pmcid stringlengths 6 6 | title stringlengths 9 374 | abstract stringlengths 2 4.62k ⌀ | fulltext stringlengths 167 106k | file_path stringlengths 64 64 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
516789 | Antimicrobial actions of the human epididymis 2 (HE2) protein isoforms, HE2alpha, HE2beta1 and HE2beta2 | Background The HE2 gene encodes a group of isoforms with similarities to the antimicrobial beta-defensins. We demonstrated earlier that the antimicrobial activity of HE2 proteins and peptides is salt resistant and structure dependent and involves permeabilization of bacterial membranes. In this study, we further charac... | Introduction Antimicrobial proteins and peptides are widely expressed in both plants and animals. A variety of natural antibiotics belonging to different classes such as defensins, cathelicidins, cercopins and protease inhibitors [ 1 ] are found in epithelial tissues of organs that are most likely exposed to pathogens.... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516789.xml |
529425 | Is the “3 by 5” Initiative the Best Approach to Tackling the HIV Pandemic? | Background to the debate: The World Health Organization (WHO) and its partners aim to treat 3 million people infected with HIV in poor and middle income countries with antiretroviral treatment by the end of 2005. The ambitious “3 by 5” initiative has had its supporters and its critics since its announcement in 2002. | Jim Yong Kim's Viewpoint: 3 by 5 is a Point of Entry, Not an End in Itself There are no sure prescriptions against great plagues like HIV. We must “learn by doing,” quickly assessing the inevitable missteps and false starts and using this information to improve outcomes. Our best information about the HIV pandemic sugg... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529425.xml |
521079 | A failed RCT to determine if antibiotics prevent mastitis: Cracked nipples colonized with Staphylococcus aureus: A randomized treatment trial [ISRCTN65289389] | Background A small, non-blinded, RCT (randomised controlled trial) had reported that oral antibiotics reduced the incidence of mastitis in lactating women with Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus )- colonized cracked nipples. We aimed to replicate the study with a more rigorous design and adequate sample size. Methods Ou... | Background Mastitis is a common problem for breastfeeding women [ 1 , 2 ]. Before planning a trial to reduce the number of lactating women who develop mastitis, we reviewed the literature to identify factors that may be associated with mastitis and to examine previous trials. A relatively small number of trials was ide... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521079.xml |
544193 | Females do not have more injury road accidents on Friday the 13th | Background This study reinvestigated the recent finding that females – but not males – die in traffic accidents on Friday the 13th more often than on other Fridays (Näyhä S: Traffic deaths and superstition on Friday the 13th. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159: 2110–2111). The current study used matched setting and injury accid... | Background One widely spread superstition is that Friday the 13th brings bad luck. However, the few studies published on human behaviour and its consequences on that day show inconsistent results, whether they be on economic behaviour [ 1 - 3 ] or health risks [ 4 - 6 ]. A recent nationwide study by Näyhä [ 7 ] on the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544193.xml |
521086 | Identification of the 15FRFG domain in HIV-1 Gag p6 essential for Vpr packaging into the virion | The auxiliary regulatory protein Vpr of HIV-1 is packaged in the virion through interaction with the Gag C-terminal p6 domain. Virion packaging of Vpr is critical for Vpr to exert functions in the HIV-1 life cycle. Previous studies suggest that Vpr interacts with a (Lxx)4 domain in p6 for virion packaging. In the prese... | Findings Vpr is a 15 kDa auxiliary regulatory protein of HIV-1 produced in the late phase of the viral life cycle and packaged in the virion [ 1 - 3 ]. Thus, Vpr has the capacity to function both in the early phase and the late phase of the viral life cycle. A number of biological activities have been assigned to Vpr, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521086.xml |
523849 | A population-based statistical approach identifies parameters characteristic of human microRNA-mRNA interactions | Background MicroRNAs are ~17–24 nt. noncoding RNAs found in all eukaryotes that degrade messenger RNAs via RNA interference (if they bind in a perfect or near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA), or arrest translation (if the binding is imperfect). Several microRNA targets have been identified in lower organism... | Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, ~18–24 nt. noncoding RNAs that are found in all eukaryotes and are cleaved from larger ~70 nt. precursors via the action of Dicer enzyme [reviews: ref. [ 1 , 2 ]]. MicroRNAs are thought to degrade messenger RNAs via eliciting mRNA degradation (if they bind in a perfect or near-p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523849.xml |
385219 | The Genetic Architecture of Parallel Armor Plate Reduction in Threespine Sticklebacks | How many genetic changes control the evolution of new traits in natural populations? Are the same genetic changes seen in cases of parallel evolution? Despite long-standing interest in these questions, they have been difficult to address, particularly in vertebrates. We have analyzed the genetic basis of natural variat... | Introduction The number and type of genetic changes that control morphological and physiological changes during vertebrate evolution are not yet known. The evolutionary history of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) provides an unusual opportunity to directly study the genetic architecture of adaptive dive... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC385219.xml |
550657 | Integrating alternative splicing detection into gene prediction | Background Alternative splicing (AS) is now considered as a major actor in transcriptome/proteome diversity and it cannot be neglected in the annotation process of a new genome. Despite considerable progresses in term of accuracy in computational gene prediction, the ability to reliably predict AS variants when there i... | Background Alternative splicing (AS) is a biological process that occurs during the maturation step of a pre-mRNA, allowing the production of different mature mRNA variants from a unique transcription unit. AS is known to play a key role in the regulation of gene expression and transcriptome/proteome diversity [ 1 ]. F... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550657.xml |
544187 | A new mixture model approach to analyzing allelic-loss data using Bayes factors | Background Allelic-loss studies record data on the loss of genetic material in tumor tissue relative to normal tissue at various loci along the genome. As the deletion of a tumor suppressor gene can lead to tumor development, one objective of these studies is to determine which, if any, chromosome arms harbor tumor sup... | Background Allelic-loss data The goal of studies of allelic loss is to determine those loci in tumor tissue where genetic material has been lost. A tumor suppressor gene (TSG) is much more likely to lie on a chromosome arm where there has been significant allelic loss than elsewhere [ 1 , 2 ]. The statistical challenge... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544187.xml |
544839 | Optimized expression of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 domains in Escherichia coli | Background The expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli is an important and frequently used tool within malaria research, however, this method remains problematic. High A/T versus C/G content and frequent lysine and arginine repeats in the Plasmodium falciparum genome are thought to be the main reason for... | Background Qualitative and quantitative production of proteins in heterologous systems is essential for the characterization of any molecule, from determination of antigenicity, functional and structural analysis to vaccine development. Malaria antigens are among the most difficult proteins to express with in vitro met... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544839.xml |
546009 | Polymorphisms of the insertion / deletion ACE and M235T AGT genes and hypertension: surprising new findings and meta-analysis of data | Background Essential hypertension is a common, polygenic, complex disorder resulting from interaction of several genes with each other and with environmental factors such as obesity, dietary salt intake, and alcohol consumption. Since the underlying genetic pathways remain elusive, currently most studies focus on the g... | Background Essential hypertension is a common, polygenic, complex disorder resulting from interaction of several genes with each other and with environmental factors such as obesity, dietary salt intake, and alcohol consumption. Since the underlying genetic pathways remain elusive[ 1 ], currently most studies focus on ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546009.xml |
368178 | A Holistic Approach to Evaluating Cellular Communication Pathways | null | To function properly, cells must keep constant tabs on the environmental conditions around them, such as the presence of growth hormones in the blood or the proximity of neighboring cells. These external cues are relayed into the cell through a cascade of chemical and physical reactions referred to as signal transducti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368178.xml |
529431 | From Registration to Publication | The PLoS Medicine editors argue that all trial registries, reports, and databases should be freely available online | In a compelling essay in this issue of PLoS Medicine , Mike Clarke, the director of the United Kingdom Cochrane Centre, lays down a challenge to clinical researchers and journal editors [ 1 ]. He argues that researchers should do a study only if there is a systematic review that shows that the new study is needed. If n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529431.xml |
529419 | A Free Community Approach to Classifying Disease | Defining and classifying disease is at the heart of medical practice, but the process is slow and laborious. A new "open source" approach could be faster and more democratic | Defining and classifying disease is at the heart of medical practice. But the standard approach to classification is slow and laborious. A new approach promises to revolutionise the way in which we classify disease. It involves the free and public sharing of information via the Internet—the so-called open-source, or, p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529419.xml |
544352 | Wnt1 is epistatic to Id2 in inducing mammary hyperplasia, ductal side-branching, and tumors in the mouse | Background During pregnancy, the mammary glands from Id2 mutant animals are deficient in lobulo-alveolar development. This failure of development is believed to be due to a proliferation defect. Methods We have asked whether functional Id2 expression is necessary for Wnt induced mammary hyperplasia, side branching, and... | Background Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors such as MyoD, E12, and E47 are key regulators of gene expression and control many differentiation events during development [ 1 - 3 ]. These transcription factors bind E-box or E-box-like sequences as homo-or heterodimers, and control the transcription of t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544352.xml |
520818 | Additional collection devices used in conjunction with the SurePath Liquid-Based Pap Test broom device do not enhance diagnostic utility | Background We have previously shown that use of an EC brush device in combination with the Rovers Cervex-Brush (SurePath broom) offered no significant improvement in EC recovery. Here we determine if use of additional collection devices enhance the diagnostic utility of the SurePath Pap for gynecologic cytology. Method... | Background In gynecologic cytology, sampling of both the ecto and endocervix is critical to increasing Pap test sensitivity [ 1 ]. Controversy still exists, however, as to whether "all-in-one" broom-type devices appropriately sample the cervix. While agreement has been reached on the importance of sampling the transfor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520818.xml |
538266 | Socio-demographic factors and edentulism: the Nigerian experience | Background The rate of total edentulism is said to be increasing in developing countries and this had been attributed mainly to the high prevalence of periodontal diseases and caries. Several reports have shown that non-disease factors such as attitude, behavior, dental attendance, characteristics of health care system... | Background Edentulism (partial or total) is an indicator of the oral health of a population [ 1 ]. It may also be a reflection of the success or otherwise of various preventive and treatment modalities put in place by the health care delivery system [ 2 ]. Many patients also regard edentulism as self-mutilating and may... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538266.xml |
546223 | Effect of method of administration on longitudinal assessment of quality of life in gynecologic cancer: An exploratory study | Background Longitudinal assessments of quality of life are needed to measure changes over the course of a disease and treatment. Computer versions of quality of life instruments have increased the feasibility of obtaining longitudinal measurements. However, there remain occasions when patients are not able to complete ... | Background Measurement of changes in quality of life (QoL) has become a standard outcome variable in evaluating different therapeutic regimes in cancer [ 1 - 3 ]. Standardized, validated and reliable questionnaires are available for the measurement of changes in QoL [ 4 - 7 ]. Additionally, the use of these instruments... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546223.xml |
509252 | Western medical ethics taught to junior medical students can cross cultural and linguistic boundaries | Background Little is known about teaching medical ethics across cultural and linguistic boundaries. This study examined two successive cohorts of first year medical students in a six year undergraduate MBBS program. Methods The objective was to investigate whether Arabic speaking students studying medicine in an Arabic... | Background Medical ethics has increasingly become a common component of the undergraduate curriculum at many medical schools, often within a defined humanities program [ 1 - 3 ]. In 1999, the European Federation of Internal Medicine, the American College of Physicians and the American Board of Internal Medicine launche... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509252.xml |
555539 | The effects of quercetin on SW480 human colon carcinoma cells: a proteomic study | Background High fruit and vegetable intake is known to reduce the risk of colon cancer. To improve understanding of this phenomenon the action of different phytochemicals on colon cells has been examined. One such compound is quercetin that belongs to the group known as flavonoids. The purpose of this study was to dete... | Background Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed both in men and in women in the United States [ 1 ]. The American Cancer Society estimates that 104,950 new cases of colon cancer (48,290 men and 56,660 women) and 40,340 new cases of rectal cancer (23,530 men and 16,810 women) will be diagnosed in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555539.xml |
538272 | Prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus among Iranian patients with chronic liver disease | Background Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism are frequently observed in cirrhosis. We conducted this study to define the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in Iranian patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), and explore the factors associated with DM in these patients. Meth... | Background Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism are frequently observed in liver cirrhosis. Glucose metabolism impairment in cirrhotic patients, both in fasting state and in response to oral glucose or meals has been widely documented in the literature [ 1 - 5 ]. There is a wide variability in the prevalence of overt... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538272.xml |
547897 | Modelling the correlation between the activities of adjacent genes in drosophila | Background Correlation between the expression levels of genes which are located close to each other on the genome has been found in various organisms, including yeast, drosophila and humans. Since such a correlation could be explained by several biochemical, evolutionary, genetic and technological factors, there is a n... | Background Several studies (Hamilton [ 1 ], Fukuoka[ 2 ]) have found stronger correlation between the expression levels of genes that are located close to each other on the genome than between those of distant genes: when gene expressions of many genes are measured for multiple tissue samples, for example using microar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547897.xml |
546237 | An unusual presentation of a malignant jejunal tumor and a different management strategy | Background Malignant small bowel tumors are very rare and leiomyosarcoma accounts for less than 15% of the cases. Management of these tumors is challenging in view of nonspecific symptoms, unusual presentation and high incidence of metastasis. In this case report, an unusual presentation of jejunal sarcoma and manageme... | Background Malignant tumors of the small bowel are rare and accounts for the <2 % of total gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy [ 1 , 2 ]. The age-adjusted incidence of small bowel malignancy is 1 per 100,000 with prevalence of 0.6% [ 3 ]. Management of these tumors is challenging because of their rarity, relative inaccess... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546237.xml |
533864 | Selective inhibition of c-Myb DNA-binding by RNA polymers | Background The transcription factor c-Myb is expressed in hematopoietic progenitor cells and other rapidly proliferating tissues, regulating genes important for proliferation, differentiation and survival. The DNA-binding domain (DBD) of c-Myb contains three tandemly arranged imperfect repeats, designated Myb domain R ... | Background The transcription factor c-Myb is regulating genes involved in proliferation and differentiation during hematopoiesis in vertebrates (reviewed in [ 1 , 2 ]). c-Myb is expressed at high levels in hematopoietic progenitor cells, but becomes down-regulated when the cells reach terminal differentiation. The crit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533864.xml |
406388 | Mre11 Assembles Linear DNA Fragments into DNA Damage Signaling Complexes | Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex (MRN) is essential to suppress the generation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) during DNA replication. MRN also plays a role in the response to DSBs created by DNA damage. Hypomorphic mutations in Mre11 (which causes an ataxia-telangiectasia-like disease [ATLD]) and mutations in the ataxia-telang... | Introduction Cellular response to DNA damage requires the coordinated activation of cell cycle checkpoints with DNA repair ( Zhou and Elledge 2000 ). Failure to block S-phase entry in response to damaged DNA or to repair the DNA leads to genomic instability, the hallmark of cancer cells. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406388.xml |
509246 | Patients' perspectives on taking warfarin: qualitative study in family practice | Background Despite the well-documented benefits of using warfarin to prevent stroke, physicians remain reluctant to initiate therapy, and especially so with the elderly owing to the higher risk of hemorrhage. Prior research suggests that patients are more accepting of the risk of bleeding than are physicians, although ... | Background Warfarin therapy is an effective anticoagulant indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia in older individuals [ 1 ]. Oral anticoagulation with warfarin is known to reduce the risk of disabling stroke; indeed, the benef... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509246.xml |
514565 | A simulation model of African Anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission | Background Malaria is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases in humans. Many mathematical models of malaria have been developed during the past century, and applied to potential interventions. However, malaria remains uncontrolled and is increasing in many areas, as are vector and parasite resistance to in... | Background Not so long ago, in 1998, Sherman declared: "Of all the human afflictions, the greatest toll has been exacted by malaria. Even today, malaria, which is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium , disables and kills more people than any other infectious disease." [ 1 ] In line with the pioneering ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514565.xml |
544346 | A database for G proteins and their interaction with GPCRs | Background G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce signals from extracellular space into the cell, through their interaction with G proteins, which act as switches forming hetero-trimers composed of different subunits (α,β,γ). The α subunit of the G protein is responsible for the recognition of a given GPCR. Wher... | Background G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), form one of the major groups of receptors in eukaryotes; they possess seven transmembrane α-helical domains, as confirmed by analysis of the crystal structure of Rhodopsin [ 1 ]. The study of GPCRs, and the way that they are activated by their ligands, is of great importa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544346.xml |
520824 | Prevention of non-communicable diseases in Pakistan: an integrated partnership-based model | Development and implementation of non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention polices in the developing countries is a multidimensional challenge. This article highlights the evolution of a strategic approach in Pakistan. The model is evidence-based and encompasses a concerted and integrated approach to NCDs. It has been... | Background Non-communicable diseases exhort a considerable toll on individuals, societies and health systems [ 1 , 2 ]. Located in South Asia, Pakistan has a population of 150 million and a per-capita health expenditure of US $ 18 [ 3 ]. NCDs and injuries are amongst the top ten causes of mortality and morbidity in Pak... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520824.xml |
533870 | An enigmatic fourth runt domain gene in the fugu genome: ancestral gene loss versus accelerated evolution | Background The runt domain transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes in bilaterians, involved both in cell proliferation and differentiation, and their disruption usually leads to disease. Three runt domain genes have been described in each vertebrate genome (the RUNX gene family), but only on... | Background Since the initial description of the Drosophila segmentation gene runt over a decade ago [ 1 ], a small family of runt domain (RD) genes has been described and extensively analyzed in several species. The 130 amino acid long runt domain is very highly conserved and is readily identifiable computationally. RD... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533870.xml |
423134 | A Specific Interface between Integrin Transmembrane Helices and Affinity for Ligand | Conformational communication across the plasma membrane between the extracellular and intracellular domains of integrins is beginning to be defined by structural work on both domains. However, the role of the α and β subunit transmembrane domains and the nature of signal transmission through these domains have been elu... | Introduction Integrins are major metazoan cell adhesion receptors that have the distinctive property of transducing signals across the plasma membrane in both directions. Intracellular binding of cytoskeletal components to integrin cytoplasmic domains activates the ligand binding competency of the extracellular domain ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423134.xml |
514571 | A dual function fusion protein of Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase and firefly luciferase for noninvasive in vivo imaging of gene therapy in malignant glioma | Background Suicide gene therapy employing the prodrug activating system Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK)/ ganciclovir (GCV) has proven to be effective in killing experimental brain tumors. In contrast, glioma patients treated with HSV-TK/ GCV did not show significant treatment benefit, most likely ... | Background Treatment with the suicide gene/ prodrug activating system herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase/ ganciclovir (HSV-TK/ GCV) is highly efficient in animal models of malignant glioma [ 1 - 3 ]. In contrast, clinical trials employing the HSV-TK/ GCV system and a retroviral vector have demonstrated only a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514571.xml |
517722 | Enhanced diagnostic immunofluorescence using biopsies transported in saline | Background The demonstration of tissue-bound immunoreactants by direct immunofluorescence microscopy (DIF) is a valuable parameter in the diagnosis of various autoimmune and immunecomplex-mediated skin diseases. For preservation of tissue-bound immunoreactants, biopsies are usually fresh-frozen in liquid nitrogen or tr... | Background The demonstration of tissue-bound immunoreactants by direct immunofluorescence microscopy (DIF) is a valuable parameter in the diagnosis of various autoimmune skin diseases[ 1 ]. Reliable diagnosis by DIF not only requires an experienced observer, but first of all proper skin (or mucosal) biopsies with well-... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517722.xml |
509291 | A New Model for Open Sharing: Massachusetts Institute of Technology's OpenCourseWare Initiative Makes a Difference | M.I.T. offers an education to the world through its OpenCourseWare program | Imagine a fledgling biology instructor at a university in the developing world. Heading into her first semester of teaching, she is armed with nothing but her college degree, some old notebooks, and—if she is lucky—a late-edition textbook. Forging a curriculum that is both current and engaging for her students could be... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509291.xml |
520830 | The contrast-enhanced Doppler ultrasound with perfluorocarbon exposed sonicated albumin does not improve the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis compared with angiography | There are no studies investigating the effect of the contrast infusion on the sensitivity and specificity of the main Doppler criteria of renal artery stenosis (RAS). Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of these Doppler criteria prior to and following the intravenous administration of perfluorocarbon exposed sonicated... | Introduction Renal artery stenosis is the most frequent cause of secondary hypertension [ 1 ] which is potentially treatable with angioplasty, endovascular stent placement or surgical revascularization [ 2 , 3 ]. The angiography remains the gold standard, however, is invasive, expensive, and potentially harmful special... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520830.xml |
545070 | CD28 expression in sentinel node biopsies from breast cancer patients in comparison with CD3-ζ chain expression | Background Immunosuppression is documented in several malignant diseases, including breast cancer. Subsequently, future therapeutic concepts might include immunological approaches. However, detailed knowledge about tumor immunogenicity and host immunoreactivity, and how to assess these adequately, is still limited. We ... | Background Numerous studies [ 1 ] portray a decreased anti-tumor immunoreactivity in patients with malignancies, including breast cancer [ 2 - 4 ], and its correlation with disease progression and survival [ 5 , 6 ]. Antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation play a major role in initiating and maintaining a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545070.xml |
545064 | Third generation cephalosporin use in a tertiary hospital in Port of Spain, Trinidad: need for an antibiotic policy | Background Tertiary care hospitals are a potential source for development and spread of bacterial resistance being in the loop to receive outpatients and referrals from community nursing homes and hospitals. The liberal use of third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) in these hospitals has been associated with the emerge... | Background Appropriate use of antibiotics is central to limiting the development and the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals and communities. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, in particular the 3GCs in nosocomial infections have been linked to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and increase in costs [ 1 ]. T... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545064.xml |
545058 | Discs-large (DLG) is clustered by presynaptic innervation and regulates postsynaptic glutamate receptor subunit composition in Drosophila | Background Drosophila discs-large (DLG) is the sole representative of a large class of mammalian MAGUKs, including human DLG, SAP 97, SAP102, and PSD-95. MAGUKs are thought to be critical for postsynaptic assembly at glutamatergic synapses. However, glutamate receptor cluster formation has never been examined in Drosop... | Background The molecular mechanisms that target postsynaptic glutamate receptors to the postsynaptic membrane, and keep receptors clustered there, remain unknown. Membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins (MAGUKs) are cell-cell junction proteins with multiple protein-interaction domains (PDZ, SH3, 4.1/Hook, and a c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545058.xml |
509285 | Small B cell lymphocytic lymphoma presenting as obstructive sleep apnea | Background Most lymphomas that involve the tonsil are large B cell lymphomas. Large B-cell lymphoma is a high grade malignancy which progresses rapidly. Tonsillar lymphoma usually presents as either a unilaterally enlarged palatine tonsil or as an ulcerative and fungating lesion over the tonsillar area. Small lymphocyt... | Background Adenotonsillar enlargement is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the pediatric population. However, this prevalent syndrome is more complicated in adults [ 1 ]. OSA has also been described in cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia, plasmacytoma, amyloidosis, pharyngeal tumors and diseases that ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509285.xml |
535568 | G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium channel 1 (GIRK 1) gene expression correlates with tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer | Background G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium channel 1 (GIRK1) is thought to play a role in cell proliferation in cancer, and GIRK1 gene expression level may define a more aggressive phenotype. We detected GIRK1 expression in tissue specimens from patients with non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and assessed th... | Background Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in North America [ 1 ]. Lung cancer is divided into two morphological types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results of surgery still remain unsatisfactory; even in stage I NSCLC (no lymph node metastasis and n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535568.xml |
534104 | Direct visualization of electroporation-assisted in vivo gene delivery to tumors using intravital microscopy – spatial and time dependent distribution | Background Electroporation is currently receiving much attention as a way to increase drug and DNA delivery. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility of electrogene therapy using a range of therapeutic genes for the treatment of experimental tumors. However, the transfection efficiency of electroporation-assisted DN... | Background Despite some promising early results, gene therapy does not, as yet, live up to expectation [ 1 ]. The main stumbling block remains gene delivery, and all advances in the control of gene expression and selection of therapeutic genes are hampered by inefficient gene transfection. Hence the development of a sa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534104.xml |
514559 | Recovery of frog and lizard communities following primary habitat alteration in Mizoram, Northeast India | Background Community recovery following primary habitat alteration can provide tests for various hypotheses in ecology and conservation biology. Prominent among these are questions related to the manner and rate of community assembly after habitat perturbation. Here we use space-for-time substitution to analyse frog an... | Background Evaluation of the importance of various processes determining community structure and function is an important topic in ecology. Unlike just a decade or so ago, few studies today question whether or not community assembly is strictly random, recognizing the role of both stochastic and deterministic processes... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514559.xml |
517939 | Rapid and reliable extraction of genomic DNA from various wild-type and transgenic plants | Background DNA extraction methods for PCR-quality DNA from calluses and plants are not time efficient, since they require that the tissues be ground in liquid nitrogen, followed by precipitation of the DNA pellet in ethanol, washing and drying the pellet, etc. The need for a rapid and simple procedure is urgent, especi... | Background Molecular biological studies of plants require high-quality DNA. Several DNA extraction procedures for isolating genomic DNA from various plant sources have been described, including the salt extraction method and the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method [ 1 ] and its modifications [ 2 , 3 ]. The ne... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517939.xml |
534110 | Enhanced Dupuytren's disease fibroblast populated collagen lattice contraction is independent of endogenous active TGF-β2 | Background Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a debilitating fibro-proliferative disorder of the hand characterized by the appearance of fibrotic lesions (nodules and cords) leading to flexion contractures of the fingers and loss of hand function. Although the molecular mechanism of DD is unknown, it has been suggested that t... | Background Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a fibro-proliferative disorder of the palmar fascia (PF) characterized by the formation of fibrous nodules and cords [ 1 ]. The disease results in digital contractures, leading to loss of hand function. Surgical excision of the diseased PF is currently the principal form of manage... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534110.xml |
449851 | Human Population Density and Extinction Risk in the World's Carnivores | Understanding why some species are at high risk of extinction, while others remain relatively safe, is central to the development of a predictive conservation science. Recent studies have shown that a species' extinction risk may be determined by two types of factors: intrinsic biological traits and exposure to externa... | Introduction Mammals have been severely affected by the current extinction crisis: around a quarter of extant species are considered to be threatened with extinction ( Hilton-Taylor 2000 ). Understanding the ecological processes that cause some species to decline, while others remain relatively safe, may help to predic... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449851.xml |
539352 | Constraint Logic Programming approach to protein structure prediction | Background The protein structure prediction problem is one of the most challenging problems in biological sciences. Many approaches have been proposed using database information and/or simplified protein models. The protein structure prediction problem can be cast in the form of an optimization problem. Notwithstanding... | Background Notwithstanding the continuous improvement in predictive methods, witnessed every two years by the world wide CASP experiment [ 1 , 2 ], predicting the structure of a protein, given its sequence, is still in general beyond our capabilities. Brute force approaches, like exhaustive conformational searches or m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539352.xml |
526258 | Readmission and overstay after day case nasal surgery | Background A readmission is classified as a patient necessitating readmission to hospital due to a post-operative complication following discharge. An overstay however, is classified as a patient having to stay longer than the planned duration in hospital (not having been discharged in the interim) due to a post-operat... | Background Day-case surgery has rapidly expanded as a cost-effective and resource-conserving surgical intervention to the point that well in excess of two million operations are performed in a day-case/ambulatory setting in the United Kingdom alone each year [ 1 ]. Day-case surgery is based on operating on a patient an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526258.xml |
524471 | BMAL1 and CLOCK, Two Essential Components of the Circadian Clock, Are Involved in Glucose Homeostasis | Circadian timing is generated through a unique series of autoregulatory interactions termed the molecular clock. Behavioral rhythms subject to the molecular clock are well characterized. We demonstrate a role for Bmal1 and Clock in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Inactivation of the known clock components Bmal1 ... | Introduction The master clock, which, in mammals, resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is thought to synchronize multiple peripheral oscillators to ensure temporal coordination of behavior and metabolism. Peripheral clocks amplify or dampen central rhythms or exhibit autonomous behavior to facilit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524471.xml |
524473 | Sleeping, Waking, … and Glucose Homeostasis | null | We often think of ourselves as either a day person or a night person—one who rises with the sun, raring to go, or one who prefers to stay up through the night to get things done. Regardless, we each have our regular waking and sleeping cycles. It's been known for some time that variations in sleep and wakefulness are p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524473.xml |
535540 | Weather-based prediction of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in epidemic-prone regions of Ethiopia I. Patterns of lagged weather effects reflect biological mechanisms | Background Malaria epidemics due to Plasmodium falciparum are reported frequently in the East African highlands with high case fatality rates. There have been formal attempts to predict epidemics by the use of climatic variables that are predictors of transmission potential. However, little consensus has emerged about ... | Background Malaria epidemics due to Plasmodium falciparum are reported frequently in the East African highlands [ 1 - 6 ]. Immunity to malaria in the populations of these epidemic-prone regions is often incomplete, so that epidemics cause high case fatality rates among all age groups. In 1958, a malaria epidemic coveri... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535540.xml |
509287 | Cancer immunotherapy: avoiding the road to perdition | The hypothesis that human cancers express antigens that can be specifically targeted by cell mediated immunity has become a scientifically justifiable rationale for the design and clinical testing of novel tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Although a number of TAA have been recognized and it has been suggested that they... | Introduction Although considerable advances have been made in terms of our molecular and cellular knowledge, for most human disease states a fundamental understanding of causal disease onset, disease mechanism and progression, and optimal treatment is still significantly limited. In part, this advancement has been hamp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509287.xml |
535554 | The Molecular Pages of the mesotelencephalic dopamine consortium (DopaNet) | Background DopaNet is a Systems Biology initiative that aims to investigate precisely and quantitatively all the aspects of neurotransmission in a specific neuronal system, the mesotelencephalic dopamine system. The project should lead to large-scale models of molecular and cellular processes involved in neuronal signa... | Background Although the use of Systems Biology to understand the function of neurons recently started to gain momentum, it is still in its infancy. A crucial step leading to meaningful simulations is the reconstruction of large neuronal systems based on the elementary building blocks. However, this approach suffers fro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535554.xml |
524498 | Feasibility of rapid and automated importation of 3D echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) geometry into a finite element (FEM) analysis model | Background Finite element method (FEM) analysis for intraoperative modeling of the left ventricle (LV) is presently not possible. Since 3D structural data of the LV is now obtainable using standard transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) devices intraoperatively, the present study describes a method to transfer this dat... | Background Intraoperative TEE is currently available in most cardiac surgical operating rooms. In some centers, intraoperative 3D echocardiography is used to evaluate geometry and to plan surgical interventions prior to LV remodeling surgery. However, quantitation of LV geometry is limited to rather imprecise measures ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524498.xml |
535542 | Saposin C promotes survival and prevents apoptosis via PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway in prostate cancer cells | Background In addition to androgens, growth factors are also implicated in the development and neoplastic growth of the prostate gland. Prosaposin is a potent neurotrophic molecule. Homozygous inactivation of prosaposin in mice has led to the development of a number of abnormalities in the male reproductive system, inc... | Background Androgens, growth factors, neuropeptides, and other trophic agents are involved in normal and neoplastic growth of the prostate. Prosaposin is the intracellular precursor of four lysosomal glycoproteins, saposins A-D, that are involved in lysosomal hydrolysis of sphingolipids. These saposins, through their i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535542.xml |
539350 | The effect of cigarette price increase on the cigarette consumption in Taiwan: evidence from the National Health Interview Surveys on cigarette consumption | Background This study uses cigarette price elasticity to evaluate the effect of a new excise tax increase on cigarette consumption and to investigate responses from various types of smokers. Methods Our sample consisted of current smokers between 17 and 69 years old interviewed during an annual face-to-face survey cond... | Background One of the problems in controlling tobacco in Taiwan is that cigarette prices are lower in Taiwan than in most countries [ 1 , 2 ]. In India, smokers have to work 77 minutes to afford a pack of cigarettes, in Indonesia 62 mins, in China 56 mins, but in Taiwan they need only work 7 to 10 mins to afford a pack... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539350.xml |
534106 | Healthcare professionals' perceptions of pain in infants at risk for neurological impairment | Background To determine whether healthcare professionals perceive the pain of infants differently due to their understanding of that infant's level of risk for neurological impairment. Method Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU's) at two tertiary pediatric centers. Ninety-five healthcare professionals who practice in t... | Background Research on pain in infants has progressed considerably over the past twenty years. The nature and frequency of procedural pain in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is now understood [ 1 ], many measures have been developed for assessment of acute pain in the NICU [ 2 ] and many pain interventions have... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534106.xml |
533858 | Models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem and is predicted to become the third most common cause of death by 2020. Apart from the important preventive steps of smoking cessation, there are no other specific treatments for COPD that are as effective in reversing the condition, and the... | Introduction The global burden of disease studies point to an alarming increase in the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ 1 ] which is predicted to be one of the major global causes of disability and death in the next decade [ 2 ]. COPD is characterized by a range of pathologies from chronic i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533858.xml |
520826 | Daily rhythms in plasma levels of homocysteine | Background There is accumulated evidence that plasma concentration of the sulfur-containing amino-acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Both fasting levels of Hcy and post methionine loading levels are used as prognostic markers. The aim of the present study was to i... | Background Experimental results accumulated in recent years have revealed that plasma concentration of the sulfur-containing amino-acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [ 1 - 5 ]. Plasma concentrations of Hcy in excess of 15 μmol/L under fasting conditions were associ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520826.xml |
535556 | The architecture of chicken chromosome territories changes during differentiation | Background Between cell divisions the chromatin fiber of each chromosome is restricted to a subvolume of the interphase cell nucleus called chromosome territory. The internal organization of these chromosome territories is still largely unknown. Results We compared the large-scale chromatin structure of chromosome terr... | Background It is a longstanding observation that chromatin distribution in the interphase cell nucleus varies with the cell type. Flemming described differences in nuclear appearance in 1882 [[ 1 ], p.100]. Since then methodological advancements have made it possible to study nuclear chromatin architecture in much more... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535556.xml |
509293 | The Regenerative Plasticity of Isolated Urodele Myofibers and Its Dependence on Msx1 | The conversion of multinucleate postmitotic muscle fibers to dividing mononucleate progeny cells (cellularisation) occurs during limb regeneration in salamanders, but the cellular events and molecular regulation underlying this remarkable process are not understood. The homeobox gene Msx1 has been studied as an antagon... | Introduction There is currently a significant focus on strategies to promote regeneration in adult mammals and therefore a renewed interest in the mechanisms that underlie regeneration in urodele amphibians. An adult salamander such as the newt or axolotl can regenerate its limbs and tail, jaws, ocular tissues such as ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509293.xml |
533866 | Itch and skin rash from chocolate during fluoxetine and sertraline treatment: Case report | Background The skin contains a system for producing serotonin as well as serotonin receptors. Serotonin can also cause pruritus when injected into the skin. SSRI-drugs increase serotonin concentrations and are known to have pruritus and other dermal side effects. Case presentation A 46-year-old man consulted his doctor... | Background The skin contains a system for producing serotonin as well as serotonin receptors. Serotonin can also cause pruritus when injected into the skin. SSRI-drugs increase serotonin concentrations and are known to have pruritus and other dermal side effects e.g. exanthema, purpura, urticaria and pruritus [ 1 ]. In... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533866.xml |
545066 | Mycophenolate mofetil modulates adhesion receptors of the beta1 integrin family on tumor cells: impact on tumor recurrence and malignancy | Background Tumor development remains one of the major obstacles following organ transplantation. Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus directly contribute to enhanced malignancy, whereas the influence of the novel compound mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on tumor cell dissemination has not been explor... | Background With the improved long-term outcome of allograft recipients in the cyclosporine or tacrolimus era, malignant tumors have become increasingly important. Malignant tumours develop in 15–20% of graft recipients after 10 years, and thus contribute substantially to the morbidity and mortality of these patients [ ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545066.xml |
534112 | Mucosal delivery of anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra by sporulating recombinant bacteria | Background Mucosal delivery of therapeutic protein drugs or vaccines is actively investigated, in order to improve bioavailability and avoid side effects associated with systemic administration. Orally administered bacteria, engineered to produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra), have shown localised amelior... | Background The use of recombinant proteins as drugs has deeply modified the therapeutic approach to many severe diseases. However, a variety of practical problems limits the use of biotechnological protein drugs. Stability of the active proteins, need for parenteral administration, and high costs of the final purified ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534112.xml |
520832 | The C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase variant and third trimester obstetrical complications in women with unexplained elevations of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein | Introduction The C677T MTHFR variant has been associated with the same third trimester pregnancy complications as seen in women who have elevations of maternal serum α-fetoprotein (MSAFP). We hypothesized that these women with third trimester pregnancy complications and MSAFP elevations would have an increased frequenc... | Background Significant elevations of amniotic fluid and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) have been shown to be associated with spina bifida and other neural tube defects (NTD). The province of Manitoba, Canada offers province-wide midtrimester MSAFP screening to all pregnant women. It has been recognized that s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520832.xml |
517720 | Vitamin D deficiency and causative factors in the population of Tehran | Background There are multiple studies in different countries regarding the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. These studies showed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Asian countries. This study tries to elucidate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its influencing factors in population of Tehran. Method... | Background Vitamin D is an essential element for establishing and maintananing bone structure. Vitamin D deficiency results in rickets and osteomalacia. Even slight vitamin D deficiency results in secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased bone resorption [ 1 , 2 ]. In addition, there has been increased attention to t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517720.xml |
517708 | SED, a normalization free method for DNA microarray data analysis | Background Analysis of DNA microarray data usually begins with a normalization step where intensities of different arrays are adjusted to the same scale so that the intensity levels from different arrays can be compared with one other. Both simple total array intensity-based as well as more complex "local intensity lev... | Background DNA microarray technology is now playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research. Microarray technology gives one the opportunity to measure gene expression levels of thousands to tens of thousands of genes simultaneously, in order to study the differential gene expression pattern between diffe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517708.xml |
509278 | Characterization of yeast histone H3-specific type B histone acetyltransferases identifies an ADA2-independent Gcn5p activity | Background The acetylation of the core histone NH 2 -terminal tails is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases. Histone acetyltransferases can be classified into two distinct groups (type A and B) on the basis of cellular localization and substrate specificity. Type B histone acetyltransferases, originally defined as c... | Background Histones H3 and H4 are among the most evolutionarily conserved proteins (>90% identity from yeast→humans) [ 1 ]. Octamers composed of one histone H3/H4 tetramer and two histone H2A/H2B dimers package 146 bp of DNA into the basic repeating subunit of chromatin, the nucleosome [ 1 ]. Hence, as fundamental comp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509278.xml |
509250 | Evaluation of reporting timeliness of public health surveillance systems for infectious diseases | Background Timeliness is a key performance measure of public health surveillance systems. Timeliness can vary by disease, intended use of the data, and public health system level. Studies were reviewed to describe methods used to evaluate timeliness and the reporting timeliness of National Notifiable Diseases Surveilla... | Background Public health surveillance is defined as the "ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know"[ 1 ]. Reasons for co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509250.xml |
546209 | Doxycycline-regulated gene expression in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus | Background Although Aspergillus fumigatus is an important human fungal pathogen there are few expression systems available to study the contribution of specific genes to the growth and virulence of this opportunistic mould. Regulatable promoter systems based upon prokaryotic regulatory elements in the E. coli tetracycl... | Background Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic filamentous fungus that has become the leading mould pathogen in leukemia treatment centers and transplantation units in developed countries, second only to Candida spp . as a cause of systemic mycosis [ 1 ]. Despite some advances in therapy, currently available drugs f... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546209.xml |
514573 | "Is there nothing more practical than a good theory?": Why innovations and advances in health behavior change will arise if interventions are used to test and refine theory | Theoretical and practical innovations are needed if we are to advance efforts to persuade and enable people to make healthy changes in their behavior. In this paper, I propose that progress in our understanding of and ability to promote health behavior change depends upon greater interdependence in the research activit... | Background Even with the dramatic advances in our understanding of the biological processes that determine health and illness, it has never been more clear that rates of disease morbidity and premature mortality reflect people's behavioral practices. [ 1 ] The benefits, both for individuals and the societies in which t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514573.xml |
423136 | Virtual Labs: E-Learning for Tomorrow | At Stanford University, the Virtual Labs project takes full advantage of information technology to provide innovative resources for learning and teaching | Because of the explosive growth in our scientific understanding, today's students are required to learn and maintain a rapidly expanding knowledge base. Students are also expected to understand and follow the crossover of information between different disciplines. As a result, they often have to understand the fundamen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423136.xml |
544350 | Micronutrient malnutrition and wasting in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis with and without HIV co-infection in Malawi | Background Wasting and micronutrient malnutrition have not been well characterized in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. We hypothesized that micronutrient malnutrition is associated with wasting and higher plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods In a cross-section... | Background Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and the majority live in less developed countries where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is spreading rapidly. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the number of new cases of tuberculosis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544350.xml |
545072 | Characterisation of cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by the topoisomerase II-directed bisdioxopiperazine anti-cancer agent ICRF-187 (dexrazoxane) in yeast and mammalian cells | Background Bisdioxopiperazine anti-cancer agents are inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase II, sequestering this protein as a non-covalent protein clamp on DNA. It has been suggested that such complexes on DNA represents a novel form of DNA damage to cells. In this report, we characterise the cytotoxicity and DNA ... | Background Type II topoisomerases are essential nuclear enzymes found in all living organisms [ 1 ]. Their basic role in cells is to catalyse the transport of one DNA double helix through a transient double strand break in another DNA molecule [ 2 ]. This activity helps relieve tensions built up in DNA during various D... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545072.xml |
546221 | Stable expression of constitutively-activated STAT3 in benign prostatic epithelial cells changes their phenotype to that resembling malignant cells | Background Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are involved in growth regulation of cells. They are usually activated by phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues. In neoplastic cells, constitutive activation of STATs accompanies growth dysregulation and resistance to apoptosis through change... | Introduction Signal transducers and activators of gene transcription (STATs) are, as their name suggests, proteins that regulate gene expression by affecting transcription. They are part of the signal transduction pathway used by many growth factors and cytokines, and are activated by phosphorylation of tyrosine and se... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546221.xml |
529433 | The Quest for a Vaccine That Yields Tumor-Killing T cells | null | The immune system has a remarkable capacity for fending off infectious diseases, and it has become clear that these same defenses can recognize and destroy cancer cells. In fact, they do so on an ongoing basis, and cancer develops only when immune surveillance breaks down. Many patients with established tumors also mou... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529433.xml |
529427 | Reconsidering Early HIV Treatment and Supervised Treatment Interruptions | Another study casts doubt on the value of early treatment and treatment interruptions. What are the implications of this study for our understanding of HIV pathogenesis, treatment, and vaccine development? | The devastating effects of HIV infection worldwide are reason enough for AIDS researchers to grasp at thin rays of hope. But seldom has a single anecdotal case stimulated as much hope as the 1999 report of an acutely infected patient who appeared to control HIV replication after two short treatment interruptions [ 1 ].... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529427.xml |
544191 | A suite of web applications to streamline the interdisciplinary collaboration in secondary data analyses | Background We describe a system of web applications designed to streamline the interdisciplinary collaboration in outcomes research. Description The outcomes research process can be described as a set of three interrelated phases: design and selection of data sources, analysis, and output. Each of these phases has inhe... | Background In the last decade, the number of relevant data sources available for outcomes research has grown exponentially. In contrast, the number of individual researchers with clinical and statistical expertise required to explore these data sets increase at a much slower pace. As a result, an immense quantity of va... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544191.xml |
544344 | Protein family comparison using statistical models and predicted structural information | Background This paper presents a simple method to increase the sensitivity of protein family comparisons by incorporating secondary structure (SS) information. We build upon the effective information theory approach towards profile-profile comparison described in [Yona & Levitt 2002]. Our method augments profile column... | Background Detecting an evolutionary relationship between proteins is the basis for functional inference. Existing methods most often rely on sequence information in an attempt to quantify the evolutionary divergence or similarity between the sequences compared. A significant similarity would suggest that the proteins ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544344.xml |
538270 | Comparative study of matrix metalloproteinase expression between African American and Caucasian Women | To date there are 26 human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which are classified according to their substrate specificity and structural similarities. The four major subgroups of MMPs are gelatinases, interstitial collagenases, stromelysins, and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs). This study investigates... | Introduction In 2003, it was estimated that approximately 1.3 million Americans would be diagnosed with invasive cancer. Of this group, racial/ethnic minorities account for a disproportionate number of these cancers [ 1 , 2 ]. Invasive breast cancer usually begins in either the lobules or the ducts of the breast. These... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538270.xml |
509244 | 8-Cl-Adenosine enhances 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced growth inhibition without affecting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated differentiation of primary mouse epidermal keratinocytes | Background Epidermal keratinocytes continuously proliferate and differentiate to form the mechanical and water permeability barrier that makes terrestrial life possible. In certain skin diseases, these processes become dysregulated, resulting in abnormal barrier formation. In particular, skin diseases such as psoriasis... | Background The epidermis of the skin serves as a mechanical and water permeability barrier essential for terrestrial life (reviewed in [ 1 ]) and is composed primarily of epidermal keratinocytes. These keratinocytes stratify to form several layers. The deepest layer, the stratum basalis or basal layer comprises prolife... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509244.xml |
538258 | Immunological parameters in girls with Turner syndrome | Disturbances in the immune system has been described in Turner syndrome, with an association to low levels of IgG and IgM and decreased levels of T- and B-lymphocytes. Also different autoimmune diseases have been connected to Turner syndrome (45, X), thyroiditis being the most common. Besides the typical features of Tu... | Introduction Recurrent otitis media is often a problem in children with Turner syndrome (TS) [ 1 , 2 ]. More than 60% of the Turner girls (60–80%) aged 4–15 years suffer from repeated attacks of acute otitis media, as compared to 5% of children (aged 0–6 years) in the normal population [ 3 , 4 ]. These problems among t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538258.xml |
533872 | The use of Open Reading frame ESTs (ORESTES) for analysis of the honey bee transcriptome | Background The ongoing efforts to sequence the honey bee genome require additional initiatives to define its transcriptome. Towards this end, we employed the Open Reading frame ESTs (ORESTES) strategy to generate profiles for the life cycle of Apis mellifera workers. Results Of the 5,021 ORESTES, 35.2% matched with pre... | Background The honey bee, Apis mellifera , occupies a prominent place in biological research due to its social behavior, learning capabilities, haplodiploid mechanism of sex determination, and plasticity in phenotype (caste) and longevity. Thus, it is a model organism for classical and sociogenetic studies. In addition... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533872.xml |
546235 | A finite element method model to simulate laser interstitial thermo therapy in anatomical inhomogeneous regions | Background Laser Interstitial ThermoTherapy (LITT) is a well established surgical method. The use of LITT is so far limited to homogeneous tissues, e.g. the liver. One of the reasons is the limited capability of existing treatment planning models to calculate accurately the damage zone. The treatment planning in inhomo... | Introduction Laser radiation is now used routinely in surgery to incise, coagulate, or vaporize tissues. The laser light power is converted into heat in the target volume with ensuing coagulative necrosis, secondary degeneration and atrophy, and tumour shrinkage with minimal damage to surrounding structures [ 1 ]. The ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546235.xml |
555739 | Desmoplastic small round cell tumour: Cytological and immunocytochemical features | Background Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and highly aggressive neoplasm. The cytological diagnosis of these tumors can be difficult because they show morphological features quite similar to other small round blue cells tumors. We described four cases of DSRCT with cytological sampling: one obtai... | Introduction Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and highly aggressive neoplasm described as a distinct clinicopathologic entity in 1989 by Gerald and Rosai [ 1 ]. Usually affecting young males and presenting as an abdominal mass, the tumor grows along serosal membranes with multiple nodules attached ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555739.xml |
514567 | Thermal modeling of lesion growth with radiofrequency ablation devices | Background Temperature is a frequently used parameter to describe the predicted size of lesions computed by computational models. In many cases, however, temperature correlates poorly with lesion size. Although many studies have been conducted to characterize the relationship between time-temperature exposure of tissue... | Introduction The mitigation of primary and metastatic tumors by radiofrequency ablation is a developing research area. The goal of ablation is to necrose treatment volumes by raising the temperature of targeted tissues. Ablation probes are inserted percutaneously, laparoscopically, or during surgery into cancerous tumo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514567.xml |
521084 | Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: a descriptive, cross-sectional study | Background In animal studies of the effects of hormonally active agents, measurement of anogenital distance (AGD) is now routine, and serves as a bioassay of fetal androgen action. Although measurement of AGD in humans has been discussed in the literature, to our knowledge it has been measured formally in only two desc... | Background In animal studies of the effects of hormonally active agents, measurement of anogenital distance (AGD) is now routine [ 1 - 16 ], and serves as a bioassay of fetal androgen action. In rodents, perineal growth is dihydrotestosterone-dependent [ 17 ], males have a greater AGD than females, and use of AGD to se... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521084.xml |
406407 | Open Access and Scientific Societies | Societies are encouraged to consider their own open-access experiments within the context of the communities they serve | This is the second in a series of three editorials that aim to address recurring concerns about the benefits and risks associated with open-access publishing in medicine and the biological sciences. Scientific societies serve their members, their broader scholarly communities, and the different components of their miss... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406407.xml |
550669 | An AFLP-based genetic linkage map of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi | Background Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi can be considered as a rodent model of human malaria parasites in the genetic analysis of important characters such as drug resistance and immunity. Despite the availability of some genome sequence data, an extensive genetic linkage map is needed for mapping the genes involved in... | Background Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi is a malaria parasite of murine rodents. It has been widely used as a model to study various aspects of parasite biology and disease which are difficult to investigate using human malaria parasites. For instance, P. c. chabaudi is being used to study the genetic basis of drug res... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550669.xml |
314476 | Visualizing Noncentrosomal Microtubules during Spindle Assembly | null | As cells can only arise from cells that already exist, continuity of life depends on the highly regulated sequence of events that control cell division. This process is mediated by a complex macromolecular structure called the mitotic spindle. The most conspicuous components of the spindle are microtubules, which are m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314476.xml |
538264 | Gene expression profiling reveals novel TGFβ targets in adult lung fibroblasts | Background Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a crucial role in the accumulation of extracellular matrix components in lung fibrosis, where lung fibroblasts are considered to play a major role. Even though the effects of TGFβ on the gene expression of several proteins have been in... | Background Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates a variety of physiological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, extracellular matrix production, embryonic development and wound healing [ 1 ]. Altered expression of TGFβ plays a crucial role in organ fibrosi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538264.xml |
517495 | Molecular clock in neutral protein evolution | Background A frequent observation in molecular evolution is that amino-acid substitution rates show an index of dispersion (that is, ratio of variance to mean) substantially larger than one. This observation has been termed the overdispersed molecular clock. On the basis of in silico protein-evolution experiments, Bast... | Background Kimura has argued that the majority of nucleotide substitutions that accumulate in genes over time are selectively neutral, and go to fixation purely by chance [ 1 ]. One major prediction of Kimura's neutral theory is that the substitution process should be a Poisson process, with the mean number of substitu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517495.xml |
550655 | The PECACE domain: a new family of enzymes with potential peptidoglycan cleavage activity in Gram-positive bacteria | Background The metabolism of bacterial peptidoglycan is a dynamic process, synthases and cleavage enzymes are functionally coordinated. Lytic Transglycosylase enzymes (LT) are part of multienzyme complexes which regulate bacterial division and elongation. LTs are also involved in peptidoglycan turnover and in macromole... | Background The bacterial cell wall resists intracellular pressure and gives the bacterium its particular shape. Cell wall reinforcement is brought about by a strong scaffolding structure, the peptidoglycan, which is formed by glycan strands and peptide chains held together by covalent bonds, resulting in a mono- or mul... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550655.xml |
503386 | Attentional influences on functional mapping of speech sounds in human auditory cortex | Background The speech signal contains both information about phonological features such as place of articulation and non-phonological features such as speaker identity. These are different aspects of the 'what'-processing stream (speaker vs. speech content), and here we show that they can be further segregated as they ... | Background This study explores attentional modulation within the 'what'-stream of the auditory modality during phoneme processing. Knowledge of speech sound representation in the auditory domain is still sparse. However, parallels to the extensively studied visual modality and also to the somatosensory domain are becom... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503386.xml |
546194 | Patient involvement in medical decision-making and pain among elders: physician or patient-driven? | Background Pain is highly prevalent among older adults, but little is known about how patient involvement in medical decision-making may play a role in limiting its occurrence or severity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether physician-driven and patient-driven participation in decision-making were associa... | Background Persons age 65 years and older commonly endure a multitude of chronic and debilitating conditions which contribute to persistent pain [ 1 ]. Estimates of the prevalence of pain among the community-dwelling elderly range between 25% and 50% [ 2 , 3 ]. Pain has been found to have a substantial effect on health... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546194.xml |
545489 | A population-based study of anxiety as a precursor for depression in childhood and adolescence | Background Anxiety and depression co-occur in children and adolescents with anxiety commonly preceding depression. Although there is some evidence to suggest that the association between early anxiety and later depression is explained by a shared genetic aetiology, the contribution of environmental factors is less well... | Background Anxiety and depressive disorders are some of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in children and adolescents respectively. Both are known to be associated with major impairment in childhood and adverse consequences in later life [ 1 - 4 ]. Estimates of the prevalence of any childhood anxiety disorder are i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545489.xml |
314462 | Science on the Rise in Developing Countries | The disparity in the scientific output between developed and developing counties is dramatic, but, as the Americas show, this grim picture is improving | Kofi Annan, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, recently called attention to the clear inequalities in science between developing and developed countries and to the challenges of building bridges across these gaps that should bring the United Nations and the world scientific community closer to each other ( An... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314462.xml |
515296 | A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny | Background Order Charadriiformes (shorebirds) is an ideal model group in which to study a wide range of behavioural, ecological and macroevolutionary processes across species. However, comparative studies depend on phylogeny to control for the effects of shared evolutionary history. Although numerous hypotheses have be... | Background The shorebirds and allies (Aves: Charadriiformes; [ 1 ]) present an exceptional group for studying numerous evolutionary hypotheses. Their remarkable diversity of social mating system, parental care, sexual dimorphism, ecology and life-history make them an ideal group for unravelling the mechanisms of, for e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515296.xml |
521682 | Differential dynamics of histone H3 methylation at positions K4 and K9 in the mouse zygote | Background In the mouse zygote the paternal genome undergoes dramatic structural and epigenetic changes. Chromosomes are decondensed, protamines replaced by histones and DNA is rapidly and actively demethylated. The epigenetic asymmetry between parental genomes remains at least until the 2-cell stage suggesting functio... | Background It is now generally accepted that the properties of a particular DNA sequence in cells are not solely defined by the nucleotide sequence itself, but by "epigenetic" modifications as well. Epigenetic modifications imply the methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides and covalent modifications of co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521682.xml |
515309 | The planetary biology of cytochrome P450 aromatases | Background Joining a model for the molecular evolution of a protein family to the paleontological and geological records (geobiology), and then to the chemical structures of substrates, products, and protein folds, is emerging as a broad strategy for generating hypotheses concerning function in a post-genomic world. Th... | Background The emergence of complete genomes for many organisms, including humans, has created the need for hypotheses concerning the "function" of specific genes that encode specific proteins. While "function" is interpreted by different workers in different ways [ 1 ], Darwinian theory (by axiom) requires that the te... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515309.xml |
528856 | Funding free and universal access to Journal of Neuroinflammation | Journal of Neuroinflammation is an Open Access, online journal published by BioMed Central. Open Access publishing provides instant and universal availability of published work to any potential reader, worldwide, completely free of subscriptions, passwords, and charges. Further, authors retain copyright for their work,... | Introduction Journal of Neuroinflammation is an Open Access, online journal that is published by BioMed Central, an independent publisher committed to Open Access for peer-reviewed biomedical research [ 1 ]. Among the many benefits of Open Access publishing are (1) instant and universal availability of published work t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC528856.xml |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.