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a method and device of treatment of cocoa butter - containing masses , particularly molten chocolates , destined for subsequent processing , particularly in coating machines , the method comprising the steps of mildly cooling the mass from a first temperature of approximately 45 ° to 50 ° c . which is above the highest melting point of the mass to a second temperature at which pre - crystallization in the mass is initiated , sensing the occurrence of heat - producing processes in the mass during the cooling thereof , terminating the cooling upon the occurrence of such heat - producing processes , and thereafter mildly heating the mass , without overheating , to a third temperature of approximately 33 ° to 34 ° c ., at which the mass is ready for said subsequent processing . the second temperature is thus automatically adjusted to the lowest possible value , which is desirable for the processing properties of the mass . | 0 |
a polyaxial fastener is secured within an implant with a retaining ring . the ring is assembled onto a circumferential groove formed in the fastener head . the groove and ring are positionable , when the fastener is installed into an implant , at a wide portion of the mating polyaxial aperture in the implant . the ring is compressible into the groove to form a narrowed diameter , which is passable into a narrow diameter of the aperture , near an entrance to the aperture . the ring is released to expand and increase an overall diameter of the head and ring assembly , thereby rending the assembly too wide to pass by the narrow entrance to the aperture , thereby securing the assembly within the implant . | 0 |
a wind turbine may be controlled in a variety of manners to optimize operating parameters . in one arrangement , for example , the length or the pitch of a wind turbine rotor blade may be adjusted to avoid harmonic resonance frequencies . in another example , the length of a rotor blade may be modified to reduce noise or to optimize profits or both . the controls may be based on data from various types of sensors including accelerometers , sound meters , strain gauges and the like . actuation of extendable rotor blades can rotate wind turbine rotors without wind or generator pulsing affording multiple advantages . a battery test control may also be used to determine the operational readiness of a battery useful for a variety of purposes in a turbine . | 5 |
Hot gaseous atmospheres that permeate galaxies and extend far beyond their stellar distribution, where they are commonly referred to as the circumgalactic medium, imprint important information about feedback processes powered by the stellar populations of galaxies and their central supermassive black holes (SMBHs). In this work, we study the properties of this hot X-ray emitting medium using the IllustrisTNG cosmological simulations. We analyse their mock X-ray spectra, obtained from the diffuse and metal-enriched gas in TNG100 and TNG50, and compare the results with X-ray observations of nearby early-type galaxies. The simulations reproduce the observed X-ray luminosities (L<SUB>X</SUB>) and temperature (T<SUB>X</SUB>) at small (<R<SUB>e</SUB>) and intermediate (<5R<SUB>e</SUB>) radii reasonably well. We find that the X-ray properties of lower mass galaxies depend on their star formation rates. In particular, in the magnitude range where the star-forming and quenched populations overlap, $M_{\rm K}\sim -24\ (M_*\sim 10^{10.7}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot)$ , we find that the X-ray luminosities of star-forming galaxies are on average about an order of magnitude higher than those of their quenched counterparts. We show that this diversity in L<SUB>X</SUB> is a direct manifestation of the quenching mechanism in the simulations, where the galaxies are quenched due to gas expulsion driven by SMBH kinetic feedback. The observed dichotomy in L<SUB>X</SUB> is thus an important observable prediction for the SMBH feedback-based quenching mechanisms implemented in state-of-the-art cosmological simulations. While the current X-ray observations of star-forming galaxies are broadly consistent with the predictions of the simulations, the observed samples are small and more decisive tests are expected from the sensitive all-sky X-ray survey with eROSITA. | 9 |
brush seals formed in hemispherical rings are supported to the end of the convergent nozzle of the each of the clam shells of a multi - axis vector thrust nozzle of a gas turbine engine powering aircraft . the brush seal may be arced or straight and bear against the spherical surface of the collar formed on the end of the tail pipe and is mounted so that high pressure forces the bristles against the backing plate of the seals . | 5 |
the present invention relates to ceramic materials containing a homogeneous dispersion of metal particles , particularly sol - gel ceramic materials , a method of preparing the same , and processes for hydrogenating and oxidizing organic compounds using the same . | 1 |
a method of manufacturing a circuit breaker comprises the steps of preassembling the movable parts of the circuit breaker between a pair of frame members and providing a housing that is configured for supporting the unitary breaker assembly without attachments . other circuit breaker components , attached to the unitary breaker assembly , are also supported in the housing without attachments . a cover is secured to the housing to complete the circuit breaker . another version of the invention preassembles the movable parts of the circuit breaker and the stationary contact mechanism and trip coil , with the line and load terminals attached , between a pair of supporting frame members to form an operable circuit breaker module . the module is in turn supported in a housing without attachments . the circuit breaker module may be tested and adjusted prior to final assembly . | 7 |
a punch press is utilized for rapidly embossing ceiling tile . the embossing plate in the press is backed up with a high output heater to assist in the embossing operation . | 1 |
The Einstein Toolkit is a community-driven software platform of core computational tools to advance and support research in relativistic astrophysics and gravitational physics. The Einstein Toolkit has been supported by NSF 2004157/2004044/2004311/2004879/2003893/1550551/1550461/1550436/1550514, Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. | 9 |
a new golf tee that increases the distance obtained on a drive is described . the tee increases driving distance by minimizing the energy absorbed by the tee when it is struck by the golf club . by absorbing less energy from the club head , the new tee minimizes the amount club head speed is reduced at impact , which translates into increased driving distance . the new tee also aids the golfer by providing a structure that allows the golfer to easily and consistently determine the amount the tee has been inserted into the ground . | 0 |
a stretchable fabric shoe decoration system which covers a shoe and on which can be fastened one or more decorative elements . the system allowing for a single shoe cover to be removably used to decorate an unlimited number of shoes . the system also allowing for a single pair of shoes to be serially decorated by an unlimited number of different decorated shoe covers . | 0 |
a method and system for purchased - based segmentation of potential customers employs the use of actual , observed purchases instead of presumptions and correlations to improve the accuracy of segmentation and involves collecting empirical data for a client on actual purchasing behavior of a group of customers and applying statistical modeling techniques to the empirical purchasing behavior data to identify segments or clusters of the customers that exhibit similar purchasing propensity characteristics . thereafter , the segments or clusters are further differentiated from one another according to other factors having a tendency to directly affect actual purchasing behavior of the customers within the segments or clusters , and potential customers are then identified according to a correlation with the segments or clusters for customized marketing . | 8 |
a can end having a countersink bead , an inclined chuck wall and a strong seam , resists distortion from its circular profile when subjected to thermal processing or when packaging carbonated beverages . this high hoop strength affects the manner in which the can end ultimately fails when placed under extreme abuse conditions , even if buckle pressure performance is within industry specified standards . the can end of the invention has control features introduced which control the failure mode whilst maintaining specified buckle pressure performance . in one embodiment , the control feature comprises expansion of the countersink bead to act as a trigger for local peaking , together with a groove in the chuck wall which prevents the peaking force from being concentrated at a single point which could result in leaking by the production of a pin hole . | 1 |
We present detailed elemental abundances and radial velocities of stars in the metal-poor globular cluster (GC) NGC 2298, based on near-infrared high-resolution (R ∼ 22 500) spectra of 12 members obtained during the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2) at Las Campanas Observatory as part of the seventeenth Data Release (DR 17) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV). We employed the Brussels Automatic Code for Characterizing High accuracy Spectra (BACCHUS) software to investigate abundances for a variety of species including α elements (Mg, Si, and Ca), the odd-Z element Al, and iron-peak elements (Fe and Ni) located in the innermost regions of NGC 2298. We find a mean and median metallicity [Fe/H] = −1.76 and −1.75, respectively, with a star-to-star spread of 0.14 dex, which is compatible with the internal measurement errors. Thus, we find no evidence for an intrinsic [Fe/H] abundance spread in NGC 2298. The typical α-element enrichment in NGC 2298 is overabundant relative to the Sun, and it follows the trend of other metal-poor GCs. We confirm the existence of an Al-enhanced population in this cluster, which is clearly anti-correlated with Mg, indicating the prevalence of the multiple-population phenomenon in NGC 2298. | 9 |
a cargo tie down assembly and method of use thereof for a vehicle platform . the tie down assembly includes a tie down member for securing cargo on such a vehicle platform . the tie down member has an opening therethrough . an anchor is adapted to extend in a first opening in a rail of such a vehicle platform . the anchor extends across the opening in the tie down member for restricting movement of the tie down member between an operative and a retracted position . | 1 |
an amplifier circuit for a cable access television line amplifier has a circuit input and a circuit output and includes a first cascode amplifier having a first input and a first output , and a second cascode amplifier having a second input and a second output where the second cascode amplifier is coupled in a push - pull arrangement with the first cascode amplifier . the amplifier circuit further includes input circuitry for coupling the circuit input to the first and second inputs and output circuitry for coupling the first and second outputs to the circuit output . the first cascode amplifier includes a first field effect transistor coupled to the first input ; the second cascode amplifier includes a second field effect transistor coupled to the second input ; the first cascode amplifier further includes a third field effect transistor coupled to the first output ; and the second cascode amplifier further includes a fourth field effect transistor coupled to the second output . an alternative amplifier circuit for a cable access television line amplifier has a circuit input and a circuit output and includes a first transimpedance amplifier having a first input and a first output , and a second transimpedance amplifier having a second input and a second output where the second transimpedance amplifier being coupled in a push - pull arrangement with the first transimpedance amplifier . | 7 |
in one embodiment of the invention , a pixel unit has two sub - pixel regions each including a liquid crystal capacitor and storage capacitor . the capacitance ratio of the sc to lcc of the first sub - pixel differs from the capacitance ratio of the sc to lcc of the second sub - pixel . | 6 |
a method for optimizing energy efficiency in a manufacturing process includes monitoring power consumption of each of a plurality of manufacturing entities of the manufacturing process using a power metering device assigned thereto ; collecting , from the power metering devices , a first data stream that includes information about the power consumption ; collecting a second data stream that includes information about the manufacturing entity and process ; determining an optimized product routing of products to be manufactured by the manufacturing process from one manufacturing entity to another manufacturing entity , based on the collected first and second data streams , by simulating different product routings and determining the optimal product routing with respect to the overall energy consumption of the manufacturing process ; and adjusting , via a manufacturing control system , the manufacturing process based on the optimized product routing . | 8 |
The first Population III (Pop III) stars formed out of primordial, metal-free gas, in minihalos at z > 20, and kickstarted the cosmic processes of reionization and enrichment. While these stars are likely more massive than their enriched counterparts, the current unknowns of their astrophysics include when the first Pop III stars ignited, how massive they were, and when and how the era of the first stars ended. Investigating these questions requires an exploration of a multidimensional parameter space, including the slope of the Pop III stellar initial mass function (IMF) and the strength of the nonionizing UV background. In this work, we present a novel model which treats both the slope and maximum mass of Pop III stars as truly free parameters while including the physics of the fragmentation of primordial gas. Our results also hint at a nonuniversal Pop III IMF which is dependent on the efficiency of primordial gas fragmentation. Our relatively simple model reproduces the results from hydrodynamic simulations, but with a computational efficiency which allows us to investigate the observable differences between a wide range of potential Pop III IMFs. In addition, the evolution of the number density of Pop III stars may provide insight into the evolution of the H<SUB>2</SUB> dissociating background. While the slope of the Pop III IMF does not significantly affect the predicted number density of the first stars, more top-heavy IMFs produce Pop III star clusters which are 2–3 magnitudes brighter than their more bottom-heavy counterparts. While the Pop III star clusters are too dim for direct detection by JWST, we find they are within the reach of gravitational lensing. | 9 |
a plastic auxiliary frame magnetically attachable to eyeglasses wherein magnets are positioned such that they magnetically engage the face of the rim surrounding the parent eyeglass frame . the magnets are so positioned that they do not actually touch the rim face so that scratching of the finish on the face is prevented . | 6 |
We present a comprehensive analysis of DB white dwarfs drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, based on model fits to ugriz photometry and medium-resolution spectroscopy from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We also take advantage of the exquisite trigonometric parallax measurements recently obtained by the Gaia mission. Using the so-called photometric and spectroscopic techniques, we measure the atmospheric and physical parameters of each object in our sample (T <SUB>eff</SUB>, {log}g, {{H}}/{He}, Ca/He, R, M), and compare the values obtained from both techniques in order to assess the precision and accuracy of each method. We then explore in great detail the surface gravity, stellar mass, and hydrogen abundance distributions of DB white dwarfs as a function of effective temperature. We present some clear evidence for a large population of unresolved double-degenerate binaries composed of DB+DB and even DB+DA white dwarfs. In the light of our results, we finally discuss the spectral evolution of DB white dwarfs, in particular the evolution of the DB-to-DA ratio as a function of T <SUB>eff</SUB>, and we revisit the question of the origin of hydrogen in DBA white dwarfs. | 9 |
an archery practice / exercise device for use with a bow including a handleriser portion and a bow string . the practice / exercise device includes a cylinder having a closure member for partially closing a forward end of the cylinder so as to delimit an orifice through which air may be expelled from the cylinder . a piston is mounted for movement within the cylinder and an arrow - like shaft having a forward end is coupled to the piston and extends outwardly from a rear end of the cylinder . a fastening arrangement is disposed proximate to the rear end of the cylinder and secured thereto for enabling rigid attachment of the cylinder to the handleriser of the bow whereupon attachment to the handleriser , the cylinder extends forwardly of the handleriser for stabilizing the bow . upon an archer coupling nock to the bow string and drawing the arrow - like shaft out of the cylinder to a desired length , the piston is caused to move from an initial forward position to a rearward position within the cylinder , and upon the archer releasing the arrow - like shaft from the drawn - out position , the piston is driven forwardly compressing air within the cylinder and forcing the air out of the orifice so that a substantial portion of the energy of the bow is absorbed by the cylinder , thereby enabling the archer to exercise and practice archery skills in a safe manner without the shooting of a regular arrow . | 5 |
We present second epoch optical spectra for 30 changing-look (CL) candidates found by searching for Type-1 optical variability in a sample of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) spectroscopically classified as Type 2. We use a random-forest-based light-curve classifier and spectroscopic follow-up, confirming 50 per cent of candidates as turning-on CLs. In order to improve this selection method and to better understand the nature of the not-confirmed CL candidates, we perform a multiwavelength variability analysis including optical, mid-infrared (MIR), and X-ray data, and compare the results from the confirmed and not-confirmed CLs identified in this work. We find that most of the not-confirmed CLs are consistent with weak Type 1s dominated by host-galaxy contributions, showing weaker optical and MIR variability. On the contrary, the confirmed CLs present stronger optical fluctuations and experience a long (from five to ten years) increase in their MIR fluxes and the colour W1-W2 over time. In the 0.2-2.3 keV band, at least four out of 11 CLs with available SRG/eROSITA detections have increased their flux in comparison with archival upper limits. These common features allow us to select the most promising CLs from our list of candidates, leading to nine sources with similar multiwavelength photometric properties to our CL sample. The use of machine learning algorithms with optical and MIR light curves will be very useful to identify CLs in future large-scale surveys. | 9 |
a method and apparatus for visually inspecting and sorting semiconductor wafers and the individual microcircuits or chips thereon . the preferred embodiment employs a scanner to obtain a virtual reality image of the wafer and all chips are identified and sorted by applying high - speed image processing routines . the resulting wafer map provides unique image controlled chip coordinates making the chips identifiable even after the chips are diced apart . the wafer may contain different kinds of chips in irregular patterns . a gross - defect , visual inspection sorts out defective chips based on image completeness maximizing the yield and throughput . all inspections and identifications are performed on the virtual wafer or chip images scanned into a computer memory with full physical wafer correlation but without having to manipulate the wafer . the inspection time is , therefore , largely free due to overlapping it by regular transport operations . | 6 |
a gift container with an integrated decorative display element is provided . the decorative element is adapted to be easily mounted upon the gift box to reduce the time and complexity involved in wrapping gifts . the decorative element may include mechanisms to quickly secure the gift box lid to the gift box container . | 1 |
We present the methodology and performance of the new Lagrangian hydrodynamics code MAGMA2, a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code that benefits from a number of non-standard enhancements. By default it uses high-order smoothing kernels and wherever gradients are needed, they are calculated via accurate matrix inversion techniques, but a more conventional formulation with kernel gradients has also been implemented for comparison purposes. We also explore a matrix inversion formulation of SPH with a symmetrization in the particle indices that is not frequently used. We find interesting advantages of this formulation in some of the tests, for example, a substantial reduction of surface tension effects for non-ideal particle setups and more accurate peak densities in Sedov blast waves. MAGMA2 uses artificial viscosity, but enhanced by techniques that are commonly used in finite-volume schemes such as reconstruction and slope limiting. While simple to implement, this approach efficiently suppresses particle noise, but at the same time drastically reduces dissipation in locations where it is not needed and actually unwanted. We demonstrate the performance of the new code in a number of challenging benchmark tests including, for example, multidimensional vorticity creating Schulz-Rinne-type Riemann problems and more astrophysical tests such as a collision between two stars to demonstrate its robustness and excellent conservation properties. | 9 |
a millable solid soap . the millable solid soap contains a solid phase soap base and hydrogel phase particles dispersed in said soap base . the hydrogel phase particles act as fillers to render a low total fatty matter solid soap . | 2 |
a device for independently tensioning lines includes : a housing ; a control handle extending from the housing and configured for manual rotation by a hand of a person ; a first line extending from the housing ; and a second line extending from the housing . the control handle is manually rotatable by hand about an axis in a first rotational direction , whereby at least a portion of the first line is drawn into the housing when the control handle is rotated in the first rotational direction . the handle also is manually rotatable by hand about the axis in a second rotational direction , whereby at least a portion of the second line is drawn into the housing when the control handle is rotated in the second rotational direction . the rotational direction is opposite the first rotational direction . | 0 |
This work develops application techniques for stochastic modeling of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) variability as a probe of accretion disk physics. Stochastic models, specifically Continuous Auto-Regressive Moving Average (CARMA) models, characterize light curves with a perturbation spectrum and an Impulse-Response function, which crucially provides an interpretation for variability timescales. CARMA timescales are not physical but rather, they describe correlation structure and ordered information in stochastic processes. We begin this tutorial by reviewing discrete auto-regressive and moving-average processes, we bridge these components to their continuous analogs, and lastly we investigate the significance of CARMA timescales, obtained by modeling a light curve in the time domain, in relation to the shape of the power spectrum (PSD) and structure function. We determine that higher order CARMA models, for example the Damped Harmonic Oscillator (DHO or CARMA(2, 1)) are more sensitive to deviations from a single-slope power-law description of AGN variability; unlike Damped Random Walks (DRW or CAR(1)) where the PSD slope is fixed, the DHO slope is not. Higher complexity stochastic models than the DRW capture additional covariance in data and output additional characteristic timescales that probe the driving mechanisms of variability. We provide code using Kali software to generate simulations of diverse complexity stochastic light curves. We also provide a heuristic discussion of aliasing effects in ground-based cadences and the importance of light curve length in regards to uncertainty and limitations in timescale estimation. | 9 |
a positive shutoff device is provided for a connection point of a refrigeration system . the connection point includes a manually - actuatable valve that permits charging and testing of the system . the device includes a first fitting engagable with the connection point and having a raised actuator that actuates the manually - actuatable valve when the first fitting engages the connection point , and a shutoff valve having a first end coupled to the first fitting and a second end coupled to a second fitting , the shutoff valve is operable in a closed position to prevent flow therethrough and an open position to permit flow therethrough , so that the refrigeration system may be charged or tested by connecting equipment to the second fitting and opening the shutoff valve , and the connection point may be positively shut off to prevent leakage of refrigerant through the connection point by closing the shutoff valve . | 5 |
a system and method for maintaining an air inflation mattress configuration sufficient for patient support and comfort . infrared illumination levels are measured within individual or groups of inflated mattress chambers . a staggered approach to illumination monitoring of chambers or sections to eliminate crosstalk between the infrared sensors is carried out . distributed microprocessor controllers established in a network configuration utilizing controller network protocols reduces the wiring and connections necessary for the assembled system . various mattress cushion construction techniques , such as sewing and or rf welding methods , are used for the creation of individual chambers utilizing specific types of ir translucent , transparent or reflective materials . the construction of the cushions and bladders in the system includes the use of various types of fabrics with low to high air loss qualities as required . the overall mattress assembly , including the control systems and the methodologies associated with such control systems , provide a unique approach to the maintenance of a consistently comfortable patient support surface . the use of a handheld unit for both programming the system and downloading information about the operation of the system is also anticipated . the specific cushion construction designs associated with the head , body , and foot cushion components of the mattress are tailored to operate specifically with the control capabilities of the invention . | 6 |
a circuit arrangement for operating a discharge lamp with a high frequency current comprising input terminals for connection to a source of low frequency supply voltage , a rectifier bridge coupled to the input terminals for rectifying the low frequency supply voltage , and an inverter shunting a first capacitor for generating the high frequency current . the circuit arrangement incorporates two power feedback loops to feed power back to an output terminal of the rectifier bridge . as a result the circuit arrangement has a relatively simple configuration , causes only a very limited amount of harmonic distortion and can be realized with relatively cheap and simple components . | 8 |
disclosed herein are free - standing , pinhole - free , ultrathin polyimide films having thickness of about 400 angstroms or less and a process to prepare them . the films find particular utility in separatory applications . | 8 |
sinusitis , mucocysts , tumors , infections , hearing disorders , choanal atresia , fractures and other disorders of the paranasal sinuses , eustachian tubes , lachrymal ducts and other ear , nose , throat and mouth structures are diagnosed and / or treated using minimally invasive approaches and , in many cases , flexible catheters as opposed to instruments having rigid shafts . various diagnostic procedures and devices are used to perform imaging studies , mucus flow studies , air / gas flow studies , anatomic dimension studies and endoscopic studies . access and occluding devices may be used to facilitate insertion of working devices such as endoscopes , wires , probes , needles , catheters , balloon catheters , dilation catheters , dilators , balloons , tissue cutting or remodeling devices , suction or irrigation devices , imaging devices , sizing devices , biopsy devices , image - guided devices containing sensors or transmitters , electrosurgical devices , energy emitting devices , devices for injecting diagnostic or therapeutic agents , devices for implanting devices such as stents , substance eluting or delivering devices and implants , etc . | 0 |
the present invention relates to a method of synchronisation between communication networks exchanging information by frame of informations , each communication network having clock and the number of clock pulses is monitored by a counter . the synchronisation is made by reading information representing the counted clock pulses of the clock of the first network at the appearance of a reference event , inserting at least said information or calculated information on the basis of said information into the frame of information as the synchronisation information , transferring said frame of information from the first to the second network , reading information representing the number of counted clock pulse of the clock of the second network at the appearance of reference event , reading synchronisation information inserted in received frame of information from the first network , calculating a difference between information and synchronising the second network . | 7 |
a ducted propeller aircraft from which visibility is excellent and which is capable of operating quietly and efficiently has a propeller shroud which serves as a primary load path to pass bending and torsional stresses to which the mainplane is subject in use between the portions of the mainplane either side of the shroud , the shroud defining a duct which is unimpinged upon by any portion of the turbulent airflow emanating from the mainplane . | 1 |
a conventional dram needs to be refreshed at an interval of several tens of milliseconds to hold data , which results in large power consumption . in addition , a transistor therein is frequently turned on and off ; thus , deterioration of the transistor is also a problem . these problems become significant as the memory capacity increases and transistor miniaturization advances . a transistor is provided which includes a wide - gap semiconductor and has a trench structure including a trench for a gate electrode and a trench for element isolation . even when the distance between a source electrode and a drain electrode is decreased , the occurrence of a short - channel effect can be suppressed by setting the depth of the trench for the gate electrode as appropriate . | 7 |
a network comprising : a plurality of different receptacles for facilitating a connection to different information networks requiring different access authorization , each different receptacle optically or electrically coupled to one and only one different information network , each different receptacle having an inner surface with a unique first geometry ; and a plurality of different plugs for optically or electrically coupling with the different receptacles , each different plug having a unique second geometry , each unique first geometry corresponds to one , and only one , unique second geometry of a plug such that plugs and receptacles having corresponding unique first and second geometries are mating pairs . | 6 |
We compare model results from a semi-analytic (merger-tree based) framework for high-redshift (z ≃ 5-20) galaxy formation against reionization indicators, including the Planck electron scattering optical depth (τ <SUB>es</SUB>) and the ionizing photon emissivity ({\dot{n}}<SUB>{ion</SUB>}), to shed light on the reionization history and sources in Cold (CDM) and Warm Dark Matter (WDM; particle masses of {m}<SUB>x</SUB> = 1.5, 3, and 5 keV) cosmologies. This model includes all of the key processes of star formation, supernova feedback, the merger/accretion/ejection driven evolution of gas and stellar mass and the effect of the ultra-violet background (UVB), created during reionization, in photo-evaporating the gas content of galaxies in halos with M <SUB> h </SUB> ≲ 10<SUP>9</SUP> {M}<SUB>⊙ </SUB>. We find that the delay in the start of reionization in light (1.5 keV) WDM models can be compensated by a steeper redshift evolution of the ionizing photon escape fraction and a faster mass assembly, resulting in reionization ending at comparable redshifts (z ≃ 5.5) in all the dark matter models considered. We find that the bulk of the reionization photons come from galaxies with a halo mass of M <SUB> h </SUB> ≲ 10<SUP>9</SUP> {M}<SUB>⊙ </SUB> and a UV magnitude of -15 ≲ M <SUB>UV</SUB> ≲ -10 in CDM. The progressive suppression of low-mass halos with decreasing {m}<SUB>x</SUB> leads to a shift in the “reionization” population to larger halo masses of M <SUB> h </SUB> ≳ 10<SUP>9</SUP> {M}<SUB>⊙ </SUB> and -17 ≲ M <SUB>UV</SUB> ≲ -13 for 1.5 keV WDM. We find that current observations of τ <SUB>es</SUB> and the ultra violet luminosity function are equally compatible with all the (cold and warm) dark matter models considered in this work. Quantifying the impact of the UVB on galaxy observables (luminosity functions, stellar mass densities, and stellar to halo mass ratios) for different DM models, we propose that global indicators including the redshift evolution of the stellar mass density and the stellar mass-halo mass relation, observable with the James Webb Space Telescope, can be used to distinguish between CDM and WDM (1.5 keV) cosmologies. | 9 |
a kit and method for creating a 3 - dimensional toy includes a battery powered light , a container filled with a light curable polymer and one or more molds into which the light curable polymer is inserted . optimal the kit may also include one or more sheets of transparent material to which the light curable polymer does not adhere and coloring which can be added to the light curable polymer . the method of forming a the 3 - dimensional toy involves obtaining a mold , dispensing a light curable polymer into the mold ; and then curing the polymer by applying light in the visible or near visible range to the polymer via a battery powered light . | 0 |
a collaborative control method for tracking lagrangian coherent structures and manifolds on flows employs at least three autonomous underwater vehicles each equipped with a local flow sensor . a first flow sensor is a tracking sensor and the other sensors are herding sensors for controlling and determining the actions of the tracking sensor . the auvs are deployed in a body of water whereby the tracking sensor is positioned with respect to the herding sensors such that the herding sensors maintain a straddle formation across a boundary . a local flow velocity measurement is obtained from each auv ; and based on the local flow velocity measurements a global flow structure that is useful for plotting an optimal course for a vessel between two or more locations is predicted . | 6 |
an agitator is provided including an open system having a base holding a plurality of culturing beakers as well as a lid holding a tube transporting fresh seawater into each beaker , gently stirring the water within and eliminating any decaying embryos . each beaker has at least a bottom made of mesh allowing water to flow through . the agitator can be used to culture any fragile planktonic organisms that require an extended rearing time . | 8 |
We present the first application of a bin-scheme microphysical and vertical transport model to determine the size distribution of titanium and silicate cloud particles in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters. We predict particle size distributions from first principles for a grid of planets at four representative equatorial longitudes, and investigate how observed cloud properties depend on the atmospheric thermal structure and vertical mixing. The predicted size distributions are frequently bimodal and irregular in shape. There is a negative correlation between the total cloud mass and equilibrium temperature as well as a positive correlation between the total cloud mass and atmospheric mixing. The cloud properties on the east and west limbs show distinct differences that increase with increasing equilibrium temperature. Cloud opacities are roughly constant across a broad wavelength range, with the exception of features in the mid-infrared. Forward-scattering is found to be important across the same wavelength range. Using the fully resolved size distribution of cloud particles as opposed to a mean particle size has a distinct impact on the resultant cloud opacities. The particle size that contributes the most to the cloud opacity depends strongly on the cloud particle size distribution. We predict that it is unlikely that silicate or titanium clouds are responsible for the optical Rayleigh scattering slope seen in many hot Jupiters. We suggest that cloud opacities in emission may serve as sensitive tracers of the thermal state of a planet’s deep interior through the existence or lack of a cold trap in the deep atmosphere. | 9 |
the present invention is a method and system to convert speech signal into a parametric representation in terms of timbre vectors , and to recover the speech signal thereof . the speech signal is first segmented into non - overlapping frames using the glottal closure instant information , each frame is converted into an amplitude spectrum using a fourier analyzer , and then using laguerre functions to generate a set of coefficients which constitute a timbre vector . a sequence of timbre vectors can be subject to a variety of manipulations . the new timbre vectors are converted back into voice signals by first transforming into amplitude spectra using laguerre functions , then generating phase spectra from the amplitude spectra using kramers - knonig relations . a fourier transformer converts the amplitude spectra and phase spectra into elementary waveforms , then superposed to become the output voice . the method and system can be used for voice transformation , speech synthesis , and automatic speech recognition . | 6 |
<BR /> Aims: We aim to quantify the relation between the dust-to-gas mass ratio (DTG) and gas-phase metallicity of z = 2.1 − 2.5 luminous galaxies and contrast this high-redshift relation against analogous constraints at z = 0. <BR /> Methods: We present a sample of ten star-forming main-sequence galaxies in the redshift range 2.1 < z < 2.5 with rest-optical emission-line information available from the MOSDEF survey and with ALMA 1.2 millimetre and CO J = 3 − 2 follow-up observations. The galaxies have stellar masses ranging from 10<SUP>10.3</SUP> to 10<SUP>10.6</SUP> M<SUB>⊙</SUB> and cover a range in star-formation rate from 35 to 145 M<SUB>⊙</SUB> yr<SUP>−1</SUP>. We calculated the gas-phase oxygen abundance of these galaxies from rest-optical nebular emission lines (8.4 < 12 + log(O/H) < 8.8, corresponding to 0.5−1.25 Z<SUB>⊙</SUB>). We estimated the dust and H<SUB>2</SUB> masses of the galaxies (using a metallicity-dependent CO-to-H<SUB>2</SUB> conversion factor) from the 1.2 mm and CO J = 3 − 2 observations, respectively, from which we estimated a DTG. <BR /> Results: We find that the galaxies in this sample follow the trends already observed between CO line luminosity and dust-continuum luminosity from z = 0 to z = 3, extending such trends to fainter galaxies at 2.1 < z < 2.5 than observed to date. We find no second-order metallicity dependence in the CO - dust-continuum luminosity relation for the galaxies presented in this work. The DTGs of main-sequence galaxies at 2.1 < z < 2.5 are consistent with an increase in the DTG with gas-phase metallicity. The metallicity dependence of the DTG is driven by the metallicity dependence of the CO-to-H<SUB>2</SUB> conversion factor. Galaxies at z = 2.1 − 2.5 are furthermore consistent with the DTG-metallicity relation found at z = 0 (i.e. with no significant evolution), providing relevant constraints for galaxy formation models. These results furthermore imply that the metallicity of galaxies should be taken into account when estimating cold-gas masses from dust-continuum emission, which is especially relevant when studying metal-poor low-mass or high-redshift galaxies. | 9 |
the present invention is a shoe matching device with internal tension spring capacity to clip matching pairs of shoes together to prevent separation temporarily . it can be easily placed and removed from the pair of shoes . this invention presents a method and device to keep matching pairs of shoe physically together . | 0 |
an improvement to the melt transesterification reaction of diaryl carbonate with dihydroxy aryl compound is disclosed . the improvement entails the following steps introducing the resulting vapor stream at the mid - height of a first distillation column , and separating the vapor stream into a top product containing high purity monohydroxy aryl compound and a first bottom product , and recycling the high purity monohydroxy aryl compound of to the reaction , and introducing the first bottom product at mid - height of a second distillation column , and separating said first bottom product into high boiling bottom by - product and overhead remaining constituents , and introducing the overhead remaining constituents at mid - height of a third distillation column , and separating said overhead remaining constituents into overhead low - boiling fractions and bottom or product side stream that contains diaryl carbonate product , and recycling the diaryl carbonate product directly to the transesterification reaction . | 2 |
The planar MHD shock code mhd_vode has been developed in order to simulate both continuous (C) type shock waves and jump (J) type shock waves in the interstellar medium. The physical and chemical state of the gas in steady-state may also be computed and used as input to a shock wave model. The code is written principally in FORTRAN 90, although some routines remain in FORTRAN 77. The documented program and its input data are described and provided as supplementary material, and the results of exemplary test runs are presented. Our intention is to enable the interested user to run the code for any sensible parameter set and to comprehend the results. With applications to molecular outflow sources in mind, we have computed, and are making available as supplementary material, integrated atomic and molecular line intensities for grids of C- and J-type models; these computations are summarized in the Appendices. <P />Appendix tables, a copy of the current version of the code, and of the two model grids are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</A> (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/578/A63">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/578/A63</A> | 9 |
disclosed is a probe implement for removing jam debris , including documents , and foreign objects from prescribed document transport track segments of a document processing machine ; this implement being constructed of planar , flat , elongate thin dielectric material , and being so formed , shaped and constructed as to allow a user to remotely contact and engage such documents , debris or foreign objects and to facilitate removal thereof from the track without disturbing , opening or demounting this track ; this implement being further designed , constructed and adapted to be sufficiently flexible in such use to be maneuvered along track segments , to be sized to readily fit into the minimum contemplated track size , while being sufficiently stiff to engage / dislodge such debris . | 1 |
Since the 1970s, astronomers have struggled with the issue of how matter can be accreted to promote black-hole growth. While low-angular-momentum stars may be devoured by a black hole, they are not a sustainable source of fuel. Gas, which could potentially provide an abundant fuel source, presents another challenge due to its enormous angular momentum. While viscous torques are not significant, gas is subject to gravity torques from non-axisymmetric potentials such as bars and spirals. Primary bars can exchange angular momentum with the gas within corotation, causing it to spiral inwards until reaching the inner Lindblad resonance. An embedded nuclear bar can then take over. As the gas reaches the black hole's sphere of influence, the torque becomes negative, fueling the center. Dynamical friction also accelerates the infall of gas clouds closer to the nucleus. However, because of the Eddington limit, growing a black hole from a stellar-mass seed is a slow process. The existence of very massive black holes in the early universe remains a puzzle that could potentially be solved through direct collapse of massive clouds into black holes or super-Eddington accretion. | 9 |
disclosed are a process for the preparation of synthetic filaments or fibers and a composition for use as an auxiliary agent in the production of such fibers and filaments . the composition comprises a butylene oxide adduct of a fatty alcohol oxyethylate having the formula r -- o --. sub . n --. sub . m h wherein r = c 8 - c 26 , n = 1 - 20 , and m = 1 - 5 and preferably at least one additional chemical treating agent for the synthetic fibers and filaments . the process includes the step of applying this composition to a fiber or filament . | 3 |
in one aspect , the present invention is directed to a vehicular brake comprising : a closed - circuit tunnel containing hydraulic liquid ; a mechanism for moving the hydraulic liquid within the closed - circuit tunnel together with the wheel of the vehicle ; and at least one faucet within the closed - circuit tunnel , for reducing the cross - section area of the closed - circuit tunnel at least at one location , upon braking activity , thereby braking the vehicle wheel without friction wear . | 5 |
a network for carrying out control , sensing and data communications , comprising a plurality of nodes . each node may be connected to a payload , which comprises sensors , actuators and dte &# 39 ; s . the network is formed using a plurality of independent communication links , each based on electrically - conducting communication media comprising at least two conductors and interconnecting two nodes , in a point - to - point configuration . during network operation , nodes can be dynamically configured as either data - generating nodes , wherein data is generated and transmitted into the network , or as receiver / repeater / router nodes , wherein received data is repeated from a receiver port to all output ports . during normal network operation , the network shifts from state to state . each state is characterized by assigning a single node as the data - generating node , and configuring all other nodes in the network as repeaters and receivers . the network can be configured in linear or circular topology , or any mixture of both . the nodes and the payloads can each be powered by local power supply or via the network wiring . in the latter case , dedicated wires can be used , or the same conductors may be employed for both power distribution and communication . network control can be performed external to the network , or by using the network itself as transport for control messages . shifting from state to state can be done by selecting sequential nodes to be the data - generating node , or by selecting arbitrary nodes to be the data - generating node . | 7 |
this invention relates to a two - step synthesis of high purity dialkyl 2 - vinyl - cyclopropane - 1 , 1 - dicarboxylate in which a mixture of trans - and cis - 1 , 4 - dihalobutene - 2 is first isomerized to essentially trans - 1 , 4 - dihalobutene - 2 followed immediately by cyclocondensing the resultant trans - 1 , 4 - dihalobutene - 2 with a malonic ester in the presence of an alcoholic solution of a metallic alkoxide . | 2 |
We investigate the impact of cosmic rays (CRs) and different modes of CR transport on the properties of Milky Way-mass galaxies in cosmological magnetohydrodynamical simulations in the context of the AURIGA project. We systematically study how advection, anisotropic diffusion, and additional Alfvén-wave cooling affect the galactic disc and the circumgalactic medium (CGM). Global properties such as stellar mass and star formation rate vary little between simulations with and without various CR transport physics, whereas structural properties such as disc sizes, CGM densities, or temperatures can be strongly affected. In our simulations, CRs affect the accretion of gas on to galaxies by modifying the CGM flow structure. This alters the angular momentum distribution that manifests itself as a difference in stellar and gaseous disc size. The strength of this effect depends on the CR transport model: CR advection results in the most compact discs while the Alfvén-wave model resembles more the AURIGA model. The advection and diffusion models exhibit large (r ~ 50 kpc) CR pressure-dominated gas haloes causing a smoother and partly cooler CGM. The additional CR pressure smoothes small-scale density peaks and compensates for the missing thermal pressure support at lower CGM temperatures. In contrast, the Alfvén-wave model is only CR pressure dominated at the disc-halo interface and only in this model the gamma-ray emission from hadronic interactions agrees with observations. In contrast to previous findings, we conclude that details of CR transport are critical for accurately predicting the impact of CR feedback on galaxy formation. | 9 |
a suspension system for an air - dropped sonobuoy includes a transducer housing wherein the upper portion is emptied upon deployment of a float . the weight distribution of the transducer and housing provides for a center of mass and a center of buoyancy at a location beneath a pivot in the upper portion of the housing . a suspension line connects the pivot with the float , and a pair of opposed extensible fins at the top of the housing locate the center of hydrodynamic pressure at the pivot . thereby , the housing is maintained in a stabilized vertical attitude during descent through the water and during deployment at a predetermined depth independently of a difference in velocity of fluid movement at the float and at the sonobuoy . | 1 |
an electromagnetic pickup device for receiving electromagnetic signals is disclosed that comprises an h - field probe having an end the is insertable into the earth for receiving the h - field component of the electromagnetic signal and a plurality of e - field probes that are radially disposed about the h - field probe and electrically isolated from the h - field probe , each having an end that is insertable into the earth for receiving the e - field component of the electromagnetic signal . | 4 |
the present invention concerns a circuit comprising a memory array having a plurality of wordlines and a plurality of bitlines , a reference circuit , a column select circuit , an enable control circuit , and one or more sense amplifiers . the reference circuit may be configured to present a reference voltage signal in response to a dummy wordline and a virtual ground signal , where the dummy wordline may be synchronized with each of the plurality of wordlines . the column select circuit may be configured to present the virtual ground signal in response to a column select signal . the enable control circuit may be configured to present an enable signal in response to the dummy wordline . the sense amplifiers may be configured to generate an output in response to the enable signal , the reference signal and the bitlines . | 6 |
a document rights management system defines an unrenderable origin designator in a media item that does not display or alter the physically rendered version of an instantiation of the media item . the unrenderable designator does not appear as an obscured or occluded feature in a printed or displayed versions . the rendered version is unaffected by the unrenderable designator because it does not result in any displayable features . the unrenderable designator is stored in a display list of the media item and appears as an attribute of objects such that the function to cause the display object to be undisplayable , or unrenderable , are not immediately apparent . the drm system encodes a designator in an attribute of a display object for rendering according to a media rendering format such as pdf , such that the designator causes the display object to be unrenderable and indicates the origin of the media item . | 7 |
the invention described relates to the synthesis of gold nanorods in high concentrations in a single batch and their use in detection of nitroexplosives using surface enhanced raman spectroscopy . the nanoparticle suspensions were stable up to a month after preparation . the aggregated nanorods have a strong sers effect for nitroexplosives with sensitivity of 5 . 0 pg in a few seconds . the results obtained in numerous tests demonstrated a high reproducibility that makes aggregated nanorods very attractive substrates for defense and security applications . | 1 |
disclosed herein are polyurethane compositions specifically adapted to produce non - porous membranes exhibiting waterproof and water vapor transmissible characteristics . the membranes can be produced as free standing products or can be produced as coatings on porous substrates to confer similar properties to such substrates . also disclosed are coated fabrics and fabric laminates utilizing the membranous coatings of the invention and exhibiting waterproof and water vapor transmissible characteristics . such coated fabrics and fabric laminates find utility in the fabrication of tenting , rainwear and other garments where waterproofness , coupled with breathability , are important features . | 2 |
a method of making a roll of adhesive tape that comprises providing a length of tape having a leading end , a trailing end , a first side , and a second side opposite the first side , wherein the second side of the tape is at least partially covered with pressure sensitive adhesive and providing a tab having first and second opposite ends having a length between them , a first side , and a second side , wherein at least a portion of the second side of the tab is covered with pressure sensitive adhesive . the method further comprises advancing the length of tape along a tape path , positioning the leading tape end about a central tape roll axis , and circumferentially winding the length of tape about the axis until a penultimate tape layer having a circumference is wound . the adhesive - covered portion of the second side of the tab is applied to the first side of the tape so that the first end of the tab is spaced from the trailing end of the tape length by a predetermined distance that is at least as long as the circumference of the penultimate layer of the tape roll and no longer than a total distance of the circumference of the penultimate layer and the length of the tab . the final layer of the tape length is circumferentially wound around the penultimate tape layer so that the trailing end of the tape overlays the tab between the first and second ends of the tab . | 8 |
a motorized drum has a drum shell having an inner periphery and a central axis , with a motor and a reducer disposed therewithin for delivering rotary power to the drum shell at a determined region thereof . a mounting face system has a mounting face arrangement that receives components to be attached to alter the length of the motorized drum . the mounting face arrangement is disposed at an end of the motorized drum distal from the region where the reducer delivers power to the drum shell . the mounting face arrangement limits the flexure of the attachable components such that the deflection curve is continuous to reduce stress concentration . | 1 |
We compute the corrections to the Schwarzschild metric necessary to reproduce the Hawking temperature derived from a generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), so that the GUP deformation parameter is directly linked to the deformation of the metric. Using this modified Schwarzschild metric, we compute corrections to the standard general relativistic predictions for the light deflection and perihelion precession, both for planets in the solar system and for binary pulsars. This analysis allows us to set bounds for the GUP deformation parameter from well-known astronomical measurements. | 9 |
a method for adjusting a hearing device is disclosed in which one of several hearing programs can be selected , as well as a hearing device system to perform the method . the method comprises the steps of identifying a momentary acoustic surround situation and of arranging the selectable hearing programs according to the identified momentary acoustic surround situation . therewith , the hearing device user is not obliged to know a predefined sequence of the selectable hearing programs ; instead the hearing device user may easily select a hearing program which is regarded as the best one for the momentary acoustic situation . the selection is offered by the hearing device by analyzing the momentary acoustic situation . in addition , the hearing device user may easily select other hearing programs , namely by generating an activation signal , for example by pressing a button at the hearing device itself or at a remote control . for this , the automatic arrangement of the hearing programs in dependency of the momentary acoustic situation facilitates the selection dramatically . | 7 |
abstract : an armored inflatable boat cocoon , having an element flap which has a small window for seeing and a long zipper which a person can unzip and step in to get protection , the element flap is controlled by numerous cords , the armored inflatable boat cocoon which is buckled to a seat with numerous back straps , the invention can be placed into a suitcase or being carried with a duffle bag to wherever place where protection is needed , be it on land , on water or in the air . | 0 |
a method of forcibly disconnecting a communications connection established between a mobile station and a mobile services switching network , depending on whether the communications connection initially allocated to the mobile station has deteriorated or that a call connection or a handover attempt has failed . with the intention of forcing the mobile station to relinquish the allocated channel , the network transmits to the mobile station a signal which activates a time monitoring process in the mobile station , which thereby sends an acknowledgement signal back to the network . when the network does not wish the mobile station to retain the allocated channel , a signal which would stop the time monitoring process is not sent to the mobile station , thereby resulting in the release of the communications channel . also described is a mobile station which includes counter - circuits for effecting the time monitoring process . | 7 |
a disposable container for disposing of yard debris . the container has a containment area defined by a sidewall . the containment area has a volume for storing waste yard debris . the container has an opening for accessing the containment area . the container has a flap adjacent the opening . the flap joins a base surface to the opening wherein the yard debris traverses along the flap to reach the opening and the containment area . | 1 |
the present invention is intended to link television broadcast content and web content with each other so that both types of content match the characteristics of television media , and prevent the viewing of television broadcasting from being interrupted . an associated information providing method for providing associated information linked with a video to an audience includes the steps of : receiving select information for selecting the video viewed by the audience and audience identification information for identifying the audience ; retrieving locational information on a network of associated information about contents of the video viewed by the audience on the basis of the received select information ; and transmitting the retrieved locational information to the audience on the basis of the audience identification information . | 7 |
a lens is provided which can be worn , in the form of eyeglasses , for the reduction of visual noise and resulting eye strain for an observer of a visual display terminal . the lens comprises a light transmitting plastic body having convex shaped outer surface away from the eye of the observer and a concave inner surface facing the eye of the observer . the body is provided with , in combination , an ultraviolet absorber for at least substantially blocking the transmission of ultraviolet radiation incident upon the lens , a color dye for diminishing the transmission of radiation having a wavelength of between 500 - 600 nm , and a grey dye for reducing the transmission of visible light . a corresponding method is also provided , along with a method and a kit for producing such a lens . | 6 |
a memory architecture design and strategy of the present invention uses memory devices that would normally be considered disadvantageous , but by accommodating the data input , output , and other peripheral controller services , overall performance in this mode is optimized . the surprising result is that even though the choice of memory is inappropriate for the task based on the precepts of the prior art , the overall memory system is effective . one example of a normally disadvantageous situation that is beneficial in connection with one or more embodiments of the present invention is bank switching in ddr - sdram , thereby achieving feasibility without resort to , for example , sram . | 6 |
as it is often difficult for users of a keyboard to adequately identify and select the correct keys in a keyboard where the light is inadequate , it is desirable to provide a keyboard capable that allows a user to better see keys of the keyboard even in environments where there is not sufficient light to see the keys . a keyboard of the present invention comprises a substrate , a membrane , an elastic member , a cover sheet , a keytop , and light - emitting means for emitting light from the bottom of the substrate to the keytop . the keytop is illuminated and a legend on a key surface can be seen , so that the chance of incorrect key stroke is reduced . | 7 |
a pacifier or dummy includes a resilient nipple , a guard , and a plug body inserted into the end of the tubular portion of the nipple that is opposite to the mouthpiece . the plug body is carried by a base , which is supported by the guard and is resilient in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the nipple . the plug has projections , which are particularly formed with beveled surfaces and movable along the axis of the nipple . the guard is provided with beveled surfaces adjacent to an opening in the guard . in response to a pull on the nipple , the base is resiliently deformed and the projections of the plug move toward the beveled surfaces of the guard . the plug body has outwardly protruding projections , which are oversize with respect to the clearance between lugs formed on the guard in the opening . | 0 |
an improved control circuit for maintaining constant amplitude of the sinusoidal output signal of an oscillator circuit by synchronously demodulating the signal using a push - pull transistor pair operating in saturation to generate a control signal for comparison with a reference voltage in a direct coupled negative feedback loop to the oscillator . the configuration of the feedback loop provides effectively instantaneous control response to eliminate low frequency modulation propagated internally in the oscillator due to noise generation in circuit components . | 7 |
a control system adapted to be secured to a solid fuel burner , such as a fireplace or a stove , to create and regulate forced fluid heat exchange and forced draft in the burner . the system comprises an electrical draft inducer / damper mounted in the burner flue , a fluid heat exchanger mounted over the burner firebox , and a control apparatus capable of deactivating the draft inducer / damper and the heat exchanger , automatically damping the flue , when combustion in the burner subsides . the control system , including the draft inducer / damper and heat exchanger , may be incorporated with a solid fuel burner , thus comprising a heating system . | 5 |
a maximum likelihood decoder includes metric generators for generating metrics based on a plurality of partial responses and a viterbi decoder for realizing maximum likelihood decoding by using a synthetic metric generated by synthesizing the metrics . a first partial response is an original partial response . a second partial response is a differential response generated by subtraction by shifting the first partial response by 1 clock . alternatively , the differential response may be generated by subtraction by shifting the first partial response by 2 clocks . the second partial response may be a response generated by addition by shifting the first partial response by 2 clocks . alternatively , the second partial response may be an integration response generated by adding all previous samples of the first partial response . | 6 |
a valve system is disclosed . the system has a main valve that is adjustable for output flow and pressure . the system also includes an output flow transducer , an output pressure transducer , and a fluid depth transducer . a microcontroller is operatively coupled to the valve , the output flow transducer , the output pressure transducer , and the fluid depth transducer . the microcontroller operates the valve to selectively control the output flow , the output pressure , and the fluid depth according to inputs received from a user . | 8 |
disclosed herein are methods and systems for encoding digital watermarks into content signals . also disclosed are systems and methods for detecting and / or verifying digital watermarks in content signals . according to one embodiment , a system for encoding of digital watermark information includes : a window identifier for identifying a sample window in the signal ; an interval calculator for determining a quantization interval of the sample window ; and a sampler for normalizing the sample window to provide normalized samples . according to another embodiment , a system for pre - analyzing a digital signal for encoding at least one digital watermark using a digital filter is disclosed . according to another embodiment , a method for pre - analyzing a digital signal for encoding digital watermarks comprises : providing a digital signal ; providing a digital filter to be applied to the digital signal ; and identifying an area of the digital signal that will be affected by the digital filter based on at least one measurable difference between the digital signal and a counterpart of the digital signal selected from the group consisting of the digital signal as transmitted , the digital signal as stored in a medium , and the digital signal as played backed . according to another embodiment , a method for encoding a watermark in a content signal includes the steps of splitting a watermark bit stream ; and encoding at least half of the watermark bit stream in the content signal using inverted instances of the watermark bit stream . other methods and systems for encoding / decoding digital watermarks are also disclosed . | 6 |
there is disclosed an apparatus for sharpening an edge in a video image . the apparatus comprises : 1 ) a first circuit for determining a first luminance value of a first pixel associated with the first edge and a second luminance value of a second pixel associated with the first edge , wherein the first and second pixels are adjacent pixels ; 2 ) a second circuit for determining a position of a first subpixel disposed between the first and second pixels , wherein the first subpixel position is disposed approximately at a center of the first edge ; 3 ) a third circuit for increasing a luminance value of a second subpixel disposed on a first side of the first edge center ; and 4 ) a fourth circuit for decreasing a luminance value of a third subpixel disposed on a second side . of the first edge center opposite the first side . | 6 |
code and script for Collins et al. (2021) Experimental warming differentially affects vegetative and reproductive phenology of tundra plants. Nature Communications. | 9 |
a composite material for a lithium ion battery anode and a method of producing the same is disclosed , wherein the composite material comprises a porous electrode composite material . pores with carbon - based material forming at the pore wall are created in situ . the porous electrode composite material provide space to accommodate volumetric changes during battery charging and discharging while the carbon - based material improved the conductivity of the electrode composite material . the method creates pores to have a denser carbon content inside the pores and a wider mouth of the pores to enhance lithium ion distribution . | 8 |
Context. The lifetime of protoplanetary disks around young stars limits the timescale of planet formation. A disk dissipation timescale ≤10 Myr was inferred from surveys that count the relative number of stars with disks - the disk fraction - in young stellar clusters with different ages. However, most previous surveys focused on the compact region within ∼2 pc of the clusters' centers, for which the disk fraction information about the outer part is practically absent. <BR /> Aims: We aim to test if disk fraction estimates change when inferred from an extended region around the clusters' centers. Methods.Gaia EDR3 data and a best-suited, Virtual Observatory (VO)-based tool - Clusterix - are used to identify member stars for a representative sample of 19 young stellar clusters considering two concentric fields of view (FOVs) with radii of ∼20 pc and ∼2 pc. Inner-disk fractions associated with each FOV are identically derived from 2MASS color-color diagrams and compared to each other. <BR /> Results: Although the density of members is smaller in the periphery, the absolute number of member stars is typically ∼5 times larger at distances farther than ∼2 pc from the clusters' centers. In turn, our analysis reveals that the inner disk fractions inferred from the compact and the extended regions are equal within ∼±10%. A list of member and disk stars identified in each cluster is provided and stored in a VO-compliant archive, along with their membership probabilities, angular distances to the center, and Gaia and near-infrared data. Averaged values and plots that characterize the whole clusters are also provided, including Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams based on Gaia colors and absolute magnitudes for the sources with known extinction. <BR /> Conclusions: Our results cover the largest fields ever probed when dealing with disk fractions for all clusters analyzed, and imply that their complete characterization requires the use of wide FOVs. However, the comparative study does not support a previous hypothesis that disk fractions should be significantly larger when extended regions are considered. The resulting database is a benchmark for future detailed studies of young clusters, whose disk fractions must be accurately determined by using multiwavelength analysis potentially combined with data from upcoming Gaia releases. <P />Full Table A.2 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/">cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</A> (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via <A href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/664/A66">http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/664/A66</A> | 9 |
Initial version for publication | 9 |
an oil - in - water emulsion is prepared with certain siloxane - oxyalkylene copolymeric surfactants which have in the emulsion a combined hlb value of between about 4 - 7 . the oil phase includes silicone oils which are volatile and silicone oils or gums which are non - volatile , or mixtures of silicone oils and gums . what is unexpected and unusual about the invention is that conventional wisdom dictates that surfactant packages having a combined hlb value of 4 - 7 result in water - in - oil emulsions rather than oil - in - water emulsions . | 8 |
a semiconductor - on - insulator type semiconductor device with an enhanced electrostatic discharge tolerance having a semiconductor layer on an insulating support substrate , comprising a pair of voltage supply lines formed on the semiconductor layer , a pair of low resistivity semiconductor regions connected to said pair of source supplying lines and disposed within the layer , and a dielectric region disposed between said pair of low resistivity semiconductor regions ; wherein said pair of low resistivity semiconductor regions form a capacitor . | 7 |
the transfer of messages using an udp transport is provided . a typical example is offered by the snmp messages , used to perform the communication between manager units and agent units within a system for the management of data communication networks , such as internet . the payload of messages , for example the messages as a whole shall undergo a compression operation based on the recognition of sequences that periodically appear in the message . | 7 |
a compressor having a corrosive resistant coating is disclosed . the coating has a first spray coated metallic layer . a sealant layer is disposed over the sprayed metallic coating which has an organic component , a solvent component , and an inorganic phase . | 5 |
a craftwork accessory may provide a portable and / or easy - to - use tool to help users &# 39 ; accurately and repeatedly apply stamp impressions and the like to items such as cardstock . the accessory may include a base portion , one or more elevated side portions and cover portion . the side portions may define a workspace for arranging the item . the cover portion may be movably attached to the base portion or a side portion , for example , by one or more hinges . in operation , the item and stamp may be aligned in the workspace and the cover portion may be pressed onto the stamp to stick the stamp to the cover portion . the cover may then be opened , the stamp may be inked , and the cover portion may be closed and pressed onto the item to stamp the item . the accessory may include alignment indicia on the base portion , side portions and / or cover portion to facilitate placement of the item and / or stamp . the accessory may also include fastening mechanisms , such as magnetic elements , to facilitate placement of the item and / or stamp . | 1 |
a method for digital image eye artifact detection and correction include identifying one or more candidate red - eye defect regions in an acquired image . for one or more candidate red - eye regions , a seed pixels and / or a region of pixels having a high intensity value in the vicinity of the candidate red - eye region is identified . the shape , roundness or other eye - related characteristic of a combined hybrid region including the candidate red - eye region and the region of high intensity pixels is analyzed . based on the analysis of the eye - related characteristic of the combined hybrid region , it is determined whether to apply flash artifact correction , including red eye correction of the candidate red - eye region and / or correction of the region of high intensity pixels . | 6 |
a system for distributing advertising data electronically is disclosed . a server computer is configured to store advertising data . a communication module is located in the server computer . the communication module is configured to transmit the advertising data to one or more display computers . a software module residing on the display computer . the software module is configured to display the transmitted advertising data . the advertising data may include audio data , graphic data , video data and / or text data . the communication module may be configured to transmit data over a network such as the internet . the communication module may be configured to transmit data via a file transfer protocol connection . | 6 |
provided is a fused salt electrolysis process for preparing neodymium or a neodymium alloy , especially a neodymium / iron alloy , which has a high purity and a reduced carbon content , at a low cost , a high current efficiency , and a high productivity . according to this fused salt electrolysis process , by collecting the formed neodymium or neodymium alloy at the bottom of the bath and incorporating oxygen gas in the atmosphere above the bath , powdery carbon generated from the carbon electrodes is removed by oxidation and consumption and the electrolysis bath is stabilized . furthermore , by using a plate - shaped electrode at least for the anode , the critical current density is increased and neodymium or a neodymium alloy can be formed at a high current density and a high current efficiency . | 2 |
in semiconductor circuits , and particularly in memories , it is often desirable to use bipolar transistors for speed together with mos elements . however , although the bipolar transistors are useful for speed considerations , they undesirably significantly increase the power consumption of the overall circuit . accordingly , to reduce power consumption , a bipolar / mosfet arrangement is provided wherein mosfets are used as current sources to supply operation currents to the bipolar transistors only during the periods of their operation . thus , a semiconductor integrated circuit device is achieved featuring a high operation speed yet consuming reduced amounts of electric power . additionally , power consumption can be further reduced by providing a time serial operation for actuation of the mosfets in different peripheral circuits for a memory array . | 6 |
We present a new gravitational lens modelling technique designed to model high-resolution interferometric observations with large numbers of visibilities without the need to pre-average the data in time or frequency. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method using validation tests on mock observations. Using small data sets with ∼10<SUP>3</SUP> visibilities, we first compare our approach with the more traditional direct Fourier transform (DFT) implementation and direct linear solver. Our tests indicate that our source inversion is indistinguishable from that of the DFT. Our method also infers lens parameters to within 1 to 2 per cent of both the ground truth and DFT, given sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When the SNR is as low as 5, both approaches lead to errors of several tens of per cent in the lens parameters and a severely disrupted source structure, indicating that this is related to the SNR and choice of priors rather than the modelling technique itself. We then analyse a large data set with ∼10<SUP>8</SUP> visibilities and a SNR matching real global Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations of the gravitational lens system MG J0751+2716. The size of the data is such that it cannot be modelled with traditional implementations. Using our novel technique, we find that we can infer the lens parameters and the source brightness distribution, respectively, with an RMS error of 0.25 and 0.97 per cent relative to the ground truth. | 9 |
a digital automatic gain control system includes an envelope detector coupled to a system input for converting an ac input signal into a dc output signal . an analog - to - digital converter has an input coupled to receive the output signal of the envelope detector and an output coupled to a digital register controlled by a digital control circuit . a programmable gain amplifier has control inputs coupled to receive an output of the digital register for controlling the gain of the programmable gain amplifier such that the signal level at a system output of the programmable gain amplifier remains substantially constant as the signal level at the system input varies within a specified dynamic range . | 7 |
in a structure for making a display that forms images including a transparent substrate having first and second surfaces ; a light sensitive conductive layer provided over the first surface of the transparent substrate and patternable to form conductive traces ; and an array which can produce a colored image . | 6 |
hay stacks and bales are loaded , transported and unloaded by a single man . pivotal lifting tines carried by a mast which attaches to a tractor three - point hitch are maneuvered under a stack or bale . lift assist wheels coupled with the mast raise the loaded tines to transport the load . a clamp means secures the stack or bale during transport and the tapered tines permit ease of tine withdrawal from unloaded stacks and bales . | 0 |
a portable telescoping observation stand attachable to a pole , a tree or like object by way of straps includes a plurality of telescopically engaged sections maintained in an extended position by locking members removably received in slots in overlapping ends of adjacent sections . foot hold members removably attached to the sections provide steps for the stand with the locking members also serving as steps for the stand . when the stand is collapsed , the sections are nested together , the removed locking members and foot hold members are stored in a compartment defined by the nested sections . | 4 |
The MAMMOTH-I Nebula at redshift 2.3 is one of the largest known Lyα nebulae in the universe, spanning ∼440 kpc. Enormous Lyα nebulae like MAMMOTH-I typically trace the densest and most active regions of galaxy formation. Using sensitive low-surface-brightness observations of CO(1-0) with the Very Large Array, we trace the cold molecular gas in the inner 150 kpc of the MAMMOTH-I Nebula. CO is found in four regions that are associated with either galaxies or groups of galaxies that lie inside the nebula. In three of the regions, the CO stretches up to ∼30 kpc into the circumgalactic medium (CGM). In the centermost region, the CO has a very low velocity dispersion (FWHM<SUB>CO</SUB> ∼ 85 km s<SUP>-1</SUP>), indicating that this gas is dynamically cold. This dynamically cold gas coincides with diffuse rest-frame optical light in the CGM around a central group of galaxies, as discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope. We argue that this likely represents cooling of settled and enriched gas in the center of MAMMOTH-I. This implies that the dynamically cold gas in the CGM, rather than the obscured active galactic nucleus, marks the core of the potential well of this Lyα nebula. In total, the CO in the MAMMOTH-I Nebula traces a molecular gas mass of M <SUB>H2</SUB> ∼ 1.4(α <SUB>CO</SUB>/3.6) × 10<SUP>11</SUP> M <SUB>⊙</SUB>, with roughly 50% of the CO(1-0) emission found in the CGM. Our results add to the increasing evidence that extended reservoirs of molecular gas exist in the CGM of massive high-z galaxies and protoclusters. | 9 |
the present invention relates to a fluid agitator which may stir fluid in a closed space without leakage of the fluid . the fluid agitator has a motive means and a bearing means installed in the closed space . in the fluid agitator employing a electric motor as the motive means , only the stator coil of the motor which is weak in its resistance against high temperatures and humid atmosphere is sealed in a sealing chamber . the sealing chamber may be provided with a cooling device to cool the inside thereof . the driving shaft of the motor is supported by a bearing having resistance to high temperatures and high humidity and is provided with an agitating blade . in the fluid agitator employing a turbine system as the motive means , a turbine chamber and a turbine blade are set in the closed space . a fluid supply is furnished to introduce fluid into the turbine chamber from outside of the closed space for driving and rotating the turbine blade . the turbine blade is connected to an agitating blade through a rotation transmission . | 5 |
an electric fan with more than one operational configuration is disclosed , comprising a fan unit , a first support element and a second support element . in one operational configuration , the fan unit rests on top of the first support element and generates a horizontally oscillating airflow . in another configuration , the fan unit rests on top of the second support element and generates a vertically oscillating airflow . | 5 |
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