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517493 | Automatic annotation of protein motif function with Gene Ontology terms | Background Conserved protein sequence motifs are short stretches of amino acid sequence patterns that potentially encode the function of proteins. Several sequence pattern searching algorithms and programs exist foridentifying candidate protein motifs at the whole genome level. However, amuch needed and importanttask i... | Background With the completion of many genome sequencing projects and advances in the methods of automatic discovery of sequence patterns (see Brazma [ 1 ] and Brejova et al [ 2 ] for reviews), it is now possible to search or discover protein sequence motifs at the genome level. If one regards protein sequences as "sen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517493.xml |
528844 | Are the effects of nicotinic acid on insulin resistance precipitated by abnormal phosphorous metabolism? | Nicotinic acid is a unique cholesterol modifying agent that exerts favorable effects on all cholesterol parameters. It holds promise as one of the main pharmacological agents to treat mixed dyslipidemia in metabolic syndrome and diabetic patients. The use of nicotinic acid has always been haunted with concerns that it ... | Background Nicotinic acid functions in the body after conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the NAD coenzyme system. Niacin reduces total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo B) and Lipoprotein (a) (Lp (a)). Niacin increases high... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528844.xml |
520821 | 17beta-estradiol induced vitellogenesis is inhibited by cortisol at the post-transcriptional level in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) | This study was performed to investigate stress effects on the synthesis of egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin (Vtg) in Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus ). In particular the effect of cortisol (F) was determined since this stress hormone has been suggested to interfere with vitellogenesis and is upregulated during sexual ... | Introduction The major proteinaceous egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (Vtg) is a large complex lipoglycophosphoprotein produced under estrogenic control in the liver of sexually maturing female oviparous animals. The estrogenic control of Vtg is mediated by binding of the most potent estrogen, 17-β-estradiol (E2), to th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520821.xml |
544357 | Single-track sequencing for genotyping of multiple SNPs in the N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) gene | Background Fast, cheap and reliable methods are needed to identify large populations, which may be at risk in relation to environmental exposure. Polymorphisms in NAT1 (N-acetyl transferase) may be suitable markers to identify individuals at risk. Results A strategy allowing to address simultaneously 24 various genetic... | Background We have previously described the single sequencing reaction (SSR) protocol for assessment of a known polymorphism in the 3'utr region of CYP19 (aromatase) [ 1 , 2 ]. Here we have extended and optimized the use of the method for multiple polymorphisms in the NAT1 gene. The increasing number of detected mutati... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544357.xml |
533861 | Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional | Omega-3 fatty acids play a critical role in the development and function of the central nervous system. Emerging research is establishing an association between omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic) and major depressive disorder. Evidence from epidemiological, laboratory and clinical ... | Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent, debilitating, and potentially life threatening illness. Over the last 100 years, the age of onset of major depression has decreased, and its overall incidence has increased in Western countries. The increases in depression, up to 20-fold higher post 1945, can... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533861.xml |
545075 | Identification of cardiac malformations in mice lacking Ptdsr using a novel high-throughput magnetic resonance imaging technique | Background Congenital heart defects are the leading non-infectious cause of death in children. Genetic studies in the mouse have been crucial to uncover new genes and signaling pathways associated with heart development and congenital heart disease. The identification of murine models of congenital cardiac malformation... | Background Congenital malformations are a major cause of death in childhood, and are typically characterized by lesions that do not compromise fetal survival. For instance, congenital heart disease (CHD) typically consists of lesions such as ventricular and atrial septal defects, which are compatible with fetal hemodyn... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545075.xml |
514574 | Conflicts of interest in translational research | Translational research requires a team approach to scientific inquiry and product development. Translational research teams consist of basic and clinical scientists who can be members of both academic and industrial communities. The conception, pre-clinical testing, and clinical evaluation of a diagnostic or therapeuti... | Introduction By its nature, translational research crosses boundaries between basic science and clinical application. It places researchers in new contexts and ushers in a range of new contacts and relationships. Crossing these boundaries contributes directly to the creativity and social impact of translational medicin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514574.xml |
193607 | New Genomic Approach Predicts True Evolutionary History of Bacterial Genomes | null | Bacteria are an indiscriminate lot. While most organisms tend to pass their genes on to the next generation of their species, bacteria often exchange genetic material with totally unrelated species. That is why skeptics doubted that bacteria researchers could ever hope to map a reliable history of cell lineages in bact... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC193607.xml |
535551 | Permissive human cytomegalovirus infection of a first trimester extravillous cytotrophoblast cell line | Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infection in the United States and Europe. Despite the significant morbidity associated with prenatal HCMV infection, little is known about how the virus infects the fetus during pregnancy. To date, primary human cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) have been uti... | Findings Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus that is the leading cause of congenital viral infection in the United States and Europe. Intrauterine transmission of the virus occurs in approximately 40% of pregnant women with primary HCMV infection, and the incidence of congenital HCMV infection... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535551.xml |
517928 | GDR (Genome Database for Rosaceae): integrated web resources for Rosaceae genomics and genetics research | Background Peach is being developed as a model organism for Rosaceae, an economically important family that includes fruits and ornamental plants such as apple, pear, strawberry, cherry, almond and rose. The genomics and genetics data of peach can play a significant role in the gene discovery and the genetic understand... | Background In the United States and temperate regions throughout the world, the family Rosaceae ranks third in economic importance. The most important fruit producing crops include apple ( Malus ), pear ( Pyrus ), raspberries/blackberries ( Rubus ), strawberries ( Fragaria ), and stone fruits ( Prunus ) such as peach/n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517928.xml |
449897 | Migratory Sleeplessness in the White-Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) | Twice a year, normally diurnal songbirds engage in long-distance nocturnal migrations between their wintering and breeding grounds. If and how songbirds sleep during these periods of increased activity has remained a mystery. We used a combination of electrophysiological recording and neurobehavioral testing to charact... | Introduction Seasonal behaviors occur in virtually all organisms, ranging from insects to mammals ( Goldman et al. 2004 ). Just as circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate daily cycles of light and dark, circannual behaviors such as migration allow them to predict and respond to seasonal changes in environmental... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449897.xml |
533875 | "Any other comments?" Open questions on questionnaires – a bane or a bonus to research? | Background The habitual "any other comments" general open question at the end of structured questionnaires has the potential to increase response rates, elaborate responses to closed questions, and allow respondents to identify new issues not captured in the closed questions. However, we believe that many researchers h... | Background The survey is a key method in health services research [ 1 ]. The majority of survey questionnaires consist of closed questions where respondents are asked to choose from a fixed number of options. These are considered to be efficient because data are easy to collect, code and analyse [ 2 ]. Efficiency is im... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533875.xml |
514560 | Fitness benefits of trypsin proteinase inhibitor expression in Nicotiana attenuata are greater than their costs when plants are attacked. | Background The commonly invoked cost-benefit paradigm, central to most of functional biology, explains why one phenotype cannot be optimally fit in all environments; yet it is rarely tested. Trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) expression in Nicotiana attenuata is known to decrease plant fitness when plants compete wit... | Background The cost-benefit paradigm is central to functional biology and to ecological and evolutionary theory because fitness costs and benefits associated with a trait determine its equilibrium value in a population. If the trait offers fitness benefits to the population rather than costs, then selection should lead... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514560.xml |
516028 | Cross-species global and subset gene expression profiling identifies genes involved in prostate cancer response to selenium | Background Gene expression technologies have the ability to generate vast amounts of data, yet there often resides only limited resources for subsequent validation studies. This necessitates the ability to perform sorting and prioritization of the output data. Previously described methodologies have used functional pat... | Background Gene expression profiling, along with other methods to evaluate the global changes in genomes, provides the opportunity to understand whole scale changes present in human biology. Yet the sheer mass of data presented by these techniques often makes subsequent analysis difficult. Techniques such as gene expre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516028.xml |
546226 | Construction of predictive promoter models on the example of antibacterial response of human epithelial cells | Background Binding of a bacteria to a eukaryotic cell triggers a complex network of interactions in and between both cells. P. aeruginosa is a pathogen that causes acute and chronic lung infections by interacting with the pulmonary epithelial cells. We use this example for examining the ways of triggering the response ... | Background Promoter model construction is a way to utilize information about coexpressed genes; this kind of information becomes more and more available with the advent of gene expression mass data, mainly from microarray experiments. Having a promoter model at hand, one has (i) an explanatory model that and how the co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546226.xml |
524474 | A Structural Analysis of Eukaryotic Membrane Evolution | null | It took nearly 200 years for biologists to redefine the plant/animal dichotomy set up by Linnaeus in 1758. Among the defining traits used in the new five kingdom model of the 20th century was the presence of a nucleus. Possession of a nucleus is one of the chief characteristics that earns an organism, even a single-cel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524474.xml |
546232 | Identification of amplified and highly expressed genes in amplicons of the T-cell line huT78 detected by cDNA microarray CGH | Background Conventional Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) has been widely used for detecting copy number alterations in cancer and for identifying regions containing candidate tumor responsible genes. Recently, several studies have shown the utility of cDNA microarray CGH for studing gene copy changes in various ... | Background Gene amplification plays an important role in the progression and initiation of many solid tumors, as is the case of breast cancer where amplification of the genes ERBB2 (17q12), c MYC (8q24), and CCND1 (11q13) are found in 10–25% of breast tumors. Amplifications are revealed by Comparative Genomic Hybridiza... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546232.xml |
539343 | How Bacteria Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love…Formaldehyde | null | Poring over the vast amount of sequence and genetic information now available for many organisms, scientists frequently encounter what appear to be redundant biochemical pathways. Redundant pathways take the same starting material and transform it into the same product, but through different routes. Why should cells ma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539343.xml |
545049 | Dietary exposure to soy or whey proteins alters colonic global gene expression profiles during rat colon tumorigenesis | Background We previously reported that lifetime consumption of soy proteins or whey proteins reduced the incidence of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumors in rats. To obtain insights into these effects, global gene expression profiles of colons from rats with lifetime ingestion of casein (CAS, control diet), soy pro... | Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.S. [ 1 , 2 ]. Estimated new cases of colon cancer were 79,650 for men and 73,530 for women in 2004 [ 1 ]; approximately $6.3 billion is spent in the United States each year on treatment of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545049.xml |
449868 | Gene Duplication: The Genomic Trade in Spare Parts | The duplication of genes and their subsequent diversification has had a key role in evolution. A range of fates can befall a duplicated gene | If necessity is the mother of invention, then its father is an inveterate tinkerer, with a large garage full of spare parts. Innovation (like homicide) requires motive and opportunity. Clearly, the predominant ‘motive’ during the evolution of a novel gene function is to gain a selective advantage. To understand why gen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449868.xml |
545934 | Involvement of RhoA-mediated Ca2+ sensitization in antigen-induced bronchial smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in mice | Background It has recently been suggested that RhoA plays an important role in the enhancement of the Ca 2+ sensitization of smooth muscle contraction. In the present study, a participation of RhoA-mediated Ca 2+ sensitization in the augmented bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) contraction in a murine model of allergic asth... | Background Increased airway narrowing in response to nonspecific stimuli is a characteristic feature of human obstructive diseases, including bronchial asthma. This abnormality is an important symptom of the disease, although the pathophysiological variations leading to the hyperresponsiveness are unclear now. Several ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545934.xml |
509294 | A Focused and Efficient Genetic Screening Strategy in the Mouse: Identification of Mutations That Disrupt Cortical Development | Although the mechanisms that regulate development of the cerebral cortex have begun to emerge, in large part through the analysis of mutant mice ( Boncinelli et al. 2000 ; Molnar and Hannan 2000 ; Walsh and Goffinet 2000 ), many questions remain unanswered. To provide resources for further dissecting cortical developme... | Introduction The cerebral cortex is the seat of consciousness and the means by which we carry out abstract reasoning. Understanding how the cortex is assembled during embryonic development will give deeper insights into how this marvelous machine functions and provide the basis for therapy and repair. Although a divers... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509294.xml |
534115 | Microarray and comparative genomics-based identification of genes and gene regulatory regions of the mouse immune system | Background In this study we have built and mined a gene expression database composed of 65 diverse mouse tissues for genes preferentially expressed in immune tissues and cell types. Using expression pattern criteria, we identified 360 genes with preferential expression in thymus, spleen, peripheral blood mononuclear ce... | Background The immune system is composed of a multiplicity of individual cell types that derive from a relatively small number of immuno-hematopoietic progenitors that undergo complex developmental and exposure-driven differentiation and activation. Cell-type specific gene expression is driven to a large measure by com... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534115.xml |
535545 | Uterine extracellular matrix components are altered during defective decidualization in interleukin-11 receptor α deficient mice | Background Implantation of the embryo and successful pregnancy are dependent on the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Female interleukin-11 receptor α (IL-11Rα) deficient mice are infertile due to disrupted decidualization, suggesting a critical role for IL-11 and its target genes in imp... | Background Implantation of the embryo, formation of the placenta and successful pregnancy are dependent on the proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Decidualization occurs in response to endometrial and embryonic signals and is thought to involve complex interactions betwee... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535545.xml |
544394 | Nicotine signals through muscle-type and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both human bronchial epithelial cells and airway fibroblasts | Background Non-neuronal cells, including those derived from lung, are reported to express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). We examined nAChR subunit expression in short-term cultures of human airway cells derived from a series of never smokers, ex-smokers, and active smokers. Methods and Results At the mRNA l... | Background Nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco smoke, signals through its family of receptors, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Acetylcholine is the endogenous ligand for these receptors, and has been found in many tissues outside of the nervous system. Non-neuronal nAChR have also been identifie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544394.xml |
539357 | Homopolymer tract length dependent enrichments in functional regions of 27 eukaryotes and their novel dependence on the organism DNA (G+C)% composition | Background DNA homopolymer tracts, poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC), are the simplest of simple sequence repeats. Homopolymer tracts have been systematically examined in the coding, intron and flanking regions of a limited number of eukaryotes. As the number of DNA sequences publicly available increases, the rep... | Background DNA homopolymer tracts are the simplest of simple sequence repeats (SSRs); the two types being poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC). They are present in all genomes, but in some eukaryotes they are found at high frequencies indicating that the tracts are highly enriched relative to their random occurrence... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539357.xml |
534101 | Zinc/copper imbalance reflects immune dysfunction in human leishmaniasis: an ex vivo and in vitro study | Background The process of elimination of intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania , requires a Th1 type immune response, whereas a dominant Th2 response leads to exacerbated disease. Experimental human zinc deficiency decreases Th1 but not Th2 immune response. We investigated if zinc and copper levels differ in diff... | Background Leishmaniasis is endemic in several parts of the world, with a global prevalence of over 12 million cases and 1.5–2 million new cases emerging every year [ 1 ]. The infection is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania , transmitted through the bite of the sand fly vector. Several Leishmania spe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534101.xml |
526263 | Acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after intravascular angiography: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Background Contrast-induced nephropathy is an important cause of acute renal failure. We assess the efficacy of acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy among patients undergoing intravascular angiography. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials co... | Background Contrast-induced nephropathy is a leading cause for acquired acute reductions in kidney function [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite advances in supportive therapy, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy may continue to increase significantly with the broader utilization of radiocontrast media for diagnostic and inter... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526263.xml |
535569 | Regional Societies: Fostering Competitive Research Through Virtual Infrastructures | The MidSouth Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Society (MCBIOS) describes its efforts to provide local opportunities for researchers to learn and connect with colleagues | The rich get richer while the poor get poorer. This is as true for research in the life sciences as it is for society in general. Why is this? To put it simply: because existing resources can be leveraged to generate new ones. In life science research, these resources are often expressed in terms of people, equipment, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535569.xml |
535541 | Weather-based prediction of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in epidemic-prone regions of Ethiopia II. Weather-based prediction systems perform comparably to early detection systems in identifying times for interventions | Background Timely and accurate information about the onset of malaria epidemics is essential for effective control activities in epidemic-prone regions. Early warning methods that provide earlier alerts (usually by the use of weather variables) may permit control measures to interrupt transmission earlier in the epidem... | Background Malaria epidemics are reported frequently and have caused high morbidity and mortality among all age groups in the African highlands [ 1 - 4 ]. Early detection and accurate forecasting of the time, place and intensity of these epidemics is important for emergency preparedness, planning and response [ 5 , 6 ]... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535541.xml |
517938 | Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: an immunohistochemical study of 11 cases | Background Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare but very aggressive variant of kidney carcinoma that arises from the epithelium of Bellini's ducts, in the distal portion of the nephron. In order to gain an insight into the biology of this tumor we evaluated the expression of five genes involved in the development ... | Background Renal cancer accounts for 3% of adult malignancies. An estimated 35,710 new cases are expected to occur in the U.S. in the current year and 12,480 patients will die of this disease [ 1 ]. The majority of renal cancers arises from the proximal tubular epithelium, with a characteristic clear or granular cell a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517938.xml |
534111 | Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy: clinical implications and neonatal outcome | Background The myasthenia gravis is twice as common in women as in men and frequently affects young women in the second and third decades of life, overlapping with the childbearing years. Generally, during pregnancy in one third of patients the disease exacerbates, whereas in two thirds it remains clinically unchanged.... | Background Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired, neuromuscular, autoimmune disease that presents clinically with weakness and fatigue of the skeletal muscles. The disorder is characterized by a decrease of the number of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular plates, due to an autoimmune process mediated by antib... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534111.xml |
539353 | GECKO: a complete large-scale gene expression analysis platform | Background Gecko (Gene Expression: Computation and Knowledge Organization) is a complete, high-capacity centralized gene expression analysis system, developed in response to the needs of a distributed user community. Results Based on a client-server architecture, with a centralized repository of typically many tens of ... | Background In recent years, in response to the needs of our scientific community we have developed a comprehensive, company-wide gene expression data analysis platform based on a centralized client-server architecture (Figure 1 ). This platform, named Gecko (Gene Expression: Computation and Knowledge Organization) addr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539353.xml |
509284 | A randomised controlled trial to measure the effect of chest pain unit care upon anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life [ISRCTN85078221] | Background The chest pain unit (CPU) has been developed to provide a rapid and accurate diagnostic assessment for patients attending hospital with acute, undifferentiated chest pain. We aimed to measure the effect of CPU assessment upon psychological symptoms and health-related quality of life. Methods We undertook a s... | Background Acute chest pain is a common reason for emergency hospital attendance and admission. Patients with chest pain that remains undiagnosed after clinical assessment, ECG and chest radiograph pose a particular problem. They carry a low, but important risk of an acute coronary syndrome [ 1 ]. The potentially life-... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509284.xml |
526298 | Physical restraint use among nursing home residents: A comparison of two data collection methods | Background In view of the issues surrounding physical restraint use, it is important to have a method of measurement as valid and reliable as possible. We determined the sensitivity and specificity of physical restraint use a) reported by nursing staff and b) reviewed from medical and nursing records in nursing home se... | Background Nursing homes have the mandate to offer care settings to frail dependent older individuals. However, a renewed emphasis has emerged over the past decades to become more than just a home for older people [ 1 ]. A growing number of facilities are actually striving to preserve residents' sense of control and di... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526298.xml |
545065 | Plasma prolactin in patients with colorectal cancer | Background Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. It is the second cancer cause of death in females and third in males. Production of prolactin has been reported with several tumours. However, elevated prolactin plasma levels in colorectal cancer patients remained unclear. Methods In th... | Background Colorectal cancer is the third highest cause of cancer mortality [ 1 ]. In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, it is the second common cancer for women after breast cancer (age-standardised incidence 22–33 per 100,000), and men after prostate or lung cancer (age-standardised incidence 31–47 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545065.xml |
534105 | Low birth weight and longitudinal trends of cardiovascular risk factor variables from childhood to adolescence: the bogalusa heart study | Background Several studies have linked low birth weight to adverse levels of cardiovascular risk factors and related diseases. However, information is sparse at a community level in the U.S. general population regarding the effects of low birth weight on the longitudinal trends in cardiovascular risk factor variables m... | Background The growth of a fetus in an undernourished intrauterine environment is considered to result in adaptive fetal programming or metabolic imprinting with pathophysiologic consequences later in life [ 1 - 4 ]. It is contended that low birth weight at term (<2500 g), a surrogate for impaired gestational environme... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534105.xml |
520831 | Planned neck dissection following chemo-radiotherapy in advanced HNSCC | Background Neck dissection has traditionally played an important role in the management of patients with regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with radical radiotherapy alone. However, with the incorporation of chemotherapy in the therapeutic strategy for advanced HNSCC and resultant... | Introduction The optimal management of the neck in loco-regionally advanced head & neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) following primary chemo-radiotherapy remains controversial [ 1 , 2 ]. Traditionally neck dissection (Fig 1 ) was thought to improve neck control in patients with regionally advanced disease (N2–N3 di... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520831.xml |
535555 | Adaptive evolution of transcription factor binding sites | Background The regulation of a gene depends on the binding of transcription factors to specific sites located in the regulatory region of the gene. The generation of these binding sites and of cooperativity between them are essential building blocks in the evolution of complex regulatory networks. We study a theoretica... | Background The expression of a gene is controlled by other genes expressed at the same time and by external signals, a process called gene regulation [ 1 ]. Due to the combinatorial complexity of regulation, a large number of functional tasks can be performed by a limited number of genes. Differences in gene regulation... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535555.xml |
509290 | Evidence for Widespread Convergent Evolution around Human Microsatellites | Microsatellites are a major component of the human genome, and their evolution has been much studied. However, the evolution of microsatellite flanking sequences has received less attention, with reports of both high and low mutation rates and of a tendency for microsatellites to cluster. From the human genome we gener... | Introduction DNA base substitutions do not occur randomly ( Graur and Li 2000 ). Instead, they may be clustered in hotspots, for example around methylated CG dinucleotides, or subject to more general biases such as the excess of transitions relative to transversions. In addition, local structural context may be importa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509290.xml |
509280 | Emerging resistance among bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit – a European and North American Surveillance study (2000–2002) | Background Globally ICUs are encountering emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and for some pathogens there are few therapeutic options available. Methods Antibiotic in vitro susceptibility data of predominant ICU pathogens during 2000–2 were analyzed using data from The Surveillance Network (TSN) Dat... | Background Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as an important factor in predicting outcomes and overall resource use after infections in intensive care units (ICU) [ 1 ]. Globally ICUs are encountering emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. For some pathogens there are few therapeutic options availab... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509280.xml |
514558 | DLQI scores in vitiligo: reliability and validity of the Persian version | Background The objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 10-item Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire in Iranian patients with vitiligo. Methods Using a standard "forward-backward" translation procedure, the English language version of the questionnaire was ... | Background Vitiligo is an important skin disease having major impact on the quality of life of patients suffering from vitiligo. Appearance of skin can condition an individual self-image, and any pathological alteration can have psychological consequences [ 1 , 2 ]. Many vitiligo patients feel distressed and stigmatize... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514558.xml |
517723 | ISSR and AFLP analysis of the temporal and spatial population structure of the post-fire annual, Nicotiana attenuata, in SW Utah | Background The native annual tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata , is found primarily in large ephemeral populations (typically for less than 3 growing seasons) after fires in sagebrush and pinyon-juniper ecosystems and in small persistent populations (for many growing seasons) in isolated washes typically along roadsides thr... | Background Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex Watson (Solanaceae) (synonymous with N. torreyana Nelson and Macbr.) is an annual native to the Great Basin Desert of California, Nevada, Idaho, and Utah (USA) [ 1 - 3 ] and primarily occurs in large ephemeral populations (typically for less than 3 growing seasons) after fire in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517723.xml |
520825 | BRCA1-mediated repression of select X chromosome genes | Recently BRCA1 has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression from the X chromosome. In this study the influence of BRCA1 on expression of X chromosome genes was investigated. Complementary DNA microarrays were used to compare the expression levels of X chromosome genes in 18 BRCA1-associated ovarian cancers ... | Introduction The mechanisms by which mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes lead to carcinogenesis are incompletely understood. It remains to be established whether pathways involved in BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated tumorigenesis are also altered in sporadic cancers. Two recent reports demonstrated that BRCA1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520825.xml |
533859 | Melatonin promoted chemotaxins expression in lung epithelial cell stimulated with TNF-α | Background Patients with asthma demonstrate circadian variations in the airway inflammation and lung function. Pinealectomy reduces the total inflammatory cell number in the asthmatic rat lung. We hypothesize that melatonin, a circadian rhythm regulator, may modulate the circadian inflammatory variations in asthma by s... | Backgound Eosinophils are known to be the important effector cells in asthmatic airway inflammations[ 1 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that eosinophils are accumulated in the peripheral blood, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the airway of the asthmatic patients or the allergen-sensitized animals[ 2 ]. Eosi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533859.xml |
545059 | Recurrent cardiac events in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, excluding patients with the Brugada syndrome | Background The recurrence of cardiac events in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) excluding patients with the Brugada syndrome is unclear since this entity remains present in previous studies. Methods Since 1992, 18 patients (72% male) with idiopathic VF out of 455 ICD implants were treated with an ... | Background Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) is defined as spontaneous ventricular fibrillation in the absence of any structural heart disease, including coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy or electrophysiological diseases, with a well-defined cause, such as the long QT s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545059.xml |
544353 | An unusual pathological finding of chronic lymphocitic leukemia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate after transurethral resection for complete urinary retention: case report | Background We describe a patient who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate for urinary obstructive symptoms and had histological findings of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with prostatic localization of chronic lymphocitic leukemia (CLL).The contemporary presence of CLL, adenocarcinoma of the prostate and r... | Background The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among prostate cancer patients is extremely low (0.2%), and, even more the leukemic infiltration of the prostate [ 1 , 2 ]. It has been reported that a chronic lymphocitic leukemia (CLL) may have its first clinical manifestation with acute urinary retention [ 3 ]. We d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544353.xml |
520819 | A preliminary report of an educational intervention in practice management | Background Practice management education continues to evolve, and little information exists regarding its curriculum design and effectiveness for resident education. We report the results of an exploratory study of a practice management curriculum for primary care residents. Methods After performing a needs assessment ... | Background Practice management education for residents has traditionally included training physicians in management issues related to the practice environment, including fiscal management, leadership skills, business and management skills, and managed care concepts [ 1 ]. Managed care concepts include ethics, communica... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520819.xml |
546236 | Prolonged treatment of genetically obese mice with conjugated linoleic acid improves glucose tolerance and lowers plasma insulin concentration: possible involvement of PPAR activation | Background Studies in rodents and some studies in humans have shown that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), especially its trans -10, cis -12 isomer, reduces body fat content. However, some but not all studies in mice and humans (though none in rats) have found that CLA promotes insulin resistance. The molecular mechanism... | Background The term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid ( cis -9, cis -12-octadienoic acid). The major components of CLA, are the cis -9, trans -11 (c9, t11) and the trans -10, cis -12 (t10, c12) isomers, both of which have biological activities. The t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546236.xml |
533865 | d-matrix – database exploration, visualization and analysis | Background Motivated by a biomedical database set up by our group, we aimed to develop a generic database front-end with embedded knowledge discovery and analysis features. A major focus was the human-oriented representation of the data and the enabling of a closed circle of data query, exploration, visualization and a... | Background d-matrix, originally designed with cardiovascular clinical and molecular genetic data in mind, is a generic database front-end that can be used to explore, visualize and analyze different typologies of datasets. Both the generation and the analysis of genome, transcriptome and proteome data are becoming incr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533865.xml |
514564 | Explaining computation of predictive values: 2 × 2 table versus frequency tree. A randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN74278823] | Background Involving patients in decision making on diagnostic procedures requires a basic level of statistical thinking. However, innumeracy is prevalent even among physicians. In medical teaching the 2 × 2 table is widely used as a visual help for computations whereas in psychology the frequency tree is favoured. We ... | Background Diagnostic procedures are increasingly expected by consumers to ensure their health; "certainty" has become a product [ 1 ]. Assuming that test results are certain, only a minority is aware about false positive and false negative alarms. Previous research has shown that even physicians have great difficultie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514564.xml |
544347 | Rooting a phylogenetic tree with nonreversible substitution models | Background We compared two methods of rooting a phylogenetic tree: the stationary and the nonstationary substitution processes. These methods do not require an outgroup. Methods Given a multiple alignment and an unrooted tree, the maximum likelihood estimates of branch lengths and substitution parameters for each assoc... | Background Several approaches for inferring a phylogenetic tree from the substitution patterns in multiply aligned sequences are available; they include maximum parsimony, distance-based, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods [ 1 ]. Typically, the inferred tree is unrooted, because the explicit or implicit substituti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544347.xml |
514570 | Endotoxin leads to rapid subcellular re-localization of hepatic RXRα: A novel mechanism for reduced hepatic gene expression in inflammation | Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of animals down-regulates the expression of hepatic genes involved in a broad variety of physiological processes, collectively known as the negative hepatic acute phase response (APR). Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), the most highly expressed RXR isoform in liver, plays a cen... | Background LPS, a major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, potently stimulates host innate immune response [ 1 ]. LPS-induced activation of monocytes/macrophages leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514570.xml |
548958 | Correction: Cro-Magnons Conquered Europe, but Left Neanderthals Alone | null | Published February 15, 2005 In PLoS Biology , volume 2, issue 12. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020449 The art credits were missing from the image accompanying this synopsis. The image caption should read as follows: Reconstruction of Neanderthal woman (Photo: Bacon Cph; makeup: Morton Jacobsen) | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548958.xml |
547896 | Public appraisal of government efforts and participation intent in medico-ethical policymaking in Japan: a large scale national survey concerning brain death and organ transplant | Background Public satisfaction with policy process influences the legitimacy and acceptance of policies, and conditions the future political process, especially when contending ethical value judgments are involved. On the other hand, public involvement is required if effective policy is to be developed and accepted. Me... | Background In Japan, it was not until 1997 that a law was finally enacted to legalize organ transplant from a brain-dead body. Since 1968, when the first heart transplantation from a person declared brain dead was performed, there have been long-standing struggles in Japan for and against this procedure. In addition to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547896.xml |
368179 | A Mechanism for Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Overload | xx | The notion of a neurally encoded “reward system” that reinforces pleasure-seeking behaviors first emerged fifty years ago. Psychologists James Olds and Peter Milner discovered this phenomenon when their “lack of aim” landed an electrode outside their target while studying the behavioral responses of rats given electric... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368179.xml |
548794 | Early Detection of Disease Outbreaks | null | For disease outbreak detection, the public-health community has historically relied on the watchful eyes of doctors and other health-care workers, who have reported individual cases or clusters of cases of particular diseases to health-care and other authorities. The increased availability of electronic health-care dat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548794.xml |
538273 | Open Access to essential health care information | Open Access publishing is a valuable resource for the synthesis and distribution of essential health care information. This article discusses the potential benefits of Open Access, specifically in terms of Low and Middle Income (LAMI) countries in which there is currently a lack of informed health care providers – main... | 'Essential healthcare information' is the basic information required by primary health care workers to perform their role within the community. This basic information would be most useful if it is informed by relevant research, produced locally, and made available in the local language. The potential benefits of Open A... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538273.xml |
509247 | Chronic pain self-management for older adults: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN11899548] | Background Chronic pain is a common and frequently disabling problem in older adults. Clinical guidelines emphasize the need to use multimodal therapies to manage persistent pain in this population. Pain self-management training is a multimodal therapy that has been found to be effective in young to middle-aged adult s... | Background The problem of chronic pain in the elderly Chronic pain is a common problem in the elderly, and is often associated with significant physical disability and psychosocial problems [ 1 ]. Estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain problems among community-dwelling older adults range from 58–70% [ 1 ]. The mos... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509247.xml |
529424 | Doing New Research? Don't Forget the Old | Nobody should do a new research study, says Clarke, without first systematically reviewing the literature. And journal editors should insist that all research papers are accompanied by an up-to-date systematic review | On May 2, 1898, George Gould used his address to the founding meeting of the Association of Medical Librarians in Philadelphia to present a vision of the future of health information. ‘I look forward,’ he said, ‘to such an organisation of the literary records of medicine that a puzzled worker in any part of the civilis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529424.xml |
406389 | Organizing the Vertebrate Embryo—A Balance of Induction and Competence | The current understanding of organizer formation and neural induction in vertebrate embryos is discussed | In what is usually referred to as the most famous experiment in embryology, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold (1924) showed that a specific region in early frog embryos called the blastopore lip can induce a second complete embryonic axis, including the head, when transplanted to a host embryo. Most of the axis, including... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406389.xml |
533871 | A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land | Background The timescale of prokaryote evolution has been difficult to reconstruct because of a limited fossil record and complexities associated with molecular clocks and deep divergences. However, the relatively large number of genome sequences currently available has provided a better opportunity to control for pote... | Background The evolutionary history of prokaryotes includes both horizontal and vertical inheritance of genes [ 1 - 3 ]. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events are of great interest in themselves, for their roles in creating functionally new combinations of genes [ 4 ], but they pose problems for investigating the phylo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533871.xml |
545071 | Chromosomal duplications and cointegrates generated by the bacteriophage lamdba Red system in Escherichia coli K-12 | Background An Escherichia coli strain in which RecBCD has been genetically replaced by the bacteriophage λ Red system engages in efficient recombination between its chromosome and linear double-stranded DNA species sharing sequences with the chromosome. Previous studies of this experimental system have focused on a gen... | Background The Red recombination system of bacteriophage λ promotes efficient double strand break repair/recombination. An Escherichia coli strain in which RecBCD has been genetically replaced by Red exhibits greatly elevated levels of recombination between its chromosome and short linear double-stranded DNA species sh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545071.xml |
555538 | Human desmoid fibroblasts: matrix metalloproteinases, their inhibitors and modulation by Toremifene | Background Desmoid tumour is a benign, non metastasising neoplasm characterised by an elevated deposition of organic macromolecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteinases involved in the degradation of ECM macromolecules. The MMPs and their nat... | Background Desmoid tumours, which are frequently observed in Gardner's syndrome, are rare, slow-growing, histologically benign tumours caused by autosomal dominant gene mutation [ 1 , 2 ]. They are, however, locally aggressive, compress surrounding structures and show frequent recurrences after surgical removal. Desmoi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555538.xml |
406404 | Neural Induction without Mesoderm in Xenopus | xx | Formation of the central nervous system has long been thought to result from an induction process, whereby signals emanating from a portion of the dorsal endomesoderm (the inner middle layer of the developing embryo), known as the Spemann–Mangold organizer, instruct cells of the overlying dorsal ectoderm (outer layer) ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406404.xml |
546222 | Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are inherited from parents and they measure heritable events | Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are extensively used in case-control studies of practically all cancer types. They are used for the identification of inherited cancer susceptibility genes and those that may interact with environmental factors. However, being genetic markers, they are applicable only on heritable... | Introduction Genetic association studies on complex diseases have become very popular and most of them are case-control studies using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers. There has been concern about the poor reproducibility of the results and the reasons for such discrepancies have been discussed [ 1 - 5... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546222.xml |
523848 | Fever, Headache, and Visual Blurring in a 17-Year-Old Woman | A fascinating case, with much to learn about diagnosis and treatment of patients with abnormal CSF results. After learning from the case, take our online quiz | DESCRIPTION of CASE A 17-year-old woman, who was born in Bangladesh, presented to an accident and emergency department in the United Kingdom with a history of being unwell for 24 hours. She had a headache and fever, and was vomiting. On questioning, there was no photophobia or neck stiffness. She lives in the United Ki... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523848.xml |
546008 | Hematopoietic chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a comparison of quantitative analysis by automated DNA sizing and fluorescent in situ hybridization | Background Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is performed mainly in patients with high-risk or advanced hematologic malignancies and congenital or acquired aplastic anemias. In the context of the significant risk of graft failure after allo-HSCT from alternative donors and the risk of relap... | Background Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is performed mainly in patients with high-risk or advanced hematologic malignancies and aplastic anemias, and for some of them it is the only curative treatment. After allo-HSCT, incomplete engraftment and appearance of recipient's hematopoietic ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546008.xml |
406410 | Correction | null | In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 3: Table of Contents Page iii This photograph was used on the March 2004 Table of Contents, where Adam Lazarus, who generously supplied the image, should have been acknowledged. We apologize for this omission. | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406410.xml |
521078 | A comparative ultrastructural and molecular biological study on Chlamydia psittaci infection in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and non-alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency emphysema versus lung tissue of patients with hamartochondroma | Background Chlamydiales are familiar causes of acute and chronic infections in humans and animals. Human pulmonary emphysema is a component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a condition in which chronic inflammation manifested as bronchiolitis and intra-alveolar accumulation of macrophages is common. ... | Background Several species of the family Chlamydiaceae are well-known etiological agents of acute and chronic infections in humans and animals [ 1 , 2 ]. The first description of chlamydial respiratory disease in humans referred to psittacosis, also known as ornithosis, and dates back to 1879 [ 3 ]. Chlamydia (C.) psit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521078.xml |
523860 | Idiopathic isolated clitoromegaly: A report of two cases | Background Clitoromegaly is a frequent congenital malformation, but acquired clitoral enlargement is relatively rare. Methods Two acquired clitoromegaly cases treated in Atatürk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey are presented. Results History from both patients revealed clitoromegaly over the last three years. Neither g... | Case reports Two cases with clitoromegaly were treated in Atatürk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. A 22-year-old gravida 0 (case 1) and 19-year-old gravida 0 (case 2) presented with acquired clitoromegaly, leading to psychological distress. Histories taken from both patients revealed a gradually growing clitoris in th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523860.xml |
538267 | Mercury exposure, malaria, and serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies in amazon populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study | Background Mercury is an immunotoxic metal that induces autoimmune disease in rodents. Highly susceptible mouse strains such as SJL/N, A.SW, B10.S (H-2 s ) develop multiple autoimmune manifestations after exposure to inorganic mercury, including lymphoproliferation, elevated levels of autoantibodies, overproduction of ... | Background Mercury has been recognized as a significant environmental and public health problem for more than 40 years, primarily for its effects on the developing nervous system, as expressed in tragic episodes of human poisoning in Japan and Iraq [ 1 ]. Awareness of the effects of mercury on the immune system has inc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538267.xml |
423135 | Absence of the TAP2 Human Recombination Hotspot in Chimpanzees | Recent experiments using sperm typing have demonstrated that, in several regions of the human genome, recombination does not occur uniformly but instead is concentrated in “hotspots” of 1–2 kb. Moreover, the crossover asymmetry observed in a subset of these has led to the suggestion that hotspots may be short-lived on ... | Introduction Recombination is a fundamental biological feature about which we still know remarkably little, especially in mammals. Understanding recombination is also of practical importance for evolutionary inference and human genetics ( Nachman 2002 ; Arnheim et al. 2003 ). Unfortunately, the process is difficult to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423135.xml |
529430 | An Inflammatory Cascade Leading to Hyperresistinemia in Humans | Background Obesity, the most common cause of insulin resistance, is increasingly recognized as a low-grade inflammatory state. Adipocyte-derived resistin is a circulating protein implicated in insulin resistance in rodents, but the role of human resistin is uncertain because it is produced largely by macrophages. Metho... | Introduction Dietary and lifestyle changes during the last century have entailed an unprecedented epidemic of obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis [ 1 ]. Many individuals suffer simultaneously from more than one of these conditions, and epidemiological studies in huma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529430.xml |
544838 | Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli | Pure, soluble and functional proteins are of high demand in modern biotechnology. Natural protein sources rarely meet the requirements for quantity, ease of isolation or price and hence recombinant technology is often the method of choice. Recombinant cell factories are constantly employed for the production of protein... | Introduction Microorganisms like the enterobacterium Escherichia coli are outstanding factories for recombinant expression of proteins. An expression system for the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli usually involves a combination of a plasmid and a strain of E. coli [ 1 ]. The main purpose of recombinant pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544838.xml |
340959 | A New Breast Cancer Model | null | Thanks to the tools of molecular biology, our understanding of the 100-plus diseases known collectively as cancer has increased dramatically over the past decades. While each of these cancers exhibits unique characteristics reflecting the particular cell or tissue it springs from, the disease follows a similar arc in n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340959.xml |
544192 | Immunodominant PstS1 antigen of mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potent biological response modifier for the treatment of bladder cancer | Background Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG)-immunotherapy has a well-documented and successful clinical history in the treatment of bladder cancer. However, regularly observed side effects, a certain degree of nonresponders and restriction to superficial cancers remain a major obstacle. Therefore, alternative treatment s... | Background Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder accounts for about 4% of all cancer related death in man. The large majority of tumors (70–80%) is superficial at diagnosis and has a high rate of local recurrence (70%) and progression (30%) after local surgical therapy. Therefore, patients require lifelong medical follow... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544192.xml |
516788 | Recurrence of primary extramedullary plasmacytoma in breast both simulating primary breast carcinoma | Background Extramedullary myelomas (plasmacytoma) are malignant proliferations of plasma cells in the absence of bone involvement. When they occur in the soft tissue they usually involve the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. Extramedullary plasmacytomas of breast are uncommon. Case presentation A 70 year-old wom... | Background Extramedullary myelomas (plasmacytoma) are malignant proliferations of plasma cells in the absence of bone involvement. When occur in the soft tissue, it usually involve the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity [ 1 ]. Plasmacytomas of breast are very rare. This report describes a patient with bilateral br... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516788.xml |
544964 | Australian health system restructuring – what problem is being solved? | Background In recent years, Australian state and territory governments have reviewed and restructured the health systems they lead and regulate. This paper examines the outcomes of the most recent official published reviews of systems and structures; identifies the common themes; and addresses two questions: what probl... | Background In recent years, there has been a rolling (and sometimes repetitive) tide of structural change in the way state and territory governments organise to lead and/or provide health care within their jurisdictions, with every state and territory of Australia involved at least once in the last 10 years. This paper... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544964.xml |
518969 | High-dose ibuprofen therapy associated with esophageal ulceration after pneumonectomy in a patient with cystic fibrosis: a case report | Background Lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis is thought to develop as a result of airway inflammation, infection, and obstruction. Pulmonary therapies for cystic fibrosis that reduce airway inflammation include corticosteroids, rhDNase, antibiotics, and high-dose ibuprofen. Despite evidence that high-dose i... | Background Airway inflammation is thought to cause much of the lung damage in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) [ 1 , 2 ]. Such inflammation has been found in infants with CF, even in the absence of bacterial infections or symptomatic lung disease [ 3 ]. Recent therapies for CF lung disease have been shown to preserve... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518969.xml |
517509 | Diurnal difference in CAR mRNA expression | Background The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays a key role in the transcriptional activation of genes that encode xenobiotic/steroid and drug metabolizing enzymes. Results The expression of CAR mRNA throughout the circadian rhythm is reported for the first time in phase with the clock gene Bmal1 and ... | Background The superfamily of nuclear hormone receptor comprises a group of transcription factors that play significant roles in response to a number of biological regulators. In addition to the pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), the constitutive androstane receptor [ 1 ] (CAR, NR1I3) plays a role in the transcriptional... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517509.xml |
546197 | Clinical and echocardiographic features of aorto-atrial fistulas | Aorto-atrial fistulas (AAF) are rare but important pathophysiologic conditions of the aorta and have varied presentations such as acute pulmonary edema, chronic heart failure and incidental detection of the fistula. A variety of mechanisms such as aortic dissection, endocarditis with pseudoaneurysm formation, post surg... | Case A 66 year old male with history of rheumatic heart disease and aortic valve replacement (AVR) (twice for severe native and subsequent prosthetic valve regurgitation) presented with progressive worsening fatigue, exertional dyspnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. His other medical problems included poorly control... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546197.xml |
503391 | Shoulder posture and median nerve sliding | Background Patients with upper limb pain often have a slumped sitting position and poor shoulder posture. Pain could be due to poor posture causing mechanical changes (stretch; local pressure) that in turn affect the function of major limb nerves (e.g. median nerve). This study examines (1) whether the individual compo... | Background Non-specific arm pain (NSAP), often called repetitive strain injury, describes the common problem of upper limb pain and functional impairment without objective physical findings. The contributing factors to the development of NSAP are not fully understood but ergonomic guidelines commonly suggest that good ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503391.xml |
550656 | Ontological visualization of protein-protein interactions | Background Cellular processes require the interaction of many proteins across several cellular compartments. Determining the collective network of such interactions is an important aspect of understanding the role and regulation of individual proteins. The Gene Ontology (GO) is used by model organism databases and othe... | Background Protein networks Cellular processes require the interaction of many proteins across several cellular compartments. Interactions can range in stability from persistent, such as between members of a stable complex, to transient, such as binding while being phosphorylated. Determining the collective network of ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550656.xml |
517496 | Coactivators p300 and PCAF physically and functionally interact with the foamy viral trans-activator | Background Foamy virus Bel1/Tas trans -activators act as key regulators of gene expression and directly bind to Bel1 response elements (BRE) in both the internal and the 5'LTR promoters leading to strong transcriptional trans -activation. Cellular coactivators interacting with Bel1/Tas are unknown to date. Results Tran... | Background In the sequential model of transcriptional regulation including viral trans -activation, coactivators CBP/p300 require concerted action of multiple protein factors provided the nucleosomal structures allow access to the DNA template [ 1 - 3 ]. The factors that interact with coactivators encompass sequence-sp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517496.xml |
512288 | Candidate high myopia loci on chromosomes 18p and 12q do not play a major role in susceptibility to common myopia | Background To determine whether previously reported loci predisposing to nonsyndromic high myopia show linkage to common myopia in pedigrees from two ethnic groups: Ashkenazi Jewish and Amish. We hypothesized that these high myopia loci might exhibit allelic heterogeneity and be responsible for moderate /mild or common... | Background Myopia is one of the leading causes of vision loss around the world[ 1 ]. In the United States, myopia affects approximately 25% of adult Americans[ 2 ]. Ethnic diversity appears to distinguish different groups with regard to prevalence. Caucasians have a higher prevalence than African Americans[ 3 ]. Asian ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512288.xml |
314475 | PLoS Biology in Action | Some examples of how the PLoS Biology content is used and a request for feedback from creative users | In the first month after our launch, the PDF of the “monkey-robot” article by Miguel Nicolelis received tens of thousands of downloads. We are not sure who downloaded the paper because we do not ask people to register at our site. We suspect, however, that its popularity is in part due to the widespread media coverage ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314475.xml |
503385 | Identification and characterization of a nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae putative toxin-antitoxin locus | Background Certain strains of an obligate parasite of the human upper respiratory tract, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), can cause invasive diseases such as septicemia and meningitis, as well as chronic mucosal infections such as otitis media. To do this, the organism must invade and survive within both epit... | Background Culturable Haemophilus influenzae are acquired in the nasopharynx shortly after birth, and are thought to persist throughout life. H. influenzae adheres to and penetrates into and between cultured human respiratory epithelial cells, a mechanism that may contribute to its persistence in chronic obstructive pu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503385.xml |
515295 | Phosphorylated guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G, induced by pervanadate and Src family kinases localizes to the Golgi and subcortical actin cytoskeleton | Background The guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G (RapGEF1) along with its effector proteins participates in signaling pathways that regulate eukaryotic cell proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis and embryonic development. It activates Rap1, Rap2 and R-Ras members of the Ras family of GTPases. C3G is activated upon ph... | Background Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GNEFs) are components of signaling pathways that link transmembrane receptors to intracellular GTPase family members regulating a wide variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and apoptosis. C3G (RapGEF1) is an ubiquitously expressed ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515295.xml |
544958 | Are zinc-bound metallothionein isoforms (I+II and III) involved in impaired thymulin production and thymic involution during ageing? | Background With advancing age, thymic efficiency shows progressive decline due to thymic involution allowing impaired cell-mediated immunity and the appearance of age-related diseases. The intrinsic cause of thymic involution is still undefined. Chronic inflammation and high glucocorticoids (GCs) may be involved. Howev... | Introduction The thymus gland is a central lymphoid organ in which bone marrow-derived T cell precursors undergo a complex process of maturation and differentiation leading to migration of positively selected thymocytes to the T cell-dependent peripheral areas [ 1 ]. Although thymocytes proliferation and differentiatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544958.xml |
535810 | Thromboembolic events and haematological diseases: a case of stroke as clinical onset of a paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria | Some haematological diseases are associated to an increased risk of thromboembolic events. We report a case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) in which a cerebrovascular event represented the first clinical manifestation of disease. PNH is associated to thromboembolic events, generally of venous districts of... | Background Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disorder of haematopoietic stem cells clinically characterized by acute intravascular haemolytic crisis, in particular nocturnal, often overlapped to chronic haemolysis, and by thrombotic events and bone marrow failure. It is associated with a ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535810.xml |
549529 | Perils of paradigm: Complexity, policy design, and the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program | The Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), mandated by the United States Congress in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, attempts to protect public health from adverse endocrine effects of synthetic chemical compounds by establishing a new testing regime. But the complexities and uncertainties of endocrine ... | Introduction The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) to regulate endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) as mandated in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) and the Safe Drinking Water Amendments Act of 1996 (SDWAA). Unlike the more easily... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549529.xml |
548151 | Results of paclitaxel (day 1 and 8) and carboplatin given on every three weeks in advanced (stage III-IV) non-small cell lung cancer | Background Both paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) have significant activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The weekly administration of P is active, dose intense, and has a favorable toxicity profile. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 51 consecutive patients receiving C and day 1 and 8 P chemotherapy (CT... | Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths all around the world. About 80% of all lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and more than 50% of these patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Meta-analysis of several randomized trials have demonstrated a modest s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548151.xml |
521681 | Normal histone modifications on the inactive X chromosome in ICF and Rett syndrome cells: implications for methyl-CpG binding proteins | Background In mammals, there is evidence suggesting that methyl-CpG binding proteins may play a significant role in histone modification through their association with modification complexes that can deacetylate and/or methylate nucleosomes in the proximity of methylated DNA. We examined this idea for the X chromosome ... | Background Although it has been known for some time that histone modifications play a role in gene expression [ 1 ], it is only in the last several years that the details of these modifications have been more fully described. Acetylation and methylation of histone tails, for example, exhibit characteristic patterns for... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521681.xml |
535804 | Testicular seminoma after the complete remission of extragonadal yolk sac tumor : a case report | Background Between 2% and 5% of malignant germ-cell tumors in men arise at extragonadal sites. Of extragonadal germ cell tumors, testicular carcinoma in situ (CIS) are present in 31–42% of cases, and CIS are reported to have low sensitivity to chemotherapy in spite of the various morphology and to have a high likelihoo... | Background Between 2% and 5% of malignant germ-cell tumors in men arise at extragonadal sites [ 1 ]. Cytogenetically most extragonadal germ-cell tumors (EGGCTs) i.e., the seminomas and non-seminomas, are similar to their testicular counterparts [ 2 , 3 ]. But there are CIS in 31–42% of EGGCT patients' testes [ 4 ]. Ult... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535804.xml |
516039 | Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis | A previous systematic review reported that topical NSAIDs were effective in relieving pain in chronic conditions like osteoarthritis and tendinitis. More trials, a better understanding of trial quality and bias, and a reclassification of certain drugs necessitate a new review. Studies were identified by searching elect... | Background A systematic review of topical NSAIDs reported that they were effective for relieving pain in both acute and chronic conditions [ 1 ]. Number-needed-to-treat (NNT), the number of patients that need to be treated for one to benefit from a particular drug, who would not have benefited from placebo, was used to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516039.xml |
553968 | Determining the quality of educational climate across multiple undergraduate teaching sites using the DREEM inventory | Background Our obstetrics and gynaecology undergraduate teaching module allocates 40–50 final year medical students to eight teaching hospital sites in the West Midlands region. Based on student feedback and concerns relating to the impact of new curriculum changes, we wished to objectively assess whether the education... | Background The undergraduate curriculum at our medical school was redesigned in 1998/99 to bring it in line with recommendations suggested by the General Medical Council (GMC) in Tomorrow's Doctors [ 1 ]. Obstetrics and Gynaecology is taught as a final year module. Around 20–30 students, of a total year group of around... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553968.xml |
521695 | Chromosome loops arising from intrachromosomal tethering of telomeres occur at high frequency in G1 (non-cycling) mitotic cells: Implications for telomere capture | Background To investigate potential mechanisms for telomere capture the spatial arrangement of telomeres and chromosomes was examined in G1 (non-cycling) mitotic cells with diploid or triploid genomes. This was examined firstly by directly labelling the respective short arm (p) and long arm subtelomeres (q) with differ... | Background In both plants and animals, during early meiosis in normal cells there is a clustering of all or most of the telomeres of the entire chromosome set to a single region on the nuclear membrane [ 1 - 3 ]. This meiotic looping of chromosomes with clustered ends has been termed the bouquet arrangement which appea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521695.xml |
514612 | Investigating the utility of combining Φ29 whole genome amplification and highly multiplexed single nucleotide polymorphism BeadArray™ genotyping | Background Sustainable DNA resources and reliable high-throughput genotyping methods are required for large-scale, long-term genetic association studies. In the genetic dissection of common disease it is now recognised that thousands of samples and hundreds of thousands of markers, mostly single nucleotide polymorphism... | Background In order to locate the disease variants involved in complex common disease it is now generally accepted that very large sample numbers will be required [ 1 - 4 ]. Not only do the sample collections need to provide high quality gDNA, for the purpose of accurate genotyping, they also need to be sustainable. If... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514612.xml |
547909 | A7DB: a relational database for mutational, physiological and pharmacological data related to the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor | Background Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric proteins that are important drug targets for a variety of diseases including Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and various forms of epilepsy. One of the most intensively studied nAChR subunits in recent years has been α7. This subunit can form functional hom... | Background Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the most studied members of the cys-loop family of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) which also contains γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, glycine receptors and 5-HT 3 receptors [ 1 ]. Distinct subtypes of nAChRs mediate, for example, fast synaptic transmiss... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547909.xml |
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