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555845 | Monitoring the initial pulmonary absorption of two different beclomethasone dipropionate aerosols employing a human lung reperfusion model | Background The pulmonary residence time of inhaled glucocorticoids as well as their rate and extend of absorption into systemic circulation are important facets of their efficacy-safety profile. We evaluated a novel approach to elucidate the pulmonary absorption of an inhaled glucocorticoid. Our objective was to monito... | Introduction Current asthma management guidelines recommend inhaled glucocorticoids as preferred therapy for control of mild persistent, moderate and severe asthma [ 1 , 2 ]. Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents and inhalation is an efficient way to deposit the compound in the therapeutic tar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555845.xml |
406400 | Open Access: A PLoS for Education | Teaching -- and testing -- students creatively is a challenge, but new public databases and more accessible literature are now helping to develop the critical thinking skills of students | The next generation of life scientists are currently undergraduates—and the success of this generation depends upon the quality of the education they receive. It is clear the expectations for undergraduate education are changing ( Collins et al. 2003 ). When the National Research Council published its recommendations f... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406400.xml |
555851 | Theodor Hellbrügge: 85 years of age – Ad multos transannos, sanos, fortunatos et beatos | We honor Theo Hellbrügge's acclaimed endeavors in the rehabilitation, or rather the prehabilitation of handicapped children. So far, he has focused on obvious handicaps, and we trust that he will include concern for everybody's silent handicaps in the future by screening for abnormal variability inside the physiologica... | Laudatio The discovery in biology of far-transyears, 15–20 months in length [ 1 - 3 ], is in keeping with oscillations of the same longer-than calendar-yearly period in the speed and proton density of the solar wind [ 4 , 5 ]. Hence, this wish for healthy, lucky and blessed transyears rather than years. Let us speculat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555851.xml |
406399 | The Mre11 Protein Is Necessary for DNA Damage Response | xx | With billions of cells in the adult human body, all replicating and dividing in an environment laden with toxins, radiation, and free radicals, a certain amount of DNA damage is guaranteed to occur. Fortunately, all organisms have built-in checkpoints throughout the cell cycle that prevent such mistakes from propagatin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406399.xml |
514602 | Evaluation of the suitability of free-energy minimization using nearest-neighbor energy parameters for RNA secondary structure prediction | Background A detailed understanding of an RNA's correct secondary and tertiary structure is crucial to understanding its function and mechanism in the cell. Free energy minimization with energy parameters based on the nearest-neighbor model and comparative analysis are the primary methods for predicting an RNA's second... | Background The biological functions of 16S, 23S and 5S rRNAs, tRNAs, telomerase RNA, Group I and II introns, RNaseP, and other structural RNAs are dictated by their three-dimensional structures. Thus, an accurate depiction of an RNA's secondary and tertiary structure is fundamental for our understanding of the mechanis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514602.xml |
550652 | The mannose receptor is expressed by subsets of APC in non-lymphoid organs | Background The mannose receptor (MR) is an endocytic receptor of Mφ and endothelial cell subsets whose natural ligands include both self glycoproteins and microbial glycans. It is also expressed by immature cultured dendritic cells (DC), where it mediates high efficiency uptake of glycosylated antigens, yet its role in... | Background Dendritic cells (DC), APC specialised for the efficient stimulation of naïve T cells, are of fundamental importance in the control of antigen-specific immune responses (reviewed in [ 1 ]). Immature DC are sparsely distributed in peripheral organs, where they act as sentinels, continuously sampling the antige... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550652.xml |
550646 | Identification of functional SNPs in the 5-prime flanking sequences of human genes | Background Over 4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are currently reported to exist within the human genome. Only a small fraction of these SNPs alter gene function or expression, and therefore might be associated with a cell phenotype. These functional SNPs are consequently important in understanding huma... | Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genomic variations occurring on average every 1000 nucleotides. The vast majority of SNPs are neutral allelic variants, however the few that do influence a phenotype in a measurable way, are important for understanding the underlying genetics... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550646.xml |
538288 | A quantitative comparison of different methods to detect cardiorespiratory coordination during night-time sleep | Background The univariate approaches used to analyze heart rate variability have recently been extended by several bivariate approaches with respect to cardiorespiratory coordination. Some approaches are explicitly based on mathematical models which investigate the synchronization between weakly coupled complex systems... | Background The time intervals between successive heartbeats (e.g. the RR tachogram or, equivalently, the series of instantaneous heart rates) may be analyzed with different tools to obtain information about e.g. heart rate variability (HRV) [ 1 ], regularity of the time series [ 2 - 7 ], or large-scale correlations in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538288.xml |
538277 | Human T lymphotropic virus type-1 p30II alters cellular gene expression to selectively enhance signaling pathways that activate T lymphocytes | Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a deltaretrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and is implicated in a variety of lymphocyte-mediated disorders. HTLV-1 contains both regulatory and accessory genes in four pX open reading frames. pX ORF-II encodes two proteins, p13 II and p30 II , w... | Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first characterized human retrovirus, causes adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and is associated with several lymphocyte-mediated disorders such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) [ 1 ]. Mature CD4+ T lymphocytes are the p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538277.xml |
368169 | Circulation and Chemotaxis of Fetal Hematopoietic Stem Cells | The major site of hematopoiesis transitions from the fetal liver to the spleen and bone marrow late in fetal development. To date, experiments have not been performed to evaluate functionally the migration and seeding of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during this period in ontogeny. It has been proposed that developme... | Introduction During fetal development, the primary anatomical concentration of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) changes location several times. The migration of blood-borne progenitors is essential for the establishment of hematopoiesis in subsequent hematopoietic tissues ( Moore and Metcalf 1970 ; Johnson and Moore 197... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368169.xml |
423131 | Functional Divergence Caused by Ancient Positive Selection of a Drosophila Hybrid Incompatibility Locus | Interspecific hybrid lethality and sterility are a consequence of divergent evolution between species and serve to maintain the discrete identities of species. The evolution of hybrid incompatibilities has been described in widely accepted models by Dobzhansky and Muller where lineage-specific functional divergence is ... | Introduction Reproductive isolation is the most commonly used criterion to define species. Hybrid incompatibilities (HIs) such as hybrid sterility and lethality are widely observed examples of reproductive isolation. The Dobzhansky-Muller (D-M) model explains how the genes causing deleterious phenotypes in hybrids can ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423131.xml |
368155 | Identifying Protein Function—A Call for Community Action | Functional information is lacking for many of the hypothetical proteins encoded within sequenced genomes. Richard Roberts proposes that a community-based approach might offer an effecient way to fill the function gap | During the last few years, we have seen enormous strides in our abilities to sequence genomes, and the information that has poured out of these sequences is quite astonishing. With more than 150 complete genome sequences now available and many laboratories rushing into microarray analysis, proteomic initiatives, and ev... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368155.xml |
529420 | A 33-Year-Old Man with a Facial Rash | A learning module based around the case of a man with ezema who presents with a rash around his ear and eye. Test your knowledge with our online quiz | DESCRIPTION of CASE A 33-y-old man presented to his primary care practitioner with a rash beginning around the left ear and spreading into the periorbital region. He was known to have eczema (atopic dermatitis), and the diagnosis of secondary bacterial infection and periorbital cellulitis was made. Because of a history... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529420.xml |
529434 | Pure Red Cell Aplasia after 13 Years of Sodium Valproate, and Bone Marrow Suppression after 17 Years of Carbamazepine | A 38-year-old woman presented with acute hematological toxicity from her anticonvulsants, even though she had been taking them for many years | PRESENTATION of CASE A 38-y-old woman with Down syndrome was admitted to hospital for investigation of a 6-mo history of anorexia and weight loss of 40 lbs. Six months prior to admission, her weight was 175 lbs, and her body mass index was 36. On admission, her complete blood count was normal, but over a 2-wk period sh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529434.xml |
517727 | Leukaemia incidence among workers in the shoe and boot manufacturing industry: a case-control study | Background Previous reports have indicated an excess of leukaemia in Broome County, New York, particularly in the Town of Union. Surveillance of cancer incidence data indicates that a large proportion of these cases occurred among males ages 65 and older. Shoe and boot manufacturing has been the largest single industry... | Background A number of previous reports have indicated an excess of leukaemia in Broome County, New York, particularly in the Town of Union [ 1 - 5 ]. The Broome County Health Department in conjunction with the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) conducted a study of cancer incidence among residents of several... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517727.xml |
538263 | 16S rRNA gene based analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from different sources and development of a PCR assay for identification | Background E. sakazakii is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen, implicated in food borne diseases causing meningitis or enteritis especially in neonates and infants. Cultural standard identification procedures for E. sakazakii include the observation of yellow pigmentation of colonies and a positive glucosidase ... | Background E. sakazakii is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen, implicated in food borne diseases causing meningitis or enteritis especially in neonates and infants [ 1 , 2 ]. Mortality rates of 20 – 50% are reported for patients who contract the disease [ 3 ]. The survivors often suffer from severe neurological... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538263.xml |
521068 | How patient-physician encounters in critical medical situations affect trust: results of a national survey | Background Patients' trust in physicians and in the medical profession is vital for a successful patient-physician relationship. Trust is especially salient in critical medical situations, such as serious side-effects, hospitalizations, and diagnoses of serious medical conditions, but most trust studies have been done ... | Background Patients' trust in their physicians is vital for a successful treatment relationship [ 1 , 2 ], which is important for achieving desired treatment outcomes [ 3 - 6 ]. Trust in physicians is a positive acceptance of a vulnerable situation in which patients believe that physicians will care for their interests... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521068.xml |
521732 | Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type: Influence on Contractile and Metabolic Properties | Zierath and Hawley discuss how different fiber types affect muscle metabolism and what the signals are that regulate muscle phenotype | Skeletal muscle demonstrates a remarkable plasticity, adapting to a variety of external stimuli ( Booth and Thomason 1991 ; Chibalin et al. 2000 ; Hawley 2002 ; Flück and Hoppeler 2003 ), including habitual level of contractile activity (e.g., endurance exercise training), loading state (e.g., resistance exercise train... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521732.xml |
545061 | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and prenatal maternal smoking: rising attributed risk in the Back to Sleep era | Background Parental smoking and prone sleep positioning are recognized causal features of Sudden Infant Death. This study quantifies the relationship between prenatal smoking and infant death over the time period of the Back to Sleep campaign in the United States, which encouraged parents to use a supine sleeping posit... | Background Previous literature has shown a relationship between maternal smoking and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Published studies vary in size and methodology but consistently demonstrate a two-fold increased odds of SIDS with both prenatal and postnatal maternal smoking [ 1 - 10 ], including one study of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545061.xml |
514548 | Patterns of geohelminth infection, impact of albendazole treatment and re-infection after treatment in schoolchildren from rural KwaZulu-Natal/South-Africa | Background Geohelminth infection is a major health problem of children from rural areas of developing countries. In an attempt to reduce this burden, the Department of Health of the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) established in 1998 a programme for helminth control that aimed at regularly treating primary school child... | Background Geohelminth infections are among the most prevalent diseases in developing countries. Children are the group with the highest prevalences and infection intensities and are also very vulnerable to the effects of worm infection. These include nutritional deficiencies [ 1 , 2 ] and impaired physical and mental ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514548.xml |
520821 | 17beta-estradiol induced vitellogenesis is inhibited by cortisol at the post-transcriptional level in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) | This study was performed to investigate stress effects on the synthesis of egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin (Vtg) in Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus ). In particular the effect of cortisol (F) was determined since this stress hormone has been suggested to interfere with vitellogenesis and is upregulated during sexual ... | Introduction The major proteinaceous egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (Vtg) is a large complex lipoglycophosphoprotein produced under estrogenic control in the liver of sexually maturing female oviparous animals. The estrogenic control of Vtg is mediated by binding of the most potent estrogen, 17-β-estradiol (E2), to th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520821.xml |
514574 | Conflicts of interest in translational research | Translational research requires a team approach to scientific inquiry and product development. Translational research teams consist of basic and clinical scientists who can be members of both academic and industrial communities. The conception, pre-clinical testing, and clinical evaluation of a diagnostic or therapeuti... | Introduction By its nature, translational research crosses boundaries between basic science and clinical application. It places researchers in new contexts and ushers in a range of new contacts and relationships. Crossing these boundaries contributes directly to the creativity and social impact of translational medicin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514574.xml |
545075 | Identification of cardiac malformations in mice lacking Ptdsr using a novel high-throughput magnetic resonance imaging technique | Background Congenital heart defects are the leading non-infectious cause of death in children. Genetic studies in the mouse have been crucial to uncover new genes and signaling pathways associated with heart development and congenital heart disease. The identification of murine models of congenital cardiac malformation... | Background Congenital malformations are a major cause of death in childhood, and are typically characterized by lesions that do not compromise fetal survival. For instance, congenital heart disease (CHD) typically consists of lesions such as ventricular and atrial septal defects, which are compatible with fetal hemodyn... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545075.xml |
193607 | New Genomic Approach Predicts True Evolutionary History of Bacterial Genomes | null | Bacteria are an indiscriminate lot. While most organisms tend to pass their genes on to the next generation of their species, bacteria often exchange genetic material with totally unrelated species. That is why skeptics doubted that bacteria researchers could ever hope to map a reliable history of cell lineages in bact... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC193607.xml |
544357 | Single-track sequencing for genotyping of multiple SNPs in the N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) gene | Background Fast, cheap and reliable methods are needed to identify large populations, which may be at risk in relation to environmental exposure. Polymorphisms in NAT1 (N-acetyl transferase) may be suitable markers to identify individuals at risk. Results A strategy allowing to address simultaneously 24 various genetic... | Background We have previously described the single sequencing reaction (SSR) protocol for assessment of a known polymorphism in the 3'utr region of CYP19 (aromatase) [ 1 , 2 ]. Here we have extended and optimized the use of the method for multiple polymorphisms in the NAT1 gene. The increasing number of detected mutati... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544357.xml |
533875 | "Any other comments?" Open questions on questionnaires – a bane or a bonus to research? | Background The habitual "any other comments" general open question at the end of structured questionnaires has the potential to increase response rates, elaborate responses to closed questions, and allow respondents to identify new issues not captured in the closed questions. However, we believe that many researchers h... | Background The survey is a key method in health services research [ 1 ]. The majority of survey questionnaires consist of closed questions where respondents are asked to choose from a fixed number of options. These are considered to be efficient because data are easy to collect, code and analyse [ 2 ]. Efficiency is im... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533875.xml |
535551 | Permissive human cytomegalovirus infection of a first trimester extravillous cytotrophoblast cell line | Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infection in the United States and Europe. Despite the significant morbidity associated with prenatal HCMV infection, little is known about how the virus infects the fetus during pregnancy. To date, primary human cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) have been uti... | Findings Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus that is the leading cause of congenital viral infection in the United States and Europe. Intrauterine transmission of the virus occurs in approximately 40% of pregnant women with primary HCMV infection, and the incidence of congenital HCMV infection... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535551.xml |
517928 | GDR (Genome Database for Rosaceae): integrated web resources for Rosaceae genomics and genetics research | Background Peach is being developed as a model organism for Rosaceae, an economically important family that includes fruits and ornamental plants such as apple, pear, strawberry, cherry, almond and rose. The genomics and genetics data of peach can play a significant role in the gene discovery and the genetic understand... | Background In the United States and temperate regions throughout the world, the family Rosaceae ranks third in economic importance. The most important fruit producing crops include apple ( Malus ), pear ( Pyrus ), raspberries/blackberries ( Rubus ), strawberries ( Fragaria ), and stone fruits ( Prunus ) such as peach/n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517928.xml |
533861 | Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional | Omega-3 fatty acids play a critical role in the development and function of the central nervous system. Emerging research is establishing an association between omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic) and major depressive disorder. Evidence from epidemiological, laboratory and clinical ... | Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent, debilitating, and potentially life threatening illness. Over the last 100 years, the age of onset of major depression has decreased, and its overall incidence has increased in Western countries. The increases in depression, up to 20-fold higher post 1945, can... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533861.xml |
449897 | Migratory Sleeplessness in the White-Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) | Twice a year, normally diurnal songbirds engage in long-distance nocturnal migrations between their wintering and breeding grounds. If and how songbirds sleep during these periods of increased activity has remained a mystery. We used a combination of electrophysiological recording and neurobehavioral testing to charact... | Introduction Seasonal behaviors occur in virtually all organisms, ranging from insects to mammals ( Goldman et al. 2004 ). Just as circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate daily cycles of light and dark, circannual behaviors such as migration allow them to predict and respond to seasonal changes in environmental... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449897.xml |
546232 | Identification of amplified and highly expressed genes in amplicons of the T-cell line huT78 detected by cDNA microarray CGH | Background Conventional Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) has been widely used for detecting copy number alterations in cancer and for identifying regions containing candidate tumor responsible genes. Recently, several studies have shown the utility of cDNA microarray CGH for studing gene copy changes in various ... | Background Gene amplification plays an important role in the progression and initiation of many solid tumors, as is the case of breast cancer where amplification of the genes ERBB2 (17q12), c MYC (8q24), and CCND1 (11q13) are found in 10–25% of breast tumors. Amplifications are revealed by Comparative Genomic Hybridiza... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546232.xml |
524474 | A Structural Analysis of Eukaryotic Membrane Evolution | null | It took nearly 200 years for biologists to redefine the plant/animal dichotomy set up by Linnaeus in 1758. Among the defining traits used in the new five kingdom model of the 20th century was the presence of a nucleus. Possession of a nucleus is one of the chief characteristics that earns an organism, even a single-cel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524474.xml |
546226 | Construction of predictive promoter models on the example of antibacterial response of human epithelial cells | Background Binding of a bacteria to a eukaryotic cell triggers a complex network of interactions in and between both cells. P. aeruginosa is a pathogen that causes acute and chronic lung infections by interacting with the pulmonary epithelial cells. We use this example for examining the ways of triggering the response ... | Background Promoter model construction is a way to utilize information about coexpressed genes; this kind of information becomes more and more available with the advent of gene expression mass data, mainly from microarray experiments. Having a promoter model at hand, one has (i) an explanatory model that and how the co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546226.xml |
514560 | Fitness benefits of trypsin proteinase inhibitor expression in Nicotiana attenuata are greater than their costs when plants are attacked. | Background The commonly invoked cost-benefit paradigm, central to most of functional biology, explains why one phenotype cannot be optimally fit in all environments; yet it is rarely tested. Trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs) expression in Nicotiana attenuata is known to decrease plant fitness when plants compete wit... | Background The cost-benefit paradigm is central to functional biology and to ecological and evolutionary theory because fitness costs and benefits associated with a trait determine its equilibrium value in a population. If the trait offers fitness benefits to the population rather than costs, then selection should lead... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514560.xml |
539343 | How Bacteria Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love…Formaldehyde | null | Poring over the vast amount of sequence and genetic information now available for many organisms, scientists frequently encounter what appear to be redundant biochemical pathways. Redundant pathways take the same starting material and transform it into the same product, but through different routes. Why should cells ma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539343.xml |
545934 | Involvement of RhoA-mediated Ca2+ sensitization in antigen-induced bronchial smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in mice | Background It has recently been suggested that RhoA plays an important role in the enhancement of the Ca 2+ sensitization of smooth muscle contraction. In the present study, a participation of RhoA-mediated Ca 2+ sensitization in the augmented bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) contraction in a murine model of allergic asth... | Background Increased airway narrowing in response to nonspecific stimuli is a characteristic feature of human obstructive diseases, including bronchial asthma. This abnormality is an important symptom of the disease, although the pathophysiological variations leading to the hyperresponsiveness are unclear now. Several ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545934.xml |
509294 | A Focused and Efficient Genetic Screening Strategy in the Mouse: Identification of Mutations That Disrupt Cortical Development | Although the mechanisms that regulate development of the cerebral cortex have begun to emerge, in large part through the analysis of mutant mice ( Boncinelli et al. 2000 ; Molnar and Hannan 2000 ; Walsh and Goffinet 2000 ), many questions remain unanswered. To provide resources for further dissecting cortical developme... | Introduction The cerebral cortex is the seat of consciousness and the means by which we carry out abstract reasoning. Understanding how the cortex is assembled during embryonic development will give deeper insights into how this marvelous machine functions and provide the basis for therapy and repair. Although a divers... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509294.xml |
545049 | Dietary exposure to soy or whey proteins alters colonic global gene expression profiles during rat colon tumorigenesis | Background We previously reported that lifetime consumption of soy proteins or whey proteins reduced the incidence of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumors in rats. To obtain insights into these effects, global gene expression profiles of colons from rats with lifetime ingestion of casein (CAS, control diet), soy pro... | Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.S. [ 1 , 2 ]. Estimated new cases of colon cancer were 79,650 for men and 73,530 for women in 2004 [ 1 ]; approximately $6.3 billion is spent in the United States each year on treatment of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545049.xml |
544394 | Nicotine signals through muscle-type and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both human bronchial epithelial cells and airway fibroblasts | Background Non-neuronal cells, including those derived from lung, are reported to express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). We examined nAChR subunit expression in short-term cultures of human airway cells derived from a series of never smokers, ex-smokers, and active smokers. Methods and Results At the mRNA l... | Background Nicotine, the addictive component of tobacco smoke, signals through its family of receptors, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Acetylcholine is the endogenous ligand for these receptors, and has been found in many tissues outside of the nervous system. Non-neuronal nAChR have also been identifie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544394.xml |
449868 | Gene Duplication: The Genomic Trade in Spare Parts | The duplication of genes and their subsequent diversification has had a key role in evolution. A range of fates can befall a duplicated gene | If necessity is the mother of invention, then its father is an inveterate tinkerer, with a large garage full of spare parts. Innovation (like homicide) requires motive and opportunity. Clearly, the predominant ‘motive’ during the evolution of a novel gene function is to gain a selective advantage. To understand why gen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449868.xml |
534115 | Microarray and comparative genomics-based identification of genes and gene regulatory regions of the mouse immune system | Background In this study we have built and mined a gene expression database composed of 65 diverse mouse tissues for genes preferentially expressed in immune tissues and cell types. Using expression pattern criteria, we identified 360 genes with preferential expression in thymus, spleen, peripheral blood mononuclear ce... | Background The immune system is composed of a multiplicity of individual cell types that derive from a relatively small number of immuno-hematopoietic progenitors that undergo complex developmental and exposure-driven differentiation and activation. Cell-type specific gene expression is driven to a large measure by com... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534115.xml |
535545 | Uterine extracellular matrix components are altered during defective decidualization in interleukin-11 receptor α deficient mice | Background Implantation of the embryo and successful pregnancy are dependent on the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Female interleukin-11 receptor α (IL-11Rα) deficient mice are infertile due to disrupted decidualization, suggesting a critical role for IL-11 and its target genes in imp... | Background Implantation of the embryo, formation of the placenta and successful pregnancy are dependent on the proliferation and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Decidualization occurs in response to endometrial and embryonic signals and is thought to involve complex interactions betwee... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535545.xml |
539357 | Homopolymer tract length dependent enrichments in functional regions of 27 eukaryotes and their novel dependence on the organism DNA (G+C)% composition | Background DNA homopolymer tracts, poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC), are the simplest of simple sequence repeats. Homopolymer tracts have been systematically examined in the coding, intron and flanking regions of a limited number of eukaryotes. As the number of DNA sequences publicly available increases, the rep... | Background DNA homopolymer tracts are the simplest of simple sequence repeats (SSRs); the two types being poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dG).poly(dC). They are present in all genomes, but in some eukaryotes they are found at high frequencies indicating that the tracts are highly enriched relative to their random occurrence... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539357.xml |
535569 | Regional Societies: Fostering Competitive Research Through Virtual Infrastructures | The MidSouth Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Society (MCBIOS) describes its efforts to provide local opportunities for researchers to learn and connect with colleagues | The rich get richer while the poor get poorer. This is as true for research in the life sciences as it is for society in general. Why is this? To put it simply: because existing resources can be leveraged to generate new ones. In life science research, these resources are often expressed in terms of people, equipment, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535569.xml |
534101 | Zinc/copper imbalance reflects immune dysfunction in human leishmaniasis: an ex vivo and in vitro study | Background The process of elimination of intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania , requires a Th1 type immune response, whereas a dominant Th2 response leads to exacerbated disease. Experimental human zinc deficiency decreases Th1 but not Th2 immune response. We investigated if zinc and copper levels differ in diff... | Background Leishmaniasis is endemic in several parts of the world, with a global prevalence of over 12 million cases and 1.5–2 million new cases emerging every year [ 1 ]. The infection is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania , transmitted through the bite of the sand fly vector. Several Leishmania spe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534101.xml |
526263 | Acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after intravascular angiography: A systematic review and meta-analysis | Background Contrast-induced nephropathy is an important cause of acute renal failure. We assess the efficacy of acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy among patients undergoing intravascular angiography. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials co... | Background Contrast-induced nephropathy is a leading cause for acquired acute reductions in kidney function [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite advances in supportive therapy, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy may continue to increase significantly with the broader utilization of radiocontrast media for diagnostic and inter... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526263.xml |
535541 | Weather-based prediction of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in epidemic-prone regions of Ethiopia II. Weather-based prediction systems perform comparably to early detection systems in identifying times for interventions | Background Timely and accurate information about the onset of malaria epidemics is essential for effective control activities in epidemic-prone regions. Early warning methods that provide earlier alerts (usually by the use of weather variables) may permit control measures to interrupt transmission earlier in the epidem... | Background Malaria epidemics are reported frequently and have caused high morbidity and mortality among all age groups in the African highlands [ 1 - 4 ]. Early detection and accurate forecasting of the time, place and intensity of these epidemics is important for emergency preparedness, planning and response [ 5 , 6 ]... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535541.xml |
509284 | A randomised controlled trial to measure the effect of chest pain unit care upon anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life [ISRCTN85078221] | Background The chest pain unit (CPU) has been developed to provide a rapid and accurate diagnostic assessment for patients attending hospital with acute, undifferentiated chest pain. We aimed to measure the effect of CPU assessment upon psychological symptoms and health-related quality of life. Methods We undertook a s... | Background Acute chest pain is a common reason for emergency hospital attendance and admission. Patients with chest pain that remains undiagnosed after clinical assessment, ECG and chest radiograph pose a particular problem. They carry a low, but important risk of an acute coronary syndrome [ 1 ]. The potentially life-... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509284.xml |
517938 | Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: an immunohistochemical study of 11 cases | Background Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare but very aggressive variant of kidney carcinoma that arises from the epithelium of Bellini's ducts, in the distal portion of the nephron. In order to gain an insight into the biology of this tumor we evaluated the expression of five genes involved in the development ... | Background Renal cancer accounts for 3% of adult malignancies. An estimated 35,710 new cases are expected to occur in the U.S. in the current year and 12,480 patients will die of this disease [ 1 ]. The majority of renal cancers arises from the proximal tubular epithelium, with a characteristic clear or granular cell a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517938.xml |
534111 | Myasthenia gravis and pregnancy: clinical implications and neonatal outcome | Background The myasthenia gravis is twice as common in women as in men and frequently affects young women in the second and third decades of life, overlapping with the childbearing years. Generally, during pregnancy in one third of patients the disease exacerbates, whereas in two thirds it remains clinically unchanged.... | Background Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired, neuromuscular, autoimmune disease that presents clinically with weakness and fatigue of the skeletal muscles. The disorder is characterized by a decrease of the number of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular plates, due to an autoimmune process mediated by antib... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534111.xml |
534105 | Low birth weight and longitudinal trends of cardiovascular risk factor variables from childhood to adolescence: the bogalusa heart study | Background Several studies have linked low birth weight to adverse levels of cardiovascular risk factors and related diseases. However, information is sparse at a community level in the U.S. general population regarding the effects of low birth weight on the longitudinal trends in cardiovascular risk factor variables m... | Background The growth of a fetus in an undernourished intrauterine environment is considered to result in adaptive fetal programming or metabolic imprinting with pathophysiologic consequences later in life [ 1 - 4 ]. It is contended that low birth weight at term (<2500 g), a surrogate for impaired gestational environme... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534105.xml |
545065 | Plasma prolactin in patients with colorectal cancer | Background Colorectal cancer is a common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. It is the second cancer cause of death in females and third in males. Production of prolactin has been reported with several tumours. However, elevated prolactin plasma levels in colorectal cancer patients remained unclear. Methods In th... | Background Colorectal cancer is the third highest cause of cancer mortality [ 1 ]. In Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, it is the second common cancer for women after breast cancer (age-standardised incidence 22–33 per 100,000), and men after prostate or lung cancer (age-standardised incidence 31–47 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545065.xml |
509290 | Evidence for Widespread Convergent Evolution around Human Microsatellites | Microsatellites are a major component of the human genome, and their evolution has been much studied. However, the evolution of microsatellite flanking sequences has received less attention, with reports of both high and low mutation rates and of a tendency for microsatellites to cluster. From the human genome we gener... | Introduction DNA base substitutions do not occur randomly ( Graur and Li 2000 ). Instead, they may be clustered in hotspots, for example around methylated CG dinucleotides, or subject to more general biases such as the excess of transitions relative to transversions. In addition, local structural context may be importa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509290.xml |
520831 | Planned neck dissection following chemo-radiotherapy in advanced HNSCC | Background Neck dissection has traditionally played an important role in the management of patients with regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with radical radiotherapy alone. However, with the incorporation of chemotherapy in the therapeutic strategy for advanced HNSCC and resultant... | Introduction The optimal management of the neck in loco-regionally advanced head & neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) following primary chemo-radiotherapy remains controversial [ 1 , 2 ]. Traditionally neck dissection (Fig 1 ) was thought to improve neck control in patients with regionally advanced disease (N2–N3 di... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520831.xml |
539353 | GECKO: a complete large-scale gene expression analysis platform | Background Gecko (Gene Expression: Computation and Knowledge Organization) is a complete, high-capacity centralized gene expression analysis system, developed in response to the needs of a distributed user community. Results Based on a client-server architecture, with a centralized repository of typically many tens of ... | Background In recent years, in response to the needs of our scientific community we have developed a comprehensive, company-wide gene expression data analysis platform based on a centralized client-server architecture (Figure 1 ). This platform, named Gecko (Gene Expression: Computation and Knowledge Organization) addr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539353.xml |
509280 | Emerging resistance among bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit – a European and North American Surveillance study (2000–2002) | Background Globally ICUs are encountering emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and for some pathogens there are few therapeutic options available. Methods Antibiotic in vitro susceptibility data of predominant ICU pathogens during 2000–2 were analyzed using data from The Surveillance Network (TSN) Dat... | Background Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as an important factor in predicting outcomes and overall resource use after infections in intensive care units (ICU) [ 1 ]. Globally ICUs are encountering emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. For some pathogens there are few therapeutic options availab... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509280.xml |
514558 | DLQI scores in vitiligo: reliability and validity of the Persian version | Background The objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 10-item Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire in Iranian patients with vitiligo. Methods Using a standard "forward-backward" translation procedure, the English language version of the questionnaire was ... | Background Vitiligo is an important skin disease having major impact on the quality of life of patients suffering from vitiligo. Appearance of skin can condition an individual self-image, and any pathological alteration can have psychological consequences [ 1 , 2 ]. Many vitiligo patients feel distressed and stigmatize... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514558.xml |
535555 | Adaptive evolution of transcription factor binding sites | Background The regulation of a gene depends on the binding of transcription factors to specific sites located in the regulatory region of the gene. The generation of these binding sites and of cooperativity between them are essential building blocks in the evolution of complex regulatory networks. We study a theoretica... | Background The expression of a gene is controlled by other genes expressed at the same time and by external signals, a process called gene regulation [ 1 ]. Due to the combinatorial complexity of regulation, a large number of functional tasks can be performed by a limited number of genes. Differences in gene regulation... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535555.xml |
526298 | Physical restraint use among nursing home residents: A comparison of two data collection methods | Background In view of the issues surrounding physical restraint use, it is important to have a method of measurement as valid and reliable as possible. We determined the sensitivity and specificity of physical restraint use a) reported by nursing staff and b) reviewed from medical and nursing records in nursing home se... | Background Nursing homes have the mandate to offer care settings to frail dependent older individuals. However, a renewed emphasis has emerged over the past decades to become more than just a home for older people [ 1 ]. A growing number of facilities are actually striving to preserve residents' sense of control and di... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526298.xml |
520825 | BRCA1-mediated repression of select X chromosome genes | Recently BRCA1 has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression from the X chromosome. In this study the influence of BRCA1 on expression of X chromosome genes was investigated. Complementary DNA microarrays were used to compare the expression levels of X chromosome genes in 18 BRCA1-associated ovarian cancers ... | Introduction The mechanisms by which mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes lead to carcinogenesis are incompletely understood. It remains to be established whether pathways involved in BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated tumorigenesis are also altered in sporadic cancers. Two recent reports demonstrated that BRCA1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520825.xml |
533859 | Melatonin promoted chemotaxins expression in lung epithelial cell stimulated with TNF-α | Background Patients with asthma demonstrate circadian variations in the airway inflammation and lung function. Pinealectomy reduces the total inflammatory cell number in the asthmatic rat lung. We hypothesize that melatonin, a circadian rhythm regulator, may modulate the circadian inflammatory variations in asthma by s... | Backgound Eosinophils are known to be the important effector cells in asthmatic airway inflammations[ 1 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that eosinophils are accumulated in the peripheral blood, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the airway of the asthmatic patients or the allergen-sensitized animals[ 2 ]. Eosi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533859.xml |
517723 | ISSR and AFLP analysis of the temporal and spatial population structure of the post-fire annual, Nicotiana attenuata, in SW Utah | Background The native annual tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata , is found primarily in large ephemeral populations (typically for less than 3 growing seasons) after fires in sagebrush and pinyon-juniper ecosystems and in small persistent populations (for many growing seasons) in isolated washes typically along roadsides thr... | Background Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex Watson (Solanaceae) (synonymous with N. torreyana Nelson and Macbr.) is an annual native to the Great Basin Desert of California, Nevada, Idaho, and Utah (USA) [ 1 - 3 ] and primarily occurs in large ephemeral populations (typically for less than 3 growing seasons) after fire in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517723.xml |
545059 | Recurrent cardiac events in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, excluding patients with the Brugada syndrome | Background The recurrence of cardiac events in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) excluding patients with the Brugada syndrome is unclear since this entity remains present in previous studies. Methods Since 1992, 18 patients (72% male) with idiopathic VF out of 455 ICD implants were treated with an ... | Background Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) is defined as spontaneous ventricular fibrillation in the absence of any structural heart disease, including coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy or electrophysiological diseases, with a well-defined cause, such as the long QT s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545059.xml |
544353 | An unusual pathological finding of chronic lymphocitic leukemia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate after transurethral resection for complete urinary retention: case report | Background We describe a patient who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate for urinary obstructive symptoms and had histological findings of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with prostatic localization of chronic lymphocitic leukemia (CLL).The contemporary presence of CLL, adenocarcinoma of the prostate and r... | Background The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among prostate cancer patients is extremely low (0.2%), and, even more the leukemic infiltration of the prostate [ 1 , 2 ]. It has been reported that a chronic lymphocitic leukemia (CLL) may have its first clinical manifestation with acute urinary retention [ 3 ]. We d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544353.xml |
520819 | A preliminary report of an educational intervention in practice management | Background Practice management education continues to evolve, and little information exists regarding its curriculum design and effectiveness for resident education. We report the results of an exploratory study of a practice management curriculum for primary care residents. Methods After performing a needs assessment ... | Background Practice management education for residents has traditionally included training physicians in management issues related to the practice environment, including fiscal management, leadership skills, business and management skills, and managed care concepts [ 1 ]. Managed care concepts include ethics, communica... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520819.xml |
546236 | Prolonged treatment of genetically obese mice with conjugated linoleic acid improves glucose tolerance and lowers plasma insulin concentration: possible involvement of PPAR activation | Background Studies in rodents and some studies in humans have shown that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), especially its trans -10, cis -12 isomer, reduces body fat content. However, some but not all studies in mice and humans (though none in rats) have found that CLA promotes insulin resistance. The molecular mechanism... | Background The term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid ( cis -9, cis -12-octadienoic acid). The major components of CLA, are the cis -9, trans -11 (c9, t11) and the trans -10, cis -12 (t10, c12) isomers, both of which have biological activities. The t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546236.xml |
514570 | Endotoxin leads to rapid subcellular re-localization of hepatic RXRα: A novel mechanism for reduced hepatic gene expression in inflammation | Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of animals down-regulates the expression of hepatic genes involved in a broad variety of physiological processes, collectively known as the negative hepatic acute phase response (APR). Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), the most highly expressed RXR isoform in liver, plays a cen... | Background LPS, a major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, potently stimulates host innate immune response [ 1 ]. LPS-induced activation of monocytes/macrophages leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514570.xml |
514564 | Explaining computation of predictive values: 2 × 2 table versus frequency tree. A randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN74278823] | Background Involving patients in decision making on diagnostic procedures requires a basic level of statistical thinking. However, innumeracy is prevalent even among physicians. In medical teaching the 2 × 2 table is widely used as a visual help for computations whereas in psychology the frequency tree is favoured. We ... | Background Diagnostic procedures are increasingly expected by consumers to ensure their health; "certainty" has become a product [ 1 ]. Assuming that test results are certain, only a minority is aware about false positive and false negative alarms. Previous research has shown that even physicians have great difficultie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514564.xml |
544347 | Rooting a phylogenetic tree with nonreversible substitution models | Background We compared two methods of rooting a phylogenetic tree: the stationary and the nonstationary substitution processes. These methods do not require an outgroup. Methods Given a multiple alignment and an unrooted tree, the maximum likelihood estimates of branch lengths and substitution parameters for each assoc... | Background Several approaches for inferring a phylogenetic tree from the substitution patterns in multiply aligned sequences are available; they include maximum parsimony, distance-based, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods [ 1 ]. Typically, the inferred tree is unrooted, because the explicit or implicit substituti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544347.xml |
548958 | Correction: Cro-Magnons Conquered Europe, but Left Neanderthals Alone | null | Published February 15, 2005 In PLoS Biology , volume 2, issue 12. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020449 The art credits were missing from the image accompanying this synopsis. The image caption should read as follows: Reconstruction of Neanderthal woman (Photo: Bacon Cph; makeup: Morton Jacobsen) | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548958.xml |
509247 | Chronic pain self-management for older adults: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN11899548] | Background Chronic pain is a common and frequently disabling problem in older adults. Clinical guidelines emphasize the need to use multimodal therapies to manage persistent pain in this population. Pain self-management training is a multimodal therapy that has been found to be effective in young to middle-aged adult s... | Background The problem of chronic pain in the elderly Chronic pain is a common problem in the elderly, and is often associated with significant physical disability and psychosocial problems [ 1 ]. Estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain problems among community-dwelling older adults range from 58–70% [ 1 ]. The mos... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509247.xml |
545071 | Chromosomal duplications and cointegrates generated by the bacteriophage lamdba Red system in Escherichia coli K-12 | Background An Escherichia coli strain in which RecBCD has been genetically replaced by the bacteriophage λ Red system engages in efficient recombination between its chromosome and linear double-stranded DNA species sharing sequences with the chromosome. Previous studies of this experimental system have focused on a gen... | Background The Red recombination system of bacteriophage λ promotes efficient double strand break repair/recombination. An Escherichia coli strain in which RecBCD has been genetically replaced by Red exhibits greatly elevated levels of recombination between its chromosome and short linear double-stranded DNA species sh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545071.xml |
368179 | A Mechanism for Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Overload | xx | The notion of a neurally encoded “reward system” that reinforces pleasure-seeking behaviors first emerged fifty years ago. Psychologists James Olds and Peter Milner discovered this phenomenon when their “lack of aim” landed an electrode outside their target while studying the behavioral responses of rats given electric... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368179.xml |
533865 | d-matrix – database exploration, visualization and analysis | Background Motivated by a biomedical database set up by our group, we aimed to develop a generic database front-end with embedded knowledge discovery and analysis features. A major focus was the human-oriented representation of the data and the enabling of a closed circle of data query, exploration, visualization and a... | Background d-matrix, originally designed with cardiovascular clinical and molecular genetic data in mind, is a generic database front-end that can be used to explore, visualize and analyze different typologies of datasets. Both the generation and the analysis of genome, transcriptome and proteome data are becoming incr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533865.xml |
548794 | Early Detection of Disease Outbreaks | null | For disease outbreak detection, the public-health community has historically relied on the watchful eyes of doctors and other health-care workers, who have reported individual cases or clusters of cases of particular diseases to health-care and other authorities. The increased availability of electronic health-care dat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548794.xml |
547896 | Public appraisal of government efforts and participation intent in medico-ethical policymaking in Japan: a large scale national survey concerning brain death and organ transplant | Background Public satisfaction with policy process influences the legitimacy and acceptance of policies, and conditions the future political process, especially when contending ethical value judgments are involved. On the other hand, public involvement is required if effective policy is to be developed and accepted. Me... | Background In Japan, it was not until 1997 that a law was finally enacted to legalize organ transplant from a brain-dead body. Since 1968, when the first heart transplantation from a person declared brain dead was performed, there have been long-standing struggles in Japan for and against this procedure. In addition to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547896.xml |
538273 | Open Access to essential health care information | Open Access publishing is a valuable resource for the synthesis and distribution of essential health care information. This article discusses the potential benefits of Open Access, specifically in terms of Low and Middle Income (LAMI) countries in which there is currently a lack of informed health care providers – main... | 'Essential healthcare information' is the basic information required by primary health care workers to perform their role within the community. This basic information would be most useful if it is informed by relevant research, produced locally, and made available in the local language. The potential benefits of Open A... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538273.xml |
533871 | A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land | Background The timescale of prokaryote evolution has been difficult to reconstruct because of a limited fossil record and complexities associated with molecular clocks and deep divergences. However, the relatively large number of genome sequences currently available has provided a better opportunity to control for pote... | Background The evolutionary history of prokaryotes includes both horizontal and vertical inheritance of genes [ 1 - 3 ]. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events are of great interest in themselves, for their roles in creating functionally new combinations of genes [ 4 ], but they pose problems for investigating the phylo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533871.xml |
529424 | Doing New Research? Don't Forget the Old | Nobody should do a new research study, says Clarke, without first systematically reviewing the literature. And journal editors should insist that all research papers are accompanied by an up-to-date systematic review | On May 2, 1898, George Gould used his address to the founding meeting of the Association of Medical Librarians in Philadelphia to present a vision of the future of health information. ‘I look forward,’ he said, ‘to such an organisation of the literary records of medicine that a puzzled worker in any part of the civilis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529424.xml |
546222 | Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are inherited from parents and they measure heritable events | Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are extensively used in case-control studies of practically all cancer types. They are used for the identification of inherited cancer susceptibility genes and those that may interact with environmental factors. However, being genetic markers, they are applicable only on heritable... | Introduction Genetic association studies on complex diseases have become very popular and most of them are case-control studies using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers. There has been concern about the poor reproducibility of the results and the reasons for such discrepancies have been discussed [ 1 - 5... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546222.xml |
406389 | Organizing the Vertebrate Embryo—A Balance of Induction and Competence | The current understanding of organizer formation and neural induction in vertebrate embryos is discussed | In what is usually referred to as the most famous experiment in embryology, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold (1924) showed that a specific region in early frog embryos called the blastopore lip can induce a second complete embryonic axis, including the head, when transplanted to a host embryo. Most of the axis, including... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406389.xml |
406404 | Neural Induction without Mesoderm in Xenopus | xx | Formation of the central nervous system has long been thought to result from an induction process, whereby signals emanating from a portion of the dorsal endomesoderm (the inner middle layer of the developing embryo), known as the Spemann–Mangold organizer, instruct cells of the overlying dorsal ectoderm (outer layer) ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406404.xml |
555538 | Human desmoid fibroblasts: matrix metalloproteinases, their inhibitors and modulation by Toremifene | Background Desmoid tumour is a benign, non metastasising neoplasm characterised by an elevated deposition of organic macromolecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteinases involved in the degradation of ECM macromolecules. The MMPs and their nat... | Background Desmoid tumours, which are frequently observed in Gardner's syndrome, are rare, slow-growing, histologically benign tumours caused by autosomal dominant gene mutation [ 1 , 2 ]. They are, however, locally aggressive, compress surrounding structures and show frequent recurrences after surgical removal. Desmoi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555538.xml |
546008 | Hematopoietic chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a comparison of quantitative analysis by automated DNA sizing and fluorescent in situ hybridization | Background Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is performed mainly in patients with high-risk or advanced hematologic malignancies and congenital or acquired aplastic anemias. In the context of the significant risk of graft failure after allo-HSCT from alternative donors and the risk of relap... | Background Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is performed mainly in patients with high-risk or advanced hematologic malignancies and aplastic anemias, and for some of them it is the only curative treatment. After allo-HSCT, incomplete engraftment and appearance of recipient's hematopoietic ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546008.xml |
523848 | Fever, Headache, and Visual Blurring in a 17-Year-Old Woman | A fascinating case, with much to learn about diagnosis and treatment of patients with abnormal CSF results. After learning from the case, take our online quiz | DESCRIPTION of CASE A 17-year-old woman, who was born in Bangladesh, presented to an accident and emergency department in the United Kingdom with a history of being unwell for 24 hours. She had a headache and fever, and was vomiting. On questioning, there was no photophobia or neck stiffness. She lives in the United Ki... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523848.xml |
523860 | Idiopathic isolated clitoromegaly: A report of two cases | Background Clitoromegaly is a frequent congenital malformation, but acquired clitoral enlargement is relatively rare. Methods Two acquired clitoromegaly cases treated in Atatürk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey are presented. Results History from both patients revealed clitoromegaly over the last three years. Neither g... | Case reports Two cases with clitoromegaly were treated in Atatürk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. A 22-year-old gravida 0 (case 1) and 19-year-old gravida 0 (case 2) presented with acquired clitoromegaly, leading to psychological distress. Histories taken from both patients revealed a gradually growing clitoris in th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523860.xml |
406410 | Correction | null | In PLoS Biology, volume 2, issue 3: Table of Contents Page iii This photograph was used on the March 2004 Table of Contents, where Adam Lazarus, who generously supplied the image, should have been acknowledged. We apologize for this omission. | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406410.xml |
423135 | Absence of the TAP2 Human Recombination Hotspot in Chimpanzees | Recent experiments using sperm typing have demonstrated that, in several regions of the human genome, recombination does not occur uniformly but instead is concentrated in “hotspots” of 1–2 kb. Moreover, the crossover asymmetry observed in a subset of these has led to the suggestion that hotspots may be short-lived on ... | Introduction Recombination is a fundamental biological feature about which we still know remarkably little, especially in mammals. Understanding recombination is also of practical importance for evolutionary inference and human genetics ( Nachman 2002 ; Arnheim et al. 2003 ). Unfortunately, the process is difficult to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423135.xml |
521078 | A comparative ultrastructural and molecular biological study on Chlamydia psittaci infection in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and non-alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency emphysema versus lung tissue of patients with hamartochondroma | Background Chlamydiales are familiar causes of acute and chronic infections in humans and animals. Human pulmonary emphysema is a component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a condition in which chronic inflammation manifested as bronchiolitis and intra-alveolar accumulation of macrophages is common. ... | Background Several species of the family Chlamydiaceae are well-known etiological agents of acute and chronic infections in humans and animals [ 1 , 2 ]. The first description of chlamydial respiratory disease in humans referred to psittacosis, also known as ornithosis, and dates back to 1879 [ 3 ]. Chlamydia (C.) psit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521078.xml |
538267 | Mercury exposure, malaria, and serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies in amazon populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study | Background Mercury is an immunotoxic metal that induces autoimmune disease in rodents. Highly susceptible mouse strains such as SJL/N, A.SW, B10.S (H-2 s ) develop multiple autoimmune manifestations after exposure to inorganic mercury, including lymphoproliferation, elevated levels of autoantibodies, overproduction of ... | Background Mercury has been recognized as a significant environmental and public health problem for more than 40 years, primarily for its effects on the developing nervous system, as expressed in tragic episodes of human poisoning in Japan and Iraq [ 1 ]. Awareness of the effects of mercury on the immune system has inc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538267.xml |
529430 | An Inflammatory Cascade Leading to Hyperresistinemia in Humans | Background Obesity, the most common cause of insulin resistance, is increasingly recognized as a low-grade inflammatory state. Adipocyte-derived resistin is a circulating protein implicated in insulin resistance in rodents, but the role of human resistin is uncertain because it is produced largely by macrophages. Metho... | Introduction Dietary and lifestyle changes during the last century have entailed an unprecedented epidemic of obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis [ 1 ]. Many individuals suffer simultaneously from more than one of these conditions, and epidemiological studies in huma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529430.xml |
544838 | Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli | Pure, soluble and functional proteins are of high demand in modern biotechnology. Natural protein sources rarely meet the requirements for quantity, ease of isolation or price and hence recombinant technology is often the method of choice. Recombinant cell factories are constantly employed for the production of protein... | Introduction Microorganisms like the enterobacterium Escherichia coli are outstanding factories for recombinant expression of proteins. An expression system for the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli usually involves a combination of a plasmid and a strain of E. coli [ 1 ]. The main purpose of recombinant pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544838.xml |
518969 | High-dose ibuprofen therapy associated with esophageal ulceration after pneumonectomy in a patient with cystic fibrosis: a case report | Background Lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis is thought to develop as a result of airway inflammation, infection, and obstruction. Pulmonary therapies for cystic fibrosis that reduce airway inflammation include corticosteroids, rhDNase, antibiotics, and high-dose ibuprofen. Despite evidence that high-dose i... | Background Airway inflammation is thought to cause much of the lung damage in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) [ 1 , 2 ]. Such inflammation has been found in infants with CF, even in the absence of bacterial infections or symptomatic lung disease [ 3 ]. Recent therapies for CF lung disease have been shown to preserve... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518969.xml |
516788 | Recurrence of primary extramedullary plasmacytoma in breast both simulating primary breast carcinoma | Background Extramedullary myelomas (plasmacytoma) are malignant proliferations of plasma cells in the absence of bone involvement. When they occur in the soft tissue they usually involve the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. Extramedullary plasmacytomas of breast are uncommon. Case presentation A 70 year-old wom... | Background Extramedullary myelomas (plasmacytoma) are malignant proliferations of plasma cells in the absence of bone involvement. When occur in the soft tissue, it usually involve the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity [ 1 ]. Plasmacytomas of breast are very rare. This report describes a patient with bilateral br... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516788.xml |
544192 | Immunodominant PstS1 antigen of mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potent biological response modifier for the treatment of bladder cancer | Background Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG)-immunotherapy has a well-documented and successful clinical history in the treatment of bladder cancer. However, regularly observed side effects, a certain degree of nonresponders and restriction to superficial cancers remain a major obstacle. Therefore, alternative treatment s... | Background Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder accounts for about 4% of all cancer related death in man. The large majority of tumors (70–80%) is superficial at diagnosis and has a high rate of local recurrence (70%) and progression (30%) after local surgical therapy. Therefore, patients require lifelong medical follow... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544192.xml |
340959 | A New Breast Cancer Model | null | Thanks to the tools of molecular biology, our understanding of the 100-plus diseases known collectively as cancer has increased dramatically over the past decades. While each of these cancers exhibits unique characteristics reflecting the particular cell or tissue it springs from, the disease follows a similar arc in n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340959.xml |
517509 | Diurnal difference in CAR mRNA expression | Background The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays a key role in the transcriptional activation of genes that encode xenobiotic/steroid and drug metabolizing enzymes. Results The expression of CAR mRNA throughout the circadian rhythm is reported for the first time in phase with the clock gene Bmal1 and ... | Background The superfamily of nuclear hormone receptor comprises a group of transcription factors that play significant roles in response to a number of biological regulators. In addition to the pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), the constitutive androstane receptor [ 1 ] (CAR, NR1I3) plays a role in the transcriptional... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517509.xml |
546197 | Clinical and echocardiographic features of aorto-atrial fistulas | Aorto-atrial fistulas (AAF) are rare but important pathophysiologic conditions of the aorta and have varied presentations such as acute pulmonary edema, chronic heart failure and incidental detection of the fistula. A variety of mechanisms such as aortic dissection, endocarditis with pseudoaneurysm formation, post surg... | Case A 66 year old male with history of rheumatic heart disease and aortic valve replacement (AVR) (twice for severe native and subsequent prosthetic valve regurgitation) presented with progressive worsening fatigue, exertional dyspnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. His other medical problems included poorly control... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546197.xml |
544964 | Australian health system restructuring – what problem is being solved? | Background In recent years, Australian state and territory governments have reviewed and restructured the health systems they lead and regulate. This paper examines the outcomes of the most recent official published reviews of systems and structures; identifies the common themes; and addresses two questions: what probl... | Background In recent years, there has been a rolling (and sometimes repetitive) tide of structural change in the way state and territory governments organise to lead and/or provide health care within their jurisdictions, with every state and territory of Australia involved at least once in the last 10 years. This paper... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544964.xml |
550656 | Ontological visualization of protein-protein interactions | Background Cellular processes require the interaction of many proteins across several cellular compartments. Determining the collective network of such interactions is an important aspect of understanding the role and regulation of individual proteins. The Gene Ontology (GO) is used by model organism databases and othe... | Background Protein networks Cellular processes require the interaction of many proteins across several cellular compartments. Interactions can range in stability from persistent, such as between members of a stable complex, to transient, such as binding while being phosphorylated. Determining the collective network of ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550656.xml |
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