a consequence of groundwater depletion, soil above might compact and collapse ergo the land sinks. Have you heard of sinkholes? Those holes are a likely consequence of groundwater depletion and land subsidence. California is a current example where, because of a severe drought, water pumping increases together with land subsidence. A recent NASA article stated that in only four months of 2014 some Californian areas sank about 20 centimeters. Wow! However, many of those affected regions are coastal Mega cities, which means agglomerations of at least 10 Million inhabitants. Mega Cities where construction sites and big building are the course of things, increase the land subsidence through their weight of infrastructure and buildings. So, what do we got? • excessive groundwater depletion • increasing land subsidence • rising sea levels due to climate change • many coastal Mega Cities with Millions of people Wait, is there a solution? We have to tackle excessive water pumping and include the reality of groundwater-related subsidence into planning processes all over the world. Ignorance is no option. I think that local institutions have to gather in order to share information, experience and solutions. Finding measures that work effectively towards water saving, ground stability and data collection, is key. Building great barriers as flood protection is one thing, but working together towards a save operating space within the capabilities of natural environment is another. About the author Hi there, I am Jo. Currently, I am a blogger and student, based in London, UK. Living in urban settings with a passion for sustainability inspired me to create this blog. Here, I want to capture and share some of my urban explorations, experiences and thoughts. Feel free to click around, give feedback, share the blog or connect with me. Cheers! View all posts Leave a Reply
Total Number of words made out of Quantify =69 Quantify is a 8 letter medium Word starting with Q and ending with Y. Below are Total 69 words made out of this word. 6 letter Words made out of quantify 1). quinta 2). quaint 3). yanqui 5 letter Words made out of quantify 1). unify 2). unfit 3). aunty 4). faint 5). nifty 6). quint 7). quant 8). unity 4 letter Words made out of quantify 1). fiat 2). quin 3). tain 4). quit 5). quay 6). naif 7). tufa 8). faun 9). quai 10). yuan 11). unit 12). anti 13). tiny 14). aunt 15). ayin 16). unai 17). fain 18). tuna 3 letter Words made out of quantify 1). any 2). tau 3). tin 4). tan 5). uta 6). yin 7). tun 8). tui 9). qua 10). fin 11). fay 12). fat 13). fan 14). aft 15). ant 16). ani 17). ait 18). ain 19). fit 20). fun 21). nay 22). qat 23). nut 24). nit 2 letter Words made out of quantify nu ut ti an ya in at ay fa un na ta it if ai Note There are 3 vowel letters and 5 consonant letters in the word quantify. Q is 17th, U is 21th, A is 1st, N is 14th, T is 20th, I is 9th, F is 6th, Y is 25th, Letter of Alphabet series. q, qu, qua, y, fy, ify, q uq aq nq tq i q fq y y fy iy ty ny a y uy q
It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker. Thank you. "Man has made what goes faster than light itself... page: 3 << 1 2 >> log in posted on Jan, 3 2009 @ 07:54 PM Light is on a path.. goes from a to b.. its just a measurment of light nothing more get over it.. there is things faster than light silly... why? becouse we know there is LOL questions are dumb sometimes.. I mean theorecticly yes light is fast very fast.. but so is the path that light travels down.. Think of light as a car on a motorway ; ) someone BUILT the motor way... its just a matter of time befor we FLY over the motor way get it?? oh hum i give up back to maths,.,.. posted on Jan, 3 2009 @ 08:56 PM Don't we all break the speed of light everytime we drive down the road and turn our headlights on? Speed of light + speed of the car. If the car is going from A > B surely we must add that speed to the light that is emmited from the headlight? [edit on 3/1/2009 by nerbot] posted on Jan, 3 2009 @ 09:38 PM Light vibrations from any object is what we see. Constant radiation in the atmosphere, there are 100 to 500 ions per cu cm, excite electrons in atoms. Secondary Cosmic rays are thus very necessary. A good experiment would be to shield these rays, and what do scientists see, a flash a light. Yeah I guess that proves it. Roam around in space and close your eyes. Those would be Primary Cosmic Rays and much more powerful. These particles most likely go faster than the speed of Excited electrons move between energy levels (quantum) and emit light waves. The green car paint electrons tell you the car is green. Light is happening all the time, non stop, in perpetual motion. ED: Light and Radio are waves that pass though a medium that the can move only at light speed. The medium is ether and comparable to sound speed in air. [edit on 1/3/2009 by TeslaandLyne] posted on Jan, 4 2009 @ 05:48 PM reply to post by TeslaandLyne Thank you. I don't think the OP realizes he only see's what he see's because of light itself. All the images we process are due to light being reflected off of what's being observed. Mabus, whatever it is you're thinking- Is wrong. The material for what we see is already here, is already in existance. Things we create, like a cup, or plate, or car, are brought into existance. Existing isn't a speed- So I don't get whatever point your trying to make. Existing is a state of being- Existing, and speed, are not comparable. So what's your point? From what I can tell, you argue that because something is, it is therefore faster than light? Is that right? I'm not trying to come off as rude- But the way your trying to get your point across is very crude. If you could word it better; it'd be much appreciated. If you are infact arguing, that existing means something is somehow "Faster than the speed of light" how could you ever have come to this conclusion? Existance, and speed, are two entirely different things. You didn't even support your statement; at least not well enough to make sense. I'm sorry, but I can't see your reasoning for this assumption. posted on Jan, 4 2009 @ 06:13 PM Well technically EVERYTHING is already travelling at the speed of light... Not at the speed of light through space, so far as we know that is imposable... No rather we are travelling through Time at the speed of light. I know that's pedantic and I dont care posted on Jan, 4 2009 @ 06:55 PM reply to post by Mabus and faster than instant itself!!!" I have heard a lot of theories here on the ATS forums, but yours Mabus, "Really takes the cake!" Award. Though I have not read every post of this thread, due to my snickering and bellows of sighs from utter "Dumb Shock" for lack of a better word, your theory, though it is yours and you are allowed to "Own It" for yourself, is undeniably "Unresearched gibberish. Light allows you to perceive the object first of all, and "Why?" do you say? "Because it is at a state of "Present" at close distance or with in your means of "Perception" for verification of the object(s)... Here, it will take me all night to show you how mistaken you are on your theory, it is called "Galilean Space-Time" and it is what you perceive to be faster than speed of light catagorization of this bewildering and "Mind Numbing" explanation of yours, I wish you "no" offense Mabus, just got to get to know your applied sciences before such a "Unorthodox" bias acceptances of your personal physics rule or train of thought. There are also other practicalities that would apply to your theory as well. Check out "Minkowski Space-Time" which i s relative to trying to measure anything to do with the speed of light acceptances. And we must not forget the"Light Refraction" stimulation that allows us to see as we currently do. Reflection is bouncing off a barrier or interface. Refraction is bending of light's path at the interface between two media. All angles are to be measured from the normal to the surface. The incident angle and the reflected angle are equal. The refracted angle may be larger or smaller than the incident angle. I hope you take my post to heart for the evidence given, and I hope that in one way or the other , it will allow you "Not" accept your current ideologies of the speed of light and what is the speed of light personifications upon still objects that we currently view in our every day "Reality" of structures and physical "Existence" for those of us that are or were fortunate to see at one time or even now. posted on Jan, 5 2009 @ 06:57 AM Originally posted by Now_Then I know that's pedantic and I dont care Explain how everything is already travelling at the speed of light? if that were the case data transfer would be exceptionally fast an So far we think it is impossible we don't know. Like just hyperthetical try an work with this Think of the earth orbiting the sun like it does but think of the sun being like 100 or 1000 times bigger and the earth being a super huge wide orbit hence the huge sun so we were still warm an instead of the earth slowly turning on its axis think of the earth going around the sun on its orbit and that taking 24 hours the earth could well be traveling on an orbit around the sun moving at the speed of light however with the gravity of earth we would just view a day as any other. at the end of the day the speed of light is just a speed things may well go faster than it but we just dont know of many things that can. Also if one was able to travel at the speed of light you would not get to a destination before you left FACT. only way people could do that is if the clock at the destination was 1 minuet slow just like i get home from work with a 10 minuets to spare cause I don't set my clock to day light savings time or whatever. posted on Jan, 5 2009 @ 07:57 AM yeahhhhhhh... ive read all of mabus' posts and, it sounds like he has an idea yet tries to make it seem like some ground breaking theory by using the sentence structure that he does. like hes trying to be something. or someone. or maybe its just how he talks. /shrug. light --------light---------------------> object this is a freeze frame of someone turning on a light, with a man-made chair (like it matters) in the room. the object is not moving, the light has not reached the object yet, therefore it must be traveling faster then the speed of light because it takes time for the light to catch up to it -- to reach the object. [edit on 5-1-2009 by 30 Seconds] posted on Jan, 5 2009 @ 08:20 AM Originally posted by Mabus To measure what is faster than light speed, just use your common sense mind. Let your mind be the unit it can be measured in. You sure can measure that which can not be measured by outter instraments. I just like to quote Mabus and remind everyone replying to this thread that the world is as we perceive it each and individually. It is clear that in Mabus´s mind, man made objects are in fact faster than the speed of light. It is not debatable. Just use your imagination people and you can see it too....I just visioned a coffee cup travel faster than light and it unmade it self. posted on Jan, 5 2009 @ 08:34 AM Isn't this more along the lines of Schrödinger's cat than the speed of light? Now if the mass of any particular particle was less than the mass of a particle of light then yes it should be able to travel faster than the speed of light in theory but at the same time also presents another problem of the propulsion of the item that has less mass than the particle of light. Do we even know how much mass a light particle has? Either way I think the op is confusing the speed of light with the Schrödinger's cat thing. Edit: confusing is a bad term to use I guess more along the lines the op should look into the Schrödinger's cat theorem. The perception of mankind that the object is there is only limited to the speed of light actually slightly less because we have to process the information we receive from the light, therefor it's the perception of the object that may be faster than the speed of light if we know it's there before the light particles hit it, however if we already knew then it would not be faster than the speed of light we simply would be cheating. [edit on 5-1-2009 by Darthorious] posted on Jan, 5 2009 @ 08:56 AM Modern theory suggests that the speed of light is constant. Travelling at 10,000kph and then switching a light on at the front of the "magic car" doesn't increase the speed of the light... it is constant... I do not see how this figures into the rate of human perception, signals in the brain, generally in the range of 1-130mps (say, up to 450kph). Compare that with 1,071,360,000kph for light. Bit of a difference. I am trying to understand the thesis here but cannot grasp it. The theory of faster than light speed between distant articles may be a misnomer as this may be due to instantaneous communication - that is, immediacy of effect with no time interval between the events. This would lead to conclusions concerning the ability to break "time" barriers rather than speed. Can anybody help by clarifying their understanding of the OP's proposition? posted on Jan, 8 2009 @ 12:24 AM reply to post by SugarCube Well from what i gather.. A thing being mesured.. Is just one thing.. How is it able to do what it is??? how is it able to a --- b We know how LONG it takes to get from point at to point b ie lightyears ect.. So in theory you can go faster.. just becouse we can measure it.. Now i dont know if this is based on time.. But time does play a factor becouse of the nature of the universe.. Mad has Not made anything faster than light as it was already here to begin with.. But man can Observer faster than light "in his mind" and thats were it stays for now.. tooked up safe and sound in a mathamatical equation in you head you can not put onto paper "yet" Hope that helps Hi cube btw top topics << 1 2 >> log in
Skip to content Dogs + Emergency Situations • An anaphylactic reaction or anaphylaxis is an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to a foreign substance, especially a foreign protein. • An aortic thromboembolism results from a blood clot that is dislodged and travels within the aorta, becoming lodged in a distant location. This causes severely reduced blood flow to the tissues receiving blood from that particular part of the aorta, leading to decreased oxygen in the tissues. • Brain injuries are devastating and, unfortunately, often fatal. There are both primary brain injuries that are the result of a direct insult to the brain, and secondary brain injuries that occur following the primary brain injury. Secondary brain injuries may include bleeding from a brain blood vessel or swelling of brain tissue.
[MUST READ] Health Benefits of Corn Maize, known in some English-speaking countries as corn, has a lot of health benefits which include controlling diabetes, prevention of heart ailments, lowering hypertension and prevention of neural-tube defects at birth. It is known to be a large grain plant and the most populous grain the world has ever known which is domesticated by indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica and as well. The leafy stalk produces ears which contain the grain, which are seeds called kernels are the most commonly consumed part of the vegetable, the kernel also helps to hold the majority of the corn nutrients. It can appear in various form depending on the specie and the region it is planted,.The sweet corn is a specie of corn that contains alot of sugar and less starch in the nutritive material. Corn is said to be very rich in vitamins A, B, E and many minerals, its fibre content helps to prevent digestive ailments like constipation and hemorrhoids as well as colorectal cancer while the antioxidants act as anti-carcinogenic agents and prevent Alzheimer’s . Its rich in phytochemicals and help to the body from chronic diseases.It contains 342 calories per 100 grammes. When consumed ,it helps in adding of .Also the high calorie content makes it vital for the survival of dozens of agricultural-based nations. Leave a Comment Visit to discover Indian blogs
Could psilocybin be a treatment? Brain scans of people watching walls breath and air move, in other words under the affect psilocybin or magic mushrooms, have given researchers a detailed picture of how psychedelic drugs work. Two studies identify areas of the brain where activity is suppressed by psilocybin and the data suggests that the drug helps people to experience memories more vividly. In one study, 30 healthy people were given intravenous doses of psilocybin while inside an MRI machine which measured the subsequent brain activity. Those scans showed that activity decreased in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The function of these areas is debated among neuroscientists, but it is widely recognized that the PCC has a role in consciousness and self-identity. The mPFC is hyperactive in depression so the suppression by psilocybin may be responsible for the antidepressant effect. The second study found that psilocybin enhanced recollections of personal memories. This suggests that the drug could be useful for some types of psychotherapy. “Psychedelics are thought of as ‘mind-expanding’ drugs so it has commonly been assumed that they work by increasing brain activity, but surprisingly, we found that psilocybin actually caused activity to decrease in areas that have the densest connections with other area. These hubs constrain our experience of the world and keep it orderly. We now know that deactivating these regions leads to a state in which the world is experienced as strange,” said Professor David Nutt, from the Department of Medicine at Imperial College London and senior author of both studies. There are indications that psilocybin could have use as a therapeutic drug. Studies will continue. Source: MedicalNewsToday, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PsyWeb Poll Total votes: 3979
A beginner's guide to bitcoin: What you need to know The official logo of Bitcoin, a digital cryptocurrency. The official logo of Bitcoin, a digital cryptocurrency. When Craig Wright claimed he invented bitcoin, it put the mysterious currency back in the spotlight. Let's start at the beginning: What exactly is bitcoin? Australian Craig Steven Wright claims to have created Bitcoin. Australian Craig Steven Wright claims to have created Bitcoin. * What do we know about Craig Wright? * Computer programmer travels the world using bitcoin * Lead developer quits bitcoin claiming it has failed So how did it get created? Robyn Mackenzie/123rf.com Bitcoin was made public in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto, who may or may not be Craig Wright. It's founded on open-source software that releases 3600 bitcoin into the public domain every day, in order to prevent inflation. The system is designed to be peer-to-peer – money goes from one account to another without a middleman or a bank getting involved. In lieu of a ledger, bitcoin transactions are publicly recorded on a "blockchain" run by the network of nodes which operate the bitcoin software. * Blockchain bitcoin trading platform * Global bitcoin nodes showing miners online now What about regulation? Ad Feedback Intriguing. How do I use it? Is that how bitcoin keeps transactions anonymous? Does anyone outside of the underworld accept it ? Yes! Firms as big as Microsoft, Dell and Paypal all accept bitcoin payments, while select cafes in Europe advertise on the basis of accepting bitcoin as payment. It is also accepted by tech-savvy websites, such as popular BBS board and 4chan. Because bitcoin continues to retain connotations of illegality, it is still rarely used - though recognition of its legitimacy is slowly increasing. Is it used in New Zealand? For legitimate purposes? Honestly, no. You have to buy it off traders for a marked-up price, and often bitcoin trade websites are down because it is so uncommonly used. In New Zealand, it's next to unusable. Though there is a bitcoin ATM in a bar in Auckland, that hasn't really caught on. So where is bitcoin going next? Is it going to die out? No one is sure – but if I was to hazard a guess I'd suggest it's on the up. It's gaining an air of legitimacy in several countries and mainstream attention is adding to the appeal. There are also properties of the unique currency that are still being explored – one city council in America keeps their homeless fed by enabling them to "mine" bitcoin (a reward for using your computer as a node for the blockchain). While I don't think it's going to be a universal currency in 50 years, I'd definitely watch this space. Sign up to receive our new evening newsletter Two Minutes of Stuff – the news, but different. - Stuff Ad Feedback special offers Ad Feedback
Forgiving Others Is An Alternative Medicinal Therapy Forgiving Others Is An Alternative Medicinal Therapy Forgiving others is an alternative medicine. It heals many diseases and leads to a happier life. Ancient systems such as Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurveda accept that forgiveness heals the emotional wounds and regulate the flow of vital energy in the body. Although western medicinal systems do not seem to accept that forgiving others is also a medicinal system, ancient systems such as Ayurveda and Chinese traditional systems, which insist the subtle energy of the body, have given importance to forgiveness as an alternative therapy to regulate chakras that control the emotional wounds as well as physical problems. The chakras in the body control the flow of energy called “Prana” or “Qui”. Today, the power of chakras is recognized as a part of medical systems, including the western medicines. Chakra healing is gaining popularity as a new way in the modern world to solve challenges against physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual illnesses. How can forgiving be an alternative medicine? Meridiens or Naadis in the body play vital role in Traditional Chinese as well as Indian medical systems. They say that unhealed emotional wounds cause blocks to the chakras, obstructing the free flow of the vital energy called prana or qui. When this free flow is blocked, it causes various physical and psychological diseases. It affects the solar plexus and is felt as some irritation in throat or some heaviness in heart. When you forgive, the block is released and the free flow of vital energy enables a healthy body and mind. When unconditional forgiveness is granted, the block to the energy flow is released, the chakra receives energy through trans-personal flow of energy which heals the wounds and right relationship is established. Forgiveness therapy with other therapies Forgiveness therapy is associated with most of the alternative medicinal therapies called energy therapies such as prayer therapy, Pranic healing, Reiki, and aura cleansing therapy. As stated above, they involve the use of a person’s energy fields to heal the person at every level, including one’s physical body. Quantum physics of modern science has also proved that everything in the world, including the human body, is made up of energy that can affect one another relatively. Every illness of body and mind is an external manifestation of the energy blockage or imbalance. Forgiveness plays a vital role in removing or cleansing the blockage. Most of the alternative therapies aim at holistic healing for which forgiving and reconciliation is necessary. The therapy prescribed by a great physician A great physician who healed thousands and gave back life to many has prescribed forgiveness as the greatest remedy for healing all kinds of illnesses. His teachings insist forgiveness as the foremost criterion to build up relationship with God and all creations to initiate any healing. If anyone goes deep into his teachings, it can well be understood. In his prayer therapy tablet, given as “The Lord’s Prayer”, he shows that forgiveness is as important as food. That is the energy mantra of his therapy directing us to ask for “daily bread” and “forgiveness from God and others”. Forgiveness according to this great physician is the highest art of medicine. Forgive yourself; forgive others Just try, you will see wonders. Need an answer? Get insightful answers from community-recommended in Alternative Medicine on Knoji. Would you recommend this author as an expert in Alternative Medicine? You have 0 recommendations remaining to grant today. Comments (10) We only hurt ourselves when we do not forgive others. yes we do, forgiveness is a therapy widely used in the west, I am a therapist and I use it as part of my counselling all the time. Very good. We would be better of if this was taught more widely and thoroughly. Excellent information! I have noticed for myself that forgiving others and including myself, I feel an inner release of stress and tension. Liked - shared - good job A very nice and informative article on alternative medicine.Thanks. Stress kills and part of that stress is unforgiveness. You have described this topic well. Thank you! Stress is like a cancer that destroys life. Some of us find this out too late. Your article should be thought provoking for everyone who reads it. What a good article! Forgiveness is taught in Christianity also. It is not always easy to do and is not just a "one time thing". But not forgiving lets to bitterness and bitterness is very hard to get rid of. Vot'd and promoted.
Speaking While Listening Jiddu Krishnamurti As I continue this week focusing on Social Skills, I think it’s a good time to revisit the importance of the communication that happens when we are listening to others. Sure, I touched this before, the importance of listening to others instead of just waiting your turn to reply, but I think we should also discuss what you communicate to the speaker as you listen. Yes, what you say to the person speaking as you listen silently. Communications and conversations go past the simple idea of one person speaking and another listening. There is an entire underlining conversation created by the listener that most people aren’t usually aware they are projecting. As the speaker speaks, he is constantly looking for cues and validations from the listener. In a way, listening isn’t enough, but reminding the speaker that he is being listened becomes just as important. If you don’t believe me, just consider how annoying it is to speak with someone swiping around on their mobile. When listening and paying attention, you have to consider if the speaker understands that you are listening and paying attention. This makes them feel acknowledged and validated, even when you might not agree with them. There are several ways to do this; including full physical attention, reflective listening, avoiding verbal and nonverbal barriers, and eye contact. Full Physical Attention is when your body language reflects your interest in the speaker. In simple terms, this is about using your entire body to demonstrate your interest and show attention to what the person is saying. You must face the speaker square on, with the appropriate distance, and even lean forward to “better hear the speaker.” Your hands and legs should remain uncrossed, in what is considered an “open” stance. Moving in response to the speaker’s comments, like nodding and facial expressions, lets him know your opinion about the subject matter. Reflective Listening is repeating back to the speaker what you understood. It validates to the speaker not only the fact that you were listening but your understanding of what was said. It allows the speaker to make clarifications and even expand on what was said before. It turns what would usually be considered an passive act into an active act. Avoid Barriers, conscious or unconscious, that might put off the speaker. There are two types of barriers listens use; Verbal and Nonverbal barriers. Verbal Barriers are based on the tone or the content of your response. A vocal tone can give a condescending interpretation or a reaction that feels preachy, moralizing, or even shaming will shut down the conversation as a shared experience. Nonverbal Barriers are usually done unconsciously and harder to control if you’re not paying attention to your own body language. These can range from eye rolling or closing your body up (slouching or arms or legs crossed) to something as simple as lack of eye contact and fidgeting. A conversation is a shared event where both people are communicating with each other, even when it’s only one person doing the talking. You must accept your responsibility for the message you project as a listener as the speaker for the works he uses.
A device file is a special type of file found on UNIX(-like) systems. It is often just called "device", for short. The device files commonly live in /dev, but this is purely for aesthetics. There is no special reason a device file couldn't live in /home, /usr, or even /tmp. Device files are the link between programs and the kernel. A "read" operation on a device file (e.g. /dev/ttyS0, a communications port on Linux) will request information from the kernel about what data is incoming on that port (like a mouse movement). A write operation will tell the kernel to send information to the port (like write to a serial terminal). To the application programmer a device file will appear much like a regular file, with maybe some extra options (ioctl). In reality, the kernel will handle all communication with the hardware. Besides hardware (communication ports, harddrives, etc.) the OS's internals are often represented as device files too. Linux has the ability to use several "virtual terminals". I.e. one monitor can handle lots of different login sessions, by making it appear that several terminals are "connected" to Alt F1-... Each virtual terminal is represented by /dev/ttyx, where x is the number of that virtual terminal. A "real" , serial, terminal would be represented by /dev/ttySx. To avoid reinventing the wheel, /dev/ttyx is used to make them seem like real terminals. Same goes for software RAIDs. There are two types of device files (at least, on Linux, my knowledge of other UNIXen is quite limited) called "block" and "character" devices. The first one is used for blocked I/O. That is, several (kilo-)bytes (a block) are read into memory, and processed afterwards. This is most commonly used for hard drives, where reading 1 byte, processing it, and reading the next, would require too much seek time on the drive and thus making it slow. The "character" devices are the most common. Communication ports, sound cards, etc. are all "character" devices. These devices are unbuffered, i.e. a byte (character) is read, processed, the next is read, etc. Of course, the user application can choose to block data by itself. Oof. I hope this makes any sense at all. I don't hack kernels, so relying on me for something important would be silly. The device files interface with the kernel through the use of major and minor device numbers. The kernel first looks up the major number to discover which device or device type is being refered to, and the minor numbers determine a sub-selection within that category. For an example, lets look at the serial ports: legba:/proc# ls -l /dev/ttyS* crw-r----- 1 root dialout 4, 64 Dec 26 11:46 /dev/ttyS0 crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 65 Jul 6 03:44 /dev/ttyS1 crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 66 Jul 6 03:44 /dev/ttyS2 crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 67 Jul 6 03:44 /dev/ttyS3 ^ ^ ^ \| \| \| \| \| (Note that ttyS0 == COM1, ttyS1 == COM2 etc) Here we can see that all the serial ports have a major number of 4, which indicates a terminal of some type, and minor numbers of 64 to 67, which determine which com port you are trying to access. So a program sending data to a modem connected to the first serial port would write the data to /dev/ttyS0, this would cause the kernel to intercept the data, see it was addressed to 4,64, find the module that controls the serial port, and push the data to the module's input subroutine. The module will then interface with the hardware, and give the serial port controller the data to output over the serial port.
The Common Application Essay Prompts for the college students are announced - Sample Essay What’s APPening with Essay Prompts this year? The Common Application Essay Prompts are designed to get familiarized with the students’ sources of inspiration and motivation, their background and attitude towards life. Students also benefit from the essay prompts, because they strengthen their applications. Prompt 1 Speak about your personality. Each person is a separate personality due to his or her unique set of character traits and spiritual qualities. A good personality refers to a sincere, holistic person who lives according to his vocation. Doubtlessly, students have background – family relations, friendship, childhood dreams, or school years. Explain its significance and how it shaped the person you are. Do not fail to mention your talents and hobbies. What is more, it’s always interesting to discover different facts about students – their fears, expectations, deep thoughts. Make your story engaging and worthwhile. Prompt 2 Fundamental lessons we take from obstacles affect us greatly. Perhaps, you’ve overcome some difficulties which seemed insurmountable at first glance. If someone has such an experience, it means that he is mentally strong and never gives up. There traits are indispensable for you as a student and are appreciated by the admissions officers. Sometimes the hurdle a person faces divides his life into “before” and “after.” Share such story if you consider this to be necessary. Prompt 3 Dwell upon your beliefs or ideology. This is always a controversial issue since everyone has his own point of view on religion, philosophy, and sense of life. Write about one idea that has personal importance for you or comment on query ethical dilemma. Be cautious and never try to persuade your readers, this is just about your worldview. Prompt 4 Describe a problem you’ve solved. Problems are inevitable in our everyday life, and you have surely dealt with them. Explain how did you manage to cope with it, mention the steps and means you’ve resorted to. Don’t forget to tell about the consequences of your decisions. Another option is to speak on a particular problem you’d like to solve, even a global one. For example, since the new millennium began, the environmental problems have suddenly become widespread ones, and are largely discussed throughout the world. Suggest a procedure of resolving it. Prompt 5 Various events, accomplishments or people encountered can serve as markers that change someone’s life. Write about what transformed you from a child into an adult. Everything has its imprint on a future, even an impressing film or a book. You should have something to develop into a successful Common App. Prompt 6 What interest and captivates you? What do you find engulfing and motivating? Dwell upon some topics or fields you’re plunging into deeply. If chemistry is interesting for you, describe the experiments you’ve done or the urgent problems of this science. Summarize a thought-provoking book; speak on the long-lasting impressions after reading it. Make the admissions officers as interested and curious as you are. Prompt 7 Definitely, a lot of your works is already accomplished. Share some of the written essays or create a new one. Writing an essay is extremely useful because it allows learning clearly and correctly formulate thoughts, structure information, use basic concepts, highlight causality, illustrate your experience with relevant examples, and argument their conclusions. It is helpful in assessing the characteristics of your thinking, creativity, enthusiasm and potential. The best way to achieve this result is to write directly and frankly while remaining honest with you. We hope this information was useful and you have found the prompt, which suits you best.
Published on: Scottish Doctors Develop Cooling Jacket to Help Prevent Brain Damage The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh has introduced a new cooling jacket used to lower the temperature of newborns suffering from a lack of oxygen. By cooling the overall temperature of the baby, chemical chain reactions which can cause severe brain damage in babies are inhibited. Aside from preventing brain damage, this new technology also works to reduce manpower, thus freeing up manpower. To read more about this developing technology, please click here.
Social media can be a great way to stay in touch with old friends and update your loved ones on successes and exciting life events. Used in moderation, it can increase your feeling of connectedness to others and offer a way to communicate ideas easily to a large audience. But, used in excess, it can decrease functionality and possibly lead to depression. Studies have shown conflicting evidence of a connection between social media use and depression. Positive interactions, social support, and social connectedness on Social Network Sites were consistently related to lower levels of depression and anxiety, whereas negative interaction and social comparisons on Social Networking Sites were related to higher levels of depression and anxiety. – Seabrook EM, Kern ML, Rickard NS. Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. O’Dea B, ed. JMIR Mental Health. 2016;3(4):e50. doi:10.2196/mental.5842. Personally, I enjoy having the ability to stay connected with others on social media sites and I am active on multiple social networking sites but I must admit, sometimes it can be a bit much. I noticed that I wasted so much time mindlessly scrolling through my social media feeds and using it as a means to procrastinate. Additionally, I must admit, I fall into the trap of comparison. I look at the life that others portray of social media and start to compare mine to theirs. No matter how well things are going in your life, if you use someone else’s as a measuring stick, you will find some aspect where you deem that you fall short. So, given the pitfalls of social media, I decided to take a social media break for the seven days preceding Christmas. I was pleasantly surprised by the positive outcomes that resulted from my time away from social media. 1 I used the free time that I acquired to be more productive. I actually started this website during that period, and I had ample time to focus on creating and writing thoughtful posts. It is amazing how productive I was without taking breaks to check my social media sites. I also found some extra time to do some deep cleaning in my house. 😀 2 I became more informed. I use social media to obtain most of my information regarding current events. In a time of increasing “fake news” that is retweeted and shared exponentially, I now do not know what I can trust. During my time away from social media, I became more reliant on receiving my news from sources like the New York Times and Washington Post, which are much more reliable than many of the new sources frequently cited on social media and much less biased. 3 I was more present. I did not view the world through the lens of needing to post an update or a picture of my current activity and actually enjoyed what I was doing at that moment. For example, I had an amazing pedicure with an old friend one afternoon and I had a fleeting thought of needing to share my experience. Instead, I just enjoyed the pampering and catching up with my friend. Side note: shout out to La Vie Nail Spa in Durham, NC and the awesome pedicure. 4 I was more relaxed. After a few days of no social media, I noticed that I was just more easy going and less stressed. I’m not sure if it was because I was being more productive and I just felt less stress regarding meeting deadlines and accomplishing tasks. It may have been that I had a more positive perspective given that I had no concern about what others were posting and comparing their experiences with my own. Either way, I enjoyed the feeling of reduced stress. Please don’t assume that I am proposing that you completely disconnect and remove yourself from all social media sites. But I do propose taking a set amount of time to break away and see the positive impact it has on your productivity and mood. Now that I am back on social media, I love being able to easily communicate with friends but I definitely don’t use it in the same way as I did prior to my break. I try to limit my time on social media and take the content that is posted with a grain of salt. With the new year approaching, I recommend taking this time to refocus and reduce stressors in your life. I believe that taking a brief break from social media could aid in starting the new year off in a more peaceful mindset. Please share and comment your thoughts regarding taking a break from social media.
Correspondences and Symmetry in 3D Scenes Michael Wand Correspondences and Symmetry in 3D Scenes Correspondence problems and shape understanding An important challenge in modern computer science is the understanding of structures in data. Humans have remarkable capabilities in understanding structures in the world from their sensory input. Obviously, computers are not able to perform tasks at even a vaguely comparable level of cognitive skill. Nevertheless, machine processing of data has significant advantages: Computers can work themselves through enormous quantities of data at minimal costs. Not only do they unburden the human of tedious tasks but could potentially detect patterns in data that are only visible in large data bases. Our research area deals with the machine understanding of shapes. Our goal is to enable a computer algorithm to understand to a certain extent how geometric shapes are structured. In the last few years, we have mostly worked on an important low-level problem in the domain of shape understanding: establishing correspondences. The goal is to determine whether two shapes are essentially the same, and if so, which points are corresponding, i.e., matching equivalent geometry. We have addressed two aspects of this problem. The first is the primary problem of actually establishing correspondences. The second problem is the higher-level problem of using correspondences among data to analyze the structure of the shapes. Figure 1: Decomposition of a 3D Model into elementary building blocks. The color indicates matching types. Correspondence problems and symmetry There are a large number of correspondence problems: The first aspect is how correspondences are established. The simplest option is to match geometry only under rigid motions, i.e., rotations, mirroring, and translations [Figure 1] . However, more complex models are possible; for example, shapes can undergo deformations [Figure 2] , or we might seek to establish correspondences according to semantic categories, learned from a small set of training examples provided by the user [Figure 3] using machine learning algorithms. Figure 2: Correspondences between two 3D scans of a person in different poses (computed automatically). Furthermore, not only is it possible to establish correspondences between pairs of separate shapes [Figure 2] , but we can also look for reoccurring building blocks within one and the same object [Figure 1] . This process is called partial symmetry detection. Figure 3: Correspondence between semantically related parts of a building. The matching model is learned from a few user examples. Dataset: LKVK Saarland. Correspondence information has a number of obvious applications; for example, we can fully automatically register multiple scans of a building (rigid matching) or of a scanned person (deformable matching), or automatically perform semantic tagging, for example, in large scale 3D scans of cities. However, interesting and non-obvious applications arise when we study the structure of the correspondences. By analyzing the structure of the partial symmetries of an object, we can find building blocks, out of which we can fully- or semi-automatically assemble variants of the shape [Figure 4] . An analysis can also reveal structural regularity such as arrangements of windows in regular grids [Figure 1] . This regularity can be used as an invariant for shape editing, thereby allowing a quick creation of plausible variations of the original shape. Such automated editing tools are useful, for example, for reducing the costs of content creation in computer games. Figure 4: Building blocks (as in Figure 1) can be reassembled automatically to create plausible shape variations from a single example. Michael Wand DEPT. 4 Computer Graphics +49 681 9325-4008
Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! A curious question on the inapplicability of Faraday's law 1. May 20, 2009 #1 I recently came across this article on wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_paradox#Inapplicability_of_Faraday.27s_law" I don't understand why is it that Faraday's law is inapplicable here. But wouldn't there be a increase in magnetic flux, since the open surface will increase in area being exposed to the magnetic field. For example, if you have a circular ring of charges and you let the charges move radially outwards, then the area enclosed by this ring will increase. So if I have a closed loop that first goes in the conducting part of the material in the direction of v X B and then through some other path to complete the loop. Then when the charges move in the direction of v, the closed loop will increase the area of the open surface exposed to B and therefore the flux increases and the current produced is exactly that as predicted using the Lorentz force law. So both laws work well... am I correct? :smile: Last edited by a moderator: Apr 24, 2017 2. jcsd 3. May 20, 2009 #2 User Avatar Science Advisor Gold Member No. The electromotive force in Faraday's law is due to a change in the magnetic flux in time. The magnetic flux is the total magnetic field normal to a surface. [tex] \mathcal{E} = - \frac{d}{dt} \int \mathbf{B}\cdot d\mathbf{S} [/tex] The surface exposed to the magnetic field that we will be taking the flux over is constant for a given time T. This is the time between the left edge of the translating sheet just leaving the "light area" and until the right edge of the translating sheet engers the "light area." During the time that the area illuminated by the light is constant, the flux is constant since the magnetic field is a constant field applied to the same area as the light. This area does not change nor does the magnetic field, hence its time invariance. However, the movement of the sheet itself gives rise to a velocity on the electrons which must experience a Lorentz force from the magnetic field. A better way to think of it is to assume that the translating sheet is infinitely long. So there isn't a time when the sheet enter or leaves area illuminated by the light and magnetic field. Last edited: May 20, 2009 Similar Discussions: A curious question on the inapplicability of Faraday's law
Grow plants Grow plants with the children - spring is here! Cultivating is a beautiful activity now that spring is here! It's fun to play around with soil and seeds! Then it is exciting to watch when it suddenly appears something small and green from the soil as then grows and gets bigger and bigger! When you grow plants with children choose seeds that will grow fast so they don´t loose interest.Extra fun is if the growth is anything that can be eaten. Some suggestions; cress, pumpkin seeds, sunflower and citrus seeds. If you are eager to get involved , it's very fun to make their own pots. Use old milk cartons, bottles or really what you have at home. Make small holes in the bottom and the plants will be happy. Good luck and remember to water the plants! Odla med barnen \| Polarn O. Pyret
Managing The Kidney Stones Diagnosing Kidney Stones Kidney stones are rarely diagnosed before they begin causing pain. This pain, called renal colic, is often severe enough to send patients to the ER (emergency room), where a variety of tests can uncover the stones. These may include a CT scan, X-rays, ultrasound, and urinalysis. Blood tests can help look for high levels of minerals involved in forming kidney stones. The CT scan here shows a stone blocking the ureter, the duct that empties into the bladder. Home Care for Kidney Stones If a kidney stone seems small enough, your doctor may recommend you take pain medicine and wait for the stone to pass out of the body on its own. During this time, your doctor may recommend that you drink enough water and fluids to keep urine clear — about 8 to 10 glasses a day. Treatment: Medication There are prescription medications that can help the body to pass a kudney stone. Drugs known as alphablockers relax the wall of ureter. This widens the passage so a stone can fit through more easily. Side effects are generally mild and may include headache or dizziness. Other types of medications can help prevent new stones from forming.
Overblog Suivre ce blog Editer l'article Administration Créer mon blog 11 novembre 2011 5 11 /11 /novembre /2011 01:50 The three participants in the electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion battery are the anode, cathode, and electrolyte.Sony VGN-TZ132/N Battery Both the anode and cathode are materials into which, and from which, lithium can migrate. During insertion (or intercalation) lithium moves into the electrode. During the reverse process, extraction (or deintercalation), lithium moves back out. When a lithium-based cell is discharging, the lithium is extracted from the anode and inserted into the cathode.Sony VGN-TZ17N Battery When the cell is charging, the reverse occurs. The cell voltages given in the Electrochemistry section are larger than the potential at which aqueous solutions can electrolyze, in addition lithium is highly reactive to water, therefore, nonaqueous or aprotic solutions are used.Sony VGN-TZ16N Battery Liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries consist of lithium salts, such as LiPF6, LiBF4 or LiClO4 in an organic solvent, such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate. A liquid electrolyte conducts lithium ions, acting as a carrier between the cathode and the anode when a battery passes an electric current through an external circuit. Sony VGN-TZ18N Battery Typical conductivities of liquid electrolyte at room temperature (20 °C (68 °F)) are in the range of 10 mS/cm (1 S/m), increasing by approximately 30–40% at 40 °C (104 °F) and decreasing by a slightly smaller amount at 0 °C (32 °F). Unfortunately, organic solvents easily decompose on anodes during charging. Sony VAIO VGN-AR47G/E1 Battery However, when appropriate organic solvents are used as the electrolyte, the solvent decomposes on initial charging and forms a solid layer called the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which is electrically insulating yet provides sufficient ionic conductivity. The interphase prevents decomposition of the electrolyte after the second charge. Sony VAIO VGN-AR520E Battery A good solution for the interface instability is the application of a new class of composite electrolytes based on POE (poly(oxyethylene)) developed by Syzdek et al.Sony VAIO VGN-AR53DB Battery Another issue that Li-ion technology is facing is safety. Large scale application of Li cells in Electric Vehicles needs a dramatic decrease in the failure rate. Sony VAIO VGN-AR54DB Battery One of the solutions is the novel technology based on reversed-phase composite electrolytes, employing porous ceramic material filled with electrolyte. Advantages and disadvantages Note that both advantages and disadvantages depend on the materials and design that make up the battery. This summary reflects older designs that use carbon anode, metal oxide cathodes, and lithium salt in an organic solvent for the electrolyte.Sony VAIO VGN-AR550E Battery • Wide variety of shapes and sizes efficiently fitting the devices they power. • Much lighter than other energy-equivalent secondary batteries. Sony VAIO VGN-AR55DB Battery • High open circuit voltage in comparison to aqueous batteries (such as lead acid, nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium). This is beneficial because it increases the amount of power that can be transferred at a lower current. • No memory effect.Sony VAIO VGN-AR630E Battery • Self-discharge rate of approximately 5-10% per month, compared to over 30% per month in common nickel metal hydride batteries, approximately 1.25% per month for Low Self-Discharge NiMH batteries and 10% per month in nickel-cadmium batteries.Sony VAIO VGN-AR64DB Battery • According to one manufacturer, lithium-ion cells (and, accordingly, "dumb" lithium-ion batteries) do not have any self-discharge in the usual meaning of this word. What looks like a self-discharge in these batteries is a permanent loss of capacity (see Disadvantages). Sony VAIO VGN-AR65DB Battery • On the other hand, "smart" lithium-ion batteries do self-discharge, due to the drain of the built-in voltage monitoring circuit. • Components are environmentally safe as there is no free lithium metal. Cell life • Charging forms deposits inside the electrolyte that inhibit ion transport. Over time, the cell's capacity diminishes.Sony VAIO VGN-AR660U Battery • High charge levels and elevated temperatures (whether from charging or ambient air) hasten capacity loss.Charging heat is caused by the carbon anode (typically replaced with lithium titanate which drastically reduces damage from charging, including expansion and other factors).Sony VAIO VGN-AR71ZU Battery • A Standard (Cobalt) Li-ion cell that is full most of the time at 25 °C (77 °F) irreversibly loses approximately 20% capacity per year. Poor ventilation may increase temperatures, further shortening battery life. Loss rates vary by temperature: 6% loss at 0 °C (32 °F), 20% at 25 °C (77 °F), and 35% at 40 °C(104 °F). Sony VAIO VGN-AR730E/B Battery • When stored at 40%–60% charge level, the capacity loss is reduced to 2%, 4%, and 15%, respectively.In contrast, the calendar life of LiFePO4 cells is not affected by being kept at a high state of charge. Internal resistance • The internal resistance of standard (Cobalt) lithium-ion batteries is high compared to both other rechargeable chemistries such as nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium, and LiFePO4 and lithium-polymer cells.Sony VAIO VGN-AR73DB Battery • Internal resistance increases with both cycling and age. Rising internal resistance causes the voltage at the terminals to drop under load, which reduces the maximum current draw. Eventually increasing resistance means that the battery can no longer operate for an adequate period.Sony VAIO VGN-AR74DB Battery • To power larger devices, such as electric cars, connecting many small batteries in a parallel circuit is more effective and efficient than connecting a single large battery. Safety requirements If overheated or overcharged, Li-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture.Sony VAIO VGN-AR75UDB Battery In extreme cases this can lead to combustion. Deep discharge may short-circuit the cell, in which case recharging would be unsafe.[58] To reduce these risks, Lithium-ion battery packs contain fail-safe circuitry that shuts down the battery when its voltage is outside the safe range of 3–4.2 V per cell.Sony VAIO VGN-AR790U/B Battery When stored for long periods the small current draw of the protection circuitry itself may drain the battery below its shut down voltage; normal chargers are then ineffective. Many types of lithium-ion cell cannot be charged safely below 0°C. Other safety features are required in each cell:Sony VAIO VGN-AR820E Battery • shut-down separator (for overtemperature) • tear-away tab (for internal pressure) • vent (pressure relief) • thermal interrupt (overcurrent/overcharging) Sony VAIO VGN-AR830E Battery These devices occupy useful space inside the cells, add additional points of failure and irreversibly disable the cell when activated. They are required because the anode produces heat during use, while the cathode may produce oxygen. These devices and improved electrode designs reduce/eliminate the risk of fire or explosion.Sony VAIO VGN-AR83S Battery Specifications and design • Specific energy density: 150 to 250 W·h/kg (540 to 900 kJ/kg) Sony VAIO VGN-AR83US Battery • Volumetric energy density: 250 to 620 W·h/l (900 to 1900 J/cm³) • Specific power density: 300 to 1500 W/kg (@ 20 seconds and 285 W·h/l) Because lithium-ion batteries can have a variety of cathode and anode materials, the energy density and voltage vary accordingly.Sony VAIO VGN-AR84S Battery Lithium-ion batteries with a lithium iron phosphate cathode and graphite anode have a nominal open-circuit voltage of 3.2 V and a typical charging voltage of 3.6 V. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide cathode with graphite anodes have a 3.7 V nominal voltage with a 4.2 V max charge. Sony VAIO VGN-AR84US Battery In the past, lithium-ion batteries could not be fast-charged and needed at least two hours to fully charge. Current-generation cells can be fully charged in 45 minutes or less. Some lithium-ion varieties can reach 90% in as little as 10 minutes. Charging procedure Stage 1: Apply charging current until the voltage limit per cell is reached.Sony VAIO VGN-AR85US Battery Stage 2: Apply maximum voltage per cell limit until the current declines below 3% of rated charge current. Stage 3: Periodically apply a top-off charge about once per 500 hours. The charge time is about three to five hours, depending on the charger used. Sony VAIO VGN-AR870EA Battery Generally, cell phone batteries can be charged at 1C and laptop-types at 0.8C, where Cis the current that would discharge the battery in one hour. Charging is usually stopped when the current goes below 0.03C but it can be left indefinitely depending on desired charging time. Some fast chargers skip stage 2 and claim the battery is ready at 70% charge.Sony VAIO VGN-AR890U Battery Top-off charging is recommended when voltage goes below 4.05 V/cell. Typically, lithium-ion cells are charged with 4.2 ± 0.05 V/cell, except for military long-life cells where 3.92 V is used for extending battery life. Most protection circuits cut off if either 4.3 V or 90 °C is reached. Sony VAIO VGN-AR93S Battery If the voltage drops below 2.50 V per cell, the battery protection circuit may also render it unchargeable with regular charging equipment. Most battery protection circuits stop at 2.7–3.0 V per cell. For safety reasons it is recommended the battery be kept at the manufacturer's stated voltage and current ratings during both charge and discharge cycles. Prolonging battery pack life • Lithium-ion batteries should be kept cool; they may be stored in a refrigerator.Sony VAIO VGN-AR94S Battery • The rate of degradation of Lithium-ion batteries is also related to battery charge level; they degrade much faster when at 100% charge, than at lower charges.Sony VAIO VGN-AR94US Battery • Since batteries die if deep discharged (depleted) and since a battery has some self-discharge it is frequently recommended to store batteries at 40% charge level. Multicell devices Li-ion batteries require a Battery Management System to prevent operation outside each cell's Safe Operating Area Sony VAIO VGN-AR95S Battery (over-charge, under-charge, safe temperature range) and to balance cells to eliminate SOC mismatches, significantly improving battery efficiency and increasing overall capacity.As the number of cells and load currents increase, the potential for mismatch also increases.Sony VAIO VGN-AR95US Battery Lithium-ion batteries can rupture, ignite, or explode when exposed to high temperature. Short-circuiting a battery will cause the cell to overheat and possibly to catch fire. Adjacent cells may also then heat up and fail, in some cases, causing the entire battery to ignite or rupture. In the event of a fire, the device may emit dense irritating smoke.Sony VAIO VGN-AW11M/H Battery Replacing the lithium cobalt oxide cathode material in lithium-ion batteries with a lithium metal phosphate such as lithium iron phosphate, improves cycle counts, shelf life and safety, but lowers capacity. Currently, these 'safer' lithium-ion batteries are mainly used in electric cars and other large-capacity batteryapplications, where safety issues are critical.Sony VAIO VGN-AW11S/B Battery In March 2007, Lenovo recalled approximately 205,000 batteries at risk of explosion.Sony VAIO VGN-AW11XU/Q Battery In August 2007, Nokia recalled over 46 million batteries at risk of overheating and exploding. One such incident occurred in the Philippines involving a Nokia N91, which uses the BL-5C battery. In December 2006, Dell recalled approximately 22,000 laptop batteries from the U.S. market.Sony VAIO VGN-AW11Z/B Battery Approximately 10 million Sony batteries used in Dell, Sony, Apple,Lenovo/IBM, Panasonic, Toshiba, Hitachi, Fujitsu and Sharp laptops were recalled in 2006. The batteries were found to be susceptible to internal contamination by metal particles. Under some circumstances, these particles could pierce the separator, causing a short-circuit.Sony VAIO VGN-AW120J/H Battery In October 2004, Kyocera Wireless recalled approximately 1 million mobile phone batteries to identify counterfeits. Transport restrictions In January 2008, the United States Department of Transportation ruled that passengers on board commercial aircraft could carry lithium batteries in their checked baggage if the batteries are installed in a device. Sony VAIO VGN-AW150Y/H Battery Types of batteries affected by this rule are those containing lithium, including Li-ion, lithium polymer, andlithium cobalt oxide chemistries. Lithium-ion batteries containing more than 25 grams (0.88 oz) equivalent lithium content (ELC) are exempt from the rule and are forbidden in air travel.Sony VAIO VGN-AW160J/Q Battery This restriction greatly reduces the chances of the batteries short-circuiting and causing a fire. Additionally, a limited number of replacement batteries may be transported in carry-on luggage. Such batteries must be sealed in their original protective packaging or in individual containers or plastic bags.Sony VAIO VGN-AW170Y/Q Battery Some postal administrations restrict air shipping (including EMS) of lithium and lithium-ion batteries, and products containing these (e.g. laptops, cell phones etc.). Among these countries and regions are Hong Kong, Australia and Japan. Researchers are working to improve the power density, safety, recharge cycle, cost and other characteristics of these batteries.Sony VAIO VGN-AW180Y/Q Battery Solid-state designs have the potential to deliver three times the energy density of typical 2011 lithium-ion batteries at less than half the cost per kilowatt-hour. This approach eliminates binders, separators, and liquid electrolytes. By eliminating these, "you can get around 95% of the theoretical energy density of the active materials." Sony VAIO VGN-AW190JAH Battery Earlier trials of this technology ran into cost barriers, because the semiconductor industry's vacuum deposition technology cost 20–30 times too much. The new process deposits semiconductor-quality films from a solution. The nanostructured films grow directly on a substrate and then sequentially on top of each other. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190NAB Battery The process allows the firm to "spray-paint a cathode, then a separator/electrolyte, then the anode. It can be cut and stacked in various form factors. Lithium pharmacology refers to use of the lithium ion, Li+, as a drug. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190NBB Battery A number of chemical salts of lithium are used medically as a mood stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder, where they have a role in the treatment of depressionand particularly of mania, both acutely and in the long term. As a mood stabilizer, Sony VAIO VGN-AW190NCB Battery while the citrate salt lithium citrate (Li3C6H5O7) is also used in conventional pharmacological treatments. The sulfate salt lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) has been presented as an alternative. Lithium orotate (orotic acid) is sometimes marketed as a "safe" natural alternative with fewer side-effects than conventional lithium, yet caution must be taken with all of the active lithium salts.Sony VAIO VGN-AW190YBB Battery Upon ingestion, lithium becomes widely distributed in the central nervous system and interacts with a number of neurotransmittersand receptors, decreasing norepinephrine release and increasing serotonin synthesis. Medical uses Lithium treatment is used to treat mania in bipolar disorder. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190YCB Battery Initially, lithium is often used in conjunction with antipsychotic drugs as it can take up to a month for lithium to have an effect. Lithium is also used as prophylaxis for depression and mania in bipolar disorder. It is sometimes used for other psychiatric disorders such as cycloid psychosis and major depressive disorder.Sony VAIO VGN-AW190YDB Battery Lithium possesses a very important antisuicidal effect not shown in other stabilizing medications such as antiseizures drugs.Non-psychiatric applications are limited; however, its use is well established in the prophylaxis of some headaches related to cluster headaches (trigeminal autonomic cephalgias), particularly hypnic headache. Sony VAIO VGN-AW220J/B Battery An Italian pilot study in humans conducted in 2005–06 suggested that lithium may improve outcomes in the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.However, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of lithium in combination with riluzole for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis failed to demonstrate any benefit from a combination therapy over riluzole alone.Sony VAIO VGN-AW230J/H Battery Lithium is sometimes used as an augmenting agent to increase the benefits of standard drugs used for unipolar depression. Lithium treatment was previously considered to be unsuitable for children; however, more recent studies show its effectiveness for treatment of early-onset bipolar disorder in children as young as eight.Sony VAIO VGN-AW235J/B Battery The required dosage (15–20 mg per kg of body weight) is slightly less than the toxic level, requiring blood levels of lithium to be monitored closely during treatment. To prescribe the correct dosage, the patient's entire medical history, both physical and psychological, is sometimes taken into consideration.Sony VAIO VGN-AW290JFQ Battery The starting dosage of lithium should be 400–600 mg given at night and increased weekly depending on serum monitoring. Those who use lithium should receive regular serum level tests and should monitor thyroid and kidney function for abnormalities. As it interferes with the regulation of sodium and water levels in the body, lithium can cause dehydration. Sony VAIO VGN-AW41JF Battery Dehydration, which is compounded by heat, can result in increasing lithium levels. The reason why water is lost is because Lithium inhibits the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which enables the kidney to reabsorb water from urine. This causes an inability to concentrate urine leading to consequent loss of body water and thirst.Sony VAIO VGN-AW41JF/H Battery Lithium salts have a narrow therapeutic/toxic ratio and should therefore not be prescribed unless facilities for monitoring plasma concentrations are available.Sony VAIO VGN-AW41MF Battery Patients should be carefully selected. Doses are adjusted to achieve plasma concentrations of 0.4 to 1.2 mmol Li+/L (lower end of the range for maintenance therapy and elderly patients, higher end for pediatric patients) on samples taken 12 hours after the preceding dose.Sony VAIO VGN-AW41MF/H Battery Overdosage, usually with plasma concentrations over 1.5 mmol Li+/L, may be fatal, and toxic effects include tremor, ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, renal impairment, confusion, and convulsions. If these potentially hazardous signs occur, treatment should be stopped, plasma lithium concentrations redetermined, and steps taken to reverse lithium toxicity. Sony VAIO VGN-AW41XH Battery The most common side effects are an overall dazed feeling and a fine hand tremor. These side effects are generally present during the length of the treatment, but can sometimes disappear in certain patients. Other common side effects, such as nausea and headache, can be generally remedied by a higher intake of water. Sony VAIO VGN-AW41XH/Q Battery Lithium unbalances electrolytes; to counteract this, increased water intake is suggested. Lithium toxicity is compounded by sodium depletion. Concurrent use of diuretics that inhibit the uptake of sodium by the distal tubule (e.g. thiazides) is hazardous and should be avoided. Sony VAIO VGN-AW41ZF Battery In mild cases, withdrawal of lithium and administration of generous amounts of sodium and fluid will reverse the toxicity. Plasma concentrations in excess of 2.5 mmol Li+/L are usually associated with serious toxicity requiring emergency treatment. When toxic concentrations are reached, there may be a delay of 1 or 2 days before maximum toxicity occurs.Sony VAIO VGN-AW41ZF/B Battery In long-term use, therapeutic concentrations of lithium have been thought to cause histological and functional changes in the kidney. The significance of such changes is not clear, but is of sufficient concern to discourage long-term use of lithium unless it is definitely indicated. Sony VAIO VGN-AW50DB/H Battery Doctors may change a bipolar patient's medication from lithium to another mood stabilizing drug, such as valproate (Depakote), if problems with the kidneys arise. An important potential consequence of long-term lithium usage is the development of renal diabetes insipidus (inability to concentrate urine). Sony VAIO VGN-AW51JGB Battery Patients should therefore be maintained on lithium treatment after 3–5 years only if, on assessment, benefit persists. Conventional and sustained-release tablets are available. Preparations vary widely in bioavailability, and a change in the formulation used requires the same precautions as initiation of treatment.Sony VAIO VGN-AW52JGB Battery Lithium may be used as a treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis (Lithium gluconate 8% gel). In addition, lithium has been shown to increase production of white blood cells in the bone marrow and might be indicated in patients suffering from leukopenia. A limited amount of evidence suggests that lithium may contribute to treatment of substance abuse for some dual-disorder patients.Sony VAIO VGN-AW53FB Battery Side effects The average developmental score for the lithium-exposed group of children was 7–8 points lower than the control group (siblings), but well within the normal range of 100±15. Cognitive depression in adults is disputed. Lithium is known to be responsible for significant amounts of weight gain.Sony VAIO VGN-AW70B/Q Battery It increases the appetite and thirst ("polydypsia", potentially causing nephrogenicdiabetes insipidus), may cause more depression than before with suicidal thoughts and actions, and reduces the activity of thyroid hormone(hypothyroidism). It is also believed to affect renal function.Sony VAIO VGN-AW71JB Battery Lithium is a well known cause of downbeat nystagmus. The nystagmus may be permanent or require several months of abstinence for improvement. Lithium is also a teratogen causing birth defects in a small number of new born babies. If taken during a woman's pregnancy can cause her child to developEbstein's anomaly, a heart defect.Sony VAIO VGN-AW72JB Battery Dehydration in patients taking Lithium salts can be very hazardous especially when combined with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and thus polyuria. Low Natrium in water they drink may very quickly produce hyponatremia with its danger of toxic Lithium concentrations in plasma. Sony VAIO VGN-AW73FB Battery Situation such as: preoperative fluid regimen (ECT) or otherwise fluid unaccessibility, warm water conditions, sporting events, hiking. Lithium toxicity may occur in persons taking excessive amounts either accidentally or intentionally on an acute basis or in patients who accumulate high levels during ongoing chronic therapy. Sony VAIO VGN-AW80NS Battery The manifestations include nausea, emesis, diarrhea, asthenia, ataxia, confusion, lethargy, polyuria, seizures and coma. Other toxic effects of lithium also include coarse tremor, muscle twitching, convulsions and renal failure. Persons who survive a poisoning episode may develop persistent neurotoxicity.Sony VAIO VGN-AW80S Battery Measurement in body fluids Serum lithium concentrations are usually in the 0.5–1.3 mmol/L range in well-controlled patients, but may increase to 1.8–2.5 mmol/L in patients who accumulate the drug over time and to 3–10 mmol/L in victims of acute overdosage.Sony VAIO VGN-AW81DS Battery Mechanism of action Unlike other psychoactive drugs, Li+ typically produces no obvious psychotropic effects (such as euphoria) in normal individuals at therapeutic concentrations. The precise mechanism of action of Li+ as a mood-stabilizing agent is currently unknown. It is possible that Li+ produces its effects by interacting with the transport of monovalent or divalent cations in neurons. Sony VAIO VGN-AW81JS Battery However, because it is a poor substrate at the sodium pump, it cannot maintain a membrane potential and only sustains a small gradient across biological membranes.Li+ is similar enough to Na+ that under experimental conditions, Li+ can replace Na+ for production of a single action potential in neurons.Sony VAIO VGN-AW81YS Battery Recent research suggests three different mechanisms which may or may not act together to deliver the mood-stabilizing effect of this ion.The excitatoryneurotransmitter glutamate could be involved in the effect of lithium as other mood stabilizers such as valproate and lamotrigine exert influence over glutamate, suggesting a possible biological explanation for mania.Sony VAIO VGN-AW82DS Battery The other mechanisms by which lithium might help to regulate mood include the alteration ofgene expression. An unrelated mechanism of action has been proposed in which lithium deactivates the GSK3? enzyme. This enzyme normally phosphorylates the Rev-Erb? transcription factor protein stabilizing it against degradation.Sony VAIO VGN-AW82JS Battery Rev-Erb? in turn represses BMAL1, a component of the circadian clock. Hence lithium by inhibiting GSK3? causes the degradation of Rev-Erb? and increases the expression of BMAL which dampens the circadian clock Through this mechanism, lithium is able to block the resetting of the "master clock" inside the brain; as a result, the body's natural cycle is disrupted. Sony VAIO VGN-AW82YS Battery When the cycle is disrupted, the routine schedules of many functions (metabolism, sleep, body temperature) are disturbed. Lithium may thus restore normal brain function after it is disrupted in some people. Another mechanism proposed in 2007 is that lithium may interact with nitric oxide (NO) signalling pathway in the central nervous system, which plays a crucial role in the neural plasticity. Sony VAIO VGN-AW83FS Battery Ghasemi et al. (2008, 2009) have shown that the NO system could be involved in the antidepressant effect of lithium in the Porsolt forced swimming test in mice. It was also reported that NMDA receptor blockage augments antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the mouse forced swimming test,Sony VAIO VGN-AW83GS Battery indicating the possible involvement of NMDA receptor/NO signaling in the action of lithium in this animal model of learned helplessness. Lithium treatment has been found to inhibit the enzyme inositol monophosphatase, leading to higher levels of inositol triphosphate.Sony VAIO VGN-AW83HS Battery This effect was enhanced further with an inositol triphosphate reuptake inhibitor. Inositol disruptions have been linked to memory impairment and depression. Lithium was first used in the nineteenth century as a treatment for gout after scientists discovered that, at least in the laboratory, lithium could dissolve uric acid crystals isolated from the kidneys. Sony VAIO VGN-AW90NS Battery The levels of lithium needed to dissolve urate in the body, however, were toxic.Because of prevalent theories linking excess uric acid to a range of disorders, including depressive and manic disorders, Carl Lange in Denmark and William Alexander Hammond in New York used lithium to treat mania from the 1870s onwards though there are reports of its use in the form of spring waters to treat mania in Roman and Greek times. Sony VAIO VGN-AW90S Battery By the turn of the century, this use of lithium was largely abandoned, according to Susan Greenfield due to the reluctance of the pharmaceutical industry to invest in a drug that could not be patented. As accumulating knowledge indicated a role for excess sodium intake in hypertension and heart disease, lithium salts were prescribed to patients for use as a replacement for dietary table salt (sodium chloride).Sony VAIO VGN-AW90US Battery This practise was discontinued in 1949 when reports of side effects and deaths were published, leading to a ban of lithium sales. The use of lithium salts to treat mania was rediscovered by the Australian psychiatrist John Cade in 1949. Cade was injecting rodents with urine extracts taken from schizophrenic patients, Sony VAIO VGN-AW91CDS Battery in an attempt to isolate a metabolic compound which might be causing mental symptoms. Since uric acid in gout was known to be psychoactive (adenosine receptors on neurons are stimulated by it; caffeine blocks them), Cade needed soluble urate for a control.Sony VAIO VGN-AW91CJS Battery He used lithium urate, already known to be the most soluble urate compound, and observed that this caused the rodents to be tranquilized. Cade traced the effect to the lithium ion itself. Soon, Cade proposed lithium salts as tranquilizers, and soon succeeded in controlling mania in chronically hospitalized patients with them. Sony VAIO VGN-AW91CYS Battery This was one of the first successful applications of a drug to treat mental illness, and it opened the door for the development of medicines for other mental problems in the next decades. The rest of the world was slow to adopt this treatment, largely because of deaths which resulted from even relatively minor overdosing, including those reported from use of lithium chloride as a substitute for table salt.Sony VAIO VGN-AW91DS Battery Largely through the research and other efforts of Denmark's Mogens Schou and Paul Baastrup in Europe, andSamuel Gershon and Baron Shopsin in the U.S., this resistance was slowly overcome. The application of lithium for mania in manic illness was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1970.Sony VAIO VGN-AW91JS Battery In 1974 this application was extended to the use of lithium as a preventive agent for manic-depressive illness. In 2009, Japanese researchers at Oita University reported that low levels of naturally-occurring lithium in drinking water supplies reduced suicide rates.[45] A previous report had found similar data in the American state of Texas.Sony VAIO VGN-AW91YS Battery Lithium has become a part of Western popular culture. Characters in Pi, Premonition, Stardust Memories, American Psycho, and An Unmarried Woman all take lithium.Sony VAIO VGN-AW92CDS Battery Sirius XM Satellite Radio in North America has a 1990s alternative rock station called Lithium, and several songs refer to the use of lithium as a mood stabilizer. These include: "Lithium Lips" by Mac Lethal, "Equilibrium met Lithium" by South African artist Koos Kombuis, Sony VAIO VGN-AW92CJS Battery "Lithium" by Evanescence, "Lithium" by Nirvana, "Lithium and a Lover" by Sirenia, "Lithium Sunset", from the album Mercury Fallingby Sting,[48] "Tea and Thorazine" by Andrew Bird, and "Lithium" by Thin White Rope.Sony VAIO VGN-AW92CYS Battery Use in 7 Up The beverage was marketed specifically as a hangover cure. Its name was soon changed to 7 Up; all American beverage makers were forced to remove lithium in 1948.Sony VAIO VGN-AW92YS Battery,pack.co.uk/original-sony-vaio-vgn-aw93fs-battery-27294.htm" title="Sony VAIO VGN-AW93FS laptop battery">Sony VAIO VGN-AW93FS Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-AW93GS Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-AW93HS Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-AW93ZFS Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-AW93ZGS Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-AW93ZHS Battery Partager cet article Repost 0 Published by batterys - dans Laptop Battery commenter cet article
Overblog Suivre ce blog Editer l'article Administration Créer mon blog 17 août 2012 5 17 /08 /août /2012 05:05 Industrial Revolution Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting. Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt, the Birmingham steam engine pioneers. The process consisted of the large scale gasification of coal in furnaces, SAMSUNG NP-N145-JP04 Laptop Keyboard the purification of the gas (removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812-20SONY KFRMBA221A Laptop Keyboard They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK. Gas lighting had an impact on social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil. Its introduction allowed night life to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before. TOSHIBA Satellite L755-S5308 Laptop Keyboard A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832, this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings. The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure.. SAMSUNG Q330-JA02 Laptop Keyboard Paper machine Effects on agriculture The invention of machinery played a big part in driving forward the British Agricultural Revolution. Agricultural improvement began in the centuries before the Industrial revolution got going and it may have played a part in freeing up labour from the land to work in the new industrial mills of the 18th century. As the revolution in industry progressed a succession of machines became available which increased food production with ever fewer labourers. TOSHIBA 6037b0026805 Laptop Keyboard Jethro Tull's seed drill invented in 1701 was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds efficiently across a plot of land. Joseph Foljambe's Rotherham plough of 1730, was the first commercially successful iron plough.[32] Andrew Meikle's threshing machine of 1784 was the final straw for many farm labourers, and led to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots. HP Pavilion dv6-2138ca Laptop Keyboard At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. Railways or wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but canals had not yet been constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea. HP G72-a20EM Laptop Keyboard The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly. TOSHIBA Satellite L750-ST4N02 Laptop Keyboard Canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country. The first successful canal was the Bridgewater Canal in North West England, which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater. From Worsley to the rapidly-growing town of Manchester its construction cost £168,000 (£23,997,480 as of 2012),[33][34] SAMSUNG NP-N150-KA03 Laptop Keyboard but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761, the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half.[35] This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building, known as Canal Mania.[36] TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S7467 Laptop Keyboard New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal, the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively. SONY VAIO PCG-FR215H Laptop Keyboard Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be easily transported across the country, coal being a common commodity. A single canal horse could pull a load dozens of times larger than a cart at a faster pace. By the 1820s, a national network was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways. Compaq Presario CQ71-420ER Laptop Keyboard They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on. The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal, which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world,[37] and opened Manchester as a port. However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as an dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways, which were quicker and often cheaper. HP G62-451SA Laptop Keyboard Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain. TOSHIBA 92.N4XBC.A01 Laptop Keyboard Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes, but from the 1720s (and occasionally earlier) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of some turnpike trust. DELL Inspiron 6400 Laptop Keyboard New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf, Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam, with the first 'macadamised' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol in 1816.[38] The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country. SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad wheeled, carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse. Stage coaches carried the rich, and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts. ASUS X53S Laptop Keyboard Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. SAMSUNG NP-N150-JP01 Laptop Keyboard The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast-iron plates used). Horse-drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century. Steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. TOSHIBA Satellite L750-ST4N02 Laptop Keyboard On 15 September 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened, the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington.[39] The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson, linked the rapidly-expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool. HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard The opening was marred by problems, due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed, however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful, transporting passengers and freight. The success of the inter-city railway, particularly in the transport of freight and commodities, led to Railway Mania. ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories. HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard Social effects In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard As late as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned from 20 to 40 percent less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life.[40] However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel—child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.[41]ASUS X53S Laptop Keyboard Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory. Arguably the first was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. However, the rise of the factory came somewhat later when cotton spinning was mechanised. HP Probook 4710S Laptop Keyboard The factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed "Cottonopolis", and the world's first industrial city.[42]HP 550 Laptop Keyboard For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills, which were typically water-powered and built to serve local needs. Later each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler. HP G62-456TU Laptop Keyboard The transition to industrialisation was not without difficulty. For example, a group of English workers known as Luddites formed to protest against industrialisation and sometimes sabotaged factories. In other industries the transition to factory production was not so divisive. Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills, and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement. SONY VAIO VGN-NW250D/W Laptop Keyboard By 1746, an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton (whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766) were other prominent early industrialists, who employed the factory system. ACER Aspire 5810T Laptop Keyboard Child labour The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase, but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution (although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly).[44][45] There was still limited opportunity for education, and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, SONY VAIO VGN-FS215Z Laptop Keyboard and since the industrial system was completely new there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.[46] Lenovo 45N2106 Laptop Keyboard Child labour had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders,[47] 10-20% of an adult male's wage.[48] Children as young as four were employed.[48DELL Inspiron N4050 Laptop Keyboard ] Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm.[48] Conditions were dangerous, with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts, while others died from gas explosions.[48] Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25.[48] HP 441426-001 Laptop Keyboard Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as "pauper apprentices", working without wages for board and lodging.[48] Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters, with some masters shackling them to prevent escape.[48] Children employed as mule scavenger by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton, TOSHIBA Satellite A305 Laptop Keyboard working 14 hours a day, six days a week. Some lost hands or limbs, others were crushed under the machines, and some were decapitated.[48] Young girls worked at match factories, where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw.[48] Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded, and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust.[48]SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series Laptop Keyboard Reports were written detailing some of the abuses, particularly in the coal mines[49] and textile factories[50] and these helped to popularise the children's plight. The public outcry, especially among the upper and middle classes, helped stir change in the young workers' welfare. HP 416039-001 Laptop Keyboard Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law, but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, FUJITSU Lifebook E8310 Laptop Keyboard were passed in England: Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law, SONY Vaio PCG-K215S Laptop Keyboard however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult.[48] About ten years later, the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden. These laws decreased the number of child labourers; however, child labour remained in Europe and the United States up to the 20th century.[51]TOSHIBA Satellite L300 Laptop Keyboard Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendour of the homes of the owners to the squalor of the lives of the workers. Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of developing pathologies associated with persistent dampness. SONY VAIO PCG-FR315M Laptop Keyboard Disease was spread through a contaminated water supply. Conditions did improve during the 19th century as public health acts were introduced covering things such as sewage, hygiene and making some boundaries upon the construction of homes. Not everybody lived in homes like these. The Industrial Revolution created a larger middle class of professionals such as lawyers and doctors. HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard Health conditions for improved over the course of the 19th century because of better sanitation; the famines that troubled rural areas did not happen in industrial areas. However, urban people—especially small children—died due to diseases spreading through the cramped living conditions. Tuberculosis (spread in congested dwellings), lung diseases from the mines, cholera from polluted water and typhoid were also common. ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard A description of housing of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels, a co-founder of Marxism.[52] In the introduction of the 1892 edition of Engels (1844) he notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved. HP 550 Laptop Keyboard The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation. Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver. HP Envy 15 Laptop Keyboard Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. TOSHIBA NSK-TBD01 Laptop Keyboard The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised, such as agricultural labourers in the 1830s, when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances. Threshing machines were a particular target, and rick burning was a popular activity. However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for reform. DELL Inspiron 6400 Laptop Keyboard Organisation of labour The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. DELL Latitude D830 Laptop Keyboard Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production. Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining. Gateway EC18 Laptop Keyboard The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In England, the Combination Act forbade workers to form any kind of trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. SONY Vaio VGN-AW390 Laptop Keyboard In 1832, the year of the Reform Act which extended the vote in England but did not grant universal suffrage, six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than 10 shillings a week, TOSHIBA Satellite L40-18Z Laptop Keyboard although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six shillings. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, SONY VAIO VGN-NR21Z/S Laptop Keyboard which the members of the Friendly Society had done. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, George's brother James Loveless, George's brother in-law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas's son John Standfield were arrested, found guilty, and transported to Australia. They became known as the Tolpuddle martyrs. HP Mini 210-2006sa Laptop Keyboard In the 1830s and 1840s the Chartist movement was the first large scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration. TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S7467 Laptop Keyboard Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship. Enlightened industrialists, such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class. COMPAQ Presario CQ60-300EV Laptop Keyboard Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike. In 1842, a General Strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain.[53]HP 403809-001 Laptop Keyboard APPLE A1181 Laptop Keyboard Eventually effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to became the British Labour Party. APPLE Macbook 13 Inch Laptop Keyboard Standards of living The history of the change of living conditions during the industrial revolution has been very controversial, and was the topic that from the 1950s to the 1980s caused most heated debate among economic and social historians.[54] A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population, that was at the bottom of the social ladder, suffered severe reductions in their living standards.[54]HP Pavilion dv6-3002xx Laptop Keyboard\ Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including England and France, until the latter part of the 19th century. Until about 1750, in large part due to malnutrition, life expectancy in France was about 35 years, SONY VAIO PCG-FR315M Laptop Keyboard and only slightly higher in England. The U.S. population of the time was adequately fed, were much taller and had life expectancies of 45–50 years.[55] A vivid description of living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels.[52] During the period 1813-1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages.[56][57][58]SONY laptop keyboard Population increase According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.[59] As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century,[citation needed] Britain's population doubled every 50 years.[60][61] Europe’s population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.[62] ACER TravelMate 242LC Laptop Keyboard Other effects The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation. SONY VAIO VGN-FS485B Laptop Keyboard During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[44]HP G61-110SA Laptop Keyboard The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities,[63] SONY VAIO VGN-AW31S Laptop Keyboard a figure that has risen to nearly 50% at the beginning of the 21st century.[64] In 1717 Manchester was merely a market town of 10,000 people, but by 1911 it had a population of 2.3 million.[65]TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-SP5165RM Laptop Keyboard The greatest killer in the cities was tuberculosis (TB).[66] According to the Harvard University Library, "By the late 19th century, 70 to 90% of the urban populations of Europe and North America were infected with the TB bacillus, and about 80% of those individuals who developed active tuberculosis died of it. About 40% of working-class deaths in cities were from tuberculosis."[67]SONY VAIO VGN-AW170YIQ Laptop Keyboard Continental Europe The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain. In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places. Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities. Compaq Presario CQ57-218 Laptop Keyboard By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England. The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries. In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted. SONY VAIO VGN-FS215B Laptop Keyboard Renowned for its coal and steel, Belgium has experienced strong industrial growth since the Middle Ages. For many years, heavy industry was the driving force behind the region's economy. Belgium was the second country, after England, in which the industrial revolution took place and the first on continental Europe: HP Envy 17-3001ed Laptop Keyboard Before railway construction on the Continent demanded huge quantities of maleable iron mainly for rails, for which low quality iron sufficed, Wallonia was the only Continental region to follow the British model successfully. Since the middle of the 1820s, numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi. SONY VAIO VGN-FS315B Laptop Keyboard Excelling all others, John Cockerill's factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825.[68]HP Pavilion dv6-2170sl Laptop Keyboard Wallonia came to be regarded as an example of the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal (the French word "houille" was coined in Wallonia),[69] the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after England. But it is also pointed out by many researchers, with its Sillon industriel, 'Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, (...)SONY VAIO VGN-AR520E Laptop Keyboard there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making...'.[70] Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830: "It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after England."[71] "The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent."[72] Michel De Coster, Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also: "ACER TravelMate 3230 Series Laptop Keyboard The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory (...) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal-mines, the blast furnaces, the iron and zinc factories, the wool industry, the glass industry, the weapons industry... were concentrated" [73]Packard Bell Easynote TM80 Laptop Keyboard Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade-unions in a particular sociological landscape. At the left, the Sillon industriel, which runs from Mons in the west, to Verviers in the east (except part of North Flanders, in another period of the industrial revolution, after 1920). Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after England, the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different. In 'Breaking stereotypes', Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say: HP Mini CQ10-101SA Laptop Keyboard The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres (...) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region (Flanders), HP Envy 17-2199el Laptop Keyboard with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia, barely 10 per cent in most West European countries, 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in England. Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent (...) Also, in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, HP G62-140EL Laptop Keyboard even though the proportion of city-dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. SONY VAIO VGN-FS515E Laptop Keyboard Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal-mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows.[74]Packard Bell Easynote TK37 Laptop Keyboard Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories, Germany became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century. At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical.[Lenovo 45N2106 Laptop Keyboard Germany's political disunity—with three dozen states—and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines linked the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, ASUS X53S Laptop Keyboard but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. SONY VAIO VGN-FS315B Laptop Keyboard Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain’s. However, German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, HP AELX9U00210 Laptop Keyboard and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France[77]Lenovo 45N2106 Laptop Keyboard During the period 1790-1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements: an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates, new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming, and a protoindustrialisation, with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in the summer season and industrial production in the winter season. This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s. HP G61-400SP Laptop Keyboard In the period 1815-1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialized and larger industries. This period witness increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen, textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland. Several important institutional changes took place in this period, such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 (as first country in the world), the abolishment of a previous national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846, and a stock company law in 1848. TOSHIBA Satellite L355 Laptop Keyboard During the period 1850-1890 Sweden witnessed a veritable explosion in its export sector, with agricultural crops, wood and steel being the three dominating categories. Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873. DELL Latitude D620 Laptop Keyboard During the period 1890-1930 the second industrial revolution took place in Sweden. During this period new industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities, papermaking and textile industries. ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard The United States originally used horse-powered machinery to power its earliest factories, but eventually switched to water power, with the consequence that industrialisation was essentially limited to New England and the rest of the Northeastern United States, where fast-moving rivers were located. HP G42-359TU Laptop Keyboard Horse-drawn production proved to be economically challenging and a more difficult alternative to the newer water-powered production lines. However, the raw materials (cotton) came from the Southern United States. It was not until after the Civil War in the 1860s that steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to fully spread across the nation. HP G42-466LA Laptop Keyboard Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era,[78] and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This cotton mill was designed to utilise horse-powered production, HP AELX6U00210 Laptop Keyboard however the operators quickly learned that the economic stability of their horse-drawn platform was unstable, and had fiscal issues for years after it was built. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill.[79]SONY VAIO VGN-NW11S/S Laptop Keyboard Bethlehem Steel, founded in 1857, was once the second-largest manufacturer of steel in the United States; its Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, location has been transformed into a casino. Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard Samuel Slater (1768–1835) is the founder of the Slater Mill. As a boy apprentice in Derbyshire, England, he learned of the new techniques in the textile industry and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. TOSHIBA Satellite L555-S7929 Laptop Keyboard Slater founded Slater's Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793. He went on to own thirteen textile mills.[80] Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1809, the third woollen mill established in the U.S. (The first was in Hartford, Connecticut, and the second at Watertown, Massachusetts.) SONY VAIO PCG-FR315M Laptop Keyboard The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of "America's Hardest-Working River', the Blackstone. The Blackstone River and its tributaries, which cover more than 45 miles (72 km) from Worcester to Providence, was the birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater's mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America's Industrial and Technological Development. DELL 9Z.N3H82.001 Laptop Keyboard While on a trip to England in 1810, Newburyport merchant Francis Cabot Lowell was allowed to tour the British textile factories, but not take notes. Realising the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a market for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, he memorised the design of textile machines, SAMSUNG NP-N150-JP01 Laptop Keyboard and on his return to the United States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company. Lowell and his partners built America's second cotton-to-cloth textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory After his death in 1817, his associates built America's first planned factory town, which they named after him. SONY 147977821 Laptop Keyboard This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering, one of the first uses of it in the United States. Lowell, Massachusetts, utilising 5.6 miles (9.0 km) of canals and ten thousand horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River, is considered by some to be a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. HP 643263-001 Laptop Keyboard The short-lived utopia-like Lowell System was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the Irish Potato Famine, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour. SONY VAIO VGN-NR11Z/S Laptop Keyboard The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the Waltham Watch Company, with the development of machine tools, tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches. ACER Aspire 5930 Laptop Keyboard The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform program to prepare the country for further development. It inaugurated a new Western-based education system for all young people, ACER Aspire 5315 Laptop Keyboard sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe, and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (O-yatoi gaikokujin). HP 640892-001 Laptop Keyboard In 1871 a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the USA to learn western ways. The result was a deliberate state led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The Bank of Japan, founded in 1877, used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories. Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west. TOSHIBA Satellite L300-13R Laptop Keyboard Modern industry first appeared in textiles, including cotton and especially silk, which was based in home workshops in rural areas.[81] Second Industrial Revolution Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a "Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, ACER Aspire 2920-3A2G12Mi Laptop Keyboard when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert wrought iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality.[82][83]LENOVO IdeaPad G460 Laptop Keyboard This second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include the chemical industries, petroleum refining and distribution, electrical industries, and, in the 20th century, the automotive industries, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany. ACER Aspire 7735Z Laptop Keyboard The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s. The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation. IBM Lenovo ThinkPad R52-1860 Laptop Keyboard By the 1890s, industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests, as companies like U.S. Steel, General Electric, Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad companies on the world's stock markets. SAMSUNG NB30 Laptop Keyboard Intellectual paradigms and criticism The advent of the Age of Enlightenment provided an intellectual framework which welcomed the practical application of the growing body of scientific knowledge—a factor evidenced in the systematic development of the steam engine, guided by scientific analysis, and the development of the political and sociological analyses, culminating in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. Compaq Presario CQ71-420ER Laptop Keyboard One of the main arguments for capitalism, presented for example in the book The Improving State of the World, is that industrialisation increases wealth for all, as evidenced by raised life expectancy, reduced working hours, and no work for children and the elderly. HP G42-381TX Laptop Keyboard Socialism emerged as a critique of capitalism. Marxism began essentially as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[84] According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production, the factories and the land) and the much larger proletariat (the working class who actually perform the labour necessary to extract something valuable from the means of production). Compaq Presario CQ71-420ER Laptop Keyboard He saw the industrialisation process as the logical dialectical progression of feudal economic modes, necessary for the full development of capitalism, which he saw as in itself a necessary precursor to the development of socialism and eventually communism. Lenovo Thinkpad T420 Laptop Keyboard Romanticism During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed. This was known as the Romantic movement. Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. APPLE MacBook pro 13 inch Laptop Keyboard The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories; the "Dark satanic mills" of Blake's poem "And did those feet in ancient time". Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged. DELL Inspiron 1420 Laptop Keyboard Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution. (The empty areas mean no data, not very low levels. There is data for the years 1, 1000, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1820, 1900, and 2003) DELL Inspiron 1520 Laptop Keyboard The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate, with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century. As national border controls became more effective, the spread of disease was lessened, HP Pavilion dv6-3122tx Laptop Keyboard thereby preventing the epidemics common in previous times.[85] The percentage of children who lived past infancy rose significantly, leading to a larger workforce. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find employment in agriculture into cottage industry, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E525 Laptop Keyboard for example weaving, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories.[86] The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century.[87]DELL Latitude D620 Laptop Keyboard Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine.[88] However, recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional, supply-oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution.[89]SONY VAIO VGN-FS485B Laptop Keyboard Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages, much earlier than most estimates.[90] He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that "the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock". Lenovo 3000 N100 0768 Laptop Keyboard He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time-keeping, as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine. HP Pavilion dv6-3113st Laptop Keyboard The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded amongst them.[91] Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England, they survived in Russia till 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain. SAMSUNG Q330-JA02 Laptop Keyboard Governments' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system (the Statute of Monopolies 1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine, the key enabling technology. SAMSUNG R522 Laptop Keyboard In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development. However, monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance, or even overbalance, DELL Latitude D620 Laptop Keyboard the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors.[92] Watt's monopoly may have prevented other inventors, such as Richard Trevithick, William Murdoch or Jonathan Hornblower, from introducing improve d steam engines, thereby retarding the industrial revolution by about 16 years.[93][94]TOSHIBA Satellite L655-S5111 Laptop Keyboard Causes for occurrence in Europe European 17th century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th century industrial growth. ACER Aspire 5336 Laptop Keyboard One question of active interest to historians is why the industrial revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China, India, and the Middle East, or at other times like in Classical Antiquity[95] or the Middle Ages.[96] Numerous factors have been suggested, including education, technological changes[97] TOSHIBA Satellite L755-S5364 Laptop Keyboard (see Scientific Revolution in Europe), "modern" government, "modern" work attitudes, ecology, and culture.[98] The Age of Enlightenment not only meant a larger educated population but also more modern views on work. However, TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S7467 Laptop Keyboard most historians contest the assertion that Europe and China were roughly equal because modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity (and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars[99]) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450 dollars. SONY 147859712 Laptop Keyboard Some historians such as David Landes[100] and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in China and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo-Christianity, and Greek thought. Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius, Mencius, Han Feizi (Legalism), SONY VAIO VGN-SZ220 Laptop Keyboard Lao Tzu (Taoism), and Buddha (Buddhism). Whereas the Europeans believed that the universe was governed by rational and eternal laws, the East believed that the universe was in constant flux and, for Buddhists and Taoists, not capable of being rationally understood.[citation needed] Other factors include the considerable distance of China's coal deposits, though large, from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea.[101]DELL XPS 15 L502X Laptop Keyboard Regarding India, the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said: "The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in England."[102] In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms, with the three major ones being the Marathas, Sikhs and the Mughals. SONY VAIO VGN-CS11Z/T Laptop Keyboard In addition, the economy was highly dependent on two sectors—agriculture of subsistence and cotton, and there appears to have been little technical innovation. It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over. TOSHIBA Satellite L755-S5364 Laptop Keyboard Absolutist dynasties in China, India, and the Middle East failed to encourage manufacturing and exports, and expressed little interest in the well-being of their subjects.[103]HP pavilion DV7-1000 Laptop Keyboard Causes for occurrence in Britain As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies. After the Industrial Revolution, it was overtaken later by the United States. HP 640892-001 Laptop Keyboard There were two main values that really drove the industrial revolution in Britain. These values were self interest and an entrepreneurial spirit. Because of these interests, many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth. These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole. ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard Countries around the world started to recognize the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own industrial revolutions.[104]HP G42-415DX Laptop Keyboard The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. HP 605344-001 Laptop Keyboard However, it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5% of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution.[105] Even though slavery accounted for minimal economic profits in Britain during the Industrial Revolution, Caribbean-based demand accounted for 12% of England's industrial output.[106]TOSHIBA Satellite L755-S5364 Laptop Keyboard Instead, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, DELL PK130BB1A01 Laptop Keyboard and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size (European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy[107]). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, HP Pavilion dv6-3110se Laptop Keyboard reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical position—an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe. HP Pavilion dv6-3002xx Laptop Keyboard Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size. Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. HP G61-110SA Laptop Keyboard There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England, the English Midlands, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power, resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. HP 540 Laptop Keyboard Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry. TOSHIBA Satellite pro 4600 Laptop Keyboard The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688, and British society's greater receptiveness to change (compared with other European countries) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement, FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 Laptop Keyboard and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism.[108] (This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc's The Servile State.) HP Pavilion dv5-1211ea Laptop Keyboard Britain's population grew 280% 1550-1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50-80%. 70% of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750-1800. By 1800, only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain. This was only possible because coal, coke, imported cotton, brick and slate had replaced wood, charcoal, HP G62-b25SA Laptop Keyboard flax, peat and thatch. The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not. Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse's work was mechanised. A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres (1.21 to 2.02 ha) for fodder while even early steam engines produced 4 times more mechanical energy. SONY VAIO VGN-FS215Z Laptop Keyboard In 1700, 5/6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain, while the Netherlands had none; so despite having Europe's best transport, most urbanised, well paid, literate people and lowest taxes, it failed to industrialise. In the 18th century, it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank. Without coal, Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s.[109]TOSHIBA Satellite L775-S7243 Laptop Keyboard Protestant work ethic Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress, technology and hard work.[110] The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic (see Max Weber) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects, SONY 147859811 Laptop Keyboard such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures. FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 Laptop Keyboard Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well as education at England's only two universities at the time (although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland's four universities). When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act, DELL Studio 1558 Laptop Keyboard they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. The Unitarians, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences—areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies. HP 365485-001 Laptop Keyboard Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the middle class, DELL Studio 15 Laptop Keyboard such as traditional financiers or other businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century. HP 365485-001 Laptop Keyboard A lathe from 1911, a machine tool able to shape parts (usually metal) for other machines Apart from workshop lathes used by craftsmen, the first large machine tool was the cylinder boring machine used for boring the large-diameter cylinders on early steam engines. The planing machine, the slotting machine and the shaping machine were developed in the first decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century. HP HDX18T-1200 CTO Laptop Keyboard Military production, as well, had a hand in the development of machine tools. Henry Maudslay, who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was employed at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, as a young man where he would have seen the large horse-driven wooden machines for cannon boring made and worked by the Verbruggans. ASUS A6M Laptop Keyboard He later worked for Joseph Bramah on the production of metal locks, and soon after he began working on his own. He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills. These were all metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability. HP Probook 4710S Laptop Keyboard The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as Richard Roberts, Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth. HP Pavilion dv6-2170us Laptop Keyboard James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century, as did Matthew Murray of Leeds. Roberts was a maker of high-quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement. TOSHIBA Satellite l20-101 Laptop Keyboard DELL Vostro 3500 Laptop Keyboard HP Pavilion dv6-2113sa Laptop Keyboard Partager cet article Repost 0 Published by batterys commenter cet article
Chili Pepper 800px-Immature jalapeno capsicum annuum var annuum Scoville Scale 3,500 - 8,000 SHU Color Green (unripe), Red (ripe) Shape Oblong The jalapeño is a medium-sized chili pepper. A mature jalapeño fruit is 2–3½ inches long, and is commonly picked and consumed while still green, but occasionally it is allowed to fully ripen and turn crimson red. It is a cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum originating in Mexico, which is a bush that grows 2–4 ft tall. It is named after Xalapa, Veracruz, where it was traditionally cultivated. About 5,500 are dedicated for the cultivation in Mexico, primarily in the Papaloapan River basin in the center of the state of Veracruz and in the Delicias, Chihuahua, area. Jalapeños are cultivated on smaller scales in Jalisco, Nayarit, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chiapas. Jalapeño juice is often used as a remedy for seasonal allergies and cardiovascular problems. Jalapeño peppers The jalapeño is variously named in Mexico as huachinango and chile gordo. The cuareeño closely resembles the jalapeño. The seeds of a cuaresmeño have the heat of a jalapeño, but the flesh has a mild flavor close to a green bell pepper. The name Jalapeño is of Spanish origin. The Spanish suffix -eño signifies that the noun originates in the place modified by the suffix, similar to the English -(i)an. The jalapeño is named after the Mexican town of Xalapa (also spelled Jalapa). Xalapa is itself of Nahuatl derivation, formed from roots xālli "sand" and āpan "water place." Template:As of, Template:Convert in the United States were dedicated to the cultivation of jalapeños. Most jalapeños are produced in southern New Mexico and West Texas. Jalapeños are a pod type of Capsicum. The growing period is 70–80 days. When mature, the plant stands 2.5 to 3.0 ft tall. Typically, a plant produces 25 to 35 pods. During a growing period, a plant will be picked multiple times. As the growing season ends, jalapeños start to turn red, which may make them less desirable. Jalapeños thrive in a number of soil types and temperatures, provided they have adequate water. Once picked, individual peppers may turn to red of their own accord. The peppers can be eaten green or red. Jalapeños have 3,500–8,000 Scoville units. Compared to other chilis, the jalapeño heat level varies from mild to hot depending on cultivation and preparation. The heat, caused by capsaicin and related compounds, is concentrated in the membrane (placenta) surrounding the seeds. Handling fresh jalapeños will cause skin irritation. Some handlers wear latex or vinyl gloves while cutting, skinning, or seeding jalapeños. When preparing jalapeños, hands should not come in contact with the eyes, as this leads to painful burning and redness. Serving stylesEdit Jalapeño Poppers Jalapeño peppers wrapped in crescent rolls • Chipotles are smoked, ripe jalapeños. • Jalapeño jelly can be prepared using jelling methods. • Jalapeño peppers are often muddled and served in mixed drinks. • Jalapeño slices are commonly served in Vietnamese pho. See alsoEdit Ad blocker interference detected!
Task 8: "Warning marks start of Chile's polluted winter" 1. What do you think about the pollution in Santiago? 2. Why the pollution is harder year after year? DEADLINE: Sunday, May 20th. eduardo gonzalez 3"A" said... hello teacher 1) I think that the pollution in Santigo is bad , because it very seriously affects to environment and the people 2)this is , because the measures are not taken from protection and every time congestion is more to vehicular and so that in Santiago there is no good ventilation. 3)I ADJUSTMENT the problem looking for new clean power plants and extending the meter thus to diminish congestion to vehicular. maría de los ángeles leiva 3ºD said... Hi teacher: (o_0) x-xIn my opinion this theme is very important because pollution isn't only bad, also it causes diseases in children and old people. It is so many pollution in the R.M. that we can't see the sky if we're in Santiago. There is that to finish with pollution around the world. -The pollution is harder every year because as the article say the companies use polluting gases pollutants. The people that burn garbage and vehicles. The wind doesn't help in nothing. ^-^ A solution that I would give is that the Santiago's people would live in others cities. This all. Bye... María Leiva 3ºD Anonymous said... 1. I think that the pollution is very detrimental for the people that live in Santiago because with it,the respiratory diseases arrive & this affects too,to the environment. 2.Because the persons don't think that in fact,it is a big problem & sometimes the people don't do anything for to repair the problem of the pollution. 3.To create some ideas for to correct the pollution in Santiago,but to practice the ideas. For example to give flyers with information about the pollution & to control the companies. Camila gómez ..3ºg said... hi ... 1. - Santiago atmosphere is very bad, because the air is polluted, one cannot breathe well and because of that many people can make sick. 2. - because same people that live there contaminate everything, burning things, factories, cars, etc. 3. - I don't believe that I can make a lot but the air would improve if Santiago has sea. bye professor Ivannia Rivera 3ºa said... HellO tEachEr =) 1.Mmm... I believe that the pollution in Santiago, is very bad for the atmosphere and not only that, also is very disquieting by the health of the people, specially the children and people of the third age. 2.Lamentably it is thus every years, Being that every year is worse. I believe that this is an abuse of the men on its resources and sources. 3.I would promote at national level a plan on promoting the understanding of the present environmental problems and to prevent them to future. GoOd byE ! n__n CARLA TAPIA 3ºB said... 1 -. I think that the quality of the air in Santiago is evil due to the great concentration of mass that the centralization of the country is produces by although not this demas to emphasize the veneficios that gives the city. 2 -. owed al growth of the large industries that alone they think about being filled the volsillos of money and not in their health. 3 -. I think that the measures that are applying are well and that themselves podria to do nothing but because Santiago this in an oyo. good bye! shirley said... 1-I believe that the pollution of santiago is harmful because it(he,she) concerns the health of the citizens provoking diverse diseases 2 - be mas difficult year after year since the purchase of cars has increased notably the evil climate and the inaguracion of companies and not to had a good managing to be able to control the pollution that every day increases mas without any detention 3-I aumentaria the number of not catalytic cars better supervisaria to the contaminating companies major pondria exigency to the moment to accept projects that they affect in the climate. rodrigo calle 3"A" said... 1.-I think that the contamination in Santiago is of extreme worrisome precaution and that can affect to all people including children who are affected and I think that the state would have to invest money to diminish the contamination in Santiago and that the polluting companies and others more, would have to also worry. 2.-they grow because of new the company that every year is more leaving more and, worrying only about them without worrying of which they cause. this would have to improve otherwise this will grow more and more. - first it would be to create fines for the polluting companies. - more money in projects would invest to solve this. - to bring specialized personnel to treat the subject - and it would worry me that people worried to make case to the laws already impuestas.además to put firm hand in this and to punish the violation of these laws. ninoska acuña 3ºb said... 1. I think that the pollution in Santiago is a serious problem and then also generate much sickness to the population as breathing problems but they take measures. 2. The pollution is each you see but strong because each you see there is less conscience there is but companies, more cars, among other. 3. Anything because all that is made doesn't work and that that is proposed by professionals and when they take measures they are not respected by people. edison mella 3a said... 1.I think that the contamination in Santiago is very bad for the health of the children and in general of the people. 2.this is because the measures of precaution in Santiago are very bad and because the people do not respect them nor fulfill them, also because in Santiago are more and more vehicles and there is no a good ventilation. 3.that the companies fulfill the norms and they do not contaminate, clean electrical power stations and the extension of the meter to diminish congestion to vehicular. Paúl Ibañez 3ºB said... 1- that it is a serious problem that always this repeating itself I decide to me once a technician of soccer of Paraguay seems said that the parties debian to gamble in regions so that the quality of air in Santiago was malisima to practice sport 2- so that every year there is little conscience of the damage that causes this contamination 3 believe that the measures are adapted but they are due to respect but because often they are not fulfilled good good bye profe! franco stuardo said... hello teacher: 1.- the contamination of Santiago this every bad time and of which, Santiago is the contaminated city but of the world and that leaves us bad to our country. 2.- I believe that the people of Santiago do not occur to account of it damage that becomes when breathing that contaminated air in which every year the air contaminates every day 3.- the first serious thing that the government puts silver less so that the air of contaminated Santiago this and better. ignacio Soto said... 1.-I think that the contamination in santiago is very dangerous for th life from his habitants,the flora and the fauna. 2.-because the country is very full of industries and there are any industry anti-polution. 3.-the gobernment must be construct anti-polluting factories and tell to the people how can help to errradicate this big problem from the roots Anonymous said... 1.- el aire de Santiago ha estado muy malo, pero gracias a las lluvias esto puede mejorar. 2.- yo creo que la gente de Santiago por más que no quiera contaminar el medio ambiente igual lo hace y eso va de mal en peor. 3.- si pudiera dar una ayuda al gobierno haria que todos ocupen gas natural, pero esto es imposibles de hacerlo. camila gomez said... Santiago air has been very bad, but thanks to the rains this can improve. I believe that Santiago people no matter how much he/she doesn't want to contaminate the same environment he/she makes it and that goes of bad in worse. if she could help the government he/she would make that all occupy natural gas, but this is impossible to make it. Francisco Abarca 3añoB said... 1) At the moment the contamination in Santiago to reached indices too many stops, to carrying to bad quality of health q the people colapsan the center of emergencies and the people in charge of these are the companies, the automobiles and the main person in charge is the government because not him ah taken greater importance. 2) Of the reasons she is that super Intendance tapeworm high knowledge of the index of contamination and him volume subject spear q the contamination did not obtain its greater index of risk, others of the reasons is by the companies, as well as the automobiles due to q the metropolitan region contains too much population. 3) A restriction to the industries could to him that contribute with their contamination of their machineries, would continue the automobile restriction, would stimulate the use of the bicycle, would put restriction to the acoustic contamination because to sight increased in this I complete year, and for this it would try to attend part to people q occupies to the horns without a been worth aim, and Aryan a registry of measurement of decibeles in the companies Francisco Flores A 3°A said... 1)I think that the contamination is bad because it damages to people and the small children 2)I think that is because santiago have many cars its contaminate the air 3)I say that should make once time "the day of not contamination in santiago" and they will not travel this day in the cars Daniel Albornoz 3°D said... i think that the pollution in santiago is very bad cause will bring so much diseases to the people that live in santiago. the pollution in santiago is harder year after year cause the companies are using the petrol instead the gas and the petrol contaminate more than the gas. i think that we can help changeing the petrol for the gas. Daniel Albornoz 3°D said... Jerzy Q. said... 1.the pollution in Santiago is day to day killing of any form to the peoples: como con the cardiacos problems. 2.because Santiago is in a hoyo and no llega la brisa marina de la costa for mover the smoking. 3. I don`t Melissa arellano 3ºD said... hi! teacher 1. - I think that that is a problem that has been existing for a long time and to this height they take importance him, and is something burdens. 2. - so that every time continues growing and we as people we did not help in anything 3. - to this height nothing can be made to help the climate of Santiago Anonymous said... Claudia Berrios 3ºG 1º Good the contamination of Santiago must to the negligences of the same people who inhabit this city… by the cigarette you make etc… I think that if a problem did not neglect tnto nonserious this. 2º because they must hold those you lock up of toxic clouds. And I who I am asthmatic it does not last much in Santiago. 3ºhelp I to that people left of lao a little the tobacco Anonymous said... Carla Sánchez, 3ºE. 1. Well, I lived my whole life in Santiago and I was exposed to the diseases that the pollution causes, but I never got sick, I was pretty used to it actually. That’s why when somebody asks me, what I think about Santiago’s pollution, I say that it doesn’t bother me. But, I also know that for other people it’s a thing that they can’t stand anymore. 2. The reason of that is that the city doesn’t have “ventilation”; it’s like a real hole. So, the car’s pollution, and the others, doesn’t go, just stays. 3. If the government would ask some help, the whole city could contribute, going to their jobs on foot or anything else. I would do that. It’s the use of the car a serious problem! Paúl Ibañez 3B said... 1 - I think that it is a serious problem that for a long time single occurs to nondefinitive solutions at the moment but 2-I believe that the people of Santiago do not become aware serious on to her problem 3_I believe that seguiria with the same measures but that were but demanding in fulfilling them marco iglesias 3b said... 1. what I think is that they deberian to devise a new system to avoid smog and the contamination in Santiago 2. so that the atmosphere in where is the city this contaminated 3. them already diria that is that they could extended but the industries hasia near places but of the coasts. Andres Opazo said... 1-The contamination is bad because it´s danger to the people 2-I think that is because the people are acostumbradas to use the cars when they can walk or use a bicycle. 3-i suggest to the people don´t depending so much on the cars and they start to walk
Beit Romano, an Israeli settlement in Hebron's Old City When I first encountered the word, “settlement,” I thought it was comprised of tents and people touting guns to settle a piece of barren land. But in this part of the world, “settlements” pretty much mean physical concrete structures that are built smack dab in the middle of existing Arab neighborhoods. So how does that affect the local population (read: Palestinians) who have been living there for centuries? I think the best approach is simply to examine the physical structures that surround a settlement. I’ll take Beit Romano as an example (pictured above). In order to “secure” a settlement, the Israelis would create buffer zones (“secure areas”) around a settlement. They would create these buffer zones by: 1. Evicting Palestinian tenants out of their buildings 2. Welding shut Palestinians’ stores 3. Closing off roads to Palestinians One of my Palestinian friends’ parents used to live in the house pictured on the right, but they were soon evicted after the Israelis deemed them a security threat. Now, a soldier occupies the roof of the building. To give you an idea of the economic impact of the settlements in Hebron, 1,829 Palestinian shops located in and around Hebron’s Old City have closed between 2000 and 2007. Of the closed shops, 440 of them were closed due to military orders. The map below shows the extent of the closures in Hebron’s city center. All the areas shaded in purple are the closed areas, while the blue areas are the Israeli settlements. For more info, check out the resources listed here. Comments are closed. Proudly powered by WordPress Theme: Esquire by Matthew Buchanan.

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