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515284 | Site-specific mutagenesis of Drosophila proliferating cell nuclear antigen enhances its effects on calf thymus DNA polymerase δ | Background We and others have shown four distinct and presumably related effects of mammalian proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on DNA synthesis catalyzed by mammalian DNA polymerase δ(pol δ). In the presence of homologous PCNA, pol δ exhibits 1) increased absolute activity; 2) increased processivity of DNA syn... | Background Many Drosophila melanogaster homologs of the proteins required for both DNA replication and repair have been identified and in several cases purified to apparent homogeneity. These include DNA polymerase α holoenzyme [ 1 , 2 ], DNA polymerase δ(pol δ) [ 2 - 4 ], replication protein A (RP-A; [ 5 ]), replicati... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515284.xml |
514603 | Short-term cytotoxic effects and long-term instability of RNAi delivered using lentiviral vectors | Background RNA interference (RNAi) can potently reduce target gene expression in mammalian cells and is in wide use for loss-of-function studies. Several recent reports have demonstrated that short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), used to mediate RNAi, can also induce an interferon-based response resulting in changes in ... | Background Gene silencing is a powerful tool with which to study protein function. Gene inactivations in mice have revolutionised the way we study both basic biology and a plethora of disease types [ 1 , 2 ]. Gene silencing in human cells has, until recently, proven difficult to achieve [ 3 ]. Research with plants, fli... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514603.xml |
521684 | Strengths and weaknesses of EST-based prediction of tissue-specific alternative splicing | Background Alternative splicing contributes significantly to the complexity of the human transcriptome and proteome. Computational prediction of alternative splice isoforms are usually based on EST sequences that also allow to approximate the expression pattern of the related transcripts. However, the limited number of... | Background The large difference between cells from different tissues is the consequence of a complex regulatory machinery guiding the tissue specific expression of genes and their transcripts. Several genes have been described to exhibit differential splicing patterns for different tissues (E.g. PDE1C [ 1 ]; IRF-3 [ 2 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521684.xml |
546186 | Differences in codon bias cannot explain differences in translational power among microbes | Background Translational power is the cellular rate of protein synthesis normalized to the biomass invested in translational machinery. Published data suggest a previously unrecognized pattern: translational power is higher among rapidly growing microbes, and lower among slowly growing microbes. One factor known to aff... | Background Translational power is the rate of protein synthesis of a cell or culture, normalized to the amount of biomass invested in the protein synthesis machinery. We are introducing the term 'translational power' to describe precisely the same concept (and the same quantitative parameter, see Methods) that was orig... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546186.xml |
314464 | Cell-Passage Activity Is Required for the Malarial Parasite to Cross the Liver Sinusoidal Cell Layer | Liver infection is an obligatory step in malarial transmission, but it remains unclear how the sporozoites gain access to the hepatocytes, which are separated from the circulatory system by the liver sinusoidal cell layer. We found that a novel microneme protein, named sporozoite microneme protein essential for cell tr... | Introduction Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases in the world, killing more than 1 million people per year. Malaria is transmitted by bites of infected mosquitoes that inject sporozoites under the skin. The first obligatory step for these parasites to establish infection in humans is migration to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314464.xml |
521690 | The pattern of methacholine responsiveness in mice is dependent on antigen challenge dose | Background Considerable variation exists in the protocols used to induce hyperresponsiveness in murine models of allergic sensitisation. We examined the effect of varying the number of antigen exposures at challenge on the development of methacholine responsiveness in systemically sensitised mice. Methods BALB/c mice w... | Background Persistent asthma is an allergic disease characterised by airway inflammation ([ 1 - 5 ]) and hyperresponsiveness to external stimuli ([ 1 ]). Mouse models of allergic airway sensitisation are often used to elucidate the pathobiology of this disease ([ 6 - 8 ]). To date, a number of techniques have been used... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521690.xml |
516028 | Cross-species global and subset gene expression profiling identifies genes involved in prostate cancer response to selenium | Background Gene expression technologies have the ability to generate vast amounts of data, yet there often resides only limited resources for subsequent validation studies. This necessitates the ability to perform sorting and prioritization of the output data. Previously described methodologies have used functional pat... | Background Gene expression profiling, along with other methods to evaluate the global changes in genomes, provides the opportunity to understand whole scale changes present in human biology. Yet the sheer mass of data presented by these techniques often makes subsequent analysis difficult. Techniques such as gene expre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516028.xml |
549538 | Changes in lipids over twelve months after initiating protease inhibitor therapy among persons treated for HIV/AIDS | Background Protease inhibitors are known to alter the lipid profiles in subjects treated for HIV/AIDS. However, the magnitude of this effect on plasma lipoproteins and lipids has not been adequately quantified. Objective To estimate the changes in plasma lipoproteins and triglycerides occurring within 12 months of init... | Introduction Abnormalities in the lipid metabolism of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), potentially induced by the disease itself and the medications used for treatment, were first reported in the early 1990s[ 1 ]. Reductions in high- (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were obse... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549538.xml |
524515 | A step ahead: combining protein purification and correct folding selection | The success of recombinant protein expression seems unpredictable and even good yields of soluble proteins do not guarantee the correct folding. The search for soluble constructs can be performed by exploiting libraries and speeded up by automation, but these approaches are money and time consuming and the tags used fo... | Introduction The possibility to produce recombinant proteins instead of recovering the native molecules offers the double advantage of higher yields and of a simplified purification protocol using affinity chromatography. At least half a dozen of the purification tags that have been proposed so far are routinely fused ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524515.xml |
393292 | Integrative Annotation of 21,037 Human Genes Validated by Full-Length cDNA Clones | The human genome sequence defines our inherent biological potential; the realization of the biology encoded therein requires knowledge of the function of each gene. Currently, our knowledge in this area is still limited. Several lines of investigation have been used to elucidate the structure and function of the genes ... | Introduction The draft sequences of the human, mouse, and rat genomes are already available ( Lander et al. 2001 ; Marshall 2001 ; Venter et al. 2001 ; Waterston et al. 2002 ). The next challenge comes in the understanding of basic human molecular biology through interpretation of the human genome. To display biologica... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC393292.xml |
544593 | Echocardiographic AV-interval optimization in patients with reduced left ventricular function | Background Ritter's method is a tool used to optimize AV delay in DDD pacemaker patients with normal left ventricular function only. The goal of our study was to evaluate Ritter's method in AV delay-interval optimization in patients with reduced left ventricular function. Methods Patients with implanted DDD pacemakers ... | Background Since introduction of the DDD pacemaker in the early 1980s, researchers have repeatedly attempted to optimize the atrioventricular (AV) interval, for the purpose of maximizing patient hemodynamic performance. Cannon waves may be induced by programming excessively short AV intervals, and diastolic mitral regu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544593.xml |
554780 | Quality of sleep in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping | Background While sleep disturbance is widespread in schizophrenia it is less clear whether sleep disturbance is uniquely related to impaired coping and perceived quality of life. Methods We simultaneously assessed sleep quality, symptoms, and coping in 29 persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in a post... | Background Many persons with schizophrenia report chronically disturbed sleep [ 1 , 2 ]. Independent of the phase of illness, sleep disturbance documented by polysomnography include: difficulties falling asleep, awakening too early and being unable to go back to sleep, a preference for being awake during the evening, r... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554780.xml |
506788 | The expanding role of Tax in transcription | The viral transactivator of HTLV-I, Tax, has long been shown to target the earliest steps of transcription by forming quaternary complexes with sequence specific transcription factors and histone-modifying enzymes in the LTR of HTLV-I. However, a new study suggests that Tax preferentially transactivates the 21-bp repea... | Viruses have long been a source of key scientific discoveries. Historically, they have contributed to our knowledge of transcription, cell cycle, and apoptosis. To date activated transcription in higher eukaryotic cells with or without chromatin is a great area of active research and many researchers use viral activato... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506788.xml |
535342 | Platelet-derived NO slows thrombus growth on a collagen type III surface | Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that plays an important role in modulating platelet adhesion and aggregation. Platelets are a source of vascular NO, but since erythrocytes avidly scavenge NO, the functional significance of platelet-derived NO is not clear. Our purpose was to determine if NO from platelets affects p... | Introduction Platelet activation and aggregation play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States. Over the last several years, enormous advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate platelet function. A gener... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535342.xml |
524501 | The pivotal role of cholesterol absorption inhibitors in the management of dyslipidemia | Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease. Ezetimibe is the first member of a new class of selective cholesterol absorption inhibitors. It impairs the intestinal reabsorption of both dietary and hepatically excreted biliary cholesterol... | Background Over 60 million Americans suffer from cardiovascular disease (CHD). The incidence of CHD and stroke has been on the rise partly because of the increase in life expectancy and the explosive epidemic of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [ 1 ]. CHD is responsible for about 38% of the overall mortality in the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524501.xml |
539236 | Neurotrophin and Trk expression by cells of the human lamina cribrosa following oxygen-glucose deprivation | Background Ischemia within the optic nerve head (ONH) may contribute to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Ischemia has been reported to increase neurotrophin and high affinity Trk receptor expression by CNS neurons and glial cells. We have previously demonstrated neurotrophin and T... | Background Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy defined by characteristic optic nerve head and associated visual field changes. Nearly 67 million people worldwide are believed to have glaucoma, including an estimated 2.2 million in the USA [ 1 , 2 ]. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form of glaucoma acc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539236.xml |
544587 | Epitope definition by proteomic similarity analysis: identification of the linear determinant of the anti-Dsg3 MAb 5H10 | Background Walking along disease-associated protein sequences in the search for specific segments able to induce cellular immune response may direct clinical research towards effective peptide-based vaccines. To this aim, we are studying the targets of the immune response in autoimmune diseases by applying the principl... | Introduction In the last decades, several computer-driven algorithms have been devised to take advantage of the linear representation of protein sequence information to search for epitopic motifs [ 1 - 5 ]. These algorithms search the amino acid sequence of a given protein for characteristics believed to be common to a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544587.xml |
535424 | Sleep, Appetite, and Obesity—What Is the Link? | There is a well known relationship between short sleep duration and high body mass index. A new study suggests that the missing link could be the appetite regulating hormones leptin and ghrelin. | There is a well-documented relationship between short sleep duration and high body mass index (BMI). In the largest study, a survey on sleep duration and frequency of insomnia in more than 1.1 million participants, increasing BMI occurred for habitual sleep amounts below 7–8 hours [ 1 ]. A recent prospective study foun... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535424.xml |
548140 | Inhibition of TNFalpha in vivo prevents hyperoxia-mediated activation of caspase 3 in type II cells | Background The mechanisms during the initial phase of oxygen toxicity leading to pulmonary tissue damage are incompletely known. Increase of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) represents one of the first pulmonary responses to hyperoxia. We hypothesised that, in the initial phase of hyperoxia, TNFalpha activates t... | Background Oxidative stress is an important factor of acute lung injury. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) during mechanical ventilation represents a life-saving intervention for critically ill patients. However, it also induces oxidative stress to the lung. The development of therapeutic ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548140.xml |
544550 | Correction: Regulation of Muscle Fiber Type and Running Endurance by PPARδ | null | In PLoS Biology , volume 2, issue 10: Regulation of Muscle Fiber Type and Running Endurance by PPARδ. Wang YX, Zhang CL, Yu RT, Cho HK, Nelson MC, et al. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020294 The following competing interest should have been indicated in the above research article. R. M. Evans wishes to acknowledge a consulting... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544550.xml |
553992 | Astrocyte production of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 is inhibited by the spice principle curcumin at the level of gene transcription | Background In neuropathological processes associated with neutrophilic infiltrates, such as experimental allergic encephalitis and traumatic injury of the brain, the CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) is thought to play a pivotal role in the induction and perpetuation of inflammation in the centra... | Background Curcumin (1,7-Bis 94-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6 heptadiene-3, 5-di-one) is a spice principle in and constitutes approximately 4% of turmeric and is responsible for curry's characteristic yellow color. As is true of other naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds, such as caffeic acid phenyl ester, rosmari... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553992.xml |
554757 | Aggressive HIV-1? | New York City health officials announced on February 11, 2005 that a patient rapidly developed full-blown AIDS shortly after being diagnosed with a rare, drug-resistant strain of HIV-1. The New York City Department of Health issued an alert to all hospitals and doctors and a press conference was held to announce the em... | The two phenomena of rapid disease progression and multi-drug resistance, which are combined in the aggressive HIV-1 strain, are not unique. HIV-1 causes a persistent infection and this virus is generally not a fast killer. Within the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV-AIDS, it takes on average 8.3 years from the time a p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554757.xml |
552326 | A giant subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma arising in the inguinal region | Background Subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma is a rare condition that accounts for 1% to 2% of all superficial soft tissue malignancies. Approximately 10% of cases arise in the trunk, although the extremities are the most commonly affected. Case presentation We report herein the case of a 31-year-old man with a subcutaneous ... | Background Subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma arises from smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles and veins. It is a rare tumor accounting for 1% to 2% of all superficial soft tissue malignancies [ 1 - 4 ]. It usually occurs in patients between 50 and 70 years of age [ 1 , 2 , 5 ], with a male predominance ranging from 2:1 t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552326.xml |
553979 | Medicinal herb use among asthmatic patients attending a specialty care facility in Trinidad | Background There is an increasing prevalence of asthma in the Caribbean and patients remain non-compliant to therapy despite the development of guidelines for management and prevention. Some patients may self-medicate with medicinal herbs for symptomatic relief, as there is a long tradition of use for a variety of ailm... | Background Recent reports from the Caribbean suggest that the incidence of asthma is following the global trend of increasing prevalence. In Jamaica, a prevalence of 20.8% for exercise-induced asthma was estimated in a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren [ 1 ]. About one in ten patients attending an Accident and Em... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553979.xml |
544544 | Sex Determination across Evolution: Connecting the Dots | Sexual differentiation appears to be an ancient, and potentially homologous, feature of animal biology, and yet the pathways that underlie the process exhibit bewildering variety | Evolutionary developmental biology is motivated by the premise that the differences we see between species are caused by changes that have occurred in the genes that regulate their developmental programs. Beginning in the 1980s, general principles began to emerge about the evolution of development in animals. The ident... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544544.xml |
553986 | Nutritional knowledge, food habits and health attitude of Chinese university students –a cross sectional study– | Background We have previously shown that irregular lifestyle of young Japanese female students are significantly related to their desire to be thinner. In the present study, we examined the nutritional knowledge and food habits of Chinese university students and compared them with those of other Asian populations. Meth... | Background The increasing problem of obesity has been observed in many lower-income countries during the last decades. China has adopted an open-market policy and experienced explosive economic growth, which has led to less food scarcity at the national level and to a remarkable transition in the structure of the diet ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553986.xml |
555850 | Immunogenetics of Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific T-cell mediated disease. It is a complex disease, with a strong genetic component. To date, significant progress has been made towards the identification and functional characterization of HT susceptibility genes. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in... | Introduction Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common human autoimmune diseases responsible for considerable morbidity in women [ 1 ]. It is an organ-specific T-cell mediated disease that affects the thyroid, and genetics play a contributory role in its complexity. To date, significant progress has been m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555850.xml |
549074 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 promotes ovarian cancer cell invasion | Background Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is overexpressed in ovarian malignant tissues and in the serum and cystic fluid of ovarian cancer patients, suggesting an important role of IGFBP2 in the biology of ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of increased IGFBP2 in ov... | Background Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Indeed, epithelial ovarian cancer is detected at a late clinical stage in as much as 75% of patients, in whom the overall survival rate is a dismal 14–30% [ 1 ]. Hindering the development of effective treatments for the cancer is the fact that the m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549074.xml |
552332 | Platelet-derived growth factor modulates rat vascular smooth muscle cell responses on laminin-5 via mitogen-activated protein kinase-sensitive pathways | Background A treatment to remove vascular blockages, angioplasty, can cause damage to the vessel wall and a subsequent abnormal wound healing response, known as restenosis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) lining the vessel wall respond to growth factors and other stimuli released by injured cells. However, the extr... | Background Angioplasty is a procedure designed to treat vascular stenosis, blockage(s), or atherosclerotic lesions, but it may also, simultaneously, cause damage to the integrity of the blood vessel wall. Restenosis is the subsequent narrowing and occlusion of the blood vessel in response to the injury or damage sustai... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552332.xml |
549048 | Are ICD-10 codes appropriate for performance assessment in asthma and COPD in general practice? Results of a cross sectional observational study | Background The increasing prevalence and impact of obstructive lung diseases and new insights, reflected in clinical guidelines, have led to concerns about the diagnosis and therapy of asthma and COPD in primary care. In Germany diagnoses written in medical records are used for reimbursement, which may influence physic... | Background There is broad agreement between existing guidelines for asthma [ 1 - 4 ] regarding diagnostic procedures, patient education and medical treatment [ 5 ]. The statements for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ 6 - 8 ] are also consistent, despite the lack of evidence for some recommendations [ 9 ].... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549048.xml |
497052 | Quality of life and emotional distress in advanced prostate cancer survivors undergoing chemotherapy | Prostate cancer continues to occur in over 230,000 men each year. Although the majority of these will be diagnosed in the early stages, there remains a proportion who will either be diagnosed in late stage disease or develop progressive disease. In patients with advanced disease, research has recently focused on using ... | Background and significance Prostate cancer will be diagnosed in an estimated 230,110 men during 2004 [ 1 ]. There will also be approximately 29,900 men who will die from prostate cancer this year, making it the second leading cause of cancer death among men. While early detection and improved treatments have resulted ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC497052.xml |
521486 | PEDRo: A database for storing, searching and disseminating experimental proteomics data | Background Proteomics is rapidly evolving into a high-throughput technology, in which substantial and systematic studies are conducted on samples from a wide range of physiological, developmental, or pathological conditions. Reference maps from 2D gels are widely circulated. However, there is, as yet, no formally accep... | Background Bioinformatics tools and techniques depend directly or indirectly upon experimental data. However, interpreting experimental data often requires access to significant amounts of additional information about the sample used in the experiment, the conditions in which measurements were taken, the equipment used... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521486.xml |
543571 | Review of "Fundamentals of Clinical Trials" by LM. Friedman, CD. Furberg and DL. DeMets | null | Clinical Research faces perhaps a certain grain of confusion. Often, it is mistakenly reduced to case report. Caveats of even greater risks may be hidden in the secrets of patents and interests of manufacturers covertly promoting their products. Thus, a book clearly stating what a clinical trial is, well located within... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543571.xml |
551607 | Detection of virulence genes in Malaysian Shigella species by multiplex PCR assay | Background In Malaysia, Shigella spp. was reported to be the third commonest bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. Currently, isolation of the bacterium and confirmation of the disease by microbiological and biochemical methods remain as the "gold standard". This study aimed to detect the prevalence of f... | Background Members of the genus Shigella , namely S. flexneri , S. dysenteriae , S. sonnei and S. boydii have caused and continue to be responsible for mortality and/or morbidity in high risk populations such as children under five years of age, senior citizens, toddlers in day-care centres, patients in custodial insti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551607.xml |
522819 | Magnesium administration provokes motor unit survival, after sciatic nerve injury in neonatal rats | Background We examined the time course of the functional alterations in two types of muscles following sciatic nerve crush in neonatal rats and the neuroprotective effect of Mg 2+ . Methods The nerve crush was performed on the 2 nd postnatal day. MgSO 4 *7H 2 O was administered daily for two weeks. Animals were examine... | Background In the rat the first 3 weeks of life constitute a critical period of neuromuscular plasticity. Contractile properties of muscles are not inherent, but are determined by the motor nerve, that supplies the muscle. This was shown by experiments of crossinnervation between fast and slow muscles [ 1 ]. Axotomy of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522819.xml |
549712 | The phosphatidylserine receptor has essential functions during embryogenesis but not in apoptotic cell removal | Background Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is fundamental to animal development, immune function and cellular homeostasis. The phosphatidylserine receptor (Ptdsr) on phagocytes has been implicated in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells and in anti-inflammatory signaling. To determine the biological functi... | Background Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is required for the normal development of almost all multicellular organisms and is a physiological mechanism for controlling cell number; as a result, structures that are no longer needed are deleted during development and abnormal cells are eliminated [ 1 , 2 ]. Most of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549712.xml |
497053 | What is the role of theory in health behavior change interventions? | null | The discussion about the interplay between theory and intervention has a long history and much has been written and published. The companion perspective papers by Rothman and Jeffery provide alternative points of view on this important and complex question. Their papers are not intended to be critical reviews of the li... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC497053.xml |
521492 | Seal of transparency heritage in the CISMeF quality-controlled health gateway | Background It is an absolute necessity to continually assess the quality of health information on the Internet. Quality-controlled subject gateways are Internet services which apply a selected set of targeted measures to support systematic resource discovery. Methods The CISMeF health gateway became a contributor to th... | Background The availability of Internet health tools and services has been increasing at a phenomenal rate in recent years making the Internet a major source of knowledge for healthcare professionals, medical students and also patients and the general public. This increase has made it an absolute necessity to continual... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521492.xml |
522825 | Dietary analysis and patterns of nutritional supplement use in normal and age-related macular disease affected subjects: a prospective cross-sectional study | Background Poor diet is thought to be a risk factor for many diseases, including age-related macular disease (ARMD), which is the leading cause of blind registration in those aged over 60 years in the developed world. The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the dietary food intake of three subject groups: participan... | Background Poor diet is thought to be a risk factor for many diseases [ 1 , 2 ]. One way of evaluating this risk is to carry out studies using dietary assessment techniques. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) have been the primary method of food self-reporting in nutritional epidemiology for the past 20 years, but it ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522825.xml |
532388 | Secreted Bacterial Effectors and Host-Produced Eiger/TNF Drive Death in a Salmonella-Infected Fruit Fly | Death by infection is often as much due to the host's reaction as it is to the direct result of microbial action. Here we identify genes in both the host and microbe that are involved in the pathogenesis of infection and disease in Drosophila melanogaster challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typh... | Introduction A hallmark of pathogens is their ability to manipulate their hosts at both a cellular and organismal level. This exploitation of the host can involve the production of specific toxins, secretion of virulence effectors into host cells via type III and type IV secretion apparatuses, or mimicry of host signal... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532388.xml |
522824 | Evaluation of the Taguchi methods for the simultaneous assessment of the effects of multiple variables in the tumour microenvironment | Background The control of proliferation, differentiation and survival of normal and malignant cells in the tumour microenvironment is under the control of a wide range of different factors, including cell:cell interactions, cytokines, growth factors and hormonal influences. However, the ways in which these factors inte... | Introduction The control of proliferation, differentiation and survival of normal and malignant cells is under the control of a wide range of different factors. These include cell:cell interactions, immune regulatory factors, hormonal influences, and local environmental influences. However, the way in which these facto... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522824.xml |
551613 | Engineered G protein coupled receptors reveal independent regulation of internalization, desensitization and acute signaling | Background The physiological regulation of G protein-coupled receptors, through desensitization and internalization, modulates the length of the receptor signal and may influence the development of tolerance and dependence in response to chronic drug treatment. To explore the importance of receptor regulation, we engin... | Background The specificity, diversity, and physiological importance of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have made these receptors excellent drug targets. It is becoming clear that the regulation of the GPCR itself – its location, stability, and signal duration – is a key component of the signaling process [ 1 , 2 ] T... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551613.xml |
551612 | Comparison of artificial neural network and logistic regression models for prediction of mortality in head trauma based on initial clinical data | Background In recent years, outcome prediction models using artificial neural network and multivariable logistic regression analysis have been developed in many areas of health care research. Both these methods have advantages and disadvantages. In this study we have compared the performance of artificial neural networ... | Background In recent years, outcome prediction studies have become the avante garde in many areas of health care research, especially in critical care and trauma. However acceptable models for outcome prediction have been difficult to develop [ 1 ]. According to Wyatt and Altman, to be useful, a predictive model must b... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551612.xml |
544579 | Phospholipids reduce gastric cancer cell adhesion to extracellular matrix in vitro | Background Nidation of floating tumour cells initiates peritoneal carcinosis and limits prognosis of gastro-intestinal tumours. Adhesion of tumour cells to extracellular matrix components is a pivotal step in developing peritoneal dissemination of intraabdominal malignancies. Since phospholipids efficaciously prevented... | Background In the treatment of gastro-intestinal cancer the detection of free, isolated tumour cells in the peritoneal cavity serve as a prognostic marker for postoperative survival [ 1 - 4 ]. Since surgery frequently proofs insufficient for tumour control, numerous additional treatments have been evaluated. A pivotal ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544579.xml |
546409 | Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species | Background The parenchyma of the brain does not contain lymphatics. Consequently, it has been assumed that arachnoid projections into the cranial venous system are responsible for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption. However, recent quantitative and qualitative evidence in sheep suggest that nasal lymphatics have the ... | Background The formation of CSF has been studied extensively [ 1 ] and the physical location at which it is formed within the ventricular system (the choroid plexus) has been well established. In contrast, while CSF absorption parameters have been investigated in many species, the mechanism and location of the transpor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546409.xml |
546408 | Antibodies to soluble liver antigen and α-enolase in patients with autoimmune hepatitis | Background Antibodies to a cytosolic soluble liver antigen (SLA) are specifically detected in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The target of anti-SLA has been identified as a ~50 kDa UGA serine tRNA-associated protein complex (tRNP (Ser)Sec ), through the screening of cDNA libraries. A recent report questioned... | Background Antibodies to a cytosolic soluble liver antigen (SLA), detected originally by an inhibition ELISA using cytosolic liver fractions in a sub-group of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) negative for other autoantibodies, have recently been also reported in adult patients with anti-nuclear and/or smooth mu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546408.xml |
521487 | Development of a perioperative medicine research agenda: a cross sectional survey | Background Post-operative complications are a significant source of morbidity and mortality for patients undergoing surgery. However, there is little research in the emerging field of perioperative medicine beyond cardiac risk stratification. We sought to determine the research priorities for perioperative medicine usi... | Background Over 40 million people undergo non-cardiac surgery in the United States each year [ 1 ]. Postoperative cardiac complications affect 2–18% of patients alone, costing over 20 billion dollars annually in the United States [ 2 ]. Many will suffer other potentially avoidable perioperative complications such as pn... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521487.xml |
551606 | Evaluation of an education and activation programme to prevent chronic shoulder complaints: design of an RCT [ISRCTN71777817] | Background About half of all newly presented episodes of shoulder complaints (SC) in general practice are reported to last for at least six months. Early interventions aimed at the psychological and social determinants of SC are not common in general practice, although such interventions might prevent the development o... | Background Shoulder complaints Shoulder complaints (SC) have been defined by Sobel & Winters [ 1 ] as pain localised in the region of the deltoid muscle, the acromioclavicular joint, the superior part of the trapezoid muscle and the scapula. Radiation of the pain to the arm as well as limitation of the motion of the up... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551606.xml |
544578 | Nanoparticles – known and unknown health risks | Manmade nanoparticles range from the well-established multi-ton production of carbon black and fumed silica for applications in plastic fillers and car tyres to microgram quantities of fluorescent quantum dots used as markers in biological imaging. As nano-sciences are experiencing massive investment worldwide, there w... | 1. Introduction Scientists world-wide are continuing to discover unique properties of everyday materials at the sub micrometer scale [ 1 , 2 ]. This size domain is better known as nano- (a billionth) meter domain. These novel properties of common materials observable only at the nano-scale dimensions have already found... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544578.xml |
521493 | Lycopene from two food sources does not affect antioxidant or cholesterol status of middle-aged adults | Background Epidemiological studies have reported associations between reduced cardiovascular disease and diets rich in tomato and/or lycopene. Intervention studies have shown that lycopene-containing foods may reduce cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, factors implicated in the initiation of cardiovascular disea... | Background Watermelons and tomatoes are good sources of the carotenoid lycopene [ 1 , 2 ]. However, bioavailability of lycopene is not directly related to plant content, and depends in a large part upon plant matrix effects. In tomatoes, heat processing and homogenization breaks protein-carotenoid complexes, releases l... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521493.xml |
497047 | An active electrode for biopotential recording from small localized bio-sources | Background Laser bio-stimulation is a well-established procedure in Medical Acupuncture. Nevertheless there is still a confusion as to whether it works or the effect is just placebo. Although a plethora of scientific papers published, showing positive clinical results, there is still a lack of objective scientific proo... | Background The non-invasive nature of laser bio-stimulation have made lasers an attractive alternative in Medical Acupuncture at the last 25 years. Unfortunately there is still a confusion as to whether they work or their effect is just placebo. Although a plethora of scientific papers published, showing positive clini... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC497047.xml |
554756 | The Future of Smallpox Vaccination: is MVA the key? | Eradication of the smallpox virus through extensive global vaccination efforts has resulted in one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history, saving countless lives from the severe morbidity and mortality that is associated with this disease. Although smallpox is now extinct in nature, laboratory stocks of... | Introduction Smallpox (Variola major) is a virus that no longer exists in the wild, but during its reign it caused 20–30% mortality in previously unvaccinated individuals and often left survivors with deeply pitted scars for life [ 1 ]. The last case of smallpox in the U.S. occurred in 1949 and the last case of natural... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554756.xml |
532389 | Modern Humans Did Not Admix with Neanderthals during Their Range Expansion into Europe | The process by which the Neanderthals were replaced by modern humans between 42,000 and 30,000 before present is still intriguing. Although no Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineage is found to date among several thousands of Europeans and in seven early modern Europeans, interbreeding rates as high as 25% could... | Introduction The “Neanderthals” or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (HN) constitute a group of hominids, whose particular morphology developed in Europe during the last 350,000 y under the effect of selection and genetic drift, reaching its final form approximately 130,000 y ago ( Klein 2003 ). This subgroup of hominids p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532389.xml |
522818 | Cytokine and immunoglobulin production by PWM-stimulated peripheral and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients | Background Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) patients show a characteristic pattern of antibody responses to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) which is regularly associated with this tumor. However, no EBV-specific cytotoxic activity is detectable by the standard chromium-release assay at both peripheral and i... | Background Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor characterized by a heavy infiltration of non malignant lymphocytes and most of these tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been shown to be T cells [ 1 ]. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is causally associated with this malignan... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522818.xml |
552333 | Haematuria as a presentation of metastatic oesophageal carcinoma | Haematuria is a classical symptom of urological disease often signifying a primary bladder cancer. Rarely, however, the presence of blood in the urine can be due to secondary spread of tumours into the bladder from distant sites. Notably this has been reported to occur in breast cancer, malignant melanoma and gastric c... | Background Haematuria is a commonly encountered symptom. It often represents the presence of serious disease such as a malignancy within the bladder. The majority of bladder tumours tend to be primary, and histologically these are usually transitional cell carcinomas. We present a case of haematuria which occurred due ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552333.xml |
553993 | Correlation of exhaled breath temperature with bronchial blood flow in asthma | In asthma elevated rates of exhaled breath temperature changes (Δe°T) and bronchial blood flow (Q aw ) may be due to increased vascularity of the airway mucosa as a result of inflammation. We investigated the relationship of Δe°T with Q aw and airway inflammation as assessed by exhaled nitric oxide (NO). We also studie... | Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways. Vasodilatation is a critical feature of inflammation, and angiogenesis and vascular remodelling are features of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma [ 1 ]. The increased vascularity of the airways in asthma [ 2 ] is partly due to the elevated number of vessels ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553993.xml |
549061 | Global expression changes resulting from loss of telomeric DNA in fission yeast | Gene expression profiling of the response of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells to loss of the catalytic subunit of telomerase ( trt1 + ) identified two waves of altered gene expression and a continued up-regulation of Core Environmental stress Response (CESR) genes. | Background Telomeres are the nucleoprotein ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. In most organisms, telomeric DNA consists of a simple, repeated sequence with a G-rich strand running 5' to 3' towards the chromosome end, and terminates with a short, single-stranded 3' overhang (reviewed in [ 1 , 2 ]). The length of the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549061.xml |
535343 | Efficacy of repeated intrathecal triamcinolone acetonide application in progressive multiple sclerosis patients with spinal symptoms | Background There are controversial results on the efficacy of the abandoned, intrathecal predominant methylprednisolone application in multiple sclerosis (MS) in contrast to the proven effectiveness in intractable postherpetic neuralgia. Methods We performed an analysis of the efficacy of the application of 40 mg of th... | Background There are controversial results on the efficacy of the nowadays still abandoned, intrathecal steroid application predominantly due to a missing detailed evaluation of patients' characteristics, careful monitoring and standardized outcome measurements in multiple sclerosis (MS) [ 1 ]. Initially, case reports ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535343.xml |
549049 | Revisiting immunosurveillance and immunostimulation: Implications for cancer immunotherapy | Experimental and clinical experience demonstrates that the resolution of a pathogenic challenge depends not only on the presence or absence of an immune reaction, but also on the initiation of the proper type of immune reaction. The initiation of a non-protective type of immune reaction will not only result in a lack o... | If only it were all so simple. If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being, and who is willing to destroy his own heart? Alexa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549049.xml |
449908 | Remembering Which X Chromosome to Use | null | In mammals, males usually have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. This crucial difference sets the sexes apart, but also creates a problem—female cells have the potential to turn out twice as much X-based gene product as necessary. Males with multiple–X chromosome syndromes face a similar pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449908.xml |
552327 | Replicative Homeostasis: A fundamental mechanism mediating selective viral replication and escape mutation | Hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and other viruses that replicate via RNA intermediaries, cause an enormous burden of disease and premature death worldwide. These viruses circulate within infected hosts as vast populations of closely related, but genetically diverse, molec... | Background 1. Disease burden Hepatitis C (HCV), HBV and HIV are major causes of premature death and morbidity globally. These infections are frequently life-long; Hepatitis viruses may result in progressive injury to the liver and cirrhosis, and death from liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma, while HIV causes pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552327.xml |
549713 | Adaptive evolution of centromere proteins in plants and animals | Background Centromeres represent the last frontiers of plant and animal genomics. Although they perform a conserved function in chromosome segregation, centromeres are typically composed of repetitive satellite sequences that are rapidly evolving. The nucleosomes of centromeres are characterized by a special H3-like hi... | Background Centromeres are the chromosomal loci where kinetochores assemble to serve as attachment sites for the spindle microtubules that direct chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Despite this essential conserved function in all eukaryotes, centromere structure is highly variable, ranging from the simp... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549713.xml |
549075 | HIV-1 Tat protein enhances Microtubule polymerization | Background HIV infection and progression to AIDS is characterized by the depletion of T cells, which could be due, in part, to apoptosis mediated by the extra-cellular HIV-encoded Tat protein as a consequence of Tat binding to tubulin. Microtubules are tubulin polymers that are essential for cell structure and division... | Introduction AIDS is due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection of CD4 T cells and is characterized by the cell death of HIV-infected lymphocytes and uninfected bystander cells [ 1 - 4 ]. Recent discoveries have shown that this could be related to the extra-cellular effects of Tat, which is a toxic protein s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549075.xml |
554971 | The pre-vaccination regional epidemiological landscape of measles in Italy: contact patterns, effort needed for eradication, and comparison with other regions of Europe | Background Strong regional heterogeneity and generally sub-optimal rates of measles vaccination in Italy have, to date, hampered attainment of WHO targets for measles elimination, and have generated the need for the new Italian National Measles Elimination Plan. Crucial to success of the plan is the identification of i... | Background The WHO target of eliminating indigenous measles in Europe by 2007 represents a challenge for public health systems. The requirements for success in this battle are summarised by Gay [ 1 ]. Italy, compared with other European countries, is still quite far from meeting these requirements. Here, in contrast wi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554971.xml |
553978 | Life history traits in selfing versus outcrossing annuals: exploring the 'time-limitation' hypothesis for the fitness benefit of self-pollination | Background Most self-pollinating plants are annuals. According to the 'time-limitation' hypothesis, this association between selfing and the annual life cycle has evolved as a consequence of strong r-selection, involving severe time-limitation for completing the life cycle. Under this model, selection from frequent den... | Background Most flowering plants that are predominantly self-pollinating have an annual life history [ 1 - 3 ]. Interpretations of this association usually involve one of two main hypotheses. ( i ) Compared with perennials, annuals may generally accrue greater fitness benefits from selfing through 'reproductive assuran... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553978.xml |
553987 | Molecular strategies to inhibit HIV-1 replication | The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the primary cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is a slow, progressive and degenerative disease of the human immune system. The pathogenesis of HIV-1 is complex and characterized by the interplay of both viral and host factors. An intense glob... | Introduction HIV-1 is a lentivirus belonging to the retrovirus family. The virus is diploid and contains two plus-stranded RNA copies of its genome. The approximately 9 kb RNA genome encodes at least 9 proteins, Gag, Pol, Env, Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpu and Vpr of which only the former five are essential for viral replica... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553987.xml |
544551 | The you Gene Encodes an EGF-CUB Protein Essential for Hedgehog Signaling in Zebrafish | Hedgehog signaling is required for many aspects of development in vertebrates and invertebrates. Misregulation of the Hedgehog pathway causes developmental abnormalities and has been implicated in certain types of cancer. Large-scale genetic screens in zebrafish have identified a group of mutations, termed you- class m... | Introduction The coordination of growth, proliferation, and differentiation during development requires transmission of information in the form of extracellular signals. Hedgehog signaling is of fundamental importance in the development of a wide variety of tissues and organ systems. Much of the initial functional anal... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544551.xml |
544592 | In vivo dose-response of insects to Hz-2V infection | Background Hz-2V infection of female Helicoverpa zea moths is manifested as insects that are either sterile "agonadal" individuals with malformed reproductive tissues or fertile asymptomatic carriers which are capable of transmitting virus on to their progeny. Virus infected progeny arising from eggs laid by asymptomat... | Background The insect virus, Hz-2V originally named gonad-specific virus (GSV) [ 1 ] was first identified in moths from a colony of corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea originating at the USDA-ARS in Stoneville, MS [ 1 , 2 ]. Insects infected with this virus were found to have malformed and missing reproductive tissues and w... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544592.xml |
544586 | Induced abortion and effecting factors of ever married women in the Southeast Anatolian Project Region, Turkey: a cross sectional study | Background Nearly 10% of the population of Turkey lives in the Southeast Anatolian Project (SEAP) region. The population growth rate and the rate of unintended pregnancies are high and family planning services are insufficient in this region. Lifetime induced abortion rate is also high in this region. Public health pro... | Background Abortion is defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as a pregnancy that ends before 28 th week of gestation. Abortions are divided into two groups as 1) induced abortion and 2) spontaneous abortion. The spontaneous abortion rate increases when the maternal and natal care is insufficient. Induced abortions... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544586.xml |
539237 | Age-dependent plasticity in the superior temporal sulcus in deaf humans: a functional MRI study | Background Sign-language comprehension activates the auditory cortex in deaf subjects. It is not known whether this functional plasticity in the temporal cortex is age dependent. We conducted functional magnetic-resonance imaging in six deaf signers who lost their hearing before the age of 2 years, five deaf signers wh... | Background There is evidence that cross-modal plasticity induced by auditory deprivation is apparent during sign-language perception. Sign languages involve the use of the hands and face, and are perceived visually [ 1 - 3 ]. Using functional MRI (fMRI), Neville et al. [ 1 ] observed increased activity in the superior ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539237.xml |
314471 | Channelling Evolution | A recent paper suggests that genes can interact in networks to limit variation of phenotype. Similar principles might apply to the regulation of ion channels in nerve cells | Individuals within a wild population show remarkably little morphological variation, given the amount of environmental variation they encounter during development and the amount of genetic variation within the population. This phenotypic constancy led to the proposal that individuals were somehow buffered, or canalized... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314471.xml |
524514 | A novel approach to treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients – a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study comparing the efficacy of combination therapy of Eprosartan versus Ramipril with low-dose Hydrochlorothiazide and Moxonidine on blood pressure levels in patients with hypertension and associated diabetes m... | Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are closely interrelated and coexist in as many as two-thirds of patients with type 2 diabetes. The consequent risk of such an association is an accelerated development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and nephropathy complications. In choosing an antihypertensive agent, effe... | Background The clinical combination of hypertension and diabetes carries a particular poor prognosis [ 1 - 6 ]. Clinical studies done in individuals with type 2 diabetes and substudies obtained from clinical trials done in the general population have demonstrated that achievement of goal blood pressure (< 130/80 mm Hg)... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524514.xml |
549539 | Comparison of knowledge scores of medical students in problem-based learning and traditional curriculum on public health topics | Background The purpose of the study was to compare the knowledge scores of medical students in Problem-based Learning and traditional curriculum on public health topics. Methods We planned a cross-sectional study including the fifth and sixth year medical students of Dokuz Eylul University in Turkey. The fifth year stu... | Background During the last 25 years, ideas concerning the aim, structure and system of medical education have been discussed. Debates generally have arisen from the perception that medical education couldn't serve the purpose of improving health standards of the communities [ 1 ]. "Health for All" was adopted in 1977 a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549539.xml |
554781 | Analysis of leukocyte membrane protein interactions using protein microarrays | Background Protein microarrays represent an emerging class of proteomic tools to investigate multiple protein-protein interactions in parallel. A sufficient proportion of immobilized proteins must maintain an active conformation and an orientation that allows for the sensitive and specific detection of antibody and lig... | Background Protein-protein interactions are fundamental to biological processes and their analysis is essential for the understanding of cellular pathways. Given the complexity and the dynamic range of the proteome, estimated at 10 7 proteins, the elucidation of protein interactions requires the development of comprehe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554781.xml |
524500 | Gene expression profiling of epithelial ovarian tumours correlated with malignant potential | Background Epithelial ovarian tumours exhibit a range of malignant potential, presenting distinct clinical phenotypes. Improved knowledge of gene expression changes and functional pathways associated with these clinical phenotypes may lead to new treatment targets, markers for early detection and a better understanding... | Background Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death for women in the United States [ 1 ]. Although early stage ovarian cancer can be effectively treated, symptoms of early disease are sufficiently vague that accurate diagnosis is often delayed until the cancer has progressed into more advanced stag... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524500.xml |
516029 | In situ transduction of stromal cells and thymocytes upon intrathymic injection of lentiviral vectors | Background The thymus is the primary site for T-cell development and induction of self-tolerance. Previous approaches towards manipulation of T-cell differentiation have used intrathymic injection of antigens, as proteins, cells or adenoviruses, leading to transient expression of the foreign protein. Lentiviral vectors... | Background The thymus is a bilobate organ derived from embryonic endoderm and mesoderm differentiation and is located just above the heart (reviewed in [ 1 ]). It is the primary organ for maturation of T cells. This process involves the interaction between developing thymocytes and thymic stromal cells. Thymic stromal ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516029.xml |
314465 | Loss of Olfactory Receptor Genes Coincides with the Acquisition of Full Trichromatic Vision in Primates | Olfactory receptor (OR) genes constitute the molecular basis for the sense of smell and are encoded by the largest gene family in mammalian genomes. Previous studies suggested that the proportion of pseudogenes in the OR gene family is significantly larger in humans than in other apes and significantly larger in apes t... | Introduction Olfactory receptor (OR) genes provide the basis for the sense of smell ( Buck and Axel 1991 ) and, with more than 1,000 genes, comprise the largest gene superfamily in mammalian genomes ( Glusman et al. 2001 ; Zozulya et al. 2001 ; Young and Trask 2002 ; Zhang and Firestein 2002 ; Olender et al. 2003 ). OR... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC314465.xml |
439009 | Genomic Analysis of Retinal Development in the Mouse | null | The eyes may be the window to the soul for poets, but for neuroscientists, they serve a more practical purpose. Of the 100 trillion or so cells that make up the human body, over 100 billion are dedicated to the structure and operation of the brain alone. Given the molecular and functional complexity inherent in such nu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC439009.xml |
521691 | Protection of pulmonary epithelial cells from oxidative stress by hMYH adenine glycosylase | Background Oxygen toxicity is a major cause of lung injury. The base excision repair pathway is one of the most important cellular protection mechanisms that responds to oxidative DNA damage. Lesion-specific DNA repair enzymes include hOgg1 , hMYH , hNTH and hMTH. Methods The above lesion-specific DNA repair enzymes we... | Background Oxidative stress leading to the overproduction of free radicals in the lungs is present in many clinical situations. Such clinical settings include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), infants of prematurity going on to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulm... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521691.xml |
544960 | Australia and New Zealand Health Policy: a new journal | Australia and New Zealand Health Policy is a new journal which aims to promote debate and understanding about contemporary health policy developments in Australia and New Zealand. Although there are other international journals focussing on health policy, there are no Australian or New Zealand journals with this focus.... | Editorial Welcome to Australia and New Zealand Health Policy a new journal which aims to promote debate and understanding about contemporary health policy developments in Australia and New Zealand. Health policy is regularly in the media and is a high profile issue at election times. In Australia the health system has ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544960.xml |
514616 | In vitro fertilization and artificial activation of eggs of the direct-developing anuran Eleutherodactylus coqui | Although much is known about the reproductive biology of pond-breeding frogs, there is comparatively little information about terrestrial-breeding anurans, a highly successful and diverse group. This study investigates the activation and in vitro fertilization of eggs of the Puerto Rican coqui frog obtained by hormonal... | Background The study of reproduction and its artificial manipulation is important in many fields. For example, in sea urchins, an animal's testes can be dissected and sperm is activated by exposure to seawater. Eggs can be released by injecting KCl into the perivisceral cavity, and mixing eggs and sperm in vitro produc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514616.xml |
516767 | Systemic endopolyploidy in Spathoglottis plicata (Orchidaceae) development | Background Endopolyploidy is developmentally regulated. Presence of endopolyploidy as a result of endoreduplication has been characterized in insects, mammals and plants. The family Orchidaceae is the largest among the flowering plants. Many of the members of the orchid family are commercially micropropagated. Very lit... | Background In the classical cell cycle, the nuclear DNA contents vary only within the range of 2C and 4C, where C is the haploid DNA content per nucleus. When mitotic DNA replication in somatic cells is not followed by cell division (a process called endoreduplication), variation of cellular ploidy levels (designated a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516767.xml |
548141 | Predominant constitutive CFTR conductance in small airways | Background The pathological hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are inflammation of the small airways (bronchiolitis) and destruction of lung parenchyma (emphysema). These forms of disease arise from chronic prolonged infections, which are usually never present in the normal lung. Despite the fact... | Background Most, if not all, forms of chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as asthma begin in the small airways. While the pathogenesis of small airway diseases is poorly understood [ 1 , 2 ], it is generally accepted that the fluid and electrolyte transport properties of the epithelia lining these peri... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548141.xml |
340961 | Diverse Signals Establish the Left-Right Body Axis | null | Most animals (including humans) show a high level of bilateral symmetry: on the surface, the right side of our body resembles the left. A closer and deeper look, however, reveals an underlying asymmetry. The heart, for example, is on the left side in most humans, and the liver on the right. This left-right asymmetry de... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340961.xml |
516798 | The Conservation Business | Direct payments to local communities to conserve wildlife could prove effective but is biodiversity a commodity that can be bought and sold? | The language of conservation is changing: protecting biodiversity is no longer just about ethics and aesthetics; the latest buzzwords are commodities and consumers. Traditionally, conservation initiatives have talked up the benefits they will bring to the global community—saving species, habitats, ecosystems, and ultim... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516798.xml |
516773 | Spontaneous activity of rat pretectal nuclear complex neurons in vitro | Background Neurons in the mammalian pretectum are involved in the control of various visual and oculomotor tasks. Because functionally independent pretectal cell populations show a wide variation of response types to visual stimulation in vivo , they may also differ in their intrinsic properties when recorded in vitro ... | Background Neurons in the mammalian pretectal nuclear complex (PNC) are involved in the control of various oculomotor reflexes, like the pupillary light reflex and the optokinetic reflex (OKR). Pupil constriction is controlled by neurons in the olivary pretectal nucleus that project bilaterally to the Edinger-Westphal ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516773.xml |
521685 | MAPK-dependent regulation of IL-1- and β-adrenoreceptor-induced inflammatory cytokine production from mast cells: Implications for the stress response | Background Catecholamines, such as epinephrine, are elaborated in stress responses, and mediate vasoconstriction to cause elevation in systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. Our previous study has shown that IL-1 can induce mast cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines which are involved in atherogenesis. T... | Background Atherogenesis involves the cellular infiltration of several cell types, including monocytes, T lymphocytes, and mast cells. Cytokine secretion by these cells and endothelial cells are contributing factors in the growth and propagation of atherosclerotic plaques as well as the stability and degradation of fib... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521685.xml |
544948 | JNER: a forum to discuss how neuroscience and biomedical engineering are reshaping physical medicine & rehabilitation | Advances in neuroscience and biomedical engineering deeply affect the clinical practice of physical medicine & rehabilitation. New research findings and engineering tools are continuously made available that have the potential of dramatically enhancing the ability of clinicians to design effective rehabilitation interv... | A new journal for a quickly evolving research field During the past decade, we have witnessed profound changes in physical medicine & rehabilitation originated by advances in neuroscience and biomedical engineering. For example, imaging and neurological assessment methods have dramatically improved the management of pa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544948.xml |
393293 | Annotation Marathon Validates 21,037 Human Genes | null | The announcement of the human genome sequence three years ago was widely hailed as one of the great scientific achievements in modern history, and with good reason. Determining the structure and nature of the genetic code promises to provide valuable insights into human evolution and the molecular basis of disease. But... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC393293.xml |
546187 | Impact of hiatal hernia on histological pattern of non-erosive reflux disease | Background Hiatus hernia (HH) has major pathophysiological effects favoring gastroesophageal reflux and hence contributing to esophageal mucosa injury, especially in patients with severe gastroesophageal disease. However, prospective studies investigating the impact of HH on the esophageal mucosa in non-erosive reflux ... | Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition that affects 25–30% of the population [ 1 ]. It clearly involves multifactorial pathophysiology, yet the factors underlying why only some patients develop reflux esophagitis are unclear [ 2 ]. Symptoms and demographic data do not allow differentiat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546187.xml |
340949 | What Causes Stuttering? | The mystery of a sometimes debilitating speech disorder is examined by cognitive neuroscientists | Stuttering, with its characteristic disruption in verbal fluency, has been known for centuries; earliest descriptions probably date back to the Biblical Moses' “slowness of speech and tongue” and his related avoidance behavior (Exodus 4, 10–13). Stuttering occurs in all cultures and ethnic groups ( Andrews et al. 1983 ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340949.xml |
503395 | Gene deletion of P-Selectin and ICAM-1 does not inhibit neutrophil infiltration into peritoneal cavity following cecal ligation-puncture | Background Neutrophil infiltration is one of the critical cellular components of an inflammatory response during peritonitis. The adhesion molecules, P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, mediate neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions and the subsequent neutrophil transendothelial migration during ... | Background Sepsis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality following surgery or trauma, and is characterized by activation of a systemic inflammatory response, severe hypotension, and major damage to multiple organs [ 1 ]. Although neutrophil migration into the tissue sites is crucial for effective elimination of i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC503395.xml |
535814 | β-Amyloid promotes accumulation of lipid peroxides by inhibiting CD36-mediated clearance of oxidized lipoproteins | Background Recent studies suggest that hypercholesterolemia, an established risk factor for atherosclerosis, is also a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The myeloid scavenger receptor CD36 binds oxidized lipoproteins that accumulate with hypercholesterolemia and mediates their clearance from the circulation and peri... | Background Hypercholesterolemia is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis and a number of recent epidemiological studies have suggested a link between increased circulating cholesterol levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD) [ 1 ]. Lipoproteins in the serum and the central nervous system (CNS) mediate cholesterol h... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535814.xml |
517492 | XHM: A system for detection of potential cross hybridizations in DNA microarrays | Background Microarrays have emerged as the preferred platform for high throughput gene expression analysis. Cross-hybridization among genes with high sequence similarities can be a source of error reducing the reliability of DNA microarray results. Results We have developed a tool called XHM (cross hybridization on mic... | Background The development of DNA microarrays has revolutionized high throughput gene expression analysis. The two main platforms are: cDNA microarrays, where PCR products of individual cDNA fragments are immobilized on glass slides [ 1 ], and oligonucleotide microarrays, where oligonucleotides in situ synthesized or s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517492.xml |
385220 | Single Locus Controls Majority of Armor Evolution in Two Populations of Sticklebacks | null | The astounding diversity of life—different body shapes and sizes, physiologies, and behaviors—stems from the accumulation of genetic changes through the process we call evolution. But catching a glimpse into the process of evolution at the gene level is difficult, mostly because significant changes to the plant and ani... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC385220.xml |
546193 | Stainable hepatic iron in 341 African American adults at coroner/medical examiner autopsy | Background Results of previous autopsy studies indicate that increased hepatic iron stores or hepatic iron overload is common in African Americans dying in hospitals, but there are no reports of hepatic iron content in other cohorts of African Americans. Methods We investigated the prevalence of heavy liver iron deposi... | Background Hepatic iron overload was detected by Perls' acid ferrocyanide staining and atomic absorption spectrometry at autopsy in more than one percent of African American adults who died in hospitals [ 1 , 2 ]. In one study [ 1 ], liver specimens from 326 unselected adult African Americans subjects were stained for ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546193.xml |
523858 | Tuberculous peritonitis in a case receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) treatment | Background Tuberculosis continues to be an important health problem in the world. Besides pulmonary involvement extrapulmonary involvement becomes an affair in developing countries, even in developed countries. Case presentation A thirty-six year old male patient was admitted with abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomi... | Introduction Tuberculosis continues to be a devastatingly important health problem in the world. In addition to pulmonary involvement, extrapulmonary involvement becomes an issue in most developing countries. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, because of several factors, has greatly contributed to the total tuberculosis mort... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523858.xml |
521083 | Single group study to evaluate the feasibility and complications of radiofrequency ablation and usefulness of post treatment position emission tomography in lung tumours | Background There is genuine need to develop interventional treatment options for management of lung tumors. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one such alternative being promoted to treat lung tumors recently. Larger studies should help define RFA's further development. Furthermore fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission to... | Background Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer deaths in United States [ 1 ]. The overall prognosis of lung cancer is still dismal despite all current early detection and treatment efforts. Only about 20–25% of lung cancers can potentially be cured by surgery. The majority of patients presents with ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521083.xml |
406400 | Open Access: A PLoS for Education | Teaching -- and testing -- students creatively is a challenge, but new public databases and more accessible literature are now helping to develop the critical thinking skills of students | The next generation of life scientists are currently undergraduates—and the success of this generation depends upon the quality of the education they receive. It is clear the expectations for undergraduate education are changing ( Collins et al. 2003 ). When the National Research Council published its recommendations f... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406400.xml |
406399 | The Mre11 Protein Is Necessary for DNA Damage Response | xx | With billions of cells in the adult human body, all replicating and dividing in an environment laden with toxins, radiation, and free radicals, a certain amount of DNA damage is guaranteed to occur. Fortunately, all organisms have built-in checkpoints throughout the cell cycle that prevent such mistakes from propagatin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406399.xml |
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