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539257 | Endodontic flare-ups: comparison of incidence between single and multiple visit procedures in patients attending a Nigerian teaching hospital | Background Until recently the most accepted technique of doing root canal treatment stresses multiple visit procedure. Most schools also concentrated upon teaching the multi-visit concept. However, it has now been reported that the procedure of single visit treatment is advocated by at least 70% of schools in all geogr... | Background Until recently the most accepted technique of doing endodontic treatment stresses multiple visit procedures. Most schools also concentrated upon teaching the multi-visit concept. However, it has now been reported that the procedure of single visit treatment is advocated by at least 70% of schools in all geog... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539257.xml |
526204 | Effect of the G-308A polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene promoter site on plasma levels of TNF-α and C-reactive protein in smokers: a cross-sectional study | Background Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and of C-reactive protein (CRP) are elevated in smokers. Previous studies failed to show an association between the G-308A polymorphism in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene and coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated whether smoking would interact wit... | Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with chronic inflammatory processes in which blood-derived macrophages play a key role [ 1 ]. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is essentially produced by monocytes and macrophages, and, in turn, it is the strongest known paracrine activator of monocytes and macrophage... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526204.xml |
548287 | Patient-focused measures of functional health status and health-related quality of life in pediatric orthopedics: A case study in measurement selection | The objectives of this report are to review the assessment of patient-focused outcomes in pediatric orthopedic surgery, to describe a framework for identifying appropriate sets of measures, and to illustrate an application of the framework to a challenging orthopedic problem. A detailed framework of study design and me... | Review Assessments of patient-focused health status and health-related quality of life (HRQL) are being recognized increasingly by clinicians, patient advocates, regulatory authorities, administrators and policy makers as primary measures of the need, efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency associated with health care s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548287.xml |
526210 | Community nursing needs more silver surfers: a questionnaire survey of primary care nurses' use of information technology | Background In the UK the health service is investing more than ever before in information technology (IT) and primary care nurses will have to work with computers. Information about patients will be almost exclusively held in electronic patient records; and much of the information about best practice is most readily ac... | Background In the UK its National Health Service (NHS) is investing in computerisation. Large contracts have been set that will run until 2013 to provide electronic patient records [ 1 ]. Over this timeframe, with the exception of patient-held records, written medical records will largely be phased out, and replaced by... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526210.xml |
545947 | Young age: an independent risk factor for disease-free survival in women with operable breast cancer | Background The incidence of breast cancer in young women (age < 35) is low. The biology of the disease in this age group is poorly understood, and there are conflicting data regarding the prognosis for these women compared to older patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 2040 consecutive primary invasive breast c... | Background Breast cancer is relatively rare in women less than 35 years of age, with this group accounting for less than 4% of the total number of breast cancer cases diagnosed in Western countries [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite the disease being relatively uncommon, it has a severe negative effect on the patients and their famili... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545947.xml |
514886 | A Developmental Role for Fatty Acids in Eukaryotes | null | Health food stores have long hawked fish oil capsules as a cure-all for everything from migraines to heart disease. And though such claims are often weak on scientific evidence, fish oil, it turns out, is no snake oil. A recent review of scientific studies concludes that omega-3 fatty acids can indeed protect against h... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514886.xml |
555598 | Using item response theory to explore the psychometric properties of extended matching questions examination in undergraduate medical education | Background As assessment has been shown to direct learning, it is critical that the examinations developed to test clinical competence in medical undergraduates are valid and reliable. The use of extended matching questions (EMQ) has been advocated to overcome some of the criticisms of using multiple-choice questions t... | Background It is acknowledged from medical student learning behaviour that assessment often drives learning [ 1 ]. Therefore, if students are learning what is being assessed then it is vital that the content of the assessment reflects the learning objectives. This process, known as blueprinting, maps the content of ass... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555598.xml |
549600 | Injections and HIV in Rural Zimbabwe | null | Of the 40 million people worldwide with HIV, 30 million live in the developing world. By far the worst hit region is sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly four million children have lost one or both parents to HIV/AIDS since 2000. Is heterosexual transmission the driving force behind the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa? ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549600.xml |
548278 | CASCAD: a database of annotated candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with expressed sequences | Background With the recent progress made in large-scale genome sequencing projects a vast amount of novel data is becoming available. A comparative sequence analysis, exploiting sequence information from various resources, can be used to uncover hidden information, such as genetic variation. Although there are enormous... | Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of genetic variation within species. As a result, SNPs are now becoming the most popular type of marker in genetic association and mapping studies. SNPs are also most likely to be the molecular basis for the majority of phenotypic variation in (... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548278.xml |
555567 | Ethmoidal osteoid osteoma with orbital and intracranial extension – a case report | Background Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone neoplasm which is seen in the long bones of appendicular skeleton. It is rarely seen in the cranium. Skull base osteoid osteoma is extremely rare and has been anecdotally reported. Case presentation The authors report a case of a large osteoid osteoma of the ethmoid with intr... | Background Osteoid osteoma is a rare benign osteoblastic lesion usually involving the long bones of the lower limbs. Cranial involvement has been mainly localised to the skull vault. Osteoid osteoma of the skull base is a rare entity [ 1 ]. Surgical management of skull base osteoid osteoma may be challenging due to its... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555567.xml |
423156 | Taking the Stem Cell Debate to the Public | In response to the Blackburn and Rowley essay on the President's Council on Bioethics, several thought-provoking opinions on ethical challenges in biomedical research are expressed by prominent stakeholders | In their essay in the April 2004 issue of PLoS Biology , Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley (2004) , two distinguished cellular biologists and members of the President's Council on Bioethics, strongly question the scientific foundation of two reports from the Council ( President's Council on Bioethics 2003 , 2004 ). ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423156.xml |
539330 | Relaxed Molecular Clock Provides Evidence for Long-Distance Dispersal of Nothofagus (Southern Beech) | Nothofagus (southern beech), with an 80-million-year-old fossil record, has become iconic as a plant genus whose ancient Gondwanan relationships reach back into the Cretaceous era. Closely associated with Wegener's theory of “Kontinentaldrift”, Nothofagus has been regarded as the “key genus in plant biogeography”. This... | Introduction An important principle of evolutionary inference is that explanations for the past require an understanding of mechanisms and processes applicable in the present [ 1 ]. It is perhaps this sticking point more than any other that has polarised views over the relative importance of vicariance and dispersal fo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539330.xml |
544867 | Progress, challenges, and responsibilities in retrovirology | In this editorial, Retrovirology's choice for best basic science "retrovirus paper of the year" and a perspective on challenges and responsibilities facing HIV-1 and HTLV-I research are presented. | Progress The beginning of a year provides an occasion to look back upon progress made over the past 52 weeks. With the end of 2004, Retrovirology concluded its first calendar year of publishing. In actual fact, Retrovirology launched as an Open Access journal the final week of February 2004 and has been publishing cont... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544867.xml |
527873 | Gastric T-cell lymphoma associated with hemophagocytic syndrome | Background Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (LAHS) occurs in mostly extra nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. LAHS arising from gastrointestinal lymphoma has never been reported. Here we report a case of gastric T-cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Case presentation A 51-year-old woman presented wit... | Background Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in adults is characterized by reactive and systemic proliferation of benign histiocytes that phagocytose blood cells [ 1 ]. It is often associated with infections, malignant neoplasms, autoimmune diseases and various immunodeficiencies. Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrom... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC527873.xml |
524361 | Generation of competent bone marrow-derived antigen presenting cells from the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) | Background Human infections with Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and related New World hantaviruses often lead to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a sometimes fatal illness. Lungs of patients who die from HCPS exhibit cytokine-producing mononuclear infiltrates and pronounced pulmonary inflammation. Deer mice ( Peromy... | Background Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae ) are rodent-borne and can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS 4 ) or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) [ 1 ]. While HFRS is usually associated with Eurasian hantaviruses, HCPS is caused by any of several recently described New World hantaviruses [ 2 -... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524361.xml |
545953 | Gene expression in the brain and kidney of rainbow trout in response to handling stress | Background Microarray technologies are rapidly becoming available for new species including teleost fishes. We constructed a rainbow trout cDNA microarray targeted at the identification of genes which are differentially expressed in response to environmental stressors. This platform included clones from normalized and ... | Background Until recently multiple gene expression profiling was applied almost exclusively to human and a few model organisms. At present cDNA microarrays are being constructed for new species including teleost fishes [ 1 - 6 ]. Since EST sequencing projects are carried out with a large number of species, continuous d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545953.xml |
548522 | Association between fetal growth restriction and polymorphisms at sites -1 and +3 of pituitary growth hormone: a case-control study | Background Fetal growth restriction is associated with significantly increased risks of neonatal death and morbidity and with susceptibility to hypertension, cardiovascular disease and NIDDM later in life. Human birth weight has a substantial genetic component, with at least a quarter of the variation attributable to a... | Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major risk factor for illness in the perinatal period and throughout life, with the smallest 7.5 percent of infants accounting for two-thirds of infant deaths [ 1 ]. Term, low birth weight infants are at least five times more likely to die in the first year [ 2 , 3 ] and a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548522.xml |
423142 | Information Transport across a Membrane | null | From a biochemical perspective, a living cell is a collection of molecules jampacked into a confined space by a flexible barrier, called the plasma membrane. A diverse array of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane act as conduits between the cell interior and its external environment, conveying nutrients, metabolit... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423142.xml |
529321 | Are Animals As Irrational As Humans? | null | Animals in the wild are constantly confronted with decisions: Where to nest? Who to mate? Where's the best forage? To explore the mechanisms underlying such decisions, animal behavior studies often incorporate concepts from economic theory. Mainstream models of choice in both economics and biology predict that preferen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529321.xml |
529309 | SIVdrl detection in captive mandrills: are mandrills infected with a third strain of simian immunodeficiency virus? | A pol-fragment of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is highly related to SIVdrl-pol from drill monkeys ( Mandrillus leucophaeus ) was detected in two mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) from Amsterdam Zoo. These captivity-born mandrills had never been in contact with drill monkeys, and were unlikely to be hybrids. T... | Findings To date over 30 strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been isolated from African primate species and sequenced [ 1 ]. Mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) are quite exceptional among African monkeys in that they harbour two distinct SIV strains, designated SIVmnd1 and SIVmnd2, with a separate geograph... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529309.xml |
526760 | Improving epidemic malaria planning, preparedness and response in Southern Africa | Malaria is a major public health problem for countries in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). While the endemicity of malaria varies enormously across this region, many of the countries have districts that are prone to periodic epidemics, which can be regional in their extent, and to resurgent outbreaks t... | Introduction The Southern African region has a long and varied history of malaria control with periodic epidemics occurring [ 1 , 2 ]. These epidemics can be regional in scale, as in 1996 and 1997, or much more focal, affecting specific districts or sub-districts. The countries of the Southern African Development Commu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526760.xml |
519023 | Food and nutrient intake in relation to mental wellbeing | Background We studied food consumption and nutrient intake in subjects with depressed mood, anxiety and insomnia as indices of compromised mental wellbeing. Methods The study population consisted of 29,133 male smokers aged 50 to 69 years who entered the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study in 1985–1... | Background Diet has an effect on mood and cognitive function [ 1 ]. There is some evidence that deficiency or supplementation of nutrients can affect not only mood, but also behavioral patterns. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 30 patients showed that omega-3 essential fatty acid supplements alleviated symp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519023.xml |
544873 | The Latin American Social Medicine database | Background Public health practitioners and researchers for many years have been attempting to understand more clearly the links between social conditions and the health of populations. Until recently, most public health professionals in English-speaking countries were unaware that their colleagues in Latin America had ... | Background Public health practitioners have long recognized the connections between patients' socioeconomic conditions and their health [ 1 - 8 ]. Yet these practitioners and their empirically oriented researcher colleagues have faced difficulties in establishing the precise linkages between socioeconomic variables and... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544873.xml |
555956 | Influence of immunomagnetic enrichment on gene expression of tumor cells | Background Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Bone marrow (BM) is a frequent site for the settlement of disseminated tumor cells which occurs years before overt metastases signal incurability. Methods Here we describe a new method to assess the initial stage of metastasis development in cancer pat... | Introduction Solid tumors derived from epithelial organs are the main form of cancer in industrialized countries. The first phase of the metastatic development consists of local tumor cell invasion, followed by tumor cell circulation in the blood and homing to secondary distant organs [ 1 , 2 ]. As indicator organ for ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555956.xml |
529447 | Validity of the Clock Drawing Test in predicting reports of driving problems in the elderly | Background This study examined the use of the Folstein Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) in predicting retrospective reports of driving problems among the elderly. The utility of existing scoring systems for the CDT was also examined. Methods Archival chart records of 325 patients of a ger... | Background Assessment of cognitive function pertaining to capacity for safe and independent living among elderly patients is a central responsibility of many geriatric medical clinics and service agencies. Specific concerns pertaining to judgments of driving capacity are also befalling upon the medical profession in pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529447.xml |
545210 | Predicting Tumor Responses to Gefitinib and Erlotinib | null | Tyrosine kinases regulate signaling pathways that control cell growth, proliferation, motility, and other critical cellular processes. Mutations in tyrosine kinase genes can lead to abnormal kinase activity, and some tumors become dependent upon this activity for growth and survival. Thus, kinases are attractive target... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545210.xml |
340127 | Wnt Signaling Relies on Nuclear Armadillo | null | A couple of years ago, a paper was published in a high-profile journal that challenged a long-established model of cell signaling. While researchers in the field mostly greeted the results with skepticism, some went into the lab to investigate the discrepancy. Many elements of this pathway, called the Wnt pathway, have... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340127.xml |
524188 | Extraabdominal fibromatosis in retroperitoneal space | Background Fibromatosis or desmoid tumor covers a broad spectrum of benign fibrous tissue proliferations. It is characterized by infiltrative growth and a tendency towards recurrence; however, unlike sarcoma, it never metastasizes. Case presentation We report on a case of extraabdominal fibromatosis originating from th... | Background The term "fibromatosis" covers a broad spectrum of benign fibrous tissue proliferations, the biological behavior of which is similar to both benign fibrous lesions and fibrosarcoma. Like fibrosarcoma, fibromatosis is characterized by infiltrative growth and a tendency towards recurrence; however, unlike sarc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524188.xml |
524177 | Identification of hip fracture patients from radiographs using Fourier analysis of the trabecular structure: a cross-sectional study | Background This study presents an analysis of trabecular bone structure in standard radiographs using Fourier transforms and principal components analysis (PCA) to identify contributions to hip fracture risk. Methods Radiographs were obtained from 26 hip fracture patients and 24 controls. They were digitised and five r... | Background The NIH Consensus Statement defines Osteoporosis as "a skeletal disorder characterised by compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture" [ 1 ]. Bone strength was defined as "the integration of two main features: bone density and bone quality". Currently, clinical diagnosis is based ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524177.xml |
526774 | Mental health first aid training of the public in a rural area: a cluster randomized trial [ISRCTN53887541] | Background A Mental Health First Aid course has been developed which trains members of the public in how to give initial help in mental health crisis situations and to support people developing mental health problems. This course has previously been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in a workplace setting and ... | Background Community surveys have shown that the public in many countries have poor mental health literacy [ 1 ]. Many people cannot recognise mental disorders correctly, they differ from mental health professionals in their beliefs about causes and the most effective treatments, and they have stigmatizing attitudes wh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526774.xml |
529453 | Enhanced cell-permeant Cre protein for site-specific recombination in cultured cells | Background Cell-permeant Cre DNA site-specific recombinases provide an easily controlled means to regulate gene structure and function in living cells. Since recombination provides a stable and unambiguous record of protein uptake, the enzyme may also be used for quantitative studies of cis - and trans -acting factors ... | Background The Cre recombinase from bacteriophage P1 has been widely used to induce DNA sequence-specific recombination in mammalian cells [ 1 ]. The enzyme, which catalyzes recombination between 34 nucleotide LoxP sequences during P1 genome replication, has been used in a variety of genetic applications to regulate ge... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529453.xml |
543463 | Modulation of Statin-Activated Shedding of Alzheimer APP Ectodomain by ROCK | Background Statins are widely used cholesterol-lowering drugs that act by inhibiting HMGCoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Recent evidence suggests that statin use may be associated with a decreased risk for Alzheimer disease, although the mechanisms underlying this apparent risk reduc... | Introduction Alzheimer disease is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by accumulation of extracellular and vascular amyloid in the brain [ 1 ]. Amyloid deposits are composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), a 4-kDa peptide released during “amyloidogenic” proteolytic processing of the Alzh... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543463.xml |
545204 | Retinoic Acid and Arsenic for Treating Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia | What were the critical steps in the development of ATRA and arsenic as treatments for APL? Researchers in Shanghai tell the story and look to the future | Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was first identified as a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia in 1957 by Leif Hillestad. It is called M3 in the French–American–British classification, with a variant type referred to as microgranular (M3v in the French–American–British nomenclature) [1] . APL is characterized ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545204.xml |
374241 | Dissection and Design of Yeast Prions | Many proteins can misfold into β-sheet-rich, self-seeding polymers (amyloids). Prions are exceptional among such aggregates in that they are also infectious. In fungi, prions are not pathogenic but rather act as epigenetic regulators of cell physiology, providing a powerful model for studying the mechanism of prion rep... | Introduction The aggregation of misfolded proteins underlies a diverse range of human diseases, including sporadic amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease and hereditary neuropathies such as Huntington's disease ( Dobson 1999 ). Prions are a special class of protein aggregates that replicate their conformation and spre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC374241.xml |
514711 | A faster way to make GFP-based biosensors: Two new transposons for creating multicolored libraries of fluorescent fusion proteins | Background There are now several ways to generate fluorescent fusion proteins by randomly inserting DNA encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) into another protein's coding sequence. These approaches can be used to map regions in a protein that are permissive for GFP insertion or to create novel biosensors. While... | Background Biosensors based on GFP-fusion proteins are powerful tools for observing real-time events within living cells. Insertion of GFP within another protein has produced biosensors capable of signaling intracellular events through intrinsic fluorescence changes [ 1 , 2 ], fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FR... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514711.xml |
549589 | A Person-Centred Approach to Communicating Risk | Standard approaches to communicating risk to patients do not appear to be very effective, argues Alaszewski. We need a new approach that takes patients' own perceptions into account | Doctors and other health professionals play a key role in communicating risk information. They are advisers to patients, especially when patients have to make fateful decisions that can irrevocably change their lives. There is a developing body of literature on the ways in which risk information can be effectively comm... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549589.xml |
514705 | Is drug-induced toxicity a good predictor of response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer? -A prospective clinical study | Background Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is an integral part of multi-modality approach in the management of locally advanced breast cancer and it is vital to predict the response in order to tailor the regime for a patient. The common final pathway in the tumor cell death is believed to be apoptosis or programmed cell dea... | Background Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an integral part of multi-modality approach in the management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). It is required both for the local control (to ensure microscopically free margins during surgery) and distant or systemic control [ 1 - 5 ]. In the past few years, consi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514705.xml |
555759 | Silhouette scores for assessment of SNP genotype clusters | Background High-throughput genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generates large amounts of data. In many SNP genotyping assays, the genotype assignment is based on scatter plots of signals corresponding to the two SNP alleles. In a robust assay the three clusters that define the genotypes are well separ... | Background High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assays generate large amounts of data, which usually is presented as scatter plots of signals corresponding to the two SNP alleles. A robust SNP genotyping assay is characterized by large distances between the three clusters that define the geno... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555759.xml |
555765 | Comparative promoter region analysis powered by CORG | Background Promoters are key players in gene regulation. They receive signals from various sources (e.g. cell surface receptors) and control the level of transcription initiation, which largely determines gene expression. In vertebrates, transcription start sites and surrounding regulatory elements are often poorly def... | Background Comparative sequence analysis has been a powerful tool in bioinformatics for addressing a variety of issues. Applications range from grouping of sequences (e.g. protein sequences into families) to de novo pattern discovery of functional signatures. Speaking of gene regulation, it has been known for a long ti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555765.xml |
535898 | Verbal autopsy of 80,000 adult deaths in Tamilnadu, South India | Background Registration of the fact of death is almost complete in the city of Chennai and not so in the rural Villupuram district in Tamilnadu, India. The cause of death is often inadequately recorded on the death certificate in developing countries like India. A special verbal autopsy (VA) study of 48 000 adult (aged... | Background In developed countries, data on disease-specific mortality by age are readily available from national vital registration. In developing countries, where 80% of the world's deaths occur, estimation of cause of death is more difficult because the levels of coverage of vital registration and reliability of caus... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535898.xml |
555942 | Gene fusions and gene duplications: relevance to genomic annotation and functional analysis | Background Escherichia coli a model organism provides information for annotation of other genomes. Our analysis of its genome has shown that proteins encoded by fused genes need special attention. Such composite (multimodular) proteins consist of two or more components (modules) encoding distinct functions. Multimodula... | Background Eschericia coli remains a useful resource to the genomic community as it provides important knowledge which can be applied to the analysis of most microbial genomes. Its central role devolves from two facts; first, the accumulated results of seven decades of laboratory experimentation have identified the fun... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555942.xml |
539046 | Human Carrying Capacity and Human Health | The issue of overpopulation has fallen out of favor among most contemporary demographers, economists, and epidemiologists. Discussing population control has become taboo. This taboo could be hazardous to public health | The issue of human overpopulation has fallen out of favor among most contemporary demographers, economists, and epidemiologists. Discussing population control has become a taboo topic. Yet, this taboo has major implications for public health. The silence around overpopulation prevents the global health community from m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539046.xml |
515369 | Genetic Response to Climatic Change: Insights from Ancient DNA and Phylochronology | Understanding how climatic change impacts biological diversity is critical to conservation. Yet despite demonstrated effects of climatic perturbation on geographic ranges and population persistence, surprisingly little is known of the genetic response of species. Even less is known over ecologically long time scales pe... | Introduction Phylogeography has advanced our understanding of the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within and between species ( Avise 2000 ). However, empirical evidence of temporal change in genetic diversity in a single locality over time has not yet been placed in a population genetic or phylogeographic fra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515369.xml |
212701 | Supersensitive Worms Reveal New Gene Functions | null | The past ten years saw great progress in the field of molecular genetics, as new tools gave scientists the ability to investigate entire genomes instead of just one or two genes at a time. In this paper, Ronald Plasterk and colleagues developed a systemic approach using Caenorhabditis elegans , a tiny nematode and the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212701.xml |
521184 | Endangered Frogs Coexist with Fungus Once Thought Fatal | null | Amphibian declines have reached crisis proportions in various parts of the world. In many areas, habitat loss is the likely culprit. But when mass die-offs suddenly occurred in relatively undisturbed habitats, the cause was far less obvious. Fourteen species suffered either extinctions or major declines in the pristine... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521184.xml |
539052 | Sensitive, Noninvasive Detection of Lymph Node Metastases | Background Many primary malignancies spread via lymphatic dissemination, and accurate staging therefore still relies on surgical exploration. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of semiautomated noninvasive nodal cancer staging using a nanoparticle-enhanced lymphotropic magnetic resonance imaging (... | Introduction Most primary malignancies spread systemically via lymphatic dissemination [ 1 ]. For example, the finding of axillary nodal metastases predicts a much shorter disease-free survival in breast cancer [ 2 ]. The total nodal tumor burden (number of affected nodes and metastatic tumor volume) affects prognosis ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539052.xml |
529255 | The diagnostic value of endoscopy and Helicobacter pylori tests for peptic ulcer patients in late post-treatment setting | Background Guidelines for management of peptic ulcer patients after the treatment are largely directed to detection of H. pylori infection using only non-invasive tests. We compared the diagnostic value of non-invasive and endoscopy based H. pylori tests in a late post-treatment setting. Methods Altogether 34 patients ... | Background Treatment of peptic ulcer in accordance with relevant guidelines is becoming a common task for general practitioners [ 1 - 6 ]. In a post-treatment setting, in accordance with guidelines, prompt check-up of treatment results is recommended only in gastric ulcer cases with the use of 13 C-urea breath test ( 1... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529255.xml |
544898 | Case-based medical informatics | Background The "applied" nature distinguishes applied sciences from theoretical sciences. To emphasize this distinction, we begin with a general, meta-level overview of the scientific endeavor. We introduce the knowledge spectrum and four interconnected modalities of knowledge. In addition to the traditional differenti... | Background A meta-level view of science Our aim is to place Medical Informatics in the context of other sciences and to bring coherence in its formal education [ 1 ]. This will necessarily place the discussion at a meta-level view of science, which traditionally was the concern of philosophers. From such a general pers... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544898.xml |
529269 | Detecting imbalanced expression of SNP alleles by minisequencing on microarrays | Background Each of the human genes or transcriptional units is likely to contain single nucleotide polymorphisms that may give rise to sequence variation between individuals and tissues on the level of RNA. Based on recent studies, differential expression of the two alleles of heterozygous coding single nucleotide poly... | Background Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are highly abundant in the human genome, appearing on average at 0.1% of the nucleotide positions [ 1 ]. Thus, each gene or transcriptional unit will contain multiple SNPs that potentially give rise to sequence variation between individuals and tissues on the level of R... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529269.xml |
523234 | Controlling the Timing of Gene Expression during Organ Development | null | For more than 2,000 years, from the time of Aristotle onwards, it was thought that the complete body plan of human beings (and that of other animals) was present in the fertilized egg. During pregnancy, a preformed miniature human being, or homunculus, grew bigger and bigger; development was simply a process of growth.... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523234.xml |
493285 | Transient spleen enlargement in peripheral blood progenitor cell donors given G-CSF | The administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) donors causes spleen length to increase, but the duration of enlargement is not known. Eighteen healthy subjects were given 10 μg/kg of G-CSF for 5 days and a PBSC concentrate was collected by apheresis. Ultra... | Background Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) concentrates donors are routinely given granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to increase the concentration of circulating PBPCs and hence the number of progenitors that can be collected by apheresis. Typically 10 to 16 μg/kg of G-CSF are given subcutaneously d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC493285.xml |
548668 | Maps of the Sri Lanka malaria situation preceding the tsunami and key aspects to be considered in the emergency phase and beyond | Background Following the tsunami, a detailed overview of the area specific transmission levels is essential in assessing the risk of malaria in Sri Lanka. Recent information on vector insecticide resistance, parasite drug resistance, and insights into the national policy for malaria diagnosis and treatment are importan... | Background After the tsunami hit Sri Lanka on 26 December 2004, news reports and public health agencies warned against the possibilities of an increase of vector borne diseases, in particular malaria and dengue. Immediately after the disaster, an estimated 860,000 people were displaced and more than 820 emergency camps... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548668.xml |
548132 | Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 at the fetal-maternal interface of rhesus monkey | To study the apoptosis and its mechanism at the fetal-maternal interface of early gestation, localization of apoptotic cells in the implantation sites of the rhesus monkey on day 17, 19, 28 and 34 of pregnancy were first examine by using the TUNEL technique. The expression of Ki67, a molecular marker of proliferating c... | Introduction Apoptosis plays important roles in placentation and embryonic development [ 1 ]. The cells undergoing apoptosis have characteristic structural changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear disintegration involves DNA cleavage into oligonucleosomal length DNA fragments [ 2 - 4 ], and the DNA fragments c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548132.xml |
539278 | Effects of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, DHPG, and injection stress on striatal cell signaling in food-restricted and ad libitum fed rats | Background Chronic food restriction augments the rewarding effect of centrally administered psychostimulant drugs and this effect may involve a previously documented upregulation of D-1 dopamine receptor-mediated MAP kinase signaling in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate-putamen (CPu). Psychostimulants are known to in... | Background Chronic food restriction increases central sensitivity to rewarding and motor-activating effects of psychostimulants and direct dopamine receptor agonists [ 1 ]. Corresponding adaptive changes at the cellular level include increased psychostimulant-induced DA release in nucleus accumbens core [ 2 ], and upre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539278.xml |
514498 | Mapping the distribution of Loa loa in Cameroon in support of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control | Background Loa loa has recently emerged as a filarial worm of significant public health importance as a consequence of its impact on the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Severe, sometimes fatal, encephalopathic reactions to ivermectin (the drug of choice for onchocerciasis control) have occurred in ... | Background Knowledge of the spatial distribution of Loa loa is important in countries involved in the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) and is also now a significant issue for the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). Both programmes rely on the wide-scale distribution of anti-he... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514498.xml |
539250 | BAG-1 haplo-insufficiency impairs lung tumorigenesis | Background BAG-1 is a multifunctional co-chaperone of heat shock proteins (Hsc70/Hsp70) that is expressed in most cells. It interacts with Bcl-2 and Raf indicating that it might connect protein folding with other signaling pathways. Evidence that BAG-1 expression is frequently altered in human cancers, in particular in... | Background BAG-1 is a multifunctional protein that is expressed in most cells. Originally identified as a Bcl-2 binding protein [ 1 ], other interaction partners of BAG-1 were described, including the serine threonine kinase C-Raf [ 2 ]. The C-terminal "BAG domain" of BAG-1 mediates the interaction with the Hsc70 and H... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539250.xml |
300675 | Structural Mechanism Shows How Transferrin Receptor Binds Multiple Ligands and Sheds Light on a Hereditary Iron Disease | null | Iron is an essential nutrient for sustaining life-forms as diverse as plankton and humans. But too much iron, or too little, can spell trouble. Mammalian cells maintain the proper balance partly with the help of a specialized cell surface protein called the transferrin receptor (TfR). TfRs bind to the iron-carrying tra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC300675.xml |
549204 | Structural comparison of metabolic networks in selected single cell organisms | Background There has been tremendous interest in the study of biological network structure. An array of measurements has been conceived to assess the topological properties of these networks. In this study, we compared the metabolic network structures of eleven single cell organisms representing the three domains of li... | Background Classification of biological organisms is of fundamental importance to evolutionary studies. It is commonly believed that there are three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryote. Currently, the most popular classification method is the so called "molecular approach", in which polymorphism informatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549204.xml |
548683 | FAM20: an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted proteins expressed in hematopoietic cells | Background Hematopoiesis is a complex developmental process controlled by a large number of factors that regulate stem cell renewal, lineage commitment and differentiation. Secreted proteins, including the hematopoietic growth factors, play critical roles in these processes and have important biological and clinical si... | Background Hematopoietic differentiation is a complex process whereby multiple functionally and morphologically distinct cell types arise from a population of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) [ 1 ]. The accurate and efficient regulation of hematopoietic development is controlled by a large number of regulat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548683.xml |
549210 | An evaluation of the metabolic syndrome in the HyperGEN study | Background In 2001 the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) provided a categorical definition for metabolic syndrome (c-MetS). We studied the extent to which two ethnic groups, Blacks and Whites were affected by c-MetS. The groups were members of the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN), a part... | Background Metabolic and physiologic disorders for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension often cluster. This cluster is frequently identified as the "metabolic syndrome" (MetS). Reaven [ 1 ] related MetS to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549210.xml |
546335 | Opposing Fat Metabolism Pathways Triggered by a Single Gene | null | Regulating metabolism of fat is an important challenge for any animal, from nematodes to humans. Central players in the regulatory network are the nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs), which are transcription factors that turn on or off a set of target genes when bound by specific lipid molecules. NHR genes number 48 in ma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546335.xml |
549562 | Surface expression, single-channel analysis and membrane topology of recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis Major Outer Membrane Protein | Background Chlamydial bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens containing a cysteine-rich porin (Major Outer Membrane Protein, MOMP) with important structural and, in many species, immunity-related roles. MOMP forms extensive disulphide bonds with other chlamydial proteins, and is difficult to purify. Leaderless, ... | Background Every Gram-negative bacterium in the order Chlamydiales is an obligate intracellular pathogen [ 1 ]. The organisms are dimorphic, and alternate between free-living, infectious "elementary bodies" (EBs) endocytosed by mucosal cells into vesicular inclusions, and metabolically active, intracellular "reticulate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549562.xml |
514895 | Co-transcriptional folding is encoded within RNA genes | Background Most of the existing RNA structure prediction programs fold a completely synthesized RNA molecule. However, within the cell, RNA molecules emerge sequentially during the directed process of transcription. Dedicated experiments with individual RNA molecules have shown that RNA folds while it is being transcri... | Background Most of the existing computational methods for RNA secondary structure prediction fold an already completely synthesized RNA molecule. This is done either by minimizing its free energy (e.g. done by MFOLD [ 1 - 3 ] and by the programs of the VIENNA package [ 4 - 8 ]) or by maximizing the probability under a ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514895.xml |
546334 | Novel Enzyme Shows Potential as an Anti-HIV Target | null | At just 9.8 kilobases, the HIV genome pales in comparison to the 3.2 gigabases of its human and nonhuman primate targets. The compact retrovirus encodes just 14 proteins, which play different roles in promoting viral infection and virulence. As a retrovirus, HIV uses the host's cellular machinery—including RNA polymera... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546334.xml |
300885 | A Truly Broad View of Gene Expression Spotlights Evolution and Diversity | null | Bioinformatics and microarrays have given scientists powerful new tools to investigate the structure and activity of genes on a global scale. Rather than studying just a few genes, scientists can analyze tens of thousands within and across species. Microarrays flag which genes are expressed under particular cellular co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC300885.xml |
526370 | Inhibitory effects of proanthocyanidins from Ribes nigrum leaves on carrageenin acute inflammatory reactions induced in rats | Background The anti-inflammatory effects of proanthocyanidins (PACs), isolated from blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) leaves, were analysed using carrageenin-induced paw oedema and carrageenin-induced pleurisy in rats. Results Pretreatment of the animals with PACs (10, 30, 60 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced paw oedema induc... | Background Proanthocyanidins are compounds, naturally occurring in various plants, with anti-inflammatory [ 1 , 2 ] and anti-arthritic activities [ 3 ]. They are reported to prevent skin aging and heart diseases, they scavenge oxygen free radicals and inhibit UV radiation-induced peroxidation [ 4 - 10 ]. We have isolat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526370.xml |
509422 | Use and improvement of microbial redox enzymes for environmental purposes | Industrial development may result in the increase of environmental risks. The enzymatic transformation of polluting compounds to less toxic or even innocuous products is an alternative to their complete removal. In this regard, a number of different redox enzymes are able to transform a wide variety of toxic pollutants... | Introduction Chromate reductases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of toxic and carcinogenic Cr(VI) to the less soluble and less toxic Cr(III). These proteins have recently raised enormous interest because of their central role in mediating chromium toxicity and their potential use in bioremediation an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509422.xml |
545199 | Climate Drives the Meningitis Epidemics Onset in West Africa | Background Every year West African countries within the Sahelo-Sudanian band are afflicted with major meningococcal meningitis (MCM) disease outbreaks, which affect up to 200,000 people, mainly young children, in one of the world's poorest regions. The timing of the epidemic year, which starts in February and ends in l... | Introduction Meningococcal meningitis (MCM) has affected Sahelian Africa for centuries and became endemic over the past 25 y. During the 1980s, the World Health Organization (WHO) registered between 25,000 and 200,000 disease cases per year, with about 10% of them resulting in death, and with the highest infection rate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545199.xml |
300884 | Structure and Implications of JAMM, a Novel Metalloprotease | null | Proteins may be the workhorse of the cell, but when a cell can synthesize one protein in a matter of minutes, chances are some will become obsolete. Though many proteins put in years of productive service, others quickly outlive their usefulness and can even damage the cell. Proteins that help form bone and muscle, for... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC300884.xml |
539287 | Soy versus whey protein bars: Effects on exercise training impact on lean body mass and antioxidant status | Background Although soy protein may have many health benefits derived from its associated antioxidants, many male exercisers avoid soy protein. This is due partly to a popular, but untested notion that in males, soy is inferior to whey in promoting muscle weight gain. This study provided a direct comparison between a s... | Background Many male exercisers avoid soy protein because there is a perception that it is inferior to proteins like whey for supporting lean boss mass gain. This perception persists even though there are no studies comparing whey and soy for effects on lean body mass gain. Soy may actually help promote lean body mass ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539287.xml |
554094 | Ultrasound imaging versus morphopathology in cardiovascular diseases. Coronary collateral circulation and atherosclerotic plaque | This review article is aimed at comparing the results of histopathological and clinical imaging studies to assess coronary collateral circulation in humans. The role of collaterals, as emerging from morphological studies in both normal and atherosclerotic coronary vessels, is described; in addition, present role and fu... | In the past 25 years, the concept of a compensatory function of the coronary collaterals (or anastomoses) – i.e. vessels that join different coronary arteries or branches – has been practically cancelled from the mind of cardiologists since cineangiography shows that the onset of coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs ind... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554094.xml |
539244 | The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) during ovarian follicular development in sheep | Background Recently, several members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily have been shown to be essential for regulating the growth and differentiation of ovarian follicles and thus fertility. Methods Ovaries of neonatal and adult sheep were examined for expression of the TGF-betas 1–3 and thei... | Background Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily are important intraovarian growth factors [ 1 - 6 ]. Three key members of the TGF-β subfamily, namely TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, have been shown to be produced by ovarian cells [ 7 - 13 ]. However, the cellular distribution of these proteins ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539244.xml |
490028 | Genome-Wide Survey of Cohesin: A Molecular Guardian of Genomic Fidelity | null | At a fundamental level, the continuity of life depends on cell division. Humans generate many millions of cells per second just to stay alive, with most cell types dividing and multiplying repeatedly during a lifetime. Details of cell division vary from cell to cell and organism to organism, but certain features are un... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC490028.xml |
545600 | Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics | A detailed description of the aims and methods of the Bioconductor project, an initiative for the collaborative creation of extensible software for computational biology and bioinformatics. | Background The Bioconductor project [ 1 ] is an initiative for the collaborative creation of extensible software for computational biology and bioinformatics (CBB). Biology, molecular biology in particular, is undergoing two related transformations. First, there is a growing awareness of the computational nature of man... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545600.xml |
524214 | The big problem of the missing cytology slides | Cytology slides are often unique and irreplaceable. Unlike surgical pathology cases, where additional paraffin sections can be cut, cytology slides often cannot be duplicated because there are only a few direct smears or the diagnostic material is present on a single slide. Cytology slides are often "sent out" to other... | 1. What is already known on this topic? A WestLaw search (similar to PubMed, but searches state and federal cases and statutes as well as commentary) uncovered only a handful of reported appellate cases that directly applied to the issue of lost cytology slides. There are many cases and statutes dealing with lost and a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524214.xml |
548319 | Iron homeostasis in neuronal cells: a role for IREG1 | Background Iron is necessary for neuronal function but in excess generates neurodegeneration. Although most of the components of the iron homeostasis machinery have been described in neurons, little is known about the particulars of their iron homeostasis. In this work we characterized the response of SH-SY5Y neuroblas... | Background Because of its intense oxidative metabolism, the brain consumes a high fraction of total oxygen generating large amounts of reactive oxygen species [ 1 , 2 ]. Although brain antioxidant defenses function properly during most of human life, a number of neurodegenerative processes which involve redox-active ir... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548319.xml |
545198 | Seasonal Patterns of Infectious Diseases | Why is that many infectious diseases, like cholera, malaria, and meningococcal meningitis, show seasonal patterns? And how can we accurately determine these patterns? | Meningococcal meningitis in western Africa shows recurrent seasonal patterns every year. Epidemics typically start at the beginning of February and last until May. We can try to explain the observed patterns on the basis of some seasonally varying environmental factor that favors disease transmission. Air dryness produ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545198.xml |
509423 | Similar group mean scores, but large individual variations, in patient-relevant outcomes over 2 years in meniscectomized subjects with and without radiographic knee osteoarthritis | Background Epidemiological studies have, so far, identified factors associated with increased risk for incident or progressive OA, such as age, sex, heredity, obesity, and joint injury. There is, however, a paucity of long-term data that provide information on the nature of disease progression on either group or indivi... | Background Drugs that may slow or halt the breakdown of cartilage and other joint tissues in osteoarthritis (OA) and possibly improve symptoms and function are now being developed in the pharmaceutical industry. The potential availability of disease modifying OA drugs has focused attention on our relative lack of infor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509423.xml |
545601 | Development of a method for screening short-lived proteins using green fluorescent protein | A method for identifying short-live proteins using a GFP-fusion cDNA library for monitoring degradation kinetics is described. | Background Cellular proteins differ widely in their lability, ranging from those that are completely stable to those with half-lives measured in minutes. Proteins with a short half-life are among the most critical to the cell. Regulated degradation of specific proteins contributes to the control of signal transduction ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545601.xml |
526371 | An unusual case of an ulcerative colitis flare resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and a bladder hematoma: a case report | Background Disorders of coagulation have long been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Children, as well as adults, with both active and inactive ulcerative colitis have been found to have abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation arises from an overwhelming of the haemostati... | Background A wide variety of disorders are associated with the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Initiation usually involves mechanical tissue injury and or endothelial cell activation and injury. DIC arises from an overwhelming of the haemostatic regulatory mechanisms leading to an excessive... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526371.xml |
539292 | Passive immunotherapy against Aβ in aged APP-transgenic mice reverses cognitive deficits and depletes parenchymal amyloid deposits in spite of increased vascular amyloid and microhemorrhage | Background Anti-Aβ immunotherapy in transgenic mice reduces both diffuse and compact amyloid deposits, improves memory function and clears early-stage phospho-tau aggregates. As most Alzheimer disease cases occur well past midlife, the current study examined adoptive transfer of anti-Aβ antibodies to 19- and 23-month o... | Background Alzheimer's disease is characterized not only by the presence of parenchymal amyloid deposits and intracellular tangles but also by the presence of amyloid deposits in the vasculature, a condition referred to as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The CAA observed in both Alzheimer's disease patients [ 1 ] an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539292.xml |
554095 | The role of NGOs in global health research for development | Background Global health research is essential for development. A major issue is the inequitable distribution of research efforts and funds directed towards populations suffering the world's greatest health problems. This imbalance is fostering major attempts at redirecting research to the health problems of low and mi... | " Each country needs to be able to generate knowledge relevant to its own situation, to allow it to determine its particular health problems, appraise the measures available for dealing with them, and choose the actions likely to produce the greatest improvement in health. This should not be seen as the exclusive prese... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554095.xml |
539286 | HTLV-1 and -2 envelope SU subdomains and critical determinants in receptor binding | Background Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) -1 and -2 are deltaretroviruses that infect a wide range of cells. Glut1, the major vertebrate glucose transporter, has been shown to be the HTLV Env receptor. While it is well established that the extracellular surface component (SU) of the HTLV envelope glycoprotein (Env)... | Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been found primarily in CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in vivo [ 1 - 3 ], whereas CD8+ T-lymphocytes are thought to be the in vivo reservoir of HTLV-2 [ 4 ]. However, the in vitro tropism of HTLV-1 and -2, as determined using HTLV envelope-pseudotyped virions or e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539286.xml |
539293 | Metabolic scaling: consensus or controversy? | Background The relationship between body mass (M) and standard metabolic rate (B) among living organisms remains controversial, though it is widely accepted that in many cases B is approximately proportional to the three-quarters power of M. Results The biological significance of the straight-line plots obtained over w... | Introduction: Kleiber and metabolic scaling In 1932, Kleiber published a paper in an obscure journal [ 1 ] showing that standard metabolic rates among mammals varied with the three-quarters power of body mass: the so-called "elephant to mouse curve", termed "Kleiber's law" in this review. Since that date, this and simi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539293.xml |
539245 | Current practices in spatial analysis of cancer data: data characteristics and data sources for geographic studies of cancer | The use of spatially referenced data in cancer studies is gaining in prominence, fueled by the development and availability of spatial analytic tools and the broadening recognition of the linkages between geography and health. We provide an overview of some of the unique characteristics of spatial data, followed by an ... | Introduction Understanding the spatial patterns of diseases in a population can provide insight as to their causes and controls. Indeed, this notion is at the very root of the field of epidemiology [ 1 ]. The recent explosion in data gathering, linkage and analysis capabilities fostered by computing technology, particu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539245.xml |
526417 | Genome wide analysis of common and specific stress responses in adult drosophila melanogaster | Background During their life, multicellular organisms are challenged with oxidative stress. It is generated by several reactive oxygen species (ROS), may limit lifespan and has been related to several human diseases. ROS can generate a wide variety of defects in many cellular components and thus the response of the org... | Background Cells are frequently submitted to exogenous or endogenous stresses. In aerobic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by respiration and other biological processes, are a major source of endogenous stress. These ROS include the superoxide radical (O 2 • - ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and the highl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526417.xml |
514499 | Stress echocardiography in heart failure | Echocardiography has the ability to noninvasively explore hemodynamic variables during pharmacologic or exercise stress test in patients with heart failure. In this review, we detail some important potential applications of stress echocardiography in patients with heart failure. In patients with coronary artery disease... | Background The identification of viable hibernating myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease and chronic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is, up to today, the most common use of stress echocardiography in patients with heart failure. However, to search viable myocardium or the presence of contractile reserv... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514499.xml |
529297 | Assessment of the dynamics of atrial signals and local atrial period series during atrial fibrillation: effects of isoproterenol administration | Background The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in the genesis and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF), but quantification of its electrophysiologic effects is extremely complex and difficult. Aim of the study was to evaluate the capability of linear and non-linear indexes to capture the fine ... | Background Atrial Fibrillation (AF) results from multiple, rapidly changing and spatially disorganized activation wavelets sweeping across the surface of the atria [ 1 ]. Among factors contributing to genesis and / or maintenance of circulating wavelets, Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) seems to play a major pro-arrhythm... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529297.xml |
539279 | Proportional odds ratio model for comparison of diagnostic tests in meta-analysis | Background Consider a meta-analysis where a 'head-to-head' comparison of diagnostic tests for a disease of interest is intended. Assume there are two or more tests available for the disease, where each test has been studied in one or more papers. Some of the papers may have studied more than one test, hence the results... | Background A diagnostic test, in its simple form, tries to detect presence of a particular condition (disease) in a sample. Usually there are several studies where performance of the diagnostic test is measured by some statistic. One may want to combine such studies to get a good picture of performance of the test, a m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539279.xml |
549563 | The Darlington and Northallerton Long Term Asthma Study: pulmonary function | Background The Darlington and Northallerton Asthma Study is an observational cohort study started in 1983. At that time little was published about long term outcome in asthma and the contribution of change in reversible disease or airway remodelling to any excess deterioration in function. The study design included reg... | Background It is recognised that the average decline in pulmonary function is greater in asthmatic subjects than in the general population [ 1 , 2 ]. This might be due to deterioration in potentially reversible disease [ 3 ] or the development of persistent obstruction following airway remodelling [ 4 ]. The published ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549563.xml |
521185 | MicroRNA Is a Major Regulator | null | Since their discovery a decade ago, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as major regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes of all kinds. Only 20 to 40 nucleotides long, a miRNA binds to a specific target sequence within a much longer messenger RNA (mRNA), inhibiting its translation and thus controlling expression of the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521185.xml |
549211 | Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia recognition by nonlinear descriptor | Background Ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) are ventricular cardiac arrhythmia that could be catastrophic and life threatening. Correct and timely detection of VT or VF can save lives. Methods In this paper, a multiscale-based non-linear descriptor, the Hurst index, is proposed to characte... | Introduction If a life-threatening ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) is detected promptly, a high energy electrical shock can be delivered to the heart, in an attempt to return the heart to a normal sinus rhythm (NSR). If a normal sinus rhythm is misinterpreted as VT or VF, leading to delive... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549211.xml |
549205 | Quantitative evaluation and modeling of two-dimensional neovascular network complexity: the surface fractal dimension | Background Modeling the complex development and growth of tumor angiogenesis using mathematics and biological data is a burgeoning area of cancer research. Architectural complexity is the main feature of every anatomical system, including organs, tissues, cells and sub-cellular entities. The vascular system is a comple... | Background The term "angiogenesis" defines the fundamental process of the development and growth of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature, and is essential for reproduction, development and wound repair [ 1 ]. Under these conditions, it is highly regulated: i.e. "turned on" for brief periods of time (days... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549205.xml |
212700 | Developmental Origins and Evolution of Buchnera Host Cells | null | When it comes to exploiting a niche, endosymbionts take the prize. In endosymbiosis, one organism—the endosymbiont —invades the cells of another, in some cases taking up residence in a way that actually benefits the host. Bacteria are particularly adept at making themselves indispensable by insinuating themselves into ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212700.xml |
548669 | clc is co-expressed with clf or cntfr in developing mouse muscles | Background The ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor is composed of two signalling receptor chains, gp130 and the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor, associated with a non-signalling CNTF binding receptor α component (CNTFR). This tripartite receptor has been shown to play important roles in the development of ... | Background CLC (cardiotrophin-like cytokine) shares homology with CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor) and CT-1 (cardiotrophin-1) and requires co-expression with either CLF (cytokine-like factor-1) or the soluble form of the CNTFR to be secreted [ 1 , 2 ]. The CLC-CLF heterodimer displays activities only on cells express... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548669.xml |
539053 | Imaging Lymph Nodes with Nanoparticles | null | Accurate staging of cancers is one of the most important parts of the work up of patients for both prediction of prognosis and determination of the most appropriate treatment. And an essential part of this work up is assessing whether or not there has been lymphatic spread. Current methods include surgical removal of n... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539053.xml |
387280 | Phage Display Libraries Identify T Cells | null | Doctors and researchers often look for the rapid proliferation of T cell populations, key defensive players in the immune system, as a telltale sign that the body is working hard to fend off a foreign threat. Every one of these circulating white blood cells carries a T cell receptor (TCR) that binds to a specific prote... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387280.xml |
539251 | Negative and positive childhood experiences across developmental periods in psychiatric patients with different diagnoses – an explorative study | Background A high frequency of childhood abuse has often been reported in adult psychiatric patients. The present survey explores the relationship between psychiatric diagnoses and positive and negative life events during childhood and adulthood in psychiatric samples. Methods A total of 192 patients with diagnoses of ... | Background It is difficult to assess the impact of childhood traumatic events on the psychiatric disorders in adulthood, as neither prospective research studies, nor experimental approaches are possible. Nevertheless, an increasing number of retrospective reports suggest that psychiatric disorders may be related to chi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539251.xml |
548133 | Effect of bradykinin on nitric oxide production, urea synthesis and viability of rat hepatocyte cultures | Background It is well known that cytotoxic factors, such as lipopolysaccharides, derange nitrogen metabolism in hepatocytes and nitric oxide (NO) is involved among the other factors regulating this metabolic pathway. Hepatocytes have been shown to express large levels of NO following exposure to endotoxins, such as bac... | Background It is well known that cytotoxic factors, such as lipopolysaccharides, derange nitrogen metabolism in hepatocytes and nitric oxide (NO) is involved among the other factors regulating this metabolic pathway [ 1 ]. NO is a free radical that is involved in many cellular events. In the biological systems NO has a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548133.xml |
514894 | Towards the development of a DNA-sequence based approach to serotyping of Salmonella enterica | Background The fliC and fljB genes in Salmonella code for the phase 1 (H1) and phase 2 (H2) flagellin respectively, the rfb cluster encodes the majority of enzymes for polysaccharide (O) antigen biosynthesis, together they determine the antigenic profile by which Salmonella are identified. Sequencing and characterisati... | Background Salmonella express flagellar (H), polysaccharide (O) and capsular (Vi) antigens which determine strain pathogenicity and therefore variation of these antigens has formed the basis for Salmonella serotyping. The Kauffmann-White scheme, first published in 1929, divides Salmonella into more than 2500 serotypes ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514894.xml |
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