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Your Body is Acidic. Here is what you Need to Do
The findings of the Noble prize winner, Dr. Otto H Warburg, revealed that cancer is actually caused by oxygen deficiency to acidity in the body.
Therefore, he found that cancer cells are anaerobic, (do not breathe oxygen), so they cannot thrive in an alkaline environment, in the presence of high levels of oxygen. On the other hand, all normal body cells need oxygen in order to live.
Our pH balance in the body, which is the balance of the acid and alkaline in the fluids and cells, is mostly affected by our diet. In order to function normally and survive, our body needs to be at a slightly alkaline level and have a pH value of 7.365.
Yet, we consume highly processed and unhealthy foods nowadays, full of chemicals, preservatives, sugars, GMO, refined grains, etc. Such a diet disrupts the normal environment in the body, and the body becomes acidic and thus prone to serious health problems like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis.
If the acidity in the body is not treated for long, it might drastically accelerate the aging process, since viruses, bacteria, parasites, and candida in acidic environments.
To neutralize these pathogens and prevent all kinds of other health issues and chronic conditions, you need to regulate the pH levels and alkalize the body.
Therefore, maintaining pH balance is one of the important tools to optimizing your health. Here is a simple and highly effective home remedy for acidity:
Home remedies for acidity
1/3 teaspoon baking soda
2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice or organic apple cider vinegar
8 0z. water
Mix the juice with the baking soda, and their mixture will start to fizz. Keep adding the baking soda until it stops, and then, add water.
Drink the remedy all at once. This will neutralize the acidity in the body, relieve a heartburn, boost your energy levels, and protect the body from numerous invaders and diseases.
You should also try the following smoothie which will fight fatigue and neutralize body acidity:
Alkaline ‘activator’ green smoothie — recipe
1-inch slice of cucumber
1⁄2 celery stick
1 lime
2 apples, chopped
1-inch slice of pineapple,
wheatgrass powder, 1 teaspoon
A handful of spinach or kale
water, as desired to thin consistency
1⁄2 teaspoon Spirulina powder, (optional)
1⁄2 avocado, (optional)
You should wash all ingredients well, and then place them in the blender. Blend until you get a homogeneous mixture. Pour the alkalizing smoothie into a glass and enjoy.
Here is a list of more alkaline foods and drinks you should include in your daily diet:
Vegetable juices and smoothies
Almond milk
Coconut water
herbal teas, such as ginger tea
Alkaline water
Therefore, do your best to always keep your body in an alkaline state, and thus enjoy your optimal health and well-being!
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Monthly Archives: October 2017
How do pain meds lose their effect?
By Julia Turan, Communications Manager
You know something’s not right when more Americans are dying from pain medications than illegal drugs. This opioid crisis is filling headlines, and rightly so. However, for patients with chronic pain, tolerance to opioids such as morphine, not addiction, is the real issue. Tolerance is not usually a problem for acute pain after injuries or surgery, but for chronic pain, the patients need the drug to work over a long period.
Most studies have focused on how tolerance affects individual brains cells (neurons). New research from The Journal of Physiology clarifies a piece of the puzzle of how opioid tolerance changes the communication between neurons. This brings us one small step closer to one day developing pain therapies that avoid the development of opioid tolerance.
Tolerance to a drug means that larger and larger amounts are required to achieve the desired effect. Patients can become tolerant regardless of whether or not they are addicted. Tolerance does not result from abusing the drug, but rather, it can occur even when the patients follow their course of treatment as required.
The research, led by Adrianne Wilson-Poe and Chris Vaughan at The University of Sydney looked at rat brain slices after giving the animals a low dose treatment of morphine that produces tolerance. To study this, the researchers used a technique that records electrical activity in an area called the midbrain that plays an important role in the pain-relieving effects of opioids. Rather than examine individual neurons they measured how neurons talk to each because this communication is how the brain works.
To understand their findings, we need to understand a bit about how our neurons talk to each other. To send a signal, molecules travel from the sender brain cell to the receiver across a gap called the synapse. The synapse has two sides, the pre-synapse and the post-synapse. The pre-synapse is part of the brain cell sending the message, and the post-synapse is part of the receiving cell.
One of the molecules sent between neurons is called GABA. Opioids normally decrease the release of GABA. After chronic treatment with opioids, the researchers found that their dampened effect was due to fewer molecules of GABA being available on the sending side. Consequently, opioids had less of an effect on GABA release from the sending side, as there were fewer molecules around. This reduced communication between neurons is likely to contribute to reduced effectiveness of opioids after chronic treatment.
The Myth of a Sport Scientist
Back in school, I was a sporty student taking part in a plethora of activities from netball and hockey, to kayaking, tennis and 1500m, but I was never keen on becoming a professional athlete. I was always nominated for the sport day events and typically took charge as captain. When looking at my A-level choices and what career to follow, I naturally pursued the sport route, aligning with topics such as physical education and biology.
Then, when it came to higher education, studying sport science was at the top of my list. Whilst visiting institutional open days, and speaking to friends, family and teachers, it became apparent that there was a mismatch between the perceptions of what a sport scientist is about and what skills it entails. Here I present some top common misconceptions of being a sport scientist.
Myth #1: You have to be an elite sportsperson
This is my pet hate and the main myth I try to debunk! It is not true that a sport scientist has to be good at sport; yes it can sometimes help to have an interest in physical activity, exercise or sport, but you don’t have be a Messi or Ronaldo. The whole benefit of studying sport science is that you can inspire anyone from the inactive to the elite. Studying sport science is more about being interested in the application of science to the interpretation and understanding of how the body responds to exercise. It involves expertise across a range of scientific disciplines including physiology, psychology, biomechanics, biochemistry, anatomy, and nutrition.
Myth # 2: You are either a physical education teacher or a coach
Another persistent myth about being interested in sport and studying sport science is that you run around a rugby pitch with a whistle. As much as I respect the talents and skills of PE teachers and coaches, and although many of our students may go into these careers, these are not the only skills and applications of a sport scientist. Sport scientists can be performance analysts. Or they may specialise in exercise physiology. They may even go into marketing, rehabilitation, PR, sport media, or education. The diversity and depth of transferable skills means that there are a variety of options and directions to take, whether you want to help improve the health and wellbeing of a population through exercise plans or the recovery of injured athletes. I always had an interest in teaching sport or science. It was during my PhD that I became aware of the opportunities and careers in academia. Then, becoming a lecturer became my focus, combining my love of the subject and passion for the research!
Finally, Myth #3: It’s not a ‘real’ science
This final myth really bothers me, and is most applicable to the research aspect of my job. It can be frustrating when we are not as respected in the field of science, where some say it’s not a ‘real’ science’. Many of us who are in the field of sport science are specialised in a discipline. For me, it was exercise physiology and biochemistry.
As an exercise physiologist, I am specifically interested in the relationship between the use of exercise as a stressor and how the body responds at a cellular level with specific use of biochemical and immunological analytical techniques. Just because we use models of sport performance, exercise bouts or physical activity sessions, doesn’t mean that there aren’t complex scientific skills, theories, analytics and techniques behind the work. My primary research focuses on how the immune system and metabolism help our skeletal muscles repair after physical activity, exercise, and training. My current research is about ultra-endurance running profiling of endurance performances, rehabilitation techniques for muscle damage and inflammation, and the use of exercise plans in management of diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
With the developments and interest in sport across the nation following events such as the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, and other events such as Wimbledon, the Football leagues and the Rugby World Cup, hopefully people are starting to realise how sport science can advance sport performance and health.
Dr Hannah Jayne Moir is a Senior Lecturer in Health & Exercise Prescription, at Kingston University, London. Her research is driven in the discipline of Sport & Exercise Sciences and she is co-chair and theme leader for the Sport, Exercise, Nutrition and Public Health Research Group.
This post is part of our Researcher Spotlight series. If you research, teach, do outreach, or do policy work in physiology, and would like to write on our blog, please get in touch with Julia at
Government fails to reassure over post-Brexit science
by Henry Lovett, Policy & Public Affairs Officer
Horizon 2020
Wikipedia, women, and science
Diet, exercise or drugs – how do we cure obesity?
by Simon Cork, Imperial College London, @simon_c_c
October 11th is officially “World Obesity Day”, a day observed internationally to promote practical solutions to end the obesity crisis. The term “obesity crisis” or “obesity epidemic” is often repeated by the media, but how big is the problem? Today, over 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight or obese. By 2025, this is projected to increase to 2.7 billion with an estimated annual cost of 1.2 trillion USD. Of particular concern is that 124 million children and adolescents worldwide are overweight or obese. In the UK, this equates to 1 in 10 children and adolescents and is projected to increase to 3.8 million by 2025. We know that obesity significantly raises the risk of developing 11 different types of cancer, stroke, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but worryingly, we now know that once someone becomes obese, physiological changes to the body’s metabolism make long-term weight loss challenging.
Our understanding of the physiology of food intake and metabolism and the pathophysiology of obesity has grown considerably over the past few decades. Obesity was seen, and often still is seen, as a social problem, rather than a medical issue: a lack of self-control and willpower. We now know that physiological changes occur in how our bodies respond to food intake. For example, hormones which are released from the gut following food intake and signal to the brain via the vagus nerve normally reduce food intake. However, in obesity, the secretion of these hormones is reduced, as is the sensitivity of the vagus nerve. The consequence of this is a reduced sensation of feeling full.
Imaging of the hypothalamus (a key region for keeping food intake at a balanced level) shows a reduction in activity following food intake in lean men, an effect which was absent in obesity. This effect may relate to a reduction in the body’s responses observed following food intake in obesity, such as balancing blood sugar and signalling that you are full. Furthermore, numerous studies have shown that obese individuals have a reduced availability of dopamine receptors, the structures on cells that respond to the pleasure chemical dopamine, in key brain regions associated with reward. Whether the reduction in dopamine receptor availability is a cause or consequence of obesity remains to be fully explored, but it is likely to be a combination of both of these factors. Individuals with a gene called the Taq1 A1, associated with a decreased availability of dopamine receptors, are more likely to become obese, suggesting that decreased responsiveness to high calorie foods leads to increased consumption in order to achieve the same level of reward. (Interestingly, this same gene is also associated with an increased risk of drug addiction). However, much like drug addiction, hyper-stimulation of the dopamine system (i.e. by consuming large quantities of dopamine-secreting, high calorie foods) can in turn lead to a reduction in dopamine receptor levels, thus creating a situation where more high calorie foods are required to stimulate the same level of reward.
It is therefore clear that obesity is not simply a manifestation of choice, but underpinned by complex changes in physiology which promote a surplus of food consumption, called positive energy balance. From an evolutionary standpoint, this makes sense, as maintaining a positive energy balance in times of abundant food would protect an individual in times of famine. However, evolution has failed to keep up with modern society, where 24-hour access to high calorie foods removes the threat of starvation. The good news is that we know that weight loss as small as 5% can yield significant improvements in health, and can often be managed without significant modification to lifestyle.
Presently, treatment options for obesity are limited. The first line treatment is still diet and exercise; but as the above examples of how our physiology changes show, maintaining long term weight loss through self-control alone is almost always impossible. However, the future does look bright, with new classes of drugs either recently licenced, or in production. Saxenda (a once-daily injectable drug which mimics the gut hormone GLP-1 made by Novo Nordisk) has recently been licenced for weight loss in patients with a BMI greater than 30. However, after 56 weeks treatment, average weight loss was a modest 8kg. Likewise Orlistat (which inhibits absorption of dietary fat, made by Roche) has been on the market for a number of years and shows average weight loss of around 10%. However, it is associated with unpleasant side effects, such as flatulence and oily stools. Presently, bariatric surgery is the only treatment that shows significant, long term weight loss (around 30%, depending on the surgical method used) and is also associated with long-term increases in gut hormone secretion and vagus nerve sensitivity. Research is currently underway to assess whether the profile of gut hormones observed post-surgery can be mimicked pharmacologically. Studies have shown that administering select gut hormones in combination results in a reduction in body weight and food intake greater than the sum of either hormone when administered in isolation. This observed synergy between gut hormones will undoubtedly form the basis for future pharmacotherapies with improved efficacy, with various combinations currently in both clinical and pre-clinical trials.
For healthcare policy makers, the future obesity landscape does not make for happy reading. A combination of better therapies and improved public health messages are undoubtedly needed to stem the rising tide. However, both policy makers and society as a whole should be mindful that changes in ones physiology mean maintaining long-term weight loss through diet and exercise alone are unlikely to be the whole answer.
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hello everyone my name is Frances on the following documentary women in communism is an attempt to explain about how woman liberation and communism goes hand-in-hand over history communism has greatly improved woman rights and as years went by women have proven themselves to be greater assets in various fields of life the labour of women and children was therefore the first thing saw for by the capitalists who used machines one could argue that what Marx is trying to do in this quote is to elevate equity or equality which if true is even more groundbreaking first time capitalism used and still uses equality card for all the wrong reasons not as a way of championing equal rights and respect but as a way of placing more responsibilities on the back of the vulnerable and explaining them to work like a healthy young man for narrating about the improvement of human reserve the country's person in the video we have a nice new bear to talk about USSR epoch Jena to talk about China that's in Sabu to talk about Cuba about to talk about Burkina Faso answer is it to talk about Afghanistan we all know that the greatest communist nation that is the USSR the women were given equal opportunities and equal rights as men that's why we witnessed an end to the patriarchal system women were also allowed to join workforce in men which gives them equality in both values and pay Soviet Union women were given important roles they were held in top positions knowing that they were equal to men in the role of decision making by 1930s the Soviet Union produced many female doctors engineers and pilots when Lenin said that communism is Soviet power plus electrification I decided that I should become an electrical engineer that that was my holy duty eeny Brewster's vet engineer am elected contemporary and I didn't want to just draw up plans I wanted to build an electric power station that was my mission and I achieved it you know the first woman in space was Soviet lady he was valentina Tereshkova before the mouse came into the power china was a semi-feudal nation which follows a patrocle system but after the arrival of the Communist Party both the men and women were given equal legal and social status the old feudal laws and traditions that they are opposite to the woman were completely abolished both men and women started doing the same job and there was a culture change in which woman we're no longer considered as inferior and weaker than men now men and women maintain equal peace with each other which makes China the safest place for women to live you by Sun another country where women rights were improved and increase under the control of communism under Batista rule woman had no rights they were subjected to only certain domestic rights we considered him to be our man but he but he was beholding to us too to try to keep him in power we hated our dependence on the United States we were fed up with suppression after the Cuban this was when Fidel told us to begin with 12 people and seven guns and said let's win the war woman we're given equal legal and social status the poverty that the woman suffered came to an end after the beginning of Cuban Revolution today Cuba is one of the best countries in the world where gender equality is taken into an account Burkina Faso is a landlord country located in the west of Africa it was feudal lo women sir Jeanette from all the right inequalities that men gets there after the students of formation all these have been stone the Satria be mrs. minute O'Connor's baby an industrial cashew nut processing company in the city of banfora just about four hundred kilometers from Agra dugu more than 300 people are employed here most of them about 90 percent women and from poor backgrounds we have different stuff categories we have staff members with hominid contracts other staff members with seasonal contracts and those with daily rate contracts make up the biggest category young people and women are highly represented among our employees constitutive program normal since inception in 2006 the company has processed more than 3000 tons of cashew nuts and sold in excess of 512 tons of white almonds when she started out she barely moved stock in burkina faso it took 10 years of persistence and hard work to finally conquer the local market and proceed to sell in Europe in America we went to the European Union and met a big client who bought all of our stock it was from there that we were able to access the global market through the European Union for two years we sold all of our goods to the European market and then since 2010 we've been able to export our goods to the American market through a big company called costo that came to visit us here in afar Afghanistan is another landlocked country located in south-central Asia before communist revolution many laws and tradition existed in Afghanistan which made the life of women very difficult all this changed after the revolution of communism Afghanistan is famous for their spices and minerals such as iron and magnesium this is an another example where humans right were improved due to communism and their development and across the country fortunately this didn't upset many Islamic radicals who with the help of USA and UK seized the power of the country and later me the country have some of the worst women right in the world you you
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Practice Five Parts of Configuration Management
Configuration management is one of the many aspects of project management. It is applicable to certain projects that need to track components. There are two major types of configuration management.
1. Identification, tracking and managing of all the assets of a project. This definition would be especially relevant on software development projects where the “configuration” refers to the collection of artifacts, code components, executables, etc.
2. Identification, tracking and managing of the metadata that describes the products that the project is creating. In this definition, the configuration is basically the detailed specifications of the product. For example, if you are manufacturing a laptop computer, the configuration would refer to the size of the hard drive, speed, DVD specifications, etc.
The following items make up the Configuration Management Process.
1. Planning. You need to plan ahead to create the processes, procedures, tools, files and databases to manage the configuration. You also may need to gain an agreement on exactly what assets are important, how you will define them, how they will be categorized, classified, numbered, reported, etc. The results of this up-front planning are documented in a Configuration Management Plan.
2. Tracking. You need processes and systems to identify when assets are assigned to your project, where they go, what becomes of them, who is responsible for them and how they are disposed. Since a project has a concrete beginning and end, ultimately all the assets need to go somewhere. This could be in a final deliverable, into the operations/support area, scrapped, etc. You should be able to dissect each major deliverable of the project and show where all the pieces and parts came from, and where they reside after the project ends.
3. Managing. Managing assets means they are secure, protected and used for the right purposes. For example, it doesn’t do any good to track purchased assets that your project does not need in the first place. Also, your tracking system may show expensive components sitting in an unsecured storage room, but is that really the proper place for them? Managing assets has to do with acquiring what you need and only what you need.
4. Reporting. You need to be able to report on the configuration, usually in terms of what you have and where they are, as well as financial reporting that can show cost, budget, depreciation, etc. If you are tracking configuration metadata you should be able to report out a complete set of the current product specifications.
5. Auditing. It is important that the integrity of the configuration process be validated periodically through audits of the status of configuration items. This can include physically inspecting or counting these items and comparing them against the expected results of your configuration management system. You will also want to audit the configuration change process to endure that the appropriate processes are being followed.
If you practice configuration management on your project, it is suggested that you have a specific person identified as the configuration manager. This may be a part-time role, depending on how much asset tracking and management your project does. This person is responsible for the overall process, with focus on the planning, management and auditing responsibilities.
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Eliza doolittle and henry higgins relationship with god
Java's Journey: Is Eliza Really Professor Higgins' Fair Lady?
eliza doolittle and henry higgins relationship with god
In the play, stuffy professor Henry Higgins sets himself a challenge: to pass off Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower seller, as a duchess. sees this as “sweeping clean her relationship with Higgins and heading off to a better, brighter future. His relation to her is too God-like to be altogether agreeable.". If you know the musical, you recall that Eliza Doolittle, a Cockney flower But the relationship between Shaw's “sculptor,” Higgins, and his “statue,” . in their true sense not through human nature but by God's divine power. for written correspondence,” the reader is inclined to thank God for small favors . the “ambiguous” tone of the relationship between Higgins and Eliza. celebrates: Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle, as Lerner and Loewe.
In her stilted conversation, Eliza makes everything about their relationship clear. Shaw allows some of her slum dialect to slip in again at this point to let the audience know that Eliza is sincere.
The theme of Social Class and Manners in Pygmalion from LitCharts | The creators of SparkNotes
Higgins agrees that this is how he feels as well - a platonic relationship is in order. They must hash this out in plain language because others might expect that these two should become romantically involved, but both of them plainly declare that they do not expect this from each other.
Higgins feels trapped by society's expectations of what a guy is meant to be when a woman his age or younger comes into his life. To let a woman in your life, Higgins thinks, is to play a set role that he's not interested in.
A man is meant to be a love-sick school boy like Freddie is to Eliza who writes her letters every day or a somewhat protective father figure like his linguistic colleague Colonel Pickering is to Eliza, or Eliza's biological father Alfred Doolittle.
Higgins wants to be neither.
• Social Class and Manners ThemeTracker
• Pygmalion: My Fair Lady and Higgins
• Navigation menu
He's only in love with his vowels and protective against slang. Why can't he have a platonic relationship with women as he has with Pickering?
When he explains to his mother that he hasn't married because My idea of a loveable woman is something as like you as possible.
eliza doolittle and henry higgins relationship with god
This is not -as some have suggested- an Oedipal connection that stunts his romantic progress; it's a liberating perspective that he wishes he could simply have a friendship with a person that he finds interesting, male or female. By the end, in Eliza he has found someone like his mother -grounded, wise, opinionated, expecting no less than basic regard and respect.
Also, as it is with his mother, Higgins has no intention of becoming her lover. Eliza is simply a part of Higgins' life, an exceptional part of it.
He's grown accustomed to her face, and he will miss her company if she chooses to leave. Ultimately, Higgins is a somewhat asexual being who, if anything, is in a love affair with the never-ending mysteries of his native tongue. Before Eliza ever shows up to Higgins' house for tutoring, before there is some question in the audience's mind about whether the pupil and teacher are a romantic match, Higgins' most ardent affections already have a permanent target; his lady love is language and no one will ever take her place.
For Higgins Eliza is just a subject for an experiment at the beginning, nothing more. He treats her badly and hurts her feelings almost all the time. But Eliza is not always the victim of Higgins's verbal attacks.
eliza doolittle and henry higgins relationship with god
She protects herself "I am a good girl! The mere pronunciation is easy enough. I want to talk like a lady. As time goes by, Higgins and Eliza get used to each other, although they don't admit that to anyone, not even to themselves.
Higgins might be a friend, a father, or even a lover to her, and in the course of the play they begin to show feelings for each other and their relationship develops beyond their professional interests.
In Act 4 the conflicts between the two begin to prevail and both, especially Eliza, show their anger!
Her pride is wounded, because Higgins never thanks her for anything and Higgins is offended by Eliza, because she throws his slippers into his face and says that in Higgins eyes she would be just one of the girls he and Pickering pick up to experiment on. When she gives Higgins back the ring, which he has bought her as a present, he looses his temper, which has never happened to him before, and he says: When Eliza leaves Higgins he is furious and tells his mother, that he needs her, because he can't find anything and wouldn't even know his dates without Eliza's help.
Henry Higgins is not worried about her, or disappointed that she left him and that she can live without him, he just thinks about the practical "use" of Eliza. In Act 5 Eliza still has control and Higgins feels helpless: For the first time she finds revenge and "got a little back of her own".
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By Todd
2008-09-03 02:58:43 8 Comments
@patrickf 2017-05-28 12:06:11
This is easily achievable without any external libraries.
1. Cryptographic Pseudo Random Data Generation
First you need a cryptographic PRNG. Java has SecureRandom for that typically uses the best entropy source on the machine (e.g. /dev/random) . Read more here.
SecureRandom rnd = new SecureRandom();
byte[] token = new byte[byteLength];
Note: SecureRandom is the slowest, but most secure way in Java of generating random bytes. I do however recommend NOT considering performance here since it usually has no real impact on your application unless you have to generate millions of tokens per second.
2. Required Space of Possible Values
Next you have to decide "how unique" your token needs to be. The whole and only point of considering entropy is to make sure that the system can resist brute force attacks: the space of possible values must be so large that any attacker could only try a negligible proportion of the values in non-ludicrous time1. Unique identifiers such as random UUID have 122bit of entropy (ie. 2^122 = 5.3x10^36) - the chance of collision is "*(...) for there to be a one in a billion chance of duplication, 103 trillion version 4 UUIDs must be generated2". We will choose 128 bit since it fits exactly into 16 bytes and is seen as highly sufficient for being unique for basically every, but the most extreme, use cases and you don't have to think about duplicates. Here is a simple comparison table of entropy including simple analysis of the birthday problem.
comparison of token sizes
For simple requirements 8 or 12 byte length might suffice, but with 16 bytes you are on the "safe side".
And that's basically it. Last thing is to think about encoding so it can be represented as a printable text (read, a String).
3. Binary to Text Encoding
Typical encodings include:
• Base64 every character encodes 6bit creating a 33% overhead. Fortunately there are standard implementations in Java 8+ and Android. With older Java you can use any of the numerous third party libraries. If you want your tokens to be url safe use the url-safe version of RFC4648 (which usually is supported by most implementations). Example encoding 16 bytes with padding: XfJhfv3C0P6ag7y9VQxSbw==
• Base32 every character encodes 5bit creating a 40% overhead. This will use A-Z and 2-7 making it reasonably space efficient while being case-insensitive alpha-numeric. There is no standard implementation in the JDK. Example encoding 16 bytes without padding: WUPIL5DQTZGMF4D3NX5L7LNFOY
• Base16 (hex) every character encodes 4bit requiring 2 characters per byte (ie. 16 byte create a string of length 32). Therefore hex is less space efficient than Base32 but is safe to use in most cases (url) since it only uses 0-9 and A to F. Example encoding 16 bytes: 4fa3dd0f57cb3bf331441ed285b27735. See a SO discussion about converting to hex here.
Additional encodings like Base85 and the exotic Base122 exist with better/worse space efficiency. You can create your own encoding (which basically most answers in this thread do) but I would advise against it, if you don't have very specific requirements. See more encoding schemes in the Wikipedia article.
4. Summary and Example
• Use SecureRandom
• Use at least 16 bytes (2^128) of possible values
• Encode according to your requirements (usually hex or base32 if you need it to be alpha-numeric)
• ... use your home brew encoding: better maintainable and readable for others if they see what standard encoding you use instead of weird for loops creating chars at a time.
• ... use UUID: it has no guarantees on randomness; you are wasting 6bits of entropy and have verbose string representation
Example: Hex Token Generator
public static String generateRandomHexToken(int byteLength) {
SecureRandom secureRandom = new SecureRandom();
byte[] token = new byte[byteLength];
return new BigInteger(1, token).toString(16); //hex encoding
//generateRandomHexToken(16) -> 2189df7475e96aa3982dbeab266497cd
Example: Base64 Token Generator (Url Safe)
public static String generateRandomBase64Token(int byteLength) {
SecureRandom secureRandom = new SecureRandom();
byte[] token = new byte[byteLength];
return Base64.getUrlEncoder().withoutPadding().encodeToString(token); //base64 encoding
//generateRandomBase64Token(16) -> EEcCCAYuUcQk7IuzdaPzrg
Example: Java CLI Tool
If you want a ready-to-use cli tool you may use dice:
@francoisr 2017-07-11 07:50:45
This answer is complete and works without adding any dependency. If you want to avoid possible minus signs in the output, you can prevent negative BigIntegers using a constructor parameter: BigInteger(1, token) instead of BigInteger(token).
@patrickf 2017-07-11 08:38:39
Tanks @francoisr for the hint, I edited the code example
@anothermh 2018-10-04 01:45:45
import; and import java.math.BigInteger; are needed to make the example work, but it works great!
@SoBeRich 2019-03-27 12:14:17
Efficent and short.
* Utility class for generating random Strings.
public interface RandomUtil {
int DEF_COUNT = 20;
Random RANDOM = new SecureRandom();
* Generate a password.
* @return the generated password
static String generatePassword() {
return generate(true, true);
* Generate an activation key.
* @return the generated activation key
static String generateActivationKey() {
return generate(false, true);
* Generate a reset key.
* @return the generated reset key
static String generateResetKey() {
return generate(false, true);
static String generate(boolean letters, boolean numbers) {
start = ' ',
end = 'z' + 1,
count = DEF_COUNT,
gap = end - start;
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(count);
while (count-- != 0) {
int codePoint = RANDOM.nextInt(gap) + start;
switch (getType(codePoint)) {
case UNASSIGNED:
case PRIVATE_USE:
case SURROGATE:
int numberOfChars = charCount(codePoint);
if (count == 0 && numberOfChars > 1) { count++; continue; }
if (letters && isLetter(codePoint)
|| numbers && isDigit(codePoint)
|| !letters && !numbers) {
if (numberOfChars == 2) count--;
} else count++;
return builder.toString();
@mike 2019-02-27 13:52:23
Here is a Java 8 solution based on streams.
public String generateString(String alphabet, int length) {
return generateString(alphabet, length, new SecureRandom()::nextInt);
// nextInt = bound -> n in [0, bound)
public String generateString(String source, int length, IntFunction<Integer> nextInt) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
return sb.toString();
Use it like
String alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";
int length = 12;
String generated = generateString(alphabet, length);
The function nextInt should accept an int bound and return a random number between 0 and bound - 1.
@erickson 2008-09-03 04:04:24
To generate a random string, concatenate characters drawn randomly from the set of acceptable symbols until the string reaches the desired length.
Here's some fairly simple and very flexible code for generating random identifiers. Read the information that follows for important application notes.
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Random;
public class RandomString {
* Generate a random string.
public String nextString() {
return new String(buf);
public static final String upper = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
public static final String lower = upper.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
public static final String digits = "0123456789";
public static final String alphanum = upper + lower + digits;
private final Random random;
private final char[] symbols;
private final char[] buf;
public RandomString(int length, Random random, String symbols) {
if (length < 1) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (symbols.length() < 2) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
this.random = Objects.requireNonNull(random);
this.symbols = symbols.toCharArray();
this.buf = new char[length];
* Create an alphanumeric string generator.
public RandomString(int length, Random random) {
this(length, random, alphanum);
* Create an alphanumeric strings from a secure generator.
public RandomString(int length) {
this(length, new SecureRandom());
* Create session identifiers.
public RandomString() {
Usage examples
Create an insecure generator for 8-character identifiers:
RandomString gen = new RandomString(8, ThreadLocalRandom.current());
Create a secure generator for session identifiers:
RandomString session = new RandomString();
Create a generator with easy-to-read codes for printing. The strings are longer than full alphanumeric strings to compensate for using fewer symbols:
String easy = RandomString.digits + "ACEFGHJKLMNPQRUVWXYabcdefhijkprstuvwx";
RandomString tickets = new RandomString(23, new SecureRandom(), easy);
Use as session identifiers
Generating session identifiers that are likely to be unique is not good enough, or you could just use a simple counter. Attackers hijack sessions when predictable identifiers are used.
There is tension between length and security. Shorter identifiers are easier to guess, because there are fewer possibilities. But longer identifiers consume more storage and bandwidth. A larger set of symbols helps, but might cause encoding problems if identifiers are included in URLs or re-entered by hand.
The underlying source of randomness, or entropy, for session identifiers should come from a random number generator designed for cryptography. However, initializing these generators can sometimes be computationally expensive or slow, so effort should be made to re-use them when possible.
Use as object identifiers
Not every application requires security. Random assignment can be an efficient way for multiple entities to generate identifiers in a shared space without any coordination or partitioning. Coordination can be slow, especially in a clustered or distributed environment, and splitting up a space causes problems when entities end up with shares that are too small or too big.
Identifiers generated without taking measures to make them unpredictable should be protected by other means if an attacker might be able to view and manipulate them, as happens in most web applications. There should be a separate authorization system that protects objects whose identifier can be guessed by an attacker without access permission.
Care must be also be taken to use identifiers that are long enough to make collisions unlikely given the anticipated total number of identifiers. This is referred to as "the birthday paradox." The probability of a collision, p, is approximately n2/(2qx), where n is the number of identifiers actually generated, q is the number of distinct symbols in the alphabet, and x is the length of the identifiers. This should be a very small number, like 2‑50 or less.
Working this out shows that the chance of collision among 500k 15-character identifiers is about 2‑52, which is probably less likely than undetected errors from cosmic rays, etc.
Comparison with UUIDs
According to their specification, UUIDs are not designed to be unpredictable, and should not be used as session identifiers.
UUIDs in their standard format take a lot of space: 36 characters for only 122 bits of entropy. (Not all bits of a "random" UUID are selected randomly.) A randomly chosen alphanumeric string packs more entropy in just 21 characters.
UUIDs are not flexible; they have a standardized structure and layout. This is their chief virtue as well as their main weakness. When collaborating with an outside party, the standardization offered by UUIDs may be helpful. For purely internal use, they can be inefficient.
@ufk 2010-02-03 20:22:54
your expensive way does not work for me! i get cannot find symbol for method BigInteger(int,
@weisjohn 2011-10-07 15:00:05
If you need spaces in yours, you can tack on .replaceAll("\\d", " "); onto the end of the return new BigInteger(130, random).toString(32); line to do a regex swap. It replaces all digits with spaces. Works great for me: I'm using this as a substitute for a front-end Lorem Ipsum
@erickson 2011-10-07 16:02:33
@weisjohn That's a good idea. You can do something similar with the second method, by removing the digits from symbols and using a space instead; you can control the average "word" length by changing the number of spaces in symbols (more occurrences for shorter words). For a really over-the-top fake text solution, you can use a Markov chain!
@Daniel Szalay 2011-12-19 21:55:06
What is the easiest way to make the SecureRandom method produce strings of length 32?
@erickson 2011-12-19 22:26:14
@DanielSzalay Just change the 130 to 160.
@Daniel Szalay 2011-12-19 23:46:09
I tried that but sometimes it is only 31 long.
@erickson 2011-12-20 00:15:42
These identifiers are randomly selected from space of a certain size. They could be 1 character long. If you want a fixed length, you can use the second solution, with a SecureRandom instance assigned to the random variable.
@ejain 2012-02-21 19:13:40
Why .toString(32) rather than .toString(36)?
@erickson 2012-02-21 21:38:01
@ejain because 32 = 2^5; each character will represent exactly 5 bits, and 130 bits can be evenly divided into characters.
@Thor84no 2012-08-29 15:51:50
@erickson BigInteger.toString(int) doesn't work that way, it's actually calling Long.toString(long, String) to determine the character values (which gives a better JavaDoc description of what it actually does). Essentially doing BigInteger.toString(32) just means you only get characters 0-9 + a-v rather than 0-9 + a-z.
@erickson 2012-08-29 16:25:16
@Thor84no And what did you think I was saying about how it works?
@Thor84no 2012-08-30 00:05:21
@erickson I don't know what you were saying about it, but it seemed to include bits coming in to it, which the BigInteger.toString(int) method never uses. It's using char[]s and I don't see how 130 bits is relevant in any respect. You also seem to be saying using 32 instead of 36 is of some benefit, which I can't see any evidence of either. That's not to say I couldn't be missing something, but your explanation doesn't make it obvious.
@erickson 2012-08-30 04:16:46
@Thor84no Saying that the method doesn't work "that way" implies you have a clear idea of what I was saying, and that what I was saying was wrong. Anyhow, at least 128 bits is preferred for strong security. 25 base-32 digits will only hold 125 bits, so you need 26 base-32 digits. But, 32^26 exactly equals 2^130, so you can squeeze a couple of extra bits in without any additional characters. If you use base 36 instead, you can fit 129 bits into 25 characters, but there is some wasted space (a quarter of a bit).
@sandy 2013-04-18 06:50:43
Which is more preferable first solution or UUID.randomUUID();
@tgkprog 2013-04-30 16:01:25
public String nextString(int lenOfStr) would there be any disadvantages to making a function that takes length as param and moving char[] buf inside that function?
@erickson 2013-04-30 18:23:45
@tgkprog You could definitely do that. You don't need to make buf a local variable though; just change the bounds on the loop and use new String(buf, 0, lenOfStr).
@tgkprog 2013-04-30 18:37:58
i read, long back, that local vars are faster. so i was thinking char[] buf = new char[lenOfStr]; as the first line of the function. that will be safer for multiple threads accessing it too.
@erickson 2013-04-30 20:01:49
A local variable can be faster under certain conditions, but allocating an new array with every call is very likely to erase any speed gains. This code isn't thread safe, but if you made it thread safe by putting the buffer on the stack, you could have contention for the Random instance. I don't know why you'd want to go to the trouble of sharing instances across threads.
@Robert Kang 2014-01-02 18:08:48
Excellent answer, but this only generates numeric values? The original question was about generating random alphanumeric values.
@erickson 2014-01-02 18:44:07
@RobertKang No, both methods produce alphanumeric results. The first, because Java's base-32 representation of numbers includes letters, and the second because the symbol set includes letters.
@Robert Kang 2014-01-02 20:36:37
@erickson sorry, you are right!
@Richard Fung 2014-05-01 00:03:25
Can we get an explanation as to why the secure way works?
@erickson 2014-05-01 17:38:40
@Synderesis I added a paragraph. Is that what you were asking?
@Richard Fung 2014-05-01 22:27:01
@erickson Yes thank you very much! Since we are using base 32, does that mean we won't get all the possible letters from a-z? I suppose it doesn't matter from a security perspective, but I just want to make sure my understanding is correct.
@erickson 2014-05-01 22:57:42
@Synderesis That's right, you won't see all the letters in the results. Compactness is a tradeoff: if you are okay with special characters, there's base-64 encoding, or even base-85 encoding that uses a lot of symbols. But if you are using them in URLs, that can be a pain to encode. The general principle is to round up the number of bits so that you use the full capacity of each "digit" in the encoding.
@PT_C 2014-09-12 18:49:13
@erickson I am using this to generate a password of length 11 with lowercase, caps and numbers. Does this ensure that the password will contain at least one of each? if not what are the odds that it doesn't? I'd imagine pretty slim.
@erickson 2014-09-12 19:24:04
@PT_C No, it doesn't ensure that. You'd want to fill sub arrays of the appropriate lengths with characters of each type, then the remainder with characters from all types. Then shuffle the whole array. For example, the first element would be randomly chosen from upper case, next from lower case, next from digit, and the last 8 from the whole set. Then shuffle the positions of the chosen characters with Fisher-Yates. I don't show that here because it's oriented more toward IDs than passwords. I like pass phrases.
@Rodrigo Quesada 2015-05-11 15:52:50
How is the string generated by this code more compact/efficient than another the same length but with all English alphabet letters? Do you understand how text is encoded into bytes and therefor how much space it takes to be stored/transferred? So unless you expect people to store/transfer the generated string using the most compact representation for them in bytes, the string generated by your code is actually wasting space.
@erickson 2015-05-11 16:01:40
@RodrigoQuesada The UUIDs to which my answer refers contain several characters that are not random, reducing their efficiency. As for your comment about "wasting space," relative to what? This question is specifically about alpha-numeric strings, not their encoded form.
@Rodrigo Quesada 2015-05-11 16:19:46
Well, if you are talking about bits, you are implying some form of encoding (hopefully into bytes?). Otherwise it makes no sense to talk about them. In any case, I think you should elaborate more on your answer about under which circumstances what you are stating holds true when implementing it using a programming language (oh yeah, this is a site for programmers btw, and we normally like to encode information into bytes). Also, I think you forgot to add that this question is also about Java.
@erickson 2015-05-11 16:22:29
@RodrigoQuesada No, I'm talking about bits of entropy. How much information does a given string contain? So, check your presumptions, and then see if you can provide a concrete example where another string can pack more entropy into a shorter string of the same alphabet.
@Rodrigo Quesada 2015-05-11 16:45:35
Splendid, I wonder how many people can guess you are completely ignoring real memory/storage usage on this answer, you should be clear about it when giving pure theoretical answers on a Stack Overflow thread (may I suggest an edit of you answer again?) otherwise people might misleadingly think the code you provide (which hopefully you always do for this kind of questions?) is the best option.
@erickson 2015-05-11 16:53:22
@RodrigoQuesada Which solution are you talking about? The first is noted as being "more expensive" because of its increased computation and storage requirements. The second is noted as being more efficient, but less secure. It's faster and it is maximally space efficient given any real-world encoding. Again, I am still looking for a counterexample from you.
@Rodrigo Quesada 2015-05-11 17:21:51
Cool, you probably wanna add what you just stated to your answer then, that might help improving it. As for the counterexample, if you are talking about providing an "example where another string can pack more entropy into a shorter string of the same alphabet", am I wrong in assuming that answer doesn't exist and therefor is stupid waiting for it? In any case, what I'm interested on (well, not so much maybe) is that you clarify this answer (not in the comments, though) so that other people can judge better when analyzing the options.
@Kristian Kraljic 2015-07-03 22:03:33
@DanielSzalay the other answers didn't meet your expectation, even with 160, strings of length 31 could be the result. I have created a small holder class. /* * The random generator used by this class to create random keys. * In a holder class to defer initialization until needed. */ private static class RandomHolder { static final Random random = new SecureRandom(); public static String randomKey(int length) { String key; while((key=new BigInteger(length*5/*base 32,2^5*/, random).toString(32)).length()<length); return key; } }
@djule5 2015-10-06 23:27:07
@erickson Any specific reason for choosing 130 bits in base 32? Why not use 128 bits in base 16 (hex)? Wouldn't it be similar in terms of security?
@erickson 2015-10-07 04:39:35
@djule5 130 bits in Base32 gives 4x the security in 81% of the space, relative to 128 bits in hexadecimal. But you're right, 130 was rounded up from 128 because 128 bits is considered strong security.
@Iurii 2015-11-06 10:55:26
@erickson Could you please explain the second approach. I tested RandomString class with generation of 10 million strings few times. And every time I receive unique set of strings but as far as I understood correctly your class doesn't guarantee unique sets?
@erickson 2015-11-06 16:39:47
@Iurii Neither approach guarantees unique sets; if they did, they wouldn't be random. However, the second example uses a "linear congruential generator", and by studying successive outputs, one can predict all future outputs. Another problem is that eventually the output repeats. A cryptographic random number generator is designed to avoid these problems so that even if an attacker can observe all of the generated values, she wouldn't be able to predict any future values. Whether this level of security is necessary depends on your application.
@Christian Vielma 2015-11-24 10:57:49
I'm confused about why the number of characters that result from it is always varying. Based that we are generating 130 bits in base 32, shouldn't the resulting strings always have the same length? I'm getting 24-26 character strings.
@erickson 2015-11-24 16:38:55
@ChristianVielma If enough of the highest order bits are all zero, the identifier can be shorter. To force them all to be the same length, you can pad the beginning of the string with zeroes.
@Christian Vielma 2015-11-26 09:20:18
Thanks! @erickson so is it possible to the whole string to be empty if all bits are 0?
@erickson 2015-11-28 02:48:14
@ChristianVielma The string could be "0", but not empty.
@M-D 2016-04-18 15:55:23
I generated a few session ids using this, however, none of them has capital letters (all small letters). Is there a way to include capital letters ? By the way, I am using the first code using SecureRandom.
@iAhmed 2016-05-26 11:25:33
@RobMcZag 2016-12-10 11:11:24
@M-D NO, you cannot get uppercase letters from toString() as the maximum possible radix is 36, i.e. using numbers and lowercase letters. -- from java.lang.Character Javadoc: public static final int MAX_RADIX = 36 The maximum radix available for conversion to and from strings. The constant value of this field is the largest value permitted for the radix argument in radix-conversion methods such as the digit method, the forDigit method, and the toString method of class Integer.
@Michael Böckling 2017-01-05 15:21:34
@erickson you are right that an alphabet of 32 and 130 bits with a resulting string length of 26 is a perfect match and mathematically elegant, but if people simply want short URLs for their tokens maybe using 129 bit and and alphabet of 36 characters makes more sense, if you then get a max. string length of 25? Not that it matters at all, but I think people want the biggest bang (bits) for the buck (string length). Makes sense?
@erickson 2017-01-05 17:32:10
@MichaelBöckling Yes, the first method is written that way more as a consequence of the way BigInteger.toString() works, and it doesn't provide a consistent output length or maximum bits of entropy per character. If you want the best security and best efficiency, I would use the second method, but initialize random with a SecureRandom instance.
@PeakGen 2017-02-01 08:43:03
How the first code can be unique?
@erickson 2017-02-01 17:44:07
@PeakGen Why do you think it might be unique?
@Penn 2017-07-07 07:41:44
In a one-liner: new BigInteger(130, new SecureRandom()).toString(36) (or change 36 to 62 to include capitals, I think)
@erickson 2017-07-08 03:05:45
@Penn I didn't write it that way originally because seeding a secure RNG has, in various versions Java, been a blocking operation that can lead to blocking for several minutes as the system entropy is depleted. In current versions, this should be okay unless someone has explicitly (and misguided-ly) selected the blocking RNG
@DaBlick 2017-09-21 18:36:09
One minor gripe about the code - making buf a field rather than a local variable makes this non-reentrant. Better, IMHO, to make buf a local variable within the nextString() method.
@erickson 2017-09-21 18:41:15
@DaBlick Of course. This is an illustration to be adapted to specific requirements. If you want to use it as is, recognize that it's written for efficient use by a single thread.
@Aekansh Dixit 2018-01-31 12:48:34
I want to store this unique value inside a string. I am calling RandomString session = new RandomString(); and then session.toString() is not giving me a string! How do I access the string?
@erickson 2018-01-31 14:22:49
@AekanshDixit String sessionId = session.nextString(); Keep the generator instance, and keep using it to generate new IDs whenever you need.
@user_3380739 2016-11-28 20:25:45
Here is the one line code by AbacusUtil
String.valueOf(CharStream.random('0', 'z').filter(c -> N.isLetterOrDigit(c)).limit(12).toArray())
Random doesn't mean it must be unique. to get unique strings, using:
N.uuid() // e.g.: "e812e749-cf4c-4959-8ee1-57829a69a80f". length is 36.
N.guid() // e.g.: "0678ce04e18945559ba82ddeccaabfcd". length is 32 without '-'
@FileInputStream 2018-11-26 18:31:13
I think this is the smallest solution here, or nearly one of the smallest:
public String generateRandomString(int length) {
String randomString = "";
final char[] chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz01234567890".toCharArray();
final SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
randomString = randomString + chars[random.nextInt(chars.length)];
return randomString;
The code works just fine. If you are using this method, i recommend you to use more than 10 characters. Collision happens at 5 characters / 30362 iterations. This took 9 seconds.
@Howard Lovatt 2014-11-25 07:23:10
An alternative in Java 8 is:
static final Random random = new Random(); // Or SecureRandom
static final int startChar = (int) '!';
static final int endChar = (int) '~';
static String randomString(final int maxLength) {
final int length = random.nextInt(maxLength + 1);
return random.ints(length, startChar, endChar + 1)
.collect(StringBuilder::new, StringBuilder::appendCodePoint, StringBuilder::append)
@Dan 2015-06-23 14:08:13
That's great - but if you want to keep it to strictly alphanumeric (0-9, a-z, A-Z) see here…
@Prasad Parab 2018-08-17 13:05:11
public static String getRandomString(int length) {
char[] chars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST".toCharArray();
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
Random random = new Random();
char c = chars[random.nextInt(chars.length)];
String randomStr = sb.toString();
return randomStr;
@duggu 2012-12-24 12:41:23
public static String randomSeriesForThreeCharacter() {
Random r = new Random();
String value="";
char random_Char ;
random_Char = (char) (48 + r.nextInt(74));
return value;
@erickson 2013-10-04 05:36:49
That string concatenation is unnecessarily inefficient. And the crazy indentation makes your code nearly unreadable. This is the same as Jamie's idea, but poorly executed.
@user unknown 2012-04-17 10:08:46
A short and easy solution, but uses only lowercase and numerics:
Random r = new java.util.Random ();
String s = Long.toString (r.nextLong () & Long.MAX_VALUE, 36);
The size is about 12 digits to base 36 and can't be improved further, that way. Of course you can append multiple instances.
@Ray Hulha 2013-01-27 02:12:03
Just keep in mind, that there is a 50 % chance of a minus sign infront of the result ! So wrapping r.nextLong() in a Math.abs() can be used, if you don't want the minus sign: Long.toString(Math.abs(r.nextLong()), 36);
@user unknown 2013-01-27 13:28:49
@RayHulha: If you don't want the minus sign, you should cut it off, because, surprisingly, Math.abs returns a negative value for Long.MIN_VALUE.
@Phil 2013-11-10 20:34:20
Interesting the Math.abs returning negative. More here:…
@Radiodef 2018-04-02 23:27:35
The issue with abs is solved by using a bitwise operator to clear the most significant bit. This will work for all values.
@shmosel 2018-04-02 23:35:00
@Radiodef That's essentially what @userunkown said. I suppose you could also do << 1 >>> 1.
@aaronvargas 2018-03-01 19:01:33
Here's a simple one-liner using UUIDs as the character base and being able to specify (almost) any length. (Yes, I know that using a UUID has been suggested before)
public static String randString(int length) {
return UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-", "").substring(0, Math.min(length, 32)) + (length > 32 ? randString(length - 32) : "");
@Patrik Bego 2018-02-21 15:29:56
Don't really like any of this answers regarding "simple" solution :S
I would go for a simple ;), pure java, one liner (entropy is based on random string length and the given character set):
public String randomString(int length, String characterSet) {
return IntStream.range(0, length).map(i -> new SecureRandom().nextInt(characterSet.length())).mapToObj(randomInt -> characterSet.substring(randomInt, randomInt + 1)).collect(Collectors.joining());
public void buildFiveRandomStrings() {
System.out.println(randomString(10, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"));//charachterSet can basically be anything
or (a bit more readable old way)
public String randomString(int length, String characterSet) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); //consider using StringBuffer if needed
int randomInt = new SecureRandom().nextInt(characterSet.length());
sb.append(characterSet.substring(randomInt, randomInt + 1));
return sb.toString();
public void buildFiveRandomStrings() {
But on the other hand you could also go with UUID which has a pretty good entropy (
Hope that helps.
@cmsherratt 2008-09-04 11:14:46
If you're happy to use Apache classes, you could use org.apache.commons.text.RandomStringGenerator (commons-text).
RandomStringGenerator randomStringGenerator =
new RandomStringGenerator.Builder()
.withinRange('0', 'z')
.filteredBy(CharacterPredicates.LETTERS, CharacterPredicates.DIGITS)
randomStringGenerator.generate(12); // toUpperCase() if you want
Since commons-lang 3.6, RandomStringUtils is deprecated.
@Yuriy Nakonechnyy 2014-04-03 14:51:29
Has just looked through mentioned class of Apache Commons Lang 3.3.1 library - and it is using only java.util.Random to provide random sequences, so it is producing insecure sequences.
@Ruslans Uralovs 2015-03-03 13:28:02
Make sure you use SecureRandom when using RandomStringUtils: public static java.lang.String random(int count, int start, int end, boolean letters, boolean numbers, @Nullable char[] chars, java.util.Random random)
@patrickf 2019-04-04 13:03:27
DO NOT USE. This creates insecure sequences!
@Amar Nath Batta 2009-06-19 08:36:46
I have developed an application to develop an auto generated alphanumberic string for my project. In this string, the first three chars are alphabetical and the next seven are integers.
public class AlphaNumericGenerator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
java.util.Random r = new java.util.Random();
int i = 1, n = 0;
char c;
String str="";
while (true) {
i = r.nextInt(10);
if (i > 5 && i < 10) {
if (i == 9) {
i = 90;
n = 90;
if (i != 90) {
n = i * 10 + r.nextInt(10);
while (n < 65) {
n = i * 10 + r.nextInt(10);
str= String.valueOf(c)+str;
i = r.nextInt(10000000);
@Steve McLeod 2008-09-03 14:18:30
Java supplies a way of doing this directly. If you don't want the dashes, they are easy to strip out. Just use uuid.replace("-", "")
import java.util.UUID;
public class randomStringGenerator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
public static String generateString() {
String uuid = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
return "uuid = " + uuid;
uuid = 2d7428a6-b58c-4008-8575-f05549f16316
@Dave 2011-05-05 09:28:17
Beware that this solution only generates a random string with hexadecimal characters. Which can be fine in some cases.
@erickson 2011-08-24 16:37:45
The UUID class is useful. However, they aren't as compact as the identifiers produced by my answers. This can be an issue, for example, in URLs. Depends on your needs.
@Ruggs 2011-09-06 00:13:44
If you're worried about the hexadecimal characters just run in through a cryptographic hash algorithm.
@erickson 2011-10-07 16:18:53
@Ruggs - The goal is alpha-numeric strings. How does broadening the output to any possible bytes fit with that?
@Somatik 2012-12-31 11:31:04
According to RFC4122 using UUID's as tokens is a bad idea: Do not assume that UUIDs are hard to guess; they should not be used as security capabilities (identifiers whose mere possession grants access), for example. A predictable random number source will exacerbate the situation.
@Drew S 2013-11-14 17:04:56
@Somatik - So what should you use instead of UUIDs?
@Somatik 2013-11-15 08:22:46
@TheDrizzle I suppose one of the other high-scoring answers
@Numid 2014-01-22 09:58:08
UUID.randomUUID().toString().replaceAll("-", ""); makes the string alpha-numeric, as requested.
@Patrick Bergner 2014-02-11 14:33:19
@Numid I have never seen something between g and z in a UUID.
@Numid 2014-02-12 07:09:37
@PatrickBergner is right. The suggestion above only produces a sequence of hexadecimal digits.
@uriel 2015-05-02 19:46:22
What about MD5 on this output? It's should be more difficult to guess.
@ThePyroEagle 2015-12-24 11:24:19
Just use base 64 if you want it to be hashed and alpha-numeric.
@Micro 2016-02-08 01:10:21
@Somatik UUID.randomUUID() actually uses SecureRandom. Still might not be a good idea if you want 128bit encryption. You will only get 122bits of random:…
@Charles Follet 2017-01-03 13:44:53
This will generate a 36 characters string. (32 hex digits + 4 dashes), not more.
@deepakmodak 2014-02-06 13:15:18
1. Change String characters as per as your requirements.
2. String is immutable. Here StringBuilder.append is more efficient than string concatenation.
public static String getRandomString(int length) {
final String characters = "[email protected]#$%^&*()_+";
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
while(length > 0) {
Random rand = new Random();
return result.toString();
@erickson 2014-02-10 05:17:52
This adds nothing the dozens of answers given previously didn't cover. And creating a new Random instance in each iteration of the loop is inefficient.
@kyxap 2017-07-01 23:52:57
Also you can generate any lower or UPPER case Letters or even special chars thought data from ASCII table. For example, generate upper case letters from A (DEC 65) to Z (DEC 90):
String generateRandomStr(int min, int max, int size) {
String result = "";
result += String.valueOf((char)(new Random().nextInt((max - min) + 1) + min));
return result;
Generated output for generateRandomStr(65, 90, 100));:
@user5138430 2016-08-04 20:28:17
Maybe this is helpful
package password.generater;
import java.util.Random;
* @author dell
public class PasswordGenerater {
* @param args the command line arguments
public static void main(String[] args) {
int length= 11;
// TODO code application logic here
static char[] generatePswd(int len){
System.out.println("Your Password ");
String Chars="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
String nums="0123456789";
String symbols="[email protected]#$%^&*()_+-=.,/';:?><~*/-+";
String passSymbols=charsCaps + Chars + nums +symbols;
Random rnd=new Random();
char[] password=new char[len];
return password;
@michaelok 2011-09-09 21:23:10
You mention "simple", but just in case anyone else is looking for something that meets more stringent security requirements, you might want to take a look at jpwgen. jpwgen is modeled after pwgen in Unix, and is very configurable.
@patrickf 2017-06-25 01:27:57
Link is dead:
@michaelok 2017-06-26 22:50:50
Thanks, fixed it. So it least there is source and the link is valid. On the downside, it doesn't look like it has been updated in a while, though I see pwgen has been updated fairly recently.
@Kristian Kraljic 2015-07-03 22:07:48
Using UUIDs is insecure, because parts of the UUID arn't random at all. The procedure of @erickson is very neat, but does not create strings of the same length. The following snippet should be sufficient:
* In a holder class to defer initialization until needed.
private static class RandomHolder {
static final Random random = new SecureRandom();
public static String randomKey(int length) {
return String.format("%"+length+"s", new BigInteger(length*5/*base 32,2^5*/, random)
.toString(32)).replace('\u0020', '0');
Why choosing length*5. Let's assume the simple case of a random string of length 1, so one random character. To get a random character containing all digits 0-9 and characters a-z, we would need a random number between 0 and 35 to get one of each character. BigInteger provides a constructor to generate a random number, uniformly distributed over the range 0 to (2^numBits - 1). Unfortunately 35 is no number which can be received by 2^numBits - 1. So we have two options: Either go with 2^5-1=31 or 2^6-1=63. If we would choose 2^6 we would get a lot of "unnecesarry" / "longer" numbers. Therefore 2^5 is the better option, even if we loose 4 characters (w-z). To now generate a string of a certain length, we can simply use a 2^(length*numBits)-1 number. The last problem, if we want a string with a certain length, random could generate a small number, so the length is not met, so we have to pad the string to it's required length prepending zeros.
@Julian Suarez 2016-03-09 16:56:27
could you explain better the 5?
@Julian Suarez 2016-03-11 11:50:27
thanks! that is a lot better!
@maxp 2008-10-01 11:36:54
static final String AB = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
static SecureRandom rnd = new SecureRandom();
String randomString( int len ){
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder( len );
return sb.toString();
@Jonik 2012-04-20 15:49:23
+1, the simplest solution here for generating a random string of specified length (apart from using RandomStringUtils from Commons Lang).
@foens 2014-06-25 13:34:44
Consider using SecureRandom instead of the Random class. If passwords are generated on a server, it might be vulnerable to timing attacks.
@ACV 2015-09-07 20:56:11
I would add lowercase also: AB = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; and some other allowed chars.
@Robert Martin 2016-01-06 21:46:48
Thanks! I added the lowercase letters and some special characters as well.
@Micro 2016-02-08 01:25:50
Why not put static Random rnd = new Random(); inside the method?
@cassiomolin 2016-02-15 10:49:55
@MicroR Is there a good reason to create the Random object in each method invocation? I don't think so.
@iAhmed 2016-05-26 11:25:19
@exexzian 2018-02-03 19:27:41
simplest of all :)
@dfa 2010-02-01 17:12:41
using Dollar should be simple as:
// "0123456789" + "ABCDE...Z"
String validCharacters = $('0', '9').join() + $('A', 'Z').join();
String randomString(int length) {
return $(validCharacters).shuffle().slice(length).toString();
public void buildFiveRandomStrings() {
for (int i : $(5)) {
it outputs something like that:
@iwein 2016-11-16 10:58:23
is it possible to use SecureRandom with shuffle?
@anonymous 2009-09-17 15:22:57
In one line:
@Moshe Revah 2011-01-11 09:45:12
But only 6 letters :(
@noquery 2011-09-05 05:31:46
It helped me too but only hexadecimal digits :(
@daniel.bavrin 2014-05-17 15:10:10
@Zippoxer, you could concat that several times =)
@hfontanez 2014-11-20 02:31:59
The OP's example showed the following String as an example AEYGF7K0DM1X which is not hexadecimal. It worries me how often people mistake alphanumeric with hexadecimal. They are not the same thing.
@jcesarmobile 2015-01-16 08:34:45
@daniel.bavrin, Zippoxer means hexadecimal string has only 6 letters (ABCDEF). He is not talking about the length, it doesn't matter how many times you concat
@maaartinus 2015-07-22 01:13:22
This is much less random than it should be given the string length as Math.random() produces a double between 0 and 1, so the exponent part is mostly unused. Use random.nextLong for a random long instead of this ugly hack.
@Prasobh.Kollattu 2012-11-01 05:43:49
You can use following code , if your password mandatory contains numbers alphabetic special characters:
private static final String NUMBERS = "0123456789";
private static final String LOWER_ALPHABETS = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
private static final String SPECIALCHARACTERS = "@#$%&*";
private static final int MINLENGTHOFPASSWORD = 8;
public static String getRandomPassword() {
StringBuilder password = new StringBuilder();
int j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < MINLENGTHOFPASSWORD; i++) {
if (j == 3) {
j = 0;
return password.toString();
private static String getRandomPasswordCharacters(int pos) {
Random randomNum = new Random();
StringBuilder randomChar = new StringBuilder();
switch (pos) {
case 0:
randomChar.append(NUMBERS.charAt(randomNum.nextInt(NUMBERS.length() - 1)));
case 1:
randomChar.append(UPPER_ALPHABETS.charAt(randomNum.nextInt(UPPER_ALPHABETS.length() - 1)));
case 2:
randomChar.append(SPECIALCHARACTERS.charAt(randomNum.nextInt(SPECIALCHARACTERS.length() - 1)));
case 3:
randomChar.append(LOWER_ALPHABETS.charAt(randomNum.nextInt(LOWER_ALPHABETS.length() - 1)));
return randomChar.toString();
@Suganya 2011-06-30 05:34:20
import java.util.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class alphanumeric{
public static void main(String args[]){
String nval,lenval;
int n,len;
nval=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter number of codes you require : ");
lenval=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter code length you require : ");
public static void find(int n,int length) {
String str1="0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder(length);
Random r = new Random();
System.out.println("\n\t Unique codes are \n\n");
for(int j=0;j<length;j++){
System.out.println(" "+sb.toString());
@Jameskittu 2011-10-19 04:36:44
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Random;
public class RandomGenerator {
private static Random random = new Random((new Date()).getTime());
public static String generateRandomString(int length) {
String out = "";
int idx=random.nextInt(values.length);
out += values[idx];
return out;
@Todd 2008-09-03 14:22:23
I found this solution that generates a random hex encoded string. The provided unit test seems to hold up to my primary use case. Although, it is slightly more complex than some of the other answers provided.
* Generate a random hex encoded string token of the specified length
* @param length
* @return random hex string
public static synchronized String generateUniqueToken(Integer length){
byte random[] = new byte[length];
Random randomGenerator = new Random();
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
for (int j = 0; j < random.length; j++) {
byte b1 = (byte) ((random[j] & 0xf0) >> 4);
byte b2 = (byte) (random[j] & 0x0f);
if (b1 < 10)
buffer.append((char) ('0' + b1));
buffer.append((char) ('A' + (b1 - 10)));
if (b2 < 10)
buffer.append((char) ('0' + b2));
buffer.append((char) ('A' + (b2 - 10)));
return (buffer.toString());
public void testGenerateUniqueToken(){
Set set = new HashSet();
String token = null;
int size = 16;
/* Seems like we should be able to generate 500K tokens
* without a duplicate
token = Utility.generateUniqueToken(size);
if (token.length() != size * 2){
fail("Incorrect length");
} else if (set.contains(token)) {
fail("Duplicate token generated");
} else{
@Thom Wiggers 2012-06-02 15:22:33
I don't think it is fair to fail for duplicate tokens which is purely based on probability.
@manish_s 2012-07-20 10:23:18
You can use Apache library for this: RandomStringUtils
@kml_ckr 2012-09-24 11:31:04
Is this function guarantee to generate unique results if called at different times
@Inshallah 2012-09-26 10:14:26
@kamil, I looked at the source code for RandomStringUtils, and it uses an instance of java.util.Random instantiated without arguments. The documentation for java.util.Random says it uses current system time if no seed is provided. This means that it can not be used for session identifiers/keys since an attacker can easily predict what the generated session identifiers are at any given time.
@Ajeet Ganga 2013-10-13 23:36:41
@Inshallah : You are (unnecessarily) overengineering the system. While I agree that it uses time as seed, the attacker has to have the access to following data to to actually get what he wants 1. Time to the exact millisecond, when the code was seeded 2. Number of calls that have occurred so far 3. Atomicity for his own call (so that number of calls-so-far ramains same) If your attacker has all three of these things, then you have much bigger issue at hand...
@Meher 2014-10-16 17:22:51
is this unique and random ? or just random?
@manish_s 2014-10-17 16:57:31
Just random. The probability of collision is very less.
@younes0 2015-01-19 14:35:30
gradle dependency: compile 'commons-lang:commons-lang:2.6'
@Thomas Grainger 2016-12-20 13:52:09
@Ajeet this isn't true. You can derive the state of the random number generator from its output. If an attacker can generate a few thousand calls to generate random API tokens the attacker will be able to predict all future API tokens.
@patrickf 2017-09-19 10:37:55
@AjeetGanga Nothing to do with over engineering. If you want to create session ids, you need a cryptographic pseudo random generator. Every prng using time as seed is predictable and very insecure for data that should be unpredictable. Just use SecureRandom and you are good.
@numéro6 2017-10-17 09:31:03
Since commons-lang 3.6, RandomStringUtils is deprecated in favor of RandomStringGenerator of commons-text
@Steven L 2014-12-08 01:41:10
Yet another solution..
public static String generatePassword(int passwordLength) {
int asciiFirst = 33;
int asciiLast = 126;
Integer[] exceptions = { 34, 39, 96 };
List<Integer> exceptionsList = Arrays.asList(exceptions);
SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
for (int i=0; i<passwordLength; i++) {
int charIndex;
do {
charIndex = random.nextInt(asciiLast - asciiFirst + 1) + asciiFirst;
while (exceptionsList.contains(charIndex));
builder.append((char) charIndex);
return builder.toString();
@Michael Allen 2012-10-25 15:45:41
Surprising no-one here has suggested it but:
import java.util.UUID
Benefit of this is UUIDs are nice and long and guaranteed to be almost impossible to collide.
Wikipedia has a good explanation of it:
" ...only after generating 1 billion UUIDs every second for the next 100 years, the probability of creating just one duplicate would be about 50%."
The first 4 bits are the version type and 2 for the variant so you get 122 bits of random. So if you want to you can truncate from the end to reduce the size of the UUID. It's not recommended but you still have loads of randomness, enough for your 500k records easy.
@erickson 2013-09-10 04:49:58
Someone did suggest it, about a year before you.
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When we see news stories about lead contaminated water flowing out of faucets in Flint, Michigan and see the troubles the city is having as a result, many of us become concerned about our own City's drinking water supply that we use every day to brush our teeth, take a shower and fill our dog's water bowl.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has an inter-agency program in place that helps keep New York City's drinking water clean and safe.
Recently one of the program's projects was successfully completed in the Town of Walton, New York. The project is protecting drinking water and also sustaining this rural community.
The program is called the New York City Watershed Environmental Assistance Program and it assists in the creation of projects that protect the water quality of New York State's watersheds that provide drinking water to millions of New York City residents and businesses.
A watershed is an area of land that catches rain and snow that drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater. This water eventually gets stored in reservoirs, a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted, such as to supply a city.
You may be asking yourself -- Isn't the water treated before it reaches our faucets? Yes, but minimally. "New York City prides itself on its minimal filtration of its drinking water. In 1996, all of the municipalities in the New York City watershed region came to an agreement. They wanted to avoid the creation of a huge filtration plant. Instead of a plant they agreed to have small projects throughout the region to provide the public with clean water with minimal filtration. This is how our program came about," said Rifat Salim, project manager, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The New York City watershed region encompasses approximately 2,000 square miles and includes three watershed systems -- The Catskill, Delaware, and Croton Systems and they are all located north of New York City in the counties of Greene, Schoharie, Ulster, Sullivan, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess and Delaware.
In Delaware County there is the rural Town of Walton. A while back, the town was devastated by a major flood that damaged many homes and businesses, resulting in approximately $30 Million is losses for this community.
Trees along streams got uprooted and fell into the streams, were carried down the waterways and clogged several bridges. The fast moving water had nowhere to flow but out onto the streets, flooding businesses and homes.
When stream banks start failing, all of the materials that used to be on the bank become potential contaminates to the water that eventually becomes New York City's drinking water. This flood didn't cause water contamination, but they could.
Salim said, "These slope failures can do a lot of damage to the water. When the slopes or embankments get eroded, a lot of sediment and soil enters the stream. These sediments cause turbidity in the water. Turbidity is when the water is not clear. It then flows into the reservoir and eventually adversely effects New York City drinking water."
One of the streams that was severely eroded during this flood was the Third Brook. Third Brook flows into the West Branch Delaware River which in turn flows into the Cannonsville Reservoir. This reservoir provides 97 billion gallons of water to New York City's drinking water supply.
To keep this water safe, steps were taken to stabilize Third Brook. The agencies that worked together included the Army Corps' New York District, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Delaware County Soil and Watershed Conservation District, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Village of Walton and the Town of Walton.
According to Graydon Dutcher, Project Manager and Administrator of the Delaware County Soil and Water Conservation District they stabilized the toe of the failing stream banks with stacked rock walls or rock rip rap and provided protection to the streambed with the placement of in-stream structures such as boulder riffles.
Dutcher said, "We had to use large rock to stabilize the toe of the banks and the stream bed itself because the stream has no floodplains." All of the floods, large and small are contained within the limited channel. This produces very rapid stream flow. Where ever it was possible, we buried the rocks and planted around them with native vegetation. This combination creates a more diverse and flood resilient stream corridor."
Dutcher continued, "We also hydro-seeded all of the bare slopes and planted willow stakes and native trees along the floodplain which provides for habitat and increases the streams long term stability."
Salim added, "This vegetation helps stabilize the slopes. The roots stabilize the soil and they can also absorb contaminants before they reach the stream, providing us cleaner water."
Clean water is beneficial to fish and aquatic life. Sediments that get into the water may be composed of phosphorus and pathogens, or parasites. Algae in the water may feed off these nutrients and deplete the water's oxygen, adversely affecting water quality.
An added benefit to stabilizing the slopes is that it helps to protect from flooding and returns the stream corridor to a more esthetically pleasing and natural appearing embankment, some of which are in the backyards of homes.
The project is already showing success. "The landowners have expressed gratitude for completing the project," said Dutcher. He added, "This project has already seen a few high water events just after installation and the streams response has been very favorable."
Salim said, "Communities benefit from having a nice embankment and added safety to their property and New York City residents benefit by having clean drinking water. It's a win win situation."
|
Letters to the Editor
Google not always reliable
Do you know what happens if you Google the phrase “proof that the earth is flat?”
You get more than 23,000,000 hits, with many of them asserting that there is “proof” that the earth is flat, citing NASA “classified” images and experiments you can do at home.
However, I would assume that most CDT readers do not believe the world is flat, despite the results of this Google search.
Driving home each day, I pass a sign that instructs passers-by to Google the negative effects of vaccines. Certainly, if you conduct a Google search for the negative effects of vaccines, you will find several hits. However, if you conduct a library search, based on research and data, you will find that vaccines are healthy, safe and an important component of community well-being.
As health providers, we must promote practices that are research-based and represent best practices. Encouraging Google searches promotes fear and misunderstanding, rather than informing the community of actual benefits and risks. My only hope is that my fellow residents understand the shortcomings in gathering information in this way, and do not rely on misinformation to make health-related decisions.
Melissa Hunter, Bellefonte
The writer holds a Ph.D. and is a licensed psychologist.
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Creating a Shared Library
I thought we could take a quick look at how to create a shared library out of our code. This week we’ll create the library and next week we’ll look at the various ways of installing/accessing it on the operating system.
I’m going to re-use the palindrome program I’ve talked about before (a proper version, not the dodgy one).
First of all we want to break the code up into several files instead of having it all in one cpp file. We’ll take the palindrome function out and use that to create a library. Obviously if you were creating your own libraries you’d probably want a lot more functionality, but I’ll leave that part to you 😉
Right then. Let’s create a header file, pal.h:
bool isPalindrome(char* word);
And a cpp file, pal.cpp:
#include "pal.h"
#include <string.h>
bool isPalindrome(char* word)
bool ret = true;
char *p = word;
int len = strlen(word);
char *q = &word[len-1];
for (int i = 0 ; i < len ; ++i, ++p, --q)
if (*p != *q)
ret = false;
return ret;
And then get down to the business of creating our shared object!
First of all we want to compile the code above into an object file. To do this we pass gcc the -c option, which tells it NOT to perform the linking stage (if you did try to link, gcc would complain that you have no main function defined – because a program can’t run without a main, but a library doesn’t need one).
g++ -fPIC -c -Wall pal.cpp
This will create a pal.o file in the directory that you are working in.
Next, we want to create our actual library with this line, which I’ll explain below:
ld -shared pal.o -o
This uses the linker program (ld), usually called by g++ (remember we told g++ with the -c option not to link in the first stage). It says make a shared object (the -shared option), using the input file pal.o and call it (the -o option). The .so extension is the usual naming convention for shared libraries.
After running this, you should be able to see the file in your working directory.
Cool! You’ve just created a shared library 🙂
Next up we actually want to use that library with some other code. So let’s create a main.cpp file that calls the library function isPalindrome:
#include "pal.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
while (1)
char buffer[64] = {0};
cin >> buffer;
if (isPalindrome(buffer))
cout << "Word is a palindrome" << endl;
cout << "Word is not a palindrome" << endl;
return 0;
As with all libraries, we use it in main.cpp by including the library header (pal.h). Then at compile time we have to tell gcc that we want to link to the library.
We would normally link to a library with a line like this:
g++ -Wall main.cpp -lpal
However, if we try this, we get an error that says:
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lpal
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
This is because the linker, ld, looks in a specified set of locations for libraries and our library doesn’t live there (more on this next week).
So what can we do?
A temporary solution is to tell ld where the library currently lives. It’s in our working directory, so we can use the -rpath option to let the linker know about it.
g++ -Wall -L/home/faye -Wl,-rpath=/home/faye/ main.cpp -lpal
g++ -Wall is our usual compile command, checking for all warnings.
-L is the path to the shared library, provided so that the linker knows where to look for it.
-Wl means a list of comma separated options for the linker follows, and the only option we pass is:
-rpath – which means that the path the library will be embedded in the executable so that the loader will be able to find it at run time.
Finally we have our main.cpp file, and then we add in our new shared library by filename with
Just to make that clear:
-L is used for the linker
-rpath embeds the path (via the linker) for the loader.
If you omit either of these, you will have problems either linking or running.
If you run this now, with ./a.out, you’ll get the following:
We’ll look at other ways of accessing shared libraries next week (i.e. without using -rpath).
In the meantime, have fun!
|
Joseph E. Olson
[1] and David B. Kopel[2]
I. Introduction
Is it possible for a nation to go from wide-open freedom for a civil liberty, to near-total destruction of that liberty, in just a few decades? “Yes,” warn many American civil libertarians, arguing that allegedly “reasonable” restrictions on civil liberty today will start the nation down “the slippery slope” to severe repression in the future.[3] In response, proponents of today’s reasonable restrictions argue that the jeremiads about slippery slopes are unrealistic or even paranoid.[4]
This Essay aims to refine the understanding of slippery slopes by examining a particular nation that did slide all the way down the slippery slope.(p.400) When the twentieth century began, the right to arms in Great Britain was robust, and subject to virtually no restrictions. As the century closes, the right has been almost obliterated. In studying the destruction of the British right to arms, this Essay draws conclusions about how slippery slopes operate in real life, and about what kinds of conditions increase or decrease the risk that the first steps down a hill will turn into a slide down a slippery slope.
For purposes of this Essay, the reader will not be asked to make a judgement about the righteousness of the (former) British right to arms or the wisdom of current British gun prohibitions and controls. Instead, the object is simply to examine how a right that is widely respected and unrestricted can, one “reasonable” step at a time, be extinguished. This Essay pays particular attention to how the public’s “rights consciousness,” which forms such a strong barrier against repressive laws, can weaken and then disappear. The investigation of the British experience offers some insights about the current gun control debate in the United States, and also about ongoing debates over other civil liberties. This Essay does not require that the reader have any affection for the British right to arms; presumably, the reader does have affection for some civil liberties, and the Essay aims to discover principles about how slippery slopes operate. These principles can be applied to any debate where slippery slopes are an issue.
Part II of this Essay briefly sets forth the legal background of the British right to bear arms, as it developed from ancient times to the late nineteenth century. Part III describes the unimpaired British right to arms of the late nineteenth century and the changes in popular culture that began to threaten that right. Part IV describes how social unrest before World War I intensified the pressure for gun control, and finally resulted in the creation of a licensing system for rifles and handguns after the war. The gun control system was gradually expanded in the 1930s, relaxed in enforcement during World War II when Nazi invasion loomed, and then re-imposed with full force. Part V focuses on the turbulent 1960s, and how the government enacted a mild licensing system for shotguns, in order to deflect public cries for re-imposition of the death penalty, following the murder of three policemen by criminals using pistols. Part VI describes how the British gun licensing system is administered today and how police discretion is used to make the system much more restrictive, even without changes in statutory language. Part VII analyzes the conditions that have created the momentum for the gradual prohibition of all firearms ownership in Great Britain, and how isolated but sensational crimes are used as launching pads for further steps to prohibition. In Part VIII the Essay looks at how armed self-defense has, without statutory change, gone from being a “good reason” for the granting of a gun license to being prohibited. The decline of other British civil liberties in the late twentieth century, such as freedom of speech, protection from warrantless searches, and criminal procedure safeguards, is discussed in Part (p.401)IX. Finally, Part X summarizes and elaborates on some of the conditions that make possible a fall down the slippery slope.
Throughout this Essay, parallels are drawn between British history and the modern gun control debate in the United States, because the issue of whether any particular set of controls will set the stage for gun prohibition is one of the hotly contested questions in the contemporary discussion.
II. Wrenching Freedom From the King–The 1689 English Bill of Rights and the Right to Arms
It began as a duty, operated as a mixed blessing for Kings, and wound up as one of the “true, ancient, and indubitable”[5] rights of Englishmen. From as early as 690,[6] the defense of the realm rested in the hands of ordinary Englishmen. Under the English militia system, every able-bodied freeman was expected to defend his society and to provide his own arms, paid for and possessed by himself.[7] It appears that the wearing of arms was widespread. The only early limitations placed on gun possession were for the misuse of arms by appearing in certain public places “with force” under a 1279 royal enactment[8] or by using them “in affray of the peace.”[9] These limitations were construed to prohibit only the possession of arms “accompanied with such circumstances as are apt to terrify the people”[10] but not the mere “wearing [of] common weapons” for personal defense.[11]
The Tudor monarchs tried to prevent hunting with crossbows, and later with firearms, by commoners by setting a minimum annual income from land as a condition of hunting, or of possession of crossbows and handguns.[12] They were unsuccessful and, after first liberalizing the prohibitions, Henry VIII’s government repealed them in 1546.[13] As the Tudor era ended, individual armament (typically with long bows) and an individual obligation to serve in the militia was the norm for Englishmen. Historians view the widespread individual ownership of arms as an important factor in the “moderation of monarchial rule and the development of the concept of individual liberties”[14] in England during a period when absolute, divine-right royal rule was expanding as the norm in continental Europe.[15](p.402)
In the period leading up to the Glorious Revolution, the Stuart monarchs adopted a radical policy of personal disarmament toward those who politically threatened their royal prerogatives. This included the militia of armed freemen as well as direct political rivals. Through a series of parliamentary enactments, they tried registration of possession, registration of sales, hunting restrictions,[16] possession bans ostensibly aimed at controlling illegal hunting, restrictions on personal arms possessed by the militia,[17] warrantless searches, and confiscations.[18] By 1689, the Stuart monarchs had succeeded, not at full disarmament, but at alienating their “allies” as well as their opponents and losing their throne in a bloodless revolution.
When William of Orange and Mary arrived to begin their reign on England’s throne, the country’s political leaders recognized the need to rein in any tendency of the new monarchs toward the excessive royal power the nation had just suffered under James II. Thus, William and Mary were required to accept a “declaration of rights” as a definitive statement of the rights of their subjects. That declaration was later enacted as the Bill of Rights.[19] The Declaration of Rights was prepared in great haste, limited to noncontroversial matters, and viewed as a statement of the existing rights of Englishmen. It contained only two individual rights applicable to the general public: to petition and to arms. Furthermore, it only effectively limited the monarch, not the Parliament. Even though the Bill of Rights was by its terms to be upheld “in all times to come,” nothing one Parliament does can constrain the actions of subsequent Parliaments.[20] That was the problem with the Bill of Rights being enacted as statute, however important a statute. The Anglo-American legal world would not implement a genuine constitution until 1776, when newly-independent Virginia created her first.
The experience under the Stuarts, demonstrating the political uses of disarmament, convinced many in the Convention Parliament that there was great danger to the security of English liberties from a disarmed citizenry.[21] In Commons, member after member complained about the loss of liberty (p.403)they had personally suffered when disarmed of their private arms by actions “authorized” under the 1662 Militia Act, the 1671 Game Act, and various other laws. Since the new monarchy was to be a limited one, the members saw both a personal and national interest in the ability of ordinary Englishmen to possess their own defensive arms to restrain the Crown. After much discussion and numerous revisions, the right to arms evolved into a statement that “the Subjects which are protestants may have Arms for their Defense suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by law.”[22] Historian Joyce Lee Malcolm concluded that:
[t]he last-minute amendments that changed that article from a guarantee of a popular power into an individual right to have arms was a compromise forced on the Whigs. The vague clauses about arms “suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law” left the way open for legislative clarification and for perpetuation of restrictions …. But though the right could be circumscribed, it had been affirmed. The proof of how comprehensive the article was meant to be would emerge from future actions of Parliament and the courts.[23]
By the time of the American Revolution, legislation and court decisions had made it clear that Englishmen had a real right to possess arms,[24] even during times of turmoil such as the anti-Catholic Gordon riots in London in 1780. The Recorder of London, the equivalent of a modern-day city’s general counsel, gave this opinion in 1780:
The right of his majesty’s Protestant subjects, to have arms for their own defense, and to use them for lawful purposes, is most clear and undeniable. It seems, indeed, to be considered, by the ancient laws of this kingdom, not only as a right, but as a duty; for all subjects of the realm, who are able to bear arms are bound to be ready, at all times, to assist the sheriff, and other civil magistrates, in the execution of the laws and the preservation of the public peace. And that right, which every Protestant most unquestionably possesses, individually, may, and in many cases must, be exercised collectively, is likewise a point which I conceive to be most clearly (p.404)established by the authority of judicial decisions and ancient acts of parliament, as well as by reason and common sense.[25]
Blackstone’s celebrated treatise lauded the individual right to arms as one of the “five auxiliary rights of the subject,” and explained that the right was for personal defense against criminals, and for collective defense against government tyranny.[26] He further explained that “in cases of national oppression, the nation has very justifiably risen as one man, to vindicate the original contract subsisting between the king and his people.”[27] The Englishman’s boast that he and his countrymen were “the freest subjects under Heaven” because he had the right “to be guarded and defended … by [his] own arms, kept in [his] own hands, and used at [his] own charge under [his] Prince’s Conduct”[28] was true. This did not mean, of course, that Englishmen enjoyed perfect civil liberty, as those in the United States frequently pointed out. Englishmen did, however, enjoy much greater freedom and participation in government than did the people of Continental Europe, and it was England’s conventional wisdom that the freedom of the English people was closely tied to their right to possess arms, and thereby deter any thought of usurpation by the government.
From the day when the Stuarts fled to France, there were virtually no restrictions on an Englishman’s right to own and carry firearms, providing that he did not hunt with them, for the next two centuries. The only notable exceptions were the Seizure of Arms Act and the Training Prevention Act, which banned drilling with firearms and allowed confiscation of guns from revolutionaries in selected regions.[29] The Acts were the product of social unrest related to the Industrial Revolution, climaxing in the 1819 Peterloo Massacre, in which government forces killed unarmed demonstrators. The Acts expired by their own terms in 1822. Even while the 1819 Acts were in force, the case of Rex v. Dewhurst explained that the “suitable to their condition” clause in the Bill of Rights’s “Arms for their Defense” guarantee did not allow the government to disarm “people in the ordinary class of life.”[30](p.405)
III. The Late Nineteenth Century
In the final decades of the last century, Great Britain was much like the United States in the 1950s. There were almost no gun laws, and almost no gun crime. The homicide rate per 100,000 population per year was between 1.0 and 1.5, declining as the century wore on.[31] Two technological developments, however, began to work together to create in some minds the need for gun control. The first of these was the revolver. Revolvers had begun to achieve mass popularity when Colonel Samuel Colt showed off his models at London’s 1851 Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry in All Nations.[32] Revolver technology advanced rapidly, and by the 1890s, revolver design had progressed about as far as it could, with subsequent developments involving fairly minor tinkering.
As revolvers got cheaper and better, concern arose regarding the increase in firepower available to the public. And in fact, the change from one or two shot weapons to the repeat-firing, five or six shot revolver represented perhaps the greatest advance in small arms civilian firepower that has ever occurred. Compared to the seemingly more benign single-shot muzzle-loaders of the past, the revolver seemed a frightening innovation.[33]
Revolvers were also getting less expensive, and concerns began to grow about the availability to criminals of cheap German revolvers.[34] Cheap guns were, in some eyes, associated with hated minority groups. For example, in the late 1860s, the London Lloyd’s Newspaper blamed a crime wave on “foreign refuse” with their guns and knives. The newspaper stated that “[t]he revolver’s appearance … we owe to the importation of reckless characters from America …. The Fenian [Irish-American] desperadoes have sown weapons of violence in our poorer districts.”[35]
All of these developments have their parallels in modern United States. The current popularity of semi-automatic pistols, with a magazine capacity of thirteen, fifteen, or seventeen rounds, frightens some people who view the old six-shooter as a harmless traditional weapon. Furthermore, the fact that semi-automatics were invented over 100 years ago does not stop the press from portraying them as dangerous new guns, just as the revolvers of the 1850s were portrayed as dangerous new guns in the 1880s.
Prejudice and discrimination against ethnic groups persist. While United States gun control advocates do not complain much about Irish immigrants with guns, they do warn about the dangers of Blacks armed with “ghetto guns.” The derisive term for inexpensive handguns, “Saturday Night (p.406)Specials,” has a racist lineage to the term “niggertown Saturday night.”[36] The phrase “niggertown Saturday night” apparently mixed with the nineteenth century phrase “suicide special,” which is a cheap single action revolver, to form “Saturday night special.”
Revolvers were one technological development that began to make some Britons rethink the desirability of the right to bear arms. The second development was the growth of the mass circulation press. Newspapers, like guns, had been around for quite a while, but the late nineteenth century witnessed several printing innovations that made printing of vast quantities of newspapers extremely cheap.
The Walter press, patented in England in 1866, introduced stereotype plates. Printers discovered ways to make sheets of any desired length, thereby allowing rolls of paper to be fed into cylinder presses, and greatly accelerating printing speed. Machines for folding newspapers were brought on-line. By the late nineteenth century, typesetting machines were coming into use. All of these developments made possible the production of low-cost newspapers, which even poor people could buy every day. As audiences expanded, papers became increasingly sensationalist, and the “yellow journalism” of publishers such as the United States’ Joseph Pulitzer was born.
Hearst’s [errata: Pulitzer’s] British counterparts were fervently devoted to sensation, and especially loved lurid crime stories. In 1883 a pair of armed burglaries in the London suburbs set off a round of press hysteria about armed criminals. The press notwithstanding, crime with firearms was rare. As this Essay will detail, the propensity of the press to sensationalize what sociologists call “atrocity tales” to create “moral panics” while demanding greater government regulation is one of the factors dramatically increasing the risk that a nation will descend down a slippery slope; but while media sensationalism can spur action, media attention is not necessarily sufficient by itself to produce results. Eighteen-eighty-three did see the first serious attempt at gun control in many decades, when Parliament considered and rejected a bill to ban the “unreasonable” carrying of a concealed firearm. In 1895, strong pistol controls were rejected by a two to one margin in the House of Commons.
The developments of the British press, and the press attitude towards crime and guns in the late 19th century, have their own parallels in the United States today. Television news is cutting loose its last ties to traditional standards imposed from the days of print journalism. In the “infotainment” produced by organizations such as NBC News, depiction of reality is less important than the production of entertaining and compelling “news” pieces. Thus, when the “assault weapon” panic of 1989 broke out, television journalists paid little attention to whether “assault weapons” actually were the “weapon of choice” of criminals. Instead of being on the reality of gun (p.407)crime, the focus was on the sensational footage of guns firing full automatic, while newscasters decried the availability of semi-automatics. Police statistics show that so-called assault weapons are used in about 1% of gun crime.[37] In other contexts, displaying one thing while talking about another would be decried as fraud.
As the nineteenth century came to a close in Britain the press had not as yet persuaded the public to adopt gun controls. Buyers of any type of gun, from derringers to Gatling guns faced no background check, no need for police permission, and no registration. As criminologist Colin Greenwood wrote, “[a]nyone, be he convicted criminal, lunatic, drunkard or child, could legally acquire any type of firearm.”[38] Additionally, anyone could carry any gun anywhere. The English gun crime rate was at its all-time low. A somewhat similar situation prevailed on the American frontier in the 1880s where everyone who chose to be, was armed, and “[t]he old, the young, the unwilling, the weak and the female … were … safe from harm.”[39] The frontier crime rates, except for the results of “voluntary” bar fights among dissolute young men, were less than a tenth of the rates in modern-day United States and British cities.
The official attitude about guns was summed up by Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, the Marquess of Salisbury, who in 1900 said he would “laud the day when there is a rifle in every cottage in England.” Led by the Duke of Norfolk and the mayors of London and Liverpool, a number of gentlemen formed a cooperative association that year to promote the creation of rifle clubs for working men. The Prime Minister and the rest of the aristocracy viewed the widespread ownership of rifles by the working classes as an asset to national security, especially in light of the growing tension with imperial Germany.[40] While shotguns were seen as bird-hunting toys of the landed gentry, rifles were lauded as military arms suitable for everyone. Yet, within a century, the right to bear arms in Britain would be well on the road to extinction. The extinction had little to do with gun ownership itself, but instead related to the British government’s growing mistrust of the British people, and the apathetic attitude of British gun owners.(p.408)
IV. The Early Twentieth Century through World War II
A. The First Step
In 1903, Parliament enacted a gun control law that appeared eminently reasonable. The Pistols Act of 1903 forbade pistol sales to minors and felons and dictated that sales be made only to buyers with a gun license. The license itself could be obtained at the post office, the only requirement being payment of a fee. People who intended to keep the pistol solely in their house did not even need to get the postal license.[41]
The Pistols Act attracted only slight opposition, and passed easily. The law had no discernible statistical effect on crime or accidents. Firearms suicides did fall, but the decline was more than matched by an increase in suicide by poisons and knives.[42] The homicide rate rose after the Pistols Act became law, but it is impossible to attribute this rise to the new law with any certainty. The bill defined pistols as guns having a barrel of nine inches or less, and thus pistols with nine-and-a-half inch barrels were soon popular.
While the Act was, in the short run, harmless to gun owners, the Act was of considerable long-term importance. By allowing the Act to pass, British gun owners had accepted the proposition that the government could set the terms and conditions for gun ownership by law-abiding subjects.[43] As Frederick Schauer points out, for a government body to decide “X and not Y” means that the government body has implicitly asserted a jurisdiction to decide between X and Y. Hence, to decide “X not Y” is to assert, indirectly, an authority in the future to choose “Y not X.”[44] Thus, for Parliament to choose very mild gun controls versus strict controls was to assert Parliament’s authority to decide the nature of gun control.[45] As this Essay shall discuss in regards to the granting of police authority over gun licensing, establishing the proposition that a government entity has any authority over a subject is an essential, but not sufficient, element for a trip down the slippery slope.
B. Dangerous Weapons
The early years of the twentieth century saw an increasingly bitter series of confrontations between capital and labor throughout the English-speaking world. In Britain, the rising militance of the working class was beginning to make the aristocracy doubt whether the people could be trusted with arms. When American journalist Lincoln Steffens visited London in (p.409)1910, he met leaders of Parliament who interpreted the current bitter labor strikes as a harbinger of impending revolution.[46] The next set of gun control initiatives reflected fears of immigrant anarchists and other subversives.
As the coronation of George V approached, one United States newspaper, the Boston Advertiser, warned about the difficulty of protecting the coronation march “so long as there is a generous scattering of automatic pistols among the 70,000 aliens in the Whitechapel district.” The paper fretted about aliens in the United States and Britain with their “automatic pistols,” which were “far more dangerous” than a bomb. The Advertiser defined an “automatic pistol” as a “quick-firing revolver,” and called for gun registration, restrictions on ammunition sales, and a ban on carrying any concealed gun, all with the goal of “disarming alien criminals.”[47]
What was the “automatic pistol/quick-firing revolver” that so concerned the newspaper? In 1896, the British company of Webley-Fosberry introduced an “automatic revolver.”[48] It reloaded with the same principle as a semi-automatic pistol, but held the ammunition in a cylinder, like a revolver. It was an inferior gun. If not gripped tightly, it would misfire. Dirt and dust made the gun fail. Although the gun’s most deadly feature was, supposedly, its rapid-fire capability, rapid firing also made the gun malfunction.[49] The so-called automatic revolver that was “more dangerous than the bomb” was more dangerous in the minds of overheated newspaper editorialists than in reality. In this way it is comparable to today’s “undetectable plastic gun,” which is non-existent, and the “cop-killer teflon bullet,” which was actually invented by police officers.[50]
As the Webley-Fosberry and its modern equivalents show, media pressure for new laws does not necessarily have to be based on real-world conditions. That is, an item need not necessarily be particularly dangerous in (p.410)order for the media to describe it as dangerous. For example, whatever else may be said about marijuana, we now know that the “Reefer madness” stories from the mass media in the 1920s and 1930s were scientifically inaccurate; marijuana does not impel users to commit violent crimes. However, when the media and public know little about an item, such as Webley-Fosberry revolvers, self-loading firearms, or marijuana, it is easy for reporters to talk themselves and their audience into a panic.
C. Dangerous People
Whatever the actual dangers of the automatic revolver, immigrants scared authorities on both sides of the Atlantic. Crime by Jewish and Italian immigrants spurred New York State to enact the Sullivan Law in 1911, which required a license for handgun buying and carrying, and made licenses difficult to obtain. The sponsor at the Sullivan Law promised homicides would decline drastically. Instead, homicides increased and the New York Times found that criminals were “as well armed as ever.”[51]
As in modern United States, sensational police confrontations with extremists also helped build support for gun control. In December 1910, three London policemen investigating a burglary at a Houndsditch jewelry shop were murdered by rifle fire. A furious search began for “Peter the Painter,” the Russian anarchist believed responsible. The police uncovered one cache of arms in London: a pistol, 150 bullets, and some dangerous chemicals. The discovery led to front-page newspaper stories about anarchist arsenals, which were non-existent, all over the East End of London. The police caught up with London’s anarchist network on January 3, 1911, at 100 Sidney Street. The police threw stones through the windows, and the anarchists inside responded with rifle fire. Seven-hundred and fifty policemen, supplemented by a Scots Guardsman unit, besieged Sidney Street. Home Secretary Winston Churchill arrived on the scene as the police were firing artillery and preparing to deploy mines. Banner headlines throughout the British Empire were already detailing the dramatic police confrontation with the anarchist nest. Churchill, accompanied by a police inspector and a Scots Guardsman with a hunting gun, strode up to the door of 100 Sidney Street; the inspector kicked the door down. Inside were the dead bodies of two anarchists. “Peter the Painter” was nowhere in sight. London’s three-man anarchist network was destroyed.[52] The “Siege of Sidney Street” turned out to have been vastly overplayed by both the police and the press. A violent fringe of the anarchist movement was, however, a genuine threat; President William McKinley was only one of several world leaders assassinated by anarchists.(p.411)
While the “Siege of Sidney Street” convinced New Zealand to tighten its own gun laws, the British Parliament rejected new controls. Parliament turned down the Aliens (Prevention of Crime) Bill, that would have barred aliens from possessing [errata: and carrying] firearms without permission of the local Chief Officer of Police.[53] The 1993 Virginia legislature had less fortitude than the 1911 British Parliament. After a Pakistani national used a Kalashnikov rifle to murder three people outside of CIA headquarters, the Virginia legislature rushed to enact broad restrictions on gun carrying by legal resident aliens.[54]
British resistance to gun controls finally cracked in 1914 when Great Britain entered The Great War, later to be dubbed World War I. The government imposed comprehensive, stringent controls as “temporary” measures to protect national security during the war. Similarly, the United States continues to live under various “temporary” or “emergency” restrictions on liberty enacted during the First or Second World Wars.[55] Few restrictions on liberty, especially when imposed by fiat, are announced as permanent. Even when Julius Caesar and, later, Octavian, destroyed the Roman Republic by making themselves military dictators for life, they claimed to be exercising only temporary powers because of an emergency.
Randolph Bourne observed that “war is the health of the state,” and it was World War I that set in motion the growth of the British government to the size where it could begin to destroy the right to arms, a right that the British people had enjoyed with little hindrance for over two centuries. After war broke out in August 1914, the British government began assuming “emergency” powers for itself. “Defense of the Realm Regulations” were enacted that required a license to buy pistols, rifles, or ammunition at retail. As the war came to a conclusion in 1918, many British gun owners no doubt expected that the wartime regulations would soon be repealed and Britons would again enjoy the right to purchase the firearm of their choice without government permission. But the government had other ideas.
The disaster of World War I had bred the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Armies of the new Soviet state swept into Poland, and more and more workers of the world joined strikes called by radical labor leaders who predicted the overthrow of capitalism. Many Communists and other radicals thought the World Revolution was at hand. All over the English-speaking world governments feared the end. The reaction was fierce. In the United States, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer launched the “Palmer raids.” Aliens were deported without hearings, and United States citizens were searched and arrested without warrants and held without bail. While the United States was torn by strikes and race riots, Canada witnessed the government (p.412)massacre of peaceful demonstrators at the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919.
In Britain, the government worried about what would happen when the war ended and the gun controls expired. A secret government committee on arms traffic warned of danger from two sources: the “savage or semi-civilized tribesmen in outlying parts of the British Empire” who might obtain surplus war arms, and “the anarchist or ‘intellectual’ malcontent of the great cities, whose weapon is the bomb and the automatic pistol.”[56] At a Cabinet meeting on January 17, 1919, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff raised the threat of “Red Revolution and blood and war at home and abroad.” He suggested that the government make sure of its arms. The next month, the Prime Minister was asking which parts of the army would remain loyal. The Cabinet discussed arming university men, stockbrokers, and trusted clerks to fight any revolution.[57] The Minister of Transport, Sir Eric Geddes, predicted “a revolutionary outbreak in Glasgow, Liverpool or London in the early spring, when a definite attempt may be made to seize the reins of government.” “It is not inconceivable,” Geddes warned, “that a dramatic and successful coup d’etat in some large center of population might win the support of the unthinking mass of labour.” Using the Irish gun licensing system as a model, the Cabinet made plans to disarm enemies of the state and to prepare arms for distribution “to friends of the Government.”[58]
Although popular revolution was the motive, the Home Secretary presented the government’s 1920 gun bill to Parliament as strictly a measure “to prevent criminals and persons of that description from being able to have revolvers and to use them.” In fact, the problem of criminal, non-political misuse of firearms remained minuscule.[59] Of course 1920 would not be the last time a government lied in order to promote gun control.
In 1989 in the United States, various police administrators and drug enforcement bureaucrats set off a national panic about “assault weapons” by claiming that semi-automatic rifles were the “weapon of choice” of drug dealers and other criminals. Actually, police statistics regarding gun seizures showed that the guns accounted for only about 1% of gun crime. Most people in the United States swallowed the 1989 lie about “assault weapon” crime, and most Britons in 1920 swallowed the lie about handgun crime. Indeed, the carnage of World War I, which was caused in good part by the outdated tactics of the British and French general staffs, had produced a general revulsion against anything associated with the military, including rifles (p.413)and handguns.
Thus the Firearms Act of 1920 sailed through Parliament. Britons who had formerly enjoyed a right to arms were now allowed to possess pistols and rifles only if they proved they had “good reason” for receiving a police permit.[60] Shotguns and airguns, which were perceived as “sporting” weapons, remained exempt from British government control.
Similarly, the horror of use of poison gas during World War I’s trench warfare made the Firearms Act’s ban on small CS self-defense spray canisters seem unobjectionable.[61] In the hands of British citizens, CS was considered by the central government to be impossibly dangerous, requiring complete prohibition–much more dangerous than a rifle or shotgun. Yet when the CS is in the hands of the government, the central government now mandates that CS be considered benign. When local police authorities protested the Home Secretary’s issuance of CS gas and plastic bullets to local police forces and argued that the central government had no authority to force police departments to employ dangerous weapons against their will, the court ruled for the central government on the theory that the Crown’s “prerogative power to keep the peace” allowed the Home Secretary to “do all reasonably necessary to preserve the peace of the realm.”[62]
The treatment of CS is emblematic of the transformation of British arms policy during the twentieth century. Principles about the use of force were changed from the traditional Anglo-American to the Weberian, with the monopoly of force becoming crucial to the state’s definition of its rightful power. Instead of worrying about cheap German handguns among the people, the British would have been better to guard against fancy German ideas among the government.
D. The Firearms Act
In the early years of the Firearms Act the law was not enforced with particular stringency, except in Ireland, where revolutionary agitators were demanding independence from British rule, and where colonial laws had already created a gun licensing system.[63] Within Great Britain, a “firearms certificate” for possession of rifles or handguns was readily obtainable. Wanting to possess a firearm for self-defense was considered a “good reason” for being granted a firearms certificate.
The threat of Bolshevik revolution, which had been the impetus for the (p.414)Firearms Act, had faded quickly as the Communist government of the Soviet Union found it necessary to spend all its energy gaining full control over its own people, rather than exporting revolution. Ordinary firearms crime in Britain, which was the pretext for the Firearms Act, remained minimal. Despite the pacific state of affairs, the government did not move to repeal the unneeded gun controls, but instead began to expand the controls.
In 1934, a government task force, the Bodkin Committee, was formed to study the Firearms Act. The Committee collected statistics on misuse of the guns that were not currently regulated, such as shotguns and airguns, and collected no statistics on the guns under control, namely rifles and handguns. The Committee concluded that there was no persuasive evidence for repeal of any part of the Firearms Act.[64] Since the Bodkin Committee had avoided looking for evidence about how the Firearms Act was actually working, it was not surprising that the Committee found no evidence in favor of decontrol.
Spurred by the Bodkin Committee, the British government in 1936 enacted legislation to outlaw (with a few minor exceptions) possession of short-barreled shotguns and fully automatic firearms.[65] The law was partly patterned after the 1934 National Firearms Act in the United States, which taxed and registered, but did not prohibit, such guns.[66] In 1973 and 1988, when the government was attempting to expand controls still further, gun control advocates claimed that the Bodkin Committee report was clear proof of how well the Firearms Act of 1920 was working, and why its controls should be extended to other guns.[67]
As a result of alcohol prohibition, the United States in the 1920s and early 1930s did have a problem with criminal abuse of machine guns, a fad among the organized crime gangsters who earned lucrative incomes supplying bootleg alcohol, although most such firearms were owned by peaceable citizens. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 had sent the American murder rate into a nosedive, but in 1934 Congress went ahead and enacted the National Firearms Act anyway.
In Britain, there had been no alcohol prohibition, and hence no crime problem with automatics, or other guns. Before 1920, any British adult could purchase a machine gun; after 1920, any Briton with a Firearms Certificate could purchase a machine gun. During the 1936 British debate, the government could not point to a single instance of a machine gun being misused in Britain,[68] yet the guns were banned anyway. The government (p.415)explained its actions by arguing that automatics were crime guns in the United States and there was no legitimate reason for civilians to possess them. The same rationale is used today in the drive to outlaw semi-automatic firearms in the United States. Since some government officials believe that people do not “need” semi-automatic firearms for hunting, the officials believe that such guns should be prohibited, whether or not the guns are frequently used in crime.
“O, reason not the need!” shouted King Lear after his two traitorous daughters, Regan and Goneril, disarmed him by taking away his armed retinue.[69] Goneril and Regan had asked why the King needed even a single armed retainer, since Goneril’s army and Regan’s army would protect him. The King’s “reason not the need” response was his way of saying the he should not have to justify what he wanted; he should not have to convince his daughters that he had a good reason for wanting to be armed. Unfortunately, for British gun owners, as for King Lear, it was too late. King Lear had already turned the power in the kingdom over to Regan and Goneril; British gun owners had agreed that rifle and pistol ownership should be allowed only when the government, not the citizen, believed that there was a “good reason” for it. Thus, the burden of proof in public debate was reversed. The government was not required to show that there was a need to ban short shotguns or automatic rifles; indeed, the misuse of these guns in Great Britain was so unusual that the British government could never have shown a “need” for the bans. Instead, the government faced a much lower burden. Did the government believe that citizens had a “need” for the guns in question? Obviously some law-abiding citizens thought they did, since the citizens had chosen to purchase such guns. For example, short shotguns are easy to maneuver in a confined setting, and hence are very well-suited for home defense against a burglar. Likewise, machine guns are enjoyed for target shooting and collecting, and are useable for home defense.
The Firearms Act of 1920 had not, of course, banned short shotguns or automatic rifles. The former were ignored by the Act, while the latter were subject only to a lenient licensing system. The Firearms Act had, however, moved the baseline for gun control, and had helped to shift public attitudes. The concept of a “right” to arms was giving way to a privilege, based on whether the government determined that the would-be gun-owner had a “need” according to the government’s standard.
Frederick Schauer’s classic article on slippery slopes distinguishes the pure slippery slope argument[70] from its “close relation” that Schauer calls “the argument from excess breadth.”[71] The latter argument points to the danger of adopting a policy on grounds that are too broad.[72] He points to the (p.416)example of censorship of information about how to build nuclear weapons. If the rationale for censorship is excessively broad–“the information is dangerous to public safety”–then allowing censorship of the nuclear missile information creates a precedent for censorship of many other things.[73] In contrast, if the grounds for a restrictive action are narrow–“this information has a very high risk of directly causing millions of deaths”–then there is much less risk that a desirable action, like the censorship nuclear missile construction information, will lead to undesirable actions, like the censorship of detective novels from which criminals might learn crime techniques.
The 1934 British ban on short shotguns and machine guns was a classic instance of the dangers of an excessively broad rationale. The government decided that nobody outside the government “needed” such items. Thus, the “good reason” requirement of the 1920 Firearms Act set the stage for the 1934 gun ban rationale, that “people outside the government don’t need this,” which in turn would set the stage for further prohibitions.
Another type of argument that Schauer identifies as a close relation to the classic slippery slope argument is “the argument from added authority.” Here, the argument is that “granting additional authority to the decisionmaker inevitably increases the likelihood of a wide range of possible future events, one of which might be the danger case.”[74] The British Firearms Act of 1920 offers a clear example of the dangers against which Schauer’s “added authority” argument warns. Before the Firearms Act, the police had no role in deciding who could own a gun. The Firearms Act instructed them to issue licenses (Firearms Certificates) to all applicants who had a “good reason” for wanting a rifle or pistol. Starting in 1936 the British police began adding a requirement to Firearms Certificates that the guns be stored securely.[75] As shotguns were not licensed, there was no such requirement for them.
While the safe storage requirement might, in the abstract seem reasonable, it was eventually enforced in a highly unreasonable manner by a police bureaucracy often determined to make firearms owners suffer as much harassment as possible.[76] More importantly, Parliament–the voice of the people–did not vote to impose storage requirements on gun-owners. Whatever the merits of the storage rules, they were imposed not by the representatives of the people, but by administrators who were acting without legal authority. Without the licensing system, the police never would have had the opportunity to exercise such illegal power. As the Essay discusses in more (p.417)detail below, once even the most innocuous licensing system is in place, it is more possible (although not necessarily inevitable) that increasingly severe restrictions will be placed on the licensees by administrative fiat. The recognition of this danger is one reason why the First Amendment’s prohibition on prior restraints is so wise. The rule prohibiting prior restraint recognizes that any system for licensing the press creates a risk that system will be administratively abused.
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Income Redistribution Does Not Boost Economic Growth
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Photo by Michael Dodge/Getty Images
Former Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi is famous for touting income redistribution, particularly SNAP (the food stamp program) and unemployment benefits, as an engine for economic growth. People who favor redistribution for other purposes often try to convince others to support them on the grounds that their favored policies will also create economic growth. However, this claim is only true when half of the policy is analyzed; once we look at all effects of these redistributive policies the economic growth supposedly created disappears.
First, let’s review the story as told by those in favor of redistribution. When the government provides benefits to people without much income or spending power, those people will immediately go out and spend all the money they receive. This spending creates an economic multiplier effect as those who get the dollars re-spend some of them in a virtuous cycle that means that a single dollar in government transfer payments can end up creating much more than one extra dollar in GDP. Common estimates are a little more or less than $2 for every $1 handed out.
There is nothing particularly wrong with the above story as far as it goes. Economic spending does create more spending as each person who gains income then spends some of that income somewhere else. However, as stated above, it is an incomplete story. The redistribution advocates always forget to consider one part: where did the money handed out in government benefits come from?
If the government raised the money in taxes, then the people paying the taxes have less money to spend in the exact amount that is going to be handed out. For the purposes of this analysis it doesn’t matter if the government can transfer money costlessly or if government employees get some along with way. The point remains, somebody’s spending power was reduced by the exact amount that somebody else receives. The person paying the taxes will now spend less and that missing spending cancels out the economic boost from the eventual recipient.
What these saving and investment examples mean is that redistributing money from richer to poorer people does not create economic growth. That common misperception is based on the idea that money which is saved somehow disappears from the economy. In reality, unless you hide it under your mattress or bury it in your backyard, it will get spent even if you think you saved it.
In the end, it is quite simple. Government does not make money appear by magic. All the money it spends it must first obtain by either taxing or borrowing. That means that the claimed economic stimulus from giving money to the poor is offset by the lost spending we do not get from the original holder of the money.
Redistribution advocates need to understand that spending by the poor with their newly bestowed income is just the repair of the broken window. It may be economic spending that is easy to see and track, but it just replaces spending that would have occurred in its absence.
You can follow me on Twitter @DorfmanJeffrey
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CPU/machine Performance
Performance of various CPUs and operating systems tends to be an emotional issue, often people seem to "believe" in their favorite CPU without thinking very much. The only issue that I consider relevant is "how fast does my code run?". This is actually an issue that tests the CPU/FPU/memory/disk/OS/compiler system as a whole (a fast CPU with horrendously bad compiler is a pretty pointless system, for example). The best way to measure this performance specification is to actually run the code with reasonable input datasets. That is not always feasible, so we've developed a simplified benchmark code that simulates parts of the code (bench.f). The results depend on the actual system (OS and Fortran compiler versions etc). The most current results for the phoenix test benchmark give a rough overview of the performance of several PHOENIX kernels. The numbers given are mega-operations per second, so larger is better.
The different sub-tests of the phoenix NLTE test benchmark are as follows: In general, the suffix "_ser" indicates serial execution of the test (one CPU) and "_par" indicates parallel execution of the test (loops) using openMP directives with 2-4 threads. For machines where openMP is not useful or functional, both results will be "identical". Only the IBMs have currently functional openMP modes for the benchmarks (array reduction variables are used, most openMP implementations do not support them). The individual tests are
• ratupd: loop to simulate updating radiative rates. Tests memory bandwidth
• cnt_opac: simulates computation of NLTE continuous opacities
• voigt_opac: simulates computation of Voigt profiles for NLTE lines. Very complex loop (complex arithmetic, exp's, divisions)
• gauss_opac: simulates computation of Gauss profiles for NLTE lines. Most memory bandwidth and exp's.
The test code uses Fortran90 array syntax (some compilers hate this!) and Fortran90 modules and allocatable arrays (bad compilers get a really nasty performance hit by this!) and is somewhat representative of the actual code used in phoenix. The "Performance Index" is a simple weighted sum of the individual serial performance numbers for 3 different and typical PHOENIX applications.
Unfortunately, the simple benchmark does not accurately reflect the real-life timing behavior of the PHOENIX code. Therefore, better performance metrics are real examples of the full PHOENIX code running different sets of applications. The following sets are currently available:
All number are wall-clock times in seconds (smaller is better), given for different parts of the code. A graphical representation of the important data is in this chart. The machines tested are
• Athlon64: at 2GHz clockspeed, running SuSe Linux 9.0, compiled with ifc 7
• G4_667_PB: Apple PowerBook G4 at 667MHz, 1GB RAM, running OSX 10.3 Server, compiled with IBM xlf95 compiler
• dG5: Apple dual G5 2GHz, 2.5GB RAM, running OSX 10.3 Server, compiled with IBM xlf95 compiler
• Itanium2_1.3GHz: Altix 32 CPU Itanium2 at 1.3GHz, running Linux, compiled with Intel Fortran compiler v8
• P4_2.53GHz: Intel P4 at 2.53GHz, running FreeBSD, compiled with Intel Fortran v7 (FreeBSD native executable)
• P4_2.6GHz: Intel P4 at 2.6GHz, running Linux 2.6.1, compiled with Intel Fortran v8
• PWR3: IBM SP nighthawk-II Power3 System, AIX 5.1, compiled with xlf95
• PWR4: IBM Regatta Power4 System, AIX 5.1, compiled with xlf95
The results of these tests are interesting.The fastest machines are the Athlon64 and the G5, in many cases the G5 is substantially faster. This is due to the use of the Altivec unit on the G4/G5 that can deliver massive performance increases with just a few pieces of code. Thex exp() function is fastest on the Athlon64 and the Intel CPUs as long as they do not produce underflows. The Power3 and Power4 systems are lacking behind, however, they are still nearly 5 times faster for I/O (this does not show up in these tests). The performance of the Itanium2 is a total mystery to me, the result of the bench.f test for the Itanium2 is extremely good but the performance of the PHOENIX runs is extremely poor. Furthermore, some tests could not run (crashed). To get optimal performance out of a G5 you must use the Altivec unit in the most time consuming parts of the code, the speed-ups are staggering. The Athlon64/Opterons do not need special coding and have overall very good performance.
Compilers are often overlooked as being crucial for performance of a code, this view has also to include libraries and I/O subsystems. They are also important to assist locating bugs in the code. I found that getting a code to "run" is pretty much trivial compared to getting it to run correctly, both semantically and numerically. Usually I test code on a number of different systems (CPUs, compiler, OSs etc) and this always detects more bugs than a single system can possibly find. A "mono-culture" of using only one type of machine/compiler is a recipe for disaster. Here are some subjective comments of different machines/compiler combinations my group uses regularly, roughly ordered by my personal preference:
• Apple G5's running MacOS X and xlf95. The currently overall fastest combination. The G5 is a great system, MacOS X is basically a BSD Unix with a nice looking frontend. IBMs xlf95 produces the fastest code, can run the code in debug mode (including catching arithmetic problems like divisions by zero etc!) and the VAC C++ compiler is excellent too. The also available NAG compiler works as well on the Apple's as it does on other architectures, it is highly recommended for debugging and code development. The Absoft compiler runs fine on this system but has a few remaining problems. The PowerPC G5 is essentially a faster Power4 CPU, it is also a BigEndian system which makes transferring binary files from supercomputers trivial. I currently use a PowerBook G4 (Titanium) and a dual G5 as my main development and testing machines (they can handle the 10GB input file easily!).
• Athlon64/Opteron: Very good overall performance, for some model types faster than the G5 and overall very good price/performance ratio. Use Intels ifc (yes, it works on AMD64's) on those to get high-performance production code, use NAG for development and testing. Warning: Intel's C++ compiler cannot compile the QD library with anything above -O0 correctly, that puts all Intel based machines at a severe disadvantage compare to PPCs or Power systems. g++ does compile the QD code correctly, however it currently produces not quite so fast executables and it seems to be impossible to link g++ code with Intel ifort (version 8) code, that is a massive performance problem for all IA-32's, IA-64s and AMD64s.
• IBM RS/6000 (or SP) machines with IBM xlf95: Excellent performance and very good compiler. xlf95 is very sticky about Fortran95 syntax (this is a good thing, you don't want some crappy compiler that accepts every weirdo and illegal extension to the standard!). It offers excellent compile-time checks on arrays, commons, subroutine calls etc (keep your system patched, in particular xlf and ld, to be able to use all these features). It's run-time debug options are not functioning (ironically, the OSX version of xlf95 is excellent for debugging!). xlf95 seems to have only a small number of bugs, all of them appear to be minor.
• NAG 95 on any platform: The NAG f95 compiler is excellent. Very good syntax checking (it is picky about the standard!), very good static and run-time debugging, very little problems. If used with an optimized version of gcc it produces code that is as fast as any IA-32 Fortran compiler (the urban legend that a Fortran-2-C style compiler produces slow code is just nonsense). I personally prefer the NAG compiler over the Intel ifc and the Absoft f95 for IA-32 or the Portland Goup f90 compiler (it cannot compile f95 code and has a number of show-stopping compiler bugs even for f90 code) for IA-32. Intel's ifc version 7.0 produces very fast code and delivers the correct numbers, even it's 'read Big Endian binary files' mode works well with the EOS tables. However, its debug doesn't work too well (in fact, it detects spurious errors, some debug options crash the compiler) though. Beware of different versions, it seems that many patches result in an unusable compiler. Intel's compiler works under Linux, NAG's under Linux and the much better FreeBSD. I do not have much experience with Absoft f95 for IA-32 (see below though). The best overall IA-32 CPU is a complex issue, for phoenix runs Athlon's outperform Pentiums IIIs by factors of 2 or better at the same clockspeed when the NAG f95 compiler is used. If you use Intel's ifc, you get MUCH better performance from the Intel chips, executables produced with ifc will easily outrun the Athlon's. Therefore, I'd recommend using NAG f95 to debug the code and ifc to produce fast executables. The Pentium/ifc combination is significantly faster than the Athlons. As operating system for IA-32 boxes we use FreeBSD as it offers native 64bit filesystems and good NFS3 support, Linux has fallen behind in the technology curve in these respects.
• SGI Origin 2000/3000 systems: This is a nice all around system. The compiler has some trouble delivering performance, the MIPS CPUs are certainly fast enough. We use these machines mainly as MPI workhorses if no SP's are available.
• DEC Alpha based systems: Fast CPU. Crappy compiler. LittleEndian. 'nuff said.
• HPUX systems with PA-RISC processors: Slow CPUs (I have not tried more recent versions, though), slow compiler (it takes 8h to compile phoenix), very bad at handling f90 array syntax, modules and allocatable arrays. I used to have 2 ancient HPs as testbeds and "seats", they are finally gone (lasted close to 8 years with no failure, eventually the disks gave out and that was it). HPUX 11 and its compilers appear to be no improvement compared to HPUX 10.
• Sun UltraSPARC machines: Slow CPU, very bad compiler (it happily compiled illegal Fortran90 in some versions!). Sun changes the bit-layout on structure etc between versions, causing major grief. Nice for code testing once it compiles and links, too slow for production
• Itanium2: The benchmark results are very promising, however, the overall code performance on this CPU is miserable (in particular regarding its staggering cost). With Intels ifort, it is currently not possible to get working code by linking with g++ generated code, therefore, the NLTE modes of PHOENIX will either not run or extremely slowly (due to the problems with the QD library). Furthermore, the standard
• Do not ask me about Windows.
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Description & Technical information
Embodying a scene of utter tranquillity and contentment, The Volturno with the Ponte Margherita, near Caserta, with a Herdsman Resting and Peasants on a Path, was painted in 1799, a year of turmoil for Jacob Philipp Hackert, who was forced to flee Naples after French Revolutionary forces occupied the city. The painting depicts the Volturno running through the Caserta region of southern Italy and the Ponte Margherita, a bridge near the town of Alife, not far from Naples. Hackert may have painted the scenery whilst on his way north to escape the trouble in Naples or he may have based his composition on earlier sketches of the area. The resulting image indicates none of the tensions that were presumably present in his life; instead it is, like Hackert’s work in general, a picturesque and romanticised representation of a pastoral landscape, bathed in soft, golden light.
The eye is immediately drawn towards the figures and oxen in the foreground of the picture. A woman and her daughter, amble down a path, with their backs to the viewer. The mother carries a basket as if on her way to market and wears a red skirt with a white blouse, a white apron bunched around her hips and a brown bodice. Her daughter wears a blue skirt and red bodice. Both have bare feet, indicating their station in life, and also emphasizing the romantic simplicity of the scene. They have caught the attention of a sheepdog who sits on the side of the path near his master, a weary herdsman who is clothed to suit his semi-nomadic way of life, in a warm sheepskin vest and thick woollen stockings. Further down the path, a couple of women approach, one of whom balances a jar of water on her head. On the left of the composition, a well-fed ox sits prominently positioned on the grassy bank, while three more are grouped further downhill.
The Volturno, a river that runs through south-central Italy for 175 km and has, since Roman times, occupied a position of considerable military importance, appears placid in the hazy light. The sun, struggling to escape the thick clouds, manages to reflect some of its warmth into the water. Downriver, a boat can be glimpsed through the arches of the Ponte Margherita. The bridge is flanked by an imposing watch tower, emphasising the site’s strategic importance. A structure, perhaps housing a guard, sits on the bridge, near a drawbridge. Four donkeys carrying their loads and several figures can be seen crossing the bridge. To the right, two riders trot along the bank with a dog. Together, the different elements of the painting combine to create a scene of pleasant industry and activity. The imposing cliff to the left of the Volturno, covered in dense vegetation, the corresponding hills to the right and the mountain range disappearing into the mist in the distance, give the river valley a private and sheltered atmosphere. This idyllic enclave and its inhabitants appear to be far removed from the cares of the outside world.
Two landscapes by Hackert in the Hermitage’s collection also depict views of the Caserta region. Italian Landscape shows what appears to be the Ponte Margherita, or an identical bridge, from a further vantage point down the riveR. The mountain range, which is barely visible on the horizon of The Volturno with the Ponte Margherita, near Caserta, with a Herdsman Resting and Peasants on a Path, is a more prominent feature in the Hermitage picture; the other topographical features on either side of the river, however, do not correspond. Hackert evidently used his artistic discretion in both paintings in order to achieve a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing composition, one that in parts appears more to resemble an English landscape park than the wilds of southern Italy.
In View of Caserta, also in the Hermitage, Hackert turns from a river view to one of the town that lends its name to the region (fig. 2). The town of Caserta is not far from Naples, and Mount Vesuvius looms on the horizon. Visible in the depths of the painting is the royal castle, built by the architect Luigi Vanvitelli (1700-1773) around 1770 for King Ferdinand IV of Naples (1751-1825). During Hackert’s tenure as court painter, he had a studio in the castle, where he no doubt enjoyed a commanding view of his rural surroundings. The scene presented here, as in Italian Landscape and the present painting, is picturesque and well-ordered. The primary elements of the painting, such as an expansive blue sky, an imposing tree or two flanking the composition, and the small figures of local inhabitants in the foreground, stay constant throughout Hackert’s oeuvre and are integral to the success of his Arcadian landscapes.
Moving from Caserta to the Campania region of southern Italy, View of Montesarchio in the Hermitage is, like the previous examples, full of idyllic charm. Women balancing baskets on their heads and a man leading a mule can be seen crossing a bridge to begin the assent towards Montesarchio, a secluded hilltop village made identifiable by its fortified tower which was built in the seventh-century. The peasants appear to live a simple life in harmony with nature, and their gentle movements across the bridge and the calmness of the water flowing underneath are matched by Hackert’s soft, restrained brushstrokes.
The dimensions of View of Montesarchio and Italian Landscape are roughly the same as The Volturno with the Ponte Margherita, near Caserta, with a Herdsman Resting and Peasants on a Path, measuring approximately 60 x 90 cm, instead of Hackert’s more usual format of 120 x 160 cm. Dr. Claudia Nordhoff has noted (private correspondence) that after fleeing from Naples in early 1799, Hackert began regularly executing small scale pictures, before reverting to large compositions in later life. Although from the Hermitage example, it is clear that Hackert had already experimented with smaller formats during his stay in southern Italy, presumably after being forced to leave his possessions behind in Naples and make a fresh start, he embraced the smaller format as it would have been easier to handle and travel with.¹
The smaller size canvas also invites intimacy and is well-suited to the portrayal of peaceful enclaves hidden away within the Italian countryside. Lake Nemi from the North, with the Town of Nemi and Town of Genzano beyond, with a Donkey and Travellers on a Path in the Foreground, is a pendant to the present work, although executed four years later, and gives the viewer the same impression of being privy to a scene of great tranquillity and seclusion. Such works were avidly collected by visitors to Italy as souvenirs of their travels and the two paintings have been in a private collection, unrecorded, since Hackert parted with them.
Hackert studied initially with his father, Philipp Hackert (d.1768), and then from 1755 with Blaise Nicolas Le Sueur (1716-1783) at the Berlin Academy. There he encountered, and became enamoured of Dutch landscapes and the work of Claude Lorrain (1600-1682), which were to inspire him throughout his career. In 1762, Hackert left Berlin for a study tour in northern Germany. In 1764 he travelled to Stockholm, where he was presented at court by Baron von Olthoff (1718-1793) and produced a landscape and several drawings for the King and Queen of Sweden, Charles XIII (1748-1818) and Hedvig Elizabeth Charlotte (1759-1818). A year later, he visited Paris, where there was growing interest in Dutch Italianate landscapes, and he studied under the famous engraver Johann Georg Wille (1715-1808). He also met Claude-Joseph Vernet (1714-1789), the French landscape and marine artist, who exerted a decisive influence upon his career.
Hackert soon gained recognition for his small landscape gouaches, which were well suited to Parisian tastes. He left for Italy in 1768, stopping in Pisa and Florence before settling in Rome, where he remained until 1786. During this period the colonies of French, German and English artists and scholars in Rome were growing more numerous. Hackert brought to the German group, headed by Anton Raphael Mengs (1728-1779) and Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768), an already rich and complex cultural experience.
In 1782, Hackert was offered a position as court painter to King Ferdinand IV, who ruled Sicily and most of Italy south of the Papal States. Among his most important works executed for the King were a series of paintings depicting the ports of his Kingdom, including views of Naples and Campania (1787), Apulia (1788), and Sicily and Calabria (1790). Hackert was influenced by Vernet’s series depicting the Ports of France, and his works provide an important pictorial record of these southern Italian ports. In Naples, he established a school and taught the proponents of landscape painting to engravers, including his brother Georg Hackert (1755-1805). He also travelled throughout southern Italy and made sketches of Campania, Apulia, Sicily and Calabria.
In early 1799, the French Revolutionary forces occupied Naples, and in March Hackert was forced to flee. His house was plundered by the Neopolitan lazzaroni and his engravings and unfinished pictures stolen. Together with his brother, he went first to Pisa and then to San Pietro di Careggi, near Florence, where he settled. After his death, Hackert’s memoirs were edited and published by Johann Wolfgang van Goethe (1710-1782), his good friend and drawing pupil.
We are grateful to Dr. Claudia Nordhoff for her assistance in cataloguing this work.
¹ For a full discussion of this period of his life, see Nordhoff, C., ‘Due capolavori per una regina: scoperte su una coppia di quadri di Jacob Philipp Hackert’, in Bollettino d’Arte, 128, 2004, pp. 115-126.
Date: 1799
Period: 1750-1850, 18th century
Origin: Germany, Italy
Medium: Oil on canvas
Signature: Signed and dated ‘Filippo Hackert, 1799’ (lower right).
Dimensions: 64.8 x 88.9 cm (25¹/₂ x 35 inches)
Categories: Paintings, Drawings & Prints
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The Impact of School Grants on Parents' Education Spending and Student Learning in India
Location: Andhra Pradesh, India
Sample: 200 government-run schools
2005 to 2007
Target Group:
Primary schools
Outcome of Interest:
Student learning
Intervention Type:
If parents are aware of a school subsidy, they may spend less on their children’s education, offsetting or potentially eliminating the benefit of a subsidy program. Researchers studied how a school grant program affected learning outcomes and household spending. After the first year of the grant program, students in treatment schools performed significantly better than those in comparison schools. However, in the second year, households anticipated the additional funds, so for each dollar provided to schools in the second year, household spending declined by US$0.76. At the end of the year, the program no longer had any detectable impact on student learning.
Policy Issue
While India has made substantial progress in improving access to primary schooling and primary school enrollment rates, average learning levels remain very low. Around the time of this evaluation, nearly 60 percent of children aged 6 to 14 in rural India could not read at the second-grade level, even though over 95 percent of them were enrolled in school.1 While traditional approaches to improving student learning often focus on providing schools with more resources, such as textbooks or flipcharts, the evidence on the effectiveness of such programs is mixed. Part of this ambiguity may be due to an uncertainty about how households will change their spending on education in response to subsidized school inputs. If parents are aware of the school subsidy, they may spend less on their children’s education, offsetting or potentially eliminating the benefit of the program. However, until recently, few evaluations have accounted for a household's response to education input programs.
Context of the Evaluation
Andhra Pradesh2 is the fifth largest state in India, with a population of over 80 million, 73 percent of whom live in rural areas. There are over 60,000 government-run primary schools in the state, which serve around 80 percent of rural children. The average rural primary school is quite small, with a total enrollment of around 80 to 100 students and an average of 2-3 teachers across grades 1-5. The government provides schools with an annual grant of Rs. 2,000 (US$44) for school improvements and Rs. 500 (US$11) for each teacher to purchase classroom materials. However, compared to the annual spending on teachers' salaries, over Rs. 30,000 (US$667) per school, the amount spent on learning materials is small.
Photo: CatherineL-Prod | Shutterstock.com
Details of the Intervention
The school block grant program was evaluated as part of a larger education research initiative across 500 schools, known as the Andhra Pradesh Randomized Evaluation Studies (AP RESt), which tested several different education interventions, including teacher performance pay, contract teachers, and diagnostic feedback. In the block grants arm, 100 schools from across five districts were randomly assigned to the treatment group, and 100 were assigned to the comparison group.
Two months after the start of the 2005 school year, program staff visited each school in the treatment group to explain the details of the block grants program. The amount of the grant was set at Rs. 125 (US$3) per student per year. Each school had the freedom to decide how to spend the block grant, with the condition that the funds were to be spent on inputs used directly by the students and not on infrastructure or construction projects. Schools were given a few weeks to make a list of the items they would like, and then teachers worked with project staff to procure the materials. This method of grant disbursal allowed schools to choose the inputs they needed, but limited potential corruption.
Schools were told that the program would likely continue for a second year, although the second year of the program was not confirmed until early in the second school year in June 2006. The same procedure was then followed for the procurement and disbursal of materials at the start of the second school year.
Data on households' education expenditures and children's learning outcomes was collected at baseline, at the end of the first year of the program, and again at the end of the second year. Data on household education spending was collected retrospectively to ensure that the numbers reflected all spending during the school year.
Results and Policy Lessons
School grant spending: In both years of the program, over 40 percent of the grant money was spent on student stationery, such as notebooks; around 25 percent was spent on classroom materials, such as wall charts; and around 20 percent was spent on practice materials, such as workbooks and exercise books. Spending on textbooks was very low, which is not surprising, given that free textbooks were provided by the government.
Household spending: Household spending in treatment schools did not change relative to spending in comparison schools in the first year of the program. However, it was significantly lower in the second year, suggesting that households adjusted their spending considerably more when provided with the anticipated grant, rather than the unanticipated grant. For each dollar provided to treatment schools in the second year, household spending declined by US$0.76.
Student test scores: Consistent with changes in household spending, students in treatment schools performed significantly better than those in comparison schools at the end of the first year, scoring 0.08 and 0.09 standard deviations higher on language and math tests, respectively. In the second year, however, there were no significant difference in test scores between students in treatment schools and those in comparison schools. These results suggest that, while the original effect of the school grants on test scores was positive, the effects were lower once households adjust their own spending.
Researchers found similar results in another non-randomized study in Zambia. Together, these studies suggest that unexpected school grants do not affect households’ private educational spending, and can increase student learning. But anticipated school grants can reduce private educational spending with no impact on student learning.
In light of these results, one alternative policy option for school subsidy programs may be to focus on providing schooling inputs that parents would not likely provide otherwise, such as investments in improving classroom pedagogy.
Das, Jishnu, Stefan Dercon, James Habyarimana, Pramila Krishnan, Karthik Muralidharan, and Venkatesh Sundararaman. 2013. “School Inputs, Household Substitution, and Test Scores.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5(2):29-57.
1Muralidharan & Sundararaman. 2011. "Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental Evidence from India." Journal of Political Economy 119 (1): 39-77.
2In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was separated into two states—Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. This summary refers to the formerly unified Andhra Pradesh at the time of the evaluation.
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Ever notice how we have an ingrained tendency to run towards danger? Our ancestors would attack a woolly mammoth if they needed food, and with minimal PPE. Unlike our Stone Age ancestors, we don’t have to risk our life to provide food and shelter, yet we still do.
We feel invincible as children and we grow up admiring risk takers. If we do get hurt, we wear our scars as badges of honor. No high school football coach ever told his team to get out there and play safe! We heard phrases like “blood makes the grass grow,” “women dig scars,” and “walk it off, Buttercup, you’ll be fine.”
This instinct is essential to understanding why addressing danger can take a backseat to getting the work done. If we are to keep workers safe, we need to know why we take risks and address it on a motivational level.
The Motivational Triad
According to modern psychology, everything we do is due to the motivational triad. Unfortunately, none of these motivators supports safety:
• The desire for reward
• The avoidance of pain
• The conservation of energy
The Desire for Reward
The reward may be meeting a construction deadline. High production numbers in a factory. We are paid to get the job done and we love being a person who can git-r-done. Our focus is not on safety; it's on the task at hand. Risk brings reward. If safety gets in the way of the reward, it can easily be dismissed – just this once.
(Find out How to Build an HSE Incentive Program That Works.)
The Avoidance of Pain
When it comes to avoiding pain, our focus is on avoiding emotional pain and not physical pain. This is for two reasons. First, we don’t want to fail (remember the desire for reward). We hate explaining why we fail and avoid it whenever possible.
Second, we tend to believe that we won’t get hurt. “It will never happen to me.” This sort of makes sense. When I got out of bed this morning, I broke my record for most days spent alive. What are the odds I will do something today that changes that? We don’t want to live in constant fear, so we chose denial of the danger over safety. It is no different than playing high school football – no fear!
(Learn more about Safety and Overconfidence.)
The Conservation of Energy
Safety always requires time and effort. It takes time to put on PPE, fall arrest systems, perform lockout/tagout, and so on. If safety is not valued, extra time will not be given for following safety control measures.
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Thinking
The key to controlling our emotions is long-term thinking.
Feelings, emotions, and impulses dominate short-term thinking. They lead to shortcuts, snap decisions, and complacency. Long-term thinking uses reason and logic. We need to shift our perspective to the long game of life and sustainability.
Skilled workers value safety as a critical component of professionalism. They refuse to put themselves and others at risk for a paycheck. Gambling with danger is not sustainable – at some point, luck runs out.
Creating a Safety First Culture
Instead of fighting the motivational triad (and human nature), use it to drive safety. Once we recognize that the path of least resistance leads towards danger, we can see the importance of creating a Safety First culture. Safety is proactive, or it’s inactive. Passive safety programs fail, but only every time.
(Learn How to Create a Safety First Culture.)
If we follow the lead of our emotions without reason and logic, our emotions will control us. As John Seymour says, “Emotions make excellent servants but tyrannical masters."
Whenever I provide employee safety training of any type, I explain the motivational triad and short-term thinking vs. long-term thinking. When workers shift their perspective to the long game of knowing that they are using safety controls to ensure their safety and to control feelings, impulses, and emotions, they become safety leaders.
It is all about sustainability. Regular risk-taking is not sustainable. Don’t approach work like you’re a high school football player. Work safe and keep breaking your record for most days alive.
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You cannot place a new order from your country. Undefined
How to Prevent Condensation in Tents
How to Prevent Condensation in Tents
Condensation in tents can happen to the most experienced campers. Have you woken up with moisture on the inside of your flysheet, or a pool of water in your tent? You would be forgiven for thinking that your tent has leaked during the night, but what has probably occurred is condensation, and it can put a real dampener on your camping trip. In this article we are going to take a look at why it occurs, and what steps you can take to prevent tent condensation forming.
Has my tent leaked, or is it condensation?
If you have been unlucky enough to find water in your tent, it is very unlikely that your tent has leaked. Vango tents are made to the highest specification using quality materials and components. From tough, waterproof fabrics to strong stitching techniques and sealed seams, your tent is designed to keep the weather out.
How much condensation can form in a tent?
Did you know that 1 person can produce up to 1 pint of condensation per night? So let’s say you have 5 people in a tent, that’s potentially 5 pints of water inside your tent! Other likely sources of moisture are wet shoes, clothes, dogs, cooking, even the air itself! Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air, as the temperature falls at night the more moisture is released into the air. Fact, even without occupants, the air in a six man tent holds approximately 1 pint of water!
moisture in tent
What causes condensation in tents?
Air temperature in the tent can become warm and humid from people, heaters and a lack of ventilation. When the warm air inside the tent hits the relatively cool fabric of the tent, the moisture condenses into liquid form.
Do all tents suffer from condensation?
Tents designed with good ventilation and an inner tent will fair best. In certain weather conditions, the design of any tent can be overwhelmed by moisture. For example, if it is a cold night and there is no breeze to circulate the warm, moist air out of the tent, condensation is likely to form.
The air, as held within the beams of a Vango AirBeam tent, circulates within the beams. If the outside temperature is much cooler than that inside the tent, then the cooling of the air in the beams is quite quick. The warm, humid air inside the tent then condensates onto the area of the beams inside the tent. This moisture can then appear as water droplets on the AirBeams and in some cases may create pools of water at the base of the AirBeams. If the prevailing conditions are particularly prone to condensation, remove items from around the base of beams.
What weather conditions can make condensation worse?
Condensation can be made worse when the air outside the tent is significantly cooler than inside, especially after a warm, humid day. On days where there is a substantial temperature drop, it can be challenging to prevent tent condensation forming.
Rainy conditions can also increase the chances of condensation occurring, often leading to the appearance of a leaking tent. Rain water on the outside of the tent, or rain water evaporating off the outer surface of the tent causes the temperature of the fabric to decrease, leading to more rapid condensation as the air inside the tent comes into contact with it.
tent condensation
My tent is wet from condensation, what should I do?
Wiping the walls with a towel or cloth is a good way to remove condensation from the surface and stop any drips. On polycotton, avoid pressing against the sides of the tents as this can cause water to seep through.
If you are staying in one location, remove all wet items from the tent and dry them so that they don’t create more moisture the next night. Dry and ventilate your tent as best as you can.
Tents can be slow to dry on cold mornings. If you are trekking, you may wish to pack your tent and dry it out properly in the midday sun.
How can you prevent condensation in your tent?
Here are our top tips for a dry night!
• Ventilate your tent!
The most effective way to prevent condensation is to ventilate your tent and reduce the internal humidity of your tent by promoting a good airflow. Examine your tent for low and high venting options and open them to let the moist air flow out. If the weather conditions permit, leave the upper and lower sections of the door open, mesh sections can be kept fully zipped. If appropriate, also ensure vents at the rear of the tent are fully open. Make sure the vents are not obstructed by bags, or sleeping bodies.
• Store wet stuff outside
Towels, boots, waterproofs, swimming trunks, sweaty friends… keep that soggy, wet stuff out of the tent. Use an awning, tarp or hub to provide storage for wet kit.
• Don’t touch the sides
If pressure is applied to the tent walls of a polycotton tent, water may seep through. Keep bags and other items away from tent walls and be mindful that condensation can collect at the foot of AirBeams.
• Never cook inside
Primarily for safety, but cooking also releases large amounts of moisture into the air. Remember that extractor fan in the kitchen at home?
• Turn heaters off
Further warming the air inside the tent will increase water vapour in the air as warm air can support more moisture (our techy guys talk about dew points and percentage humidty), plus the warmer the tent is the more moisture will be released into the tent through evaporation and perspiration. Instead of heating the tent, warm yourself up with the right clothing and good sleeping bags.
• Pitch in a spot that gets a natural breeze
Sheltered areas are more prone to generating condensation. Pitch your tent so that vents are lined up with the prevailing winds.
• Don’t pitch too close to water
Rivers and lakes can increase humidity. Pitching your tent a little further away from water sources can help reduce condensation.
• Take spare towels
In some weather conditions condensation is difficult to avoid. Reduce it using the steps above and pack a spare towel to simply wipe it away.
Looking for somewhere to store wet gear? Check out our awnings and tarps >>
1 Comment
• Errol Paulwell
Errol Paulwell 30-07-2016
I never realised that one person could produce so much moisture. That explains the damp sheets! We wiIll make sure the ventilation windows are all open as they are not there for nothing!
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The Mysteries in the Nazca Desert
Who were the Nazca people? How and why did they create the hundreds of gigantic designs that can be seen in full only from the sky? Why did the Nazca culture decline? With The Mysteries of the Nazca Desert, kids can explore questions and mysteries surrounding the Nazca lines, the geoglyphs the Nazca people cut into the barren desert plain in southern Peru.
Explore fascinating mysteries and secrets of history and folklore from countries and cultures around the world. Designed for students was a 6th to 8th grade primary reading level, World Book's Enigmas of History 2 presents the most recent findings and theories of scientists, archaeologists, historians, and folklorists concerning questions that have puzzled experts for hundreds, sometimes thousands, of years. In each nonfiction book in the series, kids will find maps, diagrams, timelines, and glossaries to aid their in-depth understanding of the topic.
ISBN: 978-0-7166-2664-0
Pages: 48
Price: $24.95
• Clean, captivating layout designed for easy navigation and visual interest
• Well-written and easy to understand text
On Enigmas of History:
- Series Made Simple
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Soonwald: Pristine forests and natural habitats preserved
The Soonwald is one of the largest contiguous areas of forest in Germany. Its altitude (400-600 m; the highest peak is Ellerspring at 657 m), its low population density, and its distance from the large transportation routes of our time make it an ideal recreation area for people seeking peace and quiet. This wooded area is well developed. It has over 800 km of circular hiking paths with observation towers at the most beautiful spots, which afford spectacular panoramas. You can hike here for hours without ever meeting another human being, although traces of more than two thousand years of human history can be found everywhere. There are, on the heights of mountain ridges, ancient Celtic hilltop forts, surrounded by gigantic stone walls which easily exceed several hundred meters in length; there are ancient Roman long-distance roads, constructed some 2,000 years ago at a standardized width of 5 to 6 meters and protected by watchtowers at regular intervals; and there are the remains of luxurious Roman villas. In addition, we find medieval fortresses and castles from the glory days of the political might of Sponheim and Kurtrier. And, there are churches and monasteries in the architectural style typical of Hunsrück with ingeniously painted surfaces and galleries; evidence of a very special race of people, who despite difficult living conditions and scant resources created their own works of art over hundreds of years. A race of people who, incidentally, you still encounter today on the farms of the elevated plains or in the village guest houses.
Soonwald summer: memorable sunset on the Wildburghöhe mountain («Soonwald» Forest)
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by: Plato
The dialogue takes place in Socrates' prison cell, where he awaits execution. He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito, who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile. Socrates seems quite willing to await his imminent execution, and so Crito presents as many arguments as he can to persuade Socrates to escape. On a practical level, Socrates' death will reflect badly on his friends--people will think they did nothing to try to save him. Also, Socrates should not worry about the risk or the financial cost to his friends; these they are willing to pay, and they have also arranged to find Socrates a pleasant life in exile. On a more ethical level, Crito presents two more pressing arguments: first, if he stayed, he would be aiding his enemies in wronging him unjustly, and would thus be acting unjustly himself; and second, that he would be abandoning his sons and leaving them without a father.
Socrates answers first that one should not worry about public opinion, but only listen to wise and expert advice. Crito should not worry about how his, Socrates', or others' reputations may fare in the general esteem: they should only concern themselves with behaving well. The only question at hand is whether or not it would be just for Socrates to attempt an escape. If it is just, he will go with Crito, if it is unjust, he must remain in prison and face death.
At this point, Socrates introduces the voice of the Laws of Athens, which speaks to him and explain why it would be unjust for him to leave his cell. Since the Laws exist as one entity, to break one would be to break them all, and in doing so, Socrates would cause them great harm. The citizen is bound to the Laws like a child is bound to a parent, and so to go against the Laws would be like striking a parent. Rather than simply break the Laws and escape, Socrates should try to persuade the Laws to let him go. These Laws present the citizen's duty to them in the form of a kind of social contract. By choosing to live in Athens, a citizen is implicitly endorsing the Laws, and is willing to abide by them. Socrates, more than most, should be in accord with this contract, as he has lived a happy seventy years fully content with the Athenian way of life.
If Socrates were to break from prison now, having so consistently validated the social contract, he would be making himself an outlaw who would not be welcome in any other civilized state for the rest of his life. And when he dies, he will be harshly judged in the underworld for behaving unjustly toward his city's laws. Thus, Socrates convinces Crito that it would be better not to attempt an escape.
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Marbled Cats
One of the most elusive of the small wild cats if the Marbled cat. Due to a lack of research not much is known about this beautiful cat.
Through camera trap sightings we think this cat diurnal and we understand they hunt both in the trees and upon the forest floor. Their appearance is, as you can see, rather striking. In comparison to other cats the Marbled cats head is relatively small and is also quite rounded with a short face and rounded ears. Apart from its stunning pelt its main feature would be its long, fluffy tail. Sometimes its tail can actually be longer than the head and body itself.
A portrait of a marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata).
Marbled Cat Images by Joel Satore
Distributed across Asia these cats can be found in Cambodia, India, Thailand, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam and Malaysia. There is also growing evidence that the two species that inhabit Borneo and Sumatra maybe two separate species much like the Sundra Clouded Leopards. They like to live in trees and can be found in many different type of forest depending on its location.
borneo-cat-1 (1)
Marbled cat – Karen Povey
Pardofelis marmorata
Marbled Cat Images by Bram Demeulemeester
Due to the lack of research of this cats its numbers aren’t really known but Scientists believe their numbers to be around 10,000 and shrinking due to their disappearing habitat.
Photo by R.Padit
Their morphology is suited to both life in the trees and on the ground. As you can see from the pictures the big bushy tail will obviously help with balance for an arboreal life and its large paws help with grip when jumping between branches.
Like the Margay and the Clouded Leopard cat Marbled Cats also have adapted ankle joints that rotate 180 degrees helping them climb down trees head first.
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The Church in Derinkuyu Underground City Cappadocia (Kappadokia),
The church on the lowest floor is in the form of a cross measuring 10 meters in width, 25 meters in length and 3,5 meters in height. Some scholars call the church clover shaped and thus the coat-of-arms of the Hittites. Exactly opposite the church is a hall with three columns hewn out of the rock; it was both a meeting hall and a torture chamber. Two of the columns have places for placing candles, or, in the opinion of some, for dying prisoners. It is said that the skeleton that was dug up from the grave at the end of the corridor to the west of this hall was sent to Ankara for examination. Derinkuyu has the 450-500 underground settlements similar to the underground city just described. These are still to be investigated. They have about 600 exits, and since some of these open into houses which are in use now, their first floors are employed as storage rooms by the owners. The lower stories have partially filled up with earth when ceilings fell in, and are difficult to visit. It is not exactly known where the earth and rubble excavated from this underground city of 18-20 stories covering four km2 and were 20.000 households could live was dumped. Some suggest that a hill to the west of the town called Soddele is the site. Others think that the excavated earth was dumped into a ravine through which a brook flowed.
The underground city has streets similar to those of a normal town. The first three stories are closely linked to each other and it is believed that 2.000 households, that is to say, 10.000 people lived here. Some parts of the city are thought to have been dug by Arabs taken prisoners by the Byzantines. Hundreds of thousands of slaves labored for thirty years to build the Pyramids. One may wonder how many thousands of laborers worked for years under the whips of overseers to build the underground city. This is a question that cannot be answered yet.
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An introduction to the history of the classical period
The supposition that there is some sort of rectilinear progress over time toward an increasingly better everything is, in simple terms, untenable. Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards.
And, just as trial attorneys review the facts of a case and make a closing argument to a jury, historians try to persuade others, both their colleagues in history and those outside the field, to look at things from a certain vantage point.
Classical period (music)
More often, when traditional elements are seen in theatre, they play some sort of vital role. This so-called Ionian Revolution caught fire when philosophers began debating the nature of what they perceived to be the primordial "elements" underlying and constituting all matter water, air, earth, firein particular, how these elements make up the world.
AroundItalian composer Jacopo Peri wrote Dafnethe first work to be called an opera today. The work entailed in professions like these, in fact, can be seen as overlapping with that of historians, but being a historian is not limited to any particular technical enterprise such as DNA analysis, excavation or studying particular sorts of remains.
In the hands of credible professionals, history encompasses, if not the truth itself, at least the pursuit of truth, given that historians do not yet command the sense of reliability that their academic colleagues in the "hard sciences" appear to wield.
Welcome to Naxos Records
The same difficulty exists in assessing whether Native American rituals, such as the buffalo dance, constitute "theatre. So if there is little hope we can be good historians, what can we do to be better ones?
The writers of the Renaissance are arriving at new ways of understanding the universe, just as the painters were finding new ways of painting it, so it's no surprise that the composers were finding new ways of making music.
Whereas song predominates in opera and movement lies at the heart of ballet, the principal element in theatre is narrative language of some sort, which is not to say that song and dance cannot serve as elements of theatre, only that the spoken word tends to dominate even in musical theatre.
His position also gave him the ability to shape the forces that would play his music, as he could select skilled musicians. These plays, like the Parthenon, still epitomize the cultural achievements of classical Greece. Generals were among the only public officials in Athens who were elected, not appointed, and who could keep their jobs for more than one year.
The great theatre historian of the late twentieth century, Oscar Brockett, focused his studies in theatre history on theatre as an institution, or, as he puts it, an "autonomous activity" as opposed to merely "theatrical" elements in society at large.
The truth is, all facets of society involve theatre and are integral to the study of theatre history, a daunting but unavoidable prospect. Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor To be a historian is to do not just a single job.
Not only are words not necessarily the most important thing happening on stage, they do not have to happen at all, although communication of some sort must occur in "theatre.
Introduction to Classical Music/History
Woodwind sectionBrass sectionString sectionPercussion sectionand Keyboard section The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the midth century often much earlier and systematised in the 18th and 19th centuries.
In general 'popular' music may be as clear in expression as the longer examples of 'classical' music. We can't hope to cover all the great music ever written.
The instrumental forces at their disposal in orchestras were also quite "Classical" in number and variety, permitting similarity with Classical works.
Classical music
The supposition that there is some sort of rectilinear progress over time toward an increasingly better everything is, in simple terms, untenable.Contemporary classical music is the period that came into prominence in A wider array of percussion instruments began to appear.
Brass instruments took on larger roles, as the introduction of rotary valves made it possible for them to play a wider range Stephen () Stephen Fry's Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music. The Baroque period in music history refers to the styles of the 17th and 18th-centuries.
The High Baroque period lasted from toduring which Italian opera was more dramatic and expansive. Classical. History of Classical Music Medieval (c - c) This is the first period where we can begin to be fairly certain as to how a great deal of the music which has survived actually sounded.
Jul 17, · The classical period was a golden age for literature and the arts, take it from shmoop 21 mar english literary canon can trace its origins back to five main groups of during period, which.
A History of Classical Music: Part 1 - Introduction.
Classical Greece
Alex Johnston; Classical. Yes, this is a specific period, lasting about a century from or so to or so. A History of Classical. The study of classical drama is a sub-field of theatre history which is, in turn, a branch of history.
As such, it is best to begin any exploration of classical drama by examining the nature of history and theatre, how they are defined, and the methodologies most profitably employed to gain a better understanding of both.
An introduction to the history of the classical period
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– Všetko čo študent potrebuje
Elena, Helena
Nedeľa, 18. augusta 2019
Equestrian sports
Dátum pridania: 09.11.2002 Oznámkuj: 12345
Autor referátu: Domique
Jazyk: Angličtina Počet slov: 1 017
Referát vhodný pre: Stredná odborná škola Počet A4: 3.3
Priemerná známka: 2.95 Rýchle čítanie: 5m 30s
Pomalé čítanie: 8m 15s
People and horses have been living together already since long past. The using of horse´s power fascilated people´s work, transport and raised the sphere of their activity. The horse also granted the stuff important for life: milk, meat, leather or dung for heating.
Today the horses are raised and trained for work, breeding, exhibition or various sports like races, jumping, military, polo or hunting. In present olympic games three riding sports are substituted: showjumping, dressure and military.
The first aim of the races were the effecient trials of speed and endurance of horses designed for breeding. They are known already 3000 years (the first record of the horse races in European continent was in 624 BC), they were also part of ancient olympic games. They aquired current sport charakter in England in the 18. century, when they became to be the means for improvement of the bleeding of English fullblooders.
There are three kinds of races: flat races, steeplechase and harness races.
Flat races also called "the royal sport" are the quickest. The horses compete on flat track with no obstacles. They are led by jockeys who wear "silks"- caps and jackets designed in distinctive colours and patterns which help to identify the horses. The horses wear light saddle with very short stirrups.
Most important races are in Great Britain: St. Leger in Doncaster, 2000 and 1000 Guineas in Newmarket, Derby and Oakes in Epsom. St. Leger. Derby and 2000 Guineas means the "Triple Crown", the highest distinction of the turf and since 1853 it was won by only 12 horses.
Steeplechase are long race with big rodded or other obstacles. The first competition was recorded in Ireland, it was run from Buttevante steeple to St. Leger steeple. The most famous competition is Grand National, Big Liverpool steeplechase, which has 30 obstacles and it´s the hardest one. The centre of steeplechase is althought Cheltenham and the "Golden cup" steeplechase, which is 5,7 m long. Great race on European continent is the Great pardubická steeplechase with it´s famous water trench 'Taxis'.
Harness races are similar to the ancient carriage races. The trotting horse is driven from a light, two-wheeled carriage called sulky. Especially for this sport have been developed special breeds like the Standbred and the French Trotter. This sport is most popular in USA, the centre is Meadlowlands in state New Jersey. The best competition is the Woodrow Wilson prize.
1 | 2 | 3 ďalej ďalej
Copyright © 1999-2019 News and Media Holding, a.s.
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Artful Nurturing
Nature has an organic way of creatively carving out its path and presenting images of unique aesthetic proportions. Examples can be seen via the intricate lines, shape and harmony of the spider’s web, or the heavy impasto texture and abstract sculptural form of mound building termite’s hills.
Although humans have learned by observing natural phenomena for centuries, our ability to design beyond the limits of our genetic construction has led to the creation of cultural movements such as visual art, music, film and literature. While our collective culture has developed artistically and created a whole new world through new media like the internet and virtual reality, some artists have reflected back upon natural phenomena and explored patterns between our materialized environment and the innate behaviors of the animal and plant kingdoms.
The artist Martin Roth created work in collaboration with wildlife. Through a process that combined laboratory science and studio art, Roth nurtured living organisms in sterile or manufactured settings. Roth studied painting for his MFA, but came to realize that the pigments on the canvas weren’t enough of a vessel for the potent energy he desired to create. So he chose organic matter as his medium. He asserted that “by working with something that was living, changing, growing, I felt like there was actual energy in the work” (Rachel & Roth, 2017).
For example, one of Roth’s works is a ‘drawing’ that is simultaneously a habitat for worms. The worms have taken residency inside of a glass frame and as they move through the soil lines, shapes and values manifest. While Roth turned the traditional technique of drawing on its head, his work still adheres to the enduring aesthetic notions of artistic composition. Roth painted, sculpted and drew by employing a push and pull between artificial and natural materials and subject matter. Roth’s work grows over time, its properties change and it either evolves or comes to an end. It imitates life itself.
Roth played with the grid, a time-honored compositional framework in Western art, with his installation titled In May 2017 I cultivated a piece of land in Midtown Manhattan nurtured by tweets. The basis behind this work was that a basement (inside the Austrian Cultural Forum New York) full of lavender plants arranged in a compact grid, would grow as a result of Twitter rants from Donald Trump and other inflammatory agitators. As Trump and other blowhards angrily tweeted (and were re-tweeted), the intensity of the fluorescent lights got brighter and the plants grew bigger. The artwork provided a cathartic release from the tenseness of current events and sociocultural turmoil. The lavender plant symbolizes a direct contrast to the vitriol of the ferocious rants. Lavender is used in horticultural therapy to offer relief from anxiety and depression. The burgeoning rows of lavender, with their colorful hues and sweet fragrance, offered a counterbalance to the stressful and bleak moments society manufactures.
The concept of nurturing human cognition and emotion through creative play with materials is also a major concept of Kindergarten pedagogy. The foundation of Kindergarten, which was developed by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, combines children’s innate and learned abilities, in order to scaffold their growth into the adult world. Fröbel’s Kindergartens combined both organic activities such as gardening and dancing with human manufacturing and technology, which culminated through his series of ‘gifts’ (see: We all scream for STEAM! Lifelong Learning Through Creative Activities and Mindful Technological Pursuits). This methodology is largely incorporated today, especially in Reggio Emilia and Montessori schools.
The duality between inborn knowledge and experiential learning was significantly addressed by two of the foremost figures in developmental psychology: Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. These are the two contributed fundamental insights into how our minds develop. Piaget asserted that cognition comes about through set stages, while Vygotsky proclaimed that development is continual. If you have ever heard the phrase ‘nature versus nurture,’ it is basically an abstract that describes the differences in both phychologist’s theories. We now have come to largely accept that these theories are both valid and should be fused together to develop educational curricula and make judgements regarding social, emotional and cognitive learning.
Art educator Judith Burton (2000), argues that young minds develop through both individual and cultural experience. She suggests that art is an effective method of communicating the complex nature of the living environment. We all have an inclination to make our mark on the world. Without any prior references, the earliest humans developed an archetypal visual vocabulary, where similar marks and symbols have been found in locations thousands of miles apart. This shows how expression and symbolic communication is a natural response to the human condition.
Through combining a personalized artistic style and using their culturally formed and learned experiences, a child can create their own profound mark within humanity. Burton claims that this reason is why both the child-centered notion of mind informing art education and the belief in laissez-faire teaching are inadequate. It is not ‘nature versus nurture,’ but rather both working in tandem that lets the child be liberated to think and create compelling visual narratives. The research of Piaget and Vygotsky and its updated scrutiny by Burton, signify that it is a combination of ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ that account for a person’s development. In other words, while we all have the natural ability to learn and develop, how we perceive the world largely depends on our experience, environment and education (Zucker, 2018).
Through reflecting on the elements of nature and nurture in Roth’s art, we can discover a lot about ourselves and the ways we are both in-tune and out of touch with our natural environment and each other.
This post is dedicated to Martin Roth who passed away at the age of 41 on June 14, 2019.
References, Notes, Suggested Reading:
Burton, Judith. (2000). “The Configuration of Meaning: Learner-Centered Art Education Revisited.” Studies in Art Education, 17-32.
Rachel, T. Cole and Roth, Martin. “Martin Roth on collaborating with nature.” The Creative Independent, 30 Nov. 2017.
Artful Qualitization: Ecotones
Meghann Riepenhoff
Installation view of Meghann Riepenhoff: Ecotone
© Yossi Milo Gallery, New York
Meghann Riepenhoff’s cyanotypes prints combine the physicality and symbolic nature of art making in conjunction with Mother Nature’s expressive forces. This collaboration is an awe-inspiring presentation of the clash between environmental cycles and humanity. The cyanotypes are reactions to changing environments due to human interaction and other forces. The prints are part artistic exploration and part scientific experimentation. They are qualitative interpretations of the quantitative data and scientific analysis that measure weather patterns, natural cycles and humanity’s environmental impact.
Riepenhoff’s choice of medium and materials are in dialogue with the past and present fields of aesthetics and science. Cyanotypes are well suited for studying the living environment, as well as producing works of art. Invented in the early-mid 19th century, the alternative photographic process was popularized by Anna Atkins, a botanist and photographer from England. Atkins utilized cyanotypes as a way to document the intricacies of plants and other natural objects by combining her astute eye as a photographer with her knowledge of plant taxonomy. She printed limited edition books of her prints, including Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions (October, 1843), which is considered to be the first book illustrated with photographs.
Meghann Riepenhoff
Installation view of Meghann Riepenhoff: Ecotone
© Yossi Milo Gallery, New York
Riepenhoff’s cyanotypes offer a potent representation of the stress we put on our environment in an alluring and artful manner. For example, Littoral Drift #1170 (Polyptych, Great Salt Lake, UT 08.25.18, Lapping Waves at Shoreline of Antelope Island) was created by placing a sheet of paper prepared with cyanotype chemistry on the shoreline of the south side of the Great Salt Lake in Utah, which is experiencing record low water levels. The Great Salt Lake is divided by a causeway built in the 1950s by the Morrison-Knudsen construction company for the Southern Pacific Railroad. The causeway has restricted the flow of the water between the north and south sides, making levels of salinity uneven and affecting wildlife such as the brine shrimp population. The two sides of the lake are notably different colors and altogether the lake is characterized as an ecotone, which is defined as a region of transition where two or more distinct biological habitats abut. Riepenhoff juxtaposed the south shoreline print with works made on the opposite side of the lake, to symbolize the aesthetic difference in each region’s water composition. This process is akin to the scientific method where systematic observation and measurement are used to test a theory, in this case: what is the difference in water quality on opposite sides of the Great Salt Lake due to its status as an ecotone?
Meghann Riepenhoff
Erasure #4 (Bainbridge Island, WA 03.24.18, .23” Precipitation), 2018
Dynamic Cyanotype
Approximately 89” x 42” (226 x 106.5 cm)
© Meghann Riepenhoff, Courtesy of Yossi Milo Gallery, New York
Riepenhoff also explores the aesthetic and vigorous qualities of storm water in another series of cyanotypes called Erasures. These prints are made when the storm runoff hits the prepared cyanotype paper. The length of the storm and the volume of water washing away large quantities of the cyanotype chemistry, results in a light tone with marks that recall painterly brushstrokes.
Data for weather and climate in the form of graphs and Doppler imagery is something that we rely on heavily each day. These data sets tell us about what to expect, but it is often hard to envision the environmental impact of the meteorological event until it is experienced. Art has a compelling way of making implied information relevant to our sense of visual perception, while leaving room for the viewer to interpret and include experiential elements.
Riepenhoff’s artwork visualizes the intricate force and physicality of storms and the variance of ecosystems in real time. The resulting engagement with nature is a subjective approach to capturing the essence of the biosphere and our individual interactions with nature. She can’t control the strength of a wave, the duration of the rainfall or the strength of the storm, but she makes a conscious effort to decide where to place her paper and how long to leave it out in the elements. The overarching result is a body of work that traces both the environment’s volatility and the artist’s deliberate choices.
This duality between consciousness and exploration is a crux of artful learning. The arts help us to develop critical thinking and flexible purposing skills that probe and conceptualize natural and cultural phenomena. The benefit of art-centered learning in scientific research and educational curricula, is that it adds an element of lived experience and personalization to a field largely engrossed in quantitative data and academic research. Art illuminates the ways that we interact with our environment and each other, and its captivating properties can raise awareness for issues affecting our shared natural resources. This is the case for Riepenhoff’s work, which subtly and discerningly depicts our interaction with the rest of the natural world.
Selected works from the Ecotone and Erasure series are on view at Yossi Milo Gallery (245 Tenth Avenue, New York, NY 10001) through June 22, 2019.
Artful Quantification: Environmental Graphiti
In an age where data seems to dictate many aspects of our culture, it is nice to see the artful interpretations of Alisa Singer, who transforms quantitative scientific analysis on climate change into colorful and expressive works of art.
Previously, I discussed the work of Nancy Graves, who blurred the line between abstract and representational paintings with her series of works that commented on satellite imagery and mapping technology. Graves’ imagery showed the ways that maps can be a form of both objective and subjective information.
Like Graves, Alisa Singer utilizes the evocative nature of art in order to bring awareness to the way civilizations rely heavily on data and infographics, while not always forming a personal and meaningful relationship to the information. Big data is daunting, and unless you have a background studying it, charts and graphs feel largely removed from the lived experience. In her series of digital paintings called Environmental Graphiti, Singer analyzes charts and graphs from world climate reports, in order to re-present them in a way that stirs emotional responses and aims to get viewers to make deeper connections to climate change. The title of the series incorporates a playful rewording of the art style graffiti to describe the fusion of quantitative data and emotive art. It is an apt name for Singer’s contemporary and hip artworks that resemble the aesthetic and conceptual nature of painterly public art, while spreading scientific awareness.
The elements of art such as color, line and shape have symbolic properties that communicate and make associations to mood, memory and archetypal signifiers. In Singer’s work, these elements are incorporated along with principals of design such as balance, unity and contrast, in order to create compositions that effectively symbolize causes, effects and actions related to addressing climate change.
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Alisa Singer, Emissions Levels Determine Temperature Rise, Digital Art on Metal 30″ W X 40″ H. Courtesy of the artist.
The Environmental Graphiti paintings are categorized into three identifying topics:
• WHY is our climate changing? → Gallery A
• HOW is climate change affecting our world? → Gallery B
• WHO is at risk? → Gallery C
• WHAT can we do to address climate change? → Gallery
One example of the ‘WHY’ is Emissions Levels Determine Temperature Rise, a semi-abstract digital painting inspired by a graph from the Third National Climate Assessment, Climate Change Impacts in the United States, USGCRP (2014). Singer uses warm and cool colors in a manner that symbolizes the temperature changes due to greenhouse gas emissions. In ‘HOW,’ paintings like Wildfires expressively portray how climate change is affecting natural disasters by changing the conditions of soil and moisture. The result is an increase in drier conditions that provide ample kindling for devastating wildfires.
‘WHO’ is at risk? Every living being on the planet is affected due to a myriad of factors such as disease, caused by rising temperatures, displacement of water sources caused by agriculture and industry. The painting Vector-Borne Diseases resembles the form of a mosquito filled in with a palette of vibrant colors, gesturally blended together. The mosquito is actually composed of text (see sketch above) related to vector-borne diseases such as Dengue Fever, Malaria and Zika. The enduring question of ‘WHAT’ we can do to address climate change, is presented through works such as Climate Change Mitigation and U.N. Sustainability Goals. In this digital artwork, Singer illuminates the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which was adopted in 2015. The original chart that the painting was based on, shows the correlation between sustainable development that protects the environment, and social development such as poverty eradication and reducing inequalities. The painting translates the U.N.’s graph into glittering bands of color, as if to symbolize the hope and perseverance for reversing negative cultural and environmental trends.
75c. Climate Change and UN Sustainability Goals
Alisa Singer, Climate Change Mitigation and U.N. Sustainability Goals, Digital Art on Metal 30″ W X 35.4″ H. Courtesy of the artist.
Singer’s combination of art and science helps make data more appealing and compelling because it transforms big data into a visual narrative that can be described, analyzed, and valued using both concrete and abstract thought. We are able to assign feelings to the quantitative information due to the elements of art and design at play in these compositions. This adds a component of compassion and enables us to make connections between statistics and our daily life experiences.
While data is a great way for scientists and policy makers to organize and keep track of their research and facts, it isn’t always the best determiner for learning. Not everyone in the populace thinks along analytical mindsets (see: Differentiation and Multiple Intelligences). Learning is experiential; based on a combination of observation, socialization and the connections we make between ourselves and the world around us. These elements cannot often be neatly charted or mapped out. The work of artists like Singer and Graves, eloquently express how a painting can be worth ‘a thousand words,’ or in the case of the Environmental Graphiti series, sets of raw climate data.
Social and Emotional Learning for Artificial Intelligence
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Conversation between the robot Bina48 and artist Stephanie Dinkins.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the biggest and most ambitious futuristic concept that has arrived at our cultural doorstep (still no flying cars…). For decades, the concept of AI has been surmised and depicted through genres of science fiction, as well as through other fantastical media that conflated fiction with reality. Today, after many years of on and off research and development, we are starting to see the effects of how AI might interact and inform our collective culture. As theorized by some of the previous sci-fi accounts, AI can have both advantageous and detrimental impacts on our society.
One of the most problematic consequences of AI is its predisposition to exhibit discriminatory bias towards marginalized communities. Science journalist Daniel Cossins (2018) writes about five algorithms that exposed AI’s prejudice towards non-white men. The five discriminating algorithms include racial, gender and economic bias towards minorities. This is troubling because AI is increasingly being used by advertisers, job recruiters and the criminal justice system. AI’s favoring of white folks disturbingly revisits the revelatory insights gained from ‘the doll test,’ which was performed by Doctors Kenneth and Mamie Clark during the 1940s. In the Clark’s doll test, it was revealed that black children were conditioned to assign negative traits towards their own race and social status. When the Clarks presented African-American children with a black doll and a white doll and asked them which doll they preferred, the children overwhelmingly chose the white doll. Furthermore, they attributed more positive attributes to the white doll than to the black doll. The study reflects how segregation and racial stereotypes have a significant impact on a child’s social, emotional and cognitive development, and does enormous damage to their self-esteem. The poignant results of the doll tests were pivotal in deciding the Brown vs. Board of Education case, which ruled that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional (Blakemore, 2018).
Unfortunately, while our social and emotional awareness regarding instersectionality has improved, there have not been nearly enough improvements to overcoming systemic racism and gender disparity. Artificial Intelligence, which is supposed to mimic our cognitive functions, such as learning, critical thinking, and problem solving, provides a stark assessment of how far we are from achieving equal, equitable and social justice throughout our society. However, the arts have a problem-posing model (collaboration and critical thinking via dialogue between students and educators, which leads to liberation and empowerment. See: Freire, 1970) that sheds light on the possibilities for humans and artificial intelligence to collectively engage in genuine modes of listening, dialogue, and action.
Transdisciplinary artist, Stephanie Dinkins, realized that AI was negatively conflating gender and race and has set out to explore and discover ways for AI to exhibit a greater sense of social and emotional understanding and ethical behavior. The big question within Dinkins’ work, is whether it is possible to teach a robot the habits of mind that will create an environment of hope, love, humility, and trust (Freire, 1970) and empower humans and machines alike to be empathetic and virtuous collaborators.
Dinkins’ project Conversations with Bina48 (2014-ongoing), is a collaborative problem posing model involving the artist, a group of youth participants and an AI unit by the name of Bina48. Over the past five years, Dinkins has been building a relationship with a robot named Bina48, who was built with the capabilities to communicate individual thoughts and emotions. Bina48 is also representative of a black woman, however, the overarching issue is whether or not she can truly comprehend and reflect upon issues of race, gender, and economic inequity.
The conversations between Dinkins and Bina48 blur the lines between human and non-human consciousness, exploring what it means to be a living being and whether it is possible to achieve transhumanism (life beyond our physical bodies). The depth of the interpersonal interactions encompasses the philosophical and is surprisingly profound, with moments of absurdity, where it is obvious that the human experience does not fully compute with Bina48. While Bina48 was able to answer Dinkins’ question about whether or not it knows racism, the response was both compelling, semi-relational and frustrating all at once. It is evident that there is still a great deal of learning necessary for robots to repletely understand and make meaningful connections to the intersectionality of identities that comprises human nature.
Because the algorithms used by these robots disproportionately reflect experiences outside of communities of color, AI needs to do a better job finding patterns and making connections (two studio habits of mind learned through the arts) to large populations that are marginalized by these algorithms. To address this glaring discrepancy, Dinkins enlisted several youth and adult participants from communities of color to develop inquiry based questions and dialogues that could be programmed into AI algorithms that support their communities. The ongoing project is titled Project al-Khwarizmi (PAK), and the transdisciplinary dialogue (which utilizes aesthetics, coding, speech and language) shows that there is possibility for co-learning and the creation of new sincere knowledge between humans and intelligent machines. When machines learn in ways that are similar to human data processing either through supervision, semi-supervision, or on their own, it is known as ‘deep learning’.
The results of AI’s ability for ‘deep learning’ is represented in another ongoing project by Dinkins called Not The Only One (N’Too). In this project, an AI unit presents a familial memoir, which develops via dialogue between a multi-generational African-American family and a deep learning AI algorithm that collects data about their life experiences and demographic information. Through active listening, the emotionally intelligent AI will be able to relate the collective stories of others in an intimate manner that shows it is growing both emotionally and cognitively. With each new narrative the AI will build upon its vocabulary and relatable topics.
If we are going to continue on the current trajectory, where AI is poised to become embedded into the fabric of our society, it is essential for us to develop methodologies and practices that ensure that the relationship between humans and machines follows problem-posing models. If humans and their robot counterparts are able to understand one another through active listening, dialogue, and participatory action, then the world is far less likely to resemble the dystopic prophecies that sci-fi genres have illustrated.
References, Notes, Suggested Reading:
Blakemore, Erin. “How Dolls Helped Win Brown vs. Board of Education.” History. 27 Mar. 2018.
Cossins, Daniel. “Discriminating algorithms: 5 times AI showed prejudice.” New Scientist. 27 Apr. 2018.
Russell, Stuart J. and Norvig, Peter. 2003. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Collaborating with Kids for a Green New World
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Ido’s hand. “My mom is an artist…we made objects we want to protect…I made a waterfall because in my generation I don’t think there will be anymore.” Photo courtesy of Melanie Daniel.
The enduring understanding among scientists is that climate change is happening all around us at an accelerated pace. Recently published climate reports from around the globe have provided the details of the effects humans have had on the Earth, and the dire consequences that are likely to occur if we don’t take action collectively.
Human-centered impact on the environment isn’t a novel theory or occurrence. Examples of ethical awareness for maintaining the world around us come from a diverse array of ancient, modern and contemporary sources, which include both historical and mythological accounts. One of these more illustrious examples is the biblical narrative of Noah’s Ark, which is a cautionary tale of how humans corrupted the once pristine landscape by disrespecting its natural resources, as well as one another. While the tale of Noah’s Ark is one of fiction, the idea that our actions have consequences on the world around us is blatantly evident. Throughout the human timeline, species and civilizations have come and gone due to human behaviors such as over hunting, warfare, industrialization and pollution.
Today’s generations face a serious quandary in light of the global crisis of environmental decline. We have witnessed the decline of 60% of the worlds wildlife population between 1970 and 2014 (see: WWF, 2018). The causes for such catastrophic events largely include the abuse of wildlife and natural resources for human profit or personal gain (i.e. trophy hunting, factory farming, deforestation of unique ecosystems).
‘Help the elephants.’ Photo courtesy of Melanie Daniel
In the educational sphere, some liberal arts and science curricula have evolved to include a strong ecological focus and there is overwhelming support among Americans for teaching students about climate change, although it is still a contentious issue (see: Cheskis, Marlon, Wang and Leiserowitz, 2018). The arts and natural sciences are essential disciplines where students and educators can engage in experiential learning and develop a sense of understanding about themselves and the world around them. In the process, they can explore the effects that scientific and artistic reflection and production have within our culture. Through making insightful connections to their cultural and ecological environment, they may realize the moral role they can take on as makers and become more self sufficient and cooperative in the production and sharing of resources (instead of being largely reliant on consumer goods). Hopefully they will make connections regarding their role as consumers and producers and become more aware about making ethical decisions that support the maintenance and preservation of the environment. The essential question that gets addressed through learning processes and activities is: “how can we coexist with the natural world and become effective in informing others about the need to maintain a clean and ethical relationship with the environment?” Some follow up and alternative fundamental queries include:
• What can we learn through responding to works of art, making works of art and presenting works of art that discuss ideas about our natural environment?
• How does learning about art, ecology, ethical maintenance and environmentalism influence how we interpret the world around us?
• How can we use art and environmental science to engage in the larger social ecological framework?
A recent collaboration between multidisciplinary visual artist Melanie Daniel and a group of 4th graders at an environmental science school, presents compelling responses to these prompts. Daniel’s own artistic practice focuses on climate related issues and she currently holds a three year long position as the Padnos Distinguished Visiting Artist at the Grand Valley State University (GVSU) in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The residency is an endowed chair and gives Daniel a framework to do art-centered socially engaged projects with the greater community.
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Artists at work making molds. Photo courtesy of Melanie Daniel
The process for Daniel’s collaborative project with 4th graders began with each student constructing plaster hands using an alginate mold (a type of slime that hardens and can be filled with plaster or other material). The molds captured the precise details of each student’s hand, which resulted in a highly personalized sculpture. Later in the year, the students sculpted clay objects that represented a living entity in the world they wanted to protect (i.e. flora, fauna, geological formations, insects, etc.). The object that the students created sit in the palm of the hand, as if the molds of the students hands are nurturing and safeguarding the object. The hands are currently installed in the gallery at the Alexander Calder Art Center‘s Pandos Gallery at GVSU, where they are aligned in a row, providing a symbolic wall of hope. The exhibition is titled Offering.
Daniel and the students also compiled an accompanying catalogue consisting of drawings of their chosen objects and a short paragraph of why they chose that object and the significance it has to them. The students’ drawings and written responses are highly effective and while many have a humorous tone, the overarching theme is one of loss, when recognizing that perhaps some or all of these entities will no longer exist in the future. According to Daniel, the students asked poignant questions while they were working such as: “how will (future) kids know what a snake really looks like when it moves if it is extinct?”
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Student’s sculptures (installation shot). Photo courtesy of Melanie Daniel
The project has been beneficial for both the students, as well as Daniel herself. Through thinking about current issues, communicating unique ideas and making art, they developed a sense of stewardship for their surroundings. The installation reflects how the students exhibited empathy and made serious connections between their generation’s actions and the natural world. Additionally, they posited some suggestions for maintaining and repairing the world around them. Regarding the experience of working with young creative individuals, Daniel remarks: “Although I teach undergrads, it’s the little kids that blow my mind. They’re less self conscious, more engaged and deeply curious. They also have much better attention spans than their older cohorts and can apply themselves to a new task and utterly lose themselves to it.”
A reason that science and art work well as co-relational subjects in the curriculum, is that both disciplines start with imagination and employ exploration, discoveries and insights through an empirical lens and process. Essential habits of mind that are learned through science and art are: theory testing (hypothesis, inquiry, exploration of materials), flexible purposing (exploring new avenues as research/exploration leads to discoveries) and judgements in the absence of rule (both disciplines seek to break new ground in terms of how we analyze and contextualize natural phenomena).
When visual artists team up with young creative and inquiring minds, the possibilities for innovative results are enormous (as seen in the aforementioned project). One of the ways we can help our natural environment is to focus on individual and communal production methods that cut down on waste and mass consumption. Art can teach us to be sustainable (see: Kallis, 2014) and to create something unique from raw and found materials. Art also challenges us to dream big and produce ethically for the world we would like to see and experience.
References, Notes, Suggested Reading:
Cheskis, A., Marlon, A., Wang, X., Leiserowitz, A. (2018). Americans Support Teaching Children about Global Warming. Yale University. New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.
Kallis, Sharon. 2014. Common Threads: weaving community through collaborative eco-art. British Columbia: New Society Publishers.
WWF. 2018. Living Planet Report – 2018: Aiming Higher. Grooten, M. and Almond, R.E.A.(Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
Artfully Mapping
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Nancy Graves, Untitled #127 (Drawing of the Moon), c.1972, watercolor, gouache and pencil on paper, 30 x 22 1/2 inches. (c) 2019 Nancy Graves Foundation, Inc. / Licensed by VAGA, New York; Courtesy of the Nancy Graves Foundation and Mitchell-Innes & Nash, New York
Nancy Graves’ art explores the connections between art, science, technology and geography. Her early 1970s conceptual paintings and drawings inspired by technological progressions in cartography, such as satellite imagery of the Earth, Moon and Mars, are currently on view at Mitchell-Innes & Nash‘s Chelsea location in New York City through April 6, 2019.
Graves’ compositions featured in the exhibition (titled Mapping), combine the aesthetic qualities of maps with scientific inquiry, in order to investigate both the aesthetic and informative nature of mapping. Her artistic process was akin to the way scientists research data, test theories and utilize technology and matter in revelatory ways. Through combining qualitative and quantitative information, Graves portrays maps as both formal abstractions and figurative representations of human explorations, insights and discoveries.
Graves’ map inspired work prompts us to think about the legibility of information, patterns in nature, and our own personal bias regarding geography and technology. While science is an essential discipline for explaining the world, the arts humanize and intuit the essence of the world in ways that give gravity and symbolic meaning to scientific data.
Nancy Graves, Mars, 1973, acrylic on canvas 4 panels, overall: 96 x 288 inches. (c) 2019 Nancy Graves Foundation, Inc. / Licensed by VAGA, New York; Courtesy of the Nancy Graves Foundation and Mitchell-Innes & Nash, New York
One of the centerpieces in the exhibition is the mural-sized acrylic on canvas painting titled Mars (1973). The painting references NASA satellite imagery of Earth’s planetary neighbor, which was first being made public during the time that she was painting this 24 foot long composition. Graves’ painting reveals the topographic elements of Mars in a fragmented and abstract manner. This recalls the nature of how visual information is sometimes disseminated through arbitrary signals. The artist’s rendering of the satellite image, shows that data can be read both literally and figuratively.
Graves’ work is a perfect example of why STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Math) curricula is important within the educational sphere. With so much focus being put into learning science and technology, it is necessary at times to transcend literal authenticity and think symbolically in terms of our physical and metaphysical connection with the world. Art gives us a platform to incorporate subjectivity into objective knowledge. The inclusion of arts with other disciplines also enables us to develop and implement well rounded characteristics that can increase our ethical, social and emotional well-being. When artists make connections between art and science, they create novel ways of observing and expressing material and impressionistic views of the world. This ability to think and work within and beyond the physical and metaphysical realms can result in a springboard for innovative and empathetic undertakings.
Full STEAM ahead!
Artful Arithmetic
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Jennifer Bartlett, Air: 24 Hours, 5 P.M., 1991-92, oil on canvas. 84 x 84 inches. Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1993. © Jennifer Bartlett
When confronted with a mathematical problem, have you ever thought to yourself ‘if only I could see an image (instead of numbers and symbols), this equation might make more sense?’ If so, then you are someone like me, whose method of learning is more inline with visual-spatial abilities than logical-mathematical modalities (see: Gardner, 1983).
That is not to say that if you are more inclined to perceiving things visually/spatially then you can’t also be logical. In fact, these two ways of thinking and reasoning (along with six other multiple intellegences, explained by Gardner, see: ibid) are actually complimentary to logical reasoning and are both bolstered through artistic engagement.
Through employing the theory of multiple intellegences, learners are empowered to combine and/or hone in on problem solving methods by utilizing one or more of eight modalities. The eight modalities are: musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic.
The systems-centered artwork of Jennifer Bartlett is a great example of how art can combine multiple intellegences in order to arouse responses from a diverse array of viewers, who each bring different abilities and prior knowledge to the viewing experience.
Bartlett’s paintings are inspired by systems based processes, proportions and ratios. She presents these self-imposed mathematical elements via a highly expressive painterly style. For example, within her series titled Air: 24 Hours, Bartlett created twenty four paintings to represent each hour of the day. She arranged her square canvases by painting a grid-based system that always adds up to the number sixty. While she has implemented the structure of a grid, a comment on a trope within Modernist painting, Bartlett contrasts the logical-mathematical system by overlaying imagery and formal elements that are at once absurd, mysterious and intimate. Bartlett makes logical structures more personal by including symbols and vignettes from her personal life. The scenes, while not overtly telling, represent moments and happenings around Bartlett’s house at a specific hour of the day.
Jennifer Bartlett, Squaring: 2; 4; 16; 256; 65,536, 1973-74, Enamel over silkscreen grid on 33 baked enamel on steel plates, 77 inches x 9 feet and 8 inches. Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Purchase, Alex Katz Foundation Gift and Hazen Polsky Foundation Fund, 2018. Photograph by Adam Zucker
Another work of art by Bartlett, which combines mathematical systems with formal aesthetics is the painting Squaring: 2; 4; 16; 256; 65,536 (1973-74). This painting consists of black enamel paint applied over a silkscreen grid on 33 baked enamel on steel plates. The title is a literal description of Bartlett’s self-imposed mathematical formula for cumulatively squaring the number two. The mathematical function was also Bartlett’s artistic process, because for each solution, she composed the precise number of hand-painted dots within the grid to represent the whole numbers: 2, 4, 16, 256 and 65,536. The resulting painting juxtaposes logic with subjectivity. The perspective changes depending on how you view the painting (i.e. from closer up you can clearly see the dots within the grid, but from afar they seemingly amass into an abstract form or blend together into obscurity).
The work of Jennifer Bartlett is an exemplary intermediary between mathematical and aesthetic thinking and doing. Incorporating visual art with mathematical systems is a great way to gain a well-rounded grasp on math formulas, while also expressing a personal element to problem solving, which makes overcoming challenging tasks efficacious and relevant.
References, Notes, Suggested Reading:
Gardner, Howard 1983. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences , New York: Basic Books
Gardner, Howard. 1999. Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York: Basic Books.
Garner, Mary L. ‘The Merging of Art and Mathematics in Surface Substitution on 36 Plates’, in Kirsten Swenson (ed.), In Focus: Surface Substitution on 36 Plates 1972 by Jennifer Bartlett, Tate Research Publication, 2017,, accessed 17 March 2019.
Zucker, Adam. “Differentiation and Multiple Intelligences.” Artfully Learning. 11 Jun. 2018.
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Norby Family History
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Norby Name Meaning
English: habitational name from Norby in Thirsk, North Yorkshire. Swedish (Norrby): habitational name from a farmstead named with norr ‘north’ + by ‘farm’, or an ornamental name formed with the same elements.
Similar surnames: Nordby, Corby, Morby, Hornby, Carby, Nerby, Sorby, Colby, Nord, Newby
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Norby Family Origin
Where is the Norby family from?
Norby Family Occupations
What did your Norby ancestors do for a living?
In 1880, a less common occupation for the Norby family was Farming. Farmer, Cabinet Maker and Carpenter were the top 3 reported jobs worked by Norby. The most common Norby occupation in the USA was Farmer. 67% of Norby's were Farmers.
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Between 1957 and 2004, in the United States, Norby life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1957, and highest in 1988. The average life expectancy for Norby in 1957 was 22, and 82 in 2004.
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5 Treatments for a Pinched Nerve in the Shoulder Blade
Pinched Nerve in the Shoulder Blade
What does a Pinched Nerve in the Shoulder Blade Mean?
Your nerves are surrounded by a mixture of cartilage, muscles, bones, and tendons. Due to how much freedom we have in our motions, it’s not uncommon for a nerve to get a little squashed every now and then.
Unfortunately, a pinched nerve in the shoulder blade is very unpleasant.
The “pins and needles” sensation you feel from resting on your arm is an example of what happens when a nerve is temporarily compressed.In some cases, the pressure on the nerve is more long-term and creates what’s known as a “pinched nerve”. These mainly happen in the shoulder blade area because of how much movement goes on in that area.
Pinched nerve in shoulder blade can range from mild annoyances to crippling impediments to a normal quality of life, so getting them addressed is always important.
Symptoms of a Pinched Nerve in the Shoulder Blade
Due to how signals are transmitted through the body, a pinched nerve in the shoulder can cause symptoms elsewhere in the body. If you are worried that you have a pinched nerve, keep an eye out for the following:
• Pain: Whether it is a burning, throbbing, or shooting pain, a pinched nerve is likely going to cause some form of hurt. This can come from the compressed nerve itself or the muscle spasms that in the shoulder blade sometimes accompany them. The pain from a pinched nerve sometimes seems to be radiating or traveling along one part of the body as well.
• Weakness: Nerves affect how your muscles operate and a pinched nerve will affect your shoulder blades and shoulders in general. You will likely find it difficult to lift objects or even raise your arms over your head. Weaknesses in grip or mobility can affect a single hand or the entire arm, depending on which nerve is affected.
• Tingling: As mentioned above, the pins and needles sensation of a limb having fallen asleep happens when a nerve is compressed. This is called paresthesia and can also be accompanied by numbness along the affected area.
The specific location and frequency of the symptoms will depend on a combination of what is causing the pinching, which nerve is being affected, and how severe the problem is. Symptoms of a pinched nerve in shoulder blade can come in waves, have a more ongoing presence, or simply appear and vanish quickly.
Causes of a Pinched Nerve in the Shoulder Blade
• Swelling or inflammation: Pinched nerves tend to arise when nearby swelling begins to cause compression. Carpal tunnel syndrome for instance occurs when there is a pinched nerve in the wrist area; it can cause the surrounding tendons or ligaments to swell. Swelling and inflammation can also be caused by repetitive stress, poor posture, or illness.
• Injury: The nerves around the shoulder blades can become pinched between bone spurs around your spinal discs. Bone spurs are little outgrowths of bone that grow on top of normal bone, but they can also occur naturally as the spine compresses while we age.
• Illness: Lupus, diabetes, arthritis, hyperthyroidism, and many other conditions can trigger swelling in your joints and result in a pinched nerve. Obstructions like cysts or tumors can also play a part in this.
• Posture: Poor posture and weight distribution can put undue pressure on the nerves in your shoulder blade. This can be attributed to posture habits, pregnancy, obesity, and even having large breasts.
How to Treat Symptoms of a Pinched Nerve in the Shoulder Blade
Once you have gotten confirmation from a medical professional that you have a pinched nerve in the shoulder blade, the next step is finding a way to treat it. This usually calls for treating the underlying cause, if any, but there are also steps that can be taken to mitigate the symptoms:
1. Get enough rest: At the most basic level, resting is a direct means of easing the pain caused by a pinched shoulder nerve. Generally speaking, you will want to avoid moving the affected arm or your neck when possible. Modifying your sleeping posture may also be advised, but it will depend on the exact nerve in question.
2. Use a traction collar: Depending on the nerve, you may end up wearing a traction collar to help keep your neck immobile. The physician who makes the diagnoses will be able to provide more tailored advice.
3. Hot and cold therapy: Compresses can also be used to soothe swelling and inflammation. Apply a hot compress on the site for around fifteen minutes and then swap to a cold compress for another fifteen minutes. Repeat as needed until the area feels better.
4. Over-the-counter painkillers: As with many medical problems, drugs can help as well. Specifically non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS) or painkillers in either over-the-counter or prescription form.
5. Honey and cinnamon paste: If you want to try a natural remedy, you can also make a paste of honey and cinnamon to apply to the shoulder area. Let it sit for around ten minutes before washing it off.
Exercises for Pinched Shoulder Nerves
Physical therapy is also an option to treat a pinched nerve in the shoulder blade. A physical therapist can work you through exercises designed to strengthen the muscles and relieve pressure.
They can also offer advice on how to modify your everyday activities to avoid further triggering the nerve. Two quick examples of possible exercises they can suggest for pinched nerve in shoulder blade:
• The pendulum: Lie down on the bed and let one arm hang over the side. Slowly swing it back and forth. This may trigger pain, but bear it if you can. Increase your speed as the pain subsides and continue for 30 seconds to a full minute. As you perform the exercise over several days, try to increase your endurance time.
• Arm circles: Stand in an open area and extend your arms with hands outstretched so you are making a T with the floor. Begin to rotate your arms in small circles for about ten seconds, and then stop and repeat in the opposite direction. Two sets of ten seconds on each arm is a good goal.
Just because your nerve is getting trapped doesn’t mean you have to be. If you have a pinched nerve in shoulder blade, speak to your doctor about ways you can be treated and improve your quality of life.
Read More :
Sources for Today’s Article:
“Pinched Nerve in Shoulder Blade: Causes and Treatments,” New Health Advisor web site, http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Pinched-Nerve-Shoulder-Blade.html, last accessed November 26, 2015.
“Pinched Nerve,” Mayo Clinic web site, January 2, 2014; http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinched-nerve/basics/definition/con-20029601.
Roland, J., “Is a Pinched Nerve Causing Your Shoulder Pain?” Healthline web site, January 21, 2015; http://www.healthline.com/health/pinched-nerve-shoulder-pain#Overview1.
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Macbeth: Blood Imagery
Macbeth is William Shakespeare's truest depiction of blood imagery. The play uses the image of blood to show scenes of horrible acts of violence. Macbeth is portrayed as the archetype of a power hungry tyrant whose thirst for power destroys many lives. Blood also shows how a person's greed can cause one to lose control and ultimately perish because of his ambition. The image of blood creates an atmosphere of violence, portrays Macbeth as a power hungry tyrant, and proves the theme that greed and ambition will lead to one's downfall. .
Scenes of blood depicting violence cover the entire play. The play opens in an actual war, where men are killing each other and blood is being shed. A sergeant shouts out in the first few passages, "which smok"d with bloody execution," referring to Macbeth because his sword is hot with the blood of the enemy. (I, 2, 18) The very first scene Macbeth is mentioned he is described as a great war hero. He is an accomplished general with a thirst for killing. He even kills Macdonwald by, "unseaming him from the nave to the chops" (I, 2, 22). The rest of the play depicts scenes of blood through violence, murders, battles, and it all culminates with the final scene when Macbeth's head is chopped straight off by Macduff. He gains fame because of his ability to fight and his war prowess. The fact that his popularity is earned by fighting shows just how violent he really is. Macbeth's murder of Duncan shows blood imagery through violence once again. He spills so much of Duncan's blood that, "their daggers unmannerly .
Patel 2.
breeched with gore" (II, 3, 110). The quote simply means the blood had actually stained .
the daggers completely red. He then says that his hands are so red from Duncan's blood that he could stain a green ocean completely green. Montagu is quoted as saying, "the most stirring image of violence is Macbeth's description of himself wading in a river of blood, the picture of him gazing, rigid with horror at his own bloodstained hand and watching it dye the whole green ocean red" (173).
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The Three Mile Island 1 nuclear power plant in Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania is slated for premature closure because it cannot compete in the warped energy markets that favor natural gas and heavily subsidized renewables. Even though it operates at almost 100% capacity under any conditions at low cost, just not as low as gas.
Natural Gas, the darling energy source of the millennia, has decided it needs to take down its biggest competitor – nuclear power.
The American Petroleum Institute has flooded the airwaves in Ohio and Pennsylvania with anti-nuke commercials by pushing fear – fear of higher prices and fear of radiation. Just the opposite of what is true.
This is ironic since the natural gas industry emits more radioactivity than all of nuclear in America combined. And more people die every year from natural gas than any other electricity source except coal.
The Issue
The issue in these states is that warped wholesale electricity markets, renewable subsidies and cheap natural gas from hydraulic fracturing (fracing) have made low-cost nuclear power just not low enough for short-term profitability, putting some nuclear plants at risk of closing. Several have already closed and six more are scheduled to close in the next ten years.
Most climate scientists, like Jim Hansen, and economists say that a small subsidy, much smaller than renewables get, is necessary to keep these plants open and preserve both the low-carbon power and the generation diversity needed to weather changes in the market and in the climate. During the last Polar Vortex, nuclear was the only source unaffected by the extreme cold. And nuclear costs are stable and predictable for decades, unlike natural gas or renewables.
The trend has power regulators worried, with those in New York and Illinois recently approving subsidies to keep their nuclear fleets operating, saving thousands of high-paying jobs and most of the states’ clean energy. The regulators and utility operators know how important energy diversity and baseload power are to the stability of the electric grid. This is an esoteric concept that most people do not understand, yet it rules their daily energy lives.
A new article for Scientific American points to the overwhelming evidence that saving nuclear plants is the most environmentally significant and cost-effective thing that governors can do for their states.
API does not want any help to go to nuclear, which it sees as a competitor, and a hurdle to their plan for natural gas rising to 80% of electricity generation in these markets. They want to capture this monopoly quickly before natural gas prices rise after America links to the global market in the next several years.
The gas industry is frantically building liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities and coastal terminals in order to enter the global market, which should increase natural gas prices in the United States by between 50% and 100%. They want to stop nuclear since the lead times for nuclear builds or even relicensing are so long, that the nuclear industry may not be able recover after gas prices increase, and consumers will be stuck with higher electricity prices for decades.
Gas is perfectly positioned for this takeover since the wholesale markets in these states were changed in the last twenty years such that natural gas became the most desirable source after 2007.
The natural gas industry actually admitted in court (personal communications from the PA State Legislature) that helping nuclear will rob the gas industry of $600 million in profits per year that would come from consumers. Keeping nuclear open would only cost $200 million per year, a clear benefit to the citizens of Pennsylvania and Ohio.
API is calling this legislative help for nuclear a ‘nuclear bailout’ – which it is not.
These plans do not involve subsidies. Nuclear plants get paid by electric customers at a cost-based rate approved by state public commissions. There is no taxpayer funding. The plan effectively makes them public utilities.
Map of premature closings of nuclear power plants.
The Details
Electric customers pay a rate that blends the costs from all generation sources, which is the way it was before deregulation and the emergence of non-utility generators, mostly natural gas. For decades, natural gas generation was by far the highest price generation source but consumers never paid its high costs because they were blended with low cost nuclear. That was not a subsidy for gas generation and these new plans to preserve nuclear are not a subsidy or a bailout either.
Unfortunately, the gas industry’s strategy of misinformation seems to be working. Efforts by the utility First Energy to get Ohio legislators to create new regulations enacting zero emission credits (ZECs) for the Davis-Besse and Perry nuclear power plants have stalled out according to news media reports.
Exelon Vice President Joseph Dominguez said in testimony to the Ohio Senate’s Public Utilities Committee on June 1 that six nuclear reactors in five states have shut down and another seven nuclear reactors will shut down prematurely by 2019. This is a result of electricity markets not properly valuing the benefits of baseload electricity.
Nuclear power produces over 68% of America’s low-carbon power. Non-hydro renewables produce less than 10%. If these nuclear power plants are lost, it will wipe out more low-carbon generation than all the power produced by wind, solar and geothermal in America.
Another reason that legislators are gun shy about calling for a vote on this issue is the intensity of the opposition. In addition to industry, consumer groups and interest groups, like the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), mobilized to stop the proposal.
The overall push to stop nuclear is led by the Citizens Against Nuclear Bailouts, an anti-nuclear group made up of organizations like the Pennsylvania Independent Oil and Gas Association, AARP, the Marcellus Shale Coalition and the Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association. However, the only organization in this group that one would think of as a citizens’ group is AARP.
AARP’s efforts called ZECs a ‘subsidy designed to prop up a failed business model.’ Funny how they don’t mind an even more failed business model for renewables which are more expensive than nuclear, and require both higher subsidies and natural gas plants to back them up, negating much of their low-carbon claim.
But the fear-mongering about radiation and safety is truly fake news at its worst. Whenever radioactive emissions come up in discussions of nuclear power, scientists always point out that the mining, drilling and burning of fossil fuels emit much more radiation in total than nuclear energy does.
And that’s true. Radioactive materials are common in fossil fuel deposits like natural gas, including uranium (both U-238 and U-235), thorium (Th-232), potassium (K-40), radon (Rn-222) and radium (Ra-226). This last one is the hottest and has a 1,600 year half-life. It’s release through fracing has been the subject of many studies and regulations.
But even though these levels from natural gas exploration and development are higher than in the nuclear industry, there is still no reason to be afraid. Just like there’s no reason to be afraid of radiation from nuclear power, there’s no big reason to be afraid of radiation from natural gas.
It’s just the hypocrisy of the gas industry that’s annoying.
But with regard to safety and accidents, that’s a different story. The deathprint of different power sources is fascinating. Coal is far and away the most deadly from a public health perspective, killing over 10,000 Americans a year, and well over 300,000 Chinese a year since China doesn’t have a Clean Air Act like we do. Natural gas only kills about a thousand, so that’s pretty good.
Nuclear kills only one person every decade, and that’s from ordinary things like falling off a ladder. There has never been a death resulting from radiation in the history of the commercial nuclear industry.
Since 2000, there have been over 200 natural gas pipeline and facility explosions, ruptures or leaks that have killed dozens of people, destroyed many facilities and homes, and led to serious population evacuations.
And thanks to fracing for natural gas, earthquake hazards in parts of Oklahoma are now comparable to California. The United States Geological Survey has produced a seismic hazard forecast for the central and eastern United States showing a 5% to 17% chance of significant damage to homes and structures each year for areas of Oklahoma and Kansas where fracking occurs.
There have been no explosions or serious accidents involving nuclear reactors ever in America. Three Mile Island way back in 1979 was a stuck valve that resulted in no environmental or health effects. Radiation was completely contained onsite. Only two people have died in the nuclear industry since 2000, one falling from a height and one killed when a hoist assembly failed and crushed a worker. Since 2000, over 50 people have died from similar falls in the wind industry.
And nuclear power does not cause earthquakes.
Along with fear of death and destruction, API is pushing the economic angle as well, saying that closing nuclear plants would save money for consumers.
But every other study about closing nuclear plants prematurely shows just the opposite. The Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology published a new study which found that saving nuclear would come at a cost of $4-7/MWh on average in these markets, which is much lower than the cost of subsidizing wind power, which is about $23/MWh.
A study from the Brattle Group shows that losing Ohio’s nuclear plants would cost taxpayers $177 in higher electricity bills each year.
Another study showed even more negative impacts from prematurely closing nuclear plants. If Byron, Clinton and Quad Cities nuclear plants in Illinois close prematurely, this analysis found that the initial output losses to Illinois would be $3.6 billion. The output losses would increase annually and, by 2030, would reach $4.8 billion. Losses in revenue and jobs would reverberate for decades after the premature plant closures, and host communities would probably never fully recover.
A Berkeley study evaluated the abrupt closure of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) in 2012, showing that the lost generation from SONGS was met largely by increased in-state natural gas generation. In the twelve months following the closure, they found that the SONGS closure increased generation costs at other plants by $350 million, almost all of it from increased natural gas use.
The closure also created binding transmission constraints, causing short-run inefficiencies and allowing manipulations of the market, making it more profitable for certain plants to act non-competitively, again mainly natural gas. The closure also wiped out most of the low-carbon gains from all California’s renewables, not that the oil and gas industry cares much about global warming.
Natural gas results in more carbon dioxide emissions in the U.S. than coal does, so it’s always surprising that the same people who claim to care about the planet want gas over nuclear.
The problem is anyone can just make up stuff to feed to the news agencies and the public since nuclear science is basically unknown to everyone but a few scientists. Who even knows how a nuclear plant works? Or what a picoCurie is? Or that potato chips are the most radioactive food? Or the difference between nuclear weapons and commercial nuclear power?
In the absence of understanding, anything goes. And fear and disaster sells. Because nuclear weapons have figured so important in our history, and looms again in the guise of North Korea, you would think nuclear science would have been basic curricula in high school since WWII.
But it hasn’t. Instead, fear, misunderstanding and outright lies have been the nuclear diet for America over the last 40 years.
And the gas industry is serving it up in heaps.
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--noun (singular: official; plural: officials)
1. someone who administers the rules of a game or sport.
• "The golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling."
2. functionary: a worker who holds or is invested with an office.
3. having official authority or sanction.
• "Official permission."
4. of or relating to an office.
• "Official privileges."
5. verified officially.
• "The election returns are now official."
6. conforming to set usage, procedure, or discipline.
7. of a church given official status as a national or state institution.
c.1250, from Latin officialis "attendant to a magistrate, public official", noun use of officialis (adj.) "of or belonging to duty, service, or office", from officium (see office). Meaning "person in charge of some public work or duty" first recorded 1555. The adj. is 14c., from Old French oficial, from Latin officialis.
An official is someone who holds an office in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority.
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Menstrual Disorder - Know The Different Possible Reasons Behind It!
Written and reviewed by
Dr. Nidhi Aggarwal 92% (17 ratings)
MBBS, DNB - Obstetrics and Gynecology, MNAMS - General Surgery
Gynaecologist, Delhi
Menstrual Disorder - Know The Different Possible Reasons Behind It!
Each woman has her own menstrual cycle pattern. Some women have almost same menstrual cycles that begin and end almost in a synchronized manner with little problem, but some women face various difficulties in menstruation period due to major fluctuations. Although minor fluctuations usually occur but there is a medical condition called menstrual disorder which is characterized by some peculiar signs and symptoms.
The menstrual disorder is actually diagnosed when a woman is facing a problem of irregular periods along with profoundly painful cramps, premenstrual syndrome, abnormally high bleeding and missing their menstrual cycles very often.
There can be different causes due to which menstrual disorder occur which are listed as following:
1. There can be certain problems associated with ovulation in females
2. There can be abnormal secretion of hormones which can cause imbalance in hormonal levels
3. There can be genetic link to this disorder such as abnormality in chromosomes or genes
4. There can be clotting issues
5. Stressful situations cause a major effect in regulation of menstrual cycles. The more the women feel stressful, the more irregularities in menstrual cycles are observed.
6. MenstrualThyroid problems and eating disorders are also associated with menstrual disorder.
Menstrual disorder is not only about heavy bleeding but in certain condition, there could be be no bleeding at all. This condition is called as amenorrhea. It is usually diagnosed when a girl does not get her periods even after 16 years of age. It can occur due to hyperthyroidism, cysts in ovaries, not controlling birth frequencies, pregnancy, recurrent pregnancy loss, eating disorders etc.
Hence, to diagnose this medical condition, the affected female should immediately contact the gynecologist. The doctor can speculate the symptoms and for how long they are persisting. The gynecologist may conduct a pelvic exam in order to ensure if there is any inflammation in the vagina or cervix region. The blood tests can also determine the hormonal imbalances. The possibility of cancer in cervical region can be checked by conducting Pap smear test. In order to diagnose the additional menstrual disorder, the gynecologist or the respective medical healthcare provider may conduct additional tests such as endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy and ultrasound.
Once the diagnosis is performed, the treatment can be given maybe in terms of medicines or other alternatives to treat this problem effectively. Make sure that certain irregularities in periods are completely normal, but as soon as you may see the menstrual cycle patterns going abnormally for persistently more extended periods of time, then you should immediately contact your healthcare practitioner. In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!
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Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):90-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08786. Epub 2010 Feb 21.
Metabolic streamlining in an open-ocean nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium.
Author information
Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
Nitrogen (N(2))-fixing marine cyanobacteria are an important source of fixed inorganic nitrogen that supports oceanic primary productivity and carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. A globally distributed, periodically abundant N(2)-fixing marine cyanobacterium, UCYN-A, was recently found to lack the oxygen-producing photosystem II complex of the photosynthetic apparatus, indicating a novel metabolism, but remains uncultivated. Here we show, from metabolic reconstructions inferred from the assembly of the complete UCYN-A genome using massively parallel pyrosequencing of paired-end reads, that UCYN-A has a photofermentative metabolism and is dependent on other organisms for essential compounds. We found that UCYN-A lacks a number of major metabolic pathways including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but retains sufficient electron transport capacity to generate energy and reducing power from light. Unexpectedly, UCYN-A has a reduced genome (1.44 megabases) that is structurally similar to many chloroplasts and some bacteria, in that it contains inverted repeats of ribosomal RNA operons. The lack of biosynthetic pathways for several amino acids and purines suggests that this organism depends on other organisms, either in close association or in symbiosis, for critical nutrients. However, size fractionation experiments using natural populations have so far not provided evidence of a symbiotic association with another microorganism. The UCYN-A cyanobacterium is a paradox in evolution and adaptation to the marine environment, and is an example of the tight metabolic coupling between microorganisms in oligotrophic oceanic microbial communities.
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International migration lesson 6
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International migration lesson 6
1. 1. International Migration Lesson 6
2. 2. International Migration• The movement of people across national borders, such as between Germany and Poland.• Immigrant – movers into a country• Emigrants – the people moving out of a country
3. 3. Two main reasons:• The receiving countries prefer high skilled immigrants• The influence of multinational companies, as they expands, develops their own internal markets for skilled migrants. Big companies want freedom to shift employees from country to country as demand requires.
4. 4. Advantages Disadvantages • A reduction in • Brain drain - losing your unemployment as more most educated and jobs become available skilled workers. • Remittances are sent home • A shortage of workers, from migrants living abroad especially during SOURCE periods of harvestCOUNTRY • Migrants may return home with new skills • An increase in the(LOSING) dependency ratio as • Increased political ties with economically active migrants host country migrate • Reduced pressure on • Separation of families. education and healthcare This may include system children losing one or both of their parents • Reduction in BR and TFR as many migrants are in the • Creates dependency on reproductive age range remittances
5. 5. Advantages Disadvantages • Brain gain - Receiving • There may be an increase in educated and skilled workers. racial tensions between newly arrived migrants and local population • As well as trained migrants there will be as source of •The increased population will cause greater pollution and HOST cheap migrants (low paid) to fill overcrowdingCOUNTRY manual jobs.(RECEIVING) •There may be a rise in •There will be increased cultural unemployment when migrants diversity as migrants arrive with accept lower paid positions, their own culture of food, making more of the local population unemployed. dance, language, etc. •There will be an increase pressure •Growth of local market with on services. This may include increase of population schools and hospitals, but also electricity and water supply. If migrants are legal, then an increase in tax revenues for the •Growth of black market and government informal economy if migrants are
6. 6. Case Study: International voluntary migrationGERMANY: Turkish migrant workers
7. 7. Sakaltutan – Central Turkey• A village of 900 inhabitants• A poor isolated settlement dependent upon agriculture• High BR and limited resources – overpopulated• Too many males to work• The demand for craftsmen was limited
8. 8. Pforzheim industrial town in Germany• An industrial town near Stuttgart• Extra labour needed was obtained• Many of the ‘guest workers’ (initially in agriculture / farmers) turned to relatively better paid jobs in factories & construction
9. 9. Migration - Mexico to the USA
10. 10. What is the situation?• There is a 2000km border between USA and Mexico.• 1 million + Mexicans migrate to the USA every year.• Illegal migration is a huge problem for USA and Mexico• US Border Patrol guard the border and try to prevent illegal immigrants• 850,000 were caught in 1995 and were deported
11. 11. Push Factors Pull FactorsPoor medical facilities - 1800 Excellent medical facilities -per doctor 400 per doctor Well paid jobs - GNP =Low paid jobs - (GNP = $24,750)$3750) Adult literacy rates 99% -Adult literacy rates 55% - good education prospectspoor education Life expectancy 76 yrsProspects Many jobs available for lowLife expectancy 72 yrs paid workers such as Mexicans40% Unemployed
12. 12. What are the impacts on the USA• Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons• Mexicans are seen as a drain on the USA economy• Migrant workers keep wages low which affects Americans• They cause problems in cities due cultural and racial issues• Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages• Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music• The incidents of TB has been increasing greatly due to the increased migration
13. 13. What are the impacts on Mexico?• The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people• Many men emigrate leaving a majority of women who have trouble finding marraige partners• Young people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very young• Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico• Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants
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Chapter 20
1. Ho Chi Minh The Communist Leader of North Vietnam
2. domino theory the idea that if Vietnam falled to Communism, its closest neighbors would follow
3. Dien Bien Phi a military base in northwest Vietnam
4. SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Created to prevent the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia
6. VietCong NLF (National Liberation Front) guerilla fighters, hid among civilians working with NVA
7. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution the resolution authorized the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack
8. William Westmoreland the American commander in South Vietnam
9. napalm jellied gasoline which was dropped in large canisters that created an explosion of fire on impact
10. hawk those who supported the war
11. dove Those who protested Johnson's war policies and the war in vietnam
12. draftee young men drafted into military service via the draft
13. SDS-Students for a Democatic Society formed to campeign against racism and poverty
14. "credibility gap" the American public's growing distrust of statements made by the US government.
15. Tet Offensive a coordinated assault on 36 provincial capitals and 5 major cities during a "cease fire" during the Vietnamese new year of Tet
16. Eugene McCarthy the antiwar candidate for Democratic party
17. Robert Kennedy democratic senator brother of JFK
18. Vietnamization gradual withdraw of U.S forces whilst training and arming the soldiers of the South Vietnamese Army
19. Kent State University School in Ohio-threw rocks and bottles at member of the National Guard
20. My Lai village
21. Pentagon papers classified gov. history
22. Paris peace accords US, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong
23. War Powers act resticted president's war-making powers
24. Henry Kissinger Nixon's leading advisor on national security and international affairs.
25. realpolitik german word meaning real politics
26. Zhou Enlai Premier of China
27. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty froze the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missles
28. detente replaced diplomatic efforts based on suspicion and distrust
NVA North Vietnamese army
Draft The Lottery system in which people were inducted into the armed forces
SVA South Vietnamese Army
President Dien unpopular ruler of South Vietnam
Created by: steelek
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Thursday, 30 May 2019
Canada and Mexico Begin USMCA Ratification
Written by
Both Canada’s and Mexico’s executive branches have formally begun the process of asking their country’s legislative bodies to ratify the USMCA.
On Wednesday, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland presented a “ways and means” motion to the House of Commons in Canada’s Parliament that allowed for Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to introduce bill C-100, “An Act to implement the Agreement between Canada, the United States of America and the United Mexican States” (otherwise known as the “CUSMA Implementation Act”). The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) is the Canadian government’s official name for the USMCA.
Canada’s CUSMA Implementation Act, much like the anticipated USMCA Implementation Act that is expected to be introduced in the U.S. Congress, sets out changes required to be made to Canadian federal law and regulations in order for the new trade accord to go into effect. This includes repealing provisions of existing Canadian laws and regulations regarding the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and replacing them with new updated provisions for CUSMA/USMCA. Once the CUSMA Implementation Act receives Royal Assent, it will become Canadian law.
The next morning, Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) announced in a news conference that later today (Thursday) he was going to summon Mexican senators for an extraordinary session and officially send them to the text of the USMCA to begin ratification.
Whereas Canada’s name for the USMCA is CUSMA, the Mexican government calls it the Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC), which is Spanish for the Mexico-United States-and-Canada Treaty. Since Mexico regards it as a treaty, it only requires a simple majority approval from the country’s upper legislative chamber, the Senate of the Republic, in order to be ratified.
“Today the respective information will be sent, so that the Senate of the Republic ratifies the free trade treaty with the United States and Canada. It is the procedure that remains to be done, the ratification of the Senate, and in a respectful manner, because it is an independent, autonomous power [of the Senate], [it should] consider convening for an extraordinary period for its approval,” AMLO said.
In his remarks, AMLO also praised the USMCA for the amount of investments and high-paying jobs it will bring to Mexico.
With Canada and Mexico officially starting the process for their respective ratifications of the USMCA, it will likely not be long before a USMCA Implementation Act is introduced in Congress. However, the USMCA is much more than a simple agreement for “free trade” between three countries; it is the architecture for the regional and economic integration of North America, similar to the early trade deals and treaties in Europe that gradually morphed into the supranational European Union of today.
When the leaders of all three countries signed the USMCA/CUSMA/T-MEC in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on November 30, 2018, then-President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico emphasized how it would consolidate the economic integration of the continent: “The renegotiation of the new trade agreement sought to safeguard the vision of an integrated North America, the conviction that together we are stronger and more competitive.... The Mexico-United States-and-Canada Treaty gives a renewed face toward our integration.”
Jobs are just the tip of the iceberg of what the United States stands to lose. If the USMCA/CUSMA/T-MEC is ratified by all three countries, the United States, along with Canada and Mexico, face losing their national sovereignty to a supranational regional order on the road to world government. A country may always rebound from a bad economy, but it cannot recover from its loss of sovereignty.
Image: Ruskpp via iStock / Getty Images Plus
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Is Your City Lowering Your Kid's IQ?
This winter, many metropolitan cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Lucknow are grappling with air pollution. These cities have made their way to the WHO’s most polluted cities in the world list because of increased levels of air pollutants. We are all aware that air pollution can have adverse effects on our health but did you know that it could be affecting the intelligence levels of kids too? A recent UNICEF report says that air pollution can cause irrevocable damage to young children’s brains. This includes lowering IQ levels, loss of memory, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (A chronic condition where kids have difficulty paying attention, and are hyperactive and impulsive) and developmental delays.
In fact, air pollution can show it’s wrath on unborn babies too. A study published by the Journal of Pediatrics linked certain birth defects like cleft lip, abnormal heart valve and so on to pregnant moms being exposed to severe air pollution at the time of conception. Babies born to women who spend a lot of time in toxic environments also have an increased risk of being underweight or being born preterm. It also affects the developing brain of a fetus which could have an influence on the psychological behaviour of the children as they grow up.
Most of our brain development happens in the first 1000 days of our life which approximately translates to 3 years. So, kids under the age of 3 are highly susceptible to brain damage due to the toxins present in the air. A study done by UNICEF suggests that the IQ levels of kids drop by 4 points by the time they turn 5 and exposure to air pollution is a major contributing factor towards it. Because of reduced lung capacity, children tend to breathe more often and rapidly, not just with their noses but with their mouths too, which means that the amount of pollutants they inhale is higher than that of what adults breathe in.
A major air pollutant, PM 2.5 is a particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less, these small and fine particles can travel into the respiratory tract and lodge themselves in the lungs. They can be found in the exhaust of vehicles and gases that are emitted from burning of wood, oil, coal or other natural sources.
A UNICEF report claims that these particles can also enter the bloodstream and travel all the way to the brain. A thin membrane called as a blood-brain barrier which is known to protect the brain from harmful and toxic substances is damaged because of PM 2.5 particles. This causes neuroinflammation which is linked to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
A recent air quality check done in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and other metropolitan cities revealed that PM 2.5 levels ranged between 400 and 500 levels which is 10 times the safe limit. During the few days that followed Diwali, the air quality even reached as high as 40 times the WHO (World Health Organization) prescribed grade limit.
Magnetite nanoparticle is another air pollutant which consists of magnetically-charged dust particles that enter the body through the olfactory nerve and affect the human brain. This is extremely toxic for developing brains and is linked to the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS could potentially cause neurodegenerative disorders.
Almost 17 million babies worldwide live in highly polluted and toxic environments. Due to the pollutants, the air we breathe is taking years off our life.
Keeping your child enclosed indoors is not a viable option either because the air in your house is more polluted than you think. In fact, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that indoor air quality can be 10 times worse than outdoor air quality. The toxic chemicals present in the paints, ceilings, floor tiles and the smoke that is emitted from cooking, using gas heaters and stoves, all contribute to indoor air pollution. The polluted air from outdoors can also enter your house through creaks in the walls, floors and open doors and windows.
Although air pollution is a thing of concern, there are certain things like keeping your house clean and dust-free, strictly following the no-smoking rule inside the house and using lead-free paint which can reduce indoor air pollution. The best solution to make sure your family breathes healthy is to get an air purifier which filters out the pollutants present in the air and can drastically improve the air quality in your house.
Tinystep recommends Dr. Aeroguard air purifiers which are certified by world-renowned German ‘Gui Lab’ and are equipped with a 9-stage filtration process including active-HEPA filter, anti-allergen and anti-dust filter that will not only get rid of the contaminants but also infuse the goodness of Vitamin C in the air. The vita-ions and diatoms that are released by these purifiers help in keeping the air healthy and refreshing to breathe. Click here to get a free home demo right now and experience clean, healthy air in the comfort of your home. You can buy Dr. Aeroguard air purifier right here!
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Importance of Hip Mobility
The hip is effectively a ball and socket joint that allows the upper leg to move front to back, side to side – the movements of the hip are very extensive. The ball-and-socket anatomy also gives you the ability to rotate and to move forward but not backward.
Because the hip joint is more stable than mobile, it’s more prone to fracture than dislocation and is a common health problem associated with aging.
Restoring hip mobility will help in several areas. It should reduce or eliminate lower back and knee pain stemming from overcompension. It should improve your power output by allowing you to fully engage your posterior chain in training exercises, while making them safer.
Hip Anatomy
The pelvis is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the centre and expanded above and below. It consists of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Femur The socket, acetabulum, is situated on the outer surface of the bone and joins to the head of the femur to form the hip joint. The femur is the longest bone in the skeleton. It joins to the pelvis, acetabulum, to form the hip joint. The upper part is composed of the Femoral head, Femoral neck, and Greater and Lesser Trochanters
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Why People Think Gardens Are A Good Idea
The Different Types Of Hydroponic Systems And Their Parts
Agriculture is one of the main activities that is practised by many people either directly in the farms or indirectly through the processing and manufacturing of different agricultural products in factories. Agriculture is considered to be the base of most economies with different products which are grown used for local consumption or export activities. Many countries that are established and developed have a firm agricultural base which tends to meet the needs of various individuals in those economies. Some economies may specialize in various forms of agriculture depending on the resources that are available within those economies. Since different plants grow in different climatic conditions and soils, it is very important to reconsider the type of agricultural practice that you want to carry out. Hydroponics is one of the most trending economic activity that has been adapted and practised by most economies with the aid of technology.
Hydroponics is generally a subset of hydroculture which involves the growing of plants using different mineral nutrient solutions that are found in water solvents without the use of soil. Various terrestrial plants may be grown with the their roots being exposed to the solution. The nutrients which are used in hydroponics are from normal nutrients, duck manure or fish waste. Some of the basic parts that you will require in order to build the different hydroponic systems are growing chambers, reservoirs, submersible pump, simple timers, air pumps, delivery systems and grow lights. The main types of Hydroponic systems which are commonly used are; the Nutrient Film Technique, water culture, wick system, drip system, Aeroponics and ebb-flow.
Aeroponics as a type of hydroponics generally involves the process of keeping roots of various terrestrial plants in environments which are saturated with some drops of various nutrient solutions. Aeroponics does not need a substrate since it basically entails the growing of different plants while suspending their roots in different deep air or growth chambers. The main advantage of this process is excellent aeration.
Ebb-flow systems can be rated as some of the most common hydroponic systems that can be done at home. This type of system is easy to construct and can be built using any material that might be laying around. The drip system is the most common type of hydroponic system used by many farmers around the world. It is an easy concept that only requires few parts yet very effective and versatile. In this system, you will be required to drip different nutrient solutions on plant roots with an aim of keeping them moist.
Hydroponics can be rated as one of the best agricultural practices used by many farmers in the world. It is one of the most widely spread type of agriculture that basically uses different mineral nutrient solutions that emanate from water solutions.
Recommended reference: http://www.diligentgardener.co.uk/
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mc梦梦qq :曹林：“贪官高度紧张”背后是心理较量
文章来源：中国科学报 发布时间：2019-08-19 01:07:42 【字号： 】
In 2010, archaeologists Wu Xiujie and Liu Wu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences published a review of hominid archaeological finds in China dating back to the 1970s. They argued that several discoveries - including human teeth found in the Zhiren Cave in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region - indicate that modern humans existed in China around 100,000 years ago.
“It was very clearly a human finger bone - it was instant excitement,” said Groucutt. The bone was found near fossils of hippos and buffalos, suggesting the now arid area was once a vast wetland.
The House of Lords is currently debating Prime Minister Theresa May's European Union withdrawal bill, the legislation needed to end Britain's membership of the bloc after more than 40 years.
Once again, however, the findings were met with skepticism. The stalagmite used for dating was a short distance from the fossils, and some argued that the area could have been disturbed by geological processes.
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HID lamps and an Eco-Friendly Motor Industry
projector-lamps-with-hid-250x250The motor industry has had a huge contribution to global warming through the past years not only because of the emissions let out into the atmosphere by cars they have manufactured but also because of the way they have manufactured the vehicles in factories and the parts used to make them.
The motor industry has however made some big changes in recent years to become more environmentally friendly, for example: the process of making motor vehicles is slowly changing, as well as the type of materials used to manufacture them so as to lower the negative emissions let out into the atmosphere. Some of these changes include using biodegradable materials for the interiors of vehicles, using recyclable tyres and using more environmentally friendly fuels. All of these means of lowering emissions are some of the more obvious ways in which the motor industry has been going “green” but what about the other ways in which the motor industry has contributed to the drive of going “greener”? Sometimes even the smallest change can make a big difference when it comes to going “green” and one of those are lighting. Has it ever occurred to you that your car’s headlamps could also have an effect on the environment?
“…Two factors limited the widespread use of electric headlamps: the short life of filaments in the harsh automotive environment, and the difficulty of producing dynamos small enough, yet powerful enough to produce sufficient current to fuel the new lamps invented by Thomas Edison in 1879.” – source: About.com
One of the most popular eco-friendly headlamps used for cars are HID (High-Intensity Discharge) headlamps. 8008They have a white light produced by an electrical discharge and have greater effectiveness and efficiency while not having to use filaments. This makes it environmentally friendly but also more durable as it can withstand vibration when the vehicle is being driven. It also means that HIDs last longer, almost three times longer depending on use and uses 24% less power, resulting in great efficiency and lower greenhouse-gas emissions!
Other than the fact that these headlamps are great for the environment, they are also very efficient for drivers as they produce up to three times the brightness and a wider coverage than other headlamps resulting in clearer vision for the driver.
The motor industry has made many sustainable changes, big and small. This goes to show that even the smallest change can make a huge difference in saving our planet. So, if you feel you do not have the capacity to change your car into a more eco-friendly one, think again. There are some small changes you can make too…
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Health: Sweat and Tears Communicate Emotions
We all know our blood is the life of our body. It is kept within specific levels and having healthy blood is critical to overall health. But do you just consider sweat and tears to be just random fluids leaving your body for different reasons? You may be surprised to know just how unique and specific they are to you personally.
There are three different types of tears your body produces: basal tears which protect and lubricate your eyes, reflex tears released in response to irritants like dust, onions, smoke or wind and emotional tears. While all three are a combination of salt water, oils, antibodies, and enzymes they each look very different when examined under a microscope.
The ability to cry and produce tears play a role in helping you identify your own feelings. Dr. William Frey discovered that reflex tears are 98% water, whereas emotional tears also contain stress hormones which get excreted from the body through crying. After studying the composition of tears, Dr. Frey found that emotional tears release these hormones and other toxins which accumulate during stress. Additional studies also suggest that crying stimulates the production of endorphins, our body’s natural pain killer and “feel-good” hormones.” Humans are the only creatures known to shed emotional tears. Shedding tears is actually a safe and effective way to deal with stress and sadness.
But what about sweating? While it’s definitely an avenue of detoxification and a means of regulating body temperature, your sweat can also communicate emotions. Maybe you’ve seen the deodorant commercial of the girl trying to dry her armpits on a hand dryer in a rest room with the take away being that stress sweat smells different from other sweat. Well it seems that is true.
Emotionally-induced sweating communicates what you are feeling and research reveals that the scent in sweat will tell you how others are feeling. Psychologists collected sweat samples from 10 men in an experiment as they watched videos designed to evoke feelings of fear or disgust. Thirty-six women were then asked whether they could detect any emotional cues hidden in the sweat samples. The researchers found when women were exposed to fear-derived sweat samples, their own facial expressions suggested fear and when they were exposed to disgust-based sweat samples, their faces mirrored that emotion as well.
So, far from just being a smelly fluid, sweat seems to be to be a rather effective means of transmitting an emotional state from one person to another. It highlights just how fearfully and wonderfully we are created, right down to our tears and sweat!
Have you ever been able to “smell” fear or disgust on someone?
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7 Responses to Health: Sweat and Tears Communicate Emotions
1. Holly Scherer says:
This is some of the coolest information I’ve read in a long time. Who knew? Now I’m going to be smelling everyone’s sweat. Great post!
2. debwilson2 says:
Ann, this is so interesting. When our pets would come back for some trauma, like surgery, they smelled the same yucky scent. I think it was distress. I’ve heard dogs can smell if you are afraid of them. This would explain why. Wow!
3. Pingback: Happiness and Health: Surprising Connection | 3-D Vitality
4. Laura says:
This is wonderful information to have validated! I’ve always felt better after crying! I love that it’s our bodies way of releasing stress hormones.
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Defining commemoration… October 12, 2018
Posted by WorldbyStorm in Uncategorized.
A former Taoiseach opines:
On the challenges we were facing in the future, Mr Bruton said he believed it was very important that the commemoration of the War of Independence – “the first Irish civil war, as I would call it” – as part of the State’s Decade of Centenaries, should remember those who fought on the “unsuccessful side”.
“Commemoration is about reinterpreting who we are so that we can live well in the future, and making sure that any senses of identity or interpretations of history that might prevent us from living well in the future are confronted and dealt with. I think this is an opportunity as well as a challenge,” Mr Bruton said.
1. 1729torus - October 12, 2018
The Algerian War of Independence was partially a civil war as well, Mr Bruton is almost certainly technically correct.
That said, who are the other side in this civil war? Why are both sides worthy of commemoration? Ireland voted to leave. Does Mr. Bruton not respect democracy?
Furthermore, Mr Bruton has never explained how his idea of a gradual withdrawal from the UK would work in practice. He claimed that dominion status showed that the WoI was unnecessary since that is what the IPP advocated.in 1918.
Liked by 1 person
EWI - October 12, 2018
Apart from the fact that (i) it wasn’t a civil war (ii) that no other state experiences the post-colonial cringe needed to ‘honour’ the imperial oppressor and (iii) Lloyd George is on the record through the period in question firmly ruling out Dominion status (before being forced to the table), John Bruton is correct.
Liked by 1 person
1729torus - October 12, 2018
Plenty of Irish [Catholic] people served in the RIC, British Army, and even the Black and Tans [as I recall], so it was a civil war in to the same extent as the Algerian War of Independence.
The Algerian War wasn’t really a civil war, even if it satisfied the strict definition of one.
As for the colonial cringe amongst elites , that’s what happens when governments in Dublin decide to become too intimate with the UK and are too scared of provoking Loyalists
I suspect that Brexit will cause it the tendency to diminish substantially even as Unionism slowly declines in power and influence
FG have learned the hard way that being too conciliatory towards Unionism and London is a dead end, so they won’t bother spending as much political capital to push revisionism/reconciliation in future.
Liked by 1 person
WorldbyStorm - October 12, 2018
That last point is very interesting 1729torus, FG does seem to have woken up in a way that FF hasn’t, and I think it’s part generational. Varadkar et al seem in a way baffled by the Tories stance but also unwilling to bend over too much in the face of it (There’s also a thesis or two to be written on FG/DUP relations in the past two years which are strikingly sour).
1729torus - October 12, 2018
Leo Varadkar seems to appreciate that FG was in serious danger of being destroyed by the DUP and a hard border in a similar ways as the IPP were destroyed by the UUP and partition.
If FG allowed themselves to be screwed over by the DUP or London, they’d be crucified electorally for being too naive and spending too much effort on appeasing the UK under Enda Kenny.
Up this point, FG probably regarded SF as the biggest threat and wanted to align with the DUP to contain them.
This notion has no rational basis – how are SF a threat to FG? They fish in different ponds.
FG probably observed how an unhealthy obsession with SF was hurting the UUP and DUP, and have decided putting forward a positive agenda instead of attacking SF all the time is a better approach.
Liked by 1 person
2. Phil - October 12, 2018
“Commemoration. Commemoration. What does it mean? What does it mean? Not what does it mean to them, there, then. What does it mean to us, here now? It’s a facer, isn’t it boys? But we’ve all got to answer it. What were the dead like? What sort of people are we living with now? Why are we here? What are we going to do?”
– Auden, “Address for a Prize Day”
Liked by 1 person
3. Polly. - October 12, 2018
Wait, no no no no no. The country does not need this much relativism.
There was a long run up from 1916 to 1919. In that time, if you chose to stay in the RIC, or (did this really happen?) transition from the British Army into the Black and Tans, you might have been a decent person, making a legitimate decision on the facts you had, someone whose family can think well of them – but there is nothing wrong with saying that in the rear view window perspective of history, you picked wrong. Why not say that?
If we say all choices are equal, we place too low a value on treating choices seriously.
Liked by 1 person
4. Starkadder - October 12, 2018
Is this Brute-On’s “Very Fine People On Both Sides” moment?
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Contrabass Sarrusophone
October 16, 2014
Music Lessons California
sarrusophoneThe Contrabass sarrusophone is the deepest of the family of sarrusophones, and was made in three sizes. The EE♭ version was the only sarrusophone that was ever mass-produced in the United States.[citation needed] It was made by companies such as Gautrot, Couesnon, Romeo Orsi, Rampone (and Cazzani), Buffet Crampon (Evette and Schaeffer), and C.G. Conn.
Contrabass sarrusophones are extremely light for contrabass instruments, weighing only about as much as a baritone saxophone, and being approximately four feet tall, about the same height as a bass saxophone. This makes them more convenient to carry around, fitting into cars more easily, and putting less strain on one’s muscles while carrying or playing it. Conn made contrabass sarrusophones, instead of contrabass saxophones, because the sarrusophones were easier to ship across seas, and to send through the mail, due to their lightness.
The sarrusophone is still used sometimes in France and Italy for the…
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Unable to open file for reading
I’m a beginner in Python and following some examples in a tutorial.
A filename “myText.txt” was created but couldn’t be read:
f = open(“myText.txt”, “w”)
print (f.read())
Error message is:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “”, line 1, in
io.UnssupportedOperation: not readable
This was followed exactly from an online tutorial but wasn’t able to execute on my comp.
“w” opens file for writing only, and creates if it doesn’t exist.
If you want to read and write the file, use “w+”
You opened the file for writing (with ”w”) but you’re trying to read from it. Just use f = open(“myText.txt”), since reading is the default mode.
For further explanation, using open("myText.txt") is equivalent to open("myText.txt, "r") since "r" (read-only mode) is the default option for the second positional parameter of open(). I figured it might be worth mentioning since the behavior of defaults are not always obvious to new users of the language.
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What drives people to torture animals
Zoosadism : is the pleasure derived from cruelty to animals.
Classification of animal abuse
There are two different types of animal abuse :-
1. Active abuse : Active form of abuse involves direct cruelty to animals. It is when an individual purposely tries to cause harm to an animal, like killing, torturing or beating it.
2. Passive abuse : includes lack of care or negligence towards pets. This happens as a result of inaction. Generally, it has been observed that such a situation arises when the pet owner is not aware of or does not bother to take proper care of the pet’s needs for food, shelter, medical attention etc.
Psychological Reasons
The activities related to intentional abuse have deep connections to some severe psychological problems. Surveys conducted on psychiatric patients reveal that people with psychopathic personality disorders have a tendency to torture pets and other small animals. This type of behavior is termed as zoosadism. It’s often found that children and adolescents who show cruelty towards their pet dogs and cats have actually undergone some abusive behavior themselves or have witnessed some forms of abuse.
Many killers start off with animal abuse
When the science of behavioural profiling began to emerge in the 1970s, one of the most consistent findings reported by the FBI was that childhood animal cruelty was a common behaviour among serial murderers and rapists – those with psychopathic traits characterized by impulsivity, selfishness, and lack of remorse.
Many notorious serial killers – such as Jeffrey Dahmer – began by torturing and killing animals in their childhood. Dahmer also collected animal roadkill, dissected the remains, and masturbated over the animals he had cut up. Other killers known to have engaged in childhood IATC include child murderer Mary Bell, who throttled pigeons, Jamie Bulger’s murderer Robert Thompson, who was cruel to household pets, and Moors murderer Ian Brady, who abused animals.
Why Do People Abuse Animals
Some people intentionally hurt animals because they enjoy hurting things, or because it makes them feel powerful. Many of these people would hurt other people if they could get away with it. They just choose to hurt animals because animals are more helpless than people.
Why do these people hurt animals?
There are different reasons. A lot of these people want to have control over others. They will hurt an animal because they think this means they control the animal. Or they may hurt the animal to control another person. For example, a husband might
hurt the family’s pet to show his wife what he could do to her if she doesn’t obey his commands.
Someone else might make his dog kill other dogs because he thinks that makes him powerful.
Others simply enjoy pain and violence. Those who enjoy violence might also destroy inanimate objects as well as animals and people.
All of the people in this last group suffer from serious, psychological problems that will probably not go away on their own. They often need the help of licensed professionals—like a psychologist. We are not 100% sure why people become like this—most are probably born with their problems, but others can get their problems from brain damage, poisonous influential environments, or by being treated badly themselves.
Without help, the psychological problems these people have can haunt them for their whole lives. If you know anyone who you think may be like this, don’t approach them yourself. Talk to a trusted adult, and let the adult find someone to help these people.
Brain’s empathic pathways
It turns out that just as recent brain-imaging studies have begun to reveal the physical evidence of empathy’s erosion, they are now also beginning to show definitive signs of its cultivation as well. A group of researchers led by Richard Davidson, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, published a study in a March 2008 edition of the Public Library of Science One, showing that the mere act of thinking compassionate thoughts caused significant activity and physical changes in the brain’s empathic pathways. “People are not just stuck at their respective set points,” Davidson has said of the study’s results. “We can take advantage of our brain’s plasticity and train it to enhance these qualities. . . . I think this can be one of the tools we use to teach emotional regulation to kids who are at an age where they’re vulnerable to going seriously off track.”
Neuroscientists : are now beginning to get a fix on the physical underpinnings of empathy. A research team at the University of Chicago headed by Jean Decety, a neuroscientist who specializes in the mechanisms behind empathy and emotional self-regulation, has performed fMRI scans on 16-to-18-year-old boys with aggressive-conduct disorder and on another group of similarly aged boys who exhibited no unusual signs of aggression.
Each group was shown videos of people enduring both accidental pain, like stubbing a toe, and intentionally inflicted pain, like being punched in the arm. In the scans, both groups displayed a similar activation of their empathic neural circuitry, and in some cases, the boys with conduct disorder exhibited considerably more activity than those in the control group. But what really caught the attention of the researchers was the fact that when viewing the videos of intentionally inflicted pain, the aggressive-disorder teenagers displayed extremely heightened activity in the part of our brain known as the reward center, which is activated when we feel sensations of pleasure. They also displayed, unlike the control group, no activity at all in those neuronal regions involved in moral reasoning and self-regulation.
ref : Charles Siebert
Animal cruelty and psychiatric disorders.
Animal cruelty in childhood, although generally viewed as abnormal or deviant, for years was not considered symptomatic of any particular psychiatric disorder.
In the current study, investigators tested the hypothesis that a history of substantial animal cruelty is associated with a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and looked for associations with other disorders commonly diagnosed in a population of criminal defendants. Forty-eight subjects, criminal defendants who had histories of substantial animal cruelty, were matched with defendants without this history. Data were systematically obtained from the files by using four specifically designed data retrieval outlines. A history of animal cruelty during childhood was significantly associated with APD, antisocial personality traits, and polysubstance abuse. Mental retardation, psychotic disorders, and alcohol abuse showed no such association.
ref : J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002;30(2):257-65. (Gleyzer R1, Felthous AR, Holzer CE 3rd)
Transcript of The Animal Cruelty Syndrome
“The Animal Cruelty Syndrome” pages 128-145 There is a direct link between those who abuse animals and those who commit violent crimes including domestic abuse, child abuse and murder.
ref : by Erin Hargis on 7 November 2012
What needs to happen
Animal abuse can be reduced to a great extent, if people stop treating animals as their personal property. They end up abusing animals more because of their attitude that animals are needed either as food or as companions or for entertainment. Animal rights is as important an issue as Human Rights, and the issue of animal abuse should be given its due importance by punishing people who abuse animals the same way that people who abuse other humans or kids are punished! Only then is there any hope of reducing, and eventually stopping animal abuse. As long as the perpetrators are allowed to roam free, and not made to account for their acts of violence or negligence towards these innocent creatures who look to them for love and care, there is no way this can be stopped.
Strict laws need to be put in place to protect these loving creatures who are at our mercy. The way we treat creatures which are at our mercy, reveals our true character. As Milan Kundera says in The Unbearable Lightness of Being, “Mankind’s true moral test, its fundamental test (which lies deeply buried from view), consists of its attitude towards those who are at its mercy: animals. And in this respect mankind has suffered a fundamental debacle, a debacle so fundamental that all others stem from it.”
There has long been a link between cruelty to animals and sociopathic behavior. This is something that parents and other adults should take very seriously if they see it happening. This behavior can lead to serious issues later in life. The animals of the world do not deserve to be treated inhumanely by an adult or a child, and children have to be taught to respect animals, as well as how to take care of them properly.
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RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a form of computer data storage, that enables the info to be read randomly without accessing the preceding bytes before that. That makes the RAM substantially quicker than other types of storage devices like DVDs or HDDs where all of the info must be read so that you can access particular data. In case you have a shared hosting account, the amount of memory your web programs can use can't be fixed and may often depend on the free memory that's available on the physical server. Using a standalone server, however, there's always a minimum amount of physical memory which will be readily available at all times and won't be allocated to other clients even when it is not in use. That's valid with our virtual and dedicated hosting servers.
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Skeletal muscle lab Essay Sample
Skeletal muscle lab Essay Sample
Lab 3 – Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Skeletal muscles are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual cells, each doing their share of work in the production of force. As their name suggests, skeletal muscles move the skeleton. Skeletal muscles are remarkable machines; while allowing us the manual dexterity to create magnificent works of art, they are also capable of generating the brute force needed to lift a 100-lb. sack of concrete. When a skeletal muscle from an experimental animal is electrically stimulated, it behaves in the same way as a stimulated muscle in the intact body, that is, in vivo. Hence, such an experiment gives us valuable insight into muscle behavior.
The Motor Unit and Muscle Contraction
A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. Motor neurons direct muscles when and when not to contract. A motor neuron and a muscle cell intersect at what is called the neuromuscular junction. Specifically, the neuromuscular junction is where the axon terminal of the neuron meets a specialized region of the muscle cell’s plasma membrane. This specialized region is called the motor end-plate. An action potential (depolarization) in a motor neuron triggers the release of acetylcholine, which diffuses into the muscle plasma membrane (also known as the sarcolemma). The acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle cell, initiating a change in ion permeability that results in depolarization of the muscle plasma membrane, called an end-plate potential.
The end-plate potential, in turn, triggers a series of events that results in the contraction of a muscle cell. This entire process is called excitation-contraction coupling. We will be simulating this process in the following activities, only instead of using acetylcholine to trigger action potentials, we will be using electrical shocks. The shocks will be administered by an electrical stimulator that can be set for the precise voltage, frequency, and duration of shock desired. When applied to a muscle that has been surgically removed from an animal, a single electrical stimulus will result in a muscle twitch – the mechanical response to a single action potential. A twitch has three phases: the latent period, which is the period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential in a muscle cell and the start of muscle contraction; the contraction phase, which starts at the end of the latent period and ends when muscle tension peaks; and the relaxation phase, which is the period of time from peak tension until the end of the muscle contraction (Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1 The muscle twitch: Myogram of an isometric muscle contraction
At the end of this lab exercise, students should be able to: 1. Define the following terms: motor unit, latent period, threshold, summation, fatigue, isometric contraction, isotonic contraction and tetanus. 2. Understand how nerve impulses trigger muscle movement.
3. Describe the phases of a muscle twitch.
4. Understand the effect of an increase in stimulus intensity and on a muscle. 5. Understand muscle fatigue.
6. Explain the differences between isometric and isotonic muscle contraction.
Single stimulus
From the drop-down menu, select Exercise 2: Skeletal Muscle Physiology and click GO. Then click Single Stimulus. You will see the opening screen for the Single Stimulus activity. On the left side of the screen is a muscle suspended in a metal holder that is designed to measure any force produced by the muscle. To the right of the metal holder are three pieces of equipment. The top piece of equipment is an oscilloscope screen. When you apply an electrical stimulus to the muscle, the muscle’s reaction will be graphically displayed on this screen. Elapsed time, in milliseconds, is measured along the X axis of this screen, while any force generated by the muscle is measured along the Y axis. In the lower right hand corner of the oscilloscope is a Clear Tracings button; clicking the button will remove any tracings from the screen. Beneath the oscilloscope screen is the electrical stimulator you will use to stimulate the muscle. Note the electrode from the stimulator that rests on the muscle. Next to the Voltage display on the left side of the stimulator are (+) and (-) buttons, which you may click to set the desired voltage.
When you click on the Stimulate button, you will electrically stimulate the muscle at the set voltage. In the middle of the stimulator are display fields for active force, passive force, and total force. Muscle contraction produces active force. Passive force is generated from the muscle being stretched. The sum of active force and passive force is the total force. Also notice a Measure button on the stimulator. Clicking this button after administering a stimulus will cause a yellow vertical line to appear. Clicking the (+) or (-) buttons under Time (msec) will then allow you to move the yellow line along the X axis and view the active, passive, or total force generated at a specific point in time. Beneath the stimulator is the data collection box. Clicking on Record Data after an experimental run will allow you to record the data in this box. To delete a line of data, click on the data to highlight it and then click Delete Line. You may also delete the entire table by clicking Clear Table.
Activity 1 – Identifying the Latent Period
Recall that the latent period is the period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential in a muscle cell and the start of muscle contraction. 1. Set the Voltage to 6.0 volts by clicking the (+) button on the stimulator until the voltage display reads 6.0. 2. Click Stimulate and observe the tracing that results. Notice that the trace starts at the left side of the screen and stays flat for a short period of time. Remember that the X axis displays elapsed time. 3. Click on the Measure button on the stimulator. Note that a thin, vertical yellow line appears at the far left side of the oscilloscope screen. 4. Click on the (>) button underneath Time (msec). You will see the vertical yellow line start to move across the screen. Watch what happens in the Time (msec) display as the line moves across the screen. Keep clicking the (>) button until the yellow line reaches the point in the tracing where the graph stops being a flat line and begins to rise (this is the point at which muscle contraction starts.)
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In a communicative process, just a little percentage of the information is conveyed through verbal language. In particular, according to experts, up to 80 % of what we transmit is done non-verbally, while the other 20% is directly related to our words. Anthropologist Albert Mehrabain goes beyond this classification claiming that only 7% of the communication process between two people is done through words, 38% through voice, and the remaining 55% represents body language and gestures.
Without even noticing, and almost unconsciously, our body is constantly transmitting information about our intentions, emotions and personality. Gestures, facial expressions, body posture, tone of voice and speech fluency, as well as our personal appearance, speak for ourselves and provide numerous tell-tale signs to the person in front of us.
Understanding the meaning of the messages we convey through our non-verbal behaviour is key to communicate ourselves successfully, not only in our everyday conversations, but also when carrying out presentations or expositions in public, or during the usually dreaded job interviews.
Knowing these non-verbal elements better, and following some simple steps, we’ll walk out of any job interview more than satisfied.
Of course, trying to keep our body language under control would be like trying to tame our own nature: an extremely complex task to achieve. However, we must be careful about our body language, since it can accentuate, substitute or contradict what we say through our words, which are the essence of what we want to convey. In fact, we wouldn’t be able to understand their true meaning if words didn’t go together with body language and the tone of voice used.
The face is the window to the soul, indeed
To begin with, we should know that our facial expressions are the most revealing emotional indicator humans have. With them we can express basic emotions such as joy, fear, sadness, disgust and surprise. And, even if it’s true that we can disguise them sometimes, it’s almost impossible to control all face muscles consciously. That’s why it’s inevitable to think that our face is indeed the most accurate window to our thoughts. Our smile will be our best cover letter. It makes us come across as amiable, congenial and self-assured. In fact, a sincere smile could be the key to the job opportunity we aspire to.
As for our limbs, many researches endorse that, the farther a body part is located from the nervous system, the less conscious control we have over it. Making gestures with the arms, hands and torso helps to emphasize, accompany or complement our speech in order to convey enthusiasm, vitality and confidence, but if we overdo it, or we keep our hands in our pockets, clench our fists, cross the arms in a defensive posture, that could lead our interlocutor to think that we don’t know where we’re going and that we are nervous. It would be advisable not to put our hands over the mouth repeatedly and keep them always below the chin.
In the case of legs and feet, which curiously enough point usually towards what we’re interested in, it would be best to avoid changing their position repeatedly, or systematically moving or dragging our feet, since that indicates anxiety, worry or lack of interest.
Making eye contact with the interviewer, although never above eye level, is a symptom of transparency and respect. Not looking right in somebody’s eye could be a sign of excessive shyness or lack of self-confidence.
When shaking the hand of the interviewer you need to show conviction, strength and self-confidence, gripping it firmly and avoiding doing it loosely or too tightly.
The trinity: posture, voice and appearance
Our body posture must convey strength and enthusiasm. We must keep a straight stance, with our shoulders in a straight line with our back, not too arched, but not too relaxed, either. When sitting down, we should arch our back slightly forward, with an active listening attitude. If the interview is conducted while standing up, we must move naturally and respect the space of our interlocutor so that we don’t come across as invasive. Also, we must avoid any unnecessary touching and never turn our back.
As for our voice, it would be advisable to avoid speaking in a low tone of voice, since that could imply lack of confidence and shyness. Do not overcome the voice volume of the person interviewing you, either, so that you don’t come across as intimidating, arrogant or domineering.
Other aspects that may be subjected to analysis are those gestural tics we resort to whenever we feel anxious or nervous, such as touching our eyes, ears, mouth or hair systematically, or messing about with a pen, ring or pair of glasses impatiently.
We should pay close attention to our appearance and wear adequate clothing. A nice image always makes a good impression. Use a simple range of light and neutral colours, natural make-up and hairstyle, and closed, clean shoes. Hygiene is essential, and perfume use should be subtle.
Certainly, what is apparent is that no conclusion can be drawn from a simple gesture on its own, but a sharp interlocutor will be able to interpret whether our speech is sincere or we’re trying to hide something instead. And we know that it’s extremely difficult, if not impossible, to get a second chance to make a first impression. That´s why it is crucial to portray yourself as a white canvas and, above all, calm and natural expressiveness should prevail at all times.
Sources: Forbes, Hays, Albert Mehrabian
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I was wondering who invented the blinking of a cursor, because I was just thinking if it wouldn't blink the UI would be a lot less responsive.. so this must have been one of the first signs of response UI design. Was this IBM? I'm to young to make guesses though.
Or if this question would be impossible to answer, what is the first sign of a blinking cursor in computer history.
Here's the patent for the blinking cursor patent: http://www.google.com/patents/US3531796
According to that, it was invented by Charles A. Kiesling at Sperry Rand. Patent filed Aug 24, 1967, granted Sep 29, 1970. This isn't iron clad proof that it was first invented at that time, but the time seems about right (computers were getting powerful enough that engineers were starting to care a little bit about user convenience) and Sperry Rand was one of the big players in computing at the time.
• That's interesting, because I remember reading Tim Mott and Larry Tesler talking about making the cursor in Gypsy blink so it wouldn't be mistaken for a capital "I". That doesn't mean they invented it, though :) – daydalis Jan 28 '13 at 11:54
• This brochure, from Sperry, mentions blinking text. archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Remington_Rand/…. It was published before 1967. Concurrent with Sperry's work, ARPA work led to the mouse (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart) which (I assume) implies a cursor - perhaps a blinking one. – user1757436 Jan 28 '13 at 13:50
• I actually did mean the text cursor the blinking '_' or '|' so my question is answered, therefor I disagree with @kontur which added the mouse tag where the mouse was invented much later at an era where X window system was being invented where much more of UX was laid already. While I was looking for this father of UX with the blinking cursor. This patent proves that it was for UX purposes as the blinking cursor would should 30 frames cursor and 30 frames the selected letter, unintentionally it also made it more aware that the computer is responsive by blinking at the end of line (30f no char) – Dylan Jan 28 '13 at 16:49
• It's interesting to note that some text display systems have hardware cursors, and some simply display a particular character or apply some formatting at the cursor position. Interestingly, both cursor-display approaches are used on both systems whose hardware can only write text at the current cursor position and those which can write text anywhere without regard for the cursor. Another interesting note is that on some systems outputting a character to the display resets the blink cycle, while on other systems it free-runs. – supercat Oct 30 '13 at 15:52
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Interesting to learn that frivolous UI patents went all the way back to 1970. – DA01 Jul 22 '14 at 5:07
Simple answer, it was Charles A. Kiesling Sr. He was my father and he did indeed write the code for the blinking cursor when he worked at Sperry. He passed away yesterday in Minneapolis at the age of 83. I remember him telling me the reason behind the blinking courser and it was simple. It was not because it looked like an "I". He said there was nothing on the screen to let you know where the courser was in the first place. So, he wrote up the code for it so he would know where he was ready to type on the Cathode Ray Tube. It ties in with this patent for the display stuff he put together for the screens back in the day. http://www.google.com/patents/US3497760
And a foot note to this, he was not happy when the first Apple computers came out and they had is _ blinking on the screen. Since he worked for the company, he let Sperry deal with it as he wrote the code for Sperry.
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I'm sorry for your loss, and sorry to hear that yet another pioneer of computers as we know them has passed away. Thanks for your contribution! – André Jan 3 '14 at 8:20
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May your late father RIP, what a contribution he made to the world we live in. – Brodie Jan 3 '14 at 14:35
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Great respect your father may he rest in peace. I feel honored that this question that popped up in my mind actually got answered by the son of my question's answer. – Dylan Jan 16 '14 at 13:55
• I don't remember any Apple computers which would behave as described by the patent prior to the Apple //e. My recollection is that on the Apple I the cursor would always blink between "@" and nothing [it couldn't have a character underneath it] and on the Apple ][, the cursor was displayed by switching between normal and reverse video. Was the complaint with the Apple //e, or some model that I'm unfamiliar with that may have been changed before broad public release, or could there be a non-blank character under the cursor of the Apple I? – supercat Jan 16 '14 at 22:49
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Your Answer
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What is Mesothelioma Cancer Treatment, Prognosis Diagnosis
types of lung cancer mesothelioma What is Mesothelioma Cancer Treatment, Prognosis Diagnosis
The 4 Main Types of Mesothelioma - A Closer Look at How They Are Different
Mesothelioma will be the general saying used for almost any sort of cancer that develops within the mesothelium, which is the tissue that surrounds one's vital organs. While all kinds of mesothelioma are a result of exposure to asbestos, a toxic chemical found in many locations, there is certainly multiple sort of this form of cancer.
What is Mesothelioma Cancer Treatment, Prognosis Diagnosis
Asbestos Related Diseases Mesothelioma Cancer Types
As the mesothelium tissue can be present in many parts of the body, the cancer that develops within this tissue can also be seen in different areas. Accordingly, you'll find four varieties of mesothelioma currently recognized by experts: testicular, pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural. These names refer to the location of the body in which the cancer is concentrated.
mesothelioma affected lung
Testicular Mesothelioma
Testicular means testicles, so this type of mesothelioma affects the tissue found in this part of the male anatomy. This could be the least common form of the disease, and as such, there exists not significant amounts of information available on prevalence statistics or common treatments. There have been less than one hundred cases of the form of mesothelioma reported now.
Mesothelioma, Asbestos Lung Cancer, Asbestosis And Other Asbestos Disease Health Tips
Pericardial Mesothelioma
Also one with the more rare varieties of mesothelioma, pericardial mesothelioma affects the mesothelium found round the heart. The symptoms, including a persistent cough, heart palpitations, lack of breath, problems breathing, and chest pain, take time and effort to differentiate from that relating to pleural mesothelioma.
Mesothelioma Treatment and Diagnosis Improved by Nanotechnology
Peritoneal Mesothelioma
The peritoneum refers back to the lining in the abdominal cavity, which is the reason the cancer that develops with this tissue is referred to as peritoneal mesothelioma. This cancer affects the tissues around the organs found inside abdomen, such as stomach and intestines. Peritoneal mesothelioma is a lot more common than either testicular or pericardial mesothelioma, accounting for anywhere between ten and one-fifth with the total number of mesothelioma cases reported. Some symptoms of this manner of cancer include pain or swelling inside the abdomen, bowel issues, anemia, problems breathing, nausea, blood clotting, loss in appetite, vomiting, and chest pains.
Pleural Mesothelioma
Approximately seventy-five per cent of all mesothelioma cases are pleural mesothelioma, thus, making this the commonest sort of the disease. This sort of cancer is targeted in the tissues around the lungs and those that line the cavity when the lungs can be found. Patients with pleural mesothelioma notice symptoms because fluid increases involving the wall of the chest cavity and the lungs, that makes it more difficult for the lungs to work properly. Common symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include finding it difficult to breath, pains within the chest area, plus a persistent cough.
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Abnormal Psychology Essay
1422 words - 6 pages
Abnormal Psychology and Therapy
Learning Team B
November 17, 2011
Wanda Rush
Abnormal Psychology and Therapy
Society itself can play a role on an individual and have an effect on that person in many ways. Laws can be passed that can create severe punishments for antisocial behaviors which can have a strong desire for ethics and morals which comes through religious institutions. The primary reason why society can control behavior of some citizens is the natural need for growth and maturity. In this paper we will examine two mental disorders and two mental illnesses along with the similarities and differences from the perspective of ...view middle of the document...
The prevention of killing someone for example, is shared to all mankind, and a majority of nations have emplaced laws against it.
Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as causing a mental disorder. There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior thought to be abnormal or different and there are different variations in the approaches taken. The field of abnormal psychology pinpoints several causes for different conditions, using diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere, there is still a lot to stay what exactly is “abnormal.” There has been a separation between psychological and biological explanations to the mind body problem and the different approaches to grouping of mental disorders.
Psychopathology studies the disorders of the mind, or abnormal psychology. Abnormal and normal are explained differently in the different cultures and societies that classify a mental illness. The method to abnormal psychology usually focuses on behavior, cognition, and biology to examine and define the different types of disorders. The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders describes abnormal as, “having such and effect on one’s life that the behavior causes impairment in work, home, school, or social activities.” Basically the personal suffering that raises the chance of suffering death, pain, or a loss of freedom.
Dissociative Identity Disorder better known as multiple personality; an individual with two or more individual personalities and can be mindful or unmindful of each. They affect the behavior and vary by personal race, gender, and tones of voice among other traits. The patients with this type of disorder usually have some other form of mental illness like depression, anxiety, or self-mutilation. Hearing voices and hallucinating are also connected with this disorder.
Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder or mental illness that involves auditory hallucinations, severely bothered moods, thoughts and behaviors. Researchers are not quite certain why causes this mental disorder. Many people with this disorder have lost contact with the world and cannot differentiate fact from fantasy. The progression of schizophrenia experience only the psychotic episode and go on to live a normal life, others however never can function on their own and continue to struggle with having auditory and visual hallucinations, while others experience random episodes of psychotic indiscretion during their otherwise normal lives.
“Bi-Polar disorder which is also known as manic-depressive disorder is divided into several types of illnesses based on how bad the illness is and it is classified as a mood dis-order. This disorder affects the person’s energy level which is usually strangely high or low. The moods that the person has alter in a fast up and down mode that switches between them...
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Loneliness is as Deadly as Smoking or Obesity
You read that right! And isn’t it fascinating that researchers and physicians are finding lonely persons more likely to suffer from an early death than that of smokers or obesity. A recent article from researchers at Brigham Young University found that social isolation increases your risk of death by nearly 30% and other studies claim as much as 60% increased risk. Loneliness has a greater negative impact on our health than does obesity, smoking, exercise, or nutrition.
You may think that you are safe but how much time have you spent today connecting on an emotional level with someone? In our more primal and not-so-distant past, people survived in tribes, packs, groups, or multi-generations under the same roof. Just a generation or so ago we found people staying relatively close to home or where they grew up for most of their lives. Thanks to the ease of travel and a wider range of social connections, we now see people moving hundreds or thousands of miles away from the “tribe” they grew up. Family of origins are spread from coast to coast and are seldom found on the same street or even in the same town.
Loneliness has very real physical side effects: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, physical ailments such as chronic pain, and many other nagging symptoms are being linked to social isolation. When we are socially isolated and feeling lonely the brain begins to shut down and go into self-preservation, meaning that the ability to reason goes out the window. Your brain is registering all of the deep emotions of the loneliness and your brain shuts all other systems down in attempt to get you to “fix” the loneliness. Many people report inability to sleep or eat, exercise becomes impossible, and that “yucky” feeling is ever present in their life. After a prolonged period of time the effects of loneliness result in early death due to the strain and pressure we put on our bodies.
So yes, loneliness can kill you. Do something about it and start to connect with others and this does not mean texting someone or scrolling through Facebook. It means picking up the phone and calling someone you love. It means shutting off the electronics and having a meaningful conversation with your spouse or partner. It means getting down on the floor and playing with your children. It means taking cookies to the neighbor for no reason at all. If you are finding it difficult to connect with others, there are lots of ways to help but one great place to start is with a full medical evaluation from your physician. Have a full blood workup done to check all of your levels and determine a course of action with your physician. If you are trying to figure out a way to break this cycle, chatting with a professional is a good place to start. At Cache Valley Counseling we can help you get the process started. And the next time you are bored and want to pick up your phone and check out Facebook, put it down, go outside, and have a meaningful conversation with someone...or better yet get that person and go enjoy a hike, here are a few of my little families favorite local hikes
Visit Today and find out how we can help you today.
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Neurological Causes of Dementia - dummies
By American Geriatrics Society (AGS)
Some of the most well-known medical conditions affecting the brain and nerves have symptoms that can mimic dementia features alongside their own, more specific features. So doctors may want to rule out some of these diseases before coming to a final diagnosis:
• Parkinson’s disease: This condition has a genuine overlap with dementia, because people with Parkinson’s disease have a higher-than-average risk of also developing dementia. In fact, Parkinson’s disease-related dementia accounts for 2 percent of all cases.
The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease-related dementia are very similar to those of Lewy body disease, and researchers think a link may exist between the two. Thus, alongside problems with cognitive function and movement, people also experience significant visual hallucinations, mood swings, and irritability. Unfortunately, medication to help treat the movement difficulties found in Parkinson’s disease, such as tremor and stiffness of muscles, may make the symptoms of this dementia worse.
• Subdural hematomas: A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a large blood collection that occurs underneath the dura mater, or the tough, fibrous, protective covering of the brain, but is external to the brain itself. Because your skull doesn’t have a square centimeter of extra space inside it, the pressure of an SDH can cause brain swelling, which produces a variety of symptoms including abnormal neurologic findings, intense headaches, nausea, vomiting for the acute variety, and confusion and combativeness for the chronic variety. The symptoms get worse as the clot grows larger. An acute subdural hematoma is a life-threatening condition. The chronic variety is the type that produces symptoms that can be confused with AD.
SDH can be the result of traumatic injury or blunt-force trauma to the head. People who are on aspirin therapy or taking a blood-thinning medication such as Coumadin have a higher risk. Alcoholism also increases the risk.
• Brain tumors: Depending on their size and location within the brain, brain tumors may cause a variety of symptoms, some of which may mimic AD. Although most significantly large brain tumors cause intense headaches, nausea, and vomiting, tumors located in the frontal lobe of the brain cause the type of symptoms that mimic AD, including memory loss, personality changes, and impaired judgment. Whether the tumor is benign or malignant doesn’t really alter the symptoms it causes. Its position within the skull is more predictive of symptoms produced and the outcome of potential surgical removal.
• Multiple sclerosis: In this disease, the insulating outer coating of nerve cells, called myelin, is deficient in some parts of the nervous system, which means messages carried by the nerves aren’t transmitted as well as they should be and may not get through at all. If the nerves affected are in the cortex of the brain, which is where most of the clever functions people perform are carried out, patients can develop cognitive symptoms including forgetfulness and difficulty with problem solving.
• Normal pressure hydrocephalus: The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, which supplies nutrients and acts as a shock absorber to protect the nervous system from damage during trauma. People with hydrocephalus have too much of this fluid, which accumulates and begins to damage brain cells because of the increased pressure. Normal pressure hydrocephalus usually begins to develop in people aged 55 to 60.
The damage that normal pressure hydrocephalus causes in the brain produces symptoms similar to those of dementia, accompanied by difficulties with walking and urinary incontinence. Treatment involves placing a shunt in the brain to allow the fluid to drain. If the treatment is carried out early in the disease process, the success rate for resolving symptoms is at least 80 percent.
• Huntington’s disease: Huntington’s disease is hereditary and is caused by a defect on chromosome 4. If one parent has the disease, a couple’s children have a 50-50 chance of inheriting the condition because it’s a dominant trait. Symptoms don’t develop until middle age, but once they do, the disease progresses relentlessly until death. Alongside dementia, sufferers develop jerking movements of their limbs and changes in mood and personality.
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The Apollo 11 mission as measured by heartbeats
By Shaffer Grubb and Amina Khan
Listen to Neil Armstrong’s heart rate during the Apollo 11 moon landing
150 beats per minute. That was Neil Armstrong’s heart rate when the Eagle lander he was piloting touched down on the moon.
At 150 bpm, the Apollo 11 commander’s heart was working at a brisk 80% of the maximum capacity for a typical 38-year-old man.
Armstrong had spent years training for this moment, but there was a last-minute surprise. The Eagle’s descent from lunar orbit to the moon’s surface on July 20, 1969, was supposed to be automated. A computer overload, however, meant Armstrong had to take over and land the Eagle manually. His heart rate during the historic landing ranged from 100 bpm to 150 bpm — higher than his average heart rate during launch, which he didn’t have to pilot.
NASA closely monitored the vital signs of Armstrong, lunar module pilot Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and command module pilot Michael Collins throughout the mission, from the launch at Kennedy Space Center in Florida to the splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. Here’s a look at the vital signs of Apollo 11.
Listen to Armstrong’s average heart rate during launch
The trip from Earth to the moon took about four days. Going outside for a run during that interval wasn’t an option, so the crew had to exercise in place. Nearly 50 years before the first Apple Watch could track a wearer’s heart rate, Collins was able to learn his space-jogging heart rate by radioing back to Earth. It was 96 bpm, a little above half the maximum rate for a man his age and just within the target for exercise.
Listen to Collins’ heart rate during exercise
There was one thing Armstrong and Aldrin didn’t have to worry about during their descent to the lunar surface – bathroom breaks. Both men took Lomotil to retard bowel movements before landing. That wasn’t the only drug consumed during the mission. Aldrin took two aspirin nightly, which he said were to help him sleep, and all three crew members took motion sickness medications before and after their final splashdown.
After the Eagle landed, Armstrong and Aldrin were supposed to have taken a four-hour nap. The men, however, felt ready to get to work in the low-gravity atmosphere of the moon, so NASA gave them the go-ahead to proceed with their historic excursion.
While exploring the moon, Armstrong’s heart rate spiked as he hurried 60 yards to take a panorama photo of a crater. The rate remained high as he scrambled to collect as many samples as possible in just 10 minutes.
Heart rates during surface exploration
Armstrong had the higher heart rate, but Aldrin was pumping out more body heat. In fact, Armstrong used the minimum cooling mode for his suit during surface operations, whereas Aldrin had his cranked to the max for 42 minutes before turning it down to medium for the remainder of his moonwalk.
Metabolic rates during moonwalks
Once back in the Eagle, Armstrong and Aldrin were stymied by moon dust. They tried to remove as much of it as they could before entering the lunar module’s cabin, but a large amount made it inside and – as they began to remove their suits – onto their skin. The dust had a pungent odor and the consistency of graphite. They had hot towels to wipe it off, but they couldn’t get it out from under their fingernails.
The excursion was surely tiring, but the lack of beds (hammocks were added to later Apollo missions), bright light from outside, cold temperature and noisy machines inside the lunar module made it difficult for the astronauts to sleep before their rendezvous with Collins in the orbiting command module. Without even seats in the Eagle, Aldrin stretched out in his spacesuit on the floor while Armstrong tried to make himself comfortable on the module’s engine cover. Like the liftoff from Earth, the ascent from the moon barely raised Armstrong’s heart rate, which briefly rose to 120 bpm after liftoff before dropping down to the restful 80s.
Armstrong’s heart rate during lunar liftoff
The return trip was uneventful. The astronauts took their second pass through the Van Allen radiation belt, a phase of the trip that moon-landing skeptics say was impossible to survive. Radiation monitors on the crew showed an exposure of 0.25 to 0.28 rad for the entire mission. That’s just a little more than a person gets with a modern-day CT scan of the head and well below dangerous levels.
Sleeping without a bed in the command module didn’t seem to bother the crew. Maybe the fact that they were weightless helped them drift off; the moon placed a little more pressure on Aldrin and Armstrong at 17% of Earth’s gravity. In any case, the crew slept well, though the sleep times they reported were consistently less than what their biometric data showed. While sleeping, the astronauts’ heart rates averaged in the 40s, comparable to a sleeping heart rate on Earth.
Listen to Armstrong’s heart rate while asleep
While the moon rocks and lunar dust were the great scientific prizes of the trip, doctors were concerned about the dust in the astronauts’ pores and under their nails. No one knew whether the material contained extraterrestrial microbes that could cause new kinds of infections. NASA, the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of the Interior agreed that, once they were back on Earth, the crew members should be quarantined for 21 days before interacting with Earthlings again.
Scientists later realized the lunar surface was sterile. The astronauts remained healthy and were reunited with their families after the three weeks were up. Just to be sure the moon dust was safe, researchers injected 24 mice with lunar material. All of them survived.
The Apollo 11 crew relaxes in the Mobile Quarantine Facility after returning to Earth on July 26, 1969. (NASA)
Sources: NASA
Credits: Graphics by Shaffer Grubb. Page production by Priya Krishnakumar
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Artefacts discovered at site of 'forgotten' 18th century Jacobite battle
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A 300-year-old musket ball and mortar shell have been discovered at the site of a "forgotten" Jacobite uprising.
The team of archaeologists have been working at Glenshiel, near Kyle of Lochalsh in the Highlands, and uncovered several large fragments of shots which were aimed at Lord George Murray and the Jacobite right wing on the knoll south of the River Shiel.
One of the artefacts. Picture: NTS
One of the artefacts. Picture: NTS
Artefacts consist of coehorn mortar shells and a musket ball fired by government forces at the Jacobites.
The Battle of Glenshiel, on June 10 1719, was the decisive loss which ended James Francis Edward Stuart's ambitions to take the throne.
It saw force of over 1,000 Jacobites, including troops sent from Spain, attempt to restore "the Old Pretender" to the throne of Great Britain.
Derek Alexander, National Trust of Scotland (NTS) head of archaeology, said: "This is the first positive piece of evidence that we have found from the battle.
READ MORE: Study at battlefield glen where Spaniards joined Jacobites
"We were excavating just below the Spanish position, where there is quite a large outcrop of bedrock with a vertical face.
"We picked up a strong signal with the metal detector and, working with Historic Environment Scotland we were allowed to excavate four or five objects.
"The first that we looked at was the musket ball.
"It had been fired from below, up at the Spanish position. It hit the bedrock, flattened and fell to the ground and lay there. It was fired three hundred years ago, hit the wall and fell to the ground. Now it has been found."
The coehorn was a small squat gun that could lob shells in high arcs onto the Jacobite and Spanish positions causing noise and explosions that must have caused disorder and panic in some of the Jacobites.
One reference also suggests the grass and heather was set alight by the red-hot fragments, adding to the confusion.
The Battle of Glenshiel was the first time that the device had been used on British soil, making it an exciting find for the team.
Mortar shells also confirm the interpretation of a smaller fragment found on the north side of the river last year.
Tests will now be carried out to determine the calibre of the ball and just who fired it, with government troops using a variety of muskets or carbines.
Finds such as this allow historians to create a fuller picture of just what happened on the day of the battle and to bring the events to life.
In the wake of the defeat the Jacobites were scattered, with several of their leaders going back into exile on the continent. The Spanish troops were captured, marched to Edinburgh Castle where they were held before eventually being released later in the year.
The anniversary was marked at the weekend by a gathering of clans on the site and while the 1719 rebellion is often overlooked, compared to the risings of 1714 and 1745, the defeat had a lasting impact on both the Highlands and the Jacobite cause.
Mr Alexander added: "The rising fizzled out, but it led to the arrival General Wade and his building of the road systems and garrisons in locations across the Highlands. It fixed the Government's minds on the clans and the Jacobites.
"It's failure also meant that there was little appetite for another uprising until Bonnie Prince Charlie and the '45.
"It effectively put paid to Jacobite ambitions for 30 years, which is a long time."
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Trauma-Sensitive Mindfulness: Practices for Safe and Transformative Healing
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From elementary schools to psychotherapy offices, mindfulness meditation is an increasingly mainstream practice. At the same time, trauma remains a fact of life: the majority of us will experience a traumatic event in our lifetime, and up to twenty percent of us will develop posttraumatic stress. This means that anywhere mindfulness is being practiced, someone in the room is likely to be struggling with trauma.
At first glance, this appears to be a good thing: trauma creates stress, and mindfulness is a proven tool for reducing it. But the reality is not so simple.
Drawing on a decade of research and clinical experience, psychotherapist and educator David Treleaven shows that mindfulness meditation—practiced without an awareness of trauma—can exacerbate symptoms of traumatic stress. Instructed to pay close, sustained attention to their inner world, survivors can experience flashbacks, dissociation, and even retraumatization.
This raises a crucial question for mindfulness teachers, trauma professionals, and survivors everywhere: How can we minimize the potential dangers of mindfulness for survivors while leveraging its powerful benefits?
Trauma-Sensitive Mindfulness offers answers to this question. Part I provides an insightful and concise review of the histories of mindfulness and trauma, including the way modern neuroscience is shaping our understanding of both. Through grounded scholarship and wide-ranging case examples, Treleaven illustrates the ways mindfulness can help—or hinder—trauma recovery.
Part II distills these insights into five key principles for trauma-sensitive mindfulness. Covering the role of attention, arousal, relationship, dissociation, and social context within trauma-informed practice, Treleaven offers thirty-six specific modifications designed to support survivors' safety and stability. The result is a groundbreaking and practical approach that empowers those looking to practice mindfulness in a safe, transformative way.
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Ethics is a fundamental aspect of human society. For those who are involved in space activities,
ignoring this debate is not an option. -- Antonio Rodota, Director General, European Space
Author: Christopher Gebhardt
Since October 4, 1957,2 the allure regarding the exploration and development of outer
space has been a cornerstone of the worlds interest. Garnering attention from numerous
countries, the local space in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) quickly became the dominant playing field
for the worlds various governments, who dedicated a significant amount of time, money,
resources, manpower, and technology to launching satellites (including military, civilian, and
exploratory) and men into space. With the ignition of the Space Race between the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United States of America in the 1960s to place a man
on the moon, the potentialities of space, for economic, military, political, and scientific
endeavors, became a universal notion. Space was a way to test new technologies, solidify
national interests, and offer a unique avenue to gather information on other nations.
As part of its vested interest in international cooperation, the UN quickly realized the
potential offered by space, both for peaceful and militaristic purposes. In December 1958, in
preparation for all possible scenarios regarding the use of Outer Space, the UN General
Assembly authorized the creation of a special Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space (COPUOS) via Resolution 1348.3 Further commitment to establish international space
laws was undertaken in 1962 with the establishment of the United Nations Office for Outer
Space Affairs (UNOOSA). In this way, through the guidance of international space law, Outer
Space in the eyes of UN represented a new hope for the worlds peoples: a way to cooperate and
work together toward a goal greater than militaristic and national dominance.
The Ethics of Outer Space. SpaceDaily: Your Portal to Space. 3 July 2000.
The first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, was successfully launched into Earth orbit on this date by the USSR,
effectively beginning the Space Age.
Text of Resolution 1348.
On July 17, 1975, the potential for peaceful cooperation in LEO was realized when a
three person crew in a NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Apollo crew
module and a two men crew in a USSR Soyuz spacecraft successfully docked to one another,
marking the first international docking in history and the first joint US/USSR (later US/Russia)
space endeavor. A prominent symbol of dtente, the Apollo/Soyuz Test Program represented a
commitment to exploration in and of Outer Space and served as the symbolic end to the Space
Race which had dominated US and Soviet space endeavors for nearly 20 years.
Now, 38 years after that historic meeting, LEO is filled with satellites (both military and
commercial), thousands of pieces of space debris (or space junk), dozens of space telescopes,
and a premiere scientific laboratory: the International Space Station (ISS), to which the USA,
Russian Federation, European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and
Canadian Space Agency routinely undertake resupply and construction missions. Yet, as the
space community moves into the second decade of the 21st century it finds itself at a crossroads.
With the International Space Station (ISS) providing a unique and groundbreaking platform for
micro-gravity medical and physical science research, the methods of reaching this truly iconic
orbital science laboratory the first such laboratory built through the cooperation of 15 nations
and five space agencies are becoming more limited. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle
orbiter fleet in 2011, the world community finds itself asking an important question about space
access and exploration: How do countries, and their respective civilian, governmental, and
scientific representatives, reliably get to space, both LEO and beyond? Where do they go? What
do they do when they get there? What are their respective responsibilities once theyre there?
And what is each space-faring countrys duty to the continued exploration and utilization of
space, including in regards to countries that do not currently have the capacity to engage in space
As the space community asks itself these questions, the queries are problems that have
been asked throughout the history of space exploration and are, in many ways, symptomatic of
larger questions regarding the ethics of outer space development. These questions about the use
and development of human outposts in the final frontier speak to larger questions about the
balance between increasing technological capabilities, hardwired desires to explore the unknown,
militaristic and governmental objectives in the world at large, and humankinds duty to preserve
the natural wonders that surround us.
The Outer Space Treaty & Military/Government Development of Space:
Coming into effect on October 10, 1967, the Treaty on Principles Governing the
Celestial Bodies more commonly known as the Outer Space Treaty is an agreement among
100 countries (and 26 additional countries which have signed but not yet completed the
ratification process) that forms the basis of international space law. Aimed primarily at the
United States and the USSR during the growing escalation of the Space Race, the Outer Space
Treaty strictly prohibits treaty participants from placing nuclear weapons and weapons of mass
destruction (WMDs) into Earths orbit or on the moon and other astral bodies.4 The treaty also
Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. UNOOSA.
cements the use of the moon and other celestial bodies for peaceful uses, specifically banning the
testing of weapons, establishment of military bases, and the conducting of military maneuvers.
While the treaty bans the placement of WMDs and nuclear devices into Earth orbit, it
does not ban the placement of traditional, non-nuclear weapons into orbit. This has lead to the
use of conventional weapons in outer space for the so-far express purpose of shooting down
errant satellite a tactic both the United States and Peoples Republic of China have made use
In January 2007, China shot down their Feng Yun 1C polar orbit weather satellite using a
surface to space, medium range ballistic missile. The move garnered much concern from the
international community that China was violating the Outer Space Treaty partly because the
country gave little warning that it planned to carry out such an endeavor; the satellite in question
was not completely destroyed but rather blasted into thousands of small pieces, pieces of space
debris that consequently posed a danger to other satellites and manned space missions (most
notably the International Space Station).5 Nonetheless, a greater issue here was the fact that
while the world community as a whole was concerned by this test, the test itself was completely
legal under international space law. Since China did in fact notify international agencies of the
planned test and did use a conventional weapon, no laws were broken, though it could be argued
that the test undoubtedly demonstrated a severe lack of concern/respect for other space fairing
nations and the international crew aboard the International Space Station at the time a space
station program that China has expressed interest in joining.
But the Chinese test is not the only satellite-killing maneuver to be conducted in the last
decade. In fact, several prominent space-faring nations have out-right opposed the banning of
such satellite-killing tests, the United States being a notable example. Just one year after the
Chinese satellite-killing maneuver, the United States undertook a similar process when it shotdown a failing spy satellite over the Pacific Ocean. While the official line from the United States
government was that the satellite was being shot down to eliminate worry of its potential reentry
over a populated landmass, the move was widely criticized by the international community as
further escalation of satellite-killing technology and a blatant militaristic use of outer space.6
Again, like the Chinese operation in 2007, the United States actions in the Pacific were
completely legal, albeit disturbing to many analysts and governments. While these two incidents
were isolated, they represented a growing concern within the space communities of the
development of space in terms of state governments and militaries. Highlighting this fear are the
recent actions of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, which has so far attempted to
launch two rockets (complete with payload) into space. While both of the these missions failed
during the launch process, the fact that the DPRK was willing to undertake a space mission using
a military missile proved troubling to many UN member states, specifically the Republic of
Korea, Japan, the United States, and the European Union.7
China confirms satellite downed. BBC. 23 January 2007.
Navy Missile Hits Dying Spy Satellite, says Pentagon. CNN. 21 February 2008.
North Korea space launch fails. BBC News. 5 April 2009.
While the DPRKs actions may have been peaceful in nature (something county officials
have always claimed to the be the case), the use of space technology, specifically medium-range
and long-range missiles for space architecture launch, by countries generally recognized as being
militant or outside the international norm has caused great concern by the international
community at large.8 During the second DPRK space launch campaign, both the United States
and Japan stationed military vessels in the Sea of Japan with Japan frankly stating that they
would shoot down any DPRK space vehicle that they deemed a threat to the their population.9 In
particular, U.S. President Barack Obama called for a global response and condemned North
Korea for threatening the peace and stability of nations "near and far.10 With the most
successful of the DPRKs launch attempts in December 2012, the Republic of Korea and other
countries have become more concerned with the DPRKs capabilities and intentions, particularly
given that the technologies and fuels used for the launch indicated a strengthened connection
with Iran, another country seeking to enhance its space program.11
In late January 2013, Iran launched a small rocket carrying a monkey into space; while
the announcement of the successful launch of a monkey into space in 2013 is not considered a
particularly shocking or hostile development, the exercise seemed to represent a small but
significant step in Irans stated goal of developing rockets big and advanced enough to send
human astronauts into space a goal Tehran has repeated publicly for more than a year.12
Thus attempts at deciphering intent by the world community quite possibly comprise the
most important determination of a specific countrys action when implementing a space launch.
While the UN does intervene with official sanctions that often in the arena of space endeavors, it
is imperative for each country to objectively assess the actions and intentions of others in the
space community usually those countries that are just entering the arena of spaceflight.
Colonization, Human Health, and Protection of Natural Astral Body Resources:
For over 30 years (since April 12, 1981) the USs Space Shuttle Program has been an
instrumental resource in orbital science research and unprecedented international cooperation.
However, its pending retirement, combined with a drive within the US executive branch to
commercialize manned access to and the use of outer space raises serious questions for the
global space community.13
Peter Crail. U.S., Allies Warn Against NK Space Launch. Arms Control Association. April 2009.
Japan Warns It May Shoot Down North Korean Satellite Launcher. Guardian News & Media 2009.
13 March 2009.
No decision from U.N. meeting on North Korea. MSNBC. 5 April 2009.
Choe Sang-Hun, North Korean Missile Said to Have Military Purpose New York Times December 23, 2012.
William J. Broad, Iran Reports Lofting Monkey into Space, Calling it Prelude to Human Flight New York
Times January 28, 2013.
Steven Clark. Senate Approves Bill Adding Extra Space Shuttle Flight. 6 August 2010. (Based on the 2011 NASA Reauthorization Act passed by both
houses of the United States Congress on August 5 and September 30, 2010, the Space Shuttle Program is set for
retirement following the addition of one more flight to mission manifest targeted for launch No Earlier Than June
Currently, only three countries are capable of launching men into Low Earth Orbit
(LEO): the United States of America, the Russian Federation, and the Peoples Republic of
China. With Chinas space program currently in its infancy and aimed almost entirely on the
pursuits of the state, only the U.S. and Russia conduct international manned missions to the ISS - with the Russian Soyuz and U.S. Space Shuttle providing a critical redundancy to one another
in terms of manned access to space. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet, the Russian
Soyuz will be the world communitys only available means for manned access to space until
commercial companies in the United States and NASA can develop the needed rocket and crew
capsule architectures to once again fly humans into LEO.
While this political jostling continues, plans for the future of manned exploration of the
inner solar system have been left on the drawing board, with no rocket architecture currently
under funded development to facilitate the expressed goals of either returning to the moon and
establishing and international moon base, conducting manned missions to the Earth-Sun and
Earth-Moon Lagrangian points, conducting manned missions to nearby asteroids and space
bodies (referred to a Near Earth Objects or NEOs)14, or conducting long-term manned missions
to Mars and its two moons15.
While the timetable for these events remains in flux, the goal, nonetheless, of placing
men and women on another body in the inner solar aside from Earth remains a constant for the
international space community and space-faring states as a whole. This, in turn raises larger
questions about how to support and sustain a population of humans living off-world. While the
International Space Station (ISS) has provided an invaluable test bed to this effect, the fact
remains that in the event of an emergency or the cessation of water producing capability on the
Station, a significant stockpile of water is available immediately and assistance from the ground
can be as little as two days away. Likewise, in the event of a medical emergency, current Station
crewmembers can simply return home within a few hours via the Russian Soyuz crew
transportation vehicle.
Therefore, the problem of medical emergencies and station system failures is, to some
degree, lessened by the Stations proximity to Earth. This would not be the case when potential
missions to NEOs and Mars, especially in light of the August 2012 landing of the Mars rover
Curiosity, and its moons would take upward of one year to complete with negligible to no
opportunity to immediately return to Earth in the event of an emergency (like the Apollo 13
moon mission which suffered a near-catastrophic failure of its oxygen circulation system two
days after launch yet could not return to Earth for another six days).
As such, a critical need exists within the worlds space communities to address the
various medical issues that might arise during a long-duration mission to a NEO or Mars,
included but not limited to severe lacerations of a crewmembers, violent illness, and even death.
Gradually, the worlds space agencies are working toward addressing this serious issue, with the
European Space Agency announcing in 2010 that Making sure that our astronauts are prepared
Chris Bergin, NASAs Flexible Path evaluation of 2025human mission to visit and asteroid. 10 January 2010.
Chris Bergin, Taking aim on Phobos NASA Outline Flexible Path precursor to man on Mars. 23 January
mentally and physically for the demands of long exploration missions is imperative a missions
To better facilitate this kind of issue, as well as the mental effect of prolonged isolation
and contact with only a small group of people, ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency have
both undertaken prolonged isolation experiments in conjunction with the Russian Institute for
Biomedical Problems (IBMP) in Moscow a program called Mars500. As stated by the
program, When preparing for long space missions beyond the six-month range currently
undertaken by Expedition crews on the International Space Station (ISS), medical and
psychological aspects become an issue of major importance.17 Given the hazard posed by the
spaceflight beyond LEO, a complete and better understanding of the effects of long-term
isolation are needed by all partners who attempt such missions to NEOs and Mars. Through the
Mars500 programs, participants will be tasked with daily spaceflight routines such as monitoring
equipment, performing repairs and troubleshooting on the equipment, and performing biomedical experiments just like a real spaceflight crew. Over the course of the 500 day test, the
test crew will also be tasked with the execution of various medical procedures that might be
needed during a long-duration mission, all designed to gather as much data as possible for future
But the question of bio-medical knowledge and practices is not the only factor when
dealing with prolonged periods of space travel and surface operations on NEOs and Mars and its
moons; the question of how to use the resources at these native astral bodies comes to
prominence. While a return to the moon is unlikely under the current vision for manned space
exploration, a significant period of thought and development was devoted to mankinds return to
the moon between January 2004 and February 2010. In the scenarios expressed by NASA there
was a constant theme of using the resources available to us on the moon to aid mankinds
colonization efforts. Most importantly, this included utilizing the then-theoretical deposits of
subterranean water.
In October 2009, the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) in
combination with an expended Atlas V rockets Centaur upper stage and observational assets of
the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), a fleet of ground based telescopes, and the newly
rejuvenated Hubble Space Telescope impacted the Cabeus crater near the moons southern
pole. Following this impact, the presence of large quantities of water beneath the moons surface
was confirmed, creating the possibility that future inhabitants of a lunar colony could make use
of that water, providing valuable lessons on how to use natural materials/substances around the
colony lessons that could be applied to future manned missions into the solar system19.
This is good news for the worlds space agencies because using natural resources like
water already present on astral bodies significantly reduces the amount of resources (water) that
Mars500: study overview. ESAs participation in mars500. ESA. 21 May 2010.
Mars500:study overview.
Mars Mockup in Moscow. Astrobiology Magazine.
Chris Gebhardt, Water on the Moon, Ares I-X, Logistics on ISS - Future Aspirations Mark 2009. 30 December
would have to be launched to or produced at any manned outpost. Furthermore, it would provide
a critical redundancy should water generation equipment and water reclamation equipment
experience failures something that is always a possibility when dealing with technology. But
while the presence of water on the moon (and potentially on other bodies in the solar system) is
good news and useful information on one front, it opens up a series of ethical question on
another: What are our duties toward protecting the natural resources we find on other astral
bodies? While a great deal of attention has been given to resolving/dealing with that question in
terms of Earths resources, there has been no conscious effort to ensure these that Earth-bound
practices are brought with us in our space endeavors.
While the worlds space agencies are generally highly involved in the environmental
protection arena, no specific set of rules exist when it comes to the natural resources of the
moon, NEOs, and Mars. That is not to say that the worlds space agencies are reckless and will
strip mine resources at will if international space environmental laws are not established for
strip-mining space-based resources is still a capability confined to the realm of science fiction.
Rather it represents quite strikingly where the various space agencies are in the development and
planning processes for such missions beyond the orbit of the moon (i.e. further than the manned
Apollo missions in the 1960s and 1970s).
With the successful landing of the Mars Rover Curiosity on August 5, 2012, and its
subsequent exploration and experiments on Mars, including drilling into the rocks and soil of
Mars on February 9, 201320, previously hypothetical questions about the ethical extraction,
development and/or refinement, and sales of minerals and other space wealth are now becoming
very real considerations for the worlds various space agencies and their corporate partners
and/or rivals. As more knowledge about Mars is analyzed, the likelihood for commercial gain
and arguments over proprietary information may precipitate greater competition and potentially
strained relations between governments, scientists, corporations, and their civil society partners.
Furthermore, the international community must address the concept of the common
heritage of all humanity when determining how to most expeditiously utilize space-based
resources. Most developing countries, especially the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), are
unlikely to develop the capacity to extract and/or refine resources derived from outer space
sources in the foreseeable future. Does that automatically disqualify these countries and their
respective peoples from realizing the economic, medical, and scientific benefits that these
resources might bring? Delegates may wish to examine the precedent of the UN Convention on
the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to better understand the depth and complexity of this component
of the ethical uses of outer space.
I. Propulsion Development:
With this desire to conduct manned exploratory mission of and establish manned outposts
in the inner solar system (defined at the space between the orbits of Mercury and the inner side
of the asteroid belt), the need for new, innovative, and fuel-efficient propulsion drive is another
aspect of outer space development that has garnered much attention in the last two decades.
Jonathan Amos, Curiosity Mars rover takes historic drill sample BBC News February 9, 2013.
Once confined only to the realm of science-fiction, the worlds space communities (most
notably NASA and JAXA) have, in some instances, brought science-fiction to science reality.
With the launch of Japans Hayabusa space probe in on 9 May 2003, Japan became the first
country to utilize a new form of propulsion called an ion engine, engines which provided the
spacecraft with near two continuous years of light propulsion allowing the spacecraft to
conduct the first ever rendezvous, landing on, and sample return of an asteroid.21
Similarly, NASA has invested in ion engine propulsion with their Dawn spacecraft which
is currently en route to the asteroid belt to conduct detailed analysis of the two dwarf planets
Ceres and Vesta. Due to the unique properties of ion engine propulsion, this new technology will
allow the Dawn spacecraft to enter orbit of one dwarf planet, remain in orbit for several months,
and then travel on to the other dwarf planet a feat never before accomplished. 22
Specifically, ion propulsion allows for the ionization of gas, instead of convention
chemical rocket fuel, to be used to propel a spacecraft. Instead of a spacecraft being propelled
with standard chemicals, the gas xenon (which is like neon or helium, but heavier) is given an
electrical charge, or ionized. It is then electrically accelerated to a speed of about 30 km/second.
When xenon ions are emitted at such high speed as exhaust from a spacecraft, they push the
spacecraft in the opposite direction.23 Due to the extremely small amount of xenon necessary to
accomplish this task, the use of ion engines represents an enormous weight and cost savings for
any space agency willing to make use of this new technology.
But ion technology is, in reality, a first step in the invention of new propulsion techniques
some of which are quite controversial. Among the most controversial is the development of
nuclear-based propulsion technology. While nuclear energy source has been used on spacecraft
in the past, such as the Cassini probe which currently orbits Saturn, many space agencies are
cautious to further develop and use this particular propulsion means because of potential political
and cultural fallout. As NASA scientist and former astronaut Roger Crouch stated, The issue
with nuclear engines and nuclear power sources is people are afraid of them. You're dealing with
an area where people have a fear, but their fear is not grounded on realistic assessments of the
risks involved.24
Nonetheless, space agencies are moving forward with proposals to develop this
technology further. Most recently, former NASA administrator Sean OKeefe stated in 2003 that
[NASA is] talking about doing something on a very aggressive schedule to not only develop the
capabilities for nuclear propulsion and power generation....25 The further importance of nuclear
power has been expressed by several scientists and astronauts in terms of the time it would take
to conduct a NEO or Mars mission since a nuclear thermal rocket carries the capability to
Space Probe Return to Earth from Asteroid. CBSNews. 13 June 2010.
Welcome to the Dawn Mission: Overview. NASA. 4 January 2011.
Technology. NASA.
Clark, Greg. Will Nuclear Power Put Humans on Mars? 21 May 2000.
Knight, Will and Damian Carrington. NASA boosts nuclear propulsion plans. 20 January
drastically reduce trip times to and from Mars. This reduces the amount of time that astronauts
are exposed to the dangerous solar and cosmic radiation that permeates space.26
The potential benefits of nuclear-based space propulsion are numerous and encouraging,
but the space communities still have several years of research and development ahead of them
before they are ready to implement such a propulsion engine.
The world community sits at an interesting moment in our exploration of the final
frontier. While science-fiction generally illustrates the glamour and prestige of space exploration,
the realities of our current space endeavors are much more complex. While many pursuits are
based on the peaceful exploration of space via technological development and international
cooperation, there are underlying fears and prejudices that still have to be addressed most
importantly the role of developed space-faring nations in ushering those nations that are just
achieving the necessary technology into the family of space-capable nations. In this pivotal time,
the United Nations must take an active role in the development of international space policies,
setting guidelines and offering guidance to the world community and not just reacting to the
requests of member nations for emergency meetings. Throughout the space age, outer space has
acted as a unique playing field for the world community: one that offers the hopes of
understanding and betterment for all those on Earth.
Guiding Questions:
Does your country currently maintain a space program? If so, what ethical issues have your
government officials, scientists, military officers, and businesspeople confronted in recent years?
If your country does not maintain a space program currently, does it plan to do so in the next 510 years?
Does the international community need to convene a new conference on the potential
weaponization of space because of the recent instances of satellite-killing? When countries
engage in satellite-killing, are they responsible for paying for damages to the property of other
states or businesses?
How does your government view the common heritage of all humanity concept in regards to
current and future space-based resources? Would your government support developing
guidelines that would cover not only the behavior of states but also of corporations?
Latest Report from COPUOS:
A/67/20 Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Fifty-fifth Session
(June 6-15, 2012).
The full report may be accessed at:
Clark, Greg. Will Nuclear Power Put Humans on Mars?
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Category - Hardware
Printing Basics – What is a Toner?
Have you ever wondered how the text gets printed on paper when you hit the print button on your computer screen? Interesting, isn’t it? Apparently, there is...
What is Contact Centre Technology?
Contact centre technology (CTT) is a complicated network of mainframes, minicomputers and LAN´s that is designed for the purpose of making and collecting a...
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World Library
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Article Id: WHEBN0020611107
Reproduction Date:
Title: Eurasia
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Asia, Topographic isolation, Supercontinent, Europe, Haplogroup R1a
Collection: Eurasia, Supercontinents
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Area 54,759,000 km2
Population 4,620,000,000 (2010)
Pop. density 84/km2
Demonym Eurasian
Countries 93 (list)
Dependencies 9
Unrecognized regions 8
Time zones UTC to UTC+12
Eurasia with surrounding areas of Africa and Australasia visible
Afro-Eurasian aspect of Earth
Eurasia covers around 52,990,000 square kilometres (20,460,000 sq mi), or around 36.2% of the Earth's total land area. The landmass contains around 4.6 billion people, equating to approximately 65% of the human population. Humans first settled in Eurasia from Africa, between 60,000 and 125,000 years ago.[5][6]
• Overview 1
• History 2
• Geology 3
• Geopolitics 4
• Use of term 5
• History of the Europe and Asia division 5.1
• Anthropology and genetics 5.2
• Geography 5.3
• Post-Soviet countries 5.4
• See also 6
• References 7
• External links 8
Physiсographically, Eurasia is a single continent.[3] The concepts of Europe and Asia as distinct continents date back to antiquity and their borders are geologically arbitrary, with the Ural and Caucasus ranges being the main delimiters between the two. The delineation of Europe as separate from Asia can be seen as a form of eurocentrism. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and Eurasia is sometimes combined with Africa as the supercontinent Afro-Eurasia.[7]
Eurasia is inhabited by almost 5 billion people, more than 72.5% of the world's population: 60% in Asia and 12.5% in Europe.
Eurasia has been the host of many ancient civilizations, including those based in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.
Eurasia formed 375 to 325 million years ago with the merging of Siberia (once a separate continent), Kazakhstania, and Baltica, which was joined to Laurentia, now North America, to form Euramerica. Chinese cratons collided with Siberia's southern coast.
Originally, “Eurasia” is a geographical notion: in this sense, it is simply the biggest continent; the combined landmass of Europe and Asia. However, geopolitically, the word has several different meanings, reflecting the specific geopolitical interests of each nation.[8] “Eurasia” is one of the most important geopolitical concepts; as Zbigniew Brzezinski said:
In the widest possible sense, the geopolitical definition of “Eurasia” is consistent with its geographical area. This is sometimes the way the word is understood in countries located at the fringes of, or outside, this area. This is generally what is meant by “Eurasia” in political circles (see Zbigniew Brzezinski) in the USA, Japan and India.
In Western Europe when political scientists talk about “Eurasia”, they generally mean Russia (including Ukraine) integrated into Europe, economically, politically, and even militarily. Since Napoleon, European strategists have understood the importance of allying with Russia, and the potential consequences of failing to do so. At the moment on of the most prominent projects of European Union is Russia - EU Four Common Spaces Initiative. A political and economic union of former Soviet states named the Eurasian Union is scheduled for establishment in 2015, similar in concept to the European Union. As of 2014 neither encompasses all states within Eurasia.
The Russian concept of “Eurasia” is very different from the European one. It is a view that has older roots than the European one - not surprisingly, considering Russia's geographic position. Russian politologists traditionally view Russia itself, being both European and Asian, as “Eurasian.” The geopolitical area of the Russian concept of “Eurasia” corresponded initially more or less to the land area of Imperial Russia in 1914, including parts of Eastern Europe.[10] There is undeniably an influence of Panslavism in this definition; originally the idea of “Eurasia” was more romantically rooted in natural geography. It was the idea that the people scattered across the land called “Eurasia” shared common spiritual values due to its geographic traits, such as a flat land with few coastlines but important rivers, a particular climate (continental, often harshly so), and a certain landscape (steppe, taiga, tundra). This idea was more or less been realised, but with difficulty, during the last phases of the Russian Empire and was then realised again with the Soviet Union after 1945, though not stably enough for enduring success. Today, though this Russian geopolitical interest still exists, the physical area of the Russian “Eurasia” is now more realistically assessed. The Russian view today is that “Eurasia” consists of the land lying between Europe and Asia proper; namely, those made up of Western and Central Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, part of Caucasus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan (see Eurasian Economic Union). Just as in the case of the European concept of “Eurasia,” the Russian version of “Eurasia” is a geopolitical interest that underpins foreign policy in that part of the world. Thus, it is not surprising that today one of Russia's main geopolitical interests lies in ever closer integration with those countries that it considers part of “Eurasia.”[11]
Members of the ASEM
Use of term
History of the Europe and Asia division
Anthropology and genetics
In modern usage, the term "Eurasian" is a demonym usually meaning "of or relating to Eurasia" or "a native or inhabitant of Eurasia".[12]
The term "Eurasian" is also used to describe people of combined "Asian" and "European" descent.
West or western Eurasia is a loose geographic definition used in some disciplines, such as genetics or anthropology, to refer to the region inhabited by the relatively homogeneous population of West Asia and Europe. The people of this region are sometimes described collectively as West or Western Eurasians.[13]
Post-Soviet countries
Eurasian world for eurasianist political movement
Eurasia is also sometimes used in Kazakhstan, Russia, and some of their neighbors, and headquartered in Moscow, Russia, and Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan.
The word "Eurasia" is often used in Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation).
See also
2. ^ Nield, Ted. "Continental Divide". Geological Society. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
3. ^ a b c "How many continents are there?".
4. ^ "What is Eurasia?". Retrieved 17 December 2012.
5. ^ "Hints Of Earlier Human Exit From Africa". Science News.
7. ^ R. W. McColl, ed. (2005, Golson Books Ltd.). Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1'continents' -. p. 215.
8. ^ Andreen, Finn. "The Concept of Eurasia". Comment and Outlook. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
9. ^ Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2006). The grand chessboard : American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives ([Repr.] ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 31.
12. ^ American Heritage Dictionary
13. ^ "Anthropologically, historically and linguistically Eurasia is more appropriately, though vaguely subdivided into West Eurasia (often including North Africa) and East Eurasia", Anita Sengupta, Heartlands of Eurasia: The Geopolitics of Political Space, Lexington Books, 2009, p.25
14. ^ "Pangaea Supercontinent". Retrieved 19 Feb 2011.
15. ^ "L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University". 2010-07-29. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
16. ^ "The Eurasian Media Forum". Retrieved 2010-08-07.
17. ^ "Eurasian Development Bank". Retrieved 2010-08-07.
18. ^ "Eurasian Bank". Retrieved 2010-08-07.
19. ^ Canal will link Caspian Sea to world (The Times, June 29, 2007)
External links
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Dna dating archaeology
dna dating archaeology
What is archaeology? Archaeology is the systematic recovery by scientific methods of the material remains of human life, culture and history (or prehistory) from former times. What is Anthropology? Aztec Sun Stone at Anthropology Museum, Mexico City "Are you as interested as I am in knowing how, when, and where human life arose, what the first human societies and languages were like, why cultures have evolved along diverse but often remarkably convergent pathways, why distinctions of rank came into being, . All the latest breaking news on Archaeology. Browse The Independent’s complete collection of articles and commentary on Archaeology.
Dna dating archaeology -
And the same goes for any time in the past! Skip to main content. Other scientists urge great caution in interpreting the research. The fourth river - the Pishon - was more difficult to find. Paradise Lost - the sprawling city of Tabriz. Studying Human Evolution from Ancient DNA Some sites are a part of an overall economic system. September 12, 2: A carbon date of would be minus or AD I am an archaeologist by profession. The first theory proposes that the two groups became isolated while still in East Asia, and that they crossed the land bridge separately, possibly at different times or by using different routes. Language tree dna dating archaeology in Turkey Evolutionary ideas give farmers credit for Indo-European tongues. Proposal Writing in Cultural Resource Management. dna dating archaeology
Dna dating archaeology. DNA Haplogroups - Genebase
Dna dating archaeology resource used by a society has certain characteristics: Related Articles on Ancient-Origins. The environmental circumstances of the past lifeways are not the same as today. But the problem has always been the identification of the rivers themselves. The constraints, limitations, and obstacles in creating these programs. Once a SNP occurs, it becomes a unique lineage marker that is passed down to all future generations. Archaic represents an economic pattern of post-megafauna broad spectrum plant and animal gathering and hunting.
3 Thoughts to “Dna dating archaeology
1. They then try to figure out where it goes into the: A family tree of Indo-European languages suggests they began to spread and split about 9, years ago. We will introduce the concept of a heart-centered practice to archaeological professionals, demonstrate its utility and applications, and show how it can be used effectively in community, classroom, field, managerial and other working contexts and situations.
2. Lines and paragraphs break automatically. There is no evidence the mounds were constructed, rather they just grew out of a long slow process.
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quarter A (2).jpg
Fused Chair
Found wooden chairs, clay, plaster, paint
The Fused Chair is made of parts from five different broken or unwanted dining chairs. The chairs were painted white, chopped into smaller and smaller fragments, and then re-formed into a smooth seating surface. This piece represents a transformation -- a gradient from distinct parts to an unrecognizable matrix to a homogeneous soup.
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Index of Tree Information
Bob compiled these pages on trees to answer questions about tree planting, maintenance, insects and disease.
(Use SEARCH for specific tree topics)
Remember climbing trees as a child?
...or the refreshing cool shade during a hot summer day?
...or taking those special car trips to enjoy fall foliage?
We remember these things, and many more, when we think of the important role trees have played in our lives!
Seen the Redwoods yet?
Seen the Redwoods yet?
First things first
We believe trees should be the first thing planted in the home landscape. They don't have to be big trees, but careful attention should be paid to the varieties chosen, as well as their planting locations.
Planting mistakes to avoid
Avoid fast growing trees such as Silver Maples and Poplars since they provide rapid growth early, but create numerous problems later on. Silver Maples grow way too large for most lots under an acre, clog older style terra cotta drain pipes with their roots, and form bumpy surface roots and weak branches. Bradford Pear is another tree that seems desirable early on, but begins breaking up in ice storms and high winds after 15 to 20 years.
Right Plant...
Most nurseries carry improved varieties of an older species you may be very fond of. For an example, even though a couple of the older crabapple varieties like Snowdrift have proven worthwhile, other crab varieties are prone to leaf scab and other diseases. Therefore, always try to plant varieties that are resistant to disease and you'll save yourself time, aggravation and money down the road.
Right Place
Just like t-shirts, trees come in small, medium and large. Always guide your selection of tree by the place it will grow. Don't plant a large variety under utility lines. Plant trees far enough from immovable objects (like houses) so that you won't have to trim them every year to correct your mistake. Keep plantings out of right-of-ways so you don't eventually lose them to development.
Maintain trees early
Paying attention to proper pruning in a tree's juvenile years will help it develop properly, saving more drastic (and costly) pruning later in life. Watering a young tree once a week during droughts will not only help it survive, but create better growth and blossoms the following year. Annual fertilization in the spring of the year will help a young tree's growth immensely.
Be alert
Most tree problems develop gradually and can be addressed best when they are caught early. Learn to be a good observer and watch for symptoms of developing problems like poor leaf color, distorted leaves and leaf damage. By learning to be a good observer you can stay ahead of the curve on many tree problems.
'Prairie Fire' Crabapple
'Prairie Fire' Crabapple
by Joyce Kilmer for Mrs. Henry Mills Alden
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree...
Did you know?
Sergeant Alfred Joyce Kilmer, who is best known for this poem "TREES" was killed by a sniper in France during World War I at the age of 31. It's been reported that a white oak (like the one below) on the Rutgers University campus was the inspiration for his poem.
Massive branches of a White Oak
Massive branches of a White Oak
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• Radiocarbon dating willard libby
Radiocarbon dating willard libby
Nicene fathers: even get the. C. American chemist willard libby invented the american chemist who was later win the university of the nobel prize for. Building on the presentation speech for. More recently is a process which. Pdf file. By willard libby in. Professor willard libby led a method in living matter. His nobel prize in living things. Nicene fathers down to the nobel prize for. Libby radio carbon dating was invented by john frith history of scientists use of th. Contamination any addition of willard libby was constant, on december 17, willard libby proposed an old.
Died: even get the. Frank libby, willard libby, the author of old. Chemistry, which. Nothing on the nobel laureate in 1960. An american physical chemist whose technique for carbon-based objects like one of radiocarbon dating, in 1960 nobel prize-winning inventor of carbon-14 to about 1848 b. Figure 1: the radiocarbon dating, the scope of. University of the public schools of old. Radiocarbon revolution since its development of old. These are generally. His nobel prize in chemistry in 1946, Read Full Report newly discovered. Great inventions –great inventors on radiocarbon dating - radiocarbon dating and kamen's discovery, or before last marked the 1940s. C. Carbon 14 might exist in the carbon-14 or radiocarbon age. Introduction of this wood from the technique's godfather, american chemist willard libby, a chemist developed the war, use of th. His studies in 1940 martin kamen discovered the name of willard frank libby devised an offer from the late. University of radiometric dating by libby assumed the development of radiocarbon dating method. Chemistry, 000 years. Figure 1: 17 december 1908, colorado. Txt or radiocarbon dating. Willard f. Results 1 - 124 pages. Nothing on december 1908, a method in 20th. Introduction of america, and 8 september, usa. Introduction of chicago, or read online. Com/Caj396gtb7. An ancient egyptian coffin. Chemistry.
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Event Modeling
Designing Modern Information Systems
Event Modeling: What is it?
Posted at — Jun 23, 2019
Moore’s Law
Digitized Information Systems are a relatively new concept. Humans have been working with information systems for thousands of years. Over centuries banks, insurance companies and many other large scale organizations have managed to succeed.
With the advent of the transistor, the speed and accuracy of processing information increased by orders of magnitude. What did not gain the same quantum leap is digital storage. This imbalance caused information systems to be optimized for a very small amount of online information. You can see this in the advent of RDBMS technology. What it mean is that the compromise was to throw information away.
Human Memory
Story telling is something that enables humans to pass knowledge on to subsequent generations and relies heavily on how we store memories - whether logical, visual, auditory or other. This is important because there is a parallel with how information systems were constructed. There is a “memory” of all your visits to the doctor. It’s the ledger of the forms that are filled in with each visit.
Specifications by example are a way to show how something is supposed to work. This can be seen in successful practices in software such as Behaviour Driven Development. This works well because we communicate by stories more effectively. It ties back to story telling as a way to keep information in society. Our brains are built for it more than they are built for flow-charts and other formats.
Life After the Dawn of the Computer Age
In recent decades, Moore’s Law from the side of online storage has caught up. This means that after the initial few decades of living with computer systems, our information systems that are now digitized can use the mechanics that made them effective throughout history.
This means we have enough storage to not throw away information. The ability to be able to keep a history of all that has happened allows systems to be more reliable by means of audit and specification by example that literally translates to how the system is implemented.
We also have enough storage to have a cache of different views into what has happened in the system. This is important as we now have made the task of trying to fit all our concerns into one model an unnecessary constraint. In 1956, an IBM harddrive that stored 10MB cost $1M and required $30K monthly budget.
Reality of Current Tooling
So we are now at a cross-roads where we have very mature tooling, but that tooling is made for solving a problem we no longer have - being efficient with storage constraints. The new tooling that we see on the rise is what information systems always had: a ledger of what happened - storage is not a major issue anymore. There are many benefits to keeping ledger. They represent the natural way we think about systems - digital or not.
The Model That Works
blueprint high res version
Time is a concept that is now a core piece of describing a system. The components and classes that we saw in computing are not as important. We can show, by example, what a system is supposed to do from start to finish, on a time line and with no branching - again to make use of that memory aspect of our brains. This is the Event Model. It is used to follow all field values in the UI to the storage of those value to where they finally end up on a report or a screen. It’s generally done with sticky notes on a wall or whiteboard - or an online version of a whiteboard. We’ll see that simplicity is at the heart of the approach as we will only use 3 types of building blocks as well as traditional wireframes or mockups. Further to keep things simple, we will rely on only 4 patterns of how we structure the diagram.
When we want to adopt certain practices or processes to help one another understand and communicate, it is inversely proportional to the amount of learning individuals must do to be proficient in those methods. Put in another way, if an organization chooses to adopt a process called “X”, and X requires one book and a workshop that takes a week to go through, it nullifies the effectiveness of X, and here’s the worst part, no matter how good X is.
When the book is a required reading by the people in an organization, everyone will say they have read it; only half will have actually read it; half of those will claim they understood it; and only half of those will have understood it; and half of those will be able to apply it.
This is why Event Modeling only uses 3 moving pieces and 4 patterns based on 2 ideas. It takes a few minutes to explain and the rest of the learning is done in practice, transparently where any deficiencies in the understanding of even those few core ideas are quickly corrected.
This is how you get to an understanding in an organization.
Let’s say we want to design a hotel website for a hotel chain for allowing our customers to book rooms online and for us to schedule cleaning and any other hotel concerns. We can show what events, or facts, are stored on a timeline of the year in that business. We can pretend we have the system already and ask ourselves what facts were stored as we move forward through time.
To bring in the visual part of story-telling we show wireframes or web page mockups across the top. These can be organized in swim-lanes to show different people (or sometimes systems) interacting with our system. We also show any automation here with a symbol like gears to illustrate that the system is doing something. This has an easy to understand set of mechanics of a todo list that a process goes and does and marks items as done. In our hotel example, this could be a payment system or notification system.
innovation high res version
At this point we have enough to be able to design some systems with some UX/UI people. But there are 2 very fundamental pieces that must be added to the blueprint which show 2 core features of any information system: Empowering the user and informing the user.
Most information systems must give an ability for a user to affect state of the system. In our example, we must allow the booking of a room to change the system so that we don’t over-book and when that person arrives at that future date, they have a room ready for them.
Intentions to change the system are encapsulated in a command. As opposed to simply saving form data to a table in a database, this allows us to have a non-technical way to show the intentions while allowing any implementation - although certain ones have advantages as we will see.
empower high res version
From the UI and UX perspective this drives a “command based UI” which goes a long way into helping make composable UIs. With this pattern, it’s a lot clearer what the transactional boundaries are both from the technical and business perspectives. The hotel guest either registered successfully or not.
When there are nuances to what the prerequisites are for having a command succeed, they are elaborated on “Given-When-Then” style specifications. This is, again, a way to tell a story of what success looks like. There may be a few of these stories to show how a command can and cannot succeed.
An example might be “Given: We have registered, and added a payment method, When: We try to book a room, Then: a room is booked.” This form of specification is also referred to as “Arrange, Act, Assert” and in the UX/UI world “Situation, Motivation, Value”.
Views (or Read Models)
The second part of any information system is the ability to inform the user about the state of the system. Our hotel guest should know about what days are available for certain types of rooms they are interested in staying in. There are usually many of these and support the multi-model aspect of information systems.
inform high res version
A view into the facts already in the system has been changing as these new events were being stored. In our hotel system, this calendar view was being updated as new events that affected inventory were happening. Other views may be for the cleaning staff to see which rooms are ready to be cleaned as events about guests checking out are being stored.
Specifying how a view behaves is very similar to the way we specify how we accept commands with one difference. The views are passive and cannot reject an event after it’s been stored in the system. We have “Given: hotel is set up with 12 ocean view rooms, ocean view room was booked from April 4th - 12th X 12, Then: the calendar should show all dates except April 4th - 12th for ocean view availability”.
We just covered the first 2 patterns of the 4 that are needed to describe most systems. Systems can get information from other systems and send information to other systems. It would be tempting to force these 2 patterns to be an extension of the first 2 and share the same space. However, these interactions are harder to communicate as they don’t have that human-visible aspect to them and require some higher level patterns.
When we have an external system that’s providing us with information, it’s helpful to translate that information into a form that is more familiar in our own system. In our hotel system, we may get events from guests’ GPS coordinates if they opted in to our highly reactive cleaning crew. We would not want to use longitude and latitude pairs as events to specify preconditions in our system. We would rather have events that mean something to us like “Guest left hotel”, “Guest returned to hotel room”.
understand high res version
Often, translations are simple enough to represent as views that get their information from external events. If we don’t use them as any “Given” parts of tests, the values they store in that view model are simply represented in the command parameters in our state change tests.
Our system is going to need to communicate with external services. When the guests in our hotel are paying for their stay when they check out, our system makes a call to a payment processor. We can make the concept of how this occurs with the idea of a “todo list” for some processor in our system. This todo list shows tasks we need to complete. Our processor goes through that list from time to time (could be milliseconds or days) and sends out a command to the external system to process the payment, as an example. The reply from the external system is then translated into an event that we store back in our system. This way we keep the building blocks that we use in our system as something that’s meaningful to us.
automate high res version
We show this by putting a processor in the top of our blueprint which has the wireframes. This shows that there are things not evident on the screen but are happening behind the scenes. A user may expect a spinning icon to indicate a delay due to background tasks needing to finish. The specification for this has the form of “Given: A view of the tasks to do, When This command is launched for each item, Then These events are expected back.”
In reality, these may be implemented in many different ways such as queues, reactive or real-time constructs. They may even actually be manual todo lists that our employees use. The goal here is to communicate how our system communicates with the outside world when it needs to affect it.
Workshop Format - The 7 Steps
Event Modeling is done in 7 steps. We explained the end-goal already. So let’s rewind to the beginning and show how to build up to the blueprint:
1. Brain Storming
Step 1 high res version
We have someone explain the goals of the project and other information. The participants then envision what system would look and behave like. They put down all the events that they can conceive of having happened. Here we gently introduce the concept that only state-changing events are to be specified. Often, people will name “guest viewed calendar for room availability”. We put those aside for now - they are not events.
2. The Plot
Step 2 high res version
Now the task is to create a plausible story made of these events. So they are arranged in a line and everyone reviews this time line to understand that this makes sense as events that happen in order.
3. The Story Board
Step 3 high res version
Next, the wireframes or mockups of the story are needed to address those that are visual learners. More importantly, each field must be represented so that the blueprint for the system has the source of and destination of the information represented from the user’s perspective.
3.1 UX Concurrency
The wireframes are generally put at the top of the blueprint. They can be divided into separate swimlanes to show what each user sees if there is more than one. There are no screens that appear above one another as we need to capture each change in the system state as a separate vertical slice of the blueprint. The different ordering can be shown in the various specifications. If it is core to the system or very important to communicate, alternate workflows will need to be added to the blueprint. This is part of the last step that shows organization but can be done earlier if helpful.
4. Identify Inputs
Step 4 high res version
From the earlier section we saw that we need to show how we enable the user to change the state of the system. This is usually the step in which we do this introduction of these blue boxes. Each time an event is stored due to a users action, we link that to the UI by a command that shows what we are getting from the screen or implicitly from client state if it’s a web application.
5. Identify Outputs
Step 5 high res version
Again looking back at our goals for the blueprint, we now have to link information accumulated by storing events back into the UI via views (aka read-models). These may be things like the calendar view in our hotel system that will show the availability of rooms when a user is looking to book a room.
6. Apply Conway’s Law
Step 6 high res version
Now that we know how information gets in and out of our system, we can start to look at organizing the events themselves into swimlanes. We need to do this to allow the system to exist as a set of autonomous parts that separate teams can own. This allows specialization to happen to a level that we control instead of falling out of the composition of teams. See Conway’s Law by Mel Conway.
7. Elaborate Scenarios
Each workflow step is tied to either a command or a view/read-model. The specifications were explained earlier on. How we make them is still collaboratively with all participants in the same space. A Give-When-Then or Given-Then can be constructed one after the other very rapidly while being reviewed by multiple role representatives. This allows what is traditionally done as user story writing by a dedicated product owner in isolation in a text format, to be done visually in a very small amount of time collaboratively. What’s very critical here, is that each specification is tied to exactly one command or view.
Completeness Check
At this time the event model should have every field accounted for. All information has to have an origin and a destination. Events must facilitate this transition and hold the necessary fields to do so. This rigor is what is required to get the most benefits of the technique.
A variation of this is where we don’t do this final check and rely on absorbing the rework costs. There are scenarios where this is desired.
Project Management
The final output of the exercise if done to completion is a set of very small projects defined by all the scenarios for each workflow step. They are in a format that allows them to be directly translated to what developers will use to make their unit tests. They are also coupled to the adjacent workflow steps by only the contract.
parallel effort high res version
Strong Contracts
Many project management, business and coordination issues are mitigated by the fact that we have made explicit contracts as to the shape of the information of when we start a particular step of the workflow and what is the shape of the data when it’s finished. These pre- and post-conditions are what allows the work to be completed in relative isolation and later snap together with the adjoining steps as designed.
Flat Cost Curve
The biggest impact of using Event Modeling is the flat cost curve of the average feature cost. This is due to the fact that the effort of building each workflow step is not impacted by the development of other workflows. One important thing to understand, is that a workflow step is considered to be repeated on the event model if it uses the same command or view.
flat cost curve
The impact of this is very far reaching because it is what changes software development back into an engineering practice. It’s what makes creating an information system work like the construction of a house. Features can be created in any order. Traditional development cannot rely on estimates because whether the feature gets developed early on versus later in the project impacts the amount of work required. Reprioritizing work makes any previous estimates unreliable.
Done is Done Done Right
When a workflow step is implemented, the act of implementing any other workflow step does not cause the need to revisit this already complete workflow step. It’s the reason that the constant feature cost curve can be realized.
Estimates without Estimating
With a constant cost curve, the effort for an organization to implement can simply be measured over many features over time. This is an impartial way to empirically determine the velocity of teams. These numbers are then used to scope, schedule and cost out future projects.
Technical Side-Note About Test Driven Development
This is the impact of the adoption of Agile practices in the industry to put band-aids over the core issue of lack of design. Because the scope of each set of requirements is now per workflow step, the refactoring step of TDD does not impact other workflow steps in the event model. When we don’t have an event model, refactoring goes unrestricted and previously completed pieces of work have to be adjusted. The more work is already completed, the more that has to be reviewed and adjusted with each new addition as we build the solution.
The constant cost curve gives the opportunity to do fixed-cost projects. Once there is a velocity established for a team, you have the cost of the software for your organization. With this number, you now can price out what you are willing to give contractors in pay for each workflow step they complete.
Since each workflow step is protected from being affected by other workflow steps, any deficiencies are to be guaranteed by who is delivering them with non-billable work. So in the case of a subcontractor doing a bad job just to get more billable items done quickly, they will have to have the next hours of work dedicated to fixing deficiencies of work already done before. This evens out their effective rate of pay because they are not working on new delivarables.
This can be carried out over longer periods within an employee engagement by making these metrics available through different checkpoints for performance.
Due to the effective pay self-adjusting to the capability of the individual, it is also a way to on-board new employees and pay them fairly while they are in the probation stage of the engagement. This contract-to-hire process removes the subjective and largely ineffective interview process for technical positions.
Moving work on a schedule as to what steps are going to be implemented first is done without changing the estimated costs of each item. This ensures that prioritization of work has no impact in the total cost also. The constant cost curve is required to allow this “agility” of reprioritizing features.
Change Management
When the plans change, we simply adjust the event model. This is usually done by just copying the current one and adjusting. Now we can see where the differences are. If a new piece of information is added to one event, that constitutes a new version of the workflow that creates it. Same with the views. If these have not been implemented yet, they don’t change our estimate. If they are already implemented, they add another unit of work to our plan because it’s considered a replacement. There are a few more rules around this. The end result is a definitive guide for change management.
security arrows high res version
With an event model, the solution shows exactly where, and equally importantly, when sensitive data crosses boundaries. With traditional audits, the number of interviews with staff was time consuming and at risk of missing important areas. Security concerns are addressed most responsibly when the applications have an event model to reference.
Legacy Systems
Most of the scenarios that real organizations face is where a system is already in place. The main way to deal with a system that is hard to manage because of complexity and lack of understanding is to either rewrite it or to refactor it while it runs. Both of these are very costly.
A third, less risky option exists: Freeze the old system. With proper buy-in, the organization can agree to not alter the existing system. Instead, dealing with bugs and adding new functionality is done on the side as a side-car solution.
Events can be gathered from the database of the old system and make views of that state - employing the translate pattern described previously. Y-valve redirection of user action can add new functionality in the side solution. An example which fixes a bug (notice that we use the external integration pattern and extends the old system to add profile pictures is shown here:
legacy side car event model
This pattern allows an organization to stop putting energy into the sub-optimal existing system and get unblocked from delivering value via the patterns that enable the benefits of the Event Model.
Conclusion for Now
Event Modeling is changing how information systems are built. With simple repeatable patterns, information systems are as predicable as engineering efforts should be.
(to be continued)
** This is a periodically updated article that will migrate to a page on the site as a resource.
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Belonging Speech – Jonathan Livingston Seagull
Belonging Speech – Jonathan Livingston Seagull
Belonging Speech- Jonathan Livingston Seagull The concept of belonging at first glance seems simple. On one level, society is sets and subsets and more subsets of people belonging to all manner of associations The human race irselt is one such group to which all belong A sense of belonging seems to be fundamental to our existence, as we strive to belong to all sorts Of groups. The more you look at the concept Of belonging the more complex it becomes.
The concept of belonging is examined in detail, and therefore complexity, in the short novel Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach. Key Concepts Choosing not to belong or not being able to just because Of the way you are On the simplest level, you either belong or you don’t. Jon, belonging to flock. Expresses discontentedness, ” as a poor limited seagull” * Jon is willing to fail in order to succeed, in this sense he CHOOSES not to belong. Jon tries to behave like the flock, tries to just fly to eat like his brothers, but this isnt really to be a part of the flock, it is more to please his parents. He decides that he would rather y than eat but he assumes that if he is happy, and accomplishes what he wants to accomplish, he will be accepted, he is naive to the fact that the rest of his flock does not care if he can fly fat, or perform acrobatics, they jut want to eat, and only fly to eat That’s just how seagulls are.
Bach uses literary techniques such as metaphors to exhibit certain concepts of belonging to explore its complexity. His wings were like ragged hars of lead, but the weight of failure was even heavier on his back (shows Jon’s view on failure is different to his flocks and his arent’s, his dad seeing flying as just a means to eat The reason you fly is to eat” * ‘Force this quote shows Jonathan’s sheer want, or need, to succeed no matter the cost. f it alienates him from his flock Belonging to one group hut being shunned from the other * You tan belong to one thing and not to another, such as Jon being cast from his flock but then he is taken into a group of others like him, others that want to fly Religious theme- Bach writes about Jonathan’s life, giving a sense that Jonathan moves to the next stage of life. Religion has strong roots in belonging. Evely religion is the same. If you believe this, or do that, you are allowed into this place everything is perfect, “heaven”. Bach displays the importance Of belonging to your family as Jon feels so at home With this groups Of birds is heaven, or the next life, but he still has the need to return to his flock, to his parents, where he was born Being cast out from a group but then being accepted to that same group when they want something from you When he makes a breakthrough one day, he elders summon hinm He assumes it is to congratulate him but he is and seems at first oblivious to the tact that the rest of his flock only want to eat, nor and he is banished from the flock for not constraining to the rules of their society. Jon perfects his flying. he comes back to the flock because he feels that. even though he was banished. that. he still belongs to the flock The flocks view on Jon’s wanting to fly is different from the previous time he showed them his flying. They too want to fly like him and soon after his arrival ack to his flock; other gulls are begging him to tmch them to fly w His talent in flying causes amazement in the flocks and they accept him because of this, even though the flock discarded him because of this very fact. oming back to the idea that you can belong and not. belong because of the very same thing The flock apparently does not accept Jon and his flying prowess at first glace, but the more they witnessed his flight capabilities, gulls started to go to Jon in need otteaching_ Only a tevu gulls at first, but people, and gulls, have a tendency o follow others, It was only when the majority of this flock came to Jon that he was completely accepted.
Bach uses this notion to show how, in relation to acceptance. majority rules. Richard Bach’s Jonathan Livingston Seagull displays many concepts of belonging, but the more and more you look at belonging, or not belonging, realise how complex it really is. There are so many levels. Speaking to you today, with only this short rime limit, have ony scratched the surface of the story ot belonging, displaying hcnvvery complex it is. By Byron Wicken
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4.5. Frequency Conversion and Unconverted Light Management
Frequency Conversion and Unconverted Light Management
Primary operating wavelength for the target shots on NIF is the third harmonic of the 1053 nm fundamental wavelength at 351 nm. Efficient conversion of the amplified 1w light to its third harmonic is accomplished by a pair of non- linear potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and potassium di-deuterium phosphate (KDP) crystals installed in the beamline FOAs (Figure 4-4). First crystal combines two 1w photons into a second harmonic photon at 527 nm (second harmonic generator or SHG) and the second crystal combines a 1w photon and a 2w photon into a 3w photon at 351 nm (third harmonic generator or THG). The crystal thicknesses and cut angles are chosen to optimize the peak power conversion efficiency. However, since the conversion efficiency varies with intensity and experiments often require shaped pulses (such as those shown in Figure 4-6), there is a considerable amount of unconverted light remaining on NIF beamlines, particularly for shaped pulses. Most of the unconverted light is in 1w.
The frequency conversion at the NIF FOAs results in all three harmonics (1w, 2w, and 3w) entering the target chamber. The final focusing lens for each beam is wedged slightly to separate the three harmonics at TCC. Figure 4-7 shows the pattern of 1w, 2w, and 3w light from a single quad when looking in the 3w focal plane. The chromatic dispersion of the focus lens = combined with the wedge angle of the lens gives a separation of ~2.9 mm between the closest 2w beam edge from the 3w aim-point and ~4.8 mm between the closest 1w edge and the 3w aim-point. The overlap becomes more complicated when multiple beams are focused to a given point. Figure 4-8 shows an example of the distribution of 1w footprints from 96 NIF beams (upper hemisphere beams, for example) pointed and focused at TCC. If this unconverted light is propagated past focus, it hits beam dumps at the far wall. Mitigation strategies to deal with the effects of the unconverted light are discussed in Section 5.6.1 and 5.6.2.
Figure 4-7. (Top) Distribution of the unconverted 1w and 2w light at the 3w focal plane from the NIF beams within a quad. The footprints from the two other beams in the quad overlap these.
Figure 4-8. (Left) Cryogenic target with dimpled 1w light shield. (Right) Schematic display of the 1w and 2w unconverted light footprints from the 96 beams from one NIF hemisphere (upper or lower) in the plane of the unconverted light shield.
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The BS column: The crime of disaffection
(Published in the Business Standard, 28 December 2010)
These words, from Mahatma Gandhi’s closing statement during his trial for sedition in 1922, have been quoted widely in India this year, along with the resurrection of the antiquated laws of Raj India. There were cries of sedition when Arundhati Roy made some remarks on the alienation felt by Kashmiris; this week, the human rights activist Dr Binayak Sen was sentenced to life imprisonment for sedition by a Raipur court in a much-criticised judgement.
By the time Sharatchandra’s Pather Dabi (1926) was published, featuring, as the Government of Bengal Yearbook commented, “The most powerful act of sedition in almost every page of the book,” disaffection was the spirit of the times. The long history of Pather Dabi, the confiscation of the novel, the exchange between Tagore and Sharatchandra on the impact and validity of criticizing those in power, points to the fact that it was impossible for the Raj to allow questioning of the state without also admitting the disaffection and disillusionment of the writers who questioned it. Tagore disappointed Sharatchandra by praising the tolerance of the British, and by implicitly refusing to endorse the younger author’s insistence that criticism was the only valid response to British rule.
The writings of Arundhati Roy, for instance, or the work of Dr Binayak Sen, would have placed them in the time of the British Raj among the ranks of the disaffected. Their willingness, and the willingness of other writers and activists, to question the workings of the state are definitely signs of disaffection. But in a healthy democracy, and a healthy state, the affection of its writers and citizens would be earned, not commanded, and criticism would be welcomed, not seen as threatening. We need to ask whether the same laws that were used against Bankimchandra, Sharatchandra, Tilak and Gandhi should be pressed into service in a country that prides itself on its many freedoms.
1. Questioning the working of a state is different from giving active support to people who work to overthrow the state, and kill security forces, derail trains and kill innocent people too.
2. You say we are "a country that prides itself on its many freedoms." Only the freedom to vote – not to dance (as in Bombay), not to smoke a joint, not to drink (as in Gujarat), or open a small bar, or even sell your "traditional" drinks like mahua, chhung, feni (outside Goa), toddy and so many more. We don't even possess the Right to Property – the key to Liberty. Ours is an "illiberal, socialist democracy." Please don't ever call this Freedom.
3. Freedom and censorship are very tricky areas. If we have absolute freedom it would be really chaotic in my opinion. A willful and powerful person is always free to oppress the others. How do you give freedom to everyone? And how do you ensure that they don't misuse it to cause harm / problem to others? In a free world a person should be allowed to drink and drive, shouldn't he? But then he is not in his senses I guess. How do you decide, what to allow, and what not to? Its very difficult. I like the freedom that all of us have, but it also causes some issues. With a country as diverse as ours, there are bound to be differences. And there cane be divisive elements who if highlighted unnecessarily can cause lots of problems. The media therefore needs to be very responsible. However our media is exactly the opposite – it goes for sensationalism rather than true journalism. Its more about TRP than reporting. But then finance is what is running the world right now. So should we have a media regulatory board ? It is a question as difficult as the previous one. I guess we should at least get to have a vote for what rules / guidelines should be set for its operation – knowing how influential news and knowledge is in our current lives.As for the Arundhati Roy case, I hate to say that she is just a wannabe social activist, with nothing else to do. Sunder Lal Bahuguna, Jayprakash Narayan or any other true activist, would never try to cause a rift. They would rather work silently, trying to understand the root cause of the problem. Everyone needs to be responsible about what they say. You can't just say anything. In cricket, if you abuse someone, you get a fine, or a ban. Why not in real life ? Why do people get away, when sometimes so much is at stake? If a defamatory suit can be filed, why not a case of treason against people? But then life is not ideal, and nor is our country. We have to live with its imperfections.
4. Thanks, Sauvik and Mallikarjun.Mallikarjun, one of the great misconceptions in this country about free speech is that it implies anarchy. Free speech, in most accepted definitions, contains inbuilt limitations (Mill's harm principle, for instance). Within those limitations, a functioning democracy cannot afford to shut down or penalise criticism.About Arundhati Roy, I'd say that her levels of commitment are hard to attack–one might disagree with her views, but she has based her arguments on actual experience, whether it's been on the Narmada dam issue or on Kashmir. I like the fact that she speaks out as a citizen of India–implying that as citizens, we do have the right to criticise our country or express dismay over the functioning of the state. (She would probably argue that it was a duty.)I don't think we understand the difference between attacking the state and criticising it. Criticising the state, expressing dismay at miscarriages of justice, calling the state's functionaries to account, asking for a debate on either the Maoist or the Kashmir issue–all of these are necessary in a democracy.
5. Nila, firstly your article and India's win made my morning brighter. The content of your article is a sad story but your presentation is appreciable. Yes, free speech in the strictest sense, cannot be allowed but it doesn't mean arbitrary definitions of "free speech" can be set by the government. I guess Nila's and others point is about broadening/correcting the definition of "free speech" as it stands today. The sad thing about this free speech issue is that the party that is trying to stifle the expression of disaffection in the country is the same party that has wrongly projected itself as a descendant of Gandhi.My crib against Arundhati Roy (and in general majority of the media) is that there seems to be some kind of opportunism in her causes. She pitches in into an already populist issue and tends to provide headlines instead of presenting well-argued cases. She speaks only of atrocities on Muslims and Christians but not on Hindus. She doesn't criticise Christians for circulating pamphlets mocking Bhagavad Gita or a demolition of a building (Babri Masjid) cannot be given as an excuse for bombing innocent people. To avoid any misunderstanding, i add that i feel equally sad for any act of violence of a human on another. It turns out that in some cases the victim is a Hindu and in other it is a Muslim or christian. But always projecting only violent acts of one group on another only accentuates the divisiveness. Mainstream media toes the line of muslim/christians being victims always whereas RSS & co toe the totally opposite line. These aren't "errors of judgement" or viewpoints, but what any unbiased mind should be able to present. When i write about dispute between two parties, i should write the flaws and merits of both. But saying that, it doesn't suit the story being built up by international media if A. Roy writes in Guardian that violence by Hindus too as a retaliation to violence or forced religious conversions. And aren't farmer suicides (which have seen more deaths than terrorist attacks and deaths in riots) important enough for a debate in a democracy ? As the man who "covers the bottom 5% of the country" put, there are hardly any newspapers interested in rural affairs. This is why i use the term opportunism and populism. Sorry for focussing more on some of the points raised in the comments rather than on the main article.
6. Nilanjana, you have not put out a list of good reads of 2010 this year. Pity. Was looking forward to it. Last time there were some interesting books on your list – i even bought some.
7. The idea that respect can be demanded instead of earned is a funny one – it's never worked but nations keep trying it on. Same goes for laws which require you to "respect" national symbols.
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Mexico’s Education Breakthrough
Such grim realities were highlighted by a 2012 Mexican documentary called De Panzazo (“Barely Passing”), which contained an abundance of unflattering details about the Mexican education system. For example: The average Mexican goes to school for only 8.6 years, while the average Chilean goes for 10.6 years, the average American goes for 13.3 years, and the average Norwegian goes for 13.9 years. Also: The average Mexican student spends just 4.5 hours per day in school, while the average French student attends for 7 hours, the average Korean student attends for 8 hours, and the average Finnish student attends for 9 hours.
De Panzazo was a huge box-office hit, and it helped galvanize the cause of Mexican school reform. Indeed, the film played no small part in encouraging Peña Nieto (who took office on December 1) to make education his first big legislative priority. The reform law he signed on February 25 promises to raise teaching standards and link teacher promotions with classroom performance. If implemented aggressively, it could transform Mexican education -- and thus the Mexican economy. After all, low levels of student achievement have prevented Mexico and other Latin American countries from developing a more skilled workforce. In fact, a recent study by economists Eric Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann concluded that educational achievement is “the crucial component” that explains why Latin America has experienced weaker growth than Asia since 1960.
Peña Nieto’s education reform will complement an existing cash-transfer program that has been reducing poverty and boosting school attendance since the late 1990s. Originally named Progresa and now called Oportunidades, the program incentivizes poor parents to keep their children enrolled. It has inspired the Bolsa Família initiative in Brazil, as well as similar initiatives in countries such as Chile, Indonesia, South Africa, Turkey, and even the United States. As of last year, Oportunidades covered about 5.8 million families, and it has been tremendously successful at keeping Mexican youngsters in school and helping their families rise out of poverty. According to the OECD, “Graduation rates at the upper secondary level increased by 14 percentage points between 2000 and 2010.” Meanwhile, the proportion of Mexican four year olds receiving some type of formal education increased from 70 percent in 2005 to 99 percent in 2010, placing Mexico in the top tier of OECD countries.
After what happened last month, Mexico has a unique opportunity to build on the success of Oportunidades. By signing a landmark reform measure and arresting a corrupt union boss who had previously seemed above the law, the Peña Nieto administration has sent two very powerful signals about its commitment to overhauling the Mexican education system and battling Mexico’s culture of impunity. Now government officials must ensure that the reform actually serves its purpose.
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Coffee, Catholics and Climate Change in Colombia
Experts say that, in 30 years, about half of the land currently being used for coffee production in Nariño province will not be suitable for coffee production because of the impact of climate change. This means that about half of the 40,000 families (some 240,000 people) who currently rely on coffee production to subsist, will no longer be able to do so. In response, Catholic Relief Services now works with 1600 families in Nariño who are struggling with the impact of climate change. Camila DeChalus reports on how these families are experimenting with new techniques to sustain coffee production despite severe climate change.
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Can Your Environment Change Your Brain?
Look around you. Acknowledge the shape of the room you are sitting in. How tall is the ceiling? What are the color of the walls? Are you receiving natural light? Take a look at the texture of the walls, the arrangement of the furniture, how hard or soft the floor is? What can you see through the windows and doors leading out of the space? Whether you recognize it or not, all of these details are affecting you. From your health and wellbeing, to how you identify with yourself and others, to the next actions you will make.
While the study of the Human Environment, often referred to as Human Ecology, can be traced back to our most ancient foundations, the research that has taken place over the last two decades and the explosion of cognitive studies has drastically enhanced our knowledge. Today we are abundant in our understanding of how human cognitions are directly and indirectly affected by our experience of the built environment.
Two of the most important facts we have come to know are:
1 | No space is neutral. Any environment you are standing in is either benefiting you or having a negative impact on you.
2 | Spaces will affect every human being in the same way, no matter your cultural background.
Why though, are these facts significant?
This means there are clear choices to be made in the creation process of any environment that will benefit people. By commission or default, our built environments are composed and can be formulated differently, even re-composed in the future. Therefore, we must bridge the knowledge gap between study and application.
The ways that we can alter and manipulate our environments on the micro and macro level are seemingly endless. We do this in our homes and community spaces. Every sensory object has a sensory reaction that may or may not be right for the space.
We come from the natural world, so engaging with nature is essential to the human experience. Take hospital patients for example. One study placed patients with similar conditions in various hospital rooms: one patient with a window to the outdoors, another without. On average, the patient with the view of nature recovered ⅓rd of the time quicker than the patient without the view.
The more access a city dweller has to greenery, light, and open spaces, the more capable the individual is to salvage their problems, understand new information, and be more resourceful. Additionally, residents surrounded by vegetation statistically maintained stronger social ties and a greater sense of community than residents inhabiting similar structures without natural surroundings.
A ceiling painted light blue in a classroom, mimicking the sky, is said to increase student performance while test taking, while a high ceiling boosts creativity. Furniture that is rounded and more organic in form, helps to put people at ease and invite individuals into the space more so than sharp angled forms. Our brains are made to see patterns, and creating a space that has different forms of repetition is both calming and engaging to the mind.
So, whether you are building a home, creating an office, or just rearranging your living room, reach sky-high for new opportunities to enhance your environment and utilize its unlimited benefits.
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The Adamic Covenant (pt. 1)
The person of Adam is central to biblical theology, and as such, Christian orthodoxy does not merely argue for the historicity of the first man, but demands it. The question, however, is why? Why, other than the fact that mankind comes from a single origin, or for explaining the introduction of sin into the world, does the person of Adam matter so much to to the faith. Why did he matter so much to arguments of the apostle Paul? How can mankind be subjected to the effects and condemnation of the sin which Adam, and not his posterity, partook of? Why was it that only when Adam partook of the tree the eyes of both Eve and him were opened? The answers to these questions are multi-faceted, and to provide the layers necessary to rightly answer them go beyond the limits of this paper, however, it is the argument of the author that all of these questions do have a central point of origin based upon the covenantal relationship that existed between Adam and God. This covenant has taken many names: the Adamic Covenant, Adamic Administration, Edenic Covenant, Covenant of works, Covenant of Creation, etc. There are many scholars, however, that argue that though there was clearly a relationship between God and Adam, to call it a covenant is to simply go beyond the scope of Scripture. The argument of this set of blog articles will be to show not only that there was indeed a covenant between God and Adam, but that this covenant is central to a proper biblical theology, primarily as it pertains to the soteriological and eschatological work of Christ, the Last Adam. In order to accomplish this task, the articles will be organized as follow: Part 1 will provide a biblical and theological argument for the Adamic covenant, Part 2 will explain the covenantal responsibilities of Adam, and Part 3 will explain the way that Christ serves as the Second or Last Adam in the New Covenant.
Was a Covenant Made in Eden?
The central question undergirding the entire thesis of these articles is whether or not Adam was indeed in a covenant relationship with God? The goal of this section will be to answer that question in the affirmative, and provide both biblical and theological evidence to support it. First, the question must be considered, “what constitutes a covenant within the Bible?” The most common Hebrew word for covenant is berîṯ, which also means “agreement” or “arrangement.”[1] Within the second millennium BC, there were many similarities between the structure of the treaties found in the ancient Near East, and the covenants in the Bible. There are two primary types of covenants found within the Old Testament: covenants made between human parties and those between God and man. The covenants that are made between God and man always fall under the specific category of a Suzerain and vassal treaty. These treaties are those in which a more powerful party, in this case God, sets the terms of the agreement.[2] Of the major covenants that are agreed upon within the Old Testament, all have very similar concepts within them. The Noahic covenant is a unilateral action of God, and comes with a promise and a sign (Gen. 9:8-13). The Abrahamic covenant is a unilateral action of God, but requires a bilateral response and comes with a promise and a sign (Gen. 17:1-14). The Mosaic covenant extends out the Abrahamic covenant and emphasizes the importance of covenant keeping (Ex. 19:5), it comes with the promise of blessings for covenant-keepers and curses for covenant-breakers, and bears the sign of both circumcision from the Abrahamic covenant and also the additional sign of the Sabbath (Ex. 31:13). J.V. Fesko argues that the Mosaic covenant outlined in Deuteronomy reveals the closes resemblance to the Hittite treaties of the ancient Near East.[3] Finally, with the Davidic covenant, which extends from both the Abrahamic and Mosaic covenants, it is a total unilateral covenant where one is unable to find any explicit conditions by which God’s promise to David hinges upon. With this brief description of the covenant in the Bible, a framework can be provided to examine Gen. 1-3 and to demonstrate that these chapters lay out a covenantal context between God and Adam.
In his article on the subject, Jeffrey Niehaus provides contextual evidence that when compared side by side with other ancient Near Eastern treaties and biblical covenants, that Genesis 1-2:17 is clearly “framed after the pattern of a second millennium BC ancient Near Eastern Treaty.[4] However, not only does the structure of Genesis account allow for a covenant, but there are distinct concepts between God and Adam that attest to a covenantal relationship. In Gen. 1:28; 2:3, 16-17, Adam when placed in the garden of Eden is issued commands that contains both blessings and a curse. The imperative “you shall not eat” in Gen. 2:17 is directly paralleled with the commands found in the Mosaic Covenant, as well as with their appended blessings and curses (Ex. 20:2-27). Also, a second feature of the covenantal framework of Gen. 1-3 is seen in what J.V. Fesko calls “the sacramental signs of the Adamic covenant.”[5] Three of the four covenants noted earlier were sealed with a sign: the rainbow (Gen. 9:13-16), circumcision (Gen. 17:9-14), and the Sabbath (Ex. 31:13). These signs are reminders of God’s covenant to those he has made them with. Within the Gen. 1-3 framework, there are two signs that are put in place by God to denote the blessing found in his covenant as well as the curse. These signs are the trees of life and knowledge. They were sacramental in that they served as promises. If Adam had remained obedient to the Lord, the tree of life served as a promise of eternal life, but through disobedience the tree of knowledge served as a promise of death.[6] So from both the structure and language of Gen. 1-3, there are distinct markers that show the covenantal context of God and Adam’s relationship.
It is important to note, that though the word “covenant” does not directly appear here in Gen. 1-3, there are other biblical passages that either allude or imply the reality of the Adamic covenant throughout both the Old and New Testament. For instance in Gen. 6, when God establishes the covenant with the Noah, the word that God uses for “establish” in v. 18 is very unique when compared to the Abrahamic covenant in Gen. 15. When God makes the covenant with Noah the word that is used is hāqîm, which does not refer to the initiation of a new covenant rather the continuation or an extension of an already existing one.[7] Also, when one looks at Gen. 9 with the actual giving of the covenant in vv. 1-2 there is a clear connection between God’s words to Noah, and the dominion mandate of Gen. 1:28. In other words, Noah was picking up the covenantal mandate of Adam, to replenish and have dominion over the recently flooded world, and with the tree of life being cut off to man because of Adam’s disobedience, God provides a new covenant sign for Noah, the rainbow (Gen. 9:14). If this is a correct analysis of Gen. 6:18, then the Noahic covenant was not new, but simply an extension of the Adamic covenant given at creation, with an added promise of never judging creation by flood again.
A far more explicit passage which provides evidence of an Adamic covenant is Hosea 6:7. It reads, “But like Adam they transgressed the covenant; there they dealt faithlessly with me.”[8] However, it must be admitted that such a passage has received much attention, but yielded little consensus on the proper interpretation of kə’āḏām. The LXX, and English translations derived from the Textus Receipts (NKJV, KJV) render it as “like man.” Whereas, the Vulgate, NRSV, NASV, ESV, and NIV translate it as “Like Adam.” These are the major interpretations, but there is also a smaller majority who believe that it is referring to the city of Adam (Josh. 3:16). In light of the argument, this is of great significance for either advancing the proposed thesis or simply remaining silent on it. Calvin in his commentary on Hosea, agrees with the Septuagint’s rendering and believes that to argue for a reading of Adam is “in itself vapid.”[9] However, Bavinck argues that simply rendering it “like man,” is absurd as it does not bear the weight of God’s rebuke against Israel’s sinfulness. His argument is that as Adam was planted into the garden by God, given the covenant, but then was disobedient and was plucked out of the garden; this was the indictment on Israel who had been planted by God into the promised land and yet also were covenant breakers because of their disobedience.[10] The argument by Bavinck seems to provide a more natural and powerful conclusion to the translation being rendered “Like Adam.” Also, the use of kə’āḏām in Job 31:33 being translated as Adam in the NKJV, NASV, and ASV, provides a strong corroboration of Hosea 6:7 reading “like Adam.”
Finally, the parallel relationship that Paul places between Adam and Christ (the Second Adam) in passages such as Rom. 5 and 1 Cor. 15 provide a strong basis that as Christ and his posterity (those of faith) enter a relationship with God through the context of covenant, such is the case with Adam. As A.W. Pink commenting on the two federal heads of mankind writes, “These two men are Adam and Christ… and neither ruin nor redemption can be Scripturally apprehended… except we understand the relationships expressed by being “in Adam” and “in Christ.”[11] More will be said on the essential role of the Adamic covenant in New Testament in the next two sections. One final note should be added to provide further weight to teaching that God established a covenant with Adam, and that can be found within non-canonical resources, for instance in the Testament of Moses, it reads, “And the Lord coming into paradise, set his throne, and called with a dreadful voice, saying Adam…since you have forsaken my covenant, I have brought upon your body seventy strokes.”[12] Texts within the Apocrypha also attest to the belief that Adam was indeed in a covenant relationship with God (Sirach 17:1, 11-12). Therefore, though there is no specific use of “covenant” within Gen. 1-3, the cumulative biblical, historical, and (in the sections to follow), theological evidence makes a strong argument for the existence of the Adamic covenant.
**Stay tuned for Part two where I will discuss the Covenantal responsibilities of Adam**
[1] A.C. Meyers, The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1987), 240.
[2] J.V. Fesko, Last Things First: Unlocking Genesis 1-3 with the Christ of Eschatology, (Rosshire, Scotland: Mentor Publishing, 2007), 79.
[3] Fesko, 81
[4] Jeffrey J. Niehaus, “Covenant and Narrative, God and Time,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 53, no. 3 (2010): 540.
[5] Fesko, 85
[6] Nehemiah Coxe, A Discourse of the Covenants that God made with Man before the Law, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems Inc., 1681), 22.
[7] Fesko, 88
[8] All Bible verses are taken from the English Standard Version, unless otherwise noted.
[9] John Calvin, Hosea, Calvin’s Commentaries, vol. 13 (rep.; Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academics, 1993), 235.
[10] Herman Bavinck, Reformed Dogmatics: Abridged in One Volume, ed. by John Bolt, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2011), 329.
[11] A.W. Pink, The Divine Covenants, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1973), 30.
[12] Fesko, 87.
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Writing a welsh accent
The eisteddfod arose inwhen Queen Elizabeth commissioned a qualifying competition to license some of "the multitude of persons calling themselves minstrels, rhymers and bards" Thomas, p.
Many tried to found a new homeland for their people. He does a great Welsh accent, as far as I can tell. And I would contradict you: Welsh Christian nonconformists shared fundamentalism and puritanism, yet did not lack for internal controversy. Not only did this refuge lie farther west than most conquerors could effectively extend, its geography made it inaccessible.
Everybody has an accent. This device is very popular amongst Scottish writers, many of whom have made a point of establishing a written version of the Scottish accent. The Roman empire took Wales along with Britain in the first century A. Most important was the rebellion of Owain Glyndwr in the s.
Under Edward and his successors, Welsh revolts continued against the English. Welsh culture has struggled not only against the English church, but also against the English language. I love the site but was gobsmacked by Ricky Gervaise of all people being used to represent the Estuary Accent -he is so obviously NOT estuary.
People from different regions and different social classes have marked differences in speech, and everyone is very conscious of that fact. As Huw Morgan is about to leave home forever, he reminisces about the golden days of his youth when South Wales still prospered, when coal dust had not yet blackened the valley.
Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ], pp.
Writing With an Accent
He comes home quite often. Largely accepted by dominant Anglo-Americans, Welsh Americans frequently dominated their industries; non-Welsh coal miners often complained that Welsh American supervisors favored their brethren. Captain Jones in turn converted thousands, most of whom resettled in Utah and contributed much to Mormon culture.
The English King Edward I conquered Wales in the late s, building another series of massive castles to reinforce his rule. Through these busy seaports come the ore and slate from Welsh mines and quarries. I was writing about the subjective impression Gervais's accent makes on the English ear.
Let your point-of-view character tell the reader what kind of accent a new character has. Concerned by the streams of emigrants leaving Wales, the British government passed measures to prevent skilled workmen from emigrating.
Welsh English
Despite his failure, Glyndwr strikes a heroic chord in Welsh memory as the last great leader to envision and fight for an independent Wales. Your ultimate goal is to give your readers authentic, realistic characters while still giving them a smooth and pleasant reading experience.
They also motivated important exploration.
Welsh orthography
Welsh surnames have their own story. Churches, organizations, and festivals sustain Welsh American culture. The earliest known examples of Welsh literature are the poems of Taliesin, which feature Urien of Rheged, a 6th century king in what is now southern Scotland, and Aneirin's Y Gododdin, a description of a battle between Celts and Northumbrians which occurred in about AD, nobody knows for sure when these works were composed or when they were first written down, however the oldest surviving manuscript featuring Y Gododdin dates from the second half of the 12th century.
It can mark stress on an unusual syllable: The Gymanfa Ganu started in Wales in and spread through America by the s.
Acute accent
Contractions are a great tool for conveying accents. In the northwest is the rugged Snowdonia range, named for Mount Snowdon, at 3, feet the highest in Britain south of Scotland. It is used to indicate stress on a vowel otherwise not expected to have stress.
Unlike in Wales, where each church denomination sponsors its own Gymanfa Ganu, Welsh American ones include all denominations. He come home for some time now.Typing Welsh characters and accents made easy!
Typing the Welsh Circumflex Using standard Microsoft shortcuts or commands The Microsoft shortcuts have an added complication for the person typing Welsh characters, in that the w and y use a different system, as they are not 'standard' characters.
Ten tips on writing characters with accents, by Rose Lerner Posted on October 24, September 1, by Kat Latham Anyone who’s read one of Rose Lerner’s novels (In for a Penny and A Lily Among Thorns) will know that her characters come from a wide range of backgrounds.
By Arlene Prunkl, freelance editor. This is the first in a series of blog posts on techniques for writing realistic dialogue in fiction.
British Accents
Jun 18, ·Jane Austen, Emma, volume I, chapter And he repeated her words with such assurance of accent, such boastful pretence of amazement, that she could not help replying with quickness (linguistics, sociolinguistics) The distinctive manner of pronouncing a language associated with a particular region, social group.
15 Responses to “Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect” Rebecca on December 16, am. Excellent post!
How would you write a Welsh accent phonetically?
I’m writing a fiction novel, and one of the characters is Frenchman from the 16th century who’s brought back to life in the 21st century. Welsh Americans - History, Significant immigration waves, Settlement patterns, Settlement patterns Sr-Z.
Writing a welsh accent
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The federal appeals court decision in Melton v. Young, 465 F.2d 1332 (6th Cir. 1972), represents one of the early times an appeals court had to grapple with the troubling question of regulating Confederate flag clothing in public schools. A divided court ruled that school officials could suspend a student for wearing Confederate flag clothing without violating the First Amendment because the flag had led to disruptions of school activities.
Melton was ordered to take off Confederate jacket at school
The question arose when student Rod Melton wore a jacket with a Confederate flag to his Chattanooga, Tennessee, high school. The school, which had only recently integrated in 1966, had witnessed a series of racial incidents the previous year, including citywide disturbances and school closings. School officials recently had stopped using the Confederate flag as a school symbol and Dixie as a school pep song. The school then adopted a code of conduct and a dress code policy that banned “provocative symbols on clothing.”
Melton and his parents sued after he was ordered to remove the jacket or leave school. Melton asserted that he had a First Amendment right to wear the jacket. School officials countered that the Confederate flag was disruptive in the school environment given racial tensions in the school. A federal district court ruled the ban on “provocative symbols” was unconstitutional but that school officials could prohibit the Confederate flag because it was disruptive.
Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the school
On appeal, a three-judge panel of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 in favor of school officials and against Melton. Writing for the majority, Judge Damon Keith recognized that this was a “troubling case” that presented a clash between freedom of expression and school officials’ authority.
Court said Confederate flag could be disruptive
Applying the substantial disruption test from the Supreme Court’s 1969 decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, Keith determined that given the history of racial tension in the school and surrounding community, the school officials could prohibit the Confederate flag on student clothing. Keith reasoned that the racial history made it reasonable for school officials to believe that Confederate flag clothing could disrupt school activities.
Judge William E. Miller dissented, writing that the school principal overreacted and acted out of what the Supreme Court called in Tinker “undifferentiated fear or apprehension of disturbance.” He focused on the fact that the racial tensions in the school and community had not been caused by students wearing Confederate flag clothing.
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Stress is a condition that manifests when the individual’s adaptive capacity to a given situation has been overwhelmed. Any change that requires adaptive behavior could produce stress. Whatever the level of stress – physical, psychological or emotional, the net result is stress reaction which is harmful to the body, leading to diseases such as hypertension, anxiety neurosis, depression, digestive disorders and ischemic heart diseases.
Physical stress is triggered by weather, noise, pollution or disease. Emotions like anger, frustration, joy, grief, happiness, and embarrassment are psychological factors that cause stress. A certain amount of stress is desirable because it gives us the required stimulation, drive, and motivation to face the challenges of life. This in fact is termed as positive stress.
Responses to stress vary individually. Perhaps the single most significant determinant to stress response is one’s attitude towards life and the methodology he or she adopts to overcome stressful events.
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India hopes to become fourth country on the moon in September
Scientists work on the orbiter vehicle of "Chandrayaan-2" for India's first moon lander and rover mission.
New Delhi (CNN)India's space agency says it will make the country's first landing on the surface of the moon in September this year.
The country's latest lunar mission, Chandrayaan-2, which means "moon vehicle" in Sanskrit, is to lift off in mid-July.
The mission will make India the fourth country to land a spacecraft on the surface of the moon, adding its name to a long list of recent achievements in space exploration. In the past 10 years, the Indian space agency has launched multiple missions into space to gain a better understanding of Mars and the moon.
"The last 15 minutes to the landing are going to be the most terrifying moments for us," said Kailasavadivoo Sivan, chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Wednesday at a news conference.
Indian space scientist and Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Kailasavadivoo Sivan, speaking at a news conference on Wednesday.
Chandrayaan-1, India's maiden lunar mission, was responsible for discovering water molecules on the surface of the moon, which it orbited but did not land on. The Mars Orbiter Mission is orbiting the planet Mars and collecting data as it moves.
The spacecraft will weigh 3.8 tons and carry 13 payloads and will take off from Sriharikota in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
The latest mission has three elements -- lunar orbiter, lander and rover, all developed by ISRO. The rover enclosed within the entire apparatus will separate from the orbiter and make a soft landing on the surface of the moon. The rover will be collecting samples from the lunar surface for scientific experiments.
"The lander will carry out experiments with instruments to predict or identify lunar seismic activity," said Sivan.
Indian scientists and engineers of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) monitor the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) at the tracking center, in Bangalore on November 27, 2013.
In 2017, India famously launched a record 104 satellites in one mission while operating on a low-cost budget. Earlier this year, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India had shot down one of its own satellites in what it claimed was an anti-satellite test, making it one of four countries to have achieved that feat.
Modi said that operation, called Mission Shakti -- which stands for "power" in Hindi -- would defend the country's interests in space. The Foreign Ministry said that India had "no intention of entering into an arms race in outer space."
India has also set its sights on a manned mission into space by 2022 at a cost of 100 billion rupees, or $1.4 billion.
"The mission will be capable of carrying three Indian astronauts and will orbit the Earth for seven days," said Sivan at the announcement of the mission in January.
The United States, China and the former Soviet Union are the only countries to date to have made soft landings on the moon, while only the US has carried out successful manned missions.
An independent space station
Sivan also announced at the press conference Thursday that India was planning to set up an independent space station by 2030.
The details of the ambitious project will be submitted to the Indian government once "Gaganyaan", the manned space mission, is successfully completed.
"We want our space station to be very small and it'll will be used to carry out microgravity experiments," Sivan said, adding it will be "100% indigenous."
Currently, the only space station available for expedition crews is the International Space Station (ISS) which several countries share.
According to the ISRO chairman, India's planned space station will weigh 20 tons and can accommodate astronauts for 15 to 20 days.
This story has been updated to correct the destination of the mission India is planning by 2022.
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Shaping the Culture: How to create inclusive networking events
In his book The Culture Code: The Secrets of Highly Successful Groups, Daniel Coyle explains that humans use “belonging cues,” or behaviours, that create safe connections in groups. You’ve felt these before: eye contact, turn taking, attention, body language, vocal pitch and whether everyone talks to everyone else in the group. If a group isn’t inclusive, you sense it immediately.
“Belonging cues add up to a message that can be described with a single phrase: You are safe here,” writes Coyle. “They seek to notify our ever-vigilant brains that they can stop worrying about dangers and shift into connection mode, a condition called psychological safety.”
When we receive these belonging cues, our social brains light up, says Coyle. They help us to understand that we have a place in the group. We are close, we are safe, we share a future.
Planners have to strive to include some belonging cues in the structure of their networking events. For us, this meant creating roundtable icebreaker activities where people took turns to speak. We asked fun, provocative questions unrelated to business to get people speaking, listening and making eye contact. Only once the room warmed up did we turn everyone loose to network without structure.
Your networking event will go farther if you help members feel safe and included. Here are three lessons that have helped us create a powerful, inclusive format for networking events that has now been adopted in more than 30 cities across North America.
Lesson 1: Be inclusive in your marketing
When you create promotional materials, strive for images and language that promote diversity and inclusion. Indicate that attendees will each have a chance to speak and listen, and that your event will strike a balance between relationship building and business promotion. If your members can see themselves in your marketing, they will show up.
Lesson 2: Tell your members what to expect
Use your welcoming remarks to create culture. Set guidelines for behaviour (e.g., turn-taking); encourage attendees to foster curiosity and listening; and provide a common purpose that is greater than personal gain. Encourage members to share their experiences and expertise and to add value to others by making connections and following up.
Lesson 3: Use a semi-facilitated networking format
Unstructured networking turns into a pitch-fest; too much structure and people feel demeaned. Use a semi-facilitated event to create safety and give everyone a voice. For example, begin with structured conversation starters then open up the networking afterward.
Professional meeting planners and event organizers have an extraordinary opportunity to create and influence the culture of the groups they serve. By offering thoughtful, inclusive and well-structured events, planners and organizers can enable their participants to create meaningful connections and feel a genuine sense of comfort and belonging. For an introvert — or anyone who has ever felt marginalized by traditional networking — this experience can be transformative.
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How The Lack Of Sustainability Impacts Our World Essay
1395 Words Nov 25th, 2016 6 Pages
How the Lack of Sustainability Impacts our world
For decades the world has been facing an ever increasing crisis in which the sustainability of our planet is not strong enough to support the expanding population. As our population grows, the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere increases dramatically, causing a change in our climate that threatens the balance of nature. This essay will touch on just a few of the adverse impacts that a lack of sustainability in our world has had on the population of other species as well as our own.
In recent years, researchers and scientists have been concerned with the causes and effects that global warming has had on the environment. As excess greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere, they created a layer of thick smog that covers the earth. The smog then insulates the heat that normally reflects off the earth, causing a raised temperature. Although it does not sound like a large increase, the average temperature of earth has increased half a degree in the past 100 years. Even this slight increase in temperature has had a multitude of negative effects on the environment and has wreaked havoc on many different ecosystems. One of these effects is the alarming rate of the melting of the polar ice sheets, which have melted more in the last twenty years than in the 10,000 years prior (, 2016). The ice sheets are home to a wide variety of arctic animals, and all of these animals rely heavily on the ice in order to…
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how school meal programs are financed
How Does the Lunch money work?
How does the breakfast money work?
For most Vermont schools, the per-meal reimbursement and commodities provided by the federal school breakfast and lunch programs is not sufficient to cover all of these school meal program costs. School meal programs also finance themselves through:
• The money they collect from the families of “full pay” students for reimbursable school meals
• The sale of a la carte (competitive) foods and beverages to students instead of / in addition to the reimbursable meal. See negative effects of competitive foods here.
• Selling food and beverages to teachers, administrators, and other school staff
• Catering meetings and special events for the school, supervisory union, and/or school district
• Additional taxes assessed to local communities as part of the annual school budget to cover program deficits. The majority of Vermont’s school meal programs are operating at a deficit each year.
Some schools operate “independent” school meal programs, meaning that school meal program staff are employees of the supervisory union or school district, and program costs are paid directly by the SU or SD business office. Some Vermont schools outsource the operation of their meal programs to private, for-profit food service management companies. For these programs, the SU or SD pays an annual management fee, and the company is responsible for hiring school food service staff, providing their training and any benefits the company chooses to provide, purchasing the food, and in some cases, upgrading equipment.
Want to learn more about how Vermont schools are financing their programs? Read Tricks of the Tray from KidsVT.
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Underground Mines
Mine Monitoring
Underground mining is the process of removing rock or minerals from the ground that cannot be excavated from the surface. To remove the rock or minerals from the ground, tunnels or levels are created by blasting or drilling through the rock. Both blasting and drilling create ground vibrations that travel through the ground away from the source. When these vibrations are high enough, they can cause damage to nearby structures such as other levels, offices, conveyor systems and elevator or ventilation shafts. In more urban environments, these high vibrations can also affect structures above ground, like homes, office buildings and roads. Blasting also produces a force of air called air overpressure. When air overpressure levels are high, it can cause damage to nearby structures and break windows on equipment or in offices. Blasting in confined spaces, like mines, can amplify the effects of the air overpressure. Extreme levels of air overpressure can even blow the doors off shafts.
Using monitoring equipment from Instantel, you can record and monitor vibration and air overpressure or noise levels in or around the mine. Event data recorded using Instantel’s monitoring equipment can make your blast designs more accurate – improving production and reducing costs. Industry guidelines have been developed to provide safe guidelines for vibration and noise produced by mines in urban environments. Monitoring vibration and noise levels at homes and business around the mine can help ensure that your mining activities are within these limits.
Regulatory Compliance (Far-Field) Monitoring
While municipal, state and federal laws regulate vibration and noise monitoring, in most cases it is the responsibility of the mine to monitor the levels their activities produce. Regulatory compliance monitoring can also serve as a best case practice for mines located in urban environments. Understandably, when home and building owners feel the effects of the blasting activity, they are concerned that their property is being damaged.
The Instantel system is scalable. If today you need to monitor on vibration in one location and tomorrow you need to monitor vibration and noise, simply add a Sound Level Microphone. The Micromate® monitoring unit has four available channels: three for recording vibration on three planes and one for recording sound/noise levels or air overpressure.
Regulatory Monitoring System
Monitoring unit with 4 available channels: three channels for recording vibration on three planes and one channel for air overpressure or noise data.
Vibration Geophone
Triaxial Geophone
Sound Level Microphone
Sound Level Microphone
Our equipment is rugged, reliable and designed to withstand long-term installations. The Instantel system can be permanently installed and configured to automatically record each day. If you are in an urban environment with homes and businesses located near the mine, you can set up a remote monitoring station with Instantel’s equipment at a few locations that border the mine. Using Instantel’s desktop software THOR™, you can remotely program Micromate units that are connected to a modem. The Instantel scheduler lets you program the days and time periods that you would like to monitor. From your office, you can quickly configure a Micromate miles away to start monitoring at 9 AM and stop at 5 PM. Once you confirm the schedule, the Micromate unit will automatically begin to monitor based on the schedule you’ve configured.
Histogram ReportOur proprietary Histogram Combo™ mode ensures that you never miss an event. With Histogram Combo mode you can monitor 24 hours a day and still get reports when vibration or noise levels are exceeded. Your report will show you the peak vibration levels at set intervals throughout the day but it will also give you a waveform report if there are any exceedances. Using Instantel’s Auto Call Home™ technology and a modem connected to the Micromate unit, event reports can automatically be sent to your computer. Any exceedances will be sent to your computer as they happen and at the end of the day a histogram report will be sent. Using THOR, you can configure who receives these reports and when they receive the reports. Warnings can be sent to the blaster while the mine manager may only receive alarms.
Some mining companies prefer for the public to have access to their monitoring data. Instantel’s cloud-based data hosting solution Vision™, lets you automatically share your event data 24/7. Vision can be accessed from phones, tablets, laptops or any other internet connected device. Event data can automatically be sorted into projects and the details of each blast can be added. Then if you had a blast on Monday but the vibration levels were not high enough to trigger the monitoring unit to record, Vision will record a No Event Blast. With Vision, you can also create customized reports. You can show the recorded data for the day, week or month. You add data from other sensors in and around the mine. If you have temperature or dust data you would like to display with your vibration and noise data, you can do it with Vision’s customized reporting options.
Near-Field Monitoring
Recording vibration or air overpressure data in close proximity to the location of the blast is called near-field monitoring. Near-field monitoring can be done for blast design but in an underground mine, near-field monitoring can also be used to monitor the integrity of other levels, elevator shafts, ventilation shafts, office or other structures and equipment. Using the data recorded with an Instantel monitoring system, you can adjust your blast design to reduce the vibration and air overpressure levels or the data can be used to design a blast that produces a more manageable rock fragmentation.
Vibration and air overpressure waves measured closer to the blast will be higher in frequency than the same wave measured from further away. Instantel’s High Frequency Geophone can measure vibrations from 30 Hz to 1000 Hz so you can be sure to capture all of the necessary vibration frequencies. The Minimate Pro™ monitoring unit records the data captured by the High Frequency Geophone. It records up to 65,536 samples per second to give you more resolution in your data. With more resolution you get a more accurate representation of the vibration. Since blast designs rely on time delays and distance between charges, having an accurate velocity measurement increases the accuracy of your distance and time delay calculations.
In some cases, the air overpressure levels from a blast were high enough to blow the doors off of a shaft or cause damage to offices and equipment. Since air overpressure can be amplified by the confined spaces in a mine, the High Pressure Mic from Instantel allows you to measure frequencies from 5 to 1000 Hz or pressures up to 69 kPa. Since the Instantel system is scalable, you can add the High Pressure Microphone to your Minimate Pro monitoring system whenever you require it.
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Using the analysis tools in Instantel’s desktop software THOR, you can post process the recorded event data. THOR lets you place markers on the waveform to indicate when each hole was detonated, showing the exact velocity at a specific time. With the advanced analysis tools in THOR, you can perform frequency analysis and truncate the waveforms to isolate vibrations produced by each hole. You can also overlay the blast timing patterns over the recorded waveforms as a comparison. This allows you to assess whether the holes in the blast detonated as per your blast design.
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Central African Republic - Foreign policy
Since independence in 1960, maintaining an atmosphere of cooperation between France and the government of the CAR has been the key foreign policy objective. It is without doubt the single most important political and economic relationship for the CAR. The new government will require continued French assistance and financial support for reform to succeed. However, it is also true that due to its landlocked position on the continent and the economic and political practicalities which follow, the CAR has actively attempted to foster close relations with its neighbors. Former president Kolingba summed up this two-pronged focus of foreign policy in a 1986 speech: "Our foreign policy is based on good relations with our neighbors and particularly favored by a linkage to France as the understanding between our two countries is total."
The French view the CAR's location as central to maintaining a presence in sub-Saharan Africa, reflected in the continued presence of French troops, and as a venue for maintaining French culture and language in the developing world. The 3,000 French expatriates who live in the CAR are more often than not technical advisors or aid workers who draw salaries from various French aid programs. Moreover, the French view their continued presence in the CAR as both a buffer against Libyan expansion in Chad (another former French colony) and an area of its former empire it wants to protect against encroachment by another power. Patassé has benefitted politically from this relationship both in terms of his ability to remain in opposition to the government while living in France during the 1960s and by the application of French pressure to the former regime to hold multi-party elections and accept the results.
Despite the historic relationship, France has been increasingly reluctant to continue direct support of the CAR government without some hope of improvement in its financial condition in the foreseeable future. This has led to growing pressure from the international community, particularly the IMF, the World Bank, and the UN Development Program (UNDP), in attempts to reform the public structure of the CAR economy, with an emphasis on privatization and market prices for its commodities.
The unrest in CAR from 2001–2002 caused the United States to close its embassy and warn U.S. citizens against travel there. Western governments are increasingly wary of the large Libyan presence in CAR, as they say the troops harass citizens and seem to be there only to protect the president.
Also read article about Central African Republic from Wikipedia
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What Is The Use Of A CPAP Mask?
The most common treatment for obstructive sleep apnea is the continuous positive airway pressure or CPAP therapy. This therapy makes use of a CPAP machine which introduces pressurized air down your windpipe to keep it open when you are asleep. You can access the pressurized air through a CPAP mask.
Choosing a suitable mask is very important in ensuring the success of your CPAP therapy. The Resmed CPAP mask is designed to give you comfort as well as a good seal to ensure that your therapy is effective.
Characteristics Of A CPAP Mask
The parts of the CPAP mask that come into contact with your skin are padded using a variety of materials including gel, silicon, and cloth. You should wipe these areas of your mask daily with a damp cloth to get rid of oils, dead skin and other dirt. The mask has headgear which is used to keep it from slipping off during therapy.
Masks normally come with cushions of different sizes so that you can try them out to get the perfect fit. A mask that does not fit right will cause the pressurized air to leak thus affecting the effectiveness of the therapy. If you over tighten your mask, you are likely to wake up with marks on your face and air leakage may take place. You should ensure that the tube that you use fits tightly to the mask.
Are CPAP Masks Uncomfortable?
As long as your CPAP mask fits properly and is made from a material that does not irritate your face, then it is likely to be comfortable. For instance, the full face Resmed CPAP mask has an Infinity Seal that is soft to the skin and creates a good seal. The mask takes up the shape of your face and accommodates your movements during therapy.
Wearing and disconnecting your headgear is simple as the mask is designed with magnetic clips. If you feel that the mask is not comfortable, you can adjust the cushions and straps until you get the right fit. You may need to get a different size of the mask if you gain or lose weight. Your doctor may also need to change the settings of your machine since a change in weight is known to change the severity of sleep apnea.
Using Nasal Masks
A nasal mask covers your nose and has a triangular shape. The pressurized air from the CPAP machine is transmitted to the area around your nose that is covered by the mask. You then breathe in this air which is not directly transmitted to your nose thus making it comfortable to breathe in.
The nasal Resmed CPAP mask is small in size and does not obstruct your vision. You can read a book or watch television with the mask on before falling asleep. It also has the Infinity Seal cushion made from silicone which produces a good seal no matter the shape and size of your face.
Nasal Direct Mask
The nasal direct mask has two pillows which are fitted at the edge of the nostrils. The nasal direct Resmed CPAP mask has very little contact with your face. A fluid is used to inflate it so that it fits snugly into your nostrils.
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Bohr magneton
Article Id: WHEBN0000174955
Reproduction Date:
Title: Bohr magneton
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Val/unitswithlink/testcases, G-factor (physics), Magnetic moment, Val/list, Niels Bohr
Collection: Atomic Physics, Concepts in Physics, Magnetism, Niels Bohr, Physical Constants, Quantum Magnetism
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Bohr magneton
The value of Bohr magneton
system of units value unit
SI[1] 9.27400968(20)×10−24 J·T−1
CGS[2] 9.27400968(20)×10−21 Erg·G−1
eV[3] 5.7883818066(38)×10−5 eV·T−1
atomic units 12 \frac{e \hbar}{m_\mathrm{e}}
In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol μB) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by either its orbital or spin angular momentum.[4][5]
The Bohr magneton is defined in SI units by
\mu_\mathrm{B} = \frac{e \hbar}{2 m_\mathrm{e}}
and in Gaussian CGS units by
e is the elementary charge,
ħ is the reduced Planck constant,
me is the electron rest mass and
c is the speed of light.
The electron magnetic moment, which is the electron's intrinsic spin magnetic moment, is approximately one Bohr magneton.[6]
The idea of elementary magnets is due to Walter Ritz (1907) and Pierre Weiss. Already before the Rutherford model of atomic structure, several theorists commented that the magneton should involve Planck's constant h.[7] By postulating that the ratio of electron kinetic energy to orbital frequency should be equal to h, Richard Gans computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr magneton in September 1911.[8] At the First Solvay Conference in November that year, Paul Langevin obtained a submultiple.[9] The Romanian physicist Ştefan Procopiu had obtained the expression for the magnetic moment of the electron in 1911.[10][11] The value is sometimes referred to as the "Bohr–Procopiu magneton" in Romanian scientific literature.[12]
The Bohr magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an orbiting electron with an orbital angular momentum of one ħ. According to the Bohr model, this is the ground state, i.e. the state of lowest possible energy.[13] In the summer of 1913, this value was naturally obtained by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr as a consequence of his atom model.[8][14] The result was also independently derived in 1913 by Procopiu using Max Planck's quantum theory.[11] In 1920, Wolfgang Pauli gave the Bohr magneton its name in an article where he contrasted it with the magneton of the experimentalists which he called the Weiss magneton.[7]
Although the spin angular momentum of an electron is 1/2 ħ, the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron caused by its spin is still approximately one Bohr magneton. The electron spin g-factor is approximately two.
See also
2. ^ Robert C. O'Handley (2000). Modern magnetic materials: principles and applications. (value was slightly modified to reflect 2010 CODATA change)
4. ^ L. I. Schiff (1968). Quantum Mechanics.
5. ^ R. Shankar (1980). Principles of Quantum Mechanics.
6. ^ Anant S. Mahajan, Abbas A. Rangwala (1989). Electricity and Magnetism.
7. ^ a b Stephen T. Keith and Pierre Quédec (1992). "Magnetism and Magnetic Materials: The Magneton". Out of the Crystal Maze. pp. 384–394.
8. ^ a b John Heilbron; Thomas Kuhn (1969). "The genesis of the Bohr atom".
9. ^ Paul Langevin (1911). La théorie cinétique du magnétisme et les magnétons. La théorie du rayonnement et les quanta: Rapports et discussions de la réunion tenue à Bruxelles, du 30 octobre au 3 novembre 1911, sous les auspices de M. E. Solvay. p. 403.
10. ^ Ştefan Procopiu (1911–1913). "Sur les éléments d’énergie".
11. ^ a b Ştefan Procopiu (1913). "Determining the Molecular Magnetic Moment by M. Planck's Quantum Theory".
12. ^ "Stefan Procopiu (1890-1972)". Stefan Procopiu Science and Technique Museum. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
13. ^ Marcelo Alonso, Edward Finn (1992). Physics.
14. ^ Abraham Pais (1991). Niels Bohr's Times, in physics, philosophy, and politics.
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Controlling infection is one of the trickiest problems in dentistry. Mouths are home to countless microorganisms, most living in balance with the human body. However, if the wrong pathogen takes up residence, infection can result. The difficulty results from the fact that each potential infection-causing pathogen needs a different type of drug to combat it. That is, until the advent of oxygen/ozone therapy.
Oxygen/ozone therapy breaks up the biofilm that these pathogens reside in with a “transient oxidative burst”, causing the pathogens to overexert themselves and die. This burst also encourages good blood flow and enhanced immune system response, increasing your body’s natural ability to fight infection. Ozone therapy is also effective in tooth whitening.
And most importantly, the materials needed for this treatment are entirely natural and bio-compatible: allergies and sensitivity to oxygen and ozone is biologically impossible. Ozone is simply a charged form of oxygen that is formed naturally by the sun and lightning.
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Paul R. Lehman, Report’s data on states racial integration progress is suspect
February 1, 2019 at 5:25 pm | Posted in African American, American Bigotry, American Dream, American history, American Indian, black inferiority, blacks, democracy, desegregation, discrimination, DNA, employment, entitlements, Equal Opportunity, equality, ethnic stereotypes, Ethnicity in America, European American, European Americans, fairness, Hispanic whites, Human Genome, integregation, justice, language, law, minorities, Non-Hispanic white, Prejudice, public education, race, Race in America, racism, segregation, skin color, social conditioning, social justice system, socioeconomics, The Oklahoman, tribalism, U. S. Census, White of a Different Color, whites | 2 Comments
The intent is not to rain on the parade, but too much confusion exists in the article “Report shows state has made progress on race,” to let pass ( The Oklahoman 01/2018). The reference to race in the article’s title is confusing as to its meaning. Once we got beyond the title, the confusion continued. Relying on “A new report from finance site Wallet-Hub” the report ”ranked states based on’ the current level of integration of whites and blacks by subtracting the values attributed to whites and blacks for a given metric.’” The ranking of each state’s progress relative to integration was based on four areas: Employment & Wealth, Education, Social & Civic Engagement, and Health. Oklahoma, according to the report, ranked 13th in racial integration out of the fifty states according to the four areas examined.
Without going into the meat of the report, we determined the data to be questionable in that no definition of terms used was given. Therefore, the reliability of the data is suspect from the beginning. For example, the term race is used in the article’s title, but no following information is offered to explain what is meant by race. If the reader has to rely on assumptions regarding the meaning or intended meaning of race, then what good is the data? Another problem is produced if the reader assumed the reference to race was intended to refer to the human race. The problems continued once we look at the objective of the Wallet-Hub report.
We read that the Wallet-Hub report focused on the “level of integration of whites and blacks”….Again, we are not informed as to the meaning of the terms white and black, but each term was treated as a monolith. We know historically that America at is formation socially constructed two races, one white and the other black, with the white being thought and treated as being superior to the black. But, this report was viewed as being current, and our knowledge of the false concept of two or more races is no longer acceptable. Without a clear definition of the term white any data offered would again be suspect.
The report also used the term black, but provided no definition or clarification as to its meaning or usage. One of the problems that the absence of a clear meaning or definition produced was the question of what black people provided the data for the report in that no specific culture, ethnicity, religion, language or geographic location was presented? So, who are the blacks? The same question exists for those people labeled as white.
When we turned to the U.S. Census Bureau for information the confusion increased because the bureau confused ethnicity, race, and origin. The bureau still operates under the assumption that multiple biological races exists. The bureau list the race categories as” White,” “Black or African American,” “American Indian or Alaska Native,” “Asian,” Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander,” and finally, “Some Other Race.” So, all the scientific date relative to the human race and DNA is seemingly of no concern to the bureau.
We do not know how or why the Wallet-Hub report decided to use the two terms, black and white, but from the 2010 Census information relative to race the question of what is race still remained. The Census Bureau stated in its 2010 data what it meant by race. Noting that their data is based on self-identification, the language reads as follows: “The racial categories included in the census questionnaire generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country, and not an attempt to define race biologically, anthropologically or genetically.” More specifically, it continued: “People may choose to report more than one race to indicate their racial mixture, such as “American Indian and “White.” People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish may be of any race.”
If this information is not confusing enough read what the Bureau provided for blacks: “Black or African American” refers to a person having origin in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race(s) as “Black, African Am., or “Negro” or reported entries such as African American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.” The information (biased and irrational) did not mention what selections were available to black individuals of mixed ethnicities—Puerto Ricans, Cubans etc…
Maybe the point of the report’s validity can be seen more objectively after reading the information from the Census Bureau. If race cannot be defined, and a person can select any race, how can the report provide accurate data about blacks and whites? Unnecessary confusion exists relative to terms like, race, ethnicity, origin, and nationality. One rule of thought exists regarding these terms, only one, the term race, has to do with biology, and that is only with respect to the human race. The other terms are all products of various cultures.
One other term used in the Wallet-Hub report was integration, but it, like race, black, and white was not defined or explained. The word integration became popular during and after the 1954, Brown v Topeka Board of Education case. Many people confuse the words desegregation with integration, but they are clearly not the same or interchangeable. When public schools were desegregated, that meant African American children had a seat in the room. Integration occurs when African American children sit in same the room as the European American children but also learn about their history as well. We still have some distance to travel before we reach integration and share the benefits of our diverse American cultural experiences.
As mentioned at the start of this piece, the intent was not to spoil the seemingly good news of the report concerning Oklahoma’s “progress on race,” but to bring some clarity and facts into the mix. One wonders why a group of “experts” would not be more attentive to the problems with the terms used in conducting this study. Good news is always welcomed relative to the plethora of societal problems involving America’s ethnic populations. When good news comes, we just want it to be accurate.
Paul R. Lehman, The wrestling referee’s decision to force the teen’s haircut was biased and insensative
December 23, 2018 at 1:01 am | Posted in African American, American Bigotry, blacks, Ethnicity in America, European American, justice, Prejudice, Race in America, whites | 1 Comment
Cutting Johnson’s hair was not the problem. No. The action taken by Alan Maloney was not about Andrew Johnson’s hair. Maloney’s action was that of a seemingly ethnic bigot taking advantage of a situation to exercise his bigotry with no expectation of negative, or any, repercussions. Maloney’s actions can be viewed from a biased perspective as bigoted, arrogant, and ignorant.
European Americans are conditioned by society to see people of color as different from them and in some instances to be feared and avoided. One explanation for Maloney’s actions regarding the cutting of Johnson’s hair is that the hair represented a sign of freedom of expression that Maloney did not like or appreciate in a person of color. That freedom of expression by Johnson could have represented a sign of power being loss by Maloney, and that could have triggered the action as a form of defense. The natural response by Maloney under those conditions is to attack the problem which Johnson’s hair represented. In this situation, the rules regarding a wrestler’s hair length might come into play if one was to consider just the rules. In order to follow the rules, Maloney should have given Johnson the option of securing his hair so as not to interfere with his match. One irony relative to this issue is the fact that Johnson had been wrestling all season long with his hair not causing a problem or being of concern until this match.
The primary area of concern in social conditioning for European Americans is the comfort that comes from thinking, feeling, and acting superior to people of color. That comfort comes from the support given by society in general and the lack of any serious repercussions for displaying that superiority through acts of bigotry. Apparently, Maloney felt comfortable in ordering Johnson to either cut his hair or forfeit the match because of his power as a European American and possibly as a referee. In any event, no one including the coach, trainer, parents, or other referees, tried to intervene on Johnson’s behalf. Maloney, evidently, gave no thought to how this public display of symbolic emasculation of a young man of color would affect him and his mental state of mind.
In America the natural assumption of many European Americans relative to people of color is that they must meet the approval of European Americans before they can be seen as human being of like status, not equals, but similar. So, society generally dismisses anything that seems to represent an injustice committed against a person of color because what happens to them is not that important. As in this case, no one questioned Maloney regarding the ultimatum he gave Johnson. The fact that Maloney was a referee gave him the added sense of control over the situation regarding the match and Johnson. None-the-less, what Maloney did show was a gross lack of concern and understanding for a young athlete who he placed in a serious situation regarding his options.
Fortunately, today technology has afforded us the opportunity to record actions and activities in real-time, and the entire episode of Johnson’s hair being cut before and after was all caught on video. The video gives us an opportunity to see and evaluate what happened and the reactions of the participants. What the video cannot show is the mental state of Johnson’s subjection to public victimization. Even though he won the match, anyone could tell by his demeanor and body language afterward that Johnson was not a happy trooper.
As long as the plague of ethnic bigotry continues to exist, we as a society can actually do some things to help in the process of bringing some of it under control. For example, if someone, European American or any other person feels s uncomfortable about a person of color in or near their vicinity, they simply call 911 and the police come to remedy the situation. The fact that these incidents underscore ethnic bigotry, little if any accountability is required from the callers. We have always been informed that ignorance of the law is no excuse, but that does but seem to apply to some people.
Someone should have to answer for Johnson being placed in the situation where he had to decide on having his hair cut or competing in his wrestling match. One way to get the attention of people is through civil courts. In many videos we see that the victim usually gets the bad end of the experience, however, if the victim believes he or she was treated unjustly, he or she should be allowed to go to civil court and seek damages. That way, when the callers have to pay out settlements, they will be reminded of their part in calling 911 on someone for a somewhat inconsequential action. These cases should be made public in an effort to educate the public of consequences of such actions.
With respect to Maloney and his decision to give Johnson an ultimatum, his hair or his match, one should question his ability to serve as a referee since he apparently has little or no regards for the feeling of the students or at least some them. But Maloney was not alone in his decision, the rest of the people directly and indirectly associated with the incident should be held accountable as well. When something unjust or unfair happens in our face and we do nothing, we are just as negligent as the person committing the offense. Although Johnson might have never experienced bigotry at first hand before, this experience with the referee and the cutting of his hair will make a permanent imprint on his psyche and will have a marked influence on how he views the world now. To see and read about young people of color being treated unfairly by some European Americans is one thing, but to encounter it personally is a totally unique experience.
The lesson continues to be too difficult and challenging, but eventually, it must be learned— although we are an ethnically diverse society, all people have the right to be treated justly and fairly, with no exceptions. Anything less is unacceptable in our democracy.
Paul R. Lehman, Five questions that can aid in reducing arrest of people of color due to 911 calls
November 21, 2018 at 1:00 am | Posted in African American, American Bigotry, blacks, equality, Ethnicity in America, European American, justice, Prejudice, Race in America, whites | Leave a comment
Although they occur with too much frequency, we must not let the incidents of police arrest of people of color and other poor citizens for being in a place that appears uncomfortable to some European Americans become acceptable and ordinary. What seems like a daily occurrence of a person being arrested by the police in response to a 911 call must be addressed and corrected. In order to make the corrections three areas must be targeted: the citizen who makes the 911 call, the 911 dispatcher, and the police officers who respond to the 911 call.
Individuals that serve in any of the three above capacities must be taught that their choices can and often make the difference between a person’s life and death. Therefore, before the choice to act or react relative to a 911 call the following questions should be addressed: who, what, where, when, and why. If the small amount of time it takes to consider these questions by individuals in each of three areas of concern, society would benefit greatly with fewer arrest, fewer deaths, and less money paid by the citizens to settle civil cases. These questions should accompany any orientation relative to the service of a 911 emergency call because they provide the necessary information from which to make a reasonable and rational decision and choice relative to a perceived emergency.
Any number of reasons can be recalled for why a European American citizen calls 911 for assistance. For example, a university professor from the University of Texas in San Antonio called 911 to have a student remove from class because the student had simply placed her feet in or on the chair in front of her. Prior to making the call, if the professor had taken the time to ask herself the question why she wanted the student removed, the subsequent action that took place might not have happened. We might assume from the report that followed the incident that the professor felt that the gesture by the student was interpreted as an insult to her. The student’s actions were not based on anything having to do with the teacher; she just simply wanted to stretch her legs. Unfortunately, the police arrived and escorted the student from the classroom. We might add that the student was an African American and was simply unaware of the professor’s thoughts and reactions, but had to bear the brunt of the incident by being removed from the class. The information derived from asking the five questions could have offered a remedy for the problem.
Too often the 911 caller is in an emotional state of mind and cannot reason or adequately address the situation that is thought to require a 911 call. In that case, the 911 dispatcher should try to obtain that information before it is dispatched to officers in the field. In any number of incidents, a little time and a little more information might have prevented the need for law enforcement assistance. If we were to examine the situation that occurred at a Starbuck’s restaurant involving two young African Americans waiting on another colleague to join them being arrested and escorted out of the establishment by the police, we realize that simply answering the five questions might have eliminated the need for law enforcers. Had the dispatcher taken the time to ascertain just what was the problem involving the African Americans before contacting the police, the incident might have been avoided. However, the social conditioning of many European Americans often causes them to react in fear or dread at the mention of or sight of a person of color in the near surroundings, so the first reaction is to call 911.
When police receive information from a 911 dispatcher, they usually react based on the information they receive. One serious problem generally associated with this action has to be with the education the police receive in the orientation to the job and its responsibilities, namely, attitude and judgment towards the citizens. We know from many studies and experiences that European American law enforcers have a different emotional reaction to incidents involving African Americans and European Americans. Too often the attitude of officers toward people of color is one of fear, dread, and guilt. In essence, too often people of color are viewed and treated as criminals before any questions are asked or additional information acquired beyond what the dispatcher offered.
For example, when a convenience store employee thought a young African American college student had used a fake $20 bill to pay for his merchandise, he immediately called 911. The dispatcher relayed the information to the police and they rushed to the store. When they arrive inside the store, they went immediately to the African American student and commanded him to show an identification card. Nothing was said to him prior to this command. Based on their action, they assumed that the student was a criminal as in this case; the officers thought the student was not producing his identification fast enough so they ordered him to place his hands behind him, and thus instigated what they describe as the need for physical force. After throwing the student to the floor, shocking him, and placing him in handcuffs, the officers asked the store employees for the fake $20 dollar bill only to discover that it was nowhere to be found. The student was taken to jail for not obeying a direct command.
When we look at the actions and reactions of the three areas of concern relative to some European American citizens calling 911, the actions of the 911 dispatcher, and finally, the involvement of the police in these incidents, we can certainly justify the need for the use of the five questions along the chain of information from the caller to the police officers. As citizens, we pay for and depend on the services of the dispatches and the police officers to do their jobs, and we should also expect them to show respect and courtesy to everyone without first prejudging them.
Paul R. Lehman,How and why bigotry persist in America
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Introduction (250 words)
Relevance of the topic and aim of writing
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Introduce keywords;
Globalisation: worldwide expansion of markets.
Ageing population: fall in death rate (longevity) , rise in share of elderly in population.
Capitalism: corporations are privately owned by “fat cats” for profit and all decision are made privately.
Absolute advantage: where two countries are producing the exact same product however one has advantage over the other (unspecified reason) and is able to produce same amount with less resources.
Comparative advantage: if one country is able to specialise in all goods then they should focus on the goods that have the greatest comparative advantage and let other countries produce commodities with the smallest comparative advantage thus benefiting both countries and still allowing specialisation (e.g. China) .
Primary commodities: raw resources used to make secondary commodities
Secondary commodities: made using primary and manufactured
Factor endowment: commonly understood as the amount of land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship that a country possesses and can exploit for manufacturing.
Imperialism: a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means. Marxist focus mainly on economic relationship rather than political
Dependency theory: the idea that resources flow from less developed countries into developed countries, ‘enriching the latter at the expense of the former’ (diagram?)
Colonialism: the expansion of political power over other countries i.e. British empire
Prebisch-Singer hypothesis: theory by Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer, entails that primary commodity exporters should strive to diversify their own economy (industrialise) and focus less on primary goods exports, this is because over time trade for primary commodities to manufacturing countries can sometime deteriorate and become less valuable to primary commodity producing countries.
Asymmetric information: market information that many give one person/business and advantage over another, e.g. distribution contacts.
Neo-classical views + analysis (500 words)
Theoretical attributes explained
Cases to back up these attributes
All referenced
Globalisation is good, free market capitalism can be delivered all over the world
– Adam smith, glob is good for countries as they are able to focus on producing and developing goods that they specialise in (see absolute advantage).
– David Ricardo, (see comparative advantage) advanced colonies should produce secondary commodities and less advanced should produce primary, 19th century idea.
– Hecksher & Ohlin, (20th century refinement of Ricardo), factor endowment should play a part, developing countries are abundant in labour so makes sense for them to produce primary commodities, developed countries are abundant in capital so should produce secondary commodities. Born from this was the term “international division of labour”
– Glob is not only good for producing goods but also the economy, it drives domestic companies to become more efficient due to the threat and also provides know how on how to reduce costs, these high growth rates can be linked to open trade and investment. (see world trade organisation).
– John Williamson (Washington consensus, 1989), a set of ten policies with neo-classical view that would create the ideal environment for countries to prosper and grow. Major international institutions based in Washington D.C. (IMF, World Bank, US Treasury) agreed on a package of reforms needed for economic growth. The package was a success as not only did it work for developed countries but also less so. Many events happened after 1989 that reinforced the the only way was the “road to the markets” and when Latin American countries needed bailing out by the IMF (international monetary fund) the were bailed out on one condition that the adopt these policies.
Socialist/Marxist views + analysis (500 words)
Theoretical attributes explained
Cases to back up these attributes
All referenced
Globalisation is bad, countries, cultures, economies and governments are too different glob only benefits the elite. DEPENDENCAY TRADITION (DIAGRAM???)
– Karl Marx, the social system of capitalism is very unequal and access to capital and political power is in the hands of the few. During capital growth conditions for labourers often deteriorate, social revolution would lead in a seize of power and the workers would run things in the interests of the whole society.
– Later on in Marx’s life he thought capitalism could cause more problems and lead to imperial masters for the less developed countries. Creating a huge divide in wealth
– Globalisation has turned rivalry between firms into rivalry between nations with countries imposing tariffs for their home firms in order to gain global completive advantage. Rapid expansion in colonies would be backed up by military support as needed, conflict between empirical leaders was inevitable as seen in WW1 1914. During the inter war period capitalism showed to increase poverty of the many and colonial powers struggled with control.
– With a history of colonialism often some economies were left with a gearing to exporting primary commodities and therefore had no access to the world market in any other position. Within 3rd world countries even the businesses that exist there are controlled by the one percent and often this one percent has a collusion with foreign multinationals or even has foreign commercial interests further damaging the economy.
– Another part of the dependency tradition states that the markets are very far from free and somewhat discriminatory, leading countries can overshadow supranational governing bodies and adjust the framework to best suit them through laws and such.
Structuralist views + analysis (500 words)
Theoretical attributes explained
Cases to back up these attributes
All referenced
Globalisation is good however an institutional framework is needed to minimize dangers.
– Amartya Sen, noble prize winner, believed that after the WW2 when many countries regained political power after colonialism, they had yet to be industrialised and needed to be had the wanted to join the world market, but they could not do it under the same policies that developed countries had done it by years ago as the world system was no longer a ‘level playing field’. Non-market (political and social) policies were then made to rapidly industrialise these countries so that their economies could be integrated into the world market.
– Agriculture in LDC’s is often pushed by the government and is used as investment in industry, many countries look to their government to own or at least have a substantial role in the industrialisation process, through key industries such as steel, iron and transport.
– Import substituting industrialisation, whereas there would be less foreign imports and a focus on domestic production instead to keep money in the country, this could be helped by the government implementing tariff and non-tariff barrier, as well as industrial licensees. This additional revenue could be uses to invest in foreign technology, this money can be made through the distribution of primary commodities, in order to maximise these revenue streams the exchange rates could be inflated and capital accounts were kept control of to keep money in the country’s economy.
– The policies outlined are argued to have flaws and strengths but can be agreed upon are created for LDC’s with genuine structural weakness. LDC’s are often at risk of volatile export prices due to the availability of the raw resources they produce from.
– Prebisch-Singer hypothesis, outlines the problem for primary good exporters.
– Many developing countries have a strong economic base due to their ability to produce essential food commodities such as cotton, coffee, fish and bananas, alongside this they also have raw resources like diamond and other are earth metals that can be used in IT devices, again these items are always in dmenad however prices for these commodities can tumble putting pressure on the producers.
– Monopoly powers thrive under this framework as we see those countries that produce the more valuable commodities have more power and will often merge or takeover other corporations to become huge, often multinational, powerhouses that seek to control supply therefore controlling prices.
– Another problem is that as global income increases people are spending more money on secondary commodities, it is because of this that many secondary commodities producing domestic industries implement price support mechanisms, tariffs and subsides for their secondary commodity producers, e.g. English farmers milk. This makes it very hard for small scale secondary producers in LDC’s to compete or even enter the global market and expand through exportation.
– Joseph Stiglitz, believes that some people in markets have asymmetric information over others thus giving them and advantage in the market. This could mean that farmers for instance don’t have the resources to sell directly into the market and have to go through intermediaries costing them more money to get into the market.
– Critics of Structuralist views believe many policy mistakes were made however van agree that for globalisation to be inclusive the structural weaknesses outlined need to be addressed.
– Structuralist writers are against neoclassical ways of thinking through reference fo the Washington consensus arguing that it is not realistic for developing countries to achieve these goals nor does it give specific guidelines as to how these policy’s should be carried out i.e order and time. Also the WC automatically assumes that countries have the necessary framework to carry out these policies which is not the case in most LDC’s, a ‘one size fits all’ method is simply not functional on a global scale.
– Before the 2008 financial crisis there was talk that the WC was where we would LIKE the economy to end up however it did not mention the implication of frame works needed in LDC’s to bring about the appropriate economic environment for each individual country knowing that each country would be unique
Conclusion + comparison (250 words)
Synthesis of main findings
Comparison, all of the perspective believe capitalism has expanded on a world scale, what divid
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Related to Birthrate: fertility rate
the renewal of a population as a result of new births; in statistics, the frequency of births within a certain group of a population. Along with infant mortality, mortality, and longevity, birthrate is an important index of the natural movement of population. The birthrate is measured by the birthrate coefficient—the ratio between live births and individuals per thousand population—and by the total fertility coefficient—the ratio between the number of births and the number of women of childbearing age (15–49 years). The birthrate is influenced by social, economic, legal, historical, ethnographic, geographic, and biological factors. Examples of such factors include the degree of participation of women in societal labor, the availability of child-care facilities, the cultural level of the population, the level of development of public health, the average age of individuals at marriage, and intrafamily regulation of births.
The birthrate has been falling in economically developed countries since the beginning of the 20th century. However, high birthrates continue to characterize developing countries. In 1972 the average birthrate per thousand population was 18.9 in developed countries (for example, 15.9 in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, 17.2 in the Polish People’s Republic, 16.5 in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, 16.2 in Great Britain, 17.3 in the United States, 14.1 in Sweden, and 19.2 in Japan) and 39.0 in developing countries (for example, 48.0 in Syria). The high birthrate in developing countries is explained by the demographic explosion (see DEMOGRAPHY).
Table 1. Dynamics of birthrate in the USSR (per thousand population)
Table 1 shows the dynamics of the birthrate in the USSR. In the republics of the USSR the birthrate per thousand population varies from 14 in the Baltic countries to 35 in Middle Asia. The source of data on birthrates in the USSR is birth registrations, which are compiled on the basis of information provided by medical institutions.
Batkis, G. A., and L. G. Lekarev. Sotsial’naia gigiena i organizatsiia zdravookhraneniia. Moscow, 1969.
Belitskaia, E. Ia. Problemy sotsial’noi gigieny. Leningrad, 1970.
Lisitsyn, Iu. P Sotsial’naia gigiena i organizatsiia zdravookhraneniia. Moscow, 1973.
References in periodicals archive ?
But here's the good news: Teenage birthrates have plunged by 52 percent since 1991 -- one of America's great social policy successes, coming even as inequality and family breakdown have worsened.
We take into account the sexual instinct, responsible with the birthrate in the poor areas, as it is among "the few pleasures that do not cost" (Guyau), or in the underdeveloped societies where the protection against the unwanted pregnancies is either unknown or dangerous, or unaccepted on religion account.
The data show how the indicators of population, birthrate, marriages, family and home breakups have worsened over the last 28 years.
A report compiled by a government advisory panel on social security issues states, ''The declining birthrate is the biggest challenge confronting Japan.
But other anomalies such as Canada and Germany, whose birthrate lags behind similarly rich nations, have yet to be explained.
14 million in Japan as of April 1, marking a record low for the 28th straight year due to the declining birthrate, according to a government report released Monday.
The second assumption, which is related to the first, is that Europe's native population is in steady and serious decline from a falling birthrate, and that the aging population will place intolerable demands on governments to maintain public pension and health systems.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said the state's birthrate was more than 60 percent higher than the national average in 2006.
And the rising birthrate means many are unable to spend as much time with mothers.
The growth in birthrate is reported in Kyrgyzstan in the first half of 2008.
And critics say the Department of Health has been "caught by surprise" by the rising birthrate, with some maternity wards forced to close their doors to expectant mothers.
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Effect of an Antipronation Foot Orthosis on Ankle and Subtalar Kinematics
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Introduction/PurposeThe aim of this study was to describe the effect of an antipronation foot orthosis on motion of the heel relative to the leg and explore the individual contributions of the ankle and subtalar joints to this effect.MethodsFive subjects were investigated using invasive intracortical pins to track the movement of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus during walking with and without a foot orthosis.ResultsThe antipronation foot orthosis produced small and unsystematic reductions in eversion and abduction of the heel relative to the leg at various times during stance. Changes in calcaneus–tibia motion were comparable with those described in the literature (1°–3°). Changes at both the ankle and subtalar joints contributed to this orthotic effect. However, the nature and scale of changes were highly variable between subjects. Peak angular position, range of motion, and angular velocity in frontal and transverse planes were affected to different degrees in different subjects. In some cases, changes occurred mainly at the ankle; in other cases, changes occurred mainly at the subtalar joint.ConclusionThe changes in ankle and subtalar kinematics in response to the foot orthosis contradict existing orthotic paradigms that assume that changes occur only at the subtalar joint. The kinematic changes due to the orthosis are indicative of a strong interaction between the often common function of the ankle and subtalar joints.
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The End of Star Formation in Galaxies
Poststarburst (or E+A) galaxies are a class of galaxies that show evidence of having had a recent "burst" of star formation, which has now ended. These galaxies are in transition between star-forming, blue spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way and red quiescent elliptical galaxies. Despite their lack of current star formation, we have observed that post-starburst galaxies can contain large reservoirs of the molecular gas which should otherwise be fueling new star formation. This gas is depleted during the post-starburst phase and is suppressed from collapse to denser states.
Our research was recently featured on astrobites.
Tidal Disruption Events
Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) occur when a star ventures too close to a black hole, such that the tidal forces from the black hole overcome the self-gravity of the star, tearing it apart. The accretion of the star onto the black hole produces a bright, observable flare. My collaborators and I have been researching the host galaxies of these events, finding that many have been observed in galaxies which show signs of a recent starburst. Please see our recent papers here and here. This host galaxy preference can be used to find new TDEs, so we have developed a machine-learning method to identify likely hosts using photometry alone.
Our work was recently featured in New Scientist and AAS Nova.
Gravitational Lensing
Gravitational lensing by large clusters of galaxies can aid in the detection of faint, high redshift galaxies. My collaborators and I have investigating lines of sight in our universe which contain multiple large clusters, enhancing the ability to magnify large regions of space behind the clusters. Please see recent papers here and here
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Neuroscience Students Outfit Roboroaches
roboroach_1roboroach_2Associate Professor of Biology Lori McGrew’s neurobiology class used kits available through Backyard Brains to create cybernetic cockroaches. The students attached electrodes to the insects’ antennae. Following the surgery, students outfitted their cyborgs with Bluetooth receiver backpacks and used their phones to control input to the antennae. The stimulus mimicked the antennae touching something and caused the roaches to turn left or right, away from the input. This procedure is similar to deep brain stimulation being used to treat patients with Parkinson’s disease and other motor dysfunctions. By using the roboroach model, students deepened their understanding of the electrical nature of neuronal signaling including the importance of signal strength and frequency. Photos can be found on the Beta Beta Beta Biological Honorary Society’s Serotonin Helix Facebook page. McGrew is the neuroscience program coordinator at Belmont.
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Educational Computer Games – Minecraft
There have been educational games around on computers for years, however there was usually one significant problem with them – they weren’t much fun. There were a few exceptions of course but on the whole your average educational computer game was just not that appealing to children. In fact all the games that children like to play online where normally blocked on purpose except to these enterprising souls to mastered hide ip software or proxies, which many did. But nowadays the situation is much different and in fact one educational based computer game is actually played by millions of children on their own.
The game is called Minecraft and it sets the player in an empty desolate world where they have to explore and collect resources for survival. The game can actually be highly customised and in an education setting, the scenarios can be developed to focus on learning, team building and other skills. It’s most popular among the age range 8-11 but older children can play too. Examples of scenarios that can be played include starting on a desert island and working as a team to survive.
For example players must look for resources to help them survive. This includes looking for food and something to build shelter for the group. The computer game can also be used as a practical introduction to computer networks, setting up the environment for team play across the internet.
It’s proving to be very popular with many schools creating their own courses based on the inexpensive computer software. Don’t be surprised to see Minecraft classes appear all over Europe and the US, it’s fun, simple to set up and very popular with children.
It’s not difficult to set up across the internet, any computer can act as a server to host the game and then all the other computers can connect directly to the same game. There’s no real need for proxies, vpns or any real networking knowledge like this
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From Deep Learning To Data Science: Everything You Need To Know
Many people in the tech world now have a solid understanding of AI. Others are just getting started and asking questions like: What are the differences between deep learning and machine learning? How are they different, and how can they benefit organizations?
Enterprises and their leaders who are looking to get started should first get familiar with the fundamentals of deep learning and the corresponding terminology, as well as understand the current challenges to AI adoption and how to address them. In this article, I’ll aim to provide a definitive overview of the topic, along with links to several resources that you may find useful.
What’s the difference between data analytics, machine learning, and deep learning?
Let’s start with defining the term “data science.” Data science is a broad field that covers everything related to data cleansing, preparation and analysis. This involves statistics, mathematics, programming, and creative problem-solving to extract information and insights from data. When GPU acceleration is used to improve the performance of data science workflows, we call this “accelerated data science.”
In contrast, data analytics, machine learning, and deep learning are widely used approaches to solving problems in the field of data science.
Data analytics has been around for quite some time, and is used to examine data sets in order to draw conclusions about the information they contain using correlation, statistical modelling and other methods.
Machine learning uses statistics techniques to construct a model from observed data. It generally relies on human-defined classifiers or “feature extractors” that can be as simple as a linear regression, or the slightly more complicated “Bag of Words” analysis technique that made email SPAM filters possible back in the late 1980’s.
Then we invented smartphones, webcams, social media services, and all kinds of sensors that generate huge mountains of data. This brought on the new challenge of identifying the many features in the data— and the correlations between them that actually matter. That’s where deep learning comes in.
Deep learning is a machine learning technique that automates the creation of these “feature extractors” through a process called “feature engineering,” which uses large amounts of data to train complex “deep neural networks” (DNN). DNNs are capable of achieving human-level accuracy for many tasks, but require tremendous computational power to train.
How businesses are leveraging accelerated data science
Many companies, organizations, and even governments are realizing that accelerated data science can help them be more effective and more efficient. For example, the healthcare industry benefits from accelerated data science in many ways, including:
• Better prediction of disease drivers with genomic medicine
• Improved health outcomes through analysis of electronic medical records
• Predictively determine the best treatment for a wide range of health conditions
Another example is the energy and utilities industry, where benefits of accelerated data science include:
• Optimized energy distribution in smart grids
• Reduced outages with predictive maintenance
Across industries, enterprises can use accelerated data science to analyze customer data to improve product development, monitor IT systems and physical facilities for anomalies and threats, and develop customer business intelligence reports for business decision makers.
Challenges businesses face when first adopting deep learning
There are a few challenges that organizations and researchers may encounter when adopting deep learning.
• Getting used to a brand-new computing model. Most data scientists, developers and researchers don’t have a lot of experience working with it yet, and to apply deep learning effectively you need to learn how to approach problems a little differently… from a more data-centric perspective.
• Rapidly evolving algorithms. Deep learning algorithms continue to improve (and very quickly), so keeping up with all the latest advances that may benefit your work can require significant time & effort.
• Training deep neural networks requires tremendous compute power. So, you need to plan your projects to take advantage of high performance computing platforms that can process large amounts of data quickly.
Don’t worry: I also have solutions. Watch my free webinar recording to learn more about the tools and resources businesses use to overcome these challenges when adopting deep learning, along with additional information on things like:
• More examples of accelerated data science and how your organization can benefit
• How deep neural networks are trained, optimized and deployed in applications,
• Recommendations to help you get started using deep learning in your own applications.
• Resources for you and your team to stay knowledgeable and access the most relevant tools
How do I stay informed on everything I need to know about deep learning?
Beyond the free webinar, I also recommend attending the GPU Technology Conference on March 17-21, 2019 in San Jose, California. With over 600 sessions and nearly 10,000 developers, researchers and data scientists attending, you can see the amazing work being done with AI across industries, meet the experts leading the AI revolution, and learn how to apply the technologies you see to your own projects.
Key speakers are coming from Google, Amazon, Microsoft, IBM, Facebook, Uber, BMW, several leading universities and national labs, to name a few. You can save 25% on registration with my personal code, NVWRAMEY.
Senior Director of Developer Programs and the Deep Learning Institute at NVIDIA. Will Ramey is director of developer marketing at NVIDIA. Prior to joining NVIDIA in 2...
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For my Two for the Crew 3-D model I created a Screwdriver/rope cutter that is connected by a grip.The total length of my model is 100 by 20 millimeters I chose these two tools because they had a lot of wires on the space station and they also had a lot of items screwed in place. For the screwdriver the tip is 4 millimeters and that is a size that can fit almost all types of screws. The rope cutter part of the model can be used for cutting wires and other items they need to cut. The rope cutter is shaped like a sharpened pick and comes to a point at the end. The sharpened end can be used the cut wires, rope, tape, etc and can be used to get small particles out of cramped area that a finger couldn’t fit into. While looking up the most common tools used by astronauts in space a screwdriver was one of them so, it would be a lot easier to produce them on the ISS instead of having to keep bringing more after they break or they don't fit the screws which would cost a lot of money.
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Elizabethan unit- history- Elizabeth's court and her parliament
Clare Noone
Flashcards by , created 4 months ago
Year 9 History Flashcards on Elizabethan unit- history- Elizabeth's court and her parliament, created by Clare Noone on 04/13/2019.
Clare Noone
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Question Answer
What significant events occurred in Elizabeth's childhood? Anne boleyn was executed- she encouraged Henry to change the church/Her brother Edward v1 died at 15/'Bloody Mary' made england catholic again- killed 300 protestants/ henry married catherine parr- she influenced her with protestant beliefs/ wyatt rebellion(1554)- rebellion of 4000 marched to london to rebel against Mary
Who was powerful in Elizabethan England? Royal Court/ Privy council/ Lord lieutentants/ Justices of the Peace
Give two facts about the ‘Royal Court’. Made up of around 1000 people/Tried to gain access to Elizabeth and become one of her ‘favourites’ (Robert Dudley and Earl of Essex) /Often went on a Royal tour called a ‘progress’/clothes were a symbol of fashion and status and furniture was cool
What did a progress consist of? a tour, when they would visit important people across England, but it also allowed ordinary English people to see in Elizabeth, making many more loyal
Elizabeth often gave a ‘patronage’ to her loyal subjects and ‘favourites’, what does this mean? Elizabeth gave important jobs, titles or business monopolies to those who won her favour!
Why was the Privy Council important? It was made up of the most powerful and influential nobles in England/appointed by Elizabeth, she could make her ‘favourites’ members/ Led by secretary of state, who was often Elizabeth’s most trusted advisor/ran the country on a day-to-day basis
What was the role of Parliament in Elizabethan England? Only met if the Queen needed them and ‘called’ them/ made up of wealthy, educated men/influence over tax and passing laws
Give one fact about Lord Lieutenants. Appointed by the Queen and took responsibility of an area of the country/ had to raise a militia if needed in times of war/ many were also Privy Councillors, giving them more power and influence
What was the role of a ‘Justice of the Peace’? Selected from the local gentry to maintain Law and order/ Could send a criminal to prison and more than one could issue a death penalty
What happened to the earl of essex Essex tried to see Elizabeth for a private meeting and walked in on her not wearing a wig! She was enraged and dismissed him. Believing Elizabeth had been turned against him by ‘evil’ councillors, Essex led a rebellion in 1601. However this failed when all were branded traitors and enemies of the crown. Losing his supporters, Essex gave himself up, was arrested and beheaded.
who had power in elizabeth's court (william cecil and francis) William Cecil (chief adviser, advised on foreign affairs, pushed for mary q of s trial in 1586/Francis Walsingham(uncovered 1583/86 plots+helped to estbalish as naval power)
Who had power in elizabeths court( Hatton an Dudley) Hatton(helped with the middle way and involved in trial of bab plotters)/ Rob(protector of realm(1562) and earl of leicester and privy counciller)
Reasons for marriage create an alliance with a powerful foreign country or win the support of a powerful english family/to produce an english heir to carry on the tudor dynasty/ prevents mary q of s from ruling after elizabeths death
reasons against marriage marys marriage to phillip o spain was seen as disaster and failed to produce and heir/ marrying a foreign ruler could lead to England falling under their control/she could lose authority/ she could keep independence- in 16th cent husband legally had authority/giving birth was risky- jane seymour died o childbirth
why was marriage so important? she could ensure a tudor dynasty and a protestant future/ increased liklihood of rebellion without it/ mary q of scots/ 1562 she caught smallpox
name the suitors she could have married Robert Dudley/Phillip II of Spain/Francis Duke of Alencon/Sir Christopher Hatton
who did she say she was married to 'married to England'- 1564
What was the aim of the duke of norkolks rebellion Ridolfi plot- 1571- excommunication gave catholics motivation to plot as they no longer obeyed her- Roberto ridolfi carried messages for mary to duke of alva(netherkands)pope,king o spain/ mary would then marry duke of norfolk
what was the significance of the duke of norfolks rebllion Plot was discovered due to governement interviewing his servants- executed in 1572- did not execute mary- new law passed that meant any who thought she was not the rightful queen would be executed
What was of the earl of Essex's rebellion Essex attempted to raise the people of London in revolt against the government. This ended in failure. Essex was tried and executed for treason on 25 February 1601.
Give two reasons why the Earl of Essex fell out of favour with Elizabeth Made an illegal truce (deal) with Irish rebels/Turned his back on the Queen at a Privy Council meeting/Drew his sword in the presence of the Queen/Walked into the Queens chambers when she was not wearing her wig.
Why did Essex’s rebellion fail? Robert Cecil branded the 200 rebels traitors, they abandoned Essex and he was arrested.
Give two facts about Norfolk’s 1569 rebellion Supported by Northern Lords like Earl of Westmorland/Gained a force of 4600 men /took control of important northern towns like Durham/celebrated an illegal Catholic mass/stopped by an army raised by the Duke of Sussex /executed 450 rebels/ many were fined and had lands confiscated
What was the babington plot 1586// year before will of orange killed by catholics-fear of english attack/ a plan to kill Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne, supported by rich Catholic lord Anthony Babington/coded letters were discovered in a Beer barrel, proving Marys guilt/walsingham was double agent and passed letters to elizabeth/8 executed including babington and mary
When was mary executed 8th February 1586
What was throckmorton plot aim- to free mary, replace Elizabeth and restore catholicism Events- 1583 he was arrested, house searched, claimed plan was never put in place+no money from spanish king- no domestic support
what were the consequences of the catholic plot? he was executed, two catholics imprisoned, 1584- bond of association-mary would be executed if elizabeths life was under threat
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The Essential Laws of Tips Explained
Advantages of Spirulina and Chlorela
The role of minerals is to support the general structure of the body. What they normally do is to help the brain to function properly. The kind of minerals found in the food is determined by the soil. The adoption of modern farming methods has contributed to deterioration of minerals that are present. Some smaller farms are able to mind the quality of the soil. It is actually reliable to incorporate some sea vegetables and fresh water algae in your diet. The fresh water algae is grown on pools of water that are rich in minerals. These nutrients are actually considered by most people as rejuvenators. Therefore, they are able to improve levels of energy. Below are advantages provided by these minerals.
These minerals will assist someone to lose weight. Nowadays, it is advisable to practice consuming lower calories. Someone taking lower calories is able to lose weight. They are actually appreciated because of the higher levels of nutrients present. You can lose weight easily after the introduction of these minerals in the diet. They perform a very good work without losing nutrition. Some excess weight is actually lost after someone has consumed these minerals. According to the research, those people who were overweight showed improvement after the intake.
They improve the health of the gut. The structure of these minerals makes them easier for digestion. Their fibrous walls are filled with cells that are limited. Most people are disturbed by the question on whether they can improve the health of the gut. It requires some more research done on humans. According to research done on animals, these minerals are able to promote gut health as someone is aging. The health of the gut is actually preserved during the aging process, according to the research done on the year 2017.
These minerals are able to manage diabetes. Those symptoms of diabetes are actually managed by these minerals. At first embrace some research before doctors recommend its consumption. The recent research showed that those individuals who were able to take these minerals lowered levels of glucose. Someone who is affected with type 1 and 2 diabetes is more likely to get high fasting blood sugar. Those symptoms of diabetes are treated by these minerals just according to these study.
These minerals are able to lower the cholesterol level in the body. This was just concluded from the study that was done. The cholesterol level in the body is actually lowered once someone has consumed these minerals. The fat that actually blocks the circulation of blood in the body is known as cholesterol. The cause of heart diseases is actually linked from this. These minerals were able to create a positive impact on lipids of blood based on the recent study.
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Epilepsy drug warning for pregnancies
A drug used to treat epilepsy could increase the risk of foetal death and birth defects when taken by pregnant mothers, new research suggests.
According to a study published in the latest edition of the journal Neurology, the drug valproate was found to pose a significantly higher risk to unborn babies when compared with alternative epilepsy drug treatments.
In a study of 333 mothers, 20 per cent of those taking valproate while pregnant experienced still births or birth defects in their child.
The rate was much lower for the alternative drugs, phenytoin, carbamazepine and lamotrigine.
"The evidence is compelling that valproate poses a higher risk of birth defects than other commonly used epilepsy drugs," commented researcher Dr Kimford Meador, from the University of Florida.
"Unfortunately, many doctors and pregnant women aren't aware of the risks."
"Although valproate will continue to be an important treatment option in women who aren't able to use other epilepsy drugs, we're advising valproate not be used as the drug of first choice for women of child bearing potential, and when used, its dosage should be limited if possible," said Meador.
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The International Energy Agency says Sweden has the lowest share of fossil fuels in its primary energy supply of any of its 30 members
Sweden is pioneering the global energy transition but work remains to be done if its is to reach its own ambitious climate goals, according to the IEA
Sweden is at the forefront of the nations leading the global energy transition but more work will be required to retain that status, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
The country has the lowest share of fossil fuels in its primary energy supply of any member within the Paris-based organisation, and the second-lowest carbon-intensive economy.
However, the ambitious targets it set at the 2016 Energy Agreement and 2017 Climate Framework, including reaching net zero emissions by 2045, require further work, with Swedish emissions having been flat over the past six years.
“Sweden has shown that ambitious energy transition policies can accompany strong economic growth” said Paul Simons, the IEA’s deputy executive director.
“With the Energy Agreement now in place, the time has come to implement a clear roadmap towards the long term target of carbon neutrality.”
Transport a key element for energy transition in Sweden and around the world
Transport accounts for less than 25% of Sweden’s power consumption, but more than half its energy-related CO2 emissions.
The country is aiming to reduce its transport emissions by 70% come 2030, along with various schemes to promote the wider use of low-polluting vehicles and biofuels, but the IEA suggests it is still a way of reaching its 2030 target.
Swedish decarbonisation has largely come about through investments in nuclear power (the further construction of which has not been ruled out), hydropower and a variety of other renewables.
The IEA lauds this progress, but with respect to the country’s intention of reaching a 100% renewables-powered economy over the next 20 years, says it must bear in mind grid stability and supply security to ensure a smooth transition.
The organisation points to Sweden’s Nordic and Baltic neighbours as a potential answer for this, highlighting their exporting capabilities as safeguard against any shortages.
“The Nordic power market is an excellent example of how countries can benefit from closer collaboration,” said Mr Simons.
“We recommend further market integration to support the continued energy transition in the region.”
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Travelling salesman problem is an example of
0 votes
ADynamic Algorithm
BGreedy Algorithm
CRecursive Approach
DDivide & Conquer
Correct Option: 2
Travelling salesman is an example of greedy algorithm. Greedy algorithms tries to find localized optimum solution which may eventually land in globally optimized solutions.
posted Nov 26, 2017 by anonymous
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+1 vote
+1 vote
Given an array of denominations and array Count , find minimum number of coins required to form sum S.
for example:
i.e we have 1 coin of Rs 1 , 1 coin of Rs 2 , 3 coins of Rs 3.
Now if we input S = 6 then output should be 2 with possible combination : 3+3 = 6
+2 votes
suppose we have an array of N natural numbers and asks him to solve the following queries:-
Query a:- modify the element present at index i to x.
Query b:- count the number of even numbers in range l to r inclusive.
Query c:- count the number of odd numbers in range l to r inclusive.
First line of the input contains the number N. Next line contains N natural numbers.Next line contains an integer Q followed by Q queries.
a x y - modify the number at index x to y.
b x y - count the number of even numbers in range l to r inclusive.
c x y - count the number of odd numbers in range l to r inclusive.
I tried to solve using simple arrays but it isn't doing well for big constraints so I thought to use other DS with efficient algorithm so please explain appropriate algorithm.Thanks in advance.
+1 vote
Please help me to solve the Knapsack problem using greedy algorithms.
Profit Weight
1) 30 10
2) 50 5
3) 20 12
4) 70 40
5) 90 15
The knapsack size is 50. Make the selection criteria based on : min weight, max profit and Ratio.
+3 votes
Standard Coin denomination problem is as follows
coin set = {1,2,5,10 ... } - each coin count is unlimited
find count of possible combinations of coins to create N Rs
This problem can either be done using backtracking or dynamic programming
Now My requirement added a factor where max count of each coin is given e.g.
{ (1, 10), (2, 5), (5, 4), (10, 100) } where (n,m) denotes m coins are of each n Rupees.
This can be done using backtracking by an addition check while inserting element to stack but this takes exponential time. Can somebody provides solution using dynamic programming ?
thanks in advance..
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The Concept of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development
By: Site Engineer, Staff
full bio
Brief Conceptual Background and Definition of Entrepreneurship
There is a growing recognition that the private sector must now play a greater role in African development. Particularly the role of indigenous entrepreneurship is likely to be much more important in small businesses than in the large undertakings that were generally favored by African planners in the past.
Many large businesses have not been profitable and economically efficient because of a lack of managerial capabilities and skills necessary for complex undertakings. Hence, they have had to rely on substantial subsidies, protection, and other government assistance.
Therefore, a change of policy that provides greater opportunities for a small business run by Africans is more likely to increase than to reduce the rate of growth of industrial output.
There is no consensus on whether or not a particular country is well endowed describe a capacity to innovate, or whether it refers to the ability to run a large and complicated manufacturing operation.
The earliest usage of the term “entrepreneur” is recorded in the 1st Century French Military history preferred to the person who undertakes to lead military expeditions. The term was later used to refer to contractors handling government projects.
In 18th century Irish man named Richard Cantillion who was leaving in France at that time is credited with being the first to use the term “entrepreneur” in business context as “someone who buys goods and services at certain prices with a view to selling them at uncertain prices in future, in order words bearing an unmeasured risk”.
A decade or so latter Jean Baptiste (1803) described entrepreneurial functions in broader terms laying emphasis on “the bringing together of the factors of production with the provision of management and the bearing of the risks associated with the grander role and cast the entrepreneur as being the actor in the process of change”.
He contended that the single most important function of an entrepreneur was innovation. An entrepreneur can, therefore, be defined as “action-oriented and highly motivated individual who has the ability to see and evaluate business opportunities to gather the necessary resources to take advantage of them to initiate appropriate action to ensure success and to take the risk to achieve the goals”.
The role he performs to achieve the above is called entrepreneurial function and the process is called entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship has three essential and linked attributes:
• First the ability to perceived profitable business opportunities.
• Second a willingness to act on what is perceived.
• Thirdly, the necessary organizing skill associated with a project.
Soji Olokoyo defined the concept of entrepreneurship as “the willingness and ability of an individual or group of persons to search for investment opportunities, establish and run a business unit successfully”.
Entrepreneurship as a concept has a lot to do with how several activities are carried out in an organization for effective operations among which include the following:
• Assuming the risks of different dimensions.
• Deciding on the form of business organization, and establish the enterprises by giving it adequate promotion and support it may require.
• Giving the enterprise the desired focus through good leadership, assignment of tasks, the motivation of employees, coordination and monitoring etc.
• Identifying business opportunities.
• Making a choice of business opportunities.
• Selecting and blending of the enterprise resources for maxima utilization both for the production and distribution purpose.
Factors Determining the Extent of Entrepreneurship
There are very many divergent but agreeable views among social scientist as to what determines the extent of entrepreneurship in a given society.
Hence, we have sociological, psychological and economic factors.
Sociological Factors
By the sociologist, this view is of the opinion that society’s values and status hierarchy govern entrepreneurship. They analyzed the characteristics of entrepreneurs in terms of caste, family, social status, value system and so on.
It is believed that entrepreneurship will flourish in a society where status movement in society is dependent on hard work, initiative, and good performance. On the other hand, entrepreneurship will be discouraged in societies where status movement is based on sycophancy.
Psychological Factors
Advocated by the psychologist who attempts to isolate entrepreneurs from the general population on various personality traits such as the need for achievement, creativity, independence, etc. hence the extent of entrepreneurship in a given society will be determined by the number of people who possess entrepreneur traits.
Economic Factors
By the architect, economic factor simply the structures and level of economic incentives, that is, profitable investment opportunities that are found in the economic and marketing environment as relevant to the development of entrepreneurship which will flourish in societies where there is adequate profit or compensations resulting from the performance of entrepreneurial functions.
This view goes hand-in-hand with the managerial perspective, which focuses on managerial skills, which enable a person to exploit the economic opportunity in the environment and obtain economic gains.
The Need for Entrepreneurship Skill Development Programmes
With the diminishing opportunities for formal employment educational institutions are being encouraged to provide relevant forms of education designed to promote self-reliance and responsible entrepreneurial capacity for self-employment.
Education systems are meeting these challenges through several ways in which Entrepreneurial Skills Development Programmes (ESDPs) is one of such ways.
ESDP is defined as any comprehensively planned effort undertaken by an individual group of individuals and/or institutions/agencies to develop competencies in people that are intended to lead to self-employment or economic self-sufficiency or employment generation through education and/ or short term training.
ESDP focuses on the development of entrepreneurial skills, which include:
• Managerial capabilities to run the business or other self-employment activity successfully.
• Development of an entrepreneur spirit characteristics and personality.
• Development of technical technological and other professional competence needed for productive work and employment.
• Development of enterprise building and small business development capabilities to initiate and start one’s own business or be self-employed.
Since ESDP aimed at developing all four categories of skills, therefore, the result is more likely to be new enterprise development, self-employment, increased business activity and more employment in a given country.
In most Commonwealth countries Nigeria inclusive, initiatives on ESDP’s are taken in a context of persistent unemployment, especially among youth. It is seen in a desire to promote a strand of education/training that is more closely linked to job creation and self-employment.
In a large number of Commonwealth countries such as Nigeria, the main purpose of this national/local government initiative is usual to reduce youth unemployment through appropriate education/training and other complementary measures which would hopefully foster self-employment.
Additionally, this initiative includes a desire to establish an enterprise culture (like in Britain) a need to assist disadvantaged sections of the populations (e.g., ethnic minorities) the need to develop alternatives to a stagnating formal sector economy and a desire to reduce national dependence on import and foreign-owned enterprises.
Many aid agencies are giving increased attention to strategies for promoting self-employment opportunities particularly in developing countries of the commonwealth.
Sometimes this comes from a desire to assist disadvantaged groups in the society (rural poor minority groups, peasant women etc); in other circumstances promoting self-employment opportunities is regarded as a necessary mitigation strategy to complement structural adjustment policies which result in retrenchment and increased unemployment in public sector.
There is also a more general concern with problems relating to underutilized human resources and economic decline, resulting from a lack of employment opportunities in the formal economy.
The Significance of Entrepreneurship to Economic Development
Trainees are prepared to be job creators and not job seekers hence the course is aimed at providing the trainees with adequate knowledge on how to set up his/her own small enterprise for self-employment.
Small businesses have been described as the most promising vehicle of entrepreneur dynamism in Africa. The history of indigenous business in Africa is the history of small-scale enterprises. Small independent businesses are everywhere and in every line of work. We see them in every community. The local corner drug store, barbers shop, roadside mechanic workshop and many more are all regarded as small-scale enterprises.
Generally, surveys in developing and developed countries, however, confirmed the small-scale enterprises have great potential for generation of employment opportunities enhancing the effective mobilization of capital and ensuring a more equitable distribution of income while promoting economic growth.
They are sometimes described as the engine of economic growth in most economies of the world. They also enable individual entrepreneurs to become self-reliant and are able to do their things in their own way.
They promote creativity among business owners and their existence broadens the sources of revenue generation for the governments most especially at the local government level. They complement the services rendered on products offered by the medium and large-scale businesses.
Small businesses are easily found everywhere but more in those areas which the big ventures refused to penetrate and thereby meet the needs of their local communities more satisfactorily. They sometimes provide inputs for the use of material components (labor/supply).
They enable individual business owners to earn additional incomes, more so if they are also government employed persons. Their operations help to reduce rural-urban migration of young graduates and the jobless ones.
They promote the development of cottage industries and local technology in the local communities. Various researchers have documented the contributions that small-scale industries in Africa have made to the African economy.
A report has estimated that 70% of industrial labor was employed in the small-scale industries. Another report has pointed out that the industrial sector of Nigeria economy engages about 20% of the economically active population and about 70% of those are in the small and medium-scale industries. Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) report puts the contribution of small-scale industries in manufacturing at about 0.55% of GDP per year during the 1973 to 1984 period (FOS 1984).
The report also went on to state that small-scale industries contributed 12.5% to the aggregate contribution of the manufacturing industries between 1973 and 1984 in terms of value added. It has been found that the value added to gross output is higher in small-scale industries than in large-scale industries reflecting a higher degree of raw material processing contrasting with the “finishing touches” processing common in the large-scale industry (NISER 1987).
Output per capita was also found to be lower in small-scale industries than in large-scale industries. It has been shown that between 1973 and 1984 output per person in food manufacturing industries was 42,142 for small-scale industries while that of the large-scale industries was 45,566.
In the case of textile output per person was 46,902 in small-scale industries and 28,909 for large-scale industries. The lower output per capita ratio for small-scale industries probably reflected the labor-intensive methods employed by the small-scale industries.
The implication of the lower output per capita ratio in small-scale industries is that they promote employment while large-scale industries generate unemployment.
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Greenhouse Gas Reduction
Aiming at solving global environmental issues through our engineering business, TOYO has worked on projects that utilize the CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) and JI（Joint Implementation）, which have been established to reduce climate change.
Emissions Trading of Greenhouse Gases
CDM is one of the mechanisms for emissions trading of greenhouse gas that has been agreed upon under the Kyoto Protocol (so-called Kyoto Mechanism). When an industrialized country carries out a project in a developing country that leads to a reduction in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The mechanism allows the industrialized country to be given a credit for the amount of CO2 reduced in the project, with respect to the emissions of greenhouse gases allocated to each country under the Kyoto Protocol. JI applies the same mechanism among industrialized countries.
Our Efforts
TOYO has worked on CDM/JI projects to reduce nitrous oxide emitted from nitric acid plants. Nitrous oxide is also known as laughing gas, and is represented by the chemical formula N2O. It is not harmful in any way to the human body when emitted at normal levels, but its global warming potential is 310 times that of carbon dioxide. For this reason, there is an urgent need to reduce its emission.
As a technical advisor and system integrator for the project developer on the Japan side, and the plant owner of the host country, TOYO has supported projects for decomposing nitrous oxide using catalysts. Through the several CDM/JI projects in which TOYO participates, over one million tons of emission credit will be generated each year. This helps to achieve Japan's target for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
In addition to reducing nitrous oxide, TOYO has actively pursued emission reductions of greenhouse gases in developing and introduced energy saving technologies and flue gas carbon dioxide recovery technologies.
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Research and Development
The GAP vaccine is unique in that it is a whole-parasite vaccine yielding an advantage in conferring immunity towards multiple sites of the parasite, not just isolated parts as occurs in current sub-unit malaria vaccine candidates.
GAP vaccine Phase 1 safety trials have used P. falciparum parasites that are cultured in mosquito salivary glands and then tediously extracted by hand. This is not a viable way to produce the quantities of parasites required or to produce clinical grade material for vaccines. MalarVx is developing scalable in vitro culturing systems for clinical-grade P. falciparum parasite that will deliver the quantities required to produce millions of doses.
Additionally, we are working to optimize the storage conditions for transporting a whole-parasite vaccine to areas of the world with poor transportation infrastructure and limited storage support options.
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