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| 2024-06-30T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9706 |
Affordable Care Act: Free Medical Clinic still needed
Will all Tennesseans get health insurance under the Affordable Care Act known as Obamacare? Will free medical clinics close their doors after the Affordable Care Act is fully implemented?
Carolyn Krause/Special to The Oak Ridger
Will all Tennesseans get health insurance under the Affordable Care Act known as Obamacare? Will free medical clinics close their doors after the Affordable Care Act is fully implemented?
The answer to each question is “no’, according to Tanya Vargas, founder and co-medical director of the Free Medical Clinic of Oak Ridge and a pediatrician at the Children’s Clinic here. She spoke Monday to the Women Interfaith Dialogue group at Grace Covenant Church.
The missions of the Free Medical Clinic of Oak Ridge are to provide free healthcare and promote a healthy lifestyle to low-income clients in Anderson, Morgan and Roane counties who lack health insurance and cannot afford medical care.
“Some 75 to 80 percent of our clients work at one or more part-time jobs or have a family member who has a job,” she said. “They are not lazy and they are not wanting a handout.”
She noted that after the Supreme Court decision on the Act in June 2012, Tennessee Gov. Bill Haslam decided not to accept federal funds to expand Medicaid (TennCare) in the state and not to organize a state-run health insurance marketplace.
In Tennessee, almost 17 percent of the state population of 6.5 million — or 918,000 people — have no health insurance. When Obamacare is fully implemented in 2014, 325,000 Tennessee residents will still lack health insurance largely because of the state’s refusal to accept expansion of Medicaid.
“Those making less than 100 percent of the federal poverty level, which is $11,490 a year for an individual and $23,550 annually for a family of four, will not have any insurance coverage,” Vargas said. “They will get no TennCare and no subsidies in the form of a tax credit. They are a forgotten population — period.”
Childless adults earning less than $11,490 a year will not qualify for TennCare. Those who will qualify include children under 18, pregnant women, people who are severely disabled mentally or physically, and low- or no-income single parents with dependent children. How will the Affordable Care Act affect the Free Medical Clinic?
“We have had 3,100 patients since early 2010, but potentially 3,000 more patients could seek our services,” the pediatrician said. “Two-thirds, or about 2,000, of our patients earn less than the federal poverty level. We will continue to give them the services they need.”
She noted that about 1,000 of Free Medical Clinic’s clients have an income of 101 to 200 percent of the federal poverty level, meaning that they are eligible for subsidized health insurance from the federal marketplace. The problem is that many physicians in Oak Ridge are not taking new patients, so the Free Medical Clinic will probably continue to treat these clients until local doctors can take them.
Vargas gave several reasons why the 49 million people in the United States who lack health insurance really need it. People without insurance, she said, tend to delay or forego medical care they require; often end up in the emergency room where they are charged more than people who are insured; suffer from stress as they worry about high medical bills; and often die younger than their peers who have health insurance.
“Everyday some Americans have to make the choice between feeding their children and going to the doctor,” she said. “In my opinion, it’s our obligation as a nation to provide healthcare to everyone.
“It makes sense financially to have a healthy population,” she said. “A healthy workforce is good for our country. It’s the ethical right thing to do to take care of people who are sick, especially in the most powerful nation in the world.” | 2023-09-06T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6135 |
Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease in children.
Arthritis occurred in 23 of 136 (17 per cent) children and teenagers with inflammatory bowel disease, in 18 of 86 (21 per cent) patients with ulcerative colitis, and 5 of 50 (10 per cent) with granulomatous bowel disease. Eighteen children had peripheral arthritis which characteristically affected only a few large joints and was of brief duration and benign outcome. Five boys had spondylitis which was progressive and inseparable clinically from ankylosing spondylitis. Occurrence of joint manifestations was not associated with severity of bowel disease. Anemia and growth retardation occurred frequently. Mucocutaneous lesions were associated with peripheral arthritis but not with spondylitis. No patient had iridocyclitis. The possibility of bowel disease should be considered in children presenting with arthritis, particularly if gastrointestinal complaints, mucocutaneous lesions, anemia, or growth retardation are associated with pauciarticular arthritis. Peripheral arthritis is benign and regresses with improvement of underlying bowel disease but spondylitis is progressive and requires recognition and management for prevention of deformity. | 2024-07-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3284 |
Abnormal morphology of peripheral cell tissues from patients with Huntington disease.
We investigated the genotype-dependency of morphological abnormalities in peripheral cells from Huntington disease (HD) patients. Cell cultures derived from skin and muscle biopsies showed a different set of abnormalities depending on the genotype (i.e. heterozygous and homozygous for CAG mutations) and the tissue (i.e. fibroblasts and myoblasts). In general, homozygotes' cell lines showed massive ultrastructural damage of specific cell organelles compared with age matched control. These consist of vacuolization, deranged crests and matrix found within giant mitochondria. In addition, enlarged endoplasmic reticulum and the occurrence of numerous autophagic vacuoles, which were similar to those occurring in neurons within affected brain areas, were described. Despite a comparable dose-dependency on mitochondrial changes, this kind of alterations differ in fibroblasts compared with myoblasts. In fact, the internal mitochondrial structure was merely lost in myoblasts, while it shows pathological re-organization within fibroblasts, where altered crests appear as multilamellar circles. These data indicate that ultrastructural abnormalities from peripheral tissues of HD patients can be used as potential disease markers which are easier to get than autoptic brains. Moreover, the occurrence of ultrastructural cell pathology reminiscent of neuronal degeneration in HD, suggests the use of human peripheral cells as a tool to investigate the pathogenic cascade subsequent to huntingtin dysregulation. | 2024-04-14T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9781 |
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On the radio and on television you are sharing the services of the First Baptist Church in Dallas, and this is the pastor bringing the message of this revival hour. The meetings will continue every night this week through this coming Lord’s Day. The title of the sermons are these. Tonight at 7:30 o’clock I shall be preaching on Sirs, What Must I Do to be Saved? And tomorrow night, Monday night, the title of the message is What Shall I Do with Jesus which is Called Christ?; on Tuesday night, The Great Judgment Day; on Wednesday night, The Unpardonable Sin; on Thursday night, The Way Made Plain; and on Friday night, the night dedicated to our young people, the message is entitled Where Can I Find God?
Our choir and our choirs will be here. Our deacons will be here. Our Sunday school leaders and teachers will be here. Our Training Union leaders and sponsors will be here. Our WMU and men of the church will be here. Our people will be here, every night this week. We may have many responsibilities, we may be involved in many other things, but this week we have set aside for God and for revival, and in the grace of our Savior, our friends and our neighbor, whom we seek to introduce to Jesus and to our church, will be here. We shall all be here every night this week, beginning tonight, and tomorrow night and the next night and through the following Sunday. This is our centennial revival and is one of the great high weeks in the life and story of our First Baptist Church.
Now usually, and in these present days, I preach the same sermon at this hour that I do at the early hour, but God has laid on my heart another message, and I am preaching this morning at this hour on the subject That They Might be Saved, which is also the text in the tenth chapter of the Book of Romans:
Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for my people is, that they might be saved.
For I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.
For they being without knowledge of God’s righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, have not submitted themselves unto a God kind of righteousness.
For Christ is the end of the law—
All of the commandments that we could not keep—
Christ is the end of the law for righteousness, a God kind of righteousness to every one that believeth.
For Moses describeth the righteousness which is of the law like this, That the man which doeth those things shall live by them.
[Romans 10:1-5]
If you are going to be saved by the law, you must live by that law all the days of your life, and if you make one sin or one mistake, you are lost [Romans 10:5]. It is like a chandelier hanging on a chain. Just break one of those links and the thing falls and crashes to the earth. So it is with us who would be saved by our righteousnesses. We may be righteous all through our lives, but if we commit one sin, we are lost. For the law says the man that is to be saved by it, and to live by it, must continue in it [Romans 10:5], but the righteousness which is of faith, a God kind of righteousness, a justification in the mercy and grace of God; the God kind of righteousness which is of faith, speaketh on this wise:
Say not in thine heart, Who shall ascend into heaven? (as though it were still up there to bring Christ, the Word of God, down to tell it to us:)
Or, Who shall descend into the deep? (that is, as though the word were down and down and down, and Christ had to come up again from the dead to bring it to us. )
No what is it?
What saith it?
[Romans 10:6-8]
This word of faith that brings us to a God kind of righteousness, the Book says, “The word is nigh thee, even in thy heart, and in thy mouth: that is, the word of faith, which we preach” [Romans 10:8]; the kerugma,the gospel, the proclamation of the Son of God, which is this:
That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth Jesus as Lord, and shalt believe in thine heart that He liveth, that God raised Him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.
For with the heart one believeth unto this God kind of righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.
For the Scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on Him shall not be ashamed.
For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon Him.
For whosoever (anybody, anywhere) for whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.
[Romans 10:9-13]
There are three things in that passage that God has laid on my heart. First, first: the burden for our own people and their power to move us to the depths in sadness or to the heights in joy and gladness; “Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for my people is, that they might be saved” [Romans 10:1].
Now this is an unusual thing because the man who writes it is not Simon Peter whom God sent to the Jew [Acts 1:8], but it’s Saul of Tarsus, a Hellenistic Hebrew, a Greek speaking Jew, who was sent by the Lord to the Gentiles [Acts 9:15]. Yet he says, “As much as I love the Gentile nations” and he is writing to a Gentile people in Rome, the imperial city of the empire, yet, he says “As much as I am called of God to minister the word to the Gentiles, my first desire and my first prayer to God is this, that my own people might be saved” [Romans 10:1].
Any time, any congregation becomes so involved and wrapped up in some program that does not include the salvation of their own people; they are sowing the seeds for a final disintegration. I was moved, oh, you cannot know how much, I was moved by watching and talking to our Baptist leaders in India, closing the mission stations that were founded by William Carey up and down the Ganges River. It was impossible, it was unthinkable. It was beyond imagination!
Then in England I could see why. If the graph of our Baptist work in England continues as it has in these fifty and a hundred years past, the day is coming when there will be no Baptist churches in Great Britain. When they died, when they died, then they began to close the mission stations, founded by the great father of modern missions, William Carey, up and down the Ganges River.
The light that shines the farthest shines the brightest at home, and if there is no great commitment to God in the churches at home, put it down as an axiom of history, the light will die across the sea, into the isles and ends of the earth. “Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for my own people is, that they might be saved” [Romans 10:1]. Now not only is that true axiomatically, historically, ecclesiastically, missionary-wise, but that is true humanly, intrinsically, personally, emotionally. You can’t escape it. Not if you are a human.
However much our hearts might go out to the lost on the other side of the sea, we are mostly moved and first moved by these who sometimes are called by our names. They belong to our families. They live in our town, on our streets. They breathe our air. They belong to our nation and community, and they are our very flesh and life and blood. What a tragedy. What a shame. What an unspeakable sorrow, were we to see great turning to God and great revival and great salvation in other nations and other tribes and other languages and other people, but our own die lost? No revival and no turning to God among our own. I repeat there are no ones in the earth that have the power to move us as our own, our own flesh, our own blood, our own children, our own houses. Then I say that is human and most explicable and understandable.
I held a meeting in one of the great, beautiful First Baptist churches of our Southland. And it was built like this. It had a balcony all the way around it. And on a Sunday morning hour like this, with the church jammed and packed to the last possible reception of anyone walking in the door, God marvelously blessed the appeal. And when I gave the invitation, down the aisle came a fine, good looking young fellow; very dark, olive skinned and very black headed and sat over there to my left. And as I pressed the appeal in continuation, down came another boy, young fellow, and sat down by the first one who had come. And it was very plain that they were brothers. They looked so much alike.
And when the harvest was done, I turned the service to the pastor to introduce these that God had given us at that hour. And when the pastor stood up to introduce the people God had given us, why, a fine looking woman stood up in the middle of the congregation and said, “Dear, pastor, may I say something?” I found out later she was the teacher of the biggest woman’s Bible class in the church and the wife of a distinguished businessman in the city. “May I say something?” And the pastor said, “Why, yes.” So she came to the front, walked over there to where those two boys were, and she put one of her hands on the head of the older boy and looking at the people said, “I prayed today that God would give me one of my sons.” Then she put her other hand on the head of the other lad and said, “But God is better to me than my prayer. God has given me both of my sons.”
And then it looked as though all heaven opened like the story of the birth of Jesus when an angel chorus came down and praised God [Luke 2:13-14]. From one side of that beautiful carpeted church to the other side, that glorious woman began to clap her hands and to praise God and say, “Rejoice with me, God has given me both of my sons.” Well, when the thing was over, one of the men came up to me in the church and said, “Preacher, when that glorious woman was done shouting, why didn’t you stand up and give another appeal?” I said, “For the very simple reason I was crying so, I couldn’t talk.” Oh, the feeling when God gives us our own!
And it is explicable, I say, and understandable however our hearts may go out for others beyond and away; “Brethren, my heart’s desire and prayer to God for my people is, that theymight be saved” [Romans 10:1]. You know, feeling in church and feeling in the faith is such a deeply moving thing. It’s something to be experienced and is not described. When I was done preaching at the 8:15 hour this morning, there came to me waiting for me, there came to me a fine, noble looking man, very Caucasian, very white, very fine looking, I had never seen him before.
Well, when the others were done speaking to me, he came up, and he said, “Pastor, I am a Methodist from Chile” and couldn’t quite say it as I try to convey something of his tone of voice, “Past-or Meth-odist preacher from Chileee.” But he wanted to say something to me but he couldn’t talk English. And what he did, he put his arms around me and hugged me close and began to cry and said nothing else, no other word, just cry.
That is the feeling, the emotional response, the reverberation of the soul, the striking of the chord in the human heart. And nothing does it like seeing our own come to God; the wife, the husband, the child, the family, our own. “Brethren, my heart’s desire and my prayer to God for my people is, that they might be saved” [Romans 10:1].
Now, he enters a theological discussion here about why they were not saved. And if I could take that theological word that Paul speaks here and put it in our language today as we would say it in our appeal today, it would go like this: “Without knowledge of God’s righteousness, the righteousness that God will accept, without knowledge of the God way of salvation, how to go to heaven; without that knowledge they go about seeking a salvation in their own way” [Romans 10:2-3]. And then he cites two instances of it [Romans 10:6-7].
Some of them say, “Now the way to be saved is to ascend into heaven, for the word of salvation is up there. Now if I am going to be saved, I must go up and up and up and up like climbing a ladder, one rung after another rung after another rung. And if I just keep on and keep on and keep on someday maybe I could be saved [Romans 10:6]. Now if I am good, if I am better, and if I am still yet better and better and better and better and just go up and up and up and up, and finally someday that ladder may reach to heaven.” That’s the way he said some people think about being saved. “The word is up there somewhere, and I must rise and rise and rise and rise to achieve it and to seize it” [Romans 10:6].
Then he said, no, others say the word is down, and down, and down, and down and down [Romans 10:7]. For the way to be saved, according to them, is I must study, and I must understand, and I must ferret it out. It’s a matter of scholarship, it’s a matter of achievement, and it’s a matter of academic and intellectual appreciation. And I must study and study and study and study.
Well, I couldn’t tell you the number of times, especially young people tell me, “Well, I’m going to study all the religions of the world, and I’m going to learn all that there is to know about this philosophical background, and I’m going into this speculative endeavor, and I’m going to study, and study, and study, and study. Maybe finally someday I find the truth.”
No, says Paul, the way to be saved is not up, and up, and up, and up, and up. Nor is it down, and down, and down, and down, and down [Romans 10:6-7]. But the word of God says how we are saved [Romans 10:8-13]. “The word is near thee.” It is as close as the breath you breathe, and it is as near as your hands and your feet.
That is the word of faith which is our preached message [Romans 10:8]; namely, namely “If thou shalt confess openly, publicly, unashamedly, that Jesus is Lord, and if thou shalt believe in thine heart that He lives, that we can pray to Him, that He see us through, that He will keep us now and in the hour of our death and in the eternity that is to come; if you will openly confess Him as Lord and believe in Him in your heart, thou shalt be saved. For with the heart one believeth to a God kind of righteousness” [Romans 10:9-10].
There are kinds of righteousness, maybe all together different, but the God kind of righteousness, the one that He will accept; the righteousness that comes in the blood of the Lamb of God [1 John 1:7]; the expiation [2 Corinthians 5:21]; the propitiation [1 John 2:2]; the washing away of our sin [Revelation 1:5], that kind of righteousness: for with the heart one believeth unto a God kind of righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto that endowment and gift and reward of salvation [Romans 10:10].
Now, isn’t that an unusual thing? Isn’t that a surprising thing? How shall a man be saved? Oh, it’s a matter of being good, working at it, slaving at it. And if I be good enough, and slave at it long enough, and work at it hard enough, maybe I can be saved. Or some say, “Oh, it’s only a theologian that can enter into that. It has to be a learned man of the academic world can enter into that.” No, says the apostle by the word of God. No! An ignorant, untutored, unlettered man who can’t read or write can be saved, because the way to be saved is this plain and simple way. With my heart I must trust in Jesus, and with my mouth I must openly confess the commitment of my life to God [Romans 10:9-10]. That’s the way to be saved.
Like the ark, there was one door in it [Genesis 6:16], and they all went in that same door. The great elephant lumbered in that one door, and the little snail crawled in that one door. The great eagle swooped out of the blue of the sky into that one door, and the little wren hopped through that one door. And Shem, Ham, and Japheth, their wives, Noah and his wife all eight of them went in that one door [Genesis 7:1-9]. That’s the way to be saved. All of us are saved alike, all of us. The wise and the unwise, the rich and the poor, the old and the young, the male and the female, the educated and the uneducated, all of us alike go through that one door [Romans 10:9-13].
I was with one of the most brilliant theologians and preachers of our generation, and I said, “Tell me how you were saved.” He never mentioned his Hebrew, and he never mentioned his Greek and he never mentioned his Latin, and he never mentioned French or German, and he never mentioned the half dozen degrees that he has, nor the twenty books that he’s written. He never referred to it. But what he did tell me was that when he was a young man going to a service, the preacher preached and pressed the appeal for Christ and the people stood up and sang:
If you are tired of the load of your sin,
Let Jesus come into your heart.
If you desire a new life to begin,
Let Jesus come into your heart.
Just now your burden give o’er,
Just now to open the door,
Just now reject Him no more,
Let Jesus come into your heart.
[“Let Jesus Come into Your Heart”, Mrs. C. H. Morris]
He said, “I went down the aisle and gave my heart to Jesus.” Now isn’t that something? No word of academic, intellectual achievement or theological definition or delineation. That has nothing to do with it. It’s God who saves us, and God saves us by the commitment of our lives to Him [Romans 10:9-13].
I remember preaching in a service at Muskogee, at a regular Sunday morning service, at a service, the pastorate before I came down here, in Muskogee, Oklahoma. And we had about eighteen that morning, come giving their hearts to Jesus. And I remember three of them. One was a little boy, very small for his age, named Jimmy Morgan. And he came and said to me, “I want to give my heart to Jesus, and I want to be baptized and in the church.”
And down came the aisle came Mickey McFarland, seventy-four years of age, the most notorious gambler and outlaw in Indian Territory days. Mickey McFarland came down that aisle and took my hand and said, “I want to take Jesus as my Savior, and I want to be baptized and be a member of the church.”
And I looked up and down the aisle came old Bird Doublehead, a full blood Cherokee Indian, one hundred three years old. He came tottering to me and said, “I want to take Jesus as my Savior, and I want to be baptized and be a member of the church.”
And those three happened to be seated down there together, and I looked at them, my little boy so small for his age, Jimmy Morgan, and next to him, a famous gambler and outlaw, Mickey McFarland, and next to him a full blood Cherokee Indian, a hundred three years old; down there sitting together taking Jesus as their Savior. We all come alike. All of us saved alike [Romans 10:11-12].
You can go through the whole gamut of God’s saints, from the day Jesus died and that thief said, “Lord, remember me” [Luke 23:42-43]. From that day until the last saint shall enter in the great tribulation period, all of us saved alike, washed in the blood of the Lamb, trusting Jesus [Revelation 7:13-14]. It’s that simple.
Then he concludes it climactically. “For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved” [Romans 10:13]. Isn’t that something? “For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved.”
I may sing about Jesus, and be lost. I may preach about Jesus, and be lost. I may write books about Jesus, and be lost. I may admire the blessed Jesus, and be lost. But I can’t call upon His name, and stay lost. For when I call upon His name, when I ask God to help me, God answers, and I am somebody else. I am a changed person. I’ve been saved. I’ve been born again. I am different. But I must call. [Romans 10:13].
The Lord said, “I am that bread that came down from heaven.” Yes, but I must eat [John 6:51]. The Lord said, “He that is thirsty, let him drink,” but I must drink [John 7:37]. And the Lord said, “If thou shalt confess with thy mouth Jesus as Lord,” but I must confess [Romans 10:9].
And the Lord said, “Whosoever shall call upon My name will be saved” [Romans 10:13], but I must call. I must call [Romans 10:13]. God has set the whole order of salvation long before I was born, the whole redemptive plan that God worked out for our souls and wrote it large in that Holy Book. But I must reply [Ephesians 1:4]. I must respond. I must come.
And that’s why our praying and that’s why our assembling, that’s why our singing, that’s why our appealing. You, will you come? Will you come? Will you trust Jesus in your heart? Will you commit your life to Jesus in your heart? And will you publicly, unashamedly before men and angels acknowledge Him as Lord? [Romans 10:9]. Will you, will you?
If you will today, come and stand by me. In a moment we shall sing our song of appeal, and while we sing that song, will you come and stand by me? “Pastor, this is my husband. He’s coming this morning.” And both of you come, the wife and her husband. Or, “Pastor, this is my wife and these are our children, all of us are coming this morning,” and all of you come. Or a couple you, you come, two of you. Or one somebody you, you come. Trust God to see you through. There are so many things we don’t understand. We will never understand them. But God knows. He understands. There are so many weaknesses and frailties in our lives, I know. But He is mighty and strong. He never lost a battle, and He won’t lose the one in which you are engaged, in which you are involved, in which you are fighting. God won’t lose that one either. Trust Him for it. Trust Him for it, and come. Make the decision now right where you are seated, and say, “O God, in a moment when they stand up to sing, I am coming. I’m on my way.” If you are in this throng in the balcony round, there is a stairway at the front and the back, on either side and time and to spare, come, come. If you are on this lower floor, into the aisle, and down here to the front, “Here I am, preacher, here I come.” If one of you is ready to come and the other isn’t, say to your companion or your friend or your wife or your husband or the child, “Let’s go.” And then if God doesn’t do anything when you’ve come, we’ll just leave it in God’s hands and yours. But I think, I think the moment you decide, “I will go,” I think that moment God will do something, and it will be a sweet, glorious, marvelous heavenly something. Try it and see. “Oh taste and see that the Lord is good!” [Psalm 34:5]. Come and see. On the first note of the first stanza, when you stand up, stand up coming. And God speed you and the angels attend you in the way, do it now. Come now, while we stand and while we sing. | 2024-01-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5082 |
Swiss municipality forced to grant citizenship to Iranian refugee
Becoming a Swiss citizen is a three layered process. Once certain requirements have been met, such as sufficient time in the country, evidence of integration, the ability to financially support oneself, and mastery of the local language, applications pass through three layers of approval: municipal, cantonal and federal.
Trimmis – source – Adrian Michael wikipedia
An application can fail at any one of these stages and each administrative level can decide independently.
This week, Switzerland’s Federal Tribunal in Lausanne intervened to override a decision made by the municipality of Trimmis in the canton of Graubunden. The municipality rejected an Iranian refugee’s naturalisation application the grounds that he was insufficiently integrated and unable to support himself financially.
After arriving in Switzerland in 1989, the taxi driver, now in his 50s, has lived almost exclusively in Trimmis, an Alpine community of 3,300 people.
Divorced with one daughter, he received welfare from 1995 to 2001 and free legal assistance when he divorced in 2010.
In 2012, he applied to become a Swiss citizen, but his application was rejected by the local authorities in Trimmis.
In overturning the municipality’s decision to reject his application, Switzerland’s highest court argued that the decision was based on points unrelated to the criteria for naturalisation. It said that the welfare payments were no longer considered a valid reason for rejection because they were received more than 10 years ago. And, the court did not consider the free legal assistance received in 2010 to be evidence that the man could not support himself financially.
In addition, the Tribunal found flaws in the process and disagreed with some arguments related to the man’s lack of integration.
Instances of the courts overturning municipal naturalisation decisions are fairly rare. In 2017, the cantonal court in Aargau overturned a naturalisation decision by the municipality of Gipf-Oberfick. The applicant, who had protested about cow bells, had had her application rejected due to a lack of integration. | 2023-12-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9429 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to fasteners for flexible sheets or films.
2. Prior Art
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,987,835 and 3,805,873 illustrate typical edge fasteners for flexible sheets utilizing a rigid channel, and an insert bar that fits over or is secured to the flexible sheet and then is held in the channel.
These devices work satisfactorily in many applications, but in some places it is desired to have a very secure lock on the film even though the use of a lock entails additional costs and takes some additional space.
Insert members for the channels such as those shown in the above identified patents have been modified to provide a resilient force tending to lock the insert member against portions of the channel. Such a device is shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 100,549, filed Dec. 5, 1979. The devices of this type are sold by Park Fastener Company, Colorado Springs, Colo. In those devices the insert which goes into the retainer channel for holding the polyethylene or other sheet film in place includes means to resilently urge one edge of the insert against a detent surface of the channel to pinch the sheet between the insert and the surface of the channel to provide a secure holding force.
Additionally, a structure such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,893,212 and 3,999,258 has been used for holding a sheet of material. These devices include a flexible support channel as well as a lock insert. The channel and insert cooperate to pinch a sheet of material to hold it along its longitudinal length.
In some instances support channels have utilized edge retainer clips that clip over the upper edge of one wall of the channel and hold a layer of film placed over the edge of that channel. Such a device is shown in the advertisements of The Nexus Corporation, for their "S.C. Lok System". Further, it has been known to insert a flexible tube between upright walls of a channel insert similar to that shown in FIG. 14 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,987,835 so that the opposite walls of the insert are forced against the legs of the channel to pinch the sheet being held and securely lock it in position. | 2023-09-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4384 |
Synthesis and structure of QD-6: a novel aluminoborate constructed from unprecedented [B@Al6O24] and polyborate clusters.
A novel aluminoborate (NH(4))(6)[C(5)NH(12)](6)[Al(12)B(65)O(105)(OH)(33)]·(H(2)O)(15) (QD-6), has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions and characterized by IR, elemental analysis, TGA, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. This compound crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R3 (No. 148) with the lattice constants a = 23.7421(2) Å, c = 24.7699(3) Å, V = 12091.9(2) Å(3), and Z = 3. QD-6 consists of two unprecedented aluminoborate clusters, [Al(6)B(34)O(54)(OH)(18)](6-) and [Al(6)B(31)O(51)(OH)(15)](6-), which are built from the same hexagon-like [B@Al(6)O(24)] clusters and [B(11)O(17)(OH)(6)] or [B(10)O(16)(OH)(5)] polyborates. | 2024-01-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3454 |
]]>Have you always wanted to run a marathon, but don’t think you can? I have news for you…you can!
If completing a marathon is on your bucket list, then I want to tell you about a company called Mainly Marathons.
I discovered Mainly Marathons in 2015. I was driving across the United States from Lexington, Kentucky visiting my friend, Kim, to St. George, Utah where I was doing a race.
I just decided a couple years before hand that I was going to run 50 marathons in 50 states before I turn 50. I was going to be driving right through Kansas and Oklahoma and still needed those states, so I was looking for a race in one of them around the time I would be driving through. It was just my luck that I ran into Mainly Marathons.
They specialize in series from 4 to 9+ days where you can run a marathon in a different state on multiple days in a row. I happened to be driving through Oklahoma and Kansas right in the middle all of their Dust Bowl Series that covers five states. And bonus that the races were during the week, which was perfect for my schedule
They were less than a week away, so I emailed them to find out if I could sign up the day of the race, which I could…another bonus!
I drove to the first race. It was a little hard to find because it was in a small town, it was dark, and they were only about 20 to 30 cars in the parking lot.
I am used to racing in races with thousands of people, so this threw me off at first. I showed up and everyone was super duper friendly and helpful. They asked me if these were my first marathons, which they were not, but they were my first two in a row. I had never run two long runs back to back, not even more than a 10K two days in a row, so I wasn’t sure how my body would respond.
The courses are set up so that there is a 5K, 10K, half marathon, and marathon (and now even a 50K) so if you wanted to run a marathon and your kids or partner or friend wanted to run a 10K or half marathon, you could both do it on the same day on the same course. I love this.
The other thing I love is that the marathons are loops or out and backs that you repeat several times. For example, the course might be 14 laps for the marathon, seven laps for the half marathon, etc.
Each time you come around for your next lap, you take a rubber band and put it around your wrist so you don’t lose track of your laps.
At the turn around area, there are tables set up with pretty much anything you could ever want to eat or drink during your race, and there’s another table where you can put your own food and drinks. I super love this! That way you don’t have to carry any of your own stuff because you know you’ll be coming back by the tables every 15 to 25 minutes or so.
The other thing I like about the loops is that if it starts off cold in the morning, you can wear all the clothes you want, and as soon as you warm up after the first or second lap, you can shed all the clothes put them in a pile by the table as they are there for you after the race.
No need to put on an old shirt because you know you’re going to have to toss it and never get it back. This is also nice because I don’t like to be freezing cold at the start of the race, but I warm up really quickly when I run.
The very best part of the Mainly Marathons races are the people! Not only the people who run the company, but the people who follow them around and do all of their races, and I mean all of their races.
There are people that run all of the series’, all over the US, all year long with the company. I’ve been doing races for them now for the last five years, and I saw the same people last month in Washington and Oregon that I saw in Kansas and Oklahoma in 2015. That is really amazing!
And there are all sorts of people walking/running at every race. There are young people, old people, short people, tall people, heavy people, light people, disabled people, and more.
At their last race I ran, there was a woman walking with two braces on her legs and crutches! WHAT!? Mainly Marathons has no cut off time so literally ANYONE can finish one of their races.
If you look at their race results, you’ll see the average marathon time is about seven hours. Sure, there are people that finish in four hours, and less, but there are equal number of people that finish in nine hours or more.
This is definitely the company to go with if you’re not sure if you can finish a marathon in a specific time. There is so much support on the course. Every time somebody passes you or you see them on the out and back, they say “Hi”, “Good morning”, “Great job”, “Looking strong”, etc. Over the course of a marathon, and especially if you do a series, you get to know every single person you are running/walking with.
Later in 2015, I did a seven-day series. Yep! You read that correctly, I ran seven marathons in seven states in seven days.
One of the days I walked over half the marathon and the entire time I found people to chat with if I wanted to, or if not, I just put in my earbuds, listened to music, and pushed through on my own.
Either way I felt constantly supported 100% of the time. Nobody acts like they are better than anyone else at any of the races, and everyone truly wants to see each and every person out on the course succeed in whatever goal they have for the day.
I still stay in touch with people I met five years ago on social media. Every series they have, has a different Facebook group where you can learn the best hotels, places to eat, and tips about the courses, towns, etc. They have group meetups in each town, and past participants stay in the groups to help out the newbies.
Before my seven-day series, I asked in one of the groups how to even train for it, because I personally have never done something like that before. A girl got on and told me to run 10 miles for 10 days in a row. I did that. I think that is what made my experience so great as far as my body was concerned. I have no idea if I would’ve felt as good as I thought for seven marathons in a row if I wouldn’t have done that training.
I have seen that woman (Patricia) at almost every race I’ve done with mainly marathons. And at every race, when she sees me, she treats me like we’ve been besties forever, and I love it! She treats everyone that way, as does every other person that I’ve met during any of the races.
I still have 14 states to do before my 50th birthday, which is in three years. I’ve already planned my next three years and it includes three different series to check off 13 and then finally, the summer before I turn 50, I will head to Alaska and do the race with them there.
When I was originally looking up races in Alaska, I found several. I thought I had always wanted to do the one that is on the Summer Solstice in June for my final state. But after my experiences with Mainly Marathons, there is no one I would rather finish my 50 states with than Mainly Marathons.
]]>I do some sort of workout every single day. Partially because I need it for my sanity, partially because I like to eat a lot of food, and partially because I am a competitive triathlete and like to do well when I race.
When people ask me what my favorite workouts are, I take all of this, plus my busy lifestyle, in to consideration. Therefore, my favorite workouts must burn calories, work toward racing better, fit in with my busy life, and most importantly release feelings of anxiety and overwhelmed that I feel on a daily basis.
People always ask me what is the best workout? I always have the same response: the best workout is the workout you will do! And typically, the only workout you will do, and stick with, is the one you love.
Here are my favorite workouts!
1. Swimming with ALL the equipment.
Swimming is my meditation. It calms me, silences the voices in my head, and always always makes me feel relaxed, but fully worked out, from head to toe. I love the way the water drowns out any outside noise and keeps my focus on counting strokes, laps, intervals, etc.
Even though I love swimming, I don’t necessarily like to swim hard. I do a weekly time trial to help with my racing, but my favorite type of swimming is a little of everything, using all the equipment I have. I have fins, paddles, buoy, band, snorkel, kickboard, and a parachute!
My ideal swim day would be about two hours of pool time doing 500 yards with each piece of equipment. I love swimming all four strokes, but only with lots of equipment.
I do like a small hard set, like 5×100 on 1:30 or a 500 time trial, as long as I have time afterwards to put on my fins and do a nice long easy kick set. And I always like to finish with 200 breaststroke, my favorite of all the strokes!
2. Stepmill.
The stepmill is that thing at the gym that looks like you’re walking up a down escalator.
I love the stepmill because even at level one I’m sweating my ass off! Even at a low level, stepping strengthens my legs, gets my heart rate up, and it makes me feel like I’m getting a great workout, especially if I have a race with hills in the near future.
One of the main reasons I like the step mill, is because I go slow enough that I can work on my phone while I step. I do about 50% of my businesses through my phone and I always have hours and hours of busy work I could be doing.
When I am on the stepmill, I can get it all done.
I typically alternate between focused work on my phone during recovery/easy intervals, scrolling through social media and doing busy work during my moderate Intervals, and then listening to music or watching a show during my hard or running intervals. That way I get a little bit of everything!
3. Teaching indoor cycling.
I love teaching indoor cycling because I love cycling indoors, I love deciding what the class will be doing based on what I need to work on, and I love getting paid to do it!!
If I wasn’t a fitness instructor, I would probably still have indoor cycling on my list for many of the same reasons why I like the stepmill. I can work while I’m getting my bike in and it all helps me become a better athlete. The fact that I’m the instructor and I can do more climbing when I have a race coming up with a lot of hills, or more sprinting and spinning when I am tapering is just a bonus.
And of course, it’s a double bonus that I get paid to do it!
4. Strength workout.
I admittedly don’t do a lot of strength training. I try to incorporate my strength training into my triathlon training by doing things like using paddles during my swim workout and using the stepmill as my running/walking workout.
I also love climbing hills when I’m biking outside, but that happens pretty much never now that I have a baby and rarely get outside to ride. If I do strength training, it’s with moderate weighted dumbbells on a fit ball.
I have a sequence I do where I start with chest flies, move on to bent over rows, then straight arm pullovers, shoulder press, triceps extensions, and finally biceps curls. I typically do about 15 reps of each and then give my arms a break for a few minutes while I do crunches and twists on the ball.
I also spend time working on my balance, seated and kneeling on the fit ball. I am fortunate enough right now to be teaching a “Total Body Conditioning” class once a week at the gym where I do this work out about once a month.
5. Aqua running.
I don’t do this work out enough since I have limited time in the water, I typically just swim. But when I am injured, sore, or recovering, I definitely make time for it.
I do both deep and shallow water running. I prefer deep water running because it’s a lot more intense. I run without a flotation belt and do intervals alternating hard and easy efforts. This keeps me from getting bored, plus I can only do hard sprinting efforts for about a minute at a time before I need to recover anyway.
I typically mix it up with some high knees, butt kickers, side running, and cross country movements to stretch out my legs In between sets.
Join My Newsletter!
I just restarted up my weekly (or bi-weekly) newsletter where each week I post a workout alternating between swim, bike, run, strength, core, and flexibility. I have specific examples of all the workouts I mentioned today in my newsletters.
]]>Every year I pick up word that is my overall theme for the year. It’s typically describes a character trait I want to acquire or get better at or something that I believe is going to help me reach my goals and/or help create my ideal life.
After being pregnant for six months and having a baby for six months in 2018, I was ready to take action and get back to work toward my fitness, my finances, and getting my life together!
Historically, in order for me to get what I want, I make detailed plans of action, and work relentlessly. I’m typically doing tasks and activities every single day to get to where I want to be.
And since this is what I wanted, I was thinking about words like action, relentless, power, create, or something along those lines. But the universe had a different plan for me.
Every podcast I listened to, every audiobook that was suggested to me, everywhere I looked, the word ‘surrender’ kept poking its head at me. I didn’t like that word because I’ve always believed that I create my life and I have complete control over everything that goes on in it.
I worked hard to make my life into my ideal life, and I had never had a lot of tolerance for people who just sit back and let whatever happens, happens.
In my past, every good thing that I’ve ever accomplished in my life has been years and years in the making. It’s been baby steps and actions every day to create what I wanted.
I didn’t even understand what the word ‘surrender’really even meant, much less wanted to make it part of my everyday life. But like I said, it kept showing up in different ways, and so I decided to “surrender” to my new word for 2019.
I didn’t know what it would look like, so I just decided to let go of any expectations and whenever I felt stuck or at a crossroads or confused about a decision, I would just think of my word, and surrender.
My intention was to write this blog post at the beginning of the year when I picked my word, but I just found it in my notes app on my phone as an unfinished post as I was deleting old notes for Toss it Tuesday.
And since I am also doing a writing streak this month where I have to write at least 10 minutes a day, I figured I could kill two birds with one stone! Or as us vegans like to say “catch two butterflies with one net “!
Last night I had a tough one. After a two-hour fight with my boyfriend, I laid in bed not being able to sleep, with a throbbing headache and too many thoughts running through my head.
Normally in these situations, I repeat my usual mantra “I love and approve of myself, all is well in my world”, but instead, I decided to test out my word, Since it is the 11th month of the year, and I hadn’t really paid as much attention to it as I would’ve liked.
I closed my eyes, took a deep breath, and said to myself “surrender”. Over the next couple minutes, I breathed and repeated my word over and over. I don’t know what I was expecting, but when I think about it now, what happened was exactly what I knew would happen.
I started crying uncontrollably and didn’t stop for an hour. I realized the entire year has been one of the hardest of my life, following the previous year, which was THE hardest of my life.
I had worked tirelessly to do it all. To take care of a baby, take care of myself, take care of a household, continue to work all of my businesses, train and race like I always had, keep up with old friends, continually making new connections, paying my bills, saving money for mine and Coura’s future, paying a little attention to the dogs, planning my future, keeping up with my personal development, and making sure I was holding it all together.
The truth is I was holding on by the smallest microscopic piece of thread that seemed to unravel almost every night, but somehow strengthened through the night so I could get through the next day. This was exhausting! And as soon as I gave my mind and my body and my heart and my soul permission to surrender, I crumbled.
The good news is that I woke up feeling full of hope. I think that was one of the things that I didn’t admit that I was lacking over the last two years. I have an amazing support system.
I know what I want my future to look like. I know who I want to be. And I know the person I want Coura to see me as. If it takes me surrendering and letting go and living in the moment and following wherever life takes me to bring me peace of mind and happiness, I am all in!
I woke up to a message from an acquaintance on social media this morning who complimented me on being able to “go with the flow, roll with the punches, and handle whatever life throws at me”. This surprised me because I don’t feel like I do this at all.
It reminded me that one of my goals this year was to be more transparent. And if I was falling apart on a minute to minute basis, but people saw me as holding it all together and ‘going with the flow’, then I need to be a little more honest about how I put myself out in the world.
So as soon as I saw this blog post that I started in January, 11 months ago, I decided to go outside my comfort zone, and write about how I haven’t done a great job of utilizing my word for 2019, and this is what came out when I started writing
The other good news is that I still have eight weeks left of the year, and I am going to surrender the hell out of the rest of 2019!
I would love to hear about your word for 2019 and how it showed up for you! I would also love to hear about your word for 2020. I have mine in the works, but who knows, the universe may have other plans for me! Again!
]]>People often ask me what the challenges are being a mom of a baby at age 46. Since Coura is my first baby, I really don’t know what to compare to as far as if my challenges are different than the challenges of, let’s say, a 26-year-old mom, or a 36-year-old mom.
I think there are challenges being a mother at any age, so I don’t know if mine are any different than anyone else’s.
Here are MY biggest challenges as a mom…
1. Being tired all the time! Like ALL. THE. TIME!
My baby didn’t sleep more than 2 to 3 hours at a time until she was 9 months old. Then she’s miraculously started sleeping through the night, 6 to 8 hours at a time.
I thought I would start feeling normal. Not the case. Even now, at 16 months old, she typically sleeps 10 to 12 hours a night.
But half the week, she goes to sleep before I’m even home from work, so there goes my opportunity!
I’m trying like crazy to fit everything I want to do into my life, and it’s much easier to do all the things while she is asleep. So I find myself training, cleaning, organizing, working, etc all while she is sleeping.
This ends up cutting into my personal sleep time, so I’m still tired. I know I need to give some things up, but I just can’t decide what to put less energy into because I love every single thing I do!
2. I have less control of my life.
Like the lack of sleep, having a baby give me less time and choices for my own life, so it doesn’t surprise me that is still a challenge.
I used to be meticulous in planning my minute to minute schedule, now I plan a “sort of” schedule which changes constantly throughout the day. It took some getting used to, and it’s not what comes naturally to me, but I am adjusting.
The other challenge is that I don’t get to make all the decisions for my life and my baby. There is obviously a father involved and I’m not used to having to have someone else’s permission/opinion in making my day-to-day decisions and planning for my future.
3. Mommy guilt.
I do have mommy guilt, but it’s not toward my baby. I give her tons of love, affection, attention, consideration, time, and energy.
What I feel guilty about, is the lack of mommying I am doing toward my first two babies, Joey and Belle, my two fuzzy kids who used to get all of me and now barely get any of me. I am grateful they love me unconditionally because anyone else who got that little of my time, would definitely be out the door!
For me, being an older parent, the pros outweigh the cons. I care less about what other people think about me and my mommying, I already know how to take care of myself and make sure I am healthy and happy, and I don’t sweat the small stuff.
All of these would have been more of a problem if I had Coura 10 or 20 years ago.
I have also been fortunate enough to have had such a full life and had already done so many things and accomplished so much before having her.
So slowing down to care for a baby is fine with me. Like I have a choice ha ha!
Thanks to all the moms out there who have supported me over the last year and reached out to me with a hug or a pat on the back or a kind word or a “you got this mama”.
It has truly meant the world to me during the times where I felt like I wasn’t going to make it through another dark night.
]]>We’ve all heard the saying “I don’t find time to (fill in the blank), I make the time. I would agree that if we really want to succeed at something, we have to make it a priority. But I also think we can find time to do what is important to us.
Today I had 15 minutes in between Coura‘s swim lesson and when I had to go into the gym to teach a class. I could have done anything with those 15 minutes. I could have relaxed in my car, checked my email, texted a friend, read a book, jumped on social media, eaten a snack, watched part of a show on my phone, made a list, looked at my planner, etc. We all have countless things we can do each and every day, our lists are never ever done!!
But exercise is a priority for me so I decided to get out of the car, put Coura in the stroller, and run a mile! I found a small amount of time in my day so I used it for what was most important to me at that time.
If it was the previous day where I only slept 4 hours that night, I may have opted for a quick nap. If it was the day before that when rent was due and I had to borrow from my savings, I may have used that time for income earning activities. If it were the day before that one, I may have opted for relaxing on social media because I had already run 10 miles that day!
We all have a few minutes here and there during our day that are wasted because it doesn’t seem like enough time to really accomplish anything.
I 100% disagree. For those of you who know me, you know baby steps are how I do everything and all my life successes have been built on small seemingly insignificant actions that have built up over time and resulted in big amazing results!!!
For most people, these small pockets of time are wasted because by the time you decide what to do in that 10, 15, 20 minute period, it’s over. Or we think we can’t accomplish anything so we do something meaningless just to pass the time instead of something planned or executed toward a bigger goal or purpose.
So how do we get on the right track?
Here is what I do:
Know your priorities for the day/week/month/year (whatever time frame you are comfortable with)
Keep a running list of activities that can be done in small pockets of time
When you find an opening, no matter how small, plug in one of those activities!!
Right now I am training for an Ironman triathlon. This was a last minute decision a month ago (that’s last minute when endurance training is involved) so my training plan was to get a certain amount of hours in the pool, on the bike, and on my feet per week leading up the week before the race and then to taper. And it didn’t matter how I got them in!
I would park a quarter mile from the grocery store and walk every isle while shopping to get in a mile walk during a trip to the store. I would jump on the bike at the gym for 5 minutes before teaching a fitness class and go over my playlist instead of doing it sitting in the aerobics room. I would swim an extra 200 yards after my usual swim and skip my shower after.
While Coura was napping I would jump on my bike already set up on my trainer in the basement and I would ride for as long as I could until she woke up.
And of course I would make my “Total Body Conditioning” classes do running drills (today we did high knees, skips, butt kickers, side cross run, and backwards running) for a total of 15 minutes. I would take extra trips up and down the stairs when cleaning and doing laundry (bringing a couple clothes up at a time) to get in a few miles of stair climbing throughout the week!! And then while we are watching tv at night with the fam I use the time to foam roll, stretch, and massage my legs.
With all these little “found” segments of time, I amazingly got in 27 hours of training last week! I will add here that I woke up at 4am one morning to bike for 2 hours, my mom watched the baby one afternoon/evening so I could bike for 5 hours, and I ran a marathon plus walked 2 miles one of the days, but the majority of those other hours were less than 30 minute time blocks added up over the 7 days.
If your thing isn’t exercising, you can apply this to other areas of your life! Relationships, finances, personal growth, projects, cleaning, simplifying, etc.
If you have a book you wanted to read, carry it with you! Read 3 pages each time you go to the bathroom! Wake up 10 minutes earlier and read. Read while you’re waiting in the pick-up lane at your kids school. Read while you’re pumping gas. Read while your noodles are boiling. Read waiting in line at the post office or grocery store. Read while your kid is at soccer practice. Read while your oil is getting changed. Ask your spouse or kid to drive to your destination and read! You will have you book done in no time at all!!
Find and treasure these small windows of time to do what is important to you.
Time is our most precious resource. And we have 100% control on how we choose to spend our time. Use it to move your life in the direction you want it to go, use it to do what is going to make your life the very best it can be!!
I would love to hear how you are fitting it all in! I am constantly working toward optimal time management!
Whether you were out by choice or forced out due to injury, surgery, etc, any time away makes coming back a challenge. I wanted to share what helped me in case you are struggling and looking for a way to get back into running.
Out of the 3 disciplines of triathlon, for me the run was the hardest to get back in to, but the easiest to get back to where I was before I stopped running.
As soon as I found out I was pregnant, about 2 months in, I made the choice to stop running. I had a “high risk” pregnancy and decided it wasn’t worth the risk. A week before I found out, however, I had run a marathon, so I was still in great running shape when I stopped.
I didn’t run for the remainder of my pregnancy (6 months), the 6 weeks following the birth of my baby, and then another 4 weeks after that. During the 4 weeks after I was cleared to begin exercising again,
I rode the bike and did the elliptical and stepmill every single day at the gym. So although I wasn’t building up my “running” muscles, I was definitely building up my cardio and fitness levels before I started actually running. This helped me a LOT once I started back up!
The first thing I did was during my walks with my mom, Coura, and the dogs, I would run ahead with the dogs a few minutes and then run back to my mom and the baby.
The first couple times I did this I totaled about 5 minutes of running, the next week I did 10, and the following I did 15.
In those few weeks I also started focusing more on my nutrition and started overall feeling better due to being able to exercise, so I started losing some of my unwanted baby weight as well. Running also became easier as the pounds started coming off.
At the end of the 4th week I decided to sign up for a 5K. I personally do better with my workouts when they are “training” runs and not just running for “exercise”. I also like having a place to start so I can see improvements. I had no expectations and I knew whatever my time, it would be a post-partum PR (personal record).
I had a blast at the 5k. It was about 5 minutes slower than what I was doing before I got pregnant, which is about 1:20 per mile slower, and my effort was much much higher than my time showed! My heart rate felt almost maxed and my body was tired. But my heart and soul were happy and I had a starting point for getting back into running shape.
Over the next 4 weeks I started running 2x a week. One was “longer” (typically 3-4 miles) and one was a few minutes here and there either during a walk w the fam or on the treadmill a few minutes before or after I taught class at the gym.
After that 4 weeks, I did another 5K and took a minute off my time. At this point I had also lost most of my baby weight and Coura had just turned 6 months old which meant I could run with her in the stroller. It was coming into winter so I only ran with her a couple times, but it gave me hope and excitement for the upcoming spring/summer!
At this time, I decided to do a monthly 10K time trial on the treadmill to chart my improvement as well.
My first one was about 10 minutes slower than my usual 10K, but again a post-partum PR. My monthly 10K TT was my “long” run and I continued with one other run each week of about 1-3 miles. I was still doing stepmill weekly and biking at the gym 5 times a week. This improved my overall cardio and fitness level.
At the end of 6 months was my big test, I signed up for a half marathon to start running longer because my “A” race for the year was the St George 70.3 which was 3 ½ months later. Since my longest run had been 6.2 miles, the 13.1 was a challenge but I just took it easy with a goal of just running the whole thing. And guess what? Yep! A post-partum PR!!!
I kept up with my monthly 10K, my other shorter run, threw in a couple 5Ks, and weekly stepmill and biking at the gym. I did another half marathon 3 months later and took off almost 15 minutes!!!
The hardest part about getting back into running was getting started. For me it helped giving myself time on other “easier” cardio equipment to get some fitness back and shed a few pounds before I started running again.
It also helped me to have a monthly goal like my time trial and a few races set up to “test” my fitness and running.
And lastly, it really did help when I lost my baby weight and got back down to my pre-pregnancy weight. Running, in my experience, is much harder when I have more weight on my body. Running never came naturally to me so every advantage helps!
I am now officially one year out from the birth of Coura (her birthday was yesterday) and I would say I am only a few months away from being back to my pre-pregnancy race times. If it takes longer for you, don’t get discouraged, just make everything about your best NOW, not your best then! All my new distances are post-partum PRs and I’m learning to navigate my training/racing with a baby which is always an adventure in itself.
Have fun with it, be kind to your amazing body, and love yourself NO MATTER WHAT!!!
]]>As a kid and young adult, I always hated my thighs. It seemed no matter how much weight I lost or how strong I was (even running 7 marathons in 7 days) my legs were always “chubby” compared with the rest of my body.
My thighs always rubbed (even chafed when I ran) and my butt, hips, and thighs never had any definition. I could see every rib in my midsection and still had absolutely no definition in my legs.
I chalked it up to genetics and just wore clothes that accentuated my positive physical attributes and strategically hid my upper thighs under skirts, shorts, and skorts.
Even at my lowest weight as an adult, which was less than I weight now, I still had thicker and bulkier thighs.
Four years ago, I changed some things about my diet, and not only did I feel healthier, recovered more quickly, and had more energy, I also started seeing a teeny tiny hint of definition on the back of my thighs. I could actually see a hamstring! Yay!!
About a year later, I made a few more changes, and low and behold, my inner thighs started slimming down a bit! They barely rubbed and I didn’t have to slather on silicone lube every time I did a long run!!
Another year later, I started a new Beachbody program called 2B Mindset. It taught most of what I believed anyway about nutrition and added an emotional component that I was constantly struggling with.
I started seeing even more changes in my body, especially my “hate zone” thighs!! And the culmination of my small changes in my nutrition resulted in definition in not only my legs, but my butt and hips as well!
I admittedly have always been obsessed with my body image, so this newfound discovery made me very very happy!
I decided to become a 2B Mindset and Plant-Based Nutrition coach to help others, like me, who felt like giving up on their bodies because they just assumed they were doomed by genetics.
I can’t guarantee that what worked for me will work for you, but I’ll do everything I can to help you figure out what DOES work for you! That is my goal as a coach!
I am starting a new group in July to make it most cost effective for you! You have 4 options for coaching:
1. Sign up for personal daily accountability/coaching which includes meal evaluation, meal suggestions based on your likes/dislikes, time avail for food prep, and finances, plus daily contact through text. You will also have access to our group through ‘My Challenge Tracker’ app. Cost is $99 for 2 months.
2. Purchase the 2B Mindset program and get all access to videos, recipes, a nutrition tracking app, and all the product that comes with the program including a journal, water bottle, recipe book, and a step by step success guide. Plus, of course, coaching for 60 days by me through ‘My Challenge Tracker’ app. Cost: $120 plus shipping.
3. Order the 2B Mindset ‘Challenge Pack’ which includes everything in package 1 and 2 PLUS a month of Shakeology, a protein superfood meal-replacement shake, and a year of Beachbody On Demand, which is a program that streams all of Beachbody‘s workout programs including P90X, Insanity, Turbofire, PiYo and 600 more videos. Cost: $200 (June 2019 only, regular price is $220) plus shipping.
4. Join our support group and get all the support you need daily plus learn steps you can take each day to help you lose weight, gain more energy, recover more quickly, and feel better about yourself on our ‘My Challenge Tracker’ app for FREE!!!
If you are ready to jump in and make yourself a priority this summer, email coachsmith@usa.com, text 970-214-7745, message me, or respond to this post and I will help you get started right away!
If you’re not sure of this is the right program for you, contact me and we can chat about it and figure it out!
I’m proud of my progress and want to spread that feeling to you! There’s nothing better than loving yourself!
]]>I started this blog 5 years ago in July because I wanted to connect with people with similar interests, issues, and lifestyles. In my personal life, writing helps me figure my stuff out, clear my mind, and become a better version of myself.
On a biz level, many of my clients and customers constantly ask me the same questions so I want to have something to refer them to instead of just answering the same questions over and over again. I also just love to write.
It’s fun for me! And after all, I’m working toward more fun in my life, one of the reasons I added “fun” to food, fitness, finance, and fun!
When I first started, I was writing 2 blog posts a week. I was super excited to get it up and running. That soon became 1 post a week since I had 900 other things I love to do in my life and I had to create a little balance to keep them all in it!!
There have been a couple weeks where I have missed writing, but not many!!
And then Coura was born!!
I started writing less and less and I just looked this morning and it’s been over 3 months since I’ve written a blog post!
It would be so easy to blame the baby! After all, all moms know how much work it is to take care of another human, especially a tiny one that needs you to survive! It barely leaves time to take care of you, much less anything extra!
But I can’t blame the baby. I have time and energy for the things that are important to me, and lately I haven’t made the time (or energy) to write.
I’ve thought about writing almost every day. I’ve even jotted down ideas of what to write about. I’ve scheduled it, put it on my to-do list, and started and re-started writing streaks. But I just haven’t been able to bring myself to write!
Writers block? No time? No energy? No peace and quiet? None of the above!
To be honest the reason I haven’t been writing is because I feel like I have nothing to say. I have let my life and my dreams and my goals and my thirst for growth slip a little bit and I feel unworthy of sharing my life when I’m not working on bettering it.
I’ve always believed that I have the right to have issues or complain or sulk or bitch only about things I can change and only about things I am working to change. Lately everything I don’t want in my life I am allowing and I feel like I’ve put my journey to create my ideal life on hold. So why would anyone want to hear from someone who is powerless in her own life?
I have so many opportunities to listen to and read great personal growth books but I choose to spend my time watching Grey’s Anatomy (no offense to Meredith and the gang, I’m a huge fan) and the Voice (awesomely uplifting show).
I also have time in the mornings and evening to work on my bizes and work toward my ideal life, but typically do a lot of nothing or piddly activities that I feel are wasting my life away.
I need to make some changes, I want to make some changes, so I thought I would start with writing it all down!
Putting out to the universe that I am finally ready to get my shit together and work toward something bigger and better than what I am giving myself now.
I have no idea what all this even means or what I am even writing about! I just know I needed to start and do something and this is it!!
“Nothing changes if nothing changes” has always been a quote I believe in and has a lot of power and meaning for me. If you want something different, you need to do something different!
Start small, baby steps! Pick something you want to change in your life and start today doing one thing differently.
Drink water when you wake up, park far away from your office and walk, wake up 15 minutes earlier, go to bed 30 minutes earlier, cancel one of your subscriptions you don’t use, go through your closet and toss a few things, tell your friends how much you love them, eat fruit for breakfast, turn off the tv one night a week, eat more veggies, write down your goals, walk the dog longer, find a success partner, reach out to an old friend, meditate, join a gym, sign up for a 5k, eat out less, get outside more, share your story, challenge yourself daily, get uncomfortable, read 10 pages of a book every day, watch an inspirational YouTube video, plan your dream vaca, write down your goals, make a bucket list, eat less sugar, love yourself more, spend less on material things, have more adventures, breathe deeper, love harder, be more you!
In my opinion, the bike was the easiest for me to get back on, but the hardest to get back to where I was, especially since I was training for an Ironman when I got pregnant and it is now winter here in Colorado.
My baby is almost 7 months old, and I have only been on my bike outside one time in over a year. It’s a lot easier for me mentally, physically, and schedule wise, to do my training either at the gym where there’s childcare and bikes with feedback, or on my trainer in my basement where I don’t have to leave the house, and can do it anytime.
For those reasons, I probably will stay primarily indoors for another few months.
My first race back is in May, which will be 11 months after Coura was born. I plan on biking indoors until March, which will give me two months to transfer my indoor skills to outside riding.
After my six-week check-up and I got the OK to start working out again, my first workout was on the bike. The first week I did 30 minutes, with no resistance, just spinning my legs and getting my butt back in saddle shape! I did most of the sessions at home, I wasn’t ready yet to leave the house and get to the gym or to take Coura to childcare.
My intention was to start a bike streak and bike 30 minutes a day minimum, but with my new mommy life, that didn’t always work. I still kept it as my intention, which usually got me on the bike five days a week. Some days it took me an hour to bike for 15 minutes because I was also taking care of a baby, but it was always my goal to get 30 minutes in!
For the first eight weeks, each week I just tried to add a little more time during one of my rides. For example, if I got on the bike five times, one time would be 40 minutes, and the next week that ride would be 50 minutes, and following week an hour.
I typically didn’t have time to go more than an hour so I would start adding time to a second ride of the week, working up to another ride of an hour.
By the end of the eight weeks, I was doing 2 to 3 60-minute rides and 2 to 3 30-minute rides, still at very little or no resistance.
After 8 weeks, I decided to start adding intensity to one of my weekly rides. I really like a challenge and working on improving, so I decided to do a weekly time trial on the bike at the gym.
The first week I started at level 1 and every 5 minutes went up a level. I ended up 12.0 miles in the hour. Each week I started at the next level (week 2=level 2, week 3=level 3, etc) so that I was progressively working harder each week and going longer in the hour.
I just did my week 13 time trial and have increased about 5 miles in the hour!!! I had a couple weeks where I was sick that went down, but in general I am getting better each week.
After about 8 weeks of one hard workout a week, I started adding one moderate intensity hour ride a week.
And that’s it for now! So in general I am doing my hour time trial, an hour moderate effort ride, and 3-5 30-minute easy rides.
My plan in another 4 weeks is to start increasing my moderate level ride by 30 minutes each week to train for the St George 70.3 I have coming up on May 4th.
I am finally feeling good on the bike! It will be interesting to see how my indoor fitness translates to riding outside. My goal is to get outside once a month!
Let me know if you have any questions about getting back into training after taking time off!
]]>The reason I started my blog about 4 ½ years ago was to share my life experiences to help me connect with others who may be going through the same “stuff” in life!
My blog is all about food, fitness, finance, and fun because those are the 4 biggest parts of my life.
I know there have got to be others like me who may be struggling, so I am putting my life out there in hopes of connecting with other. We are not alone!
My favorite part about sharing is when I get a message from someone saying how much they appreciate what I wrote because it helped them in some way. My mission in life is to inspire others to be better just by being myself. This is how I can do that!
So THANK YOU for loving me for ME and not because I have accomplished something or did something spectacular, but because I am human and flawed and need love and support as we all do!
I was looking through my posts from the past year. I wanted to share with you my top 11 of the year. The reason they are my faves is because they are the ones that gave me the most response from others that they appreciated the post. And the reason there are 11 is because 11 is my favorite number!!
Here we go…
My Top Posts For 2018
It is always fun to see which of my posts strikes a note with my readers. Here are the top posts from 2018!
I may have gone a little crazy on social media the past 2 weeks on posting pics of my new baby girl, but I am not apologizing. I do the same thing every time I have been proud of an accomplishment, enthusiastic about a new adventure, or pretty much anything I am excited about in my life, which is usually a lot.
On Wednesday, June 13th, exactly 4 weeks before I was “scheduled” to have my baby girl, I had some “leaking” from my girl parts. If this is already TMI, I suggest you close out and pick another one of my 200 blog posts to read instead.
Every time I post a picture of Coura on social media, I have somebody comment to “cherish this moment” or something similar. It’s probably my fault because I only post the totes adorable pictures of her and avoid posting the ones where she’s blowing a gasket or needing to eat every 45 minutes for 45 minutes, but I’m not really sure I want to treasure all of these these moments.
When I got pregnant, I suddenly went from the most optimistic, positive person on the planet to a total doomsday prepper when it came to my baby. Instantly everything weird or different or unusual happening in my body was something horrible.
I tend to set big goals and work towards accomplishing giant feats. And since I have gotten in the habit of announcing all my goals and dreams and plans to the world, when I get done with one thing, people always ask me what’s next!
When I first began to share the news that I was pregnant, after the initial shock from others wore off, I started getting stories of how awful pregnancy is. From morning sickness to being uncomfortable all the time to weird cravings and back pain! Gee, something to look forward to!
Each year I pick a word that encompasses what I am working on in my life and want to accomplish in the following year. I don’t try hard to find a word, I wait for one to choose me. I reflect on the past year, think about the upcoming year, and then meditate on how I can be the best possible version of myself.
So I thought I was DONE with Dave Ramsey’s “Baby Step 1” which is saving $1,000 to start an emergency fund. Dave Ramsey is a financial guru who gives very “common sense” and “sound” advice on finances, debt, and building wealth. He has been on the radio answering finance questions for the past 25 years. He has a general financial plan with 7 “baby steps” to help everyone get out of debt and gain more control of their personal finances.
I am constantly working toward simplifying my life. I love decluttering, organizing, and coming up with systems to help make things easier for me. With a baby girl arriving in the next 6 weeks, I am working double-time to simplify, as I know babies are time consuming and can complicate life more than it already is.
Thank you for all your love and support this past year. It has been such a big adjustment for me, mostly because I’m used to getting 10 hours of sleep a night so this ‘2 hours here and 3 hours there’ sleep is throwing me all out of whack! It gets better right?? Right??? Bueller??? Bueller? | 2024-03-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6461 |
Transparency Market Research
Interventional Cardiology Devices Market Is Expected to Progress at a CAGR of 2.9% Due to Increasing CAD Cases
Albany, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 01/06/2017 -- Boston Scientific, Abbott Vascular, and Medtronic were the leading providers of interventional cardiology devices in 2014, collectively racking up a share in the market of 66.9% in value. Outside of this majority share, the remainder competitive landscape is spread out across the globe in small and medium sized players.
As per a publication by Transparency Market Research, the global market for interventional cardiology devices is extremely dynamic and holds a large scope for consolidation. The rivalry between these players is intense and will most likely increase over time due to the imminent introduction of innovative interventional cardiology devices.
On the other hand, the threat of new entrants is expected to stay medium over the coming years. Regulatory frameworks are growing increasingly stringent and the research and development expenses to maintain a strong foothold in the market are very high. This is expected to deter the entry of small and medium sized players into the market for the time being.
The global market for interventional cardiology devices is expected to progress at a CAGR of 2.9% from 2014 to 2022, in terms of revenue. This revenue is projected to reach US$9.36 bn by the end of 2016 and US$11.16 bn by the end of 2022.
Stents have consistently been the leading type of interventional cardiology device in use to date. It is expected that stents will remain the leading type till 2022 by when it will be valued at US$6.89 bn. At the same time, interventional cardiology device systems are expected to progress at the leading CAGR of 4.7% from 2014 to 2022.
North America Leads Consumption of Interventional Cardiology Devices
A large chunk of the interventional cardiology devices demand and production is taken up by North America and Europe. North America is expected to remain the dominant region till 2022 and is expected to gain a revenue of US$4.04 bn by then. Both North America and Europe show a high consumption rate of premium priced interventional cardiology devices and are regions that can cater to a high rate of innovation in medical devices, thus resulting in their dominance in this market.
Asia Pacific, on the other hand, is showing a stunning CAGR of 4.8% from 2014 to 2022 for interventional cardiology devices, owing to the high rate of healthcare developments occurring in China and India.
"As stated by the WHO, almost 23.3 mn deaths are expected to occur by 2030 on account of cardiovascular diseases. What's more is that about 80% of these deaths are likely to occur in underdeveloped economies. This is a highly alarming call to the makers of related medical devices – including interventional cardiology devices – to ramp up their research and development processes to help bring about a more successful and satisfactory rate of surgical procedures," states a TMR analyst.
The increase in number of patients is directly related to two prime factors: the increasing percentage of the geriatric population and the growing obesity epidemic in developed nations. Both factors are massive perpetrators of the high number of heart diseases in the world today.
Additionally, the usage of interventional cardiology devices is expected to increase owing to the growing use of minimally invasive ones. These new devices can reduce the pain caused by a surgery and significantly reduce the time takes for surgical wounds to heal.
Over-competitiveness to Hamper Innovative Drives in IC Devices
A key issue that needs to be addressed for all manufacturers of interventional cardiology devices is the high intensity of competition between players in this highly dynamic market. The price cuts made by small and medium sized players on their devices is creating a large gap in margins for all companies, thereby stunting the research and development efforts due to lack of funds.
The scenario is further complicated by the fact that most companies enter long-term contracts with healthcare organizations, thereby achieving cost reductions for longer periods of time.
"Globally prominent manufacturers of interventional cardiology devices can look towards emerging nations for a better chance at improving their shares. Countries such as India, China, Brazil, and Mexico are currently hotspots for developments in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices. This can be complemented by the developments on bio-absorbable stents, which are expected to take over the market in the future," adds the analyst.
About TMR
Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company, providing global business information reports and services. Our exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trends analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR's experienced team of Analysts, Researchers, and Consultants, use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information.
Our data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts, so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With a broad research and analysis capability, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques in developing distinctive data sets and research material for business reports. | 2023-08-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7150 |
Low-dose valaciclovir and cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk renal transplant recipients.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains an important cause of disease in renal transplant recipients. Prophylaxis is effective in reducing disease; however, the optimal regimen remains uncertain. We assessed the efficacy of low-dose valaciclovir (3 months) and intravenous CMV immunoglobulin in the prevention of CMV disease in CMV-negative recipients of kidneys from CMV-positive donors (D+/R-). A single-centre, retrospective study examining the incidence of CMV disease and patient and graft survival in all patients transplanted between October 2000 and November 2004. Among 203 renal transplant recipients, 46 were D+/R- (22.7%) and received prophylaxis. Of the 203 recipients, 21 (10.3%) developed CMV disease over a four-year follow-up period. Within the D+/R- group, CMV disease occurred in 15.2% of patients at 6 months (7/46), and 21.7% at 4 years (10/46). Of the 10 D+/R- patients who developed CMV disease, six were inadvertently on a dose of valaciclovir below that dictated by protocol arising from a failure to increase dosage in parallel with improving recipient renal function. In the D+/R- recipients where the protocol was adhered to, the incidence of CMV disease was 5% (2/40) at 6 months, and 10% (4/40) at 4 years. Low-dose valaciclovir with CMV immunoglobulin was as efficacious in preventing CMV disease as other published regimens, including those with full-dose valaciclovir and valganciclovir. There was a low incidence of CMV disease beyond 6 months. Outcomes could be improved by ensuring appropriate dose adjustment following changes in renal function. | 2024-05-16T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1408 |
using System;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Interop;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
using System.Windows.Threading;
namespace ACT.Hojoring.Common
{
/// <summary>
/// SplashWindow.xaml の相互作用ロジック
/// </summary>
public partial class SplashWindow : Window, INotifyPropertyChanged
{
#if DEBUG
private static readonly bool IsDebug = true;
#else
private static readonly bool IsDebug = false;
#endif
public string FFXIVVersion => "for patch 5.3x";
public static Version HojoringVersion => Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()?.GetName()?.Version;
private static readonly TimeSpan SplashDuration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
private static readonly TimeSpan FadeOutDuration = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
private DateTime FadeOutStartTime;
private readonly DoubleAnimation OpacityAnimation = new DoubleAnimation(
0,
new Duration(FadeOutDuration));
private FontFamily reiwaFont;
public FontFamily ReiwaFont => this.reiwaFont ?? (this.reiwaFont = this.CreateReiwaFont());
private FontFamily CreateReiwaFont()
=> new FontFamily(
new Uri("pack://application:,,,/ACT.Hojoring.Common;component/fonts/"),
"./#HakusyuGyosyo_kk");
public bool IsSustainFadeOut { get; set; }
private string message;
public string Message
{
get => this.message;
set
{
if (this.SetProperty(ref this.message, value))
{
this.FadeOutStartTime = DateTime.Now.Add(SplashDuration);
}
}
}
#region Colors
private readonly static ColorConverter ColorConverter = new ColorConverter();
private readonly static string[] MainColors = new[]
{
"#745399",
"#895b8a",
"#824880",
"#006e54",
"#e6b422",
"#d9a62e",
"#96514d",
"#6e7955",
"#5a544b",
"#cd5e3c",
"#6a5d21",
"#e83929",
"#e60033",
"#dccb18",
"#2a83a2",
"#2ca9e1",
"#007bbb",
"#640125",
"#839b5c",
"#f08300",
"#1e50a2",
"#0f2350",
"#4c6cb3",
"#ea5506",
"#ffd900",
"#007b43",
"#7b7c7d",
"#524e4d",
"#6c2735",
"#72640c",
"#665a1a",
"#bf783e",
"#c5a05a",
"#d70035",
"#e95464",
"#c70067",
"#7f1184",
"#eddc44",
"#f39700",
"#e60012",
"#9caeb7",
"#00a7db",
"#009944",
"#d7c447",
"#9b7cb6",
"#00ada9",
"#bb641d",
"#e85298",
"#0079c2",
"#6cbb5a",
"#b6007a",
"#e5171f",
"#522886",
"#0078ba",
"#019a66",
"#e44d93",
"#814721",
"#a9cc51",
"#ee7b1a",
"#00a0de",
"#ffd900",
"#ffec47",
"#fcc800",
"#f8b500",
"#fabf14",
"#e6b422",
"#e45e32",
"#ffd700",
"#e6b422",
"#b98c46",
"#ec6800",
"#ea5506",
"#f39800",
"#f8e58c",
"#fddea5",
"#f19072",
"#df7163",
"#ddbb99",
"#e9bc00",
"#fff352",
/*
"XXXXXXX",
*/
};
private static readonly Random Random = new Random();
private static string GetColor() => MainColors[Random.Next(0, MainColors.Length - 1)];
public Brush MainBrush => new SolidColorBrush((Color)ColorConverter.ConvertFromString(GetColor()));
#endregion Colors
public SplashWindow()
{
this.InitializeComponent();
this.ToNonActive();
this.ToTransparent();
this.Topmost = IsDebug;
this.DEBUGLabel.Visibility = IsDebug ? Visibility.Visible : Visibility.Collapsed;
var ver = HojoringVersion;
if (ver != null)
{
this.VersionLabel.Content = $"v{ver.Major}.{ver.Minor}.{ver.Revision}";
}
Timeline.SetDesiredFrameRate(this.OpacityAnimation, 30);
this.OpacityAnimation.Completed += (x, y) => this.Close();
}
public async void StartFadeOut()
{
this.FadeOutStartTime = DateTime.Now.Add(SplashDuration);
await Task.Run(async () =>
{
while (DateTime.Now <= this.FadeOutStartTime || this.IsSustainFadeOut)
{
await Task.Delay(200);
}
});
await Application.Current.Dispatcher.InvokeAsync(
() => this.BeginAnimation(
Window.OpacityProperty,
this.OpacityAnimation),
DispatcherPriority.Normal);
}
/// <summary>
/// アクティブにさせない
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">Window</param>
public void ToNonActive()
{
this.SourceInitialized += (s, e) =>
{
// Get this window's handle
var hwnd = new WindowInteropHelper(this).Handle;
// Change the extended window style to include WS_EX_TRANSPARENT
var extendedStyle = GetWindowLong(hwnd, GWL_EXSTYLE);
SetWindowLong(
hwnd,
GWL_EXSTYLE,
extendedStyle | WS_EX_NOACTIVATE);
};
}
/// <summary>
/// Click透過させる
/// </summary>
/// <param name="x">対象のWindow</param>
public void ToTransparent()
{
// Get this window's handle
var hwnd = new WindowInteropHelper(this).Handle;
// Change the extended window style to include WS_EX_TRANSPARENT
var extendedStyle = GetWindowLong(hwnd, GWL_EXSTYLE);
SetWindowLong(
hwnd,
GWL_EXSTYLE,
extendedStyle | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT);
}
#region INotifyPropertyChanged
[field: NonSerialized]
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
public void RaisePropertyChanged(
[CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null)
{
this.PropertyChanged?.Invoke(
this,
new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}
protected virtual bool SetProperty<T>(
ref T field,
T value,
[CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null)
{
if (Equals(field, value))
{
return false;
}
field = value;
this.PropertyChanged?.Invoke(
this,
new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
return true;
}
#endregion INotifyPropertyChanged
#region Win32 API
public const int GWL_EXSTYLE = (-20);
public const int WS_EX_NOACTIVATE = 0x08000000;
public const int WS_EX_TRANSPARENT = 0x00000020;
[DllImport("user32.dll")]
public static extern int GetWindowLong(IntPtr hwnd, int index);
[DllImport("user32.dll")]
public static extern int SetWindowLong(IntPtr hwnd, int index, int newStyle);
#endregion Win32 API
}
}
| 2023-09-20T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6889 |
Unnamed company considers locating in Berkeley Co.
MARTINSBURG, W.Va. — A company that needs more than 2 million square feet of industrial building space apparently is considering locating in Berkeley County, but no deal has been struck, a county official said Tuesday.
Stephen Christian, executive director of the Berkeley County Development Authority, said he’s been working to recruit the investment since March, but he did not reveal the name of the company.
“We are still fighting to win this project or some portion thereof,” Christian said in an interview.
The development authority’s effort to recruit the company surfaced on the Sept. 19 meeting agenda for the Berkeley County Planning Commission.
The development authority has asked the planning commission to recommend a sketch plan for “Project Java” in the Tabler Station Business Park, Christian confirmed.
The project plan submitted on behalf of the unnamed company proposes construction of two industrial buildings on two lots totaling 195 acres in the business park. Each building would be in excess of 1 million square feet, according to Christian.
The buildings along with employee and truck parking would be built about a half mile west of U.S. 11 on the north side of Business Park Drive, according to county planning department documents.
Christian said the resources that the development authority devoted to preparing the sketch and site plans, including engineering costs and county filing fees, was worth it considering the size of the potential investment.
The Macy’s online distribution center facility that is now under construction near Martinsburg is about 1.3 million square feet.
The faster required permits and approvals are received, the more appealing the county is to the company, which is “extremely” interested in realizing a quick turnaround on its investment, Stephen said.
Officials with Macy’s similarly want to see a return on the millions of dollars they are investing as soon as they can, Christian said.
“It is entirely possible that the company will not locate ‘Project Java’ to Berkeley County, or we may get only one part of it,” Christian said in an email Tuesday.
“But my focus has been, and continues to be, on demonstrating to the company that Berkeley County is the best location for (the) entire project.”
While the economy is “extremely lean,” Christian said in the interview that the development authority has found certain industries, such as the food industry, that are doing just fine.
Christian said there also has been an explosion in construction of secure data centers, which are often used to provide a backup to other systems and protect against the loss of information. | 2023-10-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5022 |
Diagnosis and treatment of priapism: experience with 5 cases.
Priapism is a rare disease, but needs early intervention and appropriate management. We present 5 cases, 2 of nonischemic high-flow priapism and 3 of ischemic low-flow priapism. Focusing on the differential diagnosis of priapism between the nonischemic high-flow type and the ischemic low-flow type, we reviewed the medical records of 5 patients. Of the examinations carried out, cavernosography, blood gas analysis of cavernosal blood, color Doppler ultrasound, and internal pudendal arteriography were useful in differentiating the type of priapism. Complete detumescence of the penis in 2 cases of high-flow priapism and 3 cases of low-flow priapism was achieved by selective embolization with gelform and by glandular-cavernosal shunting, respectively. No recurrence was observed in any patient, and postoperative erectile function was preserved in 4 patients and is unknown in 1. These results indicate that angiographic studies provide the most reliable information for the differentiation of the type of priapism. However, color flow Doppler ultrasound and cavernosal blood gas determination can obviate the need for angiographic studies and are noninvasive. Although conservative treatment or even expectant management may be feasible with high-flow priapism, aggressive treatment should be carried out for low-flow priapism immediately after initial treatment fails to achieve detumescence of the penis. Selective embolization of the internal pudendal artery may be the treatment of choice for patients with high-flow priapism. | 2024-03-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6012 |
[Relationship between the source of energy intake and obesity in Korean women using the average of four 3-day dietary records].
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the contributions of macronutrients to the total energy intakes and Body Mass Indices (BMI, kg/m2) of Korean women. We used dietary records data from 115 healthy Korean women, ages 20 and over, who completed four 3-day dietary records between February 2003 and March 2004. For the calculation of nutrients we used a dietary assessment program developed by the Korean Nutritional Society. Macronutrient intakes were estimated by averaging individual total daily intakes in four 3-day dietary records. Subjects were categorized into three Body Mass Index (BMI) groups: underweight (BMI < 20), normal (20 < or = BMI < 25), and overweight (BMI > or = 25) group. The total energy intakes were not different among the three BMI groups. Similarly, other macronutrient intakes such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vegetable protein, animal protein, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not different. From the multivariate nutrient density model, substituting polyunsaturated fatty acid for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI in women aged 20 to 49 (beta = 2.31, p < 0.01). In women aged 50 and over, substituting animal protein for carbohydrate was positively associated with BMI (beta = 0.549, p = 0.04). No single macronutrient was associated with BMI when all subjects were combined. However, when stratified by age, polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in younger women, and animal protein intake in older women, were positively associated with BMI. In the future, we recommend a larger study to confirm these results. | 2023-12-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2253 |
Q:
how to install ngpsql?
There's not much documentation around - all of which do not answer the above question to total n00bs:
How to install Npgsql as a data provider for ADO.NET Entity Framework? --> unfortunately nobody could provide an answer. And see here: Using npgsql with EF6 in asp.net 5 - doesn't provide any answers either. Moreover, for some reason the Npgsql wiki links don't work - so there's no ready access to documentation.
My current method of installing Npgsql (so that I can use entity framework 6.0) is by: going here: https://www.nuget.org/packages/EntityFramework6.Npgsql/ and installing: "Install-Package EntityFramework6.Npgsql" in the package manager console (in visual studio). I don't do anything else.
Am I doing this right?
How exactly does one install npgsql so one can use entity framework 6.0? Noob friendly advice much appreciated.
regards, BK
A:
The installation should be as simple as installing the nuget packages, that's why there is no "instruction". Nuget should take care of everything.
Unfortunately it looks like the "EntityFramework6.Npgsql" nuget package in the current version has incorrectly defined dependencies. It lists "Npgsql (>= 3.1.0)" as a dependency but it actually requires Npgsql in version 3.1.2 or higher.
Nuget defaults to downloading the lowest required version of a dependency. So if all you did was the command "Install-Package EntityFramework6.Npgsql" then your project won't work. (I guess this is why you asked another question).
Personally I think it is a good practice to install all the dependencies in their latest versions. Npgsql 3.1.8 is out already so why not use it? They probably fixed a lot of bugs.
I was experimenting with Npgsql yesterday but I did not run into your problem because I installed all the required packages in their latest versions right from the start.
| 2023-08-22T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4590 |
INTRODUCTION
Every Christian tradition has an emphasis. Some traditions emphasize worship. Some emphasize doctrine and truth. Some emphasize social involvement and good works. Some emphasize unity among believers. Some emphasize vibrant Christian living. And these are all good emphases.
But there is one underlying reality, often overlooked by many Christians, that unites all of our emphases. He is the one from whom all these good things in the body of Christ flow. He is the person that encourages and empowers us in these and all other areas of the Christian faith. He is always with us, laboring to apply salvation to us. He is the very life within us. He is none other than the Holy Spirit of God.
This is the fourth lesson in our series on The Apostles' Creed. And we have entitled this lesson "The Holy Spirit" because we'll be focusing on the article of faith in the creed that affirms belief in the Holy Spirit, the third person of our Triune God.
The Apostles' Creed directly addresses the subject of the Holy Spirit in the single line:
I believe in the Holy Spirit.
The only other statement about him in the creed is that the Holy Spirit conceived Jesus in Mary's womb. As you can see, the creed says relatively little about the Holy Spirit, at least explicitly. But it implies many important truths about him that have been crucial to believers throughout history.
Our discussion of the Holy Spirit will divide into three parts. First, we will talk about his divinity, his full membership in the Godhead. Second, we will consider his personhood, noting that the Holy Spirit is a true person, and not simply a divine force. And third, we will explore the work that he did in the past, and that he continues to do today. Let's begin with the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
DIVINITY
To explore the Holy Spirit's divinity, we'll look in two directions. On the one hand, we'll see that the Apostles' Creed affirms belief in the Spirit's divinity. And on the other hand, we'll look at the biblical basis for the creed's teaching. Let's start with the way the Apostles' Creed affirms the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
Apostles' Creed
When it comes to talking about the person of the Holy Spirit, one of the questions that people often ask is whether or not the church always affirmed or professed the divinity of the Holy Spirit. And certainly we have in the historical record that the Nicene Creed and the Council of Nicea did not clarify that completely about the person of the Spirit, and so there was a another council called, I believe, the council of Chalcedon, in which the council of Chalcedon affirms that the Holy Spirit is to be worshipped as fully divine along with the Son. That has caused some people to say, "Well the church didn't always confess the divinity of the Holy Spirit." I think that's wrong. The councils were never called to articulate a new doctrine. The councils were always called to clarify what the understanding of the church's historical and traditional teaching had been in the face of heresy. And therefore you can say that because of the declaration of the council we have very good reason to believe that from the apostolic era onward, and through the proclamation of the apostolic fathers and the early theologians of the church, that we can trace a teaching of the divinity of the Holy Spirit. [Dr. Steve Blakemore]
From the outset, we should admit that the Apostles' Creed does not explicitly state that the Holy Spirit is divine. But it implicitly affirms the Spirit's divinity in at least two ways. First, its Trinitarian structure equates the Holy Spirit with the Father and the Son in important ways. And second, the creed's description of Jesus' conception indicates that the Holy Spirit is divine. Let's look at both of these issues, beginning with the structure of the creed itself.
Structure
You'll recall that in an earlier lesson, when we approached the creed from the perspective of the doctrine of God, we mentioned that the Apostles' Creed can be viewed as consisting of three main sections, each beginning with the statement "I believe." The first section speaks of belief in God the Father. The second section is about belief in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord. And the third section summarizes belief in the Holy Spirit, and lists his active ministries.
As we saw in a prior lesson, the Apostles' Creed developed over time, and its earliest versions were local baptismal creeds. Some of these early creeds included the words "I believe" before the articles concerning Jesus. But others simply used the word "and," like the version of the creed that was standardized around A.D. 700. But regardless of their specific wording, the idea was the same: the creed was divided according to the three persons of God. And this division has been universally recognized by the church. This Trinitarian formula expresses the belief that there is only one God, and that he exists in three persons, namely the persons of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.
The early church father Hippolytus, who lived from A.D. 170 to 236, explained that the baptismal creed in use in his day made the Trinitarian structure very explicit. This creed probably began as a local creed, but it appears to have grown into fairly widespread use. Its language is very similar to the modern Apostles' Creed, and the way it was used in baptismal ceremonies highlights its strong Trinitarian emphasis.
Hippolytus explained that baptism was performed by immersing a person three times. At each immersion, the person being baptized was to affirm the section of the baptismal creed pertaining to one of the persons of the Trinity. First the person confessed belief in the articles of faith relating to the Father; then the person was immersed. Then came affirmation of the articles of faith pertaining to the Son, followed by a second immersion. And finally, the affirmation of the articles related to the Holy Spirit, and the third and final immersion. Through this and similar practices in the early church, we can see that the structure of the creed itself was intentionally designed to highlight the divinity and work of each person of the Trinity, including the Holy Spirit.
The second way that the Apostles' Creed affirms the divinity of the Holy Spirit is through its description of Jesus' conception.
Jesus' Conception
The Apostles' Creed says that Jesus Christ, the Son of God,
Was conceived by the Holy Spirit.
This statement does not explicitly declare that the Holy Spirit is fully divine, but it strongly implies this belief. When speaking of Jesus' conception, the creed alludes to Luke 1:35, where the angel spoke these words to Mary:
The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God (Luke 1:35).
In this verse, the Holy Spirit is equated to the power of the Most High. As we will see later in this lesson, only God can have the power of the Most High. So, by alluding to this verse as an example of the Holy Spirit's work, the Apostles' Creed affirms the Spirit's full divinity. This conclusion is confirmed by Hebrews 10:5-7, which says:
Therefore, when Christ came into the world, he said: "Sacrifice and offering you did not desire, but a body you prepared for me; with burnt offerings and sin offerings you were not pleased. Then I said, 'Here I am — it is written about me in the scroll — I have come to do your will, O God'" (Hebrews 10:5-7).
Here, we are told that creating Jesus' human body was specifically the work of God. In light of verses like these, it is safe to say that when the Apostles' Creed attributes Jesus' conception to the Holy Spirit, it intends to affirm the Spirit's divinity.
Now that we've seen how the Apostles' Creed expresses belief in the divinity of the Holy Spirit, let's look the biblical basis for what it says.
Biblical Basis
There is great value in recognizing that the faith we affirm today has been consistently affirmed throughout the centuries. This is one reason that it is so helpful to understand what the Apostles' Creed teaches about the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Even so, our greatest confidence is drawn from Scripture itself. We value the creed as a summary of Scripture, not as a replacement for Scripture. And for this reason, it's always important for us to make sure that what the creed says is biblical.
I think we see at least four senses in which Scripture points us to affirm the deity of the Holy Spirit. First, the fact that the Holy Spirit is used interchangeably with God in certain texts. A second line of evidence for the Holy Spirit's deity is the fact that certain attributes that only God possesses are attributed to the Spirit. Third, the Holy Spirit also performs works that only God can perform. And finally, we notice that the Holy Spirit is included in the single name — Matthew 28 — in which Christians are baptized. [Dr. Keith Johnson]
The biblical basis for believing in the divinity of the Holy Spirit can be demonstrated in many ways. But for our purposes, we will focus on the names he is called, the attributes he possesses, the work he performs, and the Trinitarian formulas that refer to him. Let's begin with the different names attributed to the Holy Spirit in Scripture.
Names
The Holy Spirit is called by a host of names in the Bible. Some of these names suggest his divinity in a very implicit manner. Others are very explicit in calling him divine. And still others fall on a continuum between these two extremes.
Perhaps the name that implies his divinity in the most implicit way is the name "Holy Spirit." The term "holy" can be used of aspects of creation that are not divine in any way. The word "holy" generally refers to things that are distinct from their common counterparts because they are special to God in some way. So, the word "holy" does not by itself indicate that the Holy Spirit is divine.
Even so, it is important to note that throughout the Old Testament, it is God who is repeatedly referred to as "the Holy One." We see this in dozens of passages, such as 2 Kings 19:22, Isaiah 30:11-15, and Hosea 11:9-12. And there are other passages that seem to refer to God himself by the name Holy Spirit, such as Isaiah 63:10-11. We also see this type of naming in ancient but uninspired Jewish literature, such as in the Book of Wisdom, 9:17. Against this Old Testament backdrop, it is legitimate to see in the name "Holy Spirit" an implication of divinity.
With these very implicit names in mind, let's look at some names that indicate the Holy Spirit's divinity in a way that lies between very implicit and very explicit. These names include "the Spirit of the Lord," "the Spirit of God," and "the Spirit of the Living God." Also, "the Spirit of Jesus," "the Spirit of Christ," "the Spirit of Jesus Christ." And "the Spirit of your Father," "the Spirit of his Son," and "the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead." All these names suggest that the Holy Spirit is divine by indicating that God is united to the Holy Spirit in the same way that a human being is united to his own spirit. Paul explicitly made this connection in 1 Corinthians 2:11, where he wrote these words:
Who among men knows the thoughts of a man except the man's spirit within him? In the same way no one knows the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 2:11).
Our spirits are part of what makes us human. And there is nothing inhuman about them. They are entirely human. In the same way, the Holy Spirit is entirely divine. And this is what enables him to know the mind of the Father. So, by his work of revealing God's mind to Christians, the Holy Spirit demonstrates himself to be God.
Finally, there are some passages that very explicitly refer to the Holy Spirit by the name "God." Listen to Peter's words to Ananias in Acts 5:3-4:
Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit and have kept for yourself some of the money you received for the land? You have not lied to men but to God (Acts 5:3-4).
In this passage, Peter first said that Ananias had lied to the Holy Spirit. And then Peter explained what he meant by saying Ananias had lied to God. Here the apostle Peter plainly called the Holy Spirit "God."
So, as we consider the names by which the Holy Spirit is called in Scripture, we can see that many of them indicate his divinity in ways that range from very implicit to very explicit.
A second way the Bible demonstrates the divinity of the Holy Spirit is by ascribing divine attributes to him.
Attributes
Christian theologians have traditionally spoken of God as having two distinct types of attributes: communicable attributes and incommunicable attributes. On the one hand, he has communicable attributes, which can be "communicated" or "shared" in some way with his creatures.
For instance, God possesses the attribute of reason, which he communicates or shares with human beings. As finite creatures, human beings do not comprehend God's reasoning perfectly. But we still have the capacity to think in reasonable ways. Of course, this doesn't mean that we are divine. It simply proves that we were created by a rational God who communicated a measure of his attribute of reason to us. Our reason is derived from his; we reflect his attribute of reason because we are his creatures.
Another communicable attribute of God is his love. And many places in Scripture teach that our love for other people, and even for God, derives directly from God's attribute of love. We see this in places like Galatians 5:22, Ephesians 5:1, 2 Timothy 1:7, and 1 John 4:7-21.
But God also possesses incommunicable attributes — attributes that by their very nature cannot be shared with his creatures. The most familiar incommunicable attributes of God are things like his omniscience, which is his infinite intelligence, knowledge and wisdom; his omnipotence, which is his infinite power; his omnipresence, which is his existence in all places at the same time; and his eternality, which is his everlasting and unbreakable self-existence. Because God's incommunicable attributes can only belong to him, we can prove that the Holy Spirit is God by showing that he possesses one or more of these attributes. And as we survey Scripture we find that, in fact, he possesses them all. Consider first the Holy Spirit's omniscience.
Scripture says that the Spirit perfectly knows the mind of God. We see this idea in Ephesians 1:17 and 1 Corinthians 2:10-11. Of course, God's mind is infinite, requiring an equally infinite mind to know it perfectly. By the Holy Spirit's ability to comprehend God's omniscient mind, the Holy Spirit himself is proven to be omniscient. And because he is omniscient, he must also be God.
The Holy Spirit is also proven to be God by his omnipotence. His power is the unlimited power of God. Many passages in Scripture speak of the power of the Holy Spirit, such as 1 Samuel 10:6, Romans 15:19, 1 Corinthians 12:11, and 1 Thessalonians 1:5. Consider the Holy Spirit's association with God's power in Genesis 1:1-3:
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light (Genesis 1:1-3).
As we have mentioned before, Old Testament references to God generally refer to the entire Trinity. But it is also legitimate to see an emphasis on one person or another, according to the language and context. In this case, the emphasis is on the person of the Holy Spirit as the Spirit of God. So, the work of creating the light was done by the Holy Spirit. The same is true of everything else that God created in this chapter. But in order for the Holy Spirit to have had such omnipotence, in order for him to have created something out of nothing, he must have been fully divine.
Another incommunicable attribute the Holy Spirit possesses is omnipresence. Passages like Psalm 139:7-10 teach us that the Spirit is present throughout every part of creation, from the heights of heaven to the depths of the sea.
And the Holy Spirit also has the attribute of eternality. Hebrews 9:14 refers to the Holy Spirit as the "eternal Spirit," meaning that he has always existed, and will continue to exist forever.
Through these incommunicable attributes, and others like them, the Bible clearly indicates that the Holy Spirit is God.
Work
A third evidence in Scripture for the divinity of the Holy Spirit is the type of work he does. We will investigate the Holy Spirit's work in much greater depth later in this lesson. At this point, we simply want to take a quick look at a few of his works in order to see how they demonstrate his divinity.
Part of the proof for that in Scripture is looking at his works. The Spirit of God is the one who bears witness of Christ, joins us to Christ, brings about new life, brings about resurrection, is involved in creation. All of these works are nothing less than the works of God. They are not applied to humans; they are not applied to angelic figures or any other created thing. They are only that which God himself does. And on that basis then, we see that the Holy Spirit does the very works of God, and thus is not only personal, but also deity. [Dr. Stephen Wellum]
The Holy Spirit performs many works that the Bible indicates are appropriate to God alone, and that exhibit divine power and attributes. For example, he creates new life when he regenerates our spirits, as we read in Romans 8:11. He is our access to the Father, as we are taught in Ephesians 2:18. He applies salvation to us, as we learn in Romans 5–8. His is the power behind the miracles of the prophets, and even of our Lord Jesus, as we see in passages like Romans 15:4,19. Although the list of the divine works of the Holy Spirit is nearly endless, let's focus our attention on just a couple prominent examples for the sake of illustration.
In the first place, the Holy Spirit inspired the writing of Scripture, which is the very word of God. And in recognizing that the Word of the Holy Spirit is the Word of God, we acknowledge that the Holy Spirit is God himself. We find this idea in Matthew 10:20, John 3:34, Acts 1:16 and 4:31, and Ephesians 6:17.
As just one example, listen to Peter's words in 2 Peter 1:20-21:
No prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet's own interpretation. For prophecy never had its origin in the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit (2 Peter 1:20-21).
In this passage, Peter taught that to be carried along by the Holy Spirit is to speak from God. Scripture is the word of God because it is inspired and spoken by God, specifically, the Holy Spirit, who is the third person of God.
As another example, the Holy Spirit's work as Counselor shows that he is divine. In John 14–16, Jesus referred to the Holy Spirit as the counselor who does things like reveal truth, convict the world of sin, and testify to Jesus. And as odd as it may sound at first, this ministry makes the Holy Spirit even more valuable than the immediate earthly presence of Jesus himself. As Jesus said in John 16:7:
I tell you the truth: It is for your good that I am going away. Unless I go away, the Counselor will not come to you; but if I go, I will send him to you (John 16:7).
Think about this for a moment. According to Jesus himself, the church is better off with the presence of the Holy Spirit than we would be with the immediate bodily presence of Jesus. But a created, finite being could never outmatch the blessing of the earthly presence of Christ. No, in order for the Holy Spirit to be more beneficial to us than God the Son, the Spirit must himself be God.
Formulas
A fourth way Scripture asserts the divinity of the Holy Spirit is through Trinitarian formulas that include his name alongside those of the Father and the Son.
A Trinitarian formula is a passage in Scripture that explicitly mentions all three persons of the Trinity on a relatively equal basis, typically by demonstrating their cooperation. By mentioning the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit as equal partners, the Bible indicates that the Holy Spirit is just as divine as the Father and Son. We find these formulas in Romans 15:30, 1 Corinthians 12:4-6, 2 Thessalonians 2:13-14, and several other places. Let's look at just two examples of these formulas.
The first one can be found in Matthew 28:19, where Jesus gave this command:
Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19).
In this formula, Jesus indicated that baptism was to be performed in the name or authority of all three persons of the Trinity. This command makes no distinction between the relative honor of the persons of God. Instead, it presents all three as equals.
A second clear example appears in 2 Corinthians 13:14, where Paul wrote these words:
May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all (2 Corinthians 13:14).
In this closing benediction to his letter, Paul grouped together: the Son, namely the Lord Jesus Christ; the Father, whom he simply referred to as God; and the Holy Spirit. In doing so, he presented all three persons as equal partners in providing the blessings of salvation.
Formulas like these indicate that the Holy Spirit is an equal person in the Godhead. They demonstrate that the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit are equal to each other in matters that involve essential divine attributes and activities, such as providing grace and salvation to sinners, and receiving honor and worship as God.
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity teaches that one God eternally exists in a unity of being as three persons. Because the Holy Spirit is God, it's right and appropriate that we not only pray to him, but honor him as God. [Dr. Keith Johnson]
Now that we have considered the divinity of the Holy Spirit, we are ready to turn to our second topic: his personhood. In this section, we will look at the fact that we have to deal with the Holy Spirit as a true person and not simply as a divine force or power.
PERSONHOOD
Throughout the history of the church, many groups have denied that the Holy Spirit is a person that has a distinct self-awareness and divine personal attributes. Some have believed that he is simply the Father in another form. Others have argued that the name "Holy Spirit" is just a name that ancient writers used to describe God's power. But from the structure of the Apostles' Creed, we can see that it affirms the biblical position that Holy Spirit is a real and distinct person within the Godhead. This is the clear teaching of Scripture, and it has been the position of every branch of the Christian church throughout the ages.
The Holy Spirit is described in personal terms in the New Testament, not just an impersonal force. And the rest of the church has gathered around that witness and said this is what we also believe. It's true that in terms of articulating it in the later creed, it took three or four hundred years before there was a real debate about this. But when Basil of Caesarea discusses it in the fourth century, he's not articulating a new doctrine, he's just bringing to the table what people have already been believing for three hundred years. [Dr. Peter Walker]
From the outset we need to admit that the Apostles' Creed does not spell these matters out explicitly. But when we consider the important theological debates about the Holy Spirit in the first few centuries of Christianity, we can see that the creed's affirmation of the Holy Spirit as a member of the Trinity is also an implied affirmation of his personhood. Along with the rest of biblical Christianity, the Apostles' Creed rejects de-personalizing the Spirit of God into a mere force or divine power.
As we consider the biblical basis of the creed's affirmation of the Holy Spirit's personhood, our discussion will divide into three parts. First, we'll look at the personal attributes that the Holy Spirit possesses. Second, we will focus on his personal distinction from the Father and the Son. And third, we will describe his personal relationship to the other members of the Trinity. We'll begin with the attributes that prove the Holy Spirit is a full person.
Attributes
When we speak of the personal attributes of the Holy Spirit, we have in mind those qualities he possesses that are unique to persons — things that can only be true about him if he's a real person and not simply an impersonal force.
I find it very instructive that in the New Testament, that not only does the New Testament talk about the names and titles of God the Father, the works of God the Father, the attributes of God the Father, the actions of God the Father, but it talks about the same of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. In other words, all the personal properties that are attributed to God the Father in the Bible are attributed to God the Holy Spirit in the New Testament. And this, yet again, emphasizes to us that the Holy Spirit is a person, not a force or a power. [Dr. J. Ligon Duncan III]
The Holy Spirit has far too many personal attributes for us to catalog them all in this lesson, so we will simply provide four examples to demonstrate his personhood. We'll begin by saying that the Holy Spirit has a will. This is the faculty he uses to plan, to desire and to choose. Clearly, any being that can do these things cannot be a mere force or power. As one example of his will, consider 1 Corinthians 12:11, where Paul talked about the distribution of spiritual gifts. Listen to what he wrote:
One and the same Spirit works all these things, distributing to each one individually just as He wills (1 Corinthians 12:11, NASB).
The Holy Spirit wants certain people to have certain gifts, and others to have other gifts. Impersonal forces do not have plans and desires. Only persons do. Therefore, the Holy Spirit must be a person.
The Holy Spirit also has the attribute of intelligence, through which he possesses knowledge and the ability to teach others. He expresses this intelligence in many ways, such as by searching and knowing the mind of God, as we read in 1 Corinthians 2:10-12, and by having his own mind as we read in Romans 8:27. He also gives wisdom and knowledge, as in 1 Corinthians 12:8. And he teaches in Luke 12:12.
Jesus himself talked about the Spirit's intelligence in John 14:26. Listen to what he told the apostles there:
The Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you (John 14:26).
Impersonal forces do not think, know and teach. So, the attribute of intelligence proves that the Spirit is a person.
The Holy Spirit also has emotions, internal feelings and affections that he expresses in response to other persons and events. Like his other personal attributes, his emotions prove that he is a person, and not simply a power. For example, the Holy Spirit's love is mentioned in Romans 15:30. His joy is spoken of in 1 Thessalonians 1:6. And listen to the way his grief is talked about in Ephesians 4:30:
Do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, with whom you were sealed for the day of redemption (Ephesians 4:30).
The fact that the Holy Spirit has emotions like grief indicates that he is a true person.
Moreover, the Spirit possesses what we might call the attribute of agency. He has a will, the ability to intend things and to act on his own accord. And this enables him to perform many actions that can only be done by persons. For instance, the Holy Spirit offers testimony in John 15:26 and Romans 8:16. He fellowships with us in Philippians 2:1. And he speaks and commands in Acts 8:29 and 13:2. As just one example, listen to the words of Romans 8:26-27:
The Spirit himself intercedes for us with groans that words cannot express the Spirit intercedes for the saints in accordance with God's will (Romans 8:26-27).
The fact that the Holy Spirit prays for believers is another proof of his personhood. Impersonal powers and forces do not pray and intercede, groaning in sincerity. Only persons can do these things.
Charles Spurgeon, the great Baptist preacher who lived from 1834 to 1892, spoke this way in his sermon The Holy Spirit's Intercession, based on Romans 8:26-27. Listen to what he said:
The Holy Spirit helps us to bear the infirmity of our body and of our mind; he helps us to bear our cross, whether it be physical pain, or mental depression, or spiritual conflict, or slander, or poverty, or persecution. He helps our infirmity; and with a helper so divinely strong we need not fear for the result. God's grace will be sufficient for us; his strength will be made perfect in weakness.
It's encouraging to know that there's something at work within me, someone at work within me, that is far more powerful than I. And even though I may sometimes feel helpless, enslaved, whatever it might be, that's only the feelings talking; that's not the reality. The almighty Holy Spirit of God is at work relentlessly conforming me to the image of Christ — great encouragement! It's also sobering because that means that I'm always in the presence of a living God, always living before the face of God. That although I may hide my falls from other people, there is no such thing as secret sin because I live in the very presence if God. And the Holy Spirit is a holy spirit; the Spirit of God is pure. Certainly as a pastor I want to hit that balance as I'm counseling people struggling with sin. Don't be hopeless. The Holy Spirit is at work in your heart and in your life and trust and rest in Christ to give you victory in your struggles with sin. And don't be complacent because the same Holy Spirit is always at work and present in and with you. [Dr. Dennis Johnson]
Now that we have seen how the Holy Spirit's personal attributes demonstrate his personhood, we are ready to consider his distinction from the Father and Son as a separate person within the Trinity.
Distinction
We should begin by admitting that there are several passages in the Bible where the distinction between the Spirit and the other persons of the Trinity is not entirely clear. For example, the Holy Spirit is identified as the Spirit of God's Son in Galatians 4:6, and as the Spirit of the Father in Matthew 10:20. And he has several other names that highlight the relational connections between the members of the Trinity, rather than their distinctiveness.
Although these kinds of passages were the sources of much debate in the early church, these close associations should not surprise us. After all, the three persons of the Trinity are only one God. So, it makes perfect sense to think of the Holy Spirit as the Spirit of the Father and of the Son, and at the same time to insist that he is an entirely distinct person from them.
One way to highlight the distinctions between the Spirit and the other persons of the Trinity is to look at passages in Scripture that show them interacting with one another in ways that emphasize their differences. There are many passages that show these distinctions, but two passages will suffice to show that the Spirit is distinct from the Son and from the Father. First, consider Jesus' words in John 16:7:
I tell you the truth: It is for your good that I am going away. Unless I go away, the Counselor will not come to you; but if I go, I will send him to you (John 16:7).
Jesus said in this instance that the Holy Spirit would not come unless the Son first went away. Clearly, he distinguished himself from the Spirit by saying that one goes before the other comes. Each one had an appointed role, and the role of the Spirit would not begin until the Son had completed his earthly work and ascended into heaven. This makes it clear that the Spirit is distinct from the Son.
In a similar way, the Spirit also does things that distinguish him from the Father. For example, as part of his role as our Counselor, the Holy Spirit is our defense attorney, assisting our prayers by pleading our case before God.
In general, the work of the Spirit is to apply the work of Christ. Christ has given his life, a sacrifice for us. It's the work of the Spirit to take that work and apply it to our hearts, and so we need both. I mean if we didn't have the Spirit to apply it to our hearts we would not be in very good shape because the work of Christ — God intends for it to change us from within. And so the Spirit comes and the Spirit regenerates, gives us new birth. The Spirit makes us holy — sanctification — and the Spirit is constantly giving us gifts and blessings and fruits in our lives, and all of that, so the work of the Spirit is quite indispensable. [Dr. John Frame]
For example, in Romans 8:26-27, Paul wrote these words:
We do not know what we ought to pray for, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groans that words cannot express. And he who searches our hearts knows the mind of the Spirit, because the Spirit intercedes for the saints in accordance with God's will (Romans 8:26-27).
When Paul taught that the Holy Spirit intercedes on our behalf with the Father, he demonstrated that they are distinct persons — one interceding, and the other hearing the intercession.
He intercedes with the Father. He speaks within our hearts when we don't know what to pray for and he groans within us, as Paul says, so that we say those things to God that we don't even know to say. [Dr. John Frame]
We can say that the normative pattern for prayer is to pray to the Father, in the name of the Son and in the power of the Holy Spirit. And yet we are members of a religion of such grace and freedom that the Holy Spirit can also be directly addressed without any compromising of the integrity of God or any rejection of the trajectory of our prayers. [Dr. Glen Scorgie]
This prayer to the Holy Spirit, often attributed to the church father Augustine, who lived from A.D. 354 to 430, provides a wonderful model for our own prayers:
Breathe in me, O Holy Spirit, that my thoughts may all be holy; Act in me, O Holy Spirit, that my work, too, may be holy; Draw my heart, O Holy Spirit, that I love but what is holy; Strengthen me, O Holy Spirit, to defend all that is holy; Guard me, then, O Holy Spirit, that I always may be holy.
Having talked about the Holy Spirit's personhood in terms of his personal attributes and his distinction from the Father and Son, let's now look at his relationship to the other persons of the Trinity.
Relationship
As we have mentioned throughout these lessons, the relationships between the persons of the Trinity have traditionally been described from two different perspectives. Specifically, theologians have spoken of the ontological Trinity and the economic Trinity. Both of these are perspectives on the same Trinity — the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. But they emphasize different aspects of the relationships between these three divine persons.
When we talk about the ontological Trinity, we are focusing on God's being and existence. From this perspective, the Holy Spirit is equal in power and glory to the Father and the Son. All three of God's persons are infinite, eternal and unchangeable. And each has the same essential divine attributes, such as wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness and truth.
And when we talk about the economic Trinity, we are considering how God's persons interact with each other. From this perspective, each person of the Godhead has different responsibilities, different authority, and a different assigned role. The Spirit's authority is subject to the higher authority of the Father and the Son. And the Spirit's role is largely to carry out their instructions and to bring them glory.
Wherever God is, his Spirit is there. His Spirit not only refers to his presence, but also to his action. And so, as you follow through as God relates to his creation, it's impossible to describe that without the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is right now guiding human history. The Holy Spirit is indeed the agent of the very providential care and love of God. [Dr. R. Albert Mohler, Jr.]
In Christian theology, in both the ontological Trinity and the economic Trinity, the Holy Spirit is called the third person.
He is the third person of the ontological Trinity because he is breathed out by the Father, who is the first person, and by the Son, who is the second person.
Now, we should pause to say that the churches of Eastern Orthodoxy teach that the Holy Spirit is breathed out by the Father alone, and not by the Son. This difference in teaching was part of the reason for the schism between the Eastern and Western churches that began in A.D. 1054 and continues to this day. Of course, because the Apostles' Creed was created before this controversy, it did not address this disagreement between the East and the West. And both branches of the church affirm all the statements of the Apostles' Creed.
With regard to the economic Trinity, the Holy Spirit is said to be the third person because he holds the third rank, being subordinate both to the Father and to the Son. The Scriptures indicate his subordination in a number of ways. For instance, he is sent or given by the Father and the Son. Scripture teaches this in passages like Luke 11:13, John 14:26 and 15:26, and Acts 2:33. And when he comes, the Spirit obeys the Father and the Son by doing the work they've sent him to do. We learn of this in places like John 16:13, Romans 8:11, and 1 Peter 1:2.
Of course, even when we say that the Holy Spirit holds the lowest rank from the perspective of the economic Trinity, it is important to emphasize that he is still fully God, and has absolutely sovereign authority over every aspect of creation. Moreover, within the Trinity, there is a sense of mutual deference, since what one person does, they all do. So, the Holy Spirit's subordination to the Father and the Son does not mean that he is somehow inherently inferior to them — he is not. He is fully equal to them in their essential divinity.
The Holy Spirit's personhood is an indispensable part of Christian theology. And as we have seen, we have many reasons to affirm it. The Holy Spirit possesses attributes that clearly mark him as a distinct, self-aware personality. And his relationships and interactions with the Father and the Son leave no doubt that he is a vibrant person and not simply a mindless force or power. We can and should have great confidence in this traditional doctrine.
So far in this lesson on the Holy Spirit, we have looked at the Apostles' Creed's affirmation of the Spirit's divinity, and of his full personhood. At this point, we are ready to address our third major topic: the work that the Holy Spirit has done throughout history and continues to do today.
WORK
One benefit of having a rich understanding of the Spirit's work is just to know that God works with us in a very personal way. He doesn't press buttons. He comes to us and he interacts with us in a very personal way. So the Spirit actually dwells in our hearts. He prays with us and for us. He gives us gifts of holiness, and he just gets involved with us in so many ways. In fact, in every phase of our life, he gives us the fruits of Christian virtues, as Paul says in Galatians. He gives us many gifts for service in the church, and all of this is God's work with us through the Spirit. [Dr. John Frame]
Although the Apostles' Creed does not explicitly describe much about the Spirit's work, by affirming "I believe in the Holy Spirit," the creed originally implied a number of beliefs about the work of the Spirit.
There are many ways to describe the Spirit's work, but we will explore just four of its aspects. First, we'll look first at his creative power. Second, we'll focus on his work of sanctification. Third, we'll talk about his administration of grace. And fourth, we'll describe the revelation he provides. Let's begin with his creative power.
Creative Power
By the term "creative power," we mean both the Holy Spirit's ability to create new things, and his ability to govern and to alter what has been created.
When you read the opening chapter of the Bible, Genesis 1, the Spirit is hovering above the waters, the Holy Spirit. When you turn to Colossians 1, we read that Christ is the creator, and he creates by means of the Holy Spirit. The Spirit is also involved in re-creation. Recreation in terms of what we might think of in conversion. It is the Spirit who regenerates. Unless a man is born of the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. But the Spirit is not only at work in regenerating us individually, but in regenerating the cosmos. So Paul speaks in Romans 8 that the creation itself groans and travails in birth, waiting for the regeneration of all things, a work of the Holy Spirit. [Dr. Derek W. H. Thomas]
Our discussion of the Holy Spirit's creative power will focus on three different levels of his activity. First, we'll talk about his creative works in the natural world. Second, we'll focus on the spiritual gifts he provides to the church. And third, we will consider his role in the personal renewal of our human spirits and hearts. Let's begin with the way his creative power is demonstrated in the natural world.
Natural World
The Holy Spirit's creative power in the natural world is first seen in the opening verses of the Bible. Earlier in this lesson, we looked at the Spirit's role in the creation account of Genesis 1, noting that he exercised divine omnipotence to create the world from nothing. We find a similar idea in Psalm 104:30, where the psalmist praised God for sending his Spirit to create the earth and all of its creatures, not only in the original creation week, but also on a daily basis. Psalm 33:6 echoes this idea, and Job 33:4 extends it specifically to human beings.
As just one example, listen to the words of Psalm 104:30:
When you send your Spirit, they are created, and you renew the face of the earth (Psalm 104:30).
In this verse, the psalmist expressed his understanding of the way everything in creation comes to exist. And he attributed everything to the Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit.
The Holy Spirit's creative power in the natural world can also be seen through the many miracles he empowered in Scripture. For example, in the Old Testament, he enabled Moses to get water from a rock in Exodus 17:6. And he multiplied the widow's flour and oil in 1 Kings 17.
In the New Testament, he enabled Jesus to multiply food to feed five thousand people in Matthew 14, and four thousand people in Matthew 15. He raised Jesus from the dead, as we read in Romans 8:11. And he also empowered all of Paul's miracles and ministry, as we learn in Romans 15:18-19.
Of course, one of his greatest miracles was the incarnation, causing the Virgin Mary to become pregnant with Jesus. This particular miracle, recorded in Luke 1:35, is the only work of the Holy Spirit explicitly mentioned in the Apostles' Creed.
Even today, the Holy Spirit has dramatic power to create, to renew, and to bring all of creation to the final state God intended for it.
In fact, his renewal of the world won't be finished until he completely reverses all the effects of humanity's fall into sin. Genesis 3 tells us that when Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, God cursed them. And because humanity had been given authority as God's vice-regents or representatives over the whole earth, God's curse on Adam and Eve impacted the whole creation, including even the ground itself.
Since that time, the Holy Spirit has been working in the world to restore it and to bring it to its final state. And the result will be the new heavens and new earth that we read about in places like Isaiah 65:17 and 66:22, 2 Peter 3:13, and Revelation 21:1.
Now that we have looked at the Holy Spirit's creative power in the natural world, we are ready to see how he uses his creative power to provide spiritual gifts to the church.
Spiritual Gifts
When we speak of spiritual gifts we have in mind:
Abilities of supernatural origin that the Holy Spirit gives to individuals for the purpose of building up the church.
The Spirit creates these gifts by granting new abilities to people who previously lacked them, or by enhancing existing abilities beyond the natural talents or experience of the person who receives them.
Spiritual gifts in the New Testament are special, unique abilities, supernaturally given. I think it's important to emphasize they are more than just talents. They are supernaturally given to every believer. Every believer has a spiritual gift or possibly spiritual gifts. [Dr. Mark Strauss]
Lists of the types of gifts the Holy Spirit gave to the early church appear in places like Romans 12, 1 Corinthians 12, and Ephesians 4. Some of these gifts resemble natural talents or universal human abilities. These are abilities that even people outside the church possess in some measure, simply because they are created in God's image — things like wisdom, knowledge, serving, teaching, encouraging, generosity, leadership, and mercy. But other spiritual gifts obviously have direct supernatural origins, such as healing and miraculous powers. And still others lie somewhere on a continuum between the natural and the supernatural, such as prophecy, speaking in tongues, interpreting tongues, and discerning spirits.
Now, all Christians agree that the Holy Spirit gives supernatural gifts to his church. But within this general agreement, there are a variety of nuanced views that fall somewhere along a scale. Some churches hold a cessationist position, believing that in the modern age the Holy Spirit only gives gifts that resemble natural talents. The more spectacular gifts are thought to have died out, perhaps after the apostolic age, or with the closing of the canon of Scripture.
Other churches hold to a continuationist position. They believe that the Spirit still gives all the same gifts that we find manifested in the New Testament. Within this position, there are many different viewpoints regarding which gifts any individual Christian can be expected to receive.
Between these two extremes, there are a variety of moderate views. Moderate churches tend to believe that the Holy Spirit can still give spectacular gifts when he wants to. But they do not insist that the Holy Spirit must always give every type of gift to his church. These churches emphasize the freedom of the Holy Spirit to act in any way at any time.
But one thing that all these positions have in common is the belief that the Holy Spirit continues to give at least some gifts to his people for the benefit of his church. Spiritual gifts are the power of God, and they are to be used for his people as a whole. They are not given to indulge the desires of individuals, or even to enhance the spiritual life of individuals. Rather, they are given to empower the church for ministry and to help it grow to maturity in Christ. We see this in Romans 12:4-5, 1 Corinthians 12:7, and Ephesians 4:7-16. As just one example, listen to what Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 12:7:
To each one the manifestation of the Spirit is given for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:7).
As Paul indicated here, spiritual gifts are given for the sake of the church. Gifted individuals may also benefit from their own gifts. But the primary goal and focus of gifting is the benefit of the church. They are creative works of power that the Holy Spirit uses to build up his church as a whole.
One of the most important things we know about spiritual gifts is that they should develop, be discovered and be used within the church, which is the body of Christ. Spiritual gifts are not given to an individual so that he or she may enjoy and benefit from them alone. They are given to build up groups of people, groups of believers, namely, the church of Jesus Christ. [Dr. Riad Kassis, translation]
Spiritual gifts given to us by the Spirit are for the edification of the church, the building up of the church, for the doing of Christian ministry, for the encouragement of one another and carrying out the Great Commission. The primary focus that we have in our day, particularly with charismatic issues on tongues and prophesies, is really a secondary emphasis that we see in Scripture. We want to focus on spiritual gifts the way the New Testament does — that which gives us comfort, that which shows that the new covenant age has dawned, the personal work of the Spirit within us and corporately within its community, that which then carries out the work of ministry, individually, corporately, in the world. That emphasis is what we need to really be focusing on and seeing worked out in our own individual lives as well as the corporate life of the church as we live in the world. [Dr. Stephen Wellum]
With this understanding of how the Holy Spirit uses his creative power in the natural world and in providing spiritual gifts to the church, let's look at how his power is manifested in the personal renewal of each believer's spirit and heart.
Personal Renewal
Scripture teaches that human beings are born in a state of spiritual death. As Romans 5:12-19 indicate, we are guilty of Adam's sin, and liable unto death as a result. So, in order to save us from this predicament, the Holy Spirit creates new life in us by making our spirits live before God. The Bible talks about this new life in terms of regeneration and being born again. We read about this rebirth in John 3:3-8, Titus 3:5, 1 John 5:1-18, and several other places. As just one example, listen to Paul's words in Titus 3:5:
He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit (Titus 3:5).
After we are regenerated, the Holy Spirit continues to work in us to change our thoughts, feelings and actions, in order to make us the kind of people that love and obey the Lord. The New Testament speaks of this in passages like Romans 8:1-16, 1 Corinthians 12:3, Galatians 5:16-25, and Philippians 2:13. Perhaps the most well-known discussion of the Holy Spirit's transformative power is Paul's description of the fruit that the Holy Spirit creates in the lives of believers. Listen to what Paul wrote in Galatians 5:22-23:
All these changes in our character result from the active, creative power of the Holy Spirit as he conforms us to the image of Jesus Christ.
And of course, on the last day, the Holy Spirit will use his creative power to resurrect the physical bodies of all faithful Christians, giving us perfect, incorruptible bodies like the one Jesus already has. Listen to what Paul said about this in Romans 8:23:
We ourselves, who have the firstfruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies (Romans 8:23).
When Paul said that followers of Christ have the firstfruits of the Spirit, he drew his language from the Old Testament practice of bringing offerings from the first harvest as representative of the entire harvest of that year. In much the same way, the Holy Spirit's current work in believers is just the firstfruits of something much greater to come. The Holy Spirit's work won't be finished until he completely re-creates us, removing our curse and corruption, and restoring us to a pristine, sinless state. So far, the Spirit has given our spirit's new life. But he will eventually re-create our bodies, too.
Now that we have looked at the Holy Spirit's works of creative power, we should turn our attention to his work of sanctification.
Sanctification
When we speak of the Spirit's work of sanctification, we are talking about the act of making people and things holy. This is the work the Spirit does to set people and things apart for God's use, to purify them, and to make them fit to be near his unveiled glory. In many ways, this idea is closely related to the concept of renewal that we looked at in the last section of this lesson.
The Bible often says that the church is holy or sanctified by the presence and ministry of the Holy Spirit. We see this idea in places like Romans 15:16, 1 Corinthians 6:11, 2 Thessalonians 2:13 and 1 Peter 1:1-2. Listen to the way Paul talked about the Holy Spirit in 1 Corinthians 3:16-17:
Do you not know that you are a temple of God and that the Spirit of God dwells in you? [T]he temple of God is holy, and that is what you are (1 Corinthians 3:16-17, NASB).
In the Old Testament, the Jewish temple was God's earthly palace where his special presence used to dwell. It was his house on earth, as Solomon proclaimed in 2 Chronicles 6:1. But in the New Testament, God no longer dwelled in the temple. Instead, the Holy Spirit sanctified the church as the new temple. This same idea is mentioned explicitly in Ephesians 2:22, and is echoed in other parts of Scripture.
The Holy Spirit is also said to sanctify individual believers by indwelling them. This is the idea that the Holy Spirit actually lives within the hearts of believers. This indwelling is mentioned in many places in Scripture, such as Romans 8:9-16, 1 Corinthians 6:19, 2 Timothy 1:14, and James 4:5.
The indwelling of the Holy Spirit is an essential reality for the believer. When God moves in and makes Christians new creatures in Christ, the Holy Spirit takes over in their lives. And it's absolutely essential that we depend on him, rely on his indwelling power, or else we're just living in the flesh. We've got to be able to tell the difference between living in the Spirit and living in the flesh because living in the Spirit is what enables us to glorify Christ in the way he wants us to. [Dr. K. Erik Thoennes]
This indwelling has several results. To list just a few, it purifies us from sin, it sets us apart for God, and we enjoy and benefit from the Spirit's influence in our hearts and minds. Listen to the way Paul talked about these things in 1 Corinthians 6:9-11:
The wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God And that is what some of you were. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God (1 Corinthians 6:9-11).
Through the sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit, believers have been purified and set apart for God, so that they are no longer counted among the wicked.
Have you ever stopped to think about how special it is that God himself lives inside you? The creator of the universe loves you so much that he has united you to himself for the rest of eternity. You do not teeter on the edge of his approval. You are hidden deep within his heart. And this relationship strengthens you against sin. It gives you the power to resist temptation, and to live in ways that please God. And when you do sin — no matter how bad it is — you are still acceptable in God's sight. You are still fit to enter his presence to fellowship with him, to worship him, and of course, to ask for and to receive his forgiveness.
So far, we've considered the Holy Spirit's creative power and his work of sanctification. At this point, we're ready to talk about the various ways that he administers divine grace.
Grace
We'll talk about the Holy Spirit's administration of three types of grace: common grace, covenant grace, and saving grace. Let's begin with common grace.
Common Grace
Common grace is the forbearance that God shows and the benefits that he gives to all humanity, regardless of their faith. The Holy Spirit does not give common grace to all people equally. Rather, he works here and there, according to his plans and desires.
For example, common grace is seen in the way that the Holy Spirit restrains sin in the world. Fallen unbelievers are controlled by sin, as Paul taught in Romans 8:1-8. They are hostile to God by nature, and they love sin. But as Paul taught throughout Romans 7–8, the Holy Spirit combats sin in the world. This is similar to the way he works in believers after he regenerates them. Although he does not grant a blessing this great to unbelievers, it is still true that he often restrains them so that they do not sin as greatly as they are able.
Another aspect of common grace that is frequently seen in the world is the knowledge that unbelievers acquire, and the good things they are able to do with that knowledge. Unbelievers can learn many valuable truths that they use to benefit the church and its believers, along with the rest of humanity. And whenever anyone discovers something useful, that knowledge is a gracious gift from the Holy Spirit.
John Calvin, the famous Protestant Reformer who lived from A.D. 1509 to 1564, described the Holy Spirit's common gifts of knowledge in his work the Institutes of the Christian Religion, book 22, sections 15 and 16. Listen to what he wrote there:
Whenever we come upon these matters in secular writers, let that admirable light of truth shining in them teach us that the mind of man, though fallen and perverted from its wholeness, is nevertheless clothed and ornamented with God's excellent gifts. If we regard the Spirit of God as the sole fountain of truth, we will neither reject the truth itself, nor despise it wherever it shall appear, unless we wish to dishonor the Spirit of God But if the Lord has willed that we be helped in physics, dialectic, mathematics, and other like disciplines, by the work and ministry of the ungodly, let us use their assistance.
Covenant Grace
In many places in Scripture, we can see a second type of grace administered by the Holy Spirit that is sometimes called covenant grace.
Covenant grace consists of the forbearance and benefits that God gives to everyone that is part of his covenant people, even if they are not true believers. In the Old Testament, Israel was God's covenant people because the whole nation was under God's special covenants with Abraham, Moses and David. In the New Testament, God's covenant people are the visible church which consists of people associated with the church even if they are not true believers. God's covenant grace is even more abundant and forbearing than his common grace.
For example, God was very patient and merciful toward ancient Israel, even though Israel was often unfaithful to him, and sinned greatly against him. Because of God's covenant with Israel, he did not destroy them as a nation, but always preserved a faithful remnant. Paul talked about this explicitly in Romans 11:1-5. Moreover, because of God's covenant, even the unbelievers in ancient Israel received his blessings. Perhaps the greatest example of this is the Exodus from Egypt. Listen to what Moses wrote in Exodus 2:23-25:
The Israelites groaned in their slavery and cried out, and their cry for help because of their slavery went up to God. God heard their groaning and he remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac and with Jacob. So God looked on the Israelites and was concerned about them (Exodus 2:23-25).
Notice why God was concerned about Israel and rescued them. It was not because they were faithful to him, but because they were included in the covenant he had made with their forefathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
And the same thing is true in the church today. For example, everyone that is part of the church is regularly presented with the gospel and the opportunity to repent and be saved. And they share in those blessings that God grants to the church as a whole. In fact, unbelievers in the church even benefit from the spiritual gifts of the church, as we learn in Hebrews 6:4-6. This is why Hebrews 10:29 says that unbelievers in the church insult the Spirit of grace through their unfaithfulness.
When we attend church, there are people there who are both saved and unsaved. Unsaved people benefit from what I would simply say is just being in the presence of Christians. That's a good thing. What God makes of that, we can't always tell. But just to be there is a good thing. John Calvin, talked about common grace; John Wesley, talked about the prevenient grace of God — that's the way grace works in the life of a person before they consciously profess faith in Jesus Christ. So, that grace is at work, and I think probably in two major ways. One is, we become convicted of our sins. We come to see that sin is real, that sin damages us, but it also breaks the heart of God. You have to be in a place of grace to see that. And then, when that conviction of sin begins to operate in us, then we begin to be convinced, as some theologians have put it, that there is another way to live, that there is a better way to live. And so I guess, for the unsaved person in particular, it's just having the opportunity to see life from those vantage points, trusting that when they do God will work in their lives. [Dr. Steve Harper]
It truly places them by God's providence in the context in which they can hear the gospel, in which they may see the gospel lived, in which they may encounter what Jesus Christ, alive in the fellowship of a group of people, looks like. And therefore, in the sovereignty of God, perhaps that is his mechanism to bring someone before they are saved into the life of the church so that they can respond to the gospel. [Dr. Steve Blakemore]
Saving Grace
Finally, the third type of grace administered by the Holy Spirit is what many theologians call saving grace.
Saving grace is the application of the eternal benefits of Christ's perfect life, death, resurrection, ascension and glorious return to those who receive him as Lord and Savior. Every believer receives saving grace from the Holy Spirit.
The blessings we receive as a result of the Holy Spirit's administration of saving grace are already reserved for us on the basis of Jesus' work. But we do not begin to receive their benefits until the Holy Spirit applies them to us. The most obvious of these blessings are things like regeneration, by which the Holy Spirit gives new life to our spirits, so that we are born again. We read about this in passages like John 3:5-8, Romans 8:2-11, and Titus 3:5. Repentance, forgiveness of sins and justification are also saving graces the Holy Spirit applies to us, as we see in Zechariah 2:10, 1 Corinthians 6:11, and Titus 3:5-8. The New Testament also speaks of salvation as a whole being applied to us by the Holy Spirit, as in 2 Thessalonians 2:13 and Titus 3:5.
When Christians talk about individual salvation, we tend to focus on Jesus Christ and his work. And of course this is a fine thing to do. But it's also important to recognize the role the Holy Spirit plays.
Understanding what the Holy Spirit does in the believer makes for the fullest possible Christian life. The Holy Spirit motivates us, and that's a key understanding, to realize that both the desire and the power to live for Christ comes from the Holy Spirit. This is part of that rich understanding of what the Holy Spirit does for us, that he's the one who illumines us to understand the word of God. He is the one who gives us the spiritual appetites for the things of God, that we hunger for God, for the things of God, that we love the people of God, that we want to serve God. That takes a lot of the pressure off the individual. It takes a lot of pressure off the person of thinking: "It's all up on my shoulders, God has told me what to do, now it's up to me to do it, it's up to me to obey." Well, we do have the responsibility. God doesn't obey for us, but we acknowledge that he does give us the desire and the power, the insight. It's all to His glory. [Dr. Donald Whitney]
More than any other person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit is active in our lives, making sure that we receive forgiveness, and joy, and goodness, and strength, and peace, and all the other blessings of salvation. So, if we want to receive these things in abundance, we should appeal to him for his saving grace. And beyond this, we need to honor the Spirit for his faithfulness and mercy. The saving grace he grants us makes him more than worthy of our thanks, our adoration, our worship, and our love.
Now that we have explored the Holy Spirit's works of creative power, sanctification and grace, we are ready to look at his works of revelation.
Revelation
The Holy Spirit is generally identified as the person of the Trinity who is the agent of revelation, testimony and understanding. We see this in John 14:26, 1 Corinthians 2:4,10, Ephesians 3:5, and many other places. In fact, the association between the Spirit and revelation is so close that the Holy Spirit is actually called the Spirit of truth in passages like John 14:17, 15:26, and 16:13. And in 1 John 5:6, John went so far as to say that:
The Spirit is the truth (1 John 5:6).
In a similar way, Paul summed up the Spirit's role in Ephesians 1:17 by calling him:
The Spirit of wisdom and revelation (Ephesians 1:17).
We'll speak of three aspects of the Spirit's work of revelation. First, we'll talk about general revelation. Second, we'll look at special revelation. And third, we'll focus on illumination and inward leading. Let's look first at general revelation.
General Revelation
General revelation is: God's use of the natural world and its workings to make his existence, nature, presence, actions and will known to all humanity.
Scripture speaks of general revelation in many places, such as Psalms 8, 19, and Romans 1–2. For example, Romans 1:20 speaks of general revelation in this way:
Since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities — his eternal power and divine nature — have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse (Romans 1:20).
Scripture often says that general revelation is delivered through the Holy Spirit's works of creative power in nature — both in the act of creation itself, and in sustaining what has been created. All these works flow from the Spirit's will and character. So, as we recognize his hand in them, they teach us about his nature and intentions.
The Holy Spirit's role in general revelation is quite significant and important because, of course, he is the agent of creation. He is the one who is still involved in upholding God's laws — "natural laws" we sometimes say. And this is a revelation that the Holy Spirit gives to all people without distinction, which is different, of course, to what we sometimes call the "special revelation," whereby we come to know Jesus as Lord and Savior because of his internal work in our heart. But general revelation is something that is available to all of God's creatures. [Dr. Simon Vibert]
God tells us that the heavens declare the glory of God. So everywhere we turn our eye we can see a demonstration of God's power, his wisdom, his goodness, all around us in creation. The Holy Spirit takes these revelations of God and brings them home to us in powerful ways, so we have to come to terms with our creator. [Dr. K. Erik Thoennes]
Special Revelation
In addition to providing general revelation to the world, the Holy Spirit provides special revelation, primarily to the church.
Special revelation is: God's direct involvement, or his use of messengers, to make his existence, nature, presence, actions and will known to limited portions of humanity.
The Holy Spirit has provided special revelation in the form of Scripture, prophecies, dreams, visions, angelic visitations, and other unusual media. Special revelation is given primarily to special people or groups, particularly those who receive God's offer of salvation. In the Old Testament, special revelation was given mostly to Abraham and his descendants. And in the New Testament, it was given to the church. Like spiritual gifts, special revelation is for the benefit of all God's people, in order to convert and build up everyone in the faith.
The greatest special revelation the Holy Spirit ever gave us was the incarnation of Jesus Christ himself. Hebrews 1 praises our Lord as the pinnacle of all God's revelation. And even now, the Holy Spirit continues to point us to Christ through the inspired Scriptures, which contain the words of Christ from all ages, relayed to us through his authoritative prophets and apostles.
The Holy Spirit's authorship of Scripture is mentioned in passages like Matthew 22:43, Mark 12:36, Acts 1:16, 4:25, and 2 Timothy 3:16-17. As just one example, listen to what Peter wrote in 2 Peter 1:20-21:
No prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet's own interpretation. For prophecy never had its origin in the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit (2 Peter 1:20-21).
Since the apostolic age, the Spirit no longer inspires new Scripture. But the special revelation he has provided in the Old and New Testaments continues to reveal his will to Christians in every age.
Third, in addition to providing general revelation and special revelation, the Holy Spirit also works through the illumination and inward leading of individuals.
Illumination and Inward Leading
We read in 2 Peter 1:21 that Old Testament prophets spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit, which implies that the Holy Spirit, given to the church, will enlighten us to understand what he inspired in the prophets. There's no new revelation, but if we're to understand existing revelation we must be enlightened and empowered by the Spirit of God. [Dr. Knox Chamblin]
Illumination is a divine gift of knowledge or understanding that is primarily cognitive, such as the knowledge that Jesus is the Messiah, which Peter received in Matthew 16:17.
And inward leading is a divine gift of knowledge or understanding that is primarily emotive or intuitive. It includes things such as our conscience, and the sense that God would have us take a particular course of action.
Illumination and inward leading are not always clearly distinguished from each other in the Bible. Often, Scripture speaks in ways that apply equally to both. We find passages like this in 1 Corinthians 2:9-16, Ephesians 1:17, Colossians 1:9, and 1 John 2:27. For example in Ephesians 1:17, Paul spoke this way:
I keep asking that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the glorious Father, may give you the Spirit of wisdom and revelation, so that you may know him better (Ephesians 1:17).
Here, Paul called the Holy Spirit "the Spirit of wisdom and revelation." In terms of the categories of illumination and inward leading, we might be tempted to see wisdom as inward leading and revelation as illumination. And this may be what Paul had in mind. On the other hand, he may simply have been referring to both works of the Spirit collectively, without drawing a clear distinction between them.
We, all of us, need the illumination of the Spirit because we, all of us, are spiritually blind without it. We are blind spiritually in the way that bats are blind physically, I mean, they can't look at the sun. So, when the sun is shining, they simply hang by their feet from the roof of the cave where they hide out during the day. They can only see when they come out at night. Well, we are in the position of bats during the day. God's light is shining, but because of what sin has done in messing up our spiritual faculties, we are not able to discern the reality of God and his word. We may have a smudgy awareness that God is there somehow, but we don't appreciate that Scripture commands are for us; Scripture promises are for us. The scriptural presentation of the Lord Jesus is setting in before us for us to trust him and enter into the new life. The New Testament says, picturesquely, we are blind at that point, we are deaf at that point, our hearts are hard at that point, so that the Word of God makes no impression on us at all. And then, the New Testament says, that God, I'm quoting now from 2 Corinthians 4, "God who commanded the light to shine out of darkness," that's back in creation of course, "has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ." That's the illumination of the Spirit, and when that illumination is given to us, we see Christ spiritually, we discern his reality, we hear and realize that he is calling us to himself. [Dr. J. I. Packer]
Illumination and inward leading are normal means the Holy Spirit uses to teach his people the truths he has revealed. Accordingly, there are at least three things we can do to benefit from this ministry in our lives. First, we can commit ourselves to studying the Bible, knowing that when we do, the Holy Spirit will often guide our understanding. Second, we can dedicate ourselves to prayer, continually asking the Holy Spirit for guidance, wisdom, understanding, and the will to obey. And third, we can devote ourselves to righteous and holy living, being determined to live according to the truths the Spirit teaches us.
CONCLUSION
In this lesson on the Apostles' Creed, we have looked at the doctrine of the Holy Spirit. We have considered the Spirit's divinity in terms of the creed and its biblical basis. We have explored his personhood according to his attributes, and in light of his relationship to the Father and the Son. And we have spoken of his works of creative power, sanctification, grace and revelation.
The doctrine of the Holy Spirit is a rich wellspring for Christians. It teaches us about the third person of the Trinity, who is our closest source of help at all times. It points us to the one who is most responsible for motivating and empowering us to live in ways that please God. And it gives us great confidence that God is deeply and personally involved in the world at all times, always working for the benefit of everyone who puts their faith in him.
Bishop Van B. Gayton (Host) has been a renowned Bible teacher and lecturer at a number of distinguished seminaries and universities throughout the world. He also served as the Chaplain of the Federal Bureau of Prisons for four years and was on the Board of Directors for the Institute of Religion and Public Policy in Washington D.C. Dr. Gayton holds a Master of Theology from International Seminary, a Master of Divinity from Logos Bible College, a Doctor of Bible Philosophy from Christian Leadership University, a Doctor of Theology from Faith Theological Seminary, and a Doctor of Ministry from Reformed Theological Seminary. He was consecrated as a bishop in Apostolic Succession and is Archbishop of the International Community of Christian Churches, a ministry committed to restoring the historical unity of the Body of Christ.
Dr. Steve Blakemore is the Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Wesley Biblical Seminary.
Dr. Knox Chamblin (1935-2012) served as Professor of New Testament at Reformed Theological Seminary.
Dr. J. Ligon Duncan III is the President of Reformed Theological Seminary.
Dr. John Frame is Professor of Systematic Theology and Philosophy at Reformed Theological Seminary in Orlando, Florida.
Dr. Steve Harper is the founding Vice President of the Florida Dunnam campus of Asbury Theological Seminary in Orlando, FL.
Dr. Keith Johnson serves as the Director of Theological Education for the U.S campus ministry of Campus Crusade for Christ and is a guest professor of Systematic Theology for Reformed Theological Seminary.
Dr. Riad Kassis is International Director of the International Council for Evangelical Theological Education.
Dr. R. Albert Mohler, Jr. is President of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.
Dr. J. I. Packer is Professor of Systematic and Historical Theology at Regent College in Vancouver, British Columbia, and preaches and lectures widely in Great Britain and America.
Dr. Glen Scorgie is Professor of Theology at Bethel Seminary, San Diego.
Dr. Mark Strauss is Professor of New Testament at Bethel Seminary, San Diego.
Dr. K. Erik Thoennes is Professor of Biblical and Theological Studies at Biola University's Talbot School of Theology and is Chair of the Biblical and Theological Studies Theology Department. | 2023-12-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9010 |
<?php
namespace SleepingOwl\Admin\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Routing\Controller;
use SleepingOwl\Admin\Contracts\ModelConfigurationInterface;
use SleepingOwl\Admin\Traits\OrderableModel;
class DisplayColumnController extends Controller
{
/**
* @param ModelConfigurationInterface $model
* @param int $id
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
*/
public function orderUp(ModelConfigurationInterface $model, $id)
{
/** @var OrderableModel $instance */
$instance = $model->getRepository()->find($id);
$instance->moveUp();
return back();
}
/**
* @param ModelConfigurationInterface $model
* @param int $id
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\RedirectResponse
*/
public function orderDown(ModelConfigurationInterface $model, $id)
{
/** @var OrderableModel $instance */
$instance = $model->getRepository()->find($id);
$instance->moveDown();
return back();
}
}
| 2024-03-26T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7526 |
Q:
MessageBox doesn't show all given string
I have a c# program and am trying to call a messageBox with a specific string(normal string, nothing special), And when reaching a variable to concatenate with the string, it apparently stops the concatenation.
The code:
string first = userInfo.info.getFirst(); //Some function
string last = userInfo.info.getLast(); // Some function
string message = first + "_" + last + " !";
MessageBox.Show(message);
// Output will be "(first value)";
I did try to debug and the values of "first" and "last" are correct and fine.
I also analyzed to see if any CPU or Memory peak occur(using VS's tools), but seen none.
Any idea as for the problem?
Thanks a lot!
A:
The Win32 GUI libraries terminate strings if they find a \0 character (U+0000, Unicode "null") in them. For example, if you had:
MessageBox.Show("First part\0Second part");
then only First part would be displayed.
There are at least two options here:
Work out where the "bad" character is coming from. It's often a misuse of the Stream or TextReader API, not paying attention to how many bytes or characters are returned by a Read call
Just remove the "bad" character, e.g. message = message.Replace("\0", "");
The first option is preferable - I'd only resort to the second if I really couldn't get clean data.
| 2024-04-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9826 |
---
abstract: 'In this paper, we mainly consider the Riemann boundary value problems for lower dimensional non-commutative Clifford algebras valued monogenic functions. The solutions are given in an explicit way and concrete examples are presented to illustrate the results.'
author:
- |
Carlos Daniel Tamayo-Castro$^{1}$, Ricardo Abreu-Blaya$^{2}$\
and\
Juan Bory-Reyes$^{3}$
title: 'On Riemann problems for monogenic functions in lower dimensional non-commutative Clifford algebras'
---
Introduction
============
The theory of Riemann boundary value problem (RBVP for short) for analytic functions of one complex variable was extensively studied for many researchers so far, see for example [@Gajov; @Lu] for extensive treatments and discussions. On the other hand, a very detailed treatment of the RBVP for generalized analytic functions, as well as for many other linear and nonlinear elliptic systems in the plane do appear in many sources, see e.g., [@B; @GB; @Ve; @We] or elsewhere.
Besides the theoretical significance of the RBVP, their study is closely connected with the theory of singular integral equations [@Mu] and has a wide range of applications in almost all areas of physics and engineering such as for instance in electromagnetism, optic, elasticity, fluid dynamics, geophysics, theory of orthogonal polynomials, in asymptotic analysis up to modern quantum field theory.
From both, mathematical convenience and physical relevancy, in the Clifford algebras-based approach, there has been a great deal of activity in the generalization of the classical-posed Riemann boundary value problems to higher dimensions. Several interesting results about RBVP for monogenic functions and harmonic functions in Clifford analysis (or one of its current research frameworks) are presented in [@BTA; @BADK; @Br; @GZ; @LJ; @ZG; @LZ1; @LZ2; @LJD; @L1; @L2; @MYKC; @ShV; @CKM] and the references therein.
Our purpose is to describe a sufficiently complete picture of solvability of the RBVP for monogenic functions in lower dimensional non-commutative Clifford algebras mainly concern the case of the so-called paravectorial and vectorial Clifford analysis.
Preliminaries and Notations
===========================
In this section we recall necessary basic facts about Clifford analysis which will be needed in the sequel. The best standard reference here is [@BDS].
The real Clifford algebra associated with $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ endowed with the Euclidean metric is the minimal enlargement of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ to a real linear associative algebra $\mathbb{R}_{0, n}$ with identity such that $x^{2} = -|x|^{2}$ for any $x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$.
It thus follows that if $\{e_{j}\}_{j = 1}^{n}$ is the standard orthonormal basis of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ then we must have that $e_{i}e_{j} + e_{j}e_{i} = -2\delta_{ij}$, with $\delta_{ij}$ the Kronecker delta. So, one denotes an arbitrary $a \in \mathbb{R}_{0, n}$ by $a = \sum_{A \subseteq N}a_{A}e_{A}$, $N = \{1, \ldots, n \}$, $a_{A} \in \mathbb{R}$ where $e_{\emptyset} = e_{0} = 1$, $e_{\{ j\}} = e_{j}$ and $e_{A} = e_{\beta_{1}}\cdots e_{\beta_{k}}$ for $A = \{\beta_{1}, \ldots, \beta_{k} \}$ where $\beta_{j} \in \{1, \ldots, n \}$ and $\beta_{1} < \ldots < \beta_{k}$.
Conjugation in ${\mathbb{R}}_{0,n}$ is defined as the anti-involution $a\mapsto\overline{a}:= \sum_{A}a_{A}\overline{e}_{A}$ for which $$\overline{e}_{A} := (-1)^{k}e_{\beta_{k}} \cdots e_{\beta_{2}}e_{\beta_{1}}.$$
Put $\mathbb{R}^{(k)}_{0, n} = span_{\mathbb{R}}(e_{A}: |A| = k)$. Then clearly $\mathbb{R}^{(k)}_{0, n}$ is a subspace of $\mathbb{R}_{0, n}$ (the $k$-vectors in this class) and $$\mathbb{R}_{0, n} = \bigoplus_{k = 0}^{n}\mathbb{R}^{(k)}_{0, n}.$$ The projection operator of $\mathbb{R}_{0, n}$ on $\mathbb{R}^{(k)}_{0, n}$ is denoted by $[\bullet]_{k}$ and $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ will be identified with $\mathbb{R}^{(0)}_{0, n}$ and $\mathbb{R}^{(1)}_{0, n}$ respectively.
Let us highlight the important fact that $\mathbb{R}_{0, n} = \mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n}\oplus e_{1}\mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n}$, where $$\mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n}:=\bigoplus_{k-even}\mathbb{R}^{(k)}_{0, n}.$$ Then if $a \in \mathbb{R}_{0, n}$ we have the decomposition $$\label{eo}
a = a_{0} + e_{1}a_{1},$$ where $a_{0}, a_{1}$ will be referred to as its even and odd part respectively.
An important subspace of the real Clifford algebra $\mathbb{R}_{0, n}$ is the so-called space of paravectors $\mathbb{R}^{(0)}_{0, n}\oplus\mathbb{R}^{(1)}_{0, n}$, being the sum of scalars and vectors. Notice that for each $x = (x^{0}, x^{1}, \ldots, x^{n}) \in \mathbb{R}^{n + 1}$, to be identified with $$x = x^{0} + \sum_{j = 1}^{n}x^{j}e_{j} \in \mathbb{R}^{(0)}_{0, n}\oplus\mathbb{R}^{(1)}_{0, n},$$ there should hold that $$x\overline{x} = \overline{x}x = |x|^{2}.$$ For further use we shall be considering the one to one mapping $$\begin{array}{cccc}
\alpha: & \mathbb{R}\oplus\mathbb{R}_{0,n - 1}^{(1)} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}_{0,n}^{(1)} \\
& x^{1} + \sum_{i = 1}^{n - 1}x^{i + 1}e_{i} & \rightarrow & \sum_{i = 1}^{n}x^{i}e_{i},
\end{array}$$ As well the isomorphism $$\begin{array}{cccc}
\beta: & \mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}_{0, n - 1} \\
& e_{1}e_{i + 1} & \rightarrow & e_{i}.
\end{array}$$
Classical Clifford analysis consists in set up a function theory defined on Euclidean space and take values in a real Clifford algebra. The function theory concentrates on the notion of monogenic functions belonging to the kernel of a generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator (paravectorial Clifford analysis), or to that of its vectorial part, that is, the Dirac operator (vectorial Clifford analysis). In this way, Clifford analysis may be considered both as a generalization to higher dimension of the theory of holomorphic functions in the complex plane and a refinement of classical harmonic analysis due to fact that these differential operators factorize the Laplacian.
We start with the paravector Clifford analysis case. The considered functions $u$ are defined in $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}$ and take values in (subspace of) the real Clifford algebra $\mathbb{R}_{0, n}$. These functions may be written as $$u(x) = \sum_{A}u_{A}(x)e_{A},$$ where $u_{A}$ are $\mathbb{R}$-valued functions.
We say that $u$ belongs to some classical class of functions on $\Omega$ if each of its components $u_{A}$ belongs to that class.
The theory of paravectorial monogenic functions with values in Clifford algebras generalizes in a natural way the theory of holomorphic functions of one complex variable to the $(n + 1)$-dimensional Euclidean space. Monogenic functions are null solutions of the generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator in $\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}$ defined by $$D_{n} := \sum^{n}_{j = 0}e_{j}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}.$$ The left (right) fundamental solution of this first order elliptic operator is given by $$\begin{array}{cc}
E_{n}(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sigma_{n + 1}}\dfrac{\overline{x}}{|x|^{n + 1}}, & x\in\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}\setminus \{0\}
\end{array}$$ where $\sigma_{n + 1}$ is the area of the unit sphere in $\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}$. Clearly, $E_{n}$ is both left and right monogenic in $\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}\setminus \{0\}$.
For $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}$ open and $u \in C^{1}(\Omega)$ then $u$ will be called left (resp. right) monogenic in $\Omega$ if $D_{n}u = 0$ (resp. $uD_{n} = 0$) in $\Omega$. Furthermore, for a non-open $\Omega$ we will call $u$ monogenic in $\Omega$ if it is monogenic in some open neighborhood of $\Omega$.
A powerful tool in obtaining basic examples of left monogenic functions is the left Cliffordian Cauchy type integral. Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}$ a simply connected bounded domain with a smooth boundary $L$. We let $d\nu$ denote the surface measure on $L$.
For each $u\in C(L)$ its left Cliffordian Cauchy type integral is defined by $$\begin{array}{cc}
(\mathcal{C}_{L}u)(x) := \int_{L}E_{n}(y - x)\kappa(y)u(y)d\nu(y), & x\notin L,
\end{array}$$ and its singular version, the singular Cauchy type integral (also called the Hilbert transform) on $L$ to be $$\begin{array}{cc}
(\mathcal{S}_{L}u)(x) := 2\int_{L}E_{n}(y - x)\kappa(y)(u(y) - u(x))d\nu(y) + u(x), & x\in L.
\end{array}$$ Hereby $\kappa(y)$ denotes the outward pointing unit normal to $L$ at $y \in L$ and the integral in $\mathcal{S}_{L}$ is evaluated in the sense of Cauchy principal value.
On the other hand basic examples of right monogenic functions are obtained by means of the right Cliffordian Cauchy type integral $$\begin{array}{cc}
(u\mathcal{C}_{L})(x) := \int_{L}u(y)\kappa(y)E_{n}(y - x)d\nu(y), & x\notin L.
\end{array}$$ We can now led to the vectorial Clifford analysis situation. Here, ${\underline{x}}= (x^{1}, \ldots, x^{n}) \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ will be identified with $${\underline{x}}= \sum_{j = 1}^{n}x^{j}e_{j} \in \mathbb{R}^{(1)}_{0, n}.$$ Monogenic functions in this context means solutions of the Dirac operator in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ $$\partial_{n} := \sum^{n}_{j = 1}e_{j}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{j}}.$$ The fundamental solution of the Dirac operator is given by $$\begin{array}{cc}
\vartheta_{n}({\underline{x}}) = \dfrac{1}{\sigma_{n}}\dfrac{\overline{{\underline{x}}}}{|{\underline{x}}|^{n}}, & {\underline{x}}\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus \{0\}
\end{array}$$ where $\sigma_{n}$ is the area of the unit sphere in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. If $\Omega$ is open in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and $u \in C^{1}(\Omega)$ then $u$ is said to be left (resp. right) monogenic in $\Omega$ if $\partial_{n}u = 0$ (resp. $u\partial_{n} = 0$) in $\Omega$.
The corresponding Cliffordian Cauchy type integrals in vectorial Clifford analysis setting occur analogously with $\vartheta_{n}({\underline{x}})$ in place of $E_{n}(x)$.
In what follows, for a given function $$\begin{array}{cccc}
u: & \mathbb{R}_{0,n}^{(1)} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n}, \\
\end{array}$$ we define $$\begin{array}{cccc}
\widehat{u} : & \mathbb{R}\oplus\mathbb{R}_{0,n - 1}^{(1)} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}_{0, n - 1}, \\
\end{array}$$ by $\widehat{u}(x) := \beta \circ u \circ \alpha ({\underline{x}}) = \beta(u(\alpha({\underline{x}})))$, and $x = \alpha({\underline{x}})$.
Reduction procedure for the RBVP
================================
From now on we regard $\Omega$ as a simply connected and bounded domain of ${\mathbb{R}}^{n}$ with smooth boundary $L$. We use the temporary notation $\Omega_+:=\Omega$, $\Omega_-:={\mathbb{R}}^n\setminus\{\Omega\cup L\}$.
The Riemann boundary value problem for monogenic functions in vectorial Clifford analysis may be described as follows:
Let two $\mathbb{R}_{0, n}-$valued functions $G, g$ belonging to $C^{0,\nu}(L)$. Find a function $\Phi$ monogenic on ${\mathbb{R}}^n\setminus L$ continuously extendable from $\Omega_{\pm}$ to $L$ such that the following condition of their boundary values $\Phi^{\pm}$ on $L$ holds $$\label{ProbOrig}
\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) - G({\underline{x}})\Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = g({\underline{x}}),\,{\underline{x}}\in L.$$ with $G({\underline{x}}) \neq 0$.
After using the decompostion , we have $$\label{Decomp}
\begin{array}{c}
\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) = \Phi_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) + e_{1}\Phi_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}})\\
\Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \Phi_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}) + e_{1}\Phi_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})\\
G({\underline{x}}) = G_{0}({\underline{x}}) + e_{1}\overline{}G_{1}({\underline{x}})\\
g({\underline{x}}) = g_{0}({\underline{x}}) + e_{1}g_{1}({\underline{x}}).
\end{array}$$ Substituting (\[Decomp\]) into (\[ProbOrig\]) yields $$[\Phi_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -(G_{0}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}) - G^{*}_{1}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}))] + e_{1}[\Phi_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - (G^{*}_{0}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) + G_{1}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}))] =$$ $$= g_{0}({\underline{x}}) + e_{1}g_{1}({\underline{x}}),$$ where $G^{*}_{j}({\underline{x}}) = -e_{1}G_{j}({\underline{x}})e_{1}, j = 0, 1$.
So that we arrive to the system $$\label{System}
\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
\Phi_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -(G_{0}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}) - G^{*}_{1}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})) = g_{0}({\underline{x}}), \\
\Phi_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - (G_{1}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}) + G^{*}_{0}({\underline{x}})\Phi_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}))= g_{1}({\underline{x}}).
\end{array}$$ The system (\[System\]) becomes $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
\widehat{\Phi}_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -(\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})\widehat{\Phi}_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}) - \widehat{G}^{*}_{1}({\underline{x}})\widehat{\Phi}_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})) = \widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}), \\
\widehat{\Phi}_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - (\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}})\widehat{\Phi}_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}) + \widehat{G}^{*}_{0}({\underline{x}})\widehat{\Phi}_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}))= \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}),
\end{array}$$ which is equivalent to saying that $$\label{RBVP}
\begin{array}{ccccc}
\begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{\Phi}_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})\\
\widehat{\Phi}_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & - & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}}) & -\widehat{G}^{*}_{1}({\underline{x}}) \\
\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}}) & \widehat{G}^{*}_{0}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{\Phi}_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}})\\
\widehat{\Phi}_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & = & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})\\
\widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix}.
\end{array}$$ Rewritten the Dirac operator $\partial_{n}$ in the form $$\partial_{n} := \sum_{i = 1}^{n}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{i}} = e_{1}(\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{1}} - \sum_{i = 2}^{n}e_{1}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{i}}) =: e_{1}\overline{D_{n - 1}^{'}}$$ $$\partial_{n} := \sum_{i = 1}^{n}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{i}} = (\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{1}} + \sum_{i = 2}^{n}e_{1}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{i}})e_{1} =: D_{n - 1}^{'} e_{1}.$$ we see $$\partial_{n}\Phi = e_{1}\overline{D_{n - 1}^{'}}(\Phi_{0}) - D_{n - 1}^{'}(\Phi_{1}) = - D_{n - 1}^{'}(\Phi_{1}) + e_{1}\overline{D_{n - 1}^{'}}(\Phi_{0}).$$ Furthermore, the following are equivalent $$\label{SistMon}
\begin{array}{ccc}
\partial_{n}\Phi = 0 & \Leftrightarrow & \Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
D_{n - 1}^{'}(\Phi_{1}) = 0\\
\overline{D_{n - 1}^{'}}(\Phi_{0}) = 0.
\end{array}
\end{array}$$ Besides this equivalence we have $$D_{n - 1} = \beta(D_{n - 1}^{'}) = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{1}} + \sum_{i = 1}^{n -1}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{i + 1}} = \partial_{1} + \partial_{n - 1}$$ $$\overline{D_{n - 1}} = \beta(\overline{D_{n - 1}^{'}}) = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{1}} - \sum_{i = 1}^{n -1}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x^{i + 1}} = \partial_{1} - \partial_{n - 1}$$ so that system ($\ref{SistMon}$) becomes $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
D_{n - 1}(\widehat{\Phi}_{1}) = 0\\
\overline{D_{n - 1}}(\widehat{\Phi}_{0}) = 0.
\end{array}$$ Summarizing, we have that $\widehat{\Phi}_{0}(x)$ and $\widehat{\Phi}_{1}(x)$ are antimonogenic and monogenic functions respectively.
A function is monogenic in the vectorial sense if and only if its even and odd part are, through isomorphism, antimonogenic and monogenic respectively in the paravectorial sense, and the following decomposition holds $$\Phi({\underline{x}}) = \beta^{-1}(\widehat{\Phi}_{0}({\underline{x}})) + e_{1}\beta^{-1}(\widehat{\Phi}_{1}({\underline{x}})),$$ where ${\underline{x}}= \alpha^{-1}(x).$
This decomposition bears a striking similarity to that of analytic functions in complex analysis through two conjugate harmonic functions.
Since $\widehat{\Phi}_{0}(x)$ is left antimonogenic, then $\Upsilon_{0}(x):= \overline{\widehat{\Phi}_{0}(x)}$ is a right monogenic ones. For similarity we let $\Upsilon_{1} = \widehat{\Phi}_{1}$. Therefore problem (\[RBVP\]) reduces to find $$\begin{pmatrix}
\Upsilon_{0}(x)\\
\Upsilon_{1}(x)
\end{pmatrix},$$ such that on $\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus L$ $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
(\Upsilon_{0})D_{n - 1} = 0\\
D_{n - 1}(\Upsilon_{1}) = 0,
\end{array}$$ meanwhile on $L$ the boundary condition $$\label{CondComp2}
\begin{array}{ccccc}
\begin{pmatrix}
\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})}\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & - & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}}) & -\widehat{G}^{*}_{1}({\underline{x}}) \\
\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}}) & \widehat{G}^{*}_{0}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}})}\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & = & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})\\
\widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix}
\end{array}$$ holds.
If this problem is solvable then so is ($\ref{ProbOrig}$) and explicit solution is given by $$\Phi({\underline{x}}) = \beta^{-1}\circ\overline{\Upsilon_{0}}\circ\alpha^{-1}(x) + e_{1}\beta^{-1}\circ\Upsilon_{1}\circ\alpha^{-1}(x) =$$ $$\label{SolCuater}
= \beta^{-1}(\overline{\Upsilon_{0}}({\underline{x}})) + e_{1}\beta^{-1}(\Upsilon_{1}({\underline{x}})),$$ where $${\underline{x}}= \alpha^{-1}(x).$$ When we use the decomposition $\mathbb{R}_{0, n} = \mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n}\bigoplus e_{n}\mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n}$, analogous result can be obtained. We have $$\partial_{n} := \sum_{i = 1}^{n}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}} = (\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{n}} - \sum_{i = 1}^{n - 1}e_{i}e_{n}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}})e_{n} =: \overline{D_{n - 1}^{''}}e_{n}$$ $$\partial_{n} := \sum_{i = 1}^{n}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}} = e_{n}(\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{n}} + \sum_{i = 1}^{n - 1}e_{i}e_{n}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}) =: e_{n}D_{n - 1}^{''}.$$ and thus $$\begin{array}{ccc}
\partial_{n}\Phi = 0 & \Leftrightarrow & \Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
D_{n - 1}^{''}(\Phi_{0}) = 0\\
\overline{D_{n - 1}^{''}}(\Phi_{1}) = 0.
\end{array}
\end{array}$$ Being now $$\begin{array}{cccc}
\beta: & \mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}_{0, n - 1} \\
& e_{i}e_{n} & \rightarrow & e_{i}
\end{array}$$ $$D_{n - 1} = \beta(\overline{D_{n - 1}^{''}}) = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{n}} + \sum_{i = 1}^{n -1}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}} = \partial_{1} + \partial_{n - 1}$$ $$\overline{D_{n - 1}} = \beta(D_{n - 1}^{''}) = \dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{n}} - \sum_{i = 1}^{n -1}e_{i}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}} = \partial_{1} - \partial_{n - 1}$$ we have $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
D_{n - 1}(\widehat{\Phi}_{0}) = 0\\
\overline{D_{n - 1}}(\widehat{\Phi}_{1}) = 0.
\end{array}$$
A function is monogenic in the vectorial sense if and only if its even and odd part are, through isomorphism, monogenic and antimonogenic respectively in the paravectorial sense, and the following decomposition holds $$\Phi({\underline{x}}) = \beta^{-1}(\widehat{\Phi}_{0}({\underline{x}})) + e_{1}\beta^{-1}(\widehat{\Phi}_{1}({\underline{x}})),$$ where ${\underline{x}}= \alpha^{-1}(x) $.
Cauchy type integral decomposition in vectorial Clifford analysis
-----------------------------------------------------------------
It has long been known that the RBVP theory in vectorial Clifford analysis is based on using the Cauchy type integral $$\Phi({\underline{x}}) = \int_{L}e_{n}(\underline{y} - {\underline{x}})\kappa(\underline{y})g(\underline{y})d\nu(\underline{y}).$$ In particular, for a smooth surface $L$, this integral, whose density $g$ satisfies a Holder condition, gives a unique solution to the simplest case of the RBVP (\[ProbOrig\]), namely, the jump problem $$\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = g({\underline{x}}),\,{\underline{x}}\in L.$$ For what problem (\[CondComp2\]) becomes $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})} - \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})} = \widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}) \\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}),
\end{array}$$ whose solution is $$\overline{\Upsilon_{0}({\underline{x}})} = \overline{\int_{L}\overline{\widehat{g_{0}}({\underline{y}})}\kappa({\underline{y}})E_{n - 1}({\underline{y}}-{\underline{x}})d\nu({\underline{y}})},$$ $$\Upsilon_{1}({\underline{x}}) = \int_{L}E_{n - 1}({\underline{y}}- {\underline{x}})\kappa({\underline{y}})\widehat{g_{1}}({\underline{y}})d\nu({\underline{y}}).$$ Therefore by (\[SolCuater\]) we obtain
The even part of the Cauchy type integral in vector Clifford analysis is the conjugate of a right Cauchy type integral in paravector Clifford analysis and its odd part is a left Cauchy type integral in paravector Clifford analysis both trough isomorphism.
RBVP for monogenic functions in lower dimensional non-commutative Clifford algebras
===================================================================================
The lower dimensional non-commutative Clifford analysis focuses on functions $f: \mathbb{R}^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{0, 2}$. Using $$\begin{array}{cccc}
\alpha: & \mathbb{C} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{R}_{0,2}^{(1)} \\
& x_{1} + x_{2}i & \rightarrow & x_{1}e_{1} + x_{2}e_{2}
\end{array}$$ and $$\begin{array}{cccc}
\beta: & \mathbb{R}^{+}_{0, n} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{C} \\
& e_{1}e_{2} & \rightarrow & i
\end{array}$$ we can identify the correspondent paravector calculus with standard complex analysis. In fact $$\begin{array}{cccc}
\widehat{f} : & \mathbb{C} & \rightarrow & \mathbb{C}, \\
& z := \alpha({\underline{x}}) & \rightarrow & \beta(f(\alpha({\underline{x}}))).
\end{array}$$ Now, we can represent the Cauchy-Riemann operator and its conjugate as $$\partial_{\overline{z}} = \frac{1}{2}\beta(D_{1}^{'}) = \dfrac{1}{2}(\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{1}} + i\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{2}})$$ $$\partial_{z} = \frac{1}{2}\beta(\overline{D_{1}^{'}}) = \dfrac{1}{2}(\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{1}} - i\dfrac{\partial}{\partial x_{2}}).$$
As a matter of fact, $\widehat{G}^{*}_{j}({\underline{x}}) = \overline{\widehat{G}_{j}({\underline{x}})}$, $j = 0, 1$. Then (\[CondComp2\]) becomes $$\label{CondComp3}
\begin{array}{ccccc}
\begin{pmatrix}
\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})}\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & - & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}}) & -\overline{\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}})} \\
\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}}) & \overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}})}\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & = & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})\\
\widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix}.
\end{array}$$
Case of null odd part
---------------------
We have $G_{1} \equiv 0$ and hence $G = G_{0} \neq 0$. Consequently, ($\ref{CondComp3}$) becomes $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})} - \widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})} = \widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}) \\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}),
\end{array}$$ which will lead to $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) = \overline{\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})} \\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}).
\end{array}$$ These are two independent RBVPs in complex analysis with the same coefficient. We have $\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})} \neq 0$ since $G({\underline{x}}) \neq 0$.
We define $Ind(G):= Ind(\widehat{G}_{0})= \aleph$, which yields $Ind(\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}}) = -\aleph$. Following the standard techniques of the RBVP theory we have $$\begin{array}{cc}
X^{+}(z) = e^{\varGamma(z)}, & X^{-}(z) = z^{\aleph}e^{\varGamma(z)},
\end{array}$$ where $$\varGamma(z) =\dfrac{1}{2\pi i}\int\limits_{L}\dfrac{\ln[\tau^{\aleph}\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}(\tau)}]}{\tau - z}d\tau,$$ and $$\Psi_{0}(z) =\dfrac{1}{2\pi i}\int\limits_{L}\dfrac{\overline{\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}}{X^{+}(\tau)}\dfrac{d\tau}{\tau - z}.$$
$$\Psi_{1}(z) =\dfrac{1}{2\pi i}\int\limits_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{1}(\tau)}{X^{+}(\tau)}\dfrac{d\tau}{\tau - z}.$$
If $\aleph \leq 1$, the solution $\Phi({\underline{x}})$ is obtained by (\[SolCuater\]) where $$\Upsilon_{0}(z) = X(z)[\Psi_{0}(z) + P^{0}_{-\aleph}(z)],$$ $$\Upsilon_{1}(z) = X(z)[\Psi_{1}(z) + P^{1}_{-\aleph}(z)].$$ Here $P^{0}_{-\aleph}(z), P^{1}_{-\aleph}(z)$ are two polynomials of degree $-\aleph$. For $\aleph = 1$ we put $P^{0}_{-\aleph}(z) \equiv 0, P^{1}_{-\aleph}(z) \equiv 0$.
If $\aleph > 1 $, when the following $2(\aleph - 1)$ solubility conditions $$\begin{array}{cc}
\int\limits_{L}\dfrac{\overline{\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}}{X^{+}(\tau)}\tau^{k-1}d\tau = 0, & k = 1, 2, \ldots, \aleph - 1
\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{cc}
\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{1}(\tau)}{X^{+}(\tau)}\tau^{k-1}d\tau = 0, & k = 1, 2, \ldots, \aleph - 1
\end{array}$$ are fulfilled, thus (\[SolCuater\]) is the solution, where $P^{0}_{-\aleph}(z) \equiv 0, P^{1}_{-\aleph}(z) \equiv 0$.
Under condition $\Phi^{-}(\infty) = 0$, our theorem get a more symmetrical form
Under the condition $\Phi^{-}(\infty) = 0$, if $\aleph \leq 0$, the solution $\Phi({\underline{x}})$ is given by (\[SolCuater\]), where $$\Upsilon_{0}(z) = X(z)[\Psi_{0}(z) + P^{0}_{-\aleph - 1}(z)],$$ $$\Upsilon_{1}(z) = X(z)[\Psi_{1}(z) + P^{1}_{-\aleph - 1}(z)].$$ Here $P^{0}_{-\aleph - 1}(z), P^{1}_{-\aleph - 1}(z)$ are two polynomials of degree $-\aleph - 1$. For $\aleph = 0$ we put $P^{0}_{-\aleph - 1}(z) \equiv 0, P^{1}_{-\aleph - 1}(z) \equiv 0$, and the solution depends of $-4\aleph$ real constants.
If $\aleph > 0 $, when the following $2\aleph$ solubility conditions $$\begin{array}{cc}
\int_{L}\dfrac{\overline{\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}}{X^{+}(\tau)}\tau^{k-1}d\tau = 0, & k = 1, 2, \ldots, \aleph
\end{array}$$ $$\begin{array}{cc}
\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{1}(\tau)}{X^{+}(\tau)}\tau^{k-1}d\tau = 0, & k = 1, 2, \ldots, \aleph
\end{array}$$ are fulfilled, thus (\[SolCuater\]) is the solution, where $P^{0}_{-\aleph - 1}(z) \equiv 0, P^{1}_{-\aleph - 1}(z) \equiv 0$.
### Example 1 {#example-1 .unnumbered}
Find a function $\Phi$, vanishing at infinity, holomorphic in ${\mathbb{R}}^2\setminus L$ by the boundary condition $$\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) - (-e_{1}{\underline{x}})[(-e_{1}{\underline{x}})^{2} - 1]^{-1}\Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = [-e_{1}{\underline{x}}- 1]^{-1} + e_{1}[-{\underline{x}}e_{1} + 1]^{-1},\,{\underline{x}}\in L,$$ where $L$ is an arbitrary smooth curve assuming additional conditions to be divided in four cases.
In this example, the problem reduces to the complex Riemann problems: $$\Big\lbrace \begin{array}{c}
\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \dfrac{t}{t^{2} - 1}\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) =\dfrac{1}{t - 1}\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \dfrac{t}{t^{2} - 1}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \dfrac{1}{t + 1}
\end{array}$$
**Case a)** $L$ contains inside the point $z = 0$ and $z = 1, z = -1$ are outside. Let $\aleph = Ind(G) = -Ind(\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}) = -1$, so that $$\begin{array}{cc}
X^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z^{2} - 1}, & X^{-}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z},\\
\Psi^{+}_{0}(z) = z + 1, & \Psi^{-}_{0}(z) = 0, \\
\Psi^{+}_{1}(z) = z - 1, & \Psi^{-}_{1}(z) = 0. \\
\end{array}$$ We have $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z^{2} - 1}(z + 1 + c_{1}), & \Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z) = \dfrac{c_{1}}{z},\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z^{2} - 1}(z - 1 + c_{2}), & \Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z) = \dfrac{c_{2}}{z},
\end{array}$$ and thus $$\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) = [-e_{1}{\underline{x}}- 1]^{-1} + (c^{0}_{1} + e_{1}e_{2}c^{1}_{1})[(-e_{1}{\underline{x}})^{2} - 1]^{-1} + e_{1}[-{\underline{x}}e_{1} + 1]^{-1} +$$ $$+ (e_{1}c^{0}_{2} -e_{2}c^{1}_{2})[(-{\underline{x}}e_{1})^{2} - 1]^{-1},$$ $$\Phi^{-}(z) = (c^{0}_{1} + e_{1}e_{2}c^{1}_{1})[-e_{1}{\underline{x}}]^{-1} + (e_{1}c^{0}_{2} - e_{2}c^{1}_{2})[-{\underline{x}}e_{1}]^{-1},$$
**Case b)** $L$ contains inside the points $z = 0, z = 1$ and $z = -1$ lies outside. Then $\aleph = Ind(G) = -Ind(\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}) = 0$, so that $$\begin{array}{cc}
X^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z + 1}, & X^{-}(z) = \dfrac{z - 1}{z},\\
\Psi^{+}_{0}(z) = 1, & \Psi^{-}_{0}(z) = -\dfrac{2}{z - 1}, \\
\Psi^{+}_{1}(z) = 1, & \Psi^{-}_{1}(z) = 0. \\
\end{array}$$ We have $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z + 1}, & \Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z) = -\dfrac{2}{z},\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z + 1}, & \Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z) = 0,
\end{array}$$ and $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) = [-e_{1}{\underline{x}}+ 1]^{-1} + e_{1}[-{\underline{x}}e_{1} + 1]^{-1}, & \Phi^{-}(z) = -2[-e_{1}{\underline{x}}]^{-1}.
\end{array}$$
**Case c)** $L$ contains inside the point $z = -1$ and $z = 0, z = 1$ are outside. Thus $\aleph = Ind(G) = -Ind(\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}) = 1$. Then the solubility conditions $$\int_{L}\dfrac{1}{\tau}d\tau = 0,$$ $$\int_{L}\dfrac{\tau - 1}{\tau(\tau + 1)}d\tau = \int_{L}\dfrac{1}{\tau + 1}d\tau - \int_{L}\dfrac{\frac{1}{\tau}}{\tau + 1}d\tau = 4\pi i,$$ must be satisfied. So the problem has no solution. Notice that, in this case, the first complex problem has a solution, but it is not enough to solve the original problem.
**Case d)** $L$ contains inside the point $z = -1$ and $z = 0, z = 1$ are outside. Let $\aleph = Ind(G) = -Ind(\overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}) = 1$, but in this case function $g({\underline{x}})$ should be taking quite different $$g({\underline{x}}) = [-e_{1}{\underline{x}}- 1]^{-1} + e_{1}[-{\underline{x}}e_{1}]^{-1}.$$ Checking the solubility conditions we have $$\int_{L}\dfrac{1}{\tau}d\tau = 0,$$ $$\int_{L}\dfrac{\tau - 1}{\tau^{2}}d\tau = \int_{L}\dfrac{1}{\tau}d\tau - \int_{L}\dfrac{1}{\tau^{2}}d\tau = 0.$$ Therefore, there exists solution $$\begin{array}{cc}
X^{+}(z) = \dfrac{z}{z - 1}, & X^{-}(z) = z + 1,\\
\Psi^{+}_{0}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z}, & \Psi^{-}_{0}(z) = 0, \\
\Psi^{+}_{1}(z) = \dfrac{z - 1}{z^{2}}, & \Psi^{-}_{1}(z) = 0. \\
\end{array}$$ We have $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z - 1}, & \Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z) = 0,\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z}, & \Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z) = 0.
\end{array}$$ Thus, the only solution is $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Phi^{+} = [-e_{1}{\underline{x}}- 1]^{-1} + e_{1}[-{\underline{x}}e_{1}]^{-1}, & \Phi^{-} = 0.
\end{array}$$
Case of constant coefficients
-----------------------------
For this case, the theory of conformal mappings will be used. Let $L$ denote a simple closed and smooth contour with a tangent that forms a certain angle with a constant direction that satisfies a Hölder condition. This idea has previously been used in [@Chibrikova-Rogozhin; @Mu].
### Reduction to a circle case
Let us denote by $\omega = \chi^{+}(z)$ ($\omega = \chi^{-}(z)$) a conformal mapping from $\Omega_{+}$ ($\Omega_{-}$) to the inside (outside) of the unit circle $C$. We shall write $z = \varphi^{+}(\omega)$ ($z = \varphi^{-}(\omega)$) the respective inverses. From the theory of conformal mappings it is known that under the adopted conditions referred to the contour $L$ not only the functions $\chi^{+}(z), \chi^{-}(z),\varphi^{+}(\omega), \varphi^{-}(\omega)$, but also its first derivatives are continuously prolonged over $L$ and $C$ respectively and satisfy a Hölder condition.
Introducing the new functions $$\begin{array}{ccc}
\Psi^{+}_{j}(\omega) = \Upsilon^{+}_{j}[\varphi^{+}(\omega)], & \Psi^{-}_{j}(\omega) = \Upsilon^{-}_{j}[\varphi^{-}(\omega)], & j = 0, 1,
\end{array}$$ the boundary condition takes the form $$\label{ProbCir}
\begin{array}{ccccc}
\begin{pmatrix}
\overline{\Psi^{+}_{0}(\zeta)}\\
\Psi^{+}_{1}(\zeta)
\end{pmatrix} & - & \begin{pmatrix}
\widetilde{G}_{0}(\zeta) & -\overline{\widetilde{G}_{1}(\zeta)} \\
\widetilde{G}_{1}(\zeta) & \overline{\widetilde{G}_{0}(\zeta)}
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
\overline{\Psi_{0}^{-}(\zeta)}\\
\Psi_{1}^{-}(\zeta)
\end{pmatrix} & = & \begin{pmatrix}
\widetilde{g}_{0}(\zeta)\\
\widetilde{g}_{1}(\zeta)
\end{pmatrix}.
\end{array}$$ where $\widetilde{g}_{j}(\zeta) = \widehat{g}_{j}(\varphi^{-}(\zeta))$, $\widetilde{G}_{j}(\zeta) = \widehat{G}_{j}(\varphi^{-}(\zeta))$, $j = 0, 1$.\
The functions $\widetilde{G}_{j}, \widetilde{g}_{j}$ defined on $C$ satisfy a Hölder condition, when it is fulfilled by $\widehat{G}_{j}, \widehat{g}_{j}$. So the problem (\[CondComp2\]) becomes at (\[ProbCir\]) considered on the unit circle with center at the origin.
### Solution over the unit circle
Let $L$ be a unit circle with center at the origin. Doing in (\[CondComp2\]) the change of variables $$\Lambda^{+}(z) = \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}(\frac{1}{\overline{z}})},$$ $$\Lambda^{-}(z) = \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(\frac{1}{\overline{z}})},$$ note that $\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}(\infty)} = \Lambda^{+}(0)$. If we have the condition $\Phi(\infty) = 0$, then for (\[SolCuater\]) we have that $\Lambda^{+}(0) = 0$, so over $L$ we have that $$\Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) = \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}(\frac{1}{\overline{t}})} = \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}})},$$ $$\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(\frac{1}{\overline{t}})} = \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}})}.$$ next the system (\[CondComp2\]) becomes $$\begin{array}{ccccc}
\begin{pmatrix}
\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}})\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & - & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}}) & -\overline{\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}})} \\
\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}}) & \overline{\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}})}
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
\Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}})\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & = & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})\\
\widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix}
\end{array}$$ where the function $\Lambda$ is holomorphic on ${\mathbb{C}}\setminus L$.
Now if we consider the case of constant coefficients we have that $\widehat{G}_{0}({\underline{x}}) \equiv a$ and $\widehat{G}_{1}({\underline{x}}) \equiv b$ where the constants $a$, $b$ $\in \mathbb{C}$ and then we obtain that $$\begin{array}{ccccc}
\begin{pmatrix}
\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}})\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & - & \begin{pmatrix}
a & -\overline{b} \\
b & \overline{a}
\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}
\Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}})\\
\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix} & = & \begin{pmatrix}
\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})\\
\widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}})
\end{pmatrix}
\end{array}$$ that is $$\label{CondConsCom1}
\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}}) - a\Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) + \overline{b}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}),$$ $$\label{CondConsCom2}
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - b\Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \overline{a}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}).$$ Since in (\[ProbOrig\]) we have $G({\underline{x}}) \neq 0$ then at least $a \neq$ or $b \neq 0$. We will consider three cases.
**Case a)**We will analyze first the case in which $a \neq 0$ and $b \neq 0$. Here we have for (\[CondConsCom1\]) $$\Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) -\frac{1}{a}\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}}) - \frac{\overline{b}}{a}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = -\frac{1}{a}\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}),$$ and put $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Psi_{0}^{+}(z) = \Lambda^{+}(z) & \Psi_{0}^{-}(z) = \frac{1}{a}\Lambda^{-}(z) + \frac{\overline{b}}{a}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z)
\end{array}$$ the problem becomes in $$\Psi_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -\Psi_{0}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = -\frac{1}{a}\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}),$$ whit $\Psi_{0}^{+}(0) = 0$. The solution to this problem is $$\Psi_{0}(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{-\frac{1}{a}\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}{\tau - z} - \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{-\frac{1}{a}\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}{\tau}.$$ Substituting in (\[CondConsCom2\]) $$\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \overline{a}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}) + b\Psi_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}).$$ and put $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Psi_{1}^{+}(z) = \Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) & \Psi_{1}^{-}(z) = \overline{a}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z)
\end{array}$$ the problem becomes in $$\Psi_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) -\Psi_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}) + b\Psi_{0}^{+}({\underline{x}}).$$ whit $\Psi_{1}^{-}(\infty) = 0$. The solution to this problem is $$\Psi_{1}(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{1}(\tau) + b\Psi_{0}^{+}(\tau)}{\tau - z}.$$ Therefore we obtain $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Lambda^{+}(z) = \Psi_{0}^{+}(z) & \Lambda^{-}(z) = a\Psi_{0}^{-}(z) - \frac{\overline{b}}{\overline{a}}\Psi_{1}^{-}(z) \\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = \Psi_{1}^{+}(z) & \Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z) = \frac{1}{\overline{a}}\Psi_{1}^{-}(z).
\end{array}$$
### Example 2 {#example-2 .unnumbered}
Find a function $\Phi$, that vanishes at infinity, holomorphic in ${\mathbb{R}}^2\setminus L$ and satisfying: $$\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) - (1 - e_{1})\Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = [-{\underline{x}}e_{1}]^{-1} + e_{1}[-{\underline{x}}e_{1} - 2]^{-1},\,{\underline{x}}\in L.$$ where $L$ is the unit circle with center in the origin.\
In this case we have $$\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}}) - \Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) + \Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \dfrac{1}{t},$$ $$\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \dfrac{1}{t - 2}.$$ and thus $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Psi_{0}^{+}(z) \equiv 0 & \Psi_{0}^{-}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z} \\
\Psi_{1}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z - 2} & \Psi_{1}^{-}(z) \equiv 0.
\end{array}$$ then we have $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Lambda^{+}(z) \equiv 0 & \Lambda^{-}(z) \equiv \dfrac{1}{z} \\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = \dfrac{1}{z - 2} & \Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z) \equiv 0.
\end{array}$$ next $$\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z)} = \Lambda^{+}(\frac{1}{\overline{z}}) \equiv 0,$$ $$\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(z)} = \Lambda^{-}(\frac{1}{\overline{z}}) = \overline{z} ,$$ therefore the solution is $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) = (-e_{1}{\underline{x}}) + e_{1}[-{\underline{x}}e_{1} - 2]^{-1} & \Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = 0.
\end{array}$$
**Case b)** $a \neq 0$ and $b = 0$ this can be handled in much the same way. Indeed we have $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Lambda^{+}(z) = \Psi_{0}^{+}(z) & \Lambda^{-}(z) = a\Psi_{0}^{-}(z) \\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = \Psi_{1}^{+}(z) & \Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z) = \frac{1}{\overline{a}}\Psi_{1}^{-}(z).
\end{array}$$ where $$\Psi_{0}(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{-\frac{1}{a}\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}{\tau - z} - \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{-\frac{1}{a}\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}{\tau}.$$ $$\Psi_{1}(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{1}(\tau)}{\tau - z}.$$
**Case c)** $a = 0$ and $b \neq 0$ here we have $$\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}}) + \overline{b}\Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}),$$ $$\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - b\Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) = \widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}).$$ A necessary and sufficient condition for this problem to be solved is that $\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})$ admits a holomorphic extension to $\Omega^{+}$ and $\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}})$. If these are satisfied we can choose one of this functions for example $\Lambda(z)$ being holomorphic in $\mathbb{C}\backslash L$ and $\Lambda(0) = 0$. In particular we can choose $\Lambda^{+}(z) = z^{n}$ and $\Lambda^{-}(z) = \displaystyle\frac{1}{z^{n}}$ and then we have $$\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{1}(\tau) + b\tau^{n}}{\tau - z},$$ $$\Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z) = -\frac{1}{2\overline{b}\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau) - \frac{1}{\tau^{n}}}{\tau - z}.$$ Next in the tree cases doing $$\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z)} = \Lambda^{+}(\frac{1}{\overline{z}}),$$ $$\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(z)} = \Lambda^{-}(\frac{1}{\overline{z}}),$$ and applying the reverse mappings through (\[SolCuater\]) we have the solution. We have obtained the following theorem.
If the even part of the Riemann boundary value problem with constants coefficients is no null then the problem have unique solution else if not the following solubility conditions must be satisfied $$\frac{1}{2}\widehat{g}_{0}({\underline{x}}) + \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{0}(\tau)}{\tau - t} = 0$$ $$-\frac{1}{2}\widehat{g}_{1}({\underline{x}}) + \frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{L}\dfrac{\widehat{g}_{1}(\tau)}{\tau - t} = 0$$ if both are satisfied then the problem has an infinite number of linearly independent solutions, that vanishes at infinity.
### Example 3 {#example-3 .unnumbered}
Find a function $\Phi$, that vanishes at infinity, holomorphic in ${\mathbb{R}}^2\setminus L$ and satisfying: $$\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) - e_{1}\Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = 0,\,{\underline{x}}\in L.$$ where $L$ is the unit circle with center in the origin.\
In this case we have $$\Lambda^{-}({\underline{x}}) + \Upsilon_{1}^{-}({\underline{x}}) = 0,$$ $$\Upsilon_{1}^{+}({\underline{x}}) - \Lambda^{+}({\underline{x}}) = 0.$$ where $\Lambda^{+}(0) = 0$ and $\Upsilon_{1}^{-}(\infty) = 0$.\
Obviously the solubility conditions are satisfied, then we can choose $\Lambda^{+}(z) = 0$ and $\Lambda^{-}(z) = \displaystyle\frac{1}{z^{m}}, m\in {\mathbb N}$ and then we have $$\begin{array}{cc}
\overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{+}(z)} = \overline{z}^{m}, & \overline{\Upsilon_{0}^{-}(z)} = 0, \\
\Upsilon_{1}^{+}(z) = 0, & \Upsilon_{1}^{-}(z) = -\displaystyle\frac{1}{z^{m}}, m\in {\mathbb N}.
\end{array}$$ Therefore we obtain $$\begin{array}{cc}
\Phi^{+}({\underline{x}}) = (-e_{1}{\underline{x}})^{m}, & \Phi^{-}({\underline{x}}) = - e_{1}[(-{\underline{x}}e_{1})^{m}]^{-1}, m\in {\mathbb N}.
\end{array}$$ By decreasing induction on $m$, we can verify that these functions satisfy the conditions of the problem.
The significance of this example is captured by the following corollary, which is consistent with the earlier results on the Fredholmness of the left linear Riemann operator reported in [@Br; @ShV].
The homogeneous Riemann boundary value problem with constants coefficients can has an infinite number of linearly independent solutions, that vanishes at infinity.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
C. D. Tamayo Castro gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Postgraduate Study Fellowship of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) (grant number 957110). J. Bory Reyes was partially supported by Instituto Politécnico Nacional in the framework of SIP programs (SIP20195662).
[100]{} H. Begehr. *Complex analytic methods for partial differential equations. An introductory text*. Singapore: World Scientific. ix, 273 p. 1994. S. Bernstein. *On the index of Clifford algebra valued singular integral operators and the left linear Riemann problem*. Complex Variables Theory Appl. 35 (1998), no. 1, 33-64. J. Bory Reyes; C. D. Tamayo Castro; R. Abreu Blaya. *Compound Riemann Hilbert boundary value problems in complex and quaternionic analysis*. Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebr. 27 (2017), no. 2, 977-991. J. Bory Reyes; R. Abreu Blaya; R. M. Rodríguez Dagnino; B. A. Kats. *On Riemann boundary value problems for null solutions of the two dimensional Helmholtz equation*. Anal. Math. Phys. 9 (2019), no. 1, 483–496. F. Brackx; R. Delanghe; F. Sommen. *Clifford analysis*. Research Notes in Mathematics 76, Pitman (Advanced Publishing Program), Boston, 1982. P. Cerejeiras; U. Kähler; K. Min. *On the Riemann boundary value problem for null solutions to iterated generalized Cauchy-Riemann operator in Clifford analysis*. Results Math. 63 (2013), no. 3-4, 1375-1394. L. I. Chibrikova, V. S. Rogozhin. *Reduction of certain boundary problems to a generalized Riemannian problem*. Mathematics, Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta, 112, no. 10, Kazan State University, Kazan, 1952, 123-127. F. D. Gajov. *Boundary value problems*. 3rd ed, Nauka, Moskow, English transl. of 2nd ed, Pergamon Press, Oxford, and Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1966. R. P. Gilbert; J. L. Buchanan. *First order elliptic systems. A function theoretic approach*. Mathematics in Science and Engineering. 163. New York-London etc.: Academic Press. XI, 1983. K. Gürlebeck; Z. Zhang. *Some Riemann boundary value problems in Clifford analysis*. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 33, (2010), no. 3, 287-302. J. Le; D. Jinyuan. *Riemann boundary value problems for some k-regular functions in Clifford analysis*. Acta Math. Sci. Ser. B (Engl. Ed.) 32 (2012), no. 5, 2029-2049. G. Longfei. *A kind of Riemann boundary value problem for triharmonic functions in Clifford analysis*. Integral equations, boundary value problems and related problems, 49-58, World Sci. Publ., Hackensack, NJ, 2013. G. Longfei. *Riemann-Type Problem in Hermitian Clifford Analysis*. Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc. 42 (2019), no. 5, 2585-2601. G. Longfei; D. Jinyuan; C. Donghan. *A kind of Riemann boundary value problems for pseudo-harmonic functions in Clifford analysis*. Complex Var. Elliptic Equ. 59 (2014), no. 3, 412-426. G. Longfei; F. Zunwei. *Riemann boundary value problem for $H-2$-monogenic function in Hermitian Clifford analysis*. Bound. Value Probl. 2014, 2014:81, 19 pp. G. Longfei; Z. Zhang. *Riemann boundary value problem for harmonic functions in Clifford analysis*. Math. Nachr. 287 (2014), no. 8-9, 1001-1012. J. K. Lu. *Boundary value problems for analytic functions*, World Scientific Publish. Singapure, New Jersey, London Hong Kong, 1993. K. Min; F. Yingxiong; U. Kähler; P. Cerejeiras. *Riemann boundary value problems for iterated Dirac operator on the ball in Clifford analysis*. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 7 (2013), no. 3, 673-693. N. I. Mushelisvili. *Singular integral equations*. Nauka, Moskow, 1968, English transl. of 1st ed., Noodhoff, Groningen, 1953. M. Shapiro; N, Vasilievski. *Quaternionic $\psi$-hyperholomorphic functions, singular integral operator and boundary value problems, Part I and II*. Complex Variables: Theory and Appl. 1995; [**27**]{}: 14-46 and 67- 96. I. N. Vekua. *Generalized analytic functions*. Pergamon Press, London Paris Frankfurt; Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass. 1962. W. L. Wendland. *Elliptic systems in the plane*. Monographs and Studies in Mathematics, 3. Pitman (Advanced Publishing Program), Boston, 1979. Z. Zhang; K. Gürlebeck. *Some Riemann boundary value problems in Clifford analysis (I)*. Complex Var. Elliptic Equ. 58 (2013), no. 7, 991-1003.
| 2024-03-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3954 |
Abstract
Plasma has a data abstraction mechanism called DataEngines. You can ask for a DataEngine by name, request a source from it (again, by name) and you get data back from it, either at fixed intervals or whenever it is updated by the DataEngine internally. The data is a map (which is the same as an object in JavaScript) of string keys to data.
There are two new things in this plasmoid. We've implemented plasmoid.dataUpdate, and connected a data engine source to it.
If you connect a data engine source to object, when there is an update for that source the method object.dataUpdate is called with two arguments: the name of the source and a map containing the data provided by the source.
In this case, plasmoid.dataUpdate gets called with "Local" as the first argument and the following object as the second argument (on my machine right now):
{
The last line of the script does the actual connection. We select the "time" data engine and request the "Local" source from it, which provide the local time. We tell it to connect to the plasmoid object and force an update every 500ms (every half a second).
If we left off the last parameter to connectSource (ie: didn't provide an update interval), then the source would be updated when there was new data available. This doesn't make much sense for a clock, where the time is continually changing, so would actually get no updates at all if you did this. However, there are other data engines (such as the "soliddevice" engine) where you only want to be notified when something changed, and in this case you would leave off the update interval.
Connecting Engines to Plasma Interface Elements
A number of Plasma interface elements support connecting DataEngines directly to them. These include:
Label
Meter
TextEdit
With these widgets, one can simply direct the DataEngine to update the widget directly and it will attempt to display the data. So in our example we could also write it as:
layout = new LinearLayout(plasmoid);
label = new Label();
layout.addItem(label);
plasmoid.dataEngine("time").connectSource("Local", label, 500);
While this is not as flexible as implementing plasmoid.dataUpdate, it can be a useful technique.
Pro tip: plasmaengineexplorer
To find out what engines are available and what sources they provide, run
plasmaengineexplorer
You can choose from any of the installed data engines and request a source, including setting an update interval. Just remember that when you are reading the data in JavaScript, spaces in the keys provided by the sources are replaced by underscores. So each source in the time engine provides a "Timezone Continent" key, but in JavaScript you would access that as data.Timezone_Continent or data["Timezone_Continent"]. | 2024-04-24T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9490 |
Sweet Dixie - Seaside Collection Die - Seashells
SDD370
Description
Sweet Dixie - Seaside Collection Die - Seashells
Sweet Dixie Dies are manufactured to the highest possible standard and
cut beautifully. They can also be used for embossing or as stencils.
Although exceptionally well priced, they also offer a premium feel
thanks perfectly machined metal with a stick resistant finish.
The Sweet Dixie die range is compatible with almost all leading die
cutting machines. If you would like to check if they are compatible with
your machine, please just contact our friendly customer services team on
01271 326777.
Measures - 90 x 89mm
Delivery
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We offer FREE delivery to all UK postcodes on all orders over £25. All customers in Northern Ireland, Highlands and Islands and Channel Islands please Select delivery zone UK Mainland (DO NOT CHANGE IT TO NON MAINLAND) else you will be charged P and P
The level of service that we offer is very important to us, we will aim to dispatch your order within 24 hours of you placing it. Our standard delivery is a 2 - 5 day service although this is not guaranteed. Usually orders arrives within 3 days of ordering We also offer a Guaranteed Next Working Day Delivery at a cost of £5.99 order must be placed 11.00am and will arrive the next working day. If you have placed the order on Friday and selected Next Day Delivery, your order will arrive on Monday.
For orders under £25 delivery is charged at £2.49.
REPUBLIC OF IRELAND
We are happy to send your Parcel to the Parcel Motel Depot in Belfast thus getting free P and P, Parcel Motel will then take your Parcel to the Parcel Motel of your choice for a cost of €3.50 . You will need to have a Parcel Motel Account set up and include your Name and Parcel Motel ID in the address when ordering.
Please visit www.parcelmotel.com for more information.Our standard delivery charge to the Republic of Ireland is £9.99
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Finland, Norway, Sweden, Turkey USA £49.99
Rest of the World £69.99
It may be possible to send your order more economically please call us with details of your order and we can quote you based on the size and weight of your order.
Returns
We want all our customers to be completely happy with both the service and products they receive from Crafty Devils Ltd.
We offer a 14 day no quibble guarantee; in the unlikely event that you are dissatisfied with the goods please call us on 01271 326777.
On receipt of your goods, we will happily give you a full refund, replace the goods or issue a credit note.
For goods that are not faulty we will happily issue a refund or exchange. However, if the value of the unwanted item brings the total order value to less than £25, then our standard postage rate of £2.49 will be deducted from the amount to be refunded. Any unwanted items must be returned unused and in their original packaging. If you would like to exchange an item then we will have to ask that you pay the cost of return postage and contribute £1.99 towards the cost of sending the replacement item. Goods must be received back within 14 days of receipt.
Postage costs for sending back goods that are not faulty will not be refunded. However, we will happily refund the cost of return postage for faulty items but only if they are returned using second or standard class Royal Mail.
The Following Products cannot be returned magazines and any Audio/Video tapes or CD's or computer software whose seals have been broken.
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Q:
html: Dynamic add checkbox failure?
I want to make a webpage that can dynamically add checkbox.
The follows is my code. It can add label, however, it can't add checkbox. I don't know the reason?
<html>
<head>
<script text="text/javascript">
function dynamicAdd(){
var name = document.getElementById("addName");
var checkbox= document.createElement(name.value);
checkbox.type="checkbox";
checkbox.name=name.value;
checkbox.value=name.value;
checkbox.id=name.value;
var label = document.createElement("label");
label.htmlFor="id";
label.appendChild(document.createTextNode("text for label after checkbox"));
var container = document.getElementById("checklist");
container.appendChild(checkbox);
container.appendChild(label);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form id="checklist">
<input type="checkbox" value="windows">Windows Clean</input><br>
<input type="checkbox" value="floor">Floor Clean</input><br>
</form>
<input type="text" id="addName" size="25" maxlength="50" value="elevator"><br>
<Button type="button" onclick="dynamicAdd()" name="add">AddOption</button>
</body>
</html>
A:
document.createElement(name.value);
Is false, according to this (@Quentin).
Text extract from the link
...
var checkbox = document.createElement('input');
checkbox.type = "checkbox";
checkbox.name = "name";
checkbox.value = "value";
checkbox.id = "id";
var label = document.createElement('label')
label.htmlFor = "id";
label.appendChild(document.createTextNode('text for label after checkbox'));
container.appendChild(checkbox);
container.appendChild(label);
| 2024-03-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2146 |
BlackBerry on Friday moved to bolster is enterprise mobility management prospects and consolidate the industry a bit with a deal to acquire Good Technology for $425 million in cash.
The company has been working to reinvent itself as one primarily driven by software and the acquisition of Good will go a long way toward that goal. BlackBerry said Good will add $160 million in revenue in the first year.
Read this BlackBerry's software strategy: Will the stars line up? BlackBerry has BES12 at the core of its software strategy, but a lot of other moving parts need to line up if the company is going to be an enterprise application contender. Read More
In a statement, BlackBerry said that Good will give it the assets to offer a unified mobility platform that can manage multiple platforms.
BlackBerry CEO John Chen said Good will enable the company to "enhance its sales and distribution capabilities and further grow its enterprise software revenue stream." Good CEO Christy Wyatt said her company will also fit into BlackBerry's Internet of things plans.
BlackBerry will benefit from the acquisition of Good because it won't have to work hard to convince CIOs it can manage more than its own devices. Sixty four percent of Good's activations are iOS devices and the company also counts Android and Windows in the customer base.
"Our combined product platform will be the industry's broadest and deepest and extend beyond EMM and into the IoT world," Chen said on a call with analysts. "We will have strength across all the mobile operating systems."
Related: BlackBerry names former Cisco exec head of sales | BlackBerry updates BES12 for Samsung Knox, Android for Work | BlackBerry still has to prove software progress despite Q1 promise
Good also brings containers and secure applications to BlackBerry, which will aim to meld the Good Works technology with Blackberry's own enterprise mobility tools. On the call with analysts Chen admitted that BlackBerry has been weak on containers with other operating systems.
BlackBerry's partnership with Samsung around its KNOX technology will also blend into Good Dynamics and its partner program.
The challenge for the two companies will revolve around how fast they can integrate the product roadmaps and offerings. Good and BlackBerry have been rivals for years.
Chen made a point to stress the synergy between the two companies, despite the fact that there is not an immediate plan to merge platforms on the front end.
Good has 6,200 companies as customers.
The deal is expected to close in BlackBerry's fiscal third quarter.
Good filed to go public in March, but market turbulence as well as challenges among mobility management players made the BlackBerry deal more enticing. Here's a look at Good's financials. | 2024-01-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9192 |
Jumper (2008)
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Barolo 2009
A Bumpy Road Indeed
I wrote yesterday about the 2009 vintage in Barolo and today I begin reporting on the wines tasted. with over 30 winery visits o the region last month there's a lot of wine to report on. I've included my notes below, broken down by visit in roughly chronological order. As you can see not everyone was able to present the 2009 Barolo for each of their vineyards, and several producers also poured prior vintages for comparisons sake.
In addition to the tasting notes you'll find some information, where available, for each wine or vineyard. As each visit does not follow a set plan, and conversations drift off topic with some frequency, there is no rhyme nor reason for these tidbits of information. I've included them because I believe that they add some valuable information which should help readers better understand each wine. i hope you find them useful! I'll be following up with the second half of this report later this week with additional articles on barbera, Dolcetto, and Barbaresco coming out soon after.
Mentioned in this article
Comments
I would definitely second that emotion that Brovia & Elvio Cogno are unheralded stars of Barolo. I only wish they would stay that way so as to remain reasonably priced for those of us who do not run hedge funds... | 2024-03-13T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9990 |
2013 IL App (1st) 120286
FIRST DIVISION
FILED: December 2, 2013
No. 1-12-0286
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the
ILLINOIS, ) Circuit Court of
) Cook County.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 04-CR-15651
)
KATHY MIRAGLIA, ) Honorable
) Gilbert J. Grossi,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Cunningham and Delort concurred in the judgment.
OPINION
¶1 The defendant, Kathy Miraglia, appeals from the circuit court order which both denied her
a retrospective jury determination on the question of her fitness to stand trial and which found her
fit to stand trial. For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶2 Following a bench trial in 2006, the defendant was convicted of two counts of criminal
sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12-13(A)(4) (West 2004)) and sentenced to two consecutive four-year
terms of imprisonment. The evidence adduced at trial revealed the following facts. In 2003, the
defendant, a clinical psychologist at Hillside Academy High School, held group counseling sessions
which included J.B., a 16-year old male junior at the school. J.B. testified that he began to meet with
2013 IL App (1st) 120286
the defendant in private sessions and that their conversations became "deeper." They eventually
exchanged phone numbers and the conversations became sexual in nature. Thereafter, the defendant
met with J.B. outside of school, and they engaged in sexual intercourse. On several occasions, the
defendant bought liquor for J.B. and gave him money to buy marijuana, which they shared. Mike
Miraglia, the defendant's husband, testified that on three separate occasions, he discovered letters
written by the defendant to J.B., detailing the couple's drug and alcohol use and their sexual
relationship.
¶3 Prior to trial, the State raised the question of the defendant's fitness to stand trial by informing
the court that records indicated that the defendant was taking antidepressant medication and had
checked herself into a mental health facility before her arrest in June 2004. Defense counsel
requested a hearing outside of the defendant's presence to discuss the issue of her fitness to stand
trial. The court expressed its reservations, but granted counsel's request and ordered the courtroom
cleared. Defense counsel informed the court that the defendant had previously attempted suicide and
had been hospitalized. He confirmed that she had been taking antidepressant medication, but could
not verify the specific medication. The court noted that it had not developed any bona fide doubt
concerning the defendant's fitness, but opined that defense counsel was better situated to make such
a judgment and elicited his opinion. After counsel concurred with the court's assessment, the court
concluded that was "all we have to go on," and the matter proceeded to trial without a fitness
hearing.
¶4 On direct appeal, the defendant argued, in relevant part, that she was denied her right to be
present during a critical stage of the trial because the court discussed the issue of her fitness outside
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2013 IL App (1st) 120286
of her presence. This court reviewed the issue, finding that a proceeding at which a defendant's
fitness to stand trial is discussed is a critical stage for purposes of a defendant's right to be present.
People v. Miraglia, No. 1-06-2654 (May 20, 2008) (unpublished order pursuant to Supreme Court
Rule 23). We concluded that the trial court erred in excluding the defendant from the proceeding
and remanded "the matter to the trial court for a retrospective fitness hearing." Id. We held that, if
the trial court determined that the defendant was unfit for trial, her convictions should be vacated
and the court should conduct further proceedings pursuant to section 104-10 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/104-10 (West 2004)). Id. We further held that, if the trial
court determined that the defendant was fit, her convictions and sentences shall stand. Id.
¶5 On remand, the matter was returned to Judge Grossi, the trial judge in Maywood who
presided over the defendant's trial. The defendant requested that a jury be impaneled for purposes
of retrospectively determining her fitness to stand trial. Thereafter, the matter was transferred to the
criminal courthouse in Chicago where jury trials on fitness are conducted. On April 12, 2011, the
State moved to strike the defendant's request for a jury determination on the issue of her fitness,
asserting that she was not entitled to a jury because the proceeding was to take place after trial and
after her convictions were entered of record.
¶6 On May 9, 2011, Judge Mary Brosnahan granted the State's motion, finding that the facts of
the case did not present a scenario in which the defendant requested a jury determination of her
fitness hearing prior to trial. Rather, the court determined that, under the facts presented here, the
defendant was not entitled to a jury trial on the issue of her fitness as the issue of the defendant's
fitness was first raised after her trial had begun. See People v. Melka, 319 Ill. App. 3d 431, 744
3
2013 IL App (1st) 120286
N.E.2d 290 (2000). The matter was then transferred back to Judge Grossi's courtroom in Maywood
for a non-jury determination of the defendant's fitness.
¶7 On August 3, 2011, the fitness hearing proceeded before Judge Grossi. Dr. Christofer
Cooper, a forensic psychologist, testified that he received the defendant's medical records, police
reports, and transcripts of some of the trial court proceedings, including the defendant's statement
in allocution. He also met with the defendant on September 22, 2008, for over two hours to evaluate
her present fitness. Dr. Cooper explained that to evaluate a defendant's retrospective fitness, he
considers the defendant's current fitness and assesses whether there have been any significant
changes or differences in the defendant's mental state or brain functioning from the time of trial. Dr.
Cooper noted that the defendant had a doctorate in psychology and had been employed as a school
counselor at the time of her offense. After her arrest, the defendant worked full-time for Ameri-
Suites Hotel until the time of her trial. At the time of her trial, the defendant stated she had been
taking medications prescribed by Dr. Blaise Wofrum. However, Dr. Cooper noted that Dr.
Wolfrum's records showed that he had not treated the defendant for approximately nine months
before her trial. There was also no record of any prescriptions from Dr. Wolfrum. According to the
records, the defendant was not under any doctor's care in June 2006.
¶8 Dr. Cooper testified that he also reviewed records from Dr. James Corcoran, who treated the
defendant for anxiety and depression about two months after her conviction. Dr. Cooper found it
relevant that the defendant did not exhibit any psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations, delusions
or confused thinking when she saw Dr. Corcoran. He also noted that the defendant was not seen by
a psychiatrist or psychologist for any mental health treatment from the time of her trial in June 2006
4
2013 IL App (1st) 120286
until she saw Dr. Corcoran in August 2006.
¶9 Upon examination, Dr. Cooper found the defendant to be cogent and coherent and that she
did not display any signs of disorganized thinking, confusion or psychotic symptoms. He
acknowledged that, before her June 2004 arrest, the defendant was hospitalized for depression and
anxiety for nine days and then reported ongoing symptoms after that point. However, based on her
clinical history, Dr. Cooper opined that, although the defendant had a history of depression, that
diagnosis did not render her unfit to stand trial. Dr. Cooper concluded that the defendant was fit to
stand trial in June 2006, because there was no clinical indication that she suffered from significant
symptoms of mental health disease that would have precluded or impeded her fitness at the time of
trial. In his opinion, the defendant was able to assist in her defense in June 2006 and was able to
understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings against her.
¶ 10 Dr. Peter Lourgos, a forensic psychiatrist, testified that he evaluated the defendant to
determine her fitness to stand trial in June 2006. He reviewed her psycho-social history, police
reports, and her medical and court records; he also interviewed the defendant. Dr. Lourgos noted
that the defendant's statement in allocution demonstrated that, at the time of trial, she had "very clear
and organized thoughts." He reviewed her medical records from 2004, which showed that the
defendant had a history of depressive symptoms and anxiety. Dr. Lourgos testified that the defendant
reported being on medication at the time of trial, but the medical records and the probation
department records do not indicate that she was on any medication. Dr. Lourgos noted that the
defendant was not being treated at the time of trial. He also noted that, after her conviction, the
defendant saw Dr. Corcoran, who documented that she suffered from depression and anxiety. Dr.
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2013 IL App (1st) 120286
Lourgos agreed that the defendant's symptoms seemed to demonstrate situational depression, the
result of the stress of her convictions, incarceration and pending divorce. Based upon his review of
the defendant's medical history and the court transcripts, Dr. Lourgos concluded that the defendant
understood the proceedings against her and participated in her defense. Dr. Lourgos noted that the
defendant's history of depression did not include any evidence that her illness rendered her non-
functioning as she completed her graduate education and maintained steady employment through the
time of trial. Dr. Lourgos opined that the defendant was fit to stand trial in June 2006, because she
was not suffering from a severe mental illness which would have impaired her understanding of the
nature and purpose of the proceedings against her, the roles of the various court personnel, or her
ability to assist in her defense.
¶ 11 The defense called Dr. Tony Allen Fletcher, a forensic psychologist, who testified that he
conducted a retroactive fitness evaluation of the defendant and found her unfit at the time of trial.
Dr. Fletcher stated that he relied upon collateral interviews he conducted with the defendant's family
members, prior psychiatrist and prior attorney to evaluate her state of mind at the time of trial. He
also reviewed her prior medical records. Dr. Fletcher testified that he learned that the defendant was
severely depressed and had suicidal thoughts when she was treated at River Edge Hospital in 2004.
Those records noted that the defendant had auditory hallucinations and delusional paranoid thoughts.
¶ 12 Dr. Fletcher also reviewed the defendant's medical records from August 2006, which he
testified showed that she suffered from major depression after her conviction. He noted that Dr.
Corcoran prescribed three different medications for the defendant's depression, mood, and anxiety.
Dr. Fletcher also observed that, after hearing her sentence, the defendant collapsed and was placed
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2013 IL App (1st) 120286
on suicide watch at Cermak Hospital. He noted that the defendant has had depression and anxiety
symptoms since her conviction. He also noted that Dr. Corcoran documented that the defendant had
poor concentration, depressed mood, and poor decision-making ability when he saw her after her
conviction.
¶ 13 Dr. Fletcher testified that the defendant's parents reported to him that, at the time of trial, the
defendant appeared to be staring into space and neglected her appearance. They informed him that
she did not understand the charges against her or her potential sentence. The defendant's brother
related that, during the time of trial, he would find the defendant in a fetal position in bed, crying and
incoherent. The defendant's trial attorney, Randy Franklin, told Dr. Fletcher that he knew the
defendant was on medication but he did not which drugs she was taking. Franklin reported that the
defendant deferred a few decisions to him, and he considered her to be depressed. Franklin told Dr.
Fletcher that the defendant, at times, was explosive and distraught and became confused about what
was going on.
¶ 14 Upon interviewing the defendant, Dr. Fletcher noted that she was unable to appreciate the
penalties she faced and was unable to "think things through for herself," but she understood the roles
and purposes of the court personnel and understood the "factual information about what was going
on." In his opinion, Dr. Fletcher did not believe that the defendant was fit to stand trial in June 2006,
because she had major depressive disorder with psychotic features.
¶ 15 On cross-examination, Dr. Fletcher stated that he did not think the defendant understood the
severity of the charges against her, but she knew that she was in the criminal court. He did not
believe that she understood the nature and the purpose of the proceedings. Dr. Fletcher admitted that
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2013 IL App (1st) 120286
he did not review the trial transcripts and was unaware that the defendant made a statement in
allocution.
¶ 16 Frederick Allen, the defendant's brother, testified that, in May 2004, the defendant called him
and threatened to kill herself. He called the police to assist her and she was hospitalized. Allen
traveled to Chicago to sign the defendant out of the hospital, but when he arrived, she was abrasive
and incoherent. He chose not to sign her out at the time. At the time of the trial, Allen observed the
defendant curled up in a fetal position and frantically crying. He described the defendant as
incoherent and stated that she cried about not wanting to lose custody of her children. Allen tried
to speak to the defendant about her trial, but she could not speak rationally about the situation. She
would tell him that probation was the only option because she had to be with her children. After her
conviction, Allen helped the defendant write her statement in allocution. However, Allen denied that
he told the defendant what to write.
¶ 17 In her statement in allocution, the defendant stated that she was sorry for what she had done.
She explained that the past several years had been traumatic considering her divorce, a battle with
cancer, and the criminal charges. She stated she cared for her elderly parents and her three children
and that her marriage had been abusive. However, Allen testified that he was unaware that the
defendant cared for their parents in any way. In allocution at trial, the defendant also stated that J.B.
had sexually harassed her at school, drugged her, and fondled her. She claimed that he threatened
her and threatened that his gang would kill her family if she told anyone about the incident.
According to the defendant, J.B. also threatened her if she did not call him regularly, which
explained the phone records admitted at trial. The defendant stated that she was too afraid to report
8
2013 IL App (1st) 120286
any of this to the police. The defendant said that, on one occasion, J.B. raped her at her home. She
denied that the letters that her husband found, which were admitted into evidence, represented her
true feelings. The defendant expressed regret for her handling of the situation and stated that she
acted out of fear and humiliation.
¶ 18 Following the retrospective fitness hearing, the trial court concluded that, based on the
defendant's statement in allocution and the State's two doctors' testimony, that she was fit to stand
trial in June 2006. The court noted that Dr. Fletcher had not reviewed the defendant's statement in
allocution. Moreover, the court noted that Dr. Fletcher's diagnosis was major depression, which was
insufficient to render the defendant unfit to stand trial.
¶ 19 On November 17, 2011, the defendant filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing both that
she should have received a jury determination on the question of her fitness and that the evidence
supported a finding of unfitness. The trial court denied the motion, and this appeal followed.
¶ 20 The defendant first argues that, on remand, she should have been granted a hearing before
a jury on the issue of her fitness to stand trial. We disagree.
¶ 21 In the initial proceedings before the defendant's trial, the State inquired as to whether the
defendant was fit to stand trial because her medical records revealed that she had been prescribed
psychotropic medication and had received in-patient mental health treatment. The trial court and
defense counsel agreed that the defendant exhibited no signs of being unfit and therefore the court
determined that there was no bona fide doubt of fitness which would require a hearing. On appeal,
we determined that the court erred in making its determination outside of the defendant's presence.
We did not determine whether the court's conclusion that no bona fide doubt existed as to the
9
2013 IL App (1st) 120286
defendant's fitness was erroneous. We merely remanded the "matter to the trial court for a
retrospective fitness hearing."
¶ 22 There is no constitutional right to a jury determination of a defendant's fitness to stand trial.
People v. Manning, 76 Ill.2d 235, 239, 390 N.E.2d 903 (1979). Rather, the provision for a jury
determination of a defendant's fitness is statutory in origin. Id. Section 104-12 of the Code states:
"Right to Jury. The issue of the defendant's fitness may be determined in the first
instance by the court or by a jury. The defense or the State may demand a jury or the court
on its own motion may order a jury. However, when the issue is raised after trial has begun
or after conviction but before sentencing, or when the issue is to be redetermined under
Section 104-20 or 104-27, the issue shall be determined by the court." 725 ILCS 5/104-12
(West 2004).
¶ 23 Whether the defendant was entitled to a jury trial on the issue of fitness is a question of
statutory interpretation subject to de novo review. People v. Giraud, 2012 IL 113116, ¶ 6, 980
N.E.2d 1107, 1109. When interpreting a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect
to legislative intent, which is done using the statutory language itself, given its plain and ordinary
meaning. Id. In determining the plain meaning of statutory terms, we consider the statute in its
entirety, keeping in mind the subject it addresses and the apparent intent of the legislature in enacting
it. Id. Where the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, we must apply it as written,
without resorting to extrinsic aids to statutory construction. Id. Applying these principles, we
consider the plain language of section 104-12 of the Code.
¶ 24 Section 104-12 provides that the State or the defense may demand or the trial court may order
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2013 IL App (1st) 120286
a jury determination of the question of a defendant's fitness to stand trial unless one of three
situations occur: (1) the issue is raised after the trial has begun; (2) the issue is raised after conviction
but before sentencing; or (3) the issue of fitness is being redetermined under sections 104-20 or 104-
27 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/104-20, 104-27 (West 2004) (which involve secondary determinations
of fitness after an initial finding of unfitness)). It is clear that the third situation was not involved
here as this case did not involve a second determination of the defendant's fitness under either
section 104-20 or section 104-27 of the Code.
¶ 25 The parties, however, dispute whether the first two situations apply in this case. The State
argues that the defendant did not demand a jury or fitness hearing until she filed her appeal and that
a retrospective fitness determination cannot be considered to have been made in the first instance
before the trial began. The defendant argues that her first opportunity to demand a jury occurred on
remand, but the issue of her fitness was first raised before her trial.
¶ 26 Construing the language of the statute, giving its words their plain and ordinary meaning, we
conclude that section 104-12 unambiguously provides that the defendant does not have a right to a
jury determination of her fitness when the demand is made "after trial has begun." 725 ILCS 5/104-
12 (West 2012). Section 104-12 of the Code explicitly states that either the defense or the State may
demand a jury or the court may order one except "when the issue is raised after trial has begun." Id.
After trial has begun, a defendant's fitness "shall be determined by the court." Id. In this case,
neither the State nor the defense demanded nor did the court order a jury determination before the
defendant's trial commenced. During pretrial proceedings, while in the presence of the defendant,
the State raised the issue of fitness, but it did not demand a jury determination of her fitness to stand
11
2013 IL App (1st) 120286
trial. The defendant, defense counsel, and the trial court also did not demand or order a jury
determination of her fitness. It was not until the remand, long "after trial began," that the defendant
raised the issue of a jury determination of her retrospective fitness. Because the issue was raised
after trial began, the statute provides that the court, not a jury, was to determine the defendant's
fitness to stand trial. Therefore, based on the plain language of section 104-12 of the Code, the trial
court did not err in refusing the defendant's request for a jury determination of her retrospective
fitness.
¶ 27 We note that the trial court relied on Melka, 319 Ill. App. 3d at 443, for its decision that the
defendant was not entitled to a jury determination of her retrospective fitness to stand trial. We do
not find that persuasive because, unlike the defendant here, the defendant in Melka did not request
a jury trial upon remand. Id. at 435-36. Nevertheless, the trial court's application of the statute was
correct, even if its reliance on Melka was misplaced.
¶ 28 Next, we consider the defendant's argument that the trial court erred in determining that she
was fit to stand trial. "The trial court's ruling on the issue of fitness will be reversed only if it is
against the manifest weight of the evidence." People v. Haynes, 174 Ill. 2d 204, 226, 673 N.E.2d
318 (1996). A finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion
is clearly evident or if the finding itself is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence
presented. People v. Deleon, 227 Ill. 2d 322, 332, 882 N.E.2d 999 (2008). Under the manifest
weight standard, we give deference to the trial court as the finder of fact because it is in the best
position to observe the conduct and demeanor of the parties and witnesses. Id.
¶ 29 A defendant is presumed fit to stand trial (725 ILCS 5/104-10 (West 2004)); People v.
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2013 IL App (1st) 120286
Stephens, 2012 IL App (1st) 110296, ¶ 90, 980 N.E.2d 654, 670, appeal denied, 982 N.E.2d 774
(2013)), and the State has the burden of proving the defendant's fitness by a preponderance of the
evidence (725 ILCS 5/104-11(c) (West 2004)). A defendant is unfit "if, because of his mental or
physical condition, he is unable to understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings against him
or to assist in his defense." 725 ILCS 5/104-10 (West 2000); Stephens, 2012 IL App (1st) 110296,
¶ 90. "Fitness speaks only to a person's ability to function within the context of a trial; a defendant
may be fit to stand trial even though his mind is otherwise unsound." Haynes, 174 Ill. 2d at 226.
Section 104-16 of the Code states that the trial court may consider evidence of the defendant's
fitness, including but not limited to: his knowledge and understanding of the charge, the proceedings,
and the functions of the participants in the trial process; his ability to observe and relate occurrences,
especially those related to the offense involved; and his social behavior and orientation to time and
place. See 725 ILCS 5/104-16 (West 2004).
¶ 30 In this case, there was ample evidence supporting the trial court's finding that the defendant
was fit to stand trial in June 2006. The State presented Drs. Cooper and Lourgos who both opined
that, despite her depression and anxiety, the defendant was able to understand the nature and purpose
of the proceedings against her and assist in her defense. Even Dr. Fletcher, the defense's expert,
admitted that the defendant understood the roles of the trial court personnel, understood she was in
criminal court, and understood the factual information surrounding the proceedings. Dr. Fletcher's
diagnosis of depression was also consistent with the diagnoses of Drs. Cooper and Lourgos and with
the diagnosis documented in the defendant's pretrial hospital stay. In addition, there was no
conclusive evidence that the defendant was taking any psychotropic medication at the time of her
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2013 IL App (1st) 120286
trial or that she was under any specific doctor's care at that time. Dr. Fletcher also admitted that he
had not read the defendant's statement in allocution, which demonstrated the defendant's ability to
coherently discuss the events and the evidence related to her offense. Furthermore, neither the court
nor defense counsel observed any behavior by the defendant during the pretrial proceedings or the
trial and sentencing hearing that suggested that she was unfit. Given the record before us, we cannot
conclude that the trial court's finding of the defendant's fitness is against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
¶ 31 Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 32 Affirmed.
14
| 2024-04-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7070 |
A spatial database shell for relational database management systems
Abstract
SIRO-DBMS is a Spatial Information Systems database tool-kit implemented as a set of external attachments to a relational database management systems. It implements user data types through parameterised definitions of the user view of additional data types and of their internal representation. A spatial access method built on a 1-dimensional key and compatible with B-trees is also provided. Retrieval performance data with data sets of the sizes likely to be encountered in production systems are reported. | 2024-01-13T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3554 |
The present invention relates generally to the fabrication of semiconductor devices, and more particularly the formation of insulating materials between tightly spaced structures, where a contact hole may be formed.
Many types of integrated circuits are fabricated using layers of conductive, semiconductive, and/or insulating materials. For example, an integrated circuit may include a substrate in which a number of active devices (such as transistors) are formed. Such active devices are then connected to one another by one or more conductive or semiconductive layers (referred to herein as xe2x80x9cconducting layersxe2x80x9d). The interconnecting conducting layers are separated from one another by insulating layers. Insulating and conducting layers are typically deposited according to a predetermined deposition xe2x80x9crecipexe2x80x9d which may define the various mat conditions and environment used to deposit a layer. Recipes may also be used to etch or pattern an insulating or conducting layer. For example, an etch recipe may be used to form contact holes in an insulating layer, while another set of recipes may be used to pattern a conducting layer.
Conducting layers may be composites of one or more conductive (or semiconductive) materials. As just a few examples, a conducting layer can include a fist layer of conventionally doped polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) and a second layer of xe2x80x9csilicidexe2x80x9d (silicon-metal alloy). Alternatively, a conducting layer can include a titanium(Ti)-tungsten(W) alloy layered onto bulk aluminum, with an underlying barrier layer comprising Ti, Ti-nitride (TiN), or a Ti alloy, to name just a few. Similarly, insulating layers can also be composites. As just one example, an insulating layer may include a xe2x80x9cdopedxe2x80x9d silicon dioxide (xe2x80x9coxidexe2x80x9d) and an xe2x80x9cundopedxe2x80x9d silicon oxide. The doped silicon oxide can include dopant elements, such as boron and phosphorous, while the undoped silicon oxide will be essentially free of dopant elements.
Composite insulating layers and/or conducting layers can be undesirable as an increase in the number of layers used to form an integrated circuit generally results in a corresponding increase in the complexity and cost of the fabrication process. For example, a larger number of layers may result in a larger number of layer formation steps, and an increase in the xe2x80x9ccycle timexe2x80x9d (the time required to process a batch of wafers on which the integrated circuits are formed).
An insulating layer may perform a variety of functions in an integrated circuit. For example, an insulating layer may serve to electrically isolate one conducting layer or structure from another. Further, an insulating layer may serve as the surface on which subsequent layers are formed and patterned. Therefore, in many cases it is desirable for an insulating layer to provide a relatively planar surface. Planar surfaces are more desirable than non-planar surfaces, as typical, conventional lithographic patterning processes provide better results the more planar the surface. As just one example, certain photolithographic techniques using photoresist for producing relatively small structures can have more restricted fields of focus. If a layer on which photoresist is deposited is not planar, the photoresist may not adequately transfer the desired etch pattern. It is thus desirable to provide insulating layers with planar surfaces.
Connections between conducting layers may be made by structures referred to as contacts and xe2x80x9cvias.xe2x80x9d A typical contact and/or via is formed by etching a hole through one or more insulating layers, and then filling the hole with a conductive or semiconductive material. One concern with certain contact structures is the alignment of the contact with a lower conducting layer. Because a contact is usually formed by etching a hole through an insulating layer to an underlying conducting layer, it is desirable for the etched hole to be situated directly over the desired contact location in the lower conducing layer.
Another concern regarding the formation of contacts is the etch process that is used to form a contact hole. In the event a contact hole is etched through a composite insulating layer, the etch process may include a different recipe for each of the different insulating materials in the composite layer. This can also increase cycle time and/or add to the complexity of the fabrication process.
Yet another concern regarding contacts and/or vias is the area of the contact The area of a contact to a substrate can be of particular concern, as the substrate surface area also forms other important features, such as transistor channels, transistor isolation structures, transistor diffusion regions, and/or wells.
To better understand the formation of certain integrated circuit structures, including contacts, a conventional self-aligned contact (SAC) approach is set forth in FIGS. 7 and 8A-8I. FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating the general steps involved in forming a self-aligned contact for an integrated circuit that includes metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors. FIGS. 8A-8I set forth a number of side cross-sectional views of a portion of an integrated circuit following the various steps described in FIG. 7.
The process set forth in FIG. 7 is designated by the general reference character 700, and begins by forming MOS field effect transistor (FET) gate structures (step 702). A portion of an integrated circuit following step 702 is set forth in FIG. 8A. MOSFET gate structures 800 are formed on a gate oxide layer 802. The gate oxide layer 802 is formed on a substrate 804. The MOSFET gate structures 800 include conductive portions 806 and insulating portions 808. In order to form as small a transistor as possible, the MOSFET gate structures 800 are patterned to have a desired minimum length (shown in the horizontal direction in FIG. 8A). Similarly, the distance between adjacent conductive portions 806 is likewise made as small as possible. Consequently, gate length and minimum spacing between adjacent conductive portions 806 may represent the patterning limits of an etch process. Minimum structure widths and structure separations, which may affect the overall operation of an integrated circuit, are often considered xe2x80x9ccritical dimensionsxe2x80x9d (CDs) that should be monitored during and/or after the fabrication of an integrated circuit to ensure proper performance. A substrate 804 may have wells formed therein by a previous substrate doping step. A substrate 804 may also include isolation structures formed therein by a previous substrate isolation structure forming step.
As set forth in FIG. 8B, following the formation of gate structures 800, diffusion regions 812 may be formed by doping the substrate 804 with predetermined dopants, usually to form p-n junctions. Such a doping step may include a source and/or drain doping step (which can include ion implantation and subsequent annealing steps) that can be used to form lightly doped diffusion structures, such as lightly doped drains (LDDs).
The process 700 continues by forming sidewalls on the gate structures (step 704). A portion of an integrated circuit following step 704 is set forth in FIG. 8B. Sidewalls 810 include insulating structures, and are shown to be formed on the sides of the gate structures 800. A conventional approach to forming sidewalls 810 includes forming an insulating layer over the gate structures 800, and subsequently anisotropically etching the insulating layer
Additional doping of diffusion regions 812 may occur following the formation of sidewalls 810. As just one example, a subsequent diffusion step (which can also include ion implantation and subsequent annealing steps) may be used to form diffusion structures, such as tranistor sources and/or drains.
An important aspect of forming diffusion regions 812 is controlling their depth and/or lateral extent. Subjecting a diffusion region to temperature cycles following their initial formation can result in the dopants of the diffusion region diffusing deeper and/or further than desired, increasing the extents of the junction, and/or lowering the xe2x80x9cabruptnessxe2x80x9d of a dopant concentration at the edge of a p-n junction. Too many temperature cycles may thus result in adverse transistor operation due to junction breakdown or xe2x80x9cpunch-troughxe2x80x9d current, to name just two example. Consequently, the fabrication process of an integrated circuit may emphasize minimizing a device""s exposure to temperature cycles (keeping as small a xe2x80x9cthermal budgetxe2x80x9d as possible).
Following the formation of sidewalls 810, the conventional process 700 continues with the deposition of an insulating layer of boron and phosphorous doped silicon dioxide (borophosphosilicate glass, or xe2x80x9cBPSGxe2x80x9d) (step 706). A portion of an integrated circuit following step 706 is set forth in FIG. 8C. Referring now to FIG. 8C, the BPSG layer 814 is shown to be deposited over the gate structures 800. In order to fill in, as much as possible, the space between adjacent gate structures 800, the BPSG may be deposited using chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
BPSG is a typical conventional choice for an insulating material due to its low xe2x80x9creflowxe2x80x9d temperature. Reflow involves heating a layer so that the layer becomes more malleable, and thus flows to fill in the lowest lying space. The reflowed layer may thus become more planar than the originally deposited layer. Generally, the higher the concentration of boron and phosphorous, the lower the reflow temperature of the BPSG. BPSG is also desirable in that it can be a getterer for undesirable mobile ions, such as sodium, that can result in reliability failures in integrated circuits. Unfortunately, BPSG can have undesirable properties as well. The boron ions within BPSG can out-diffuse from the BPSG into the substrate, unintentionally doping the substrate. In addition, boron dopants can out-diffuse into polysilicon lines, unintentionally lowering or raising the conductivity of such lines.
While BPSG provides a relatively low reflow temperature, there are limits to BPSG reflow temperatures. Such limits arise out of the adverse effects presented by highly doped BPSG. Relatively high concentrations of boron (e.g., over 5% by weight) may make the resulting BPSG film unstable and hygroscopic (attract moisture). Unstable BPSG can crack and/or form boron rich crystals. BPSG cracks can ruin the insulating properties of the BPSG, while boron rich crystals may result in non-planar surfaces and/or micro-masking etch defects. The hygroscopic nature of conventional high-concentration BPSG can create bubbles, or result in forming one or more phosphorous-based acids, which may corrode conductive lines, such as those containing aluminum.
Another insulating material is phosphorous doped glass (phosphosilicate glass, or xe2x80x9cPSGxe2x80x9d). PSG is generally not used in conventional approaches due to its higher flow temperature. The flow temperature can be lowered by increasing the concentration of phosphorous, but higher concentrations of conventional PSG may have the drawbacks discussed above, including the formation of bubbles and/or acids.
Referring once again to FIG. 8C, the side cross-sectional view illustrates a drawback to using conventional BPSG to cover CD spacings. Conventional BPSG often contains voids 816 between minimum spaced sutures (such as MOSFET gate structures 800). Voids 816 are undesirable as they can trap moisture and/or particles that can adversely affect the reliability of an integrated circuit. Further, if a void is exposed by a subsequent etch step, a conductive layer may unintentionally be deposited in a void 816, and not be removed by a patterning step. Such conductive layer residues may form xe2x80x9cstringersxe2x80x9d that can cause unwanted short circuits between conductive lines. Voids may also result in unpredictable etch results.
One way of describing a spacing between structures is with an xe2x80x9caspect ratio.xe2x80x9d An aspect ratio sets forth the ratio between a structure""s height and its width. Constrained spaces having high aspect ratios (for example, aspect ratios greater than or equal to 7:1) may be difficult to fill without a reflow step.
Referring back to FIG. 7, the process 700 continues by reflowing the BPSG (step 708). As noted above, a reflow step can improve planarity of the deposited layer and improve the conformal nature of the BPSG. Reflow can also xe2x80x9cdensityxe2x80x9d the BPSG layer, decreasing the reactivity of the dopants to moisture and the like. Referring now to FIG. 8D, a side cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit following reflow is set forth. As shown by the figure, the reflow step has also served to eliminate the voids.
Following reflow (step 708), the BPSG layer is further planarized by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) (step 710). A side cross-sectional view of a portion of an integrated circuit following planarization is set forth in FIG. 8E. The upper surface of the BPSG layer 814 is planar, which may make the formation of subsequent structures easier.
Following planarization, a xe2x80x9ccapxe2x80x9d silicon oxide may be formed over the planarized BPSG layer (step 712). A portion of an integrated circuit following the deposition of a cap silicon oxide layer is set forth in FIG. 8F. The cap silicon oxide 818 may include undoped silicon dioxide and may serve to prevent the migration of the dopants from the BPSG or prevent moisture from migrating into the BPSG. Such a cap silicon oxide 818 may also provide a more stable surface for subsequent layers. Accordingly, the use of BPSG may result in a composite BPSG-cap silicon oxide layer. This may contribute to increases in cycle time and/or fabrication process complexity.
Once a BPSG is layer is capped, a contact etch mask may be formed (step 714). A portion of an integrated circuit following step 714 is set forth in FIG. 8G. The contact etch mask 820 is disposed over the cap silicon oxide 818, and includes openings where contact holes are to be formed.
Due to the composite nature of the deposited insulating layers (cap silicon oxide-BPSG), optimal formation of contact holes may be accomplished with a two step etch process. A first etch (step 716) is applied that may be optimized for the undoped cap silicon oxide 818. A second etch (step 718) may then be applied that is optimized for the BPSG 814. A side cross-sectional view of a portion of an integrated circuit following the first etch is set forth in FIG. 8H, while a side cross-sectional view of a portion of an integrated circuit following the second etch is set forth in FIG. 8I.
As shown in FIG. 8I, the resulting contact hole 822 is xe2x80x9cself-alignedxe2x80x9d with the MOSFET gate structures 800. The self-alignment occurs by the insulating portions 808 and sidewall portions 810 insulating the conductive portions 806 from the contact hole 822. As a result, there is no minimum spacing requirement between the edges of the contact hole 822 and, the gate structures 800. The resulting structure may include conductive portions 806 separated from the contact hole 822 by an insulating structure (a sidewall 810 in the example of FIG. 8I) having a lateral width that is less than a critical dimension.
In light of the conventional approach set forth above, it would be desirable to provide an insulating material that allows for a smaller thermal budget than conventional approaches. It would also be desirable to provide an insulating material that reduces the cycle time and/or the complexity involved in fabricating an integrated circuit.
According to the disclosed embodiments of the invention, methods and structures for forming an insulating layer are set forth in a series of charts and diagrams. The disclosed methods and structures can advantageously fill constrained spaces while avoiding the formation of voids (which may be informally known as xe2x80x9ctunnelersxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9ctubersxe2x80x9d). According to selected embodiments of the invention, a silicon dioxide layer, having relatively high levels of phosphorous doping, may be deposited by high density plasma (HDP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Such an insulating layer may fill constrained spaces without an additional reflow step, as is the case with conventional plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG).
An advantage of one or more of the disclosed embodiments is that an insulating layer may be provided that does not necessarily have to be subject to a reflow step. By avoiding a reflow step, diffusion regions in a device may be exposed to fewer temperature cycles than a conventional approach. Fewer temperature cycles may result in a more advantageous thermal budget for an integrated circuit fabrication process.
Another advantage of one or more of the disclosed embodiments is that if an insulating layer of highly doped phosphosilicate glass (PSG) is formed, an additional xe2x80x9ccapxe2x80x9d silicon oxide layer may not have to be deposited over the PSG, as is the case for conventional BPSG approaches. This may provide for faster processing cycle times and/or reduced process complexity.
Yet another advantage of one or more of the disclosed embodiment is that if an insulating layer of PSG is formed without a cap silicon oxide layer, a contact may be formed through the PSG layer in a single etch step. This is in contrast to conventional BPSG approaches which may require one etch step for a cap silicon oxide layer and another for a BPSG layer. This may provide for faster processing cycle times and/or reduced process complexity.
Yet another advantage of the disclosed embodiments is that if an insulating layer of PSG is formed, constrained spaces may be filled with an insulating material that does not include substantial amounts of boron. Lack of substantial amounts of boron may essentially eliminate the formation of boron rich crystals that may produce xe2x80x9cmicro-maskingxe2x80x9d defects and/or an undesirably rough insulating layer surface.
Yet another advantage of the disclosed embodiments is that if an insulating layer is formed that does not include substantial amounts of boron, boron may not diffuse out from the insulating layer. Out-diffusion of boron may adversely affect the properties of a transistor and/or conductive lines formed from polysilicon. | 2024-07-10T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9636 |
When Power Goes to Your Head, It May Shut Out Your Heart (2013) - vezycash
https://www.npr.org/2013/08/10/210686255/a-sense-of-power-can-do-a-number-on-your-brain?ft=1&f=1007
======
hliyan
This was the highlight for me:
_It turns out, feeling powerless boosted the mirror system — people
empathized highly. But, Obhi says, "when people were feeling powerful, the
signal wasn't very high at all."_
From an evolutionary point of view, one can argue that individuals with less
power need to seek collective advantages more than those with higher degrees
of power. Empathy enables collective benefits.
~~~
scotty79
The question is if empathy is just unnecessary or is it actively harmful for
people with power. Does that part of the brain shut down as a simple energy
saving measure because it's not necessary or is it actively suppressed because
keeping it active would be harmful for individual and his genetic relatives or
even the people he has power over?
~~~
hliyan
Possibly the latter. I haven't heard of the brain resorting to such energy
saving measures.
I have another (unsubstantiated) theory too: there is a group advantage in
those with power having reduced empathy. Individuals in leadership positions
will need to direct the group in such ways that are beneficial to the group
overall, but may be harmful to specific individuals. Leaders with high degrees
of empathy might find this difficult. This is probably why the Myers-Briggs
type "ENTJ" (often associated with leaders) is jokingly summarized as "I'm
very sorry, but you have to die." [1]
[1]
[https://www.librarything.com/topic/20927](https://www.librarything.com/topic/20927)
~~~
scotty79
Brain has incredible energy saving measures. When you look through your eyes
you process just few percent of the image. The rest is pretty much ignored
because it usually isn't necessary for anything.
When you are trying to think through something it's really hard and tiresome
not to default to stereotypes and what you already figured out earlier about
similar thing.
Basically brain is as lazy as it can get away with.
------
LarryL
> So when people felt power, they really did have more trouble getting inside
> another person's head.
Interesting research, I'll be curious to know if it gets confirmed.
Anyway, I can offer a REAL, striking example of how people can change once
power "goes to their head".
This is a real story, I was there when it happened, I saw & heard all, I was
sitting about one meter away...
This took place in the early 2000s, I was working, as a contractor, in a BIG
company. In the room we were several contractors, working for several teams
(with different bosses). One of my coworkers was a political refugee in
France, he was a political activist at home (an african country under a
dictature) and had to flee, so he went to France. I knew he was into politics
because during pauses he would talk on his phone and take appointments & the
like (I was sitting in front of him, so I heard part of it).
One morning, as I arrived (he was usually the first in the room), he told me
that something bad had happened... His teenage daughter was supposed to come
and visit him in France (his family was still living in Africa), but at the
airport she had been arrested by the police and had _disappeared_ with no
news...
I don't think I need to insist on the seriousness of the situation & the fears
that he must have had. Police in dictatorships are not know for being nice...
You can easily imagine what could have happened to her.
Of course, this had been done in order to put pressure on him.
Then his boss entered the room, to talk about their project.
(Now, I swear that everything is 100% true and not exaggerated.) My coworked
started, again, to explain the abduction of his daughter to his boss. His
-loud- boss's reaction, with half a chuckle: "Ha! you're a man who brings
trouble!". Then he left the room.
I was speechless. To be perfectly clear, this was NOT a "defensive laugh", the
type of laugh that you do when things are bad and you don't know how to react,
no he REALLY did not care.
My coworker, dismayed, turned to me and said "You know, that guy and me, we
used to be like fingers of the same hand. Since he became a manager, he's gone
crazy".
I could tell a lot of other horror stories about that manager. A few years
later he even cost me my job (I refused a contract that would have put me in
his team, this got me fired).
For those of you who may be wondering what happened to the daughter: her
family "bought" her back. Corruption goes both ways...
A sad example of how power can kill someone heart...
~~~
rootusrootus
I went from being an individual contributor to a manager, and I would
interpret that situation differently. When you are the boss, you are getting
bombarded constantly. From above, below, peers, you name it. Your cognitive
load goes up so much that you actively avoid bringing even more onto your
plate. I definitely found myself trying on-the-fly to keep interactions
superficial, especially in a group setting, just to avoid taking on yet
another burden onto my already full plate.
Perhaps that would mean I suck as a manager. Though honestly I've seen the
same effect on pretty much everyone I've seen go up the manager career path. I
don't take any of it personally.
There are two sizes of problems -- mine, and yours, and mine will always be
much more important to me.
~~~
PavlovsCat
> There are two sizes of problems -- mine, and yours
So if you drop a penny and I break my arm, you'd care more about the dropped
penny, and when I say "ouch" you say "not now, can't you see I just dropped a
penny"?
~~~
coldtea
Mel Brooks: "If I cut my finger, that's tragedy... Comedy is if you walk into
an open sewer and die."
~~~
paradoxparalax
Bitterness is always less bitter in someone else's mouth, pain seems to be
less painful too.
------
Theodores
Empathy is a learned skill, much like language, we are hard wired to be able
to do it but it has to be worked on and a lot of that work has to be done in
childhood.
A lot of people are not loved in childhood, this may be due to a poor or a
rich background. Being sent to boarding school far away from home or having a
single mum on crack can result in a child not learning about love. The result
is narcissism and those cursed with narcissism can do a convincing job when it
suits them of emulating empathy. They might care about those around them when
it means they have something to gain, but this is exploitative caring, not
what passes for normal emotion for most people who grew up with parents that
loved them.
Narcissists do love power and money. Therefore there is a tendency for them to
want to rule the world, be boss of the company or to acquire more wealth than
might make sense.
We all have a certain amount of narcissism in us, normally this is in check
and not a crippling disease, as per the seriously unloved-as-a-child brigade.
This study appeals to this innate narcissism, and, we can all be manipulated
into being 'good Germans' or 'Christian saints'.
There are many situations - e.g. being President - where mere mortals have no
interest in the job. To wear the crown and have the power naturally horrifies.
This does not mean we just want to be lead, but there is an aspect of this.
As a society we are generally good about making sure chronic alcoholics don't
rule the roost but we expect everyone to take part in a drink in social
situations. We can spot when someone likes the bottle a bit too much and deal
with it. Narcissism is a bit more tricky as the beyond-the-pale selfish
narcissist has the skills to feign empathy until they get the power they
crave. Then it is too late and we wonder how such a cruel, selfish person got
that way. Or maybe we are still under their spell and imagine they 'think like
us' and care.
For the benefit of humanity we need to have simple tests to identify those
with overly narcissistic tendencies and not let them into positions of power
such as being president. A 'breathalyser test' for the mind.
~~~
zozbot123
I mean, the thing about narcissism is that those with overly narcissistic
tendencies are not exactly hard to _spot_. There are only so many ways for a
person to be consistently self-aggrandizing, entitled, envious of others'
success, craving for universal _admiration_ even more so than power, etc. And
yes, "not letting those people be president, maybe?" is a good idea. It's also
really hard - the primary process especially, even more so than the general
election, rewards people who are committed to rallying the party base and
inspiring universal admiration from others, by any means necessary. We've seen
so many examples of that.
~~~
ppseafield
Plenty of narcissists fly below the radar. NPD is a spectrum, and individuals
fall on it in different degrees. What you imagine as a typical narcissist in
your comment is closer to an outlier than the average.
You can even find them in nonprofit, charity organizations where they use
their jobs to boost their social status. They use goodwill and greater than
average charisma to leverage friendships and create stalwart allies. Then they
stir up tension and controversy behind the scenes, and their friends come to
their defense, thus solidifying them as allies on the narcissist's side.
------
Regardsyjc
Could this explain why women may be considered more empathic or compassionate
considering gender imbalances across societies?
~~~
heavyset_go
Might make sense. I've noticed a trend where people who come from less
privileged backgrounds are more empathetic/compassionate, possibly from
experience or out of necessity, whereas their more wealthy/powerful
counterparts have the luxury of treating people however they please.
~~~
c3534l
I worked at a job where I loaded up people's cars and trucks and around 25% of
people tipped. I always found it funny how the more expensive the car, the
less likely they were to tip.
------
vezycash
How would we act if you're unarmed and I had a gun pointed at you?
We are all marketers, trying to achieve our goals - no matter how trivial.
Hence, we negotiate, flatter, smile even when we don't want to, try to know
what makes the other person tick. Problem is this method's slow, expensive and
inefficient (like American democracy).
BUT, when a person can compel action, things change. The brain takes the easy,
direct but less creative approach. Authorities become uncaring because they
don't need to. Problem is this method is efficient and cheap like Chinese
dictatorship.
I guess this topic becomes easier to reason out if it becomes a dictatorship
vs democracy, free market vs monopolies, and inbreeding vs diversity of ideas
debate.
------
Nomentatus
It may or may not be relevant, but the moment you become a manager, mirroring
becomes more painful: because there are some tradeoffs between people under
you that aren't going to be "win/win" all 'round, and you're the one who gets
to disappoint someone. I can see that for some bosses, the easiest thing is
just not to run the simulations at all; not to acknowledge too clearly that
you're (inevitably) causing disappointment. Not the right choice, but an easy
choice.
------
theonemind
I think the general idea that, in a democracy, the people keep the government
in check derives from this sort of thing. People with power can start behaving
differently/oddly. At a personal level, I usually try to keep these people in
check. But, that's something of a post-hoc justification, as they really just
rub me the wrong way and I call them out, question them, or do something
disobedient somewhat reflexively, and only sometimes catch myself in time to
control my reaction.
------
pmarreck
2013 though
~~~
zozbot123
Good catch. Notably, this is pre-replication crisis, and the evidence is kinda
underwhelming anyway for the claims that are being made. The theory that
increasing the salience of personal power makes experimental subjects less
empathetic could've been tested more directly than that. And as for a
practical application to things like fairness and pro-sociality, what we know
about e.g. the well-established literature on "Dictator" vs. "Ultimatum" games
strongly suggests that people in a position of power are only marginally less
pro-social/"fair" to others, if that.
~~~
wojcikstefan
> The theory that increasing the salience of personal power makes experimental
> subjects less empathetic could've been tested more directly than that.
How? (not challenging, just genuinely curious)
| 2024-01-25T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3710 |
Triterpenoids from Hippophae rhamnoides L. and their nitric oxide production-inhibitory and DPPH radical-scavenging activities.
In our investigation on the chemical constituents of Hippophae rhamnoides L., the chloroform-soluble fraction of the 80% acetone extract of branch bark was observed to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in a lipopolysaccharide and recombinant mouse interferon-gamma-activated murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. Two new triterpenoids, 2-O-trans-p-coumaroyl maslinic acid (1) and 2-O-caffeoyl maslinic acid (2), and three known triterpenoids, oleanolic acid (3), 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyl oleanolic acid (4), and 3-O-caffeoyl oleanolic acid (5), and 6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran (6) and beta-sitosterol (7) were isolated from the branch bark extract. Their inhibitory activities on the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells and radical-scavenging activities were examined. | 2023-10-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4841 |
103 F.2d 301 (1939)
RATHBORNE
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.
No. 8891.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
April 18, 1939.
Benjamin W. Dart and Louis C. Guidry, both of New Orleans, La., for petitioner.
A. F. Prescott and Sewall Key, Sp. Assts. to Atty. Gen., Jas. W. Morris, Asst. Atty. Gen., and J. P. Wenchel, Chief Counsel, Bureau of Internal Revenue, and Frank M. Thompson, Sp. Atty., Bureau of Internal Revenue, both of Washington, D. C., for respondent.
Before FOSTER, SIBLEY, and McCORD, Circuit Judges.
FOSTER, Circuit Judge.
In making returns for income taxes for the year 1932 petitioner sought to deduct losses incurred by a trust created by his grandfather, under the law of Louisiana, of which he was a beneficiary. Petitioner contended that under the law of Louisiana the trust vested in him absolute title to one-half of the property donated, subject only to the right of the trustee to manage the trust estate as agent of petitioner. The Commissioner disallowed the deductions and determined a deficiency. The Board, for reasons stated in a well considered opinion, affirmed the Commissioner.
The opinion of the Board states the case in detail and comprehensively reviews applicable authorities. We are content to rest our decision on the opinion of the Board. See J. Cornelius Rathborne v. Commissioner, 37 B. T. A. 607, promulgated April 5, 1938.
The petition is denied and the judgment of the Board is affirmed.
| 2024-03-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3113 |
/**
* @file julius.h
*
* <JA>
* @brief Julius 用のトップヘッダファイル
* </JA>
*
* <EN>
* @brief Top common header for Julius
* </EN>
*
* @author Akinobu LEE
* @date Thu Mar 17 21:08:21 2005
*
* $Revision: 1.9 $
*
*/
/*
* Copyright (c) 1991-2013 Kawahara Lab., Kyoto University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Shikano Lab., Nara Institute of Science and Technology
* Copyright (c) 2005-2013 Julius project team, Nagoya Institute of Technology
* All rights reserved
*/
#ifndef __J_JULIUS_H__
#define __J_JULIUS_H__
/* read configurable definitions */
#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN32__) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
# include <julius/config-msvc-libjulius.h>
# include <sent/config-msvc-libsent.h>
#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
# include <julius/config-android-libjulius.h>
# include <sent/config-android-libsent.h>
#elif TARGET_OS_IPHONE
# include <julius/config-ios-libjulius.h>
# include <sent/config-ios-libsent.h>
#else
#include <julius/config.h>
#include <sent/config.h>
#endif
/* read built-in definitions */
#include <julius/define.h>
/* read libsent includes */
#include <sent/stddefs.h>
#include <sent/tcpip.h>
#include <sent/speech.h>
#include <sent/mfcc.h>
#include <sent/htk_param.h>
#include <sent/hmm.h>
#include <sent/hmm_calc.h>
#include <sent/vocabulary.h>
#include <sent/ngram2.h>
#include <sent/dfa.h>
/* read Julius/Julian includes */
#ifdef ENABLE_PLUGIN
#include <julius/plugin.h>
#endif
#include <julius/multi-gram.h>
#include <julius/wchmm.h>
#include <julius/trellis.h>
#include <julius/graph.h>
#include <julius/beam.h>
#include <julius/search.h>
#include <julius/misc.h>
#include <julius/jconf.h>
#include <julius/recog.h>
#include <julius/global.h>
#include <julius/jfunc.h>
#include <julius/callback.h>
#include <julius/useropt.h>
#include <julius/extern.h>
#endif /* __J_JULIUS_H__ */
| 2024-04-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1214 |
For use with the Titan Pro 6 and 7 Ton Splitters (sold separately) this easy-to-use stand brings your log splitter to waist height and makes the task of log splitting an easier operation without the need to be bending over or crouching down to floor level.
Make your Titan Pro Splitter easier to use
Brings your log splitter to waist height
Fits the Titan Pro 6 Ton and 7 Ton Log Splitters
Please read these assembly instructions carefully for you own safety and only use this stand with the 6 & 7 Ton Titan Log Splitters. Do not use for any other versions.
Ensure all the fixing points are tight and secure
Carefully fit the log splitter to your fully assembled stand, use the screws and nut supplied to secure tightly
Have a look at our patented Titan Ram Stop attachment that is now available and in stock! It's a fantastic piece of kit, allowing you to adjust the return to save time if you have smaller logs or a smaller woodburner.
Specifications
Measurements
74 x 64 x 70 cm
Net Weight
9.5 kg
Gross Weight
10 kg
Log Splitter by Dave Curno submitted on 02/06/2014
Features
Ease of Use
Assembly
Build Quality
Performance
Great machine at a great price. I have been using it regularly for a year now including moving it around and have found it superb. The stand and ram stop kit make life so much easier and quicker. The ram stop does sometimes get bent in use but still functions fine. | 2024-05-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8057 |
OKay this is what I've done to help. I'm not exactly sure how thorough it is for a beginner... I'm only slightly intermediate myself, but if you have questions on this just ask me and I'll explain it or make another tutorial to explain the question better. ;3 Hope this helps get some of you started off the ground!
Glad you guys liked it! If it was too much or needs more explanation in a certain area, let me know... I'll help to the best of my ability.
I'll be working a little bit in about color coordination too eventually. I think a page on light sourcing might be necessary in addition to the ones above, because light sources have to do with where to put shadows and directly affect the shapes forming in 3-D to the eye.
Student, basketball referee, activist in old basketball club and official member of this club
Mon Apr 11, 2011 4:22 pm
Ian the Gecko
Joined: Sun Feb 13, 2011 3:09 pmPosts: 56Location: Colorado
Re: Collaborative Artistic Improvement Thread
Thanks very much, Box!
Mon Apr 11, 2011 7:45 pm
QRS3000
Joined: Fri Jul 01, 2011 10:51 pmPosts: 220Images: 3
Re: Collaborative Artistic Improvement Thread
I'm having trouble drawing faces though it might not look like it to you. It's the change in the vertical plane where the facial features look squashed because I am using the same proportions when the face isn't either looking up or down. Now, I have heard of Loomis' box and the use of charting the x,y and z coordinates but I still make the same mistake. By qrs3000 at 2011-07-03 the guy on the far right is the one that looks off. Never mind that everything else could be improved. Also this was drawn in DA's muro tool... with a mouse... on a very slow E-Mac. So what would be better to use for a guide, a box or a sphere? http://www.ratemydrawings.com/drawings/black-white/775038.html this drawing link should have a lot more of the different head perspectives. I'm sorry if any of this is out of place.
When looking at faces, it's about proportioning more than the underlying box or square.... I'm kinda dumb with terminology but I had the same problems you're having. To draw things in different angles but have it retain its shape you need underlying structures... I'll make an example of how I do it. I haven't drawn a single human face since I started drawing my fursona and getting all the commissions but I should still be able to make a suitable example.
...
Okay, here's what I got. I use the intersecting lines to coordinate facial proportioning, but to draw some of the poses like back 3/4 and looking down at a far angle you may need to have a model or familiarize yourself with how the face looks in such extreme angles. I recommend anatomy books, perhaps draw a model skull if available, and learn how the bones and muscle form into the face. A lot of drawing is understanding. THe more you understand, the easier it is to draw. I struggle with faces lots too and it's a constant battle, but hopefully what is said here can help. I may not have helped at all, if so, give me another post to specify and I'll try to the best of my abilities to help.
Thank you for the head perspective tutorial, Box O Lions. I'll try to implement the intersecting lines but what I really need to do is some serious anatomy studies (so far I haven't done any ) that way I can understand the underlying form of not only the head but the whole body. Have you ever taken any figure drawings classes and if you have how helpful have you found them?
I never took any classes. I was home-schooled and never had any resources to be able to take actual classes. i read encyclopedias, there are plenty of anatomy books that have plenty of angles. You can also look at comic books, yourself in a mirror, paintings, (very very very secure) nude art sights designed for the study of anatomy. References in libraries have plenty of website links that are secure, as do they also have books. Hmm... I just mashed up everything to help work it out. I suggest learning in your own way, if you prefer classes, find them. :3
I was asked to do a commission for someone... they weren't comfortable with the internet transfer thing so I asked him what he wanted... he said a wolf, so this is my shotty tutorial to help him. It's sorta late. *had stuff in the way* but hopefully it'll still help. :3
What exactly are you looking for? The color or the profile? I know you said everything... but... exactly what about everything? I could try to help you with the color scheme, shapes, design, inking... everything, but... I know you didn't mean you wanted all of that to be discussed, so what are you dissatisfied with?http://www.drawfurry.com/?p=46
iScribble is a free online program that lets people join a room, and talk/draw. You can see what people are drawing as they draw them. There are other programs that do this, and better, but I believe they cost money.
Hands are probably the hardest thing ever to draw. Lord knows we need more tutorials for them. Thanks, Box!
_________________
Thu Aug 11, 2011 3:50 am
Psykeout
Joined: Thu Sep 16, 2010 6:15 pmPosts: 4579Images: 1
Re: Collaborative Artistic Improvement Thread
BOXBOX I'M GONNA HAVE TO STOP YOU THERE.
In males, the index finger is usually a little (not unnoticeably) shorter than the ring finger. In women, they are nearly the same size, but the rind finger may be a bit longer or shorter. This isn't set in stone by any means, and there are in fact some other interesting factors.
In males, the index finger is usually a little (not unnoticeably) shorter than the ring finger. In women, they are nearly the same size, but the rind finger may be a bit longer or shorter. This isn't set in stone by any means, and there are in fact some other interesting factors.
THere's the link to the best inking tutorial ever if you're using photoshop. The top tutorial is what I've been using, vectorial pen tool. Stroking the path or filling it is an either or and can be switched in between them in certain situations. :3 I haven't seen any for other programs but i bet they have something like the pen tool that uses vertexes somewhere. If I come across some I'll post em here too.
Okay... Well... I know this is like a triple post or a double post... but I can't decide whether to make separate posts for these things or not... but if a moderator has a problem with it... please contact me via PM. Thank you.
Alright, I have a challenge. This is something very specific.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVAd5Fr-4ao&feature=related In this tutorial, you'll notice that the color work is really loose and has the lines all over the place but then the artist cleans it up using some form of selection tool. If anyone knows what that is, how it works, or comes across anything about it... please let me know either in a PM, but preferably discuss it here so others can learn it too. It would be much appreciated. :3
Well, it's SAI, which I've never used, but it appears to be of similar function to yer magic wand. If the lines are clean enough (which mine usually aren't), you can just set it to "contiguous" and not "use all layers", and make a selection on the lineart layer. Or however it works in whatever Photoshop version you have, mine is somewhat outdated.
_________________
Tue Aug 16, 2011 7:52 pm
Psykeout
Joined: Thu Sep 16, 2010 6:15 pmPosts: 4579Images: 1
Re: Collaborative Artistic Improvement Thread
"yeah you should get SAI""I don't have a tablet""oh, then that's useless. what do you have?""GiIMP""Yikes. I've only used Photoshop"
CAN WE ALL JUST GET ON THE SAME PROGRAM.
_________________bwah bwah
Wed Aug 17, 2011 4:44 am
Laxan
Joined: Fri Mar 12, 2010 5:13 pmPosts: 674Location: England
Re: Collaborative Artistic Improvement Thread
I'm curious for an outlining tutorial. (Need to know what program used, what brush type, size, ect.) I don't outline much and it would be a great help for when I outline Manga and other works. Thanks <3
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Medical management of the sexually assaulted woman.
Public concern about the sexual assault victim demands that the medical profession be better prepared to evaluate such patients. Modern guidelines for the medical evaluation and treatment of such victims are provided. A list of supplies for a "rape tray" and guidelines for obtaining laboratory tests are included. A detailed patient consent form and laboratory chain of evidence form will facilitate care. A plea is made for legislative support to pay for lab work and the establishment of state or national laboratories equipped to handle evidentiary material. | 2023-11-20T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7956 |
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All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec005}
============
Dental caries is a multifaceted disease \[[@pone.0223376.ref001]\]. In 2010, it was estimated that untreated caries in deciduous teeth affects 9% of the population globally which equates to 621 million people worldwide \[[@pone.0223376.ref002]\]. For some time there has been no single standard system for caries detection and/or assessment that scientists and general dentists agree upon collectively \[[@pone.0223376.ref003]\] with evidence of 29 different detection systems being used in clinical practice and research around the world for the description and diagnosis of the caries process \[[@pone.0223376.ref004]\]. It was also suggested that many of these detection systems were insufficient due to poor sensitivity \[[@pone.0223376.ref005]\]. The International caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) was developed to address disharmonies of the previous systems by using their best elements and demonstrating abilities in standardising caries assessment \[[@pone.0223376.ref006]\]. This system combines components of various caries classification systems into one standard system by the use of a six-point scale that ranges from the earliest visible stage of enamel caries to extensive lesions with cavitation exposing dentine in order to describe caries severity stages ([Table 1](#pone.0223376.t001){ref-type="table"}) \[[@pone.0223376.ref007]\].
10.1371/journal.pone.0223376.t001
###### Criteria for the full ICDAS scoring system (International Caries Detection and Assessment System coordinating committee 2005b).
{#pone.0223376.t001g}
Score ICDAS criteria
------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 Sound
1 First visual change in enamel (seen only after prolonged air drying or restricted to within the confines of a pit or fissure)
2 Distinct visual change in enamel
3 Localized enamel breakdown (without clinical visual signs of dentinal involvement)
4 Underlying dark shadow from dentine
5 Distinct cavity with visible dentine
6 Extensive distinct cavity with visible dentine
The ICDAS system was developed by dental clinicians and academics from various dental institutes across Europe and America \[[@pone.0223376.ref008]\]. This development led to a recommendation within the European Core Curriculum in cariology, that the ICDAS system should be advocated in undergraduate teachings \[[@pone.0223376.ref009]\]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has utilised the Decay Missing Filled (DMF) index in oral health assessment surveys such as the national dental surveys in the UK carried out every decade since 1968, the DMF index has been used in several surveys in Asia, Africa, North America, Europe and Australia \[[@pone.0223376.ref010],[@pone.0223376.ref011]\]. The ICDAS system has been used by researchers for surveys of dental caries experience also, but less widely \[[@pone.0223376.ref012],[@pone.0223376.ref013]\].
The ICDAS system has been used in research for about a decade, which is a promising indicator of the adoption of the method in the field of research \[[@pone.0223376.ref014]\]. The ICDAS system has been effective when measured against established methods for caries detection and is used effectively in research \[[@pone.0223376.ref015]\]. When the ICDAS system has been tested against other systems such as the WHO index and laser fluorescence; it was found that the ICDAS system was more effective than some other systems in the early detection of caries \[[@pone.0223376.ref016],[@pone.0223376.ref017]\].
Current literature suggests that GDP's and undergraduate dental students till date are being taught to use the conventional DMF index for assessment of dental caries which was developed by Klein, Palmer and Knuston in 1938 \[[@pone.0223376.ref018]\]. One of the most essential activities of general dental practice is decision making. A wide variety of decision making processes amongst dentists have been reported \[[@pone.0223376.ref019]\]. The process of decision is not straightforward; it is influenced by various features such as learnt norms, years of qualification, years in practice, public or private settings \[[@pone.0223376.ref020]\]. The ICDAS system when used in dental clinics intends to deliver high quality information about caries activity and when combined with caries risk assessment it facilitates a personalised care pathway for every patient \[[@pone.0223376.ref021]\]. ICDAS is a meticulous caries assessment system that allows for early identification of caries activity, it encourages practitioners mind to think in a preventive way from the start \[[@pone.0223376.ref022]\].
Although some reports suggests that there are a number of dental undergraduate establishments using the ICDAS system for teaching purposes \[[@pone.0223376.ref023]\], there is weak evidence about adoption of the ICDAS system in clinical practice, since it is a newer system compared to the conventional WHO DMF index, it is currently unknown if ICDAS does change clinical practice \[[@pone.0223376.ref024]\]. There is a lack of evidence as to how many dentists are trained to use the system and how many actually use it in their dental practices. Utilisation and adaption of the ICDAS system by GDP's and for oral health assessment survey remains less well researched.
Research to date has focussed on quantitative methodologies to establish the reliability, feasibility, validity, reproducibility and practicality of using ICDAS. However, to our knowledge none of the studies have looked at the GDP's perceptions about barriers and facilitating factors while using the ICDAS index in research or clinical settings. There is a gap in the literature regarding what factors exist that may hinder or help practitioners to use the ICDAS index in clinical practice. To address this gap, a qualitative one on one interview based study was conducted in the United Kingdom to explore the views and experiences of GDP's and to determine the factors responsible for increasing the uptake of the ICDAS system in the future.
Methods {#sec006}
=======
Participants {#sec007}
------------
Twelve GDP's who had previously taken part in research projects using ICDAS were approached via email and telephone to participate in this research using convenience but purposive sampling methods. Ethical approval was given by the University of Leeds School of Dentistry Research Ethics Committee (DREC Reference: 050416/MK/196).
The GDPs were contacted by a member of the research team that they originally worked with (KV) and given sufficient information regarding the aim and rationale to allow them to consider if they would like to take part in the proposed study. This way the details of GDP's who had taken part in previous studies were not shared with the interviewer (MIK), protecting their personal details.
The research experiences of the GDPs varied slightly depending on which previous research study they had participated in. One was a trial involving mixed dentition children while the other was of adults. The training that each received was very similar and from the same ICDAS-experienced clinician. This comprised of face to face didactic photograph-based training after self-directed preparatory training using a 90-minute e-learning package \[[@pone.0223376.ref025]\], face to face training continued until participants were confident and correctly identified codes from photographic images reliably. Their training varied only with respect to the dental charts used for mixed or permanent dentition.
Those wanting further information about the proposed study were put in touch with the interviewer via a brief telephone call, and the interested participants received an email copy of the study information leaflet.
Procedure and interview schedule {#sec008}
--------------------------------
In order to explore in depth the insight and experiences of the GDP's on the ICDAS system, a one on one interview method was chosen for collecting data. One to one interviews were conducted using a topic guide that was developed based on the literature review and was piloted with first interviewee by the researcher (MIK) along with an experienced qualitative researcher (KV), to ensure the questions were clear and facilitated discussion, the data from the pilot was utilised within the study. A total of 8 GDP's willing to participate were recruited and consented at a personal meeting prior to undertaking the interview on the same day. Those 8 general dental practitioners comprised of four males and four females. The interview participants consisted of 4 general dentists, 2 former general dentists who were waiting to begin their speciality training (maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine) and 2 general dentists that had recently started working in the community dental setting.
To minimize the burden of participation, the length of the interviews were restricted to around 30 minutes. The interviews took place in participant's dental practices with only the researcher and participant present.
The risk of exposing identifiable information about the participants was countered by giving every participant a penname of their choice before beginning the interview and they were assured that there was no data from which their identity could be revealed. Before the interview took place participants were asked for audio-recording permission, to which all agreed.
The participants were given a copy of the ICDAS coding sheet before the interview started, in order to remind them of the coding in case they had not used the ICDAS system recently. They were asked exploratory questions with the purpose of putting them at ease, so that they would be able to express their views and beliefs about the ICDAS system; what it meant to them in the previous research study and in clinical settings.
Analysis {#sec009}
--------
The audio-recorded sessions were transcribed verbatim with anonymization. The participants were given an opportunity to verify that their views and opinions had been represented in a fair manner, none requested any change or correction.
Interview transcripts and analysis were organized through NVivo 10 software. Phenomenology was selected as a foundation methodology for this study. It is the approach that helps in explaining and identifying the importance of people's experiences \[[@pone.0223376.ref026]\]. A pilot interview was performed by the researcher, which was assessed by the supervisory team and feedback was conveyed. Data was analysed using Thematic Analysis, as it is systematic method that helps in identifying, organising, analysing the rich data set and reporting meaningful patterns and is a common method used for problem framing while using phenomenological approach in the data analysis \[[@pone.0223376.ref027],[@pone.0223376.ref028]\]. The intention for this sort of data analysis was necessary for this research project as it gave an enhanced understanding of characteristics of potential barriers for the GDP's while using the ICDAS system; attributes that can be used as facilitators for improving the uptake of the system. Based on Braun and Clarke's 2013 thematic analysis \[[@pone.0223376.ref027]\], repeated reading of interview transcripts was conducted, initial coding was established by the researcher (MIK), the initial coding was reviewed by the supervisory team and broad level themes were derived from the data.
Results {#sec010}
=======
Overview of the results {#sec011}
-----------------------
Overall, 12 GDP's were initially approached to take part in the research out of which 8 GDP's consented to take part. To achieve in-depth information about the research topic participants were chosen with varying years in practice as GDPs, gender, age and current working role, their main characteristics are shown in ([Table 2](#pone.0223376.t002){ref-type="table"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0223376.t002
###### Characteristics of interview participants.
{#pone.0223376.t002g}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pen-name Gender Age\ Years in practice as GDP Current working role
Years
------------- -------- ------- -------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ID 1 Male Male 55\ 20 General Dental Practitioner
years
ID 2 Male Male 46\ 13 General Dental Practitioner
years
ID 3 Male Male 38\ 12 Community Dental settings, recently left GDP
years
ID 1 Female Female 34\ 7 General Dental Practitioner waiting to start training in Oral Medicine
years
ID 2 Female Female 30\ 5 General Dental Practitioner
years
ID 3 Female Female 25\ 3 Community Dental settings, recently left GDP
years
ID 4 Female Female 35\ 8 General Dental Practitioner waiting to start training in Maxillofacial surgery
years
ID 4 Male Male 50\ 18 General Dental Practitioner
years
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The analysis used an inductive approach to identify themes as highlighted in the thematic map [S1 Fig](#pone.0223376.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The map shows the interrelationship between the themes and illustrates facilitating factors related to using the ICDAS system. The inter-relationship between themes highlighted by the GDP's, the major themes are presented in red, broken lines present interrelationships between themes, the direct lines present a direct relationship, the potential facilitators for the major themes are presented in purple. The possible underlying factors responsible for the barriers are presented in brown.
Barriers-related to using the ICDAS system {#sec012}
------------------------------------------
Four main themes for this category were recognised from the data: lack of simplicity, financial implications, time consumption, and training.
### Lack of simplicity {#sec013}
Lack of simplicity was one of the main themes identified in the findings. In the eyes of most users of the ICDAS system, they felt it was not easy to use, maintain using it and understand. Lack of simplicity was found in two contexts: difficulty deciding between different codes and difficulty while charting. One of the participants mentioned the word 'complexity' while incorporating the system in research:
> "*Probably*, *because of the complexity of charting and then trying to analyse that information*. *So*, *all these numbers written down for the mesial surface*, *occlusal surface*, *for 4a*, *for 4*, *7; it's probably a little bit too much to sort of analyse it really*. *That's probably the hardest way"*
>
> (ID 2 Male)
When participants had been trained in the use of ICDAS for their respective clinical studies, the trainer returned to participants' practices on request until participants demonstrated competence. However, all participants interviewed for this study revealed concerns about not completely understanding the ICDAS codes. There were varying levels of understanding; of how to detect and assess caries. Two participants felt that they were not confident about distinguishing between early codes:
> "*...it was between the 1's and 2's \[both non-cavitated enamel caries\] that were difficult*. *Once*, *there is a great big stonking hole it's pretty obvious and anybody can see that..."*
>
> (ID 4 Female)
> "..*I think zero*, *1*, *2 how to differentiate between and sometimes weren't sure which one is 1 or 2..."*
>
> (ID 2 Male)
The ease of use of a new system can vary from one dentist to another and the GDPs differed in their reported level of understanding of the technique. The ability to learn the ICDAS system because of relative complications was remarked by a participant:
> *"I think it was a bit too complicated as a first off to be using it on patients for research and having so many different codes that you have not been used to using*."
>
> (ID 2 Femalea)
### Financial implications {#sec014}
Financial disadvantage to the GDP's was one of the most common themes among the participants' discussions and was one of the important reasons cited for not adopting the ICDAS system, as it has personal cost implications to them as independent contractors. One participant stated:
> "... *Obviously the incentive financially isn't there to use it really \[outside of research\]*. *So*, *I think that does have a big*, *big factor..."*
>
> (ID 2 Male)
Three participants revealed that the impetus for using the ICDAS system in their clinical practice to detect and then act on early caries lesions in particular was absent and this was based on the simple rule of cost-benefit analyses:
> "*I would say*, *we as a dentist are not paid for prevention and by the end of the day clinical decision-making are influenced by other factors as well*."
>
> (ID 3 Female)
### Time consuming {#sec015}
Aside from the implied costs of the ICDAS system taking additional time to complete in clinics, other issues with respect to 'time' were raised, such as the amount of time it took the GDP's to examine the teeth systematically and then chart them using the ICDAS system. This issue was a fundamental problem for them. A participant specified:
> "...*It does take longer*, *and sometimes that can be a problem..."*
>
> (ID 2 Male)
Two participants indicated that the challenge with time was not only crucial for them as dentists but also other practice staff were not comfortable with designating additional time for thorough examination and charting:
> "*So*, *to start with it was a bit time consuming*. *Especially*, *for myself and the nurses as well"*
>
> (ID 3 Male)
> "*It took a lot longer because we were making so many mistakes*. *Because and plus you are looking at every single surfaces as well*, *so it used to get a bit you know*, *you could shout one code and your five codes ahead and your nurses like three codes behind*, *so it did get a bit confusing*."
>
> (ID 2 Femalea)
However, another participant expressed how patients becoming frustrated and external pressures were pivotal factors for dentists to base their decisions on:
> "*I had to discontinue ICDAS because my patients were taking longer to deal with and because of the works strain*, *the rest of the waiting list was just getting impatient*. *So*, *I had to discontinue it*."
>
> (ID 3 Female)
Furthermore, many themes were found to be interrelated, but the complex issue that was identified was probably deficiency of training not only of the dentist during undergraduate studies but more especially amongst the dental nurses who had previously trained in a less time consuming method.
> "*As some of them \[nurses\] didn't come on the initial \[research\] trial training that as*, *as the dentist all of us went on and that wasn't a fault of the trial*, *it was our trainer and the chap that owned the practice didn't release everybody and sometimes they'd been put in and they were so used to charting one way and then we were expecting them to do something completely different and also it was trying to get them on board to help with the paperwork and the booklets that were being expected to be completed as well that*. *That I think they were used to working in a bit faster paced environment and maybe it slower things down a little bit*."
>
> (ID 4 Female)
> "*I think*, *it's more of a "faff" more than anything because you don't get paid for prevention and ultimately*. *Yes*, *we do want to help patients*, *we do care about patients*, *but*, *at the end of the day it still is a job for us*."
>
> (ID 2 Femalea)
> "*If it's not going to benefit the patient or myself*, *in terms of making my job easier or making the treatment easier and it's gonna take longer*. *Largely that's not really gonna work*."
>
> (ID 4 Male)
### Training {#sec016}
The participants recognised the significance of being used to a system through having been trained in it as an undergraduate and using it commonly in practice. In relation to ICDAS this was a significant issue. None of the participants, and more importantly none of their dental nurses, had been introduced to ICDAS during their clinical training and this was expressed as a significant barrier. A participant revealed:
> "... *I think the main barriers probably it's something that I wasn't trained \[as an undergraduate\] with and I am more as familiar with other techniques and the same for the staff that haven't worked with it too ..."*
>
> (ID 4 Female)
Positive feelings expressed by one participant explained that dentists were given sufficient training during the research. But, some of the dental nurses were not trained enough to ingrain the ICDAS system and were not convinced about using it:
> "*I think because you have to have a trained nurse in it that's very difficult*, *difficult to encourage some people certainly in the practice that I was in*. *Ahmm*, *so I think that would be probably barrier no*.*1*, *then after that it's just getting used to it*. *Once you have had so much training in doing it \[charting\] one way*, *trying to do it in a different way is going to be quite difficult*."
>
> (ID 1 Female)
Participants were not only concerned about training, but commented that on a personal level characteristics of dental nurses such as years of experience and training using older/ other systems was a barrier to accepting the ICDAS system, though sometimes this was not related to the ICDAS codes but to other features of the dental charting such as unfamiliar tooth notation:
> "*...*.*every nurse is different in amount of experience and training*. *I think some were sort of maybe not so well experienced with charting*. *And*, *I think they struggled with this little bit*. *So*, *I think some found it difficult because they weren't familiar with e*.*g*. *more familiar with upper left 7 and not FDI notations in 4*, *7 and 4*, *8*."
>
> (ID 2 Male)
It was affirmed that the GDP's may not consider a sudden transformation in practice, more focus on training was perceived important to alter their practices and accepting the system completely. This was evident when a participant stated:
> "*But I think*, *for most of us who are just trained in dentinal caries*, *that might be a big thing*, *we might not want a change in that system so much*, *so maybe simplify the codes a little bit*. *Give us much more training*, *much more time onto it*. *So*, *we actually understand the codes a bit more*."
>
> (ID 2 Femalea).
The above mentioned quotes demonstrate that lack of simplicity is a noticed barrier amongst the general dental practitioners.
Potential facilitators for increasing the usage of ICDAS by GDP's {#sec017}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to expressing their views on barriers of using the ICDAS system, participants suggested solutions or facilitators to help in uptake of the system by GDP's in clinical settings and research. Most of the participants commented on making the ICDAS system computerised which would possibly lead to a wider majority willing to change their practice and increase their efficiency while using it.
> "*Because*, *it's all on the paper the charting was a bit difficult to deal with*. *And*, *I think so with the new technology*, *even the ICDAS should be computerised*."
>
> (ID 3 Female)
> "*Yeah*, *I definitely think so because there are times that we had to start over with a new chart and things because there would be so many scribbles on it*, *which most of the time I had to redo in my spare time*. *Whereas*, *if it was computerized you could just double click and it would be sorted*."
>
> (ID 1 Female)
The participants also revealed that providing more training and skills to the dental health professionals (dentist and dental nurses) from a grass root level on the ICDAS system would help in overcoming the barrier of not understanding and the disadvantage of spending a lot of time. Consequently, they would become more skilful and faster in using it; their mind-set would change:
> "*I think the main one is probably familiarization so I am used to doing it the way I was trained in university to do it*. *I do personally think that it takes longer*, *but I think if you did regularly have to use it you'd get quicker and you'd get more experienced in*, *that barrier maybe could be overcome...*."
>
> (ID 4 Female)
They also acknowledged that their use of the ICDAS system would have been a lot more efficient and pleasant in research, if they would have had additional instructions such as the use of a flow chart, pictures or having hands-on skills to make faster judgements of the caries codes. One of the participants stated:
> "*...I personally found that really helpful \[when shown the ICDAS decision tree\]*, *like just working that logical way*, *so maybe having something like that available a flow chart that would help you*, *get you two numbers that you needed to so the result would be something I would have found useful..."*
>
> (ID 4 Female)
It was pointed out by a participant that if there was former teaching on the ICDAS system at an undergraduate level, it would have had a positive impact on their learning experiences and would have advantaged patients by using it early on in their dental practice:
> "*I would have liked to have had the training earlier because even in university because I found it quite helpful system for scoring caries and would have put it into my clinical practice earlier*."
>
> (ID 1 Female)
Even though most of the participants had not recently used the ICDAS system because of the aforementioned barriers, they did mention how useful it is in providing better prevention and dental care; they would use it in their clinical practices if the barriers were to be overcome.
> "*I think it's a really good way of charting because it is so thorough and it's very systematic*, *so you know you are not missing any surface*. *Ahmm*, *which is a real benefit I think*, *it's just so easy to skirt over the top of things*. *But*, *as I mentioned before there are some barriers to putting that in place*."
>
> (ID 1 Female)
> "*I think it would be easy*, *it would be definitely be easy*, *if everybody uses it*."
>
> (ID 1 Male)
Discussion {#sec018}
==========
The aim of this study was to achieve a better understanding of the barriers and facilitators for GDP's to use the ICDAS system in research and clinical practice. The literature review highlighted that there is a knowledge gap in the area of utilisation of the ICDAS system; therefore this study fills an evidence gap. There were four main themes identified as barriers complexity, cost implications, time disadvantage and training need and facilitators training, computerisation of the system, providing additional instructions that would lead to improving the utilisation of the ICDAS system in the future. The facilitators show that despite several barriers, the GDP's want to provide prevention, better dental care and become more accustomed to the new.
This is the first study to identify barriers and facilitators explained by the GDP's who have used the ICDAS system. The barriers and facilitators identified by the GDP's can be mapped to the theoretical domain framework (TDF) which aids the understanding of the findings and perhaps suggests next steps in the implementation of ICDAS. The TDF framework identifies the possible influences that are involved with the behaviour of health professionals, explanation of influences and their related domain; provides techniques to bring about a behaviour change \[[@pone.0223376.ref029]\]. The TDF has 14 important domains i.e. 'Knowledge', 'Skills', 'Social/Professional Role and Identity', 'Beliefs about Capabilities', 'Optimism', 'Beliefs about Consequences', 'Reinforcement', 'Intentions', 'Goals', 'Memory, Attention and Decision Processes', 'Environmental Context and Resources', 'Social Influences', 'Emotions', and 'Behavioural Regulation' \[[@pone.0223376.ref030]\]. We distinguished 4 out of the 14 TDF (theoretical construct domains) ([Table 3](#pone.0223376.t003){ref-type="table"}), of potential relevance based on the barriers and facilitators.
10.1371/journal.pone.0223376.t003
###### Priority domains mapped from research findings for future investigations.
{#pone.0223376.t003g}
Domains identified Barriers to be targeted Facilitators for change
-------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Knowledge Lack of simplicity Former teaching/use of the system (Undergraduate level)
Skills Training More practice-based training and skills
Environment context/ Resources Financial implications Incentives (for ICDAS and for caries prevention)Additional material for instructions(Training to improve speed)
Social influences Time consuming (impact on other staff and patients) Computerisation (Training/familiarisation to improve speed)
In this study the quantitative measure of 'knowledge' was not explored; instead it looked at the 'perceived knowledge' of the GDP's about the ICDAS system. These participants confirmed previous research findings that undergraduate level instructions and opinions from academic experts have strong influences on health care professional's behaviour on their future practices \[[@pone.0223376.ref031]\]. Moreover, opinions from perceived experts and colleagues could transform the intentions of GDP's to utilize new technologies and practices, they were described as most important drivers for decision making by the participant's; these factors may contribute to a underutilisation of the ICDAS system in clinical settings. Subsequently, we suggest that future studies take into account the differences in caries diagnosis practices in clinical practice between GDP's with prior knowledge of the ICDAS system at an undergraduate level and those who started using the system at a later stage. Skills' was expressed as an issue that affected the involvement of the GDP's while utilising the ICDAS system in the previous trial and their clinical practice. The participants also agreed that it is important to provide extensive training for dental care professionals on the ICDAS system to be able to bring about a cultural shift in their caries diagnosis practices and the transformations from caries diagnosis norms is not possible solely by providing them with the knowledge. This may be due to the fact that change of behaviour of health care professionals cannot be brought by a one off step, it is a procedure that takes place over a period of time \[[@pone.0223376.ref032]\]. As a consequence, we suggest that future studies provide wide-ranging practical training on the ICDAS system to both dentists and dental nurses and provide adequate attention to the difference of skills between individuals.
This study confirmed 'cost' is a crucial factor for dentists while considering a new diagnostic test into dental practice which was consistent with the findings from Berwick and colleagues \[[@pone.0223376.ref033]\]. Insufficient financial incentives to using the ICDAS system was a repeated theme, indeed the additional time to complete an ICDAS chart was seen as a financial disincentive. From the participants it was expressed that financial benefit to dentists working in clinical practice settings was a foremost choice when it comes to choosing a caries diagnosis system, the ICDAS system had little or no cash value for them. Many participants felt uncomfortable with using and adopting the ICDAS system in clinical practice as the caries diagnosis procedure takes longer to use and the consequent cost of applying it is a strong consideration. In the study the incentive barrier went beyond payment and remuneration for GDP's to adopting the ICDAS system, they also commented on the inadequate nature of reimbursement for the prevention of caries in general dental practice. As such they could not see a role for the discovery of initial caries lesions which did not require operative intervention, something which they would be paid for.
Material investments play a role while utilising ICDAS too. Participants indicated that they would have found the ICDAS system more beneficial, if they were given additional materials for instructions such as pictures or flow charts that would aid them in making quicker clinical judgements in their busy working day.
The fourth domain 'social influences' is a concept that states that individual thoughts are influenced by various factors such as peer pressure, opinions by colleagues, social norms and pressures from other groups \[[@pone.0223376.ref030]\]. This notion of 'social influences' is linked here with a major barrier 'time' found in the results. While 'time' as already discussed has impact on cost, there were other aspects related to time which emerged as being important; the impact on patients and other staff. From the interviews there was a common perception by the GDP's regarding the time disadvantage while using the ICDAS system in the previous research; this shared perception influenced their future decision of not utilising the system in further clinical practice. The GDPs in this study were unaware of the available software for recording ICDAS electronically, as they had not used this within the trial in which they participated. One possible explanation about the reduced usage of the ICDAS system by the GDP's is a concept called "Diffusion of innovations", which suggest that an "innovation" is an idea or entity that is supposed to be new, while "diffusion" states the progressions through which an innovation spreads \[[@pone.0223376.ref034]\]. It is easy to comprehend that the innovators and the early adapters would potentially use the ICDAS system. Therefore, the rest of the proportion of the bell shaped curve as explained by the theory i.e. early majority and the late majority are either unaware or resistant to using the system.
The participants were also not aware of a much abbreviated version of ICDAS caries severity coding, Merged ICDAS, which has only 3 categories: initial, moderate and extensive caries severity \[[@pone.0223376.ref035]\]. This modification recognises not only the time constraints in clinical practice but also the issue identified with the complexity of the full six-stage ICDAS codes and that there is little clinical benefit in differentiating between the two earliest stages of enamel caries (ICDAS 1 and 2) which some practitioners reported as being difficult.
The study sample comprised of GDP's who took part in a research trial in the past, this might have influenced the respondents' recall of certain elements of the ICDAS system. There may also be an element the information they presented being affected by others within the previous study. For example, either a positive or negative experience within the previous trail may have influenced the challenges and the ease to which ICDAS's use was reported by the participants. Measures were taken to lessen the recall bias by the respondents by providing them with sample charts from the previous research to prompt their thoughts. To reduce the homogeneity between GDP's in this study there was some purposeful selection of interviewees ensuring a balanced representation by gender (four men and four women), a spread of ages (25--55 years) and years of experience (3--20 years in practice as GDPs) and with different areas of dental interests (4 GDP's, 2 GDP's waiting to work in speciality training of maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine and 2 GDP's that had recently started working in community dental settings). Regarding the sample size, GDP's from a previous research study were chosen using convenient but purposive sampling, it may have been useful and the findings might have varied if the study was to have interviewed a larger sample size of dentists from various work settings e.g. community general dental surgeons, hospital based dental surgeons, specialist trainees.
Moreover, the dependability of this study can be argued as the participants were GDP's, they might not have wished to reveal their true weaknesses while using the ICDAS system for caries diagnosis process to the interviewer who was also a dentist. This bias might have influenced the findings in this study. However, the interviews were conducted in their personal dental practices, so that external influences could be avoided while they answered. If the participants would have been interviewed for a longer period of time, a more in-depth conversation with detailed findings might have been found. However, an attempt was made to reduce the influence of this drawback by conducting thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke's method. An attempt was made to reduce this interviewer bias from this study by asking the same open ended questions from all the participants and increasing comparability between their answers; reaching a point of saturation. The investigator was given prior training on how to conduct neutral interviews without imposing their own pre-conception.
Questions can be raised about the cause and effect interferences in this study due to the sample size not being large enough for the findings to be generalised. However, unlike quantitative research where a large sample size is needed for generalisability, in an qualitative research it is fundamental to explore meaning in depth rather than quantifying them \[[@pone.0223376.ref036]\]. Most of the research around qualitative interview based studies proposes transferability and dependency, rather than generalisability.
Conclusion {#sec019}
==========
This qualitative exploratory research study took place with UK-based dentists who had been working in general dental practice at the time of being involved in research utilising ICDAS; it was designed to explore the views and opinions of selected GDP's regarding barriers and facilitators while using the ICDAS system in previous research. The findings reveal that GDP's understand the important role the ICDAS system plays in caries prevention but there are various obstacles faced by the GDP's while implementing the system into practice; also, there are possible drivers that are likely to overcome those barriers and increase the acceptance of the system. The research provided insights of the GDP's, many facilitating factors such as making the ICDAS system computerised, giving additional training on the system to the GDP's and dental nurses, ensuring undergraduate level teaching on the system (former teaching), additional incentives for using the system and for rewarding caries-preventive practices, could help in increasing the utilisation of the ICDAS system in clinical practice. Based on Rogers Diffusion of Innovation 2008, the adoption of new technologies is not a simple straightforward process it is a multi-level process that is influenced by contextual factors, national policies, organisational issues and adopter's individual characteristics \[[@pone.0223376.ref034]\]. Thus, there is a need for the wider agencies such as the oral health service planners, policy makers and stakeholders to design a plan to implement the ICDAS system in clinical practice in a more acceptable way to the GDP's. For example, if a corporate body such as British United Provident Association (BUPA) said it was their policy to do an ICDAS chart for every new patient, then their dental practices would automatically adopt the practice because that would be a requirement of the body commissioning their service in this way their use of ICDAS would be supported and facilitated by the policy.
Supporting information {#sec020}
======================
###### Interview transcripts.
(ZIP)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Thematic map.
(TIFF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### COREQ Checklist.
(DOC)
######
Click here for additional data file.
The research group comprised of (MIK) Master's student in the field of dental public health, experienced qualitative researcher (KV), experienced research expert in the field of dental public health (JC), experienced research expert in the field of dental public health and ICDAS (GD).
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
| 2023-11-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5043 |
Acute cytotoxicity of the chemical carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene in cultured rat liver epithelial cells.
Acute cytotoxic effects of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a powerful chemical carcinogen, were studied in cultured rat liver epithelial F258 cells. Acute treatment of these cells by AAF resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation, through an arrest in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and a loss of cell viability. By contrast, AAF failed to trigger apoptosis as demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis of hypoploid sub-G1 cells. Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), a drug metabolizing enzyme thought to play a major role in biotransformation of AAF, was induced in AAF-treated F258 cells as assessed by Northern blotting. AAF cytotoxic effects were however not blocked by the CYP1A1 inhibitor alpha-naphtoflavone, thus suggesting that they did not require CYP1A1 activity. They were also not prevented by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, making unlikely a major contribution of AAF-related reactive oxygen species. These data therefore indicate that AAF can exert acute cellular toxicity, including inhibition of cell growth and cell death, in rat liver epithelial cells without triggering an apoptotic process. Such an acute toxicity may contribute to the well-known promoting effects of AAF. | 2024-01-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9576 |
Angie, Angie
When will those clouds all disappear?
Angie, Angie
Where will it lead us from here?
With no lovin' in our soul and no money in our coats
You can't say we're satisfied
But Angie, Angie
You can't say we never tried
Angie, you're beautiful
But I hate that sadness in your eyes
Angie, I still love you baby
Remember all those nights we cried
All the dreams were held so close
Seemed to all go up in smoke
Let me whisper in your ear
Angie, Angie
Where will it lead us from here? Yeah
All the dreams we held so close
Seemed to all go up in smoke
Hate that sadness in your eyes
But Angie, I still love you baby
Everywhere I look I see your eyes
There ain't a woman that comes close to you
Come on baby dry your eyes
But Angie, Angie
Ain't it good to be alive
Angie, Angie, you can't say we never tried | 2023-09-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5138 |
Discovery buys PGA Tour international rights for $2 billion
Discovery in the United States may be known for its Shark Week programming and signature Deadliest Catch show, but internationally it’s quickly becoming a player in sports media. Back in 2015, it bought the European rights to the Olympics. Now, it has purchased the international TV and online rights to the PGA Tour for a reported $2 billion. The agreement will include the development of a Netflix-like streaming service.
The deal begins next year and will last through 2030. Under the terms of the contract, the Discovery Networks will carry 140 tournaments a year, including 40 PGA Tour stops.
In addition to airing golf on its TV networks, Discovery plans to put golf on its online service, Eurosport Player, in hopes of attracting more subscribers. The service, which already carries soccer, tennis and various other sports, has more than one million subscribers, and putting golf online would provide some consistent programming every week.
In some countries, Discovery will sublicense rights to other networks. And while this strengthens Discovery’s Eurosport in Europe, the networks also hopes that this deal will pay dividends in Asia where the PGA Tour is looking to grow golf.
Here in the U.S., CBS and NBC/Golf Channel hold the rights to the PGA Tour and they’re attached through 2021. Would Discovery be interested in becoming a player here in the U.S.? That is unknown right now, but if it decides to start bidding on sports properties here, it could force a war for sports between CBS, Disney/ESPN, 21st Century Fox, NBCUniversal, Turner and Discovery.
For now, Discovery seems content to get rights to sports that would benefit its channels outside of the U.S.
Those surveyed by Deloitte averaged three streaming service subscriptions, but many weren't thrilled with the numbers of services they had to subscribe to get what they want. That's worth noting for sports, considering the fragmentation in the sports streaming landscape.
The management services provider for two West Virginia sports books and the state's online betting app is in a dispute with a third-party technology vendor, which means those books won't be able to offer early-round March Madness betting.
Those surveyed by Deloitte averaged three streaming service subscriptions, but many weren't thrilled with the numbers of services they had to subscribe to get what they want. That's worth noting for sports, considering the fragmentation in the sports streaming landscape.
The management services provider for two West Virginia sports books and the state's online betting app is in a dispute with a third-party technology vendor, which means those books won't be able to offer early-round March Madness betting. | 2023-12-14T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1973 |
Printers have been developed that can print text and graphics with multiple colors directly onto the surface of 3D objects. These printers, known as direct-to-object (DTO) printers, enable a small number of objects, even a single object, to be printed. These printers are particularly advantageous in retail environments where unprinted objects can be kept and then printed to provide customized appearances to the objects. This flexibility enables an unprinted inventory of objects, such as various types of balls used in various sports, to be kept at the location and then printed with the logos of particular teams. Consequently, an inventory of objects with a particular logo or color scheme is not required.
One of the issues related to printing objects with a DTO printer is the wide variety of materials, such as metal, plastics, fabrics, and the like, that are used to make the 3D objects. These different materials have a corresponding wide range of surface energies. The surface energies of many of these materials adversely impact the adhesion and durability of ink images on these surfaces. Some of these materials require some type of surface pretreatment to increase the surface energy of the material for durable printing. Typical surface treatment processes include but are not limited to: (1) general cleaning using detergents or solvents, (2) texturing using sanding, sandblasting, plasma etching or the like, (3) low pressure plasma exposure or plasma etching, (4) atmospheric pressure plasma treatments, such as corona, chemical corona, blown arc, plasma jet, and blown ion processes, (5) the application of chemical primers, and (6) flame treatment of surfaces.
Currently, many facilities having DTO printers manually treat the objects prior to printing. Objects requiring only hand buffing and an isopropyl alcohol (IPA) wipe are amendable to manual treatment, while other objects requiring more involved treatments, such as significant exposure time in a low pressure plasma chamber, are not as amenable. Other objects may require a series of different types of surface treatment to achieve optimal results. For instance, some objects are best prepared for printing by hand buffing the object, then applying an IPA wipe followed by flame treatment of the surface. The useful lifetime of surface treatments is variable and range from a few minutes to months depending on the material treated, the process used to treat the material, and the environment in which the object is stored. The general rule of thumb is that the more aggressive the treatment is to get an ink to wet and adhere to a material, the shorter the duration of the treatment. Therefore, a system that successfully treats a wide range of materials, automates the surface treatment procedure to remove human variability and exposure to chemicals, and treats the objects immediately prior to printing would be useful. | 2023-08-10T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2885 |
North Carolina blocks local transgender anti-discrimination laws
The Republican governor of North Carolina signed into law a preemption bill that blocks local governments from making their own rules against gender and sexual discrimination.
On Wednesday, House Bill 2 passed in North Carolina’s House of Representatives with a vote of 83-25, with 12 Democrats crossing the aisle to join every Republican with a “yes” vote. Within 10 hours, the bill was approved in the Senate 32-0, after all the Democrats walked out of the chamber in protest.
"We choose not to participate in this farce," said Senate Minority Leader Dan Blue of Raleigh after he left the Senate building, according to AP.
Governor Pat McCrory signed the legislation into law later in the day.
While the legislature wasn’t set to meet until late April, state GOP leaders were prompted to schedule a one-day session because of a city ordinance in Charlotte that had been scheduled to take effect April 1. That ordinance would have made it illegal to discriminate against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in housing and in public accommodations, such as restrooms.
House Bill 2 blocks such ordinances, mandating that all employment, wages and public accommodations measures by local governments be superseded by state law. It also restricts public bathrooms and locker rooms to people with the corresponding biological sex.
Transgender people who had their birth certificate changed would not be affected, however.
Supporters of the preemption bill argue that the Charlotte ordinance ‒ and others like it ‒ would allow any man to enter a woman’s bathroom or locker room just by identifying himself as transgender.
“The basic expectation of privacy in the most personal of settings, a restroom or locker room, for each gender was violated by government overreach and intrusion by the mayor and city council of Charlotte,” McCrory said in a statement. “This new government regulation defies common sense and basic community norms by allowing, for example, a man to use a woman's bathroom, shower or locker room.”
Despite every single Democrat walking off of the Senate floor, McCrory said in his statement that the legislation passed with a “bipartisan majority,” perhaps referring to the dozen Democrats who supported the bill in the House.
Critics of the legislation say that the local laws need to be in place to protect LGBT people from discrimination in public areas such as restaurants and hotels.
“This is really not about bathrooms,” said Democratic Representative Rodney Moore, according to the Los Angeles Times. “This is about fear.”
Charlotte Mayor Jennifer Roberts, a Democrat who threw her weight behind the city’s anti-discrimination measure, said that the state legislature’s new law appalls her.
"The General Assembly is on the wrong side of progress. It is on the wrong side of history," Roberts said in a statement.
McCrory’s Wednesday’s signing of the bill marks the first time a state has passed a law preventing transgender people from entering public bathrooms corresponding to their adopted gender identity. South Dakota’s legislature attempted to pass a similar law only to have it vetoed earlier this month, and a Tennessee transgender bathroom bill failed to pass the state House on Tuesday. | 2023-08-23T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5881 |
common divisor of 46 and y.
23
Suppose 4*p - 25 = -3*j + 167, -3*p + 2*j = -144. Let r be (-92)/12 + (-4)/(-6). Let m = r + 19. What is the highest common factor of p and m?
12
Let w = 57 + -32. Suppose -8 = 4*q, -w = -2*m - 2*q + 71. What is the highest common factor of 10 and m?
10
Suppose -t - t - 3*u = 107, -2*t - u - 117 = 0. Let c be 4/(-8) + t/(-2). What is the highest common factor of 6 and c?
6
Let d(r) = r**3 - r**2 + r - 4. Let u be d(0). Let y be 3/(9/(-24)*u). What is the highest common factor of 10 and y?
2
Suppose -5*x = 4*q - 108, -2*x + 2*q + 42 = 6. Calculate the highest common divisor of 5 and x.
5
Let f = -13 + 21. What is the highest common divisor of f and 24?
8
Suppose -4*j = -5*h + h + 136, -5*h + 200 = j. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 13 and h.
13
Let x be -8 + (4 - (4 - 3)). Let y(r) = r**3 + 7*r**2 + 6*r + 6. Let t be y(x). What is the highest common divisor of t and 208?
26
Let g = -26 - -32. Calculate the highest common factor of g and 9.
3
Suppose 0*s - 5*f + 125 = 5*s, -20 = -2*s + 4*f. Let j = 44 + s. Calculate the greatest common divisor of j and 8.
8
Suppose 5*u - 322 = -2*r, -u - u - 863 = -5*r. Calculate the greatest common divisor of r and 38.
19
Let x(v) = -4*v**3 - 2*v**2 - 2*v - 11. Let r be x(-4). Calculate the highest common divisor of 13 and r.
13
Let a(q) = q**2 + 16*q - 26. Let w be a(-18). What is the greatest common factor of w and 6?
2
Let w = -9 + 28. Calculate the greatest common factor of w and 152.
19
Suppose -6*u + 4*s + 64 = -u, -4*s = 4. Let m(k) = -4*k + 1. Let z be m(1). Let j be 2/(z/(-8*9)). What is the highest common factor of u and j?
12
Let i(k) = 10*k + 3. Let j be i(6). Let g(p) = 6*p**2 + 3*p + 3. Let l be g(-2). Let t = 30 - l. Calculate the highest common divisor of j and t.
9
Let y(v) = 10*v + 16. Let m be y(0). What is the highest common factor of 1 and m?
1
Let z(r) = 19*r + 7. Let y be z(-5). Let c = y - -176. What is the highest common divisor of 11 and c?
11
Let p(m) = m**3 - 7*m**2 - 9*m + 12. Let t be p(8). Let l be (-60)/(-5)*2/t. Calculate the greatest common factor of 2 and l.
2
Suppose 749 + 142 = 9*q. Calculate the highest common divisor of 9 and q.
9
Suppose -4*y = -2 - 18. Let v = y + 0. What is the highest common divisor of 2 and v?
1
Suppose -h - 12 = -4*h. Suppose 3*v - 4*z - 55 = 0, 2*z - 80 = -h*v + 4*z. Calculate the greatest common factor of v and 3.
3
Let x(g) = -3*g + 27. Let n be x(-16). What is the highest common divisor of n and 50?
25
Suppose 0 = 4*i + 2 - 26. Suppose -10 = 2*b - 7*b, n - b - i = 0. Calculate the greatest common divisor of n and 88.
8
Let d = 107 + 29. Suppose -4*i - 40 + d = 0. Calculate the highest common divisor of 48 and i.
24
Suppose -v = 3*v + 100. Let u = -13 - v. Suppose 0 = -5*w + 124 + 356. Calculate the greatest common divisor of u and w.
12
Suppose 39 = 5*n - 71. Let y be (-44)/(-18)*-3*-6. Calculate the greatest common divisor of y and n.
22
Suppose 0*i + 5*i - 15 = 0. Let o = 24 + 48. Suppose 0*y - o = -3*y. Calculate the greatest common divisor of i and y.
3
Let g be 30*(-3 - 20/(-6)). Suppose -92 = -4*f + 28. Calculate the greatest common factor of g and f.
10
Let z = 98 - -1. Suppose -7*c = -2*c - 55. Calculate the greatest common factor of z and c.
11
Let q(m) be the first derivative of m**4 - 2*m + 2. Let p(o) be the first derivative of q(o). Let a be p(-1). What is the greatest common factor of a and 4?
4
Let a(i) = 6*i + 3. Let p be a(3). What is the highest common divisor of p and 231?
21
Suppose -y - 4*u = -0*y - 20, u + 40 = y. Suppose -5*f + k + 43 = 0, -3*f - 2*k + 18 = -0*k. Suppose j = -j + f. What is the highest common divisor of y and j?
4
Suppose -2*l + 87 = 35. Let n(y) = y - 3. Let g be n(7). Let b = g - -9. What is the highest common factor of b and l?
13
Suppose 4*c = -0*c + 12. Let n(s) = 8*s**2 + 2*s + 2. Let m be n(c). What is the highest common divisor of m and 16?
16
Suppose 3 = -c - 21. Let j = 6 - 41. Let z = c - j. What is the greatest common divisor of 1 and z?
1
Let b = 14 + 5. Suppose 2*y - y = b. Suppose 4*a - 20 = 4*q, 2*a + a - y = -q. What is the greatest common factor of 4 and a?
2
Let d = -24 - -37. Let r = -11 + d. Let q = 8 + -3. What is the highest common factor of q and r?
1
Suppose 0 = u - 0 - 2. Let k = u + 0. Calculate the greatest common factor of k and 22.
2
Suppose 0*p = -p + 80. Let a(h) = -h + 10. Suppose -4*z + 8 = -c, -c = c + 3*z - 6. Let g be a(c). Calculate the highest common divisor of p and g.
10
Suppose 4*r - 4 = o + 15, 3*r - o - 13 = 0. Let i be -2 + (1 - 2) + 57. What is the greatest common factor of i and r?
6
Let b be (-1 - -1)*1/(-2). Suppose -3*q - s = -5*s + 315, -q + 3*s - 110 = b. Let u = q + 182. What is the highest common factor of 9 and u?
9
Suppose 0*s + 240 = 5*s. Let r(a) = -a**2 - 11*a - 12. Let b = -16 + 8. Let x be r(b). Calculate the greatest common factor of x and s.
12
Let m be (7/(-2))/(12/(-24)). Calculate the greatest common factor of m and 77.
7
Let d be (-2)/(-7) - 152/(-56). Suppose -3*c + 5*i + 14 = -66, -130 = -4*c - 5*i. Calculate the greatest common divisor of d and c.
3
Let m be -1 + (1 - 8/(-2)). Let g be 9/((-2)/(-8)*1). Calculate the greatest common factor of g and m.
4
Suppose -3*w = w + 4*s - 964, 225 = w + 5*s. Calculate the greatest common divisor of w and 35.
35
Suppose 4*r - 6 = 3*r. Suppose u + r - 13 = 0. Let d be (-2)/(-3) - (-435)/9. What is the greatest common factor of u and d?
7
Let i(y) = -y**3 - 4*y**2 - 8*y - 4. Let j be i(-3). Let r = -122 - -177. What is the greatest common factor of r and j?
11
Suppose 0 = -5*a + 3*d + 85, 5*a - 17 = 4*a + 3*d. Let s = 94 + -60. Calculate the highest common factor of a and s.
17
Suppose -r - 2 = -4. Suppose -r*p = 2*p - 384. Suppose k = -k + p. What is the greatest common factor of 16 and k?
16
Let c be ((-228)/(-8))/(3/8). Let h = c - 25. Calculate the highest common divisor of 34 and h.
17
Suppose -5*d = 5*y - 10, 3*d + 4*y - 6 = -y. Suppose -d*t + 6*t = 20. Suppose 30 = 5*c + 5*f, 27 - 2 = -t*f. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 88 and c.
11
Suppose 297 = 3*d - 5*i, -5*d + 2*i = -6*d + 99. Calculate the highest common divisor of 33 and d.
33
Let w be (-4432)/(-176) - 2/11. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 1 and w.
1
Let h(z) = z**3 + 6*z**2 + z + 4. Let y be h(-6). Let s = y - -2. Suppose s = -2*w + 3 + 11. What is the greatest common factor of 77 and w?
7
Let z be (0 + (-1)/1)*-5. Suppose -z*k = -2*k - 9. Calculate the greatest common divisor of k and 21.
3
Let d(j) = 2*j**2 + 5*j - 5. Let b be d(-5). What is the highest common factor of 30 and b?
10
Let i(p) = -p + 6. Let a be i(6). Suppose a = -5*x + 12 + 98. Calculate the highest common divisor of x and 33.
11
Let f be -2 - (-7)/((-21)/(-60)). What is the greatest common factor of f and 6?
6
Let b be 1/4 - (-1196)/16. Let s be 3/(-2) + b/2. What is the highest common factor of s and 24?
12
Let b be (-9)/6 - (-23)/2. Suppose -118 = -5*t + j, -b = j - 6*j. Calculate the highest common divisor of t and 36.
12
Let v(p) = -p**3 - 8*p**2 - p - 8. Let z be v(-8). Suppose 160 = -z*y + 4*y. Calculate the highest common divisor of y and 8.
8
Let t be 2 - -49 - (2 + -1). Calculate the greatest common factor of t and 20.
10
Let v be ((-2)/6)/(0 - 1/9). Let x(t) = 3*t**3 - 2*t**2 - t + 1. Let l be x(2). Calculate the greatest common divisor of l and v.
3
Let y(b) = 162*b**2 - 2. Let f be y(-2). Let x be f/6 - 2/(-6). Let v be -2 + -2 + 8 + 8. Calculate the highest common divisor of x and v.
12
Suppose -11 = -4*m + p, 3*p + 0 + 1 = 4*m. Suppose 4*b - 2*b - 2*d + 64 = 0, -b = m*d + 12. Let w = b - -40. What is the greatest common factor of 3 and w?
3
Let a be (-9)/(-15) + (-24)/(-10). Suppose 2*x = -a*x - 10. Let c be x/(-6) + (-29)/(-3). Calculate the highest common divisor of 90 and c.
10
Suppose 4*u + 18 - 76 = 2*g, 2*g = -4*u + 46. Calculate the highest common divisor of u and 351.
13
Let n(w) = w - 6. Let o be n(10). Let t(j) = 6*j**2 - 5*j - 4. Let p be t(o). What is the highest common divisor of p and 9?
9
Suppose 4*l = -8, -l = -5*g - 2*l + 58. Calculate the greatest common factor of 132 and g.
12
Suppose -2*u = -3*l - 10, -4*u + 4*l + 20 = 2*l. Suppose v - 76 = -3*v - m, 3*v - u*m - 80 = 0. Wha | 2024-01-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4623 |
h.
7/153
Three letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, k: 1, m: 2, q: 1, c: 4}. Give prob of picking 1 i, 1 k, and 1 q.
1/84
Three letters picked without replacement from bbghbfjbffmgghbbhb. Give prob of picking 1 j, 1 h, and 1 f.
3/272
Calculate prob of picking 2 b when two letters picked without replacement from euebeubeeb.
1/15
What is prob of picking 1 e, 1 v, and 1 k when three letters picked without replacement from eeewewwewkv?
1/33
Calculate prob of picking 1 x and 1 l when two letters picked without replacement from xrcbxbxlxlzz.
4/33
Calculate prob of picking 2 i and 1 k when three letters picked without replacement from {i: 2, k: 1, v: 11}.
1/364
What is prob of picking 1 d and 1 o when two letters picked without replacement from {o: 4, c: 7, d: 2}?
4/39
Two letters picked without replacement from ssaxjng. Give prob of picking 1 g and 1 x.
1/21
Four letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, w: 3}. Give prob of picking 1 l and 3 w.
2/5
Calculate prob of picking 3 z when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 3, c: 1, z: 4}.
1/14
Four letters picked without replacement from cvvyycalcxvalaxylavx. Give prob of picking 1 c and 3 l.
1/1615
What is prob of picking 3 u when three letters picked without replacement from {u: 7, r: 2, n: 6}?
1/13
Four letters picked without replacement from {d: 9, l: 3, v: 3, i: 2}. What is prob of picking 2 i and 2 v?
3/2380
Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 5}. Give prob of picking 2 t.
1
Four letters picked without replacement from doddoodvvovod. What is prob of picking 4 o?
1/143
What is prob of picking 1 d and 1 j when two letters picked without replacement from ttjddtjtttt?
4/55
Calculate prob of picking 2 c when two letters picked without replacement from {m: 1, i: 1, y: 1, c: 2}.
1/10
Calculate prob of picking 1 j and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 2, l: 1, e: 4, t: 2, j: 2, z: 1}.
4/33
Two letters picked without replacement from {l: 8, b: 2, g: 2, h: 3}. What is prob of picking 1 l and 1 g?
16/105
Calculate prob of picking 1 r and 1 x when two letters picked without replacement from rrfoxooxjrrz.
4/33
Calculate prob of picking 3 k and 1 w when four letters picked without replacement from {q: 1, w: 6, c: 1, k: 3, i: 1, f: 3}.
2/455
Four letters picked without replacement from nbfaaamnkkkbaf. What is prob of picking 1 a, 2 f, and 1 m?
4/1001
Calculate prob of picking 1 l and 2 n when three letters picked without replacement from {p: 2, l: 1, n: 6, b: 3}.
3/44
Calculate prob of picking 3 q when three letters picked without replacement from qqgqqgg.
4/35
Two letters picked without replacement from ccshshhc. What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 s?
3/14
What is prob of picking 1 z and 1 f when two letters picked without replacement from dwzaaaawwaf?
1/55
Three letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, x: 3}. What is prob of picking 3 x?
1/10
Two letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, p: 3, i: 3, q: 3}. What is prob of picking 1 i and 1 p?
1/5
Calculate prob of picking 1 x and 1 s when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, g: 7, x: 2, s: 2}.
2/33
Three letters picked without replacement from aaaclaccacacgvgvlaa. What is prob of picking 1 g and 2 a?
56/969
Two letters picked without replacement from ugkguvggvvk. What is prob of picking 1 u and 1 g?
8/55
Two letters picked without replacement from suue. What is prob of picking 1 u and 1 s?
1/3
Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 3, r: 1, q: 11, h: 3, s: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 r?
1/57
Four letters picked without replacement from {b: 4, c: 8, z: 1, f: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 z, 2 c, and 1 b?
16/195
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 9, k: 2}. What is prob of picking 2 k?
1/55
Two letters picked without replacement from {i: 2, f: 3, q: 5, c: 1, x: 5}. What is prob of picking 1 i and 1 x?
1/12
What is prob of picking 1 t and 1 r when two letters picked without replacement from ustuuhhurtt?
3/55
Four letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, x: 5, t: 3, f: 4}. Give prob of picking 1 s and 3 x.
2/143
Calculate prob of picking 2 o and 1 z when three letters picked without replacement from qooozqqzzqqooqtozqz.
25/323
Calculate prob of picking 1 v and 1 e when two letters picked without replacement from pntveoo.
1/21
Four letters picked without replacement from ixttkxiyiit. What is prob of picking 1 t and 3 i?
2/55
Calculate prob of picking 1 r and 1 n when two letters picked without replacement from nnrrrr.
8/15
What is prob of picking 3 k and 1 m when four letters picked without replacement from {o: 5, r: 6, k: 3, m: 1}?
1/1365
Four letters picked without replacement from {q: 4, r: 4, p: 1, u: 3, x: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 x and 3 r?
4/715
Four letters picked without replacement from {r: 7, d: 1, o: 2, l: 3, n: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 n and 3 r?
5/143
Four letters picked without replacement from qqzqjzjqqjzquuz. What is prob of picking 1 j, 1 q, and 2 z?
36/455
What is prob of picking 1 n and 1 c when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, n: 3, w: 1, c: 2}?
2/7
Two letters picked without replacement from {b: 6, m: 1, n: 1, k: 1, i: 5}. What is prob of picking 1 m and 1 i?
5/91
Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 5, c: 2, o: 3, a: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 o and 1 a?
1/11
Three letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, d: 2, q: 10, n: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 d and 2 n?
0
What is prob of picking 3 b when three letters picked without replacement from bbbbbbbbtbbbbbbbbb?
5/6
Calculate prob of picking 4 p when four letters picked without replacement from fqpqqfpffpqffp.
1/1001
Two letters picked without replacement from hupirrprurpruru. What is prob of picking 1 p and 1 h?
1/35
Calculate prob of picking 1 i, 1 b, 1 t, and 1 z when four letters picked without replacement from ttzztbi.
6/35
What is prob of picking 1 n, 1 z, and 1 m when three letters picked without replacement from nzmmzzzmzznzm?
28/143
Calculate prob of picking 3 t and 1 y when four letters picked without replacement from {y: 2, t: 3}.
2/5
Two letters picked without replacement from ueueheduhhhheh. What is prob of picking 2 e?
6/91
Calculate prob of picking 1 a and 2 i when three letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, v: 2, p: 8, i: 4}.
6/455
Two letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, z: 2, v: 1, y: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 v and 1 z?
2/15
What is prob of picking 1 p and 1 l when two letters picked without replacement from uluulpppuumlluplul?
8/51
Calculate prob of picking 3 f when three letters picked without replacement from zzfzzzzfzfzzfzzfzzz.
10/969
Three letters picked without replacement from iiiuiplp. What is prob of picking 1 i and 2 p?
1/14
Four letters picked without replacement from {s: 3, k: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 k and 3 s?
2/5
Calculate prob of picking 2 i when two letters picked without replacement from iiggi.
3/10
Calculate prob of picking 1 a and 2 t when three letters picked without replacement from aattaaatuat.
12/55
What is prob of picking 1 w and 2 b when three letters picked without replacement from wceeebwbbbcbmmm?
4/91
Calculate prob of picking 3 d when three letters picked without replacement from dwddddddddwdwddd.
143/280
Calculate prob of picking 1 g, 1 q, 1 b, and 1 c when four letters picked without replacement from bqcqqgbacbacccg.
6/91
Three letters picked without replacement from {d: 2, o: 6}. What is prob of picking 3 o?
5/14
Two letters picked without replacement from {x: 1, s: 18, w: 1}. Give prob of picking 2 s.
153/190
Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 2, n: 7, v: 2}. Give prob of picking 2 v.
1/55
What is prob of picking 2 q when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 10, q: 4}?
6/91
Two letters picked without replacement from {b: 2, y: 7}. What is prob of picking 1 b and 1 y?
7/18
Four letters picked without replacement from uumuuumumumuumhhmhm. Give prob of picking 1 h and 3 m.
35/1292
Calculate prob of picking 1 d and 1 q when two letters picked without replacement from qqqqdqqddqqqqqqq.
13/40
What is prob of picking 1 o and 1 b when two letters picked without replacement from {a: 3, b: 1, q: 1, o: 3, n: 2, z: 2}?
1/22
Two | 2024-01-30T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3216 |
Equivalence of 'non-IgG binding' and 'acrosomeless' sperm populations from the female genital tract of the rabbit.
Spermatozoa were recovered from the ejaculate, vagina, uteri and oviducts of mated does between 2.5 and 14 h p.c. For each sample, the proportion of spermatozoa exhibiting no binding of IgG from normal serum, after air drying and acetone fixation, was compared with the proportion of acrosomeless spermatozoa as assessed by staining with eosin and fast green. The correlation was excellent (r = 0.97; P less than 0.001) suggesting that failure of acetone-fixed spermatozoa to bind IgG from normal serum may reflect acrosome absence rather than 'acrosomal uncoatibility'. Usually the proportion of immunofluorescence negative or acrosomeless spermatozoa was about 10% in the ejaculate; 15% in the vagina; 25% in the uterus and 70-100% in the oviducts. This phenomenon is not an air-drying artefact, and seems to be independent of flushing medium. | 2024-05-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9622 |
Root canal treatment
Root canal treatment saves the tooth from extraction, and halts further damage. The affected tooth is treated by removing the infected pulp. The chamber is cleaned and a dental filling is placed. To reinforce strength, a dental crown is often capped over the damaged tooth.
Tooth decay
Tooth decay is the leading cause of tooth loss, followed by periodontal disease. We encourage everyone to take advantage of our preventative dentistry services to stop dental problems such as tooth decay. If you think you already have cavities, don’t worry. We can still help!
Bad breath treatment
Halitosis, more commonly known as bad breath, is a dental problem affecting young and old alike. Unfortunately, sufferers are subject to the uncertain honesty of the people around them to discover they have it.
Our nose is desensitised to our own breath. You might be walking around town without even knowing you have it.
Dry mouth
Aside from breaking down starch and helping to dissolve food, saliva also helps protect the teeth. A thin film of saliva covers the teeth and fights decay through its antibacterial agents. It also washes food debris away from the teeth.
Xerostomia or dry mouth is the decrease of saliva supply. When this happens, bacteria thrive on your teeth. | 2023-12-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7853 |
Previously in series: Whining-Based Communities
"But there is a reason why many of my students have achieved great things; and by that I do not mean high rank in the Bayesian Conspiracy. I expected much of them, and they came to expect much of themselves." —Jeffreyssai
Among the failure modes of martial arts dojos, I suspect, is that a sufficiently dedicated martial arts student, will dream of...
...becoming a teacher and having their own martial arts dojo someday.
To see what's wrong with this, imagine going to a class on literary criticism, falling in love with it, and dreaming of someday becoming a famous literary critic just like your professor, but never actually writing anything. Writers tend to look down on literary critics' understanding of the art form itself, for just this reason. (Orson Scott Card uses the analogy of a wine critic who listens to a wine-taster saying "This wine has a great bouquet", and goes off to tell their students "You've got to make sure your wine has a great bouquet". When the student asks, "How? Does it have anything to do with grapes?" the critic replies disdainfully, "That's for grape-growers! I teach wine.")
Similarly, I propose, no student of rationality should study with the purpose of becoming a rationality instructor in turn. You do that on Sundays, or full-time after you retire.
And to place a go stone blocking this failure mode, I propose a requirement that all rationality instructors must have secret identities. They must have a life outside the Bayesian Conspiracy, which would be worthy of respect even if they were not rationality instructors. And to enforce this, I suggest the rule:
Rationality_Respect 1 (Instructor) = min(Rationality_Respect 0 (Instructor), Non_Rationality_Respect 0 (Instructor))
That is, you can't respect someone as a rationality instructor, more than you would respect them if they were not rationality instructors.
Some notes:
• This doesn't set Rationality_Respect 1 equal to Non_Rationality_Respect 0 . It establishes an upper bound. This doesn't mean you can find random awesome people and expect them to be able to teach you. Explicit, abstract, cross-domain understanding of rationality and the ability to teach it to others is, unfortunately, an additional discipline on top of domain-specific life success. Newton was a Christian etcetera. I'd rather hear what Laplace had to say about rationality—Laplace wasn't as famous as Newton, but Laplace was a great mathematician, physicist, and astronomer in his own right, and he was the one who said "I have no need of that hypothesis" (when Napoleon asked why Laplace's works on celestial mechanics did not mention God). So I would respect Laplace as a rationality instructor well above Newton, by the min() function given above.
• We should be generous about what counts as a secret identity outside the Bayesian Conspiracy. If it's something that outsiders do in fact see as impressive, then it's "outside" regardless of how much Bayesian content is in the job. An experimental psychologist who writes good papers on heuristics and biases, a successful trader who uses Bayesian algorithms, a well-selling author of a general-audiences popular book on atheism—all of these have worthy secret identities. None of this contradicts the spirit of being good at something besides rationality—no, not even the last, because writing books that sell is a further difficult skill! At the same time, you don't want to be too lax and start respecting the instructor's ability to put up probability-theory equations on the blackboard—it has to be visibly outside the walls of the dojo and nothing that could be systematized within the Conspiracy as a token requirement.
• Apart from this, I shall not try to specify what exactly is worthy of respect. A creative mind may have good reason to depart from any criterion I care to describe. I'll just stick with the idea that "Nice rationality instructor" should be bounded above by "Nice secret identity".
• But if the Bayesian Conspiracy is ever to populate itself with instructors, this criterion should not be too strict. A simple test to see whether you live inside an elite bubble is to ask yourself whether the percentage of PhD-bearers in your apparent world exceeds the 0.25% rate at which they are found in the general population. Being a math professor at a small university who has published a few original proofs, or a successful day trader who retired after five years to become an organic farmer, or a serial entrepreneur who lived through three failed startups before going back to a more ordinary job as a senior programmer—that's nothing to sneeze at. The vast majority of people go through their whole lives without being that interesting. Any of these three would have some tales to tell of real-world use, on Sundays at the small rationality dojo where they were instructors. What I'm trying to say here is: don't demand that everyone be Robin Hanson in their secret identity, that is setting the bar too high. Selective reporting makes it seem that fantastically high-achieving people have a far higher relative frequency than their real occurrence. So if you ask for your rationality instructor to be as interesting as the sort of people you read about in the newspapers—and a master rationalist on top of that—and a good teacher on top of that—then you're going to have to join one of three famous dojos in New York, or something. But you don't want to be too lax and start respecting things that others wouldn't respect if they weren't specially looking for reasons to praise the instructor. "Having a good secret identity" should require way more effort than anything that could become a token requirement.
Now I put to you: If the instructors all have real-world anecdotes to tell of using their knowledge, and all of the students know that the desirable career path can't just be to become a rationality instructor, doesn't that sound healthier?
Part of the sequence The Craft and the Community
Next post: "Beware of Other-Optimizing"
Previous post: "Whining-Based Communities" | 2024-03-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1959 |
Q:
Which theory is stronger, that iron came from outside or was formed within earth?
Where is the current body of science learning towards, that iron came from meteor or it was somehow formed on earth?
A:
The only elements that were formed on Earth are those produced by radioactive decay. There are four natural decay chains that start with transuranic elements and none terminate in iron; neither do the decay chains that are artificial or those that result from cosmic radiation. So all of our iron is from the Earth's formation or meteor impacts since then.
A:
All the material that eventually formed our solar system is essentially recycled star dust. All iron on Earth was produced by large stars that existed before our Sun formed: the iron was created during nuclear fusion and later released when the parent star(s) exploded, presumably supernova. After our solar nebula had formed and material had been gravitationally compacted, dense elements like iron did not get far from the center of the nebula before "precipitating" out into planets and meteors. Thus the inner solar system has a high abundance of iron. This is in contrast to low-density elements/molecules that were in general able to escape the center of the nebula and make it pretty far before being pulled into a large mass. So we have high iron planets and meteors close to the sun (relatively speaking), and very little iron in the "gas giants" part of the solar system. I would consider this to be material that is "already there" but certainly some iron has been added by meteors.
A:
I believe the element iron (Fe) is formed by stellar nucleosynthesis.
stellar nucleosynthesis:
it's a process of continuous fusion of the star element to reach heavier and heavier elements. starting from hydrogen (H) till iron (Fe) (the heaviest element the process could reach).
Each 2 atoms of light elements fuse together to form heavier element atom.
For example 2 hydrogen atoms (H --> 1 proton) fuse to form helium (He --> 2 protons).
| 2024-02-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5363 |
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Friendly staff available 8am to 5pm PST to answer your questions and take your orders. Call us at (800)366-1898 | 2024-04-22T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6652 |
The Takeaway
Florida regulators are investigating Karatbars, a German company that’s been promoting a token tied to a Miami “crypto bank” without any banking license in the state.
Karatbars previously issued a cryptocurrency purportedly backed by gold, but CoinDesk has been unable to verify the existence of the mine the company says produced the gold.
Before it entered the crypto space, Karatbars sold gold products online through an affiliate marketing system that regulators in three countries warned the public to avoid.
CoinDesk interviewed three of Karatbars’ current “affiliates,” who said they passionately believe in the company and its tokens.
A German company that claimed to raise $100 million in a 2018 initial coin offering (ICO) is being investigated by Florida financial regulators, CoinDesk has learned.
Karatbars International GmbH has announced plans to follow its first token sale with another one in December 2019. While the 2018 token sale was for its allegedly gold-backed KaratGold Coin (KBC), this year the company has been promoting a KaratBank Coin connected to a “cryptocurrency bank” in Miami.
The claim about a cryptocurrency bank seems to have landed the firm in hot water with the Florida Office of Financial Regulation (OFR).
“Karatbars is not licensed as a bank with the OFR,” the agency’s director of communications, Katie Norris, told CoinDesk. “The OFR has an open investigation, and so that is all the information I can share at this time.”
Karatbars International GmbH has not responded to CoinDesk’s requests for comment. We will update the article if we hear back.
The Florida investigation is not the first time Karatbars has come under regulatory scrutiny. The company was founded in 2011 by German entrepreneur Harald Seiz, who still heads it.
In 2014, long before Karatbars’ first token sale, Quebec’s Financial Markets Regulator issued a warning for investors to “be cautious” about the company, which offered internet-based purchases of gold to prospective “affiliates.” Karatbars offered these buyers a commission to sign up other affiliates.
Regulators in the Netherlands and Namibia have issued similar public warnings, with the former calling Karatbars’ business a form of multi-level marketing and the latter going so far as to label it a pyramid scheme.
First token
Despite this history, Karatbars’ first token, KBC, trades on more than 30 exchanges including HitBTC and Yobit and has been promoted on Twitter by the likes of John McAfee.
The coin, which runs on the ethereum blockchain, was distributed through an ICO in April 2018, reportedly garnering $100 million. Since the summer of 2018, the token has traded at fractions of a penny, according to CoinMarketCap, which calculates KBC’s current global market capitalization at $92,642,798.
The affiliate marketing strategy of Karatbars’ earlier business carried over to the token issuance, and affiliates interviewed by CoinDesk said much of their buying activity took place on the company’s own platform. Perhaps for this reason, the coins tend to stay put on the public ledger. According to the blockchain data explorer site Etherscan, the first transfer of KBC took place in November 2018, months after the ICO, with 20.9 million tokens now residing in 42 wallets.
Karatbars claims that the gold backing KBC was mined from Fort Dauphin in Madagascar. But CoinDesk was unable to independently verify that such a mine exists, or that Karatbars has any in the country.
In an email forwarded to CoinDesk by a third-party researcher, officials at the Madagascar Chamber of Mines said:
“We regret to inform you that there is no Fort Dauphin gold mine in Madagascar and Karatbars does not hold a mining permit in Madagascar.”
CoinDesk has reached out directly to the relevant authorities in Madagascar and will update the article if we receive more clarity on the matter.
When asked about his posts promoting the company, McAfee told CoinDesk:
“I believe that coins linked to a standard of value will be the foundation of the entire crypto movement. A safe haven without having to exit the crypto world into the world of fiat currencies.”
‘I believe in it’
It might be easy to dismiss KBC but many have seen opportunities in the project.
Florida resident Taylor Richey, a long-time gold bug and current KBC affiliate, launched his own startup to facilitate a point-of-sale service for KBC, called Karatstars Labs, after getting laid off from his factory job. So far, Richey said, two merchants (one being his own online store, however) have agreed to accept the tokens as payment for their wares.
“I believe in it enough that I decided to make my own career, a company, building a company to bring value to this ecosystem,” Richey said. “In 2018, when they [Karatbars] pivoted from a gold company into crypto, with the help of their affiliate program they became the number one seller of gold bullion in the world.” (Senior executives at three different organizations in the gold bullion market told CoinDesk it would be difficult or impossible to prove such a claim.)
Three KBC-holders interviewed by CoinDesk stated multiple times that Karatbars ran the world’s largest ICO (a title that arguably belongs to Block.One’s $4.1 billion sale for the EOS blockchain), praised the regulated state of the alleged crypto bank in Miami and mentioned purported endorsements from parties as diverse as the Vatican to the Real Madrid soccer team, neither of which responded to requests for comment. However, famed footballer Roberto Carlos did appear on stage at a Karatbars event in Amsterdam.
Likewise, the holders’ belief in this company, they said, was bolstered by real products – swag and small pieces of gold – that affiliates often received as part of their rewards program. Such affiliated products, like an “upcoming” Karatbars-friendly smartphone, are also promoted on sites like CoinTelegraph and VC News Network, a Reuters partner.
One American KBC affiliate, Andrea LaRosa, broke down in tears while telling CoinDesk about how the gold rewards finally offered her financial freedom in late 2018, after years of struggling with an assortment of bootstrapped businesses. After all, she said, the company has shipped her pieces of real gold.
“It’s based on how many contracts that you can collect. How many transactions that are made, in your business,” LaRosa said. “I’ve been inspired and gotten so much encouragement from other leaders. They don’t want anything from here. They’re really here to help. … I love Dr. Seiz’s mission to help people get out of debt.”
(Affiliates and press materials often refer to Karatbars founder Seiz as a doctor. CoinDesk was not able to independently confirm any such credentials.)
Crypto gateways
Many of these token holders, including LaRosa, came to KBC through the bitcoin community and not through traditional gold bug circles like Richley, who told CoinDesk he did enough research to avoid most ICOs.
LaRosa still holds a little bit of bitcoin and ether herself, although she has moved the majority of her investments into KBC.
“Bitcoin is really backed by nothing. But our KBC is backed by gold, and the [KaratBank Coin] is backed by our assets,” she said of her reasoning. “Eventually the two coins will be merged and come together.”
Likewise, Filipino-American immigrant and KBC affiliate Jose Buco plans to travel back to his homeland in the near future to preach the Karatgold gospel. He told CoinDesk he started by investing $32,000 in this company’s crypto products in 2018, assets which he said public metrics and exchanges now deem to be worth $41,000.
He recently returned from the Netherlands, where hundreds of Karatbars affiliates gathered in August to celebrate their “bridge from the financial system to cryptocurrency,” as Buco put it.
Like the other holders interviewed by CoinDesk, Buco researched Karatbars and bitcoin itself before deciding to prioritize KBC. As someone who felt underserved by the traditional financial system, he said his tangible evidence came from social media and community events, including people he built personal relationships with.
“You can see on YouTube the gold they are stocking up,” Buco said.
Gold nuggets image via Shutterstock | 2023-12-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3779 |
Israel partnered with Obama’s war on Syria since conflict began in March 2011. It supports ISIS and other takfiri terrorists – providing arms, treating wounded fighters in Israeli hospitals.
It conducted half a dozen or more terror bombings on Syrian targets as well as several cross-border attacks.
It’s kept a relatively low profile in partnering with Obama’s war to topple Bashar al-Assad, eliminate a regional rival and isolate Iran ahead of likely greater destabilization and possible war on the Islamic Republic based on fabricated threats.
On Augut 16, Israeli media reported IDF preparations for possible Golan Heights ground operations on Syria’s side of the border if alleged terror attacks occur against Israel – likely false flags it can use as justification for aggression.
Israeli media reported state propaganda about threatening Islamists along Israel’s border. The IDF on high alert in response conducted a large-scale drill last week simulating three scenarios: countering a claimed terrorist attack on Israeli forces, a ground incursion into Syria, and repelling an alleged Iranian directed Hezbollah attack.
Fact: No evidence suggests Islamic State or other terrorist elements in Syria turning on their sources of support, namely Israel.
They haven’t attacked Israel or its military any time throughout nearly four and a half years of conflict. Nor has Iran or Hezbollah – neither indicating any intention to do so.
Israeli claims about earlier Iranian and Hezbollah attacks on its territory from Syrian Golan positions or Lebanon are a complete fabrication – used as pretext for possible aggression.
On Sunday, an IDF source lied claiming “(i)t’s clear that Iran is behind all of the (Golan area) terror attacks…in the past two years. The Iranians are using the border – they establish units – whether it’s (Jihad) Mughniyeh (a Hezbollah member Israel killed), (Samir) Kuntar (a Palestine Liberation Front operative), and more – to carry out” attacks.
These and similar reports are part of Israel’s propaganda war (at times turning hot) against Iran, Syria and Hezbollah.
Longstanding US/Israeli plans call for balkanizing Syria – part of their scheme to redraw the Middle East map, first by likely establishing a buffer and no-fly zone with Ankara in northern Syria.
US warplanes have been bombing Syrian infrastructure targets for nearly a year on the pretext of targeting ISIS. Turkey is involved attacking Kurdish forces in Syria.
Perhaps Israel now plans joining them more directly by sending troops cross-border into southern Syria – against Assad, not nonexistent terrorist threats. Will Libya 2.0 follow?
Stephen Lendman lives in Chicago. He can be reached at [email protected].
His new book as editor and contributor is titled “Flashpoint in Ukraine: US Drive for Hegemony Risks WW III.”
http://www.claritypress.com/LendmanIII.html
Visit his blog site at sjlendman.blogspot.com.
Listen to cutting-edge discussions with distinguished guests on the Progressive Radio News Hour on the Progressive Radio Network.
It airs three times weekly: live on Sundays at 1PM Central time plus two prerecorded archived programs. | 2023-09-22T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2019 |
Q:
Physics, turn like a car
I'm having difficulty getting the Chipmunk physics engine to do what I want. The only solution that appears to work requires some heavy vector math. Before diving into that rabbit hole for the other components of my game, I was hoping someone could fill me in on a better way to go about this. The desired gameplay is as follows:
A character moves around a finite space in a top-down view
Movement is always a constant velocity in whatever direction the character faces
The player taps on the screen, which causes the character to 'turn' towards the touched location
The basic idea is like driving a car. You cannot immediately turn around, but instead must first perform a u-turn. That car must also maintain a constant speed. How might I do this? Bonus question: how can you override whatever method chipmunk calls to update a body's position, and is this a good idea?
A:
There is this tutorial on how to do top down controls using specially configure joints:
http://chipmunk-physics.net/tutorials/ChipmunkTileDemo/
It's based on Chipmunk Pro, but the stuff about controlling the character is easily adapted to vanilla Chipmunk. The "Tank" demo that comes with the non-Pro Chipmunk source implements pretty much the same thing if you want to see some C code for it.
| 2024-03-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7612 |
Includes 8" touchscreen, 6 speakers, SYNC 3 with Voice Control and Emergency Assistance
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other audio/navigation systems
Colour - Exclusive Body Colours
Luxe Yellow
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Ruby Red
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Urban Teal
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
White Platinum
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Colour - Premium Body Colours
Colour TBC
This item is included in the finance quote.
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Frozen White
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Lightning Blue
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Magnetic
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Moondust Silver
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Shadow Black
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other paint options
Colour - Standard Body Colours
Race Red
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other colour options
Colour and Trim
ST-Line Partial leather seat trim - Metal Grey Pack
(Metal Grey Interior Theme)
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other trims
ST-Line Partial leather seat trim - Race Red Pack
(Red Interior Theme)
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other trims
Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Frozen White - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Frozen White Premium Body Colour
Lightning Blue - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Lightning Blue Premium Body Colour
Luxe Yellow - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Luxe Yellow Exclusive Body Colour
Magnetic - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Magnetic Premium Body Colour
Moondust Silver - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Moondust Silver Premium Body Colour
Race Red - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Race Red Standard Body Colour
Ruby Red - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Ruby Red Exclusive Body Colour
Shadow Black - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Shadow Black Premium Body Colour
Urban Teal - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires Urban Teal Exclusive Body Colour
White Platinum - Contrast Painted Roof and Door Mirrors
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other painted roof/door mirrors
Requires White Platinum Exclusive Body Colour
Convenience Features
Comfort Pack
Includes Heated Seats and Heated Steering Wheel
Ford Keyless Entry & Keyless Start
Dependencies: (Keyless Start Standard on Titanium and ST-Line)
Front Parking Sensors
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Headlamps
Rear View Camera Pack
Dependencies: Includes Rear Parking Sensors
Not available in conjunction with Tailgate Mounted Spare Wheel
Driver Assistance Features
BLIS (Blind Sport Information System) with Cross Traffic Alert
BLIS warning indicator in mirrors
Exterior Design Features
Black Roof Rails
Detachable Tow Bar
Openable Sunroof
Power operated openable Sunroof
Rear Privacy Glass
Privacy Glass to side rear windows and tailgate glass
Options
Tyre Inflation Kit
Warranty
3-year Paintwork Warranty
3-year Warranty
Your car comes with a 3-year/60,000 miles Classic Plan warranty. covers you for one year with unlimited mileage. From then on, Ford Protect will safeguard you for another two years or a total of up to 60,000 miles, whichever passes first. (Remember, the 60,000 mile limit includes the mileage you covered in your first year of ownership.)
6-year Anti-Corrosion Warranty
Wheels
17inch Alloy Wheels - Dark Tarnish Painted Finish
with 205/50 R17 Tyres
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other wheels
18inch Alloy Wheels - Shadow Black Machined Finish
with 215/45 R18 Tyres
Dependencies: Not available in conjunction with other wheels
Monthly rental without options
£204.89
exc. VAT
Selected options
Total cost of options
exc. VAT
Initial rental
£1,229.34
exc. VAT
Total monthly rental
exc. VAT
See Important Information below
CO2 g/km
119
See Important Information below
MPG
53.3
The CO2 emission figure comes from the type approval test, and is set for the life of the car.
The fuel consumption is the official figure for the combined cycle of EU Directive 80/1268/EEC as amended by 2004/3/EC.
View quote summary
Pricing
On the road price
£22,040.00
First Registration Fee
£55.00
First Year VED
£165.00
Engine
Displacement (cc)
999
cylinders
4
PS
125
BHP
123
Torque (lb ft)
125
Torque (Nm)
170
Fuel Type
petrol
Transmission
6-speed Manual
Drive
FWD
Performance
Maximum speed (mph)
111
Acceleration 0-62 (secs)
12.7
Emissions
CO2 g/km
119
The CO2 emission figure comes from the type approval test, and is set for the life of the car.
Fuel Consumption
The fuel consumption is the official figure for the combined cycle of EU Directive 80/1268/EEC as amended by 2004/3/EC.
Combined l/100km
5.3
Fuel tank size (ltrs)
52
Range (miles)
609
Vehicle Weights & Dimensions
Boot capacity from (ltrs)
-
Boot capacity to (ltrs)
-
Kerb Weight from (kg)
-
GVW (kg)
-
length (mm)
4096
width (mm)
1765
Width inc mirrors (mm)
2057
height (mm)
1653
doors
5
seats
5
Safety
Insurance Group 1 - 50
12
NCAP rating
-
Where shown, click on the stars for the latest NCAP report on this range. It may not be for the exact model, but serves as a guide.
NCAP adult
-
NCAP child
-
NCAP pedestrian
-
NCAP safety
-
NCAP year
-
Company vehicle tax 2018/19
P11D
£21,820.00
co2
119
Annual company vehicle tax (20%)
£1,047.36
Annual company vehicle tax (40%)
£2,094.72
Annual fuel benefit tax (20%)
£1,123.20
Annual fuel benefit tax (40%)
£2,246.40
Green label
The Green label is the colour coded VED band.
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Comprehensive AA cover for the contract duration
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Free replacement vehicle for up to 48 hours in the event of a breakdown attended by the AA
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Road Fund Licence for the contract term
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Free of charge metallic paint (cars only)
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
One call number for driver support services
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
No administration fee for contract amendments
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Pooled mileage available on request (2 or more vehicles)
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
No hidden fees
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Overseas travel documentation provided free of charge on request
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Scheduled servicing and MOT
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Maintenance & repair
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Unlimited like for like tyre replacement
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
Puncture repairs included
Without Maintenance Contract
With Maintenance Contract
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Important Information
Business users only. Example excludes VAT. Vehicles must be returned in good condition and within agreed mileage, otherwise further charges will be incurred. Prices correct at time of going to print and are subject to change without notice. This is not an official quote until confirmed with an authorised Ford Lease Dealer.
Finance subject to status. Guarantees and indemnities may be required. You will not own the vehicle at the end of the agreement. Subject to availability at a Ford UK Authorised Dealer for all vehicles with finance accepted and vehicle registered between 1 October 2018 - 31 December 2018. Not available with any other promotion. Ford Lease is provided by ALD Automotive Ltd, trading as Ford Lease, BS16 7LB.
The corporate tax, personal tax and VAT treatment associated with the purchase or leasing of a commercial vehicle may vary depending on your precise circumstances, relevant tax law and vehicle classification. Customers are therefore advised to seek professional advice with regard to taxation. | 2024-07-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6896 |
Bet v I allergen
Bet v I allergen is a family of protein allergens. Allergies are hypersensitivity reactions of the immune system to specific substances called allergens (such as pollen, stings, drugs, or food) that, in most people, result in no symptoms.
Trees within the order Fagales possess particularly potent allergens, e.g. the prototypical Bet v 1, the major white birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen antigen. Bet v 1 is the main cause of type I allergies observed in early spring. Type I, or immunoglobulin E-mediated (IgE-mediated) allergies affect 1 in 5 people in Europe and North America. Commonly observed symptoms are hay fever, dermatitis, asthma and, in severe cases, anaphylactic shock. First contact with these allergens results in sensitisation; subsequent contact produces a cross-linking reaction of IgE on mast cells and concomitant release of histamine. The inevitable symptoms of an allergic reaction ensue.
Categorization
A nomenclature system has been established for antigens (allergens) that cause IgE-mediated atopic allergies in humans. This nomenclature system is defined by a designation that is composed of the first three letters of the genus; a space; the first letter of the species name; a space and an Arabic number. In the event that two species names have identical designations, they are discriminated from one another by adding one or more letters (as necessary) to each species designation.
The allergens in this family include allergens with the following designations: Bet v 1, Dau c 1, and Pru a 1. Other proteins belonging to this family include the major pollen allergens:
Aln g I from Alnus glutinosa (Alder);
Api G I from Apium graveolens (Celery);
Car b I from Carpinus betulus (European hornbeam);
Cor a I from Corylus avellana (European hazel);
Mal d I from Malus domestica (Apple).
Structure
NMR analysis has confirmed earlier predictions of the protein structure and site of the major T-cell epitope. The Bet v 1 protein comprises 6 anti-parallel beta-strands and 3 alpha-helices. Four of the strands dominate the global fold, and 2 of the helices form a C-terminal amphipathic helical motif. This motif is believed to be the T-cell epitope. However, one very striking feature of the three-dimensional structure of Bet v 1 is the presence of a large hydrophobic cavity, which is open to the exterior and probably functions as a ligand binding site.
The motif is also found in:
the wound-induced protein AoPR1 from Asparagus officinalis (Garden asparagus);
the pathogenesis-related proteins from Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney bean) and Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) (PR1-1 and PR1-3);
the disease resistance response proteins, STH-2 and STH-21, from Solanum tuberosum (Potato) and pI49, pI176 and DRRG49-C from Pisum sativum (Garden pea);
the P.sativum abscisic acid-responsive proteins ABR17 and ABR18;
and the stress-induced protein SAM22 from Glycine max (Soybean).
Additionally, the core domain of Bet v 1 founds or is part of a superfamily of domains called SRPBCC (START/RHOalphaC/PITP/Bet v1/CoxG/CalC) that include the StAR-related lipid-transfer (START) domain.
Function
The biological function of Bet v 1 is still under investigations. Bet v 1 harbors a large hydrophobic pocket and is able to bind a large spectra of ligands in it like hormones and siderophores like flavenols. It belongs to the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, which are usually expressed upon infections and stressful conditions, implicating a role in host defense. In vitro, Bet v 1 has been shown to be immune-suppressive, when its pocket was filled by a ligand, but was able to mount a Th2-response important in allergy development, when the pocket remained empty.
References
Category:Allergology
Category:Protein families | 2024-01-14T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2573 |
2012-13: Shot a three round total of 239 at Georgetown Intercollegiate and placed 65th.
2011-12: Played in Georgetown Intercollegiate and placed 64th with a 244.
2010-11: Joined the team in the Fall ... Appeared in one tournament as a sophomore, tying for 53rd place at the Georgetown Intercollegiate (15-over par 228).
High School: Lettered for four years at the Delbarton School in Morristown, N.J. ... Achieved Highest Honors every term ... Member of the Spanish National Honor Society ... Captained the team as a senior ... Qualified for three NJSIAA state championships ... Was First Team All Colonial Hills Conference as a junior and senior and Second Team as a freshman ... Named Daily Record Player of the Year as a senior and Second Team All Daily Record as a junior ... Awarded the PGA New Jersey Section Junior Player of the Year in 2008.
Personal: Born on July 27, 1991 in Glen Ridge, N.J. ... Son of Joe and Carol Harpster ... Lists his parents as the most influential people in his life ... Declared double major in finance and management. | 2024-03-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3967 |
If you are starting to look for for Pharmacy Technician Certification in Tupelo MS then I think you will find the article below has some useful suggestions. Choosing the correct Pharmacy Technician Certification program can be a really tricky decision, but it is good to be prepared, so you can be certain you have chosen the right Pharmacy Technician Certification Program.
There are a couple of steps that need to be taken for an individual to obtain their pharmacy technician certification in Tupelo MS. While it is not always necessary to obtain this certification, acquiring it opens many doors for employment, as employers prefer to hire candidates with a demonstrated knowledge of the information and skills they will need to use on a daily basis.
In order to become certified, an individual must first attend an accredited institution and then sit the PTCB exam. Currently, the PTCB is the only organization offering the certification exam for this particular career path and has an accreditation from the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).
Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam Tupelo MS
Sections
The certification exam consists of three main sections, namely; “Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients”, “Maintaining Medication and Inventory Control Systems”, and “Participating in the Administration and Management of Pharmacy Practice”.
The first section, “Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients”, makes up 66% of the exam and covers a myriad of topics such as receiving and processing prescriptions from patients or their representatives, assisting the pharmacist according to federal and state rules, collecting and communicating patient information, collecting and communicating information pertaining to restricted drug programs, updating patient medical records, communicating with insurance providers, determining problems with rejected claims, and so on.
The second section, “Participating in the Administration and Management of Pharmacy Practice”, makes up 22% of the exam and covers areas such as identifying drugs, placing orders and emergency orders for drugs, checking inventory for expired or overstocked drugs, disposing of or destroying drugs or hazardous supplies or substances, theft and drug diversion prevention/monitoring, performing inventory, maintaining pertinent records, and compounding medications to anticipate patient demand.
The third section of the test, “Participating in the Administration and Management of Pharmacy Practice”, comprises 11% of the exam and test students on the topics of coordinating written, electronic, or spoken communication throughout the practice, collecting productivity information, participating in quality assurance activities, implementing and monitoring procedures for infection control, performing routine maintenance, sanitation and calibration of equipment, performing various billing functions, participating in employee training, and continuing education as well as participating in the implementation of practice policies.
What to Expect From Pharmacy Technician Certification in Tupelo MS
The pharmacy technician certification exam is made up of 90 multiple choice questions with a one-hour and ten-minute time limit. Interestingly, 10 of the 90 questions do not actually count towards the final score, as they are used to test possible questions for future versions of the test. Individuals are not told which questions will not be counted and there is no penalty for guessing.
There is a five minute tutorial before the start of the test and a five minute survey at the end, bringing the total time for the exam to two hours. The PTCB also has a selection of practice tests available for purchase, so individuals can get an idea of what the actual exam will be like.
While in many states it is not a requirement to take the pharmacy technician certification exam, it is safe to say that doing so will make finding employment much easier. Doing so will also show potential employers a willingness to work and possibly open a way towards career advancement. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7168397
Did you get any useful ideas from the article? If you did, please feel free to share the article with your family and friends who live in Tupelo MS. You just never know when they might be looking for Pharmacy Technician Certification in Tupelo MS.
Related Topics: If You Are Looking For A Good Job Try The Health Field
Where you live there might not be any jobs available, but most of the time there are careers that you can find in the field of health. There are many choices here, several will require a substantial amount of training, others only minimal or on the job training. There are many health careers available, but this article will only be looking at a few, so remember that. These few will give you an idea of what there is in the field, and may make you excited to see what career options there are.
Pharmacy Technician Certification Tupelo MS reviewed by Jessie Burket.Great Website!Thanks for putting together such a wonderful resource. I was able to research the different schools in my area and find one that fit my needs. They even gave me a chance to apply for a scholarship which will make things much easier.
Rating: 4.6 | 2024-05-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6542 |
Abstract : This paper concerns graph spanners that approximate multipaths between pair of vertices of an undirected graphs with $n$ vertices. Classically, a spanner $H$ of stretch $s$ for a graph $G$ is a spanning subgraph such that the distance in $H$ between any two vertices is at most $s$ times the distance in $G$. We study in this paper spanners that approximate short cycles, and more generally $p$ edge-disjoint paths with $p>1$, between any pair of vertices. For every unweighted graph $G$, we construct a $2$-multipath $3$-spanner of $On^3-2$ edges. In other words, for any two vertices $u,v$ of $G$, the length of the shortest cycle with no edge replication traversing $u,v$ in the spanner is at most thrice the length of the shortest one in $G$. This construction is shown to be optimal in term of stretch and of size. In a second construction, we produce a $2$-multipath $2,8$-spanner of $On^3-2$ edges, i.e., the length of the shortest cycle traversing any two vertices have length at most twice the shortest length in $G$ plus eight. For arbitrary $p$, we observe that, for each integer $k\ge 1$, every weighted graph has a $p$-multipath $p2k-1$-spanner with $Op n^1+1-k$ edges, leaving open the question whether, with similar size, the stretch of the spanner can be reduced to $2k-1$ for all $p>1$. | 2024-06-25T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6726 |
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// <random>
// template<class RealType = double>
// class student_t_distribution
// {
// public:
// // types
// typedef RealType result_type;
#include <random>
#include <type_traits>
#include "test_macros.h"
int main(int, char**)
{
{
typedef std::student_t_distribution<> D;
typedef D::result_type result_type;
static_assert((std::is_same<result_type, double>::value), "");
}
{
typedef std::student_t_distribution<float> D;
typedef D::result_type result_type;
static_assert((std::is_same<result_type, float>::value), "");
}
return 0;
}
| 2023-09-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5038 |
Q:
How to create a action button that creates users in codeigniter?
I have three users Admin,Reseller and Users. Now Reseller request to admin that he want XYX number of users.
This is saved in a table called User_request Now in admin there is a view where he can see which reseller has requested how many users.
And there is a button Approve or Reject. If Admin hits approve then I want my code to create that much users for that reseller. Now each users is mapped to his/her reseller by a field called key which is unique.
So, when users is created it must store the key of reseller in users table.
Now, if approves users that request by re-seller must be deleted.
I am very confused what I should be doing here!
The View :
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<div class="panel panel-info">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>New User Requests</h4>
</div>
<!-- /.panel-heading -->
<div class="panel-body">
<div class="dataTable_wrapper">
<table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-hover" id="dataTables-example">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Id</th>
<th>Users Requested</th>
<th>Unique Id</th>
<th>Date Of Request</th>
<th>Approve</th>
<th>Reject</th>
<th>Status</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<!-- This is where we fetch all records-->
<tbody>
<?php if(count($users)): foreach($users as $user): ?>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td><?php echo $user->id; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $user->id, $user->user_requested; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $user->id, $user->key; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $user->id, $user->date_requested; ?></td>
<td><a href="reseller/create_user" class="btn btn-primary">Yes <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok"></i></a></td>
<td><a href="reseller/change_status" class="btn btn-danger">No <?php echo'<i class="glyphicon glyphicon-trash"></i>';?></a></td>
<td><a href="" class="btn btn-success"><?php echo $user->status; ?></td> </a></td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach; ?>
<?php else: ?>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">We could not find any users.</td>
</tr>
<?php endif; ?>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<!-- /.table-responsive -->
</div>
<!-- /.panel-body -->
</div>
<!-- /.panel -->
</div>
<!-- /.col-lg-12 -->
</div>
The Controller:
public function create_user()
{
$this->load->model('more_m');
$id = $this->session->userdata('id');
$this->db->set('status', "'approved'",FALSE);
$this->db->where('id',$id);
$this->db->update('user_request');
redirect('admin/new_user');
}
Now, I just want to add the code to creates users for the requested Reseller.
A:
I have succeeded to accomplish this :
public function create_user()
{
$this->load->model('more_m');
$id= $this->session->userdata('id');
$rajan =$this->more_m->get(array('user_requested',$id));
$request=$rajan->user_requested;
$this->load->model('reseller_m');
$query=$this->db->select('key');
$query=$this->db->get('reseller');
if($query->num_rows() > 0)
{
$row = $query->row_array();
$key= $row['key'];
}
for($i=1; $i<=$request;$i++)
{
$userdata=array('key'=>$key);
$this->db->insert('users',$userdata);
}
$this->load->model('more_m');
$id = $this->session->userdata('id');
$this->db->set('status', "'approved'",FALSE);
$this->db->where('id',$id);
$this->db->update('user_request');
redirect('admin/new_user');
}
Firstly I fetch how many users are required then the key and finally loop them and insert the users along with reseller key
| 2023-11-10T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9596 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
oid sha256:83adbe5f42d62e24452f41b96e8b4d97916fef9e87b3ed0e4b91cfcd2160acad
size 14343
| 2023-09-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2890 |
Thursday, September 1, 2016
Wazzup Pilipinas!
Akbayan Senator Risa Hontiveros on Wednesday conducts the first-ever hearing on a proposed landmark measure that seeks to protect the rights of persons with different sexual orientation and gender identity or expression (SOGIE).
Hontiveros, Chair of the Senate Committee on Women, Children, Family Relations and Gender Equality, filed Senate Bill No. 935 otherwise known as the Anti-Discrimination Bill (ADB) which seeks to expand the constitutional provision guaranteeing the fundamental equality before the law of women and men to include lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgenders, queers and intersex.
The hearing is considered “historic” as this is the first anti-discrimination measure focusing on SOGIE that will be heard in the Senate. It was reported that former Akbayan Congresswoman Etta Rosales filed the bill at the House of Representatives seventeen years ago.
"Today is a historic day for the struggle for equality of our lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, intersex and queer. Today, the Philippine Senate will hear for the first time a bill that explicitly protects LGBT rights and imposes penalties on discriminatory practices against LGBTs," Hontiveros said in her opening statement.
Hontiveros explained that her bill seeks to penalize discriminatory practices such as harassment by members of institutions involved in the enforcement of law and declare unlawful the act.of denying a person access to public or private medical and other health services open to the general public on the basis of such person's sexual orientation or gender identity or expression.
Following the UN Human Rights Committee Decision in Toonen v Australia, Hontiveros said her bill will put under the scope of the Equal Protection Clause the rights of persons with different sexual orientation and gender identity or expression.
Hontiveros said that there are numerous cases of discrimination against LGBTs such as transwomen who were being denied the right to express their gender identity in schools and in the workplace; gay men who could not donate blood because of a government memorandum prohibiting homosexuals from doing so, and law enforcers threatening LGBTs of prosecution for Grave Scandal under Article 200 of the Revised Penal Code as a scheme to harass and to extort from them, among others.
Opening Remarks of Senator Risa Hontiveros during the Committee Hearing on the Anti-Discrimination Bill
Today is a historical day for the struggle for equality of our lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, intersex and queer. Today, the Philippine Senate will hear for the first time a bill that explicitly protects LGBT rights and imposes penalties on discriminatory practices against LGBTs. It was seventeen years ago when the Anti-Discrimination Bill was first filed in Congress by former Akbayan congresswoman and human rights champion Etta Rosales. Ngayon lang nadinig sa mataas na kamara.
The passage of anti-discrimination for SOGIE (or sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression) is long overdue. Cases of discrimination and inequality have remained invisible to our national policies and reduced to insignificance by homophobia and stigma. The reports document experiences of transwomen who were being denied the right to express their gender identity in schools and in the workplace; of gay men who could not donate blood because of a government memorandum prohibiting homosexuals from doing so; of gay couples who could be beside each other in the hospital. There were transwomen who were forced by authorities to appear masculine before their passports could be renewed. There were also law enforcers threatening LGBTIQs of prosecution for Grave Scandal under Article 200 of the Revised Penal Code as a scheme to harass and to extort from them. There were cases of gender non-conforming students who were being bullied in schools affecting their performance and ultimately their access to education. There were people living with HIV AIDS who were made more vulnerable by the prevailing stigma against men who have sex with men and transgenders, putting in peril their fundamental right to quality and effective healthcare.
I firmly believe that the 17th Congress will be the Congress that will pass the Anti-Discrimination Law. The Centennial Senate will be the Senate that will finally say no to hate. Sa ating diskurso ngayong hapon, hinihingi ko ang inyong “bukas-isip” at “bukas-puso”.
It is my honor to shepherd this bill to its eventual passage, as a friend and ally of our beautiful and vibrant LGBTIQ community.
WazzupPilipinas.com is the fastest growing and most awarded blog and social media community that has transcended beyond online media. It has successfully collaborated with all forms of media namely print, radio and television making it the most diverse multimedia organization.
The numerous collaborations with hundreds of brands and organizations as online media partner and brand ambassador makes WazzupPilipinas.com a truly successful advocate of everything about the Philippines, and even more since its support extends further to even international organizations including startups and SMEs that have made our country their second home.
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Wazzup Pilipinas is a proud media partner of the Philippines. We showcase mostly everything about the Philippines since tourism is not only about tourist spots and attractions. It's more fun in the Philippines not only because of its lovely beaches and magnificent mountains, or the food, tradition and culture, but because of the Filipino people. | 2023-08-10T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7198 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for enhancing voice channel transmission in a voice over Internet Protocol (IP), and more specifically, to a method for providing an efficient header transport so as to increase the bandwidth available for data payload transport.
2. Background of the Prior art
In the rapidly changing, deregulated telecommunications marketplace, Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can capitalize on the growing opportunities by introducing value-added services to customers seeking more reliable and economical telecommunications services. The tremendous growth in network infrastructure and corresponding growth in Internet Protocol (IP) traffic has resulted in the use of IP as a platform for new telecommunications services that take advantage of voice and data convergence. Voice over IP (VOIP) technology is one such telecommunications service.
Prior art voice and data convergence (i.e., carrying voice and data within one copper line) has resulted in prior art telephone service adapting from a circuit network to a packet network environment. More specifically, various industry groups are approving protocols and standards (e.g., ITU-T H.323, IETF SIP, H.248, etc.) for VOIP. As a result, prior art VOIP services are available for customers to use VOIP via Internet phone service from a personal computer (PC) or an Ethernet IP phone (e.g., Nortel i2004 telephone, Cisco 7960 telephone), including high speed Internet communications via a high speed access network (e.g., xDSL, Cable modem or WLL).
However, the prior art voice and data convergence provides limited opportunities for CLECs (Competitive Local Exchange Carriers) and ILECs (Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers) to provide VOIP, due to infrastructure limitations. For example, CLECs only have data lines, and would prefer to only transmit data whereas ILECs only have voice lines, and would prefer to provide voice transport due to the high cost of adding data lines. Further, voice and data convergence requires infrastructure for managing multiple telephone lines for customers to use in a home or a small office/home office. In the prior art, these multiple lines are managed at an IAD (Integrated Access Device), which is a terminal where voice and data converge, such that the customer has concurrent data and voice service.
In addition to infrastructure requirements, there is a lack of standardization in VOIP. For example, while the DSL Forum approved the prior art technology and protocol to transmit voice over DSL (called VoDSL) in AAL5, also known as TR-036, in August 2000, the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Forum has not yet approved AF-VMOA-0145.000, which uses AAL2. Thus, there is a prior art disadvantage in that no AAL2 standard relating to VOIP over DSL has been approved.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art VOIP system 1 configured for phone users to access the Internet via an ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) network, including a home network having user data devices 3a . . . 3n and a modem 5, an access network having a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplier (DSLAM) 11 and a Registration, Administration and Status (RAS) server 13, and a backbone network including the Internet 17 and a VOIP server 19. The user data devices 3a . . . 3n, can be PCs, Internet phones, conventional phones, or any combination thereof. The ADSL Modem (i.e., ATU-R) 5 receives voice data from the user device 3a via a prior art external interface (e.g., 10BaseT Ethernet, USB, HomePNA) 7, and transmits this voice data to the DSLAM 11 via a copper wire 9. The voice data is then transmitted to the RAS server 13 via an STM-1 connection 15, and eventually to the Internet 17. A VOIP server 19 connected to the Internet 17 provides a prior art interface (e.g., web site) between the receiving user and the transmitting user for routing the voice data to a RAS 13, DSLAM 11 and modem 5 on the receiving side.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, in a prior art method, a user can connect to an Internet service, which requires turning on the modem 5, which in turn attempts to connect to the DSLAM 11. After navigating the Internet 17 for a particular site (e.g., www.dialpad.com), the user, using the prior art RAS 13 via a PPP server, connects to the VOIP server 19, which attempts to contact the receiver of the user's message and make a link. Once the user hits the “send” button on the Internet site to send the phone number, the VOIP server searches a database (i.e., directory) based on the phone number supplied by the user, and attempts to link the user to a destination.
FIG. 2 illustrates the prior art VOIP protocol stack, wherein ITU-T H.323 is used as VOIP protocol to transmit voice over an IP network. An H.323/H.323 gateway forms a multimedia/voice standard for communication between endpoints, and can be used for the VOIP protocol, and covers multimedia. The transport layer always includes RTP/UDP protocol information, and the network layer always includes IP header information.
FIG. 3 illustrates a telephone call placed according to a H.323 call procedure. In phase A, H.225.0 is used for call setup, whereas phase B, phase C and phase E use H.245, and phase E also uses H.225.0. After establishment of communication in phase C, the information flow occurs in phase D, which includes media stream and media stream control flows. It is noted that phase D is not in H.245. Phase D is the heaviest and most intense phase for data processing, whereas the other phases do not have as heavy a load. Because the phases other than phase D are each performed as a single shot, those phases do not load as heavily into the ADSL link. It is expected that RTP will be adapted as the protocol for transmitting voice signals. Thus, phase D using the RTP phase will most heavily load the network.
In the prior art VOIP system 1, the link speed can vary according to the company providing the service. The prior art VOIP system 1 enhances the bandwidth of the prior art copper line, used for approximately 100 years, from 4 KHz bandwidth to 8.1M/0.8 Mbps (downstream/upstream), which is the fastest possible prior art link speed. When the prior art ADSL system 1 is used for symmetric (e.g., voice) data transport, the data transfer rate is 384/384 Kbps, 768/768 Kbps, and differs based on distance. While data service requires a greater download speed than upload speed, voice service requires a substantially similar download and upload speed due to the continuous nature of voice conversation. Thus, the limit of voice service provided by the prior art IAD with ADSL depends on upload speed, which is lower than the download speed.
FIG. 4 illustrates a prior art H.323 data transmission architecture 21. When adapting the prior art H.323 protocol to VOIP, a voice signal is transformed to a digital signal having RTP/UDP/IP headers in the IAD. As illustrated in FIG. 4, a 20-byte IP header 23, followed by an 8-byte UDP header 25 and a 12-byte RTP header 27, are sent in each cell prior to a 20-byte payload 29. Further, the voice signal is sent by a G.726-32 voice codec, and the voice codec generates a 20-byte voice payload at every 5 ms (20-byte/5 ms=4000-byte/1 s=32 Kbps), such that the 20-byte voice payload is inserted into the IP packet. Thus, the IP packet has a size of 60-bytes. However, there is only a 20-byte payload on the 60-byte packet. Thus, the prior art is inefficient in that only 20 of 60 possible bytes, or 33%, are used for payload.
Further, as illustrated in FIG. 4, two AAL5 cells 31, 37 are required to send the voice data. For example, a first 5-byte ATM header 33 is followed by a 48-byte payload 35, and then a second 5-byte ATM header 39 is followed by a 12-byte payload 41, a pad 43 and a tailer 45. Thus, the prior art AAL5 cell has a disadvantage in that the data payload cannot be transported in a single packet due to the high overhead requirements.
FIG. 5 illustrates the prior art VOIP method. Voice packets are transmitted via the cells illustrated in FIG. 4. For example, a phone 3a is attached, via analog line 2, to an IAD 22. The IAD 22 is attached to the DSLAM 11 via an ADSL line, as described above, and the DSLAM 11 is connected to the RAS 13 via an OC-3 or STM-1 line 6, as also described above. The RAS 13 then transmits IP packets to the Internet 17.
In the prior art method of FIG. 5, IP and RTP/UDP protocol information are initially positioned in each AAL5 cell when the data is set up for IP transport at the IAD 22. The AAL5 cell is then transported from the IAD 22 to the RAS 13 via AAL5. The RAS 13 removes AAL5 information and transmits the IP datagram to the Internet 17. The link and physical information is removed prior to the RAS 13 receiving the packet. Thus, the extra overhead of sending the IP header and the RTP/UDP header from the IAD 22 to the RAS 13 have the disadvantage of creating the above-described inefficiencies for the prior art AAL5 transfer method. Accordingly, upload speed is reduced, and overall operational speed is limited, because as noted above, the upload and download speeds must be substantially identical for effective voice communication. Also, fewer concurrent channels (e.g., calls) can be maintained at an adequate quality.
Table 1 shows performance for various prior art code (i.e., code-decode) formats, wherein a low MOS corresponds to a low conversation quality:
AvailableCodecMOSRatePayload SizeNeeded cellscallsG.7114.3 64 Kbps40 + 40 bytes2-cell/5 ms5G.7263.7 32 Kbps20 + 40 bytes2-cell/5 ms5G.7284.0 16 Kbps10 + 40 bytes2-cell/5 ms5G.7293.8 8 Kbps10 + 40 bytes2-cell/10 ms10G.723.13.56.3 Kbps20 + 40 bytes2-cell/30 ms30
The voice transfer rate for loading cells into the ADSL link of the AAL5 prior art example is about 153.6 Kbps (2-cell/5 ms=400-cell/s=400*48*8 bps=153.6 Kbps). Thus, the IAD only supports only 5 concurrent calls at an adequate quality (e.g., MOS greater than or equal to 4.0) because of the 800 Kbps upper limit on upload speed. However, this data rate is calculated for voice service only. If the IAD also supports data service, the number of available concurrent calls will be reduced even further. When G.711-64 is used as codec and the frame interval is 5 ms, a 40-byte voice payload results in 80-byte RTP packet due to overhead. Accordingly, 2 AAL5 cells are required to transmit the RTP packet over AAL5.
However, the prior art has various problems and disadvantages. For example, because the upload speed is so much more limited than the downlink speed, there is a shortage of uplink bandwidth due to the prior art method of data transfer. Further, because the UDP header, RTP header and IP header are included in every packet transmitted to the DSLAM 11, VOIP data transport is extremely inefficient (on the order of 67% overhead per data packet), and the AAL5 model for data transport requires more than one packet to transport data. Thus, fewer concurrent calls can be maintained, and the Quality of Service (QoS) cannot be guaranteed. Further, the prior art use of the H.323 protocol (e.g., www.dialpad.com) is complex and difficult to implement (e.g., too narrow bandwidth for video telephone conferencing), and only one payload of voice data can be transmitted per cell. | 2024-03-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2019 |
Graphic: In Focus: The Coal Lobby’s Fight for Survival
President Obama's climate-change plan strikes a blow to the U.S. coal industry at a moment when it's already weak. Thanks to the new glut of cheap natural gas—the burning of which produces only half the pollution of coal —the market is already driving power companies to invest in natural gas, rather than coal, to generate electricity. Obama's plan, which calls for the Environmental Protection Agency to mandate cuts of carbon pollution from new and existing coal plants, ensures that trend will continue. For the time being, power companies are closing old coal plants and not planning to invest in new ones. Scientists and environmentalists say the move is essential, since pollution from burning coal is the chief cause of global warming. Click Here to View | 2023-09-07T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1358 |
Risks and management of obesity in pregnancy: current controversies.
To explore recent developments in obesity-related topics of interest and importance to obstetricians. Specifically addressed are the impact of gestational weight gain on perinatal risk, the increased risk of congenital anomalies in offspring, developmental origins of health and disease in offspring, and reproductive issues following bariatric surgery. Limiting maternal weight gain in obese women to less than 15 lb may favorably attenuate perinatal risk (macrosomia, cesarean delivery, preeclampsia) but increase risk for small-for-gestational-age newborns. Obese women are at significantly increased risk for offspring to develop open neural tube defects and congenital heart disease as well as other anomalies. Impaired sonographic visualization in this population may impede prenatal diagnosis of these serious birth defects. Intrauterine nutritional overabundance may cue adaptive fetal responses predisposing to childhood and adult obesity as well as the metabolic syndrome. Bariatric surgery, the only effective treatment for morbid obesity, causes lifelong physiologic and anatomic changes associated with significant reproductive implications. Procedures can predispose to caloric and micronutrient deficiencies, improved fertility and fecundity, and late surgical complications. Pregnancy outcomes are typically similar to those of women without previous bariatric surgery and better than those of untreated morbidly obese women. Obesity and its surgical treatment are associated with lifelong health implications for the mother as well as her offspring. An appreciation of these obesity-related reproductive issues is critical for optimal care of this growing segment of the female population. | 2024-05-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4372 |
The Report the Russian Lawyer Presented to Donald Trump Jr. Was Written by... FusionGPS If it's somehow "collusion" for him to have received this briefing, isn't it also collusion that Hillary and the DNC paid Fusion to write it? Posted by: Ace at 02:01 PM
MuNuvians MeeNuvians Polls! Polls! Polls! Frequently Asked Questions The (Almost) Complete Paul Anka Integrity Kick Top Top Tens Greatest Hitjobs News/Chat | 2024-07-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4615 |
The present invention is a flame retarded thermoplastic resin composition containing an intumescent flame retardant.
Although flame retarded thermoplastic resin compositions are known, it is usual to use intumescent fire retardants which require synergists, for sufficient effect to be useful. Intumescent nitrogen-phosphorus fire retardant systems have been used for many years. The systems have the potential benefits of low smoke and of being halogen free. They are typically based on phosphate salts and synergists. The synergists include polyhydric and nitrogen containing compounds. Various synergists and their precursors have been developed for specific applications and the identification and selection of synergists remains an area of active work due to potential benefits of a high performance product capable of meeting stringent processing, physical property and smoke corrosivity standards and a number of patents have been issued over the last ten years which describe the use of these fire retardants in thermoplastic and mastic applications. Among these patents are U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,694,030; 3,485,793; 3,442,849; 4,727,102; 4,174,343; 4,104,073; and French Patent No. 2 367 302. In general, types of resins and these uses are well known (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,343 and 4,727,102).
Although useful in fire retarding some polymer systems, known intumescent fire retardants have disadvantages which limit their use. The present invention provides an intumescent system which avoids disadvantages of the known intumescent fire retardants to provide useful compositions.
One disadvantage of the known intumescent fire retardants is that the known fire retardants impart a variety of performance problems and other deficiencies to the resin composition. These problems can limit or eliminate their usefulness with some resins and in particular, polyolefins. Off-gassing and liquid bleed out in particular have been found in these systems and these disadvantages are believed to have been caused by phosphate salt/synergist interactions.
The present invention provides a new intumescent fire retardant which does not require the use of synergists in order to provide sufficient effectiveness. | 2024-03-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2146 |
A longstanding urban legend goes like this: During the space race of the 1960s, NASA spent millions developing a fancy "space pen" that could be used in zero gravity ... but the Soviets just used a pencil. This story resonates with us because NASA did actually spend piles of money on writing utensils in space—in 1965 they paid $128 per mechanical pencil, according to NASA historians (for the record, the pencils had high-strength outer casings, but the writing guts were just regular mechanical pencils). It just seems logical that the thrifty Soviets would use a simpler, smarter solution. But the story about the government-funded space pen and Soviets using pencils instead is just plain wrong—both space programs used the Fisher Space Pen, and neither paid anything to develop it. Let's dig into the real history here.
Why Don't Regular Ballpoint Pens Work in Space?
The traditional ballpoint pen relies partially on gravity to get ink out of the cartridge, onto the ball, and ultimately onto paper. Within the cartridge, there is a reservoir of ink (you can see this in that clear-plastic "stick" in the middle of a typical Bic pen). But without gravity, there is no force to push the ink towards the ball—it just floats freely in the cartridge. This is why traditional ballpoint pens don't write properly upside down (at least after the first few strokes) and often fail to write on vertical surfaces—the ink loses contact with the ball.
Why Not Use a Pencil?
Americans and Soviets actually did use pencils in space, before the Space Pen came around. Americans favored mechanical pencils, which produced a fine line but presented hazards when the pencil lead tips broke (and if you've ever used a mechanical pencil, you know that this happens a lot). That bit of graphite floating around the space capsule could get into someone's eye, or even find its way into machinery or electronics, causing an electrical short or other problems. And if there's one thing Houston didn't need, it was more astronauts calling up with problems.
The Soviet space program used grease pencils, which don't have breakage problems—to access more of the writing wax, cosmonauts simply peeled away another layer of paper. The problem with a grease pencil is that it's imprecise and smudgy—it's a lot like writing with a crayon. The peeled-away paper also created waste, and bits of paper floating around a Soyuz capsule were nearly as annoying as bits of graphite floating around an Apollo capsule.
The final mark against pencils has to do with fire. Any flammable material in a high-oxygen environment is a hazard, as we all learned after the terrible fire on Apollo 1. After that tragedy, NASA sought to minimize the use of flammable materials in space capsules—and every form of pencil (traditional, mechanical, or grease) involved some amount of flammable material, even if it was just the graphite.
The Fisher Space Pen
Image courtesy of Cpg100/Wikimedia Commons
In 1965, engineer Paul C. Fisher patented a new pen design that changed everything. His Fisher Pen Company reportedly spent $1 million of its own money to develop what was first called the "Anti-Gravity" Space Pen, and later simply the "Space Pen." Fisher happened to perfect his invention around the time that NASA had its $128 pencil problem, so Fisher capitalized on that bad press and publicized his heavy-duty pen as the obvious solution. And it worked.
Fisher's Space Pen featured a series of technological improvements, making it suitable for use not just in space, but in other demanding environments. Its biggest innovation was its ink capsule—pressurized nitrogen forced the ink to flow, enabling the pen to write upside-down, in zero gravity, in a vacuum, or even underwater. The nitrogen was separated from the ink by a floating barrier, which served to keep the ink in the writing end of the capsule. The ink was itself different from typical materials; it had a thixotropic (highly viscous) consistency that resisted evaporation, and kept the ink stationary until the ball moved, at which point it turned into a more typical fluid.
To counterbalance the pressurized ink flow, Fisher also included a precision roller ball made of tungsten carbide, positioned to prevent leakage. The pens were made entirely of metal except for the ink, which reportedly had a flash point of 200° C—enough to meet NASA's strict flammability requirements.
Fisher delivered samples of the Space Pen to NASA in 1965. NASA tested the pen to verify Fisher's claims, and ultimately approved a later version for use starting in 1967. Wanting to avoid the earlier scandal about paying excessive amounts for pencils, NASA received a bulk discount for the pens, reportedly paying just $2.39 per pen for an order of 400 units in 1968. The Soviet space agency also purchased 100 pens. NASA astronauts began using the Space Pen on Apollo 7 in 1968. By 1969, both the American and Soviet space programs had Fisher Space Pens in space—and Fisher trumpeted that success in his Space Pen marketing, which continues today. (Among other odd achievements, a Space Pen was used on the Russian space station Mir in the mid-1990s for a promotion on QVC, as the first product "sold from space.")
For more on Fisher and his Space Pen, check out the timeline of Fisher Space Pen history, Dwayne A. Day's excellent history of the pen, the Snopes article about the pen, or read more about Fisher and his history in politics. They're also still for sale. | 2024-04-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3933 |
Q:
Python deque and popleft (part of collections module)
This gives a list containing the path of every root to leaf:
def binaryTreePaths(self, root):
from collections import deque
if root is None:
return []
queue = deque( [ [root, str(root.val)] ] )
ans = []
while queue:
front, path = queue.popleft()
if front.left is None and front.right is None:
ans += path,
continue
if front.left:
queue += [front.left, path + "->" + str(front.left.val)],
if front.right:
queue += [front.right, path + "->" + str(front.right.val)],
return ans
I don't understand how this works because say we have a tree that's 1-2-3 (node 1 has both left and right child). At the first line after the while loop, when you popleft it, queue is deque ([ ]) again. Since front is node1 and front.left exists (since node1 has a left child), we append front.left, and a string to the queue again.
So then the queue is deque([node2, "stringhere"]). Then we hit the third if statement: since node1 does have a right child (node3), we add to queue again so then queue becomes deque([node2, "stringhere", node3, "anotherstring"]).
Then we go back and hit the while loop; since queue is not empty, we have:
front, path = queue.popleft()
where our queue is deque([node2, "stringhere", ndoe3, "anotherstring"]) but it's not possible to call front, path on this because there are 4 arguments in the queue.
What am I not getting?
A:
You are missing the , at the end of the line, which makes the item being added to the queue a tuple.
The normal way is to use the append method
if front.left:
queue.append([front.left, path + "->" + str(front.left.val)])
if front.right:
queue.append([front.right, path + "->" + str(front.right.val)])
For bonus points, use str.format too
if front.left:
queue.append([front.left, "{}->{}".format(path, front.left.val)])
if front.right:
queue.append([front.right, "{}->{}".format(path, front.right.val)])
and remove the duplication of code in the appending
for node in (front.left, front.right):
if node:
queue.append([node, "{}->{}".format(path, node.val)])
| 2024-05-26T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9245 |
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| 2024-05-18T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2438 |
May 18 (Bloomberg) -- The U.S. yesterday imposed tariffs of
as much as 250 percent on Chinese-made solar cells to aid
domestic manufacturers beset by foreign competition, though
critics said the decision may end up raising prices and hurting
the U.S. renewable energy industry.
The U.S. Commerce Department ruled that Chinese
manufacturers sold cells in the U.S. at prices below the cost of
production and announced preliminary antidumping duties ranging
from 31 percent to 250 percent, depending on the manufacturer.
China criticized the action, saying the U.S. is hurting itself
and cooperation between the world’s two largest economies.
The decision is meant to provide a boost to the U.S. solar
manufacturing industry, where four companies filed for
bankruptcy in the past year. The tariffs will probably inflame
trade tensions and drive up prices for solar projects in the
U.S., according to Shyam Mehta, an analyst with GTM Research in
Boston. The duties may prompt Chinese companies to shift
production to other countries to evade the duties.
“China-based manufacturers would certainly have to raise
U.S. prices to turn a profit,” Mehta said in a statement.
“This is likely to lead to module price increases in the U.S.,
which would serve to dampen demand and installation growth.”
The Commerce Department sided with companies including the
U.S. unit of SolarWorld AG, which had argued that Chinese
companies benefit from government subsidies, allowing them to
sell solar products below cost.
Illegal Subsidies
“Commerce today put importers and purchasers on notice
about the consequences of importing illegally subsidized and
dumped products from China,” Gordon Brinser, president of
SolarWorld’s U.S. unit, said in a statement.
Imposing tariffs “gives rise to the possibility that
domestic solar manufacturing, environmentally sustainable solar
production and robust global competition might one day soon
return, boosting U.S. manufacturing jobs,” he said.
SolarWorld said its Hillsboro, Oregon-based U.S. unit can’t
compete with Chinese exporters, including Suntech Power Holdings
Co., the world’s largest solar-panel maker, and Trina Solar Ltd.
unless tariffs are imposed.
Suntech was told to pay 31.22 percent, Trina’s levies were
set at 31.14 percent and 59 other Chinese companies were told to
pay duties of 31.18 percent. All other Chinese producers
received a rate of 249.96 percent.
‘Highly Concerned’
China is “highly concerned” by the U.S. action, which has
damaged U.S.-China cooperation in the field of clean and new
energy, Hong Lei, a Foreign Ministry spokesman, told reporters
today in Beijing. Chinese companies have a price advantage
because they have reduced costs through technological research,
Hong said.
Shen Danyang, a spokesman for China’s Commerce Ministry,
said the nation is “strongly dissatisfied” with the “unfair”
U.S. judgment, which shows America’s inclination toward
protectionism. China is urging the U.S. Commerce Department to
correct the action, said Shen, who didn’t mention any
countermeasures his ministry may take.
SolarWorld’s Brinser is also president of the Coalition for
Solar Manufacturing, which is made up of seven U.S. solar
manufacturers and spearheaded the trade suit.
His counterpart, Jigar Shah, president of the Coalition for
Affordable Solar Energy, said duties won’t benefit the rest of
the U.S. solar industry, including developers that buy solar
panels and companies that sell the gear used to produce them.
Increasing Prices
The tariffs “will increase solar electricity prices in the
U.S. precisely at the moment solar power is becoming competitive
with fossil fuel generated electricity,” Shah said in a
statement. “This new artificial tax will undermine the success
of the U.S. solar industry.”
Protecting U.S. panel makers may not be the best way to
promote renewable energy in the U.S., according to Tom Gutierrez,
chief executive officer of GT Advanced Technologies Inc., a
Merrimack, New Hampshire-based supplier of solar manufacturing
gear.
“The war we are fighting is a technology way,” Gutierrez
said in an interview. “If we get stuck protecting low level
assembly jobs, we lose on the future.”
The prices of solar modules, or panels, fell 50 percent
last year and continue falling, largely as a result of the cheap
Chinese imports, Timothy Brightbill, an attorney for SolarWorld,
said in an interview.
Trade Tensions
“A 50 percent price collapse has no relation to product
improvement,” Brightbill said before the decision was announced.
“It was all because of China’s massive overbuilt capacity and
the flooding of the market with Chinese imports.”
The U.S. decision to impose import duties on Chinese solar
panels will raise their price to $1.11 per watt, according to
calculations by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, a London-based
researcher owned by Bloomberg LP. That price is 17 percent
higher than the current spot price of non-Chinese panels.
Charles Yonts, an alternative-energy analyst at CLSA Ltd.
in Hong Kong, said China is likely to retaliate by targeting U.S.
makers of polysilicon, the raw material that goes into solar
cells. MEMC Electronic Materials Inc. is the largest publicly
traded U.S. maker of polysilicon, according to data compiled by
Bloomberg.
The lift for U.S. manufacturers “should be short-lived,”
Yonts said. “They’ll still get smoked by the Chinese.”
Chinese panel-makers including Suntech and Trina earn about
10 percent to 15 percent on average from sales to the U.S.,
Yonts said. They can create a “workaround” of contracting
manufacturing to Taiwan to avoid U.S. tariffs, he said.
Maintaining Market Shares
“With a workaround, they’re still the cheapest option out
there and will maintain their market shares more or less,”
Yonts said.
The U.S. has also been jousting with China over market
access for products including steel pipes, poultry, tires and
music. Along with the European Union and Japan, the U.S. filed a
complaint in March with the World Trade Organization challenging
the Asian nation’s export limits on rare-earth minerals.
President Barack Obama “is trying to create a market for
solar in the U.S., so it’s curious why he wants to impose
tariffs, which will make it more expensive,” said Dan Ikenson,
director of the Washington-based Cato Institute’s Herbert A.
Stiefel Center for Trade Policy Studies. “It will imperil jobs
in the much more economically significant downstream.”
The antidumping tariffs add to duties as high as 4.73
percent imposed earlier for getting unfair subsidies from
China’s government.
Potential ‘Trade War’
“We have thrown down the gauntlet and opened up the door
for a potential global trade war in the global solar sector,”
said Kelly Dougherty, an analyst with New York-based Macquarie
Capital USA Inc. “That’s not what we need right now.”
The Commerce Department said a final determination on the
tariffs would be made in early October. U.S. customs agents will
collect a deposit or bond on solar cells made in China in the 90
days before today’s decision.
“These duties do not reflect the reality of a highly
competitive global solar industry,” Andrew Beebe, Suntech’s
chief commercial officer, said in an e-mailed statement.
Obama has been criticized for his support of solar-equipment manufacturers, including Solyndra LLC, with some
Republicans in Congress doubting the industry can be profitable.
The lawmakers are pushing Obama to take a tougher stance with
China, citing a $295 billion trade deficit.
Solyndra is among U.S. solar companies that have failed
since August, including SpectraWatt Inc., Evergreen Solar Inc.
and Energy Conversion Devices Inc.
Moving Production
Some Chinese solar companies may move production to other
countries and avoid the duties. “It’s something we’ve been
thinking about over the last year already,” said Isabelle
Christensen, director of North American operations for
JinkoSolar Holding Co., a Chinese solar module maker.
“We already have plans in place if the tariff is high,”
Christensen said in an interview before the duties were
announced. “In the long run, we’ll have switched to alternative
manufacturing locations.”
The Commerce Department’s decision, while not final, will
help to prevent market participants from skirting already
established international rules, Senator Ron Wyden, an Oregon
Democrat, said in a phone interview.
“My gut tells me that there’s going to be a temptation now
to portray this as a win for U.S. solar manufacturers” and a
loss for Chinese exporters, said Wyden, who leads the Senate
Finance Committee’s trade panel. “This is going to be a win for
a rules-based trading system.” | 2023-12-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8804 |
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1,540 total views, 2 views today | 2024-03-13T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5614 |
A suburban Arizona mom with seven adopted kids portrayed a loving home life on the popular YouTube channel “Fantastic Adventures” — but behind the scenes, she was an abusive “momager” who forced the kids to perform and tortured them if they messed up on camera, police said.
Machelle Hackney, 48, of Maricopa, along with her two adult sons, is accused of abusing her adopted children, who are all under the age of 10.
The shocking allegations of abuse include pepper-spraying their genitals, withholding food and water, locking them in a closet, restricting their bathroom use for days at a time and holding their heads underwater, according to police.
Hackney — who goes by her maiden name, Hobson — was booked for two counts of molestation of a child, seven counts of child abuse, five counts of unlawful imprisonment and five counts of child neglect. Her adult sons, Ryan and Logan Hackney, face seven counts of failing to report abuse of a minor, AZ Central reported. They were arraigned Tuesday and are being held without bond.
“I either get beat with a hanger or belt, or a brush, or get pepper-sprayed from head to toe,” one of the children told police, according to the Daily Beast.
During questioning, the children chugged water and one child refused to eat potato chips because he feared Hackney would “smell them” on his breath, the report said.
The alleged abuse is starkly at odds with the picture of a happy home that played out on the “Fantastic Adventures” YouTube channel, where the kids appeared in a series of fun-filled fantasies.
“We’re Fantastic Adventures, we’re a family that’s full of unique and special kids!” reads the channel’s description. “We started making these videos for fun, but fell in love with making them and now do it every week for you guys!”
Police say an adult woman claiming to be Hackney’s biological daughter tipped them off to the alleged abuse, ABC Action News reported.
Cops said when they arrived at Hackney’s home for a welfare check last week, they found a child in a closet with a pull-up diaper. Six of the children appeared to be malnourished and underweight, AP reported.
Hackney told police that “the only forms of punishment she uses is having to stand in the corner, getting spankings and being grounded,” according to the police report obtained by ABC Action News.
YouTube said it “demonetized” the channel — meaning Hackney will no longer get a cut of the ad revenue. The company said it could take further action, including removing the channel, which has nearly 800,000 subscribers and videos with millions of views.
“We take safety on YouTube very seriously,” YouTube said in a statement to AZ Central. “We work closely with leading child-safety organizations and others in our industry to protect young people. When we’re made aware of serious allegations of this nature we take action, which may include suspending monetization, or, upon conclusion of an investigation, terminating channels.”
Hackney’s adult daughter appeared on the show as the “pretend mom.” She does not face any charges. | 2024-01-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6400 |
Introduction {#s1}
============
In recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased rapidly in developed countries, with more than 30% of children allergic, up to 10% of children having asthma and allergic rhinitis, and 5--7% of children having food allergies ([@B1]). Certain severe allergic diseases, such as severe allergic asthma and multiple food allergy, significantly impact quality of life, create heavy social and economic burdens, and cannot be effectively managed with currently available medications. IgE-mediated immune responses are central to the pathogenesis of allergy. IgE antibodies bind to the high affinity IgE receptor FcεRI expressed on mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. Cross-linking of IgE and FcεRI by allergens triggers the degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators that induce type I hypersensitivity reactions and allergic symptoms. IgE is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The effectiveness of omalizumab, an IgE-specific monoclonal antibody that depletes IgE, in treating severe allergic asthma clearly demonstrates the virtue of IgE targeting ([@B2], [@B3]). Omalizumab, however, has a relatively short half-life of 1--4 weeks ([@B4]). The need for repeated administration of the expensive drug limits its range of application. An approach that can persistently suppress IgE level over long term with a single treatment would therefore be highly desirable.
Targeting IgE-expressing cells, the source of IgE, using adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has the potential to achieve long-term suppression of IgE. In ACT, autologous T cells are isolated and engrafted with engineered receptors that are specific for molecular markers on target cells. The cells are then infused back to patients to seek and destroy target cells. ACT using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for the pan-B cell marker CD19 have generated striking evidence of potent and long-lasting anti-cancer activity in humans ([@B5]--[@B9]), leading to its recent FDA approvals for B cell leukemia and lymphoma. Importantly, genetically modified T cells have been shown to establish memory ([@B10]) and persist for more than a decade in humans without adverse effects ([@B11]). Therefore, when applied to IgE-expressing B cells, ACT may achieve long-term relief of allergy symptoms, or even a cure of the disease, with a single treatment. By taking advantage of rapid advances in manufacturing processes and enhanced safety features, ACT may become increasingly attractive for severe atopic diseases such as severe allergic asthma, chronic urticaria and food allergies.
IgE-expressing cells can be targeted by T cells through the recognition of transmembrane form of IgE (mIgE). mIgE is expressed exclusively on all IgE-expressing cells, including germinal center B cells, plasmablasts, plasma cells, and memory B cells ([@B12], [@B13]). To this end, we designed and tested CARs that use the extracellular domain of FcεRI α chain (FcεRIα) for mIgE binding (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). FcεRI consists of an α chain (FcεRIα) that binds to IgE Fc region with high affinity (K~d~ ≈3.7 × 10^−10^ M), and β and γ chains with intracellular signaling domains. Unlike FcεRII (CD23), which binds to MHC class II, integrins and CD21 in addition to IgE ([@B17]), FcεRI is known to only bind IgE at the Cε3 domain. Since Cε3 domain exists on both mIgE and secreted IgE, FcεRIα-based CAR must avoid targeting cells with secreted IgE captured by FcεRI or FcεRII (Figures [1B,C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). As illustrated in Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, because IgE has only one FcεRIα binding site, the CAR should not recognize secreted IgE already bound to FcεRI on mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and Langerhans cells ([@B16], [@B18], [@B19]) and trigger their killing or activation. Although FcεRI and FcεRII bind IgE at two distinct sites on the Cε3 domain, FcεRII-IgE binding allosterically inhibits FcεRI-IgE binding ([@B20]). Therefore, the CAR should not recognize secreted IgE bound to FcεRII on B cells and other cell types ([@B21], [@B22]) (Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). An issue associated with the high affinity of FcεRI-IgE binding is that FcεRIα-based CARs on T cells may be blocked by secreted IgE in circulation and tissues, rendering them unable to interact with mIgE on target cells (Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). To address this issue, we designed CARs using FcεRIα mutants with lower affinities for IgE. We reason that at a given concentration of secreted IgE, a T cell expressing low affinity CARs should have a smaller proportion of CARs bound (blocked) by secreted IgE than a cell expressing high affinity CARs. The relative low affinity of the CARs, however, should not affect their abilities to mediate T cell activation through mIgE binding, since CARs that bind ligands with K~d~ from 10^−6^ to 10^−9^ M have been shown to function effectively ([@B23]). Here, we demonstrated that low affinity FcεRIα-based CARs are capable of mediating potent and specific T cell responses to mIgE-expressing target cells in the presence of secreted IgE.
![Schematics of low affinity FcεRIα-based CAR redirecting T cell responses specifically to cells expressing mIgE. The CAR is constructed by fusing the FcεRIα extracellular domain to the N-terminus of CD3ζ. **(A)** FcεRIα-based CARs on a T cell bind mIgE and mediate T cell responses to mIgE^+^ cells. IgE heavy chain assumes a bent conformation ([@B14], [@B15]) and the binding site for FcεRIα is at the bend ([@B16]). This confirmation should facilitate the engagement of mIgE by CARs on T cells. The binding triggers TCR signaling (shown as red stars at the signaling domains), T cell activation and target cell killing. **(B)** The CAR should not recognize cells with IgE captured through FcεRI since IgE has only one FcεRI binding site. **(C)** The CAR should not recognize cells with IgE captured through FcεRII because IgE-FcεRII binding allosterically inhibits IgE-FcεRI binding. **(D)** Low affinity FcεRIα-based CAR should tolerate the presence of secreted IgE. Low affinity CARs on T cells are only partially blocked by secreted IgE. Unoccupied CARs should still able to recognize mIgE on target cells as in **(A)**.](fimmu-09-02231-g0001){#F1}
Materials and methods {#s2}
=====================
Cells and antibodies
--------------------
Jurkat (clone E6-1) acute T cell leukemia cells, U266 multiple myeloma cells, Ramos Burkitt\'s lymphoma cells (clone 2G6.4C10), and Daudi Burkitt\'s lymphoma cells were purchased from ATCC and cultured in complete RPMI medium containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate, and 2 mM L-glutamine. Daudi cells expressing human mIgE (Daudi-mIgE) were obtained from Genentech ([@B24]). LAD2 human mast cells were kindly provided by Dr. Metcalfe (NIH) ([@B25]) and cultured in complete StemPro-34 serum free medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 100 ng/ml of stem cell factor (SCF) (Peprotech). Primary human CD8^+^ T cells were obtained from the Human Immunology Core at the University of Pennsylvania and cultured in complete RPMI medium. Fluorescently labeled antibodies for human FcεRIα, FcεRII (CD23), CD69, CD117, and human IgE were from Biolegend. Purified human IgE was purchased from Abcam and was further purified through gel filtration chromatography using a Superdex 200 column to eliminate aggregates. For degranulation assays, IgE was biotinylated using NHS-PEG4-bio (Pierce) following the manufacturer\'s instruction and purified using a Zeba desalting column (Pierce).
Car design and construction
---------------------------
Human FcεRIα cDNA was PCR amplified from plasmid pcDL-huFcεRIα, a gift from Kochan et al. ([@B26]) (Addgene plasmid \# 8365). Human CD3ζ cDNA was cloned from Jurkat cells using RT-PCR. The wilde type (WT) CAR was constructed by fusing the FcεRIα signaling peptide and extracellular domain to the N-terminus of human CD3ζ using overlapping PCR. The FcεRIα extracellular domain was mutated using PCR to generate six low affinity mutants: M1 (K117D), M2 (K117D+D159A), M3 (K117D+Y131A), M4 (K117D+W113A), M5 (K117D+W87D) (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}).
######
The mutations and affinities of mutant CARs.
**CAR designation** **Mutation (fold affinity reduction)**
--------------------- ----------------------------------------
M1 K117D (27x)
M2 K117D (27x) and D159A (2x)
M3 K117D (27x) and Y131A (3x)
M4 K117D (27x) and W113A (5x)
M5 K117D (27x) and W87D (7x)
M6 K117D (27x) and V155A (10x)
Lentiviral transduction of jurkat T cells and primary human T cells
-------------------------------------------------------------------
DNA encoding CARs were inserted into the pLVX-EF1α-IRES-Puro lentiviral transfer vector (Clontech). Lentiviral vectors were packaged using 293T cells with the Lenti-X packaging system (Clontech) and concentrated by ultrafiltration using Centricon Plus-70 filters (EMD Millipore) at 1,500 rpm for 2 h at 15°C. Jurkat T cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors using spinoculation in a 48-well tissue culture plate. The plate was spun at 2,500 rpm for 90 min at 32°C. The transduced cells were selected in complete RPMI medium containing 0.25 μg/ml puromycin. To transduce primary human CD8^+^ T cells, T cells were stimulated with human T-activator CD3/CD28 Dynabeads (Life Technologies) at a 3:1 bead to cell ratio for 1 day, followed by spinoculation in the presence of 10 μg/ml protamine sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich). Beads were removed 2 days later, and the cells were cultured and expanded in complete RPMI medium containing 300 IU/ml recombinant human IL2 (R&D Systems) for 3--5 additional days before being used for experiments.
Jurkat cell stimulation
-----------------------
To use Ramos cells for stimulation, FcεRII expression was upregulated by stimulating with 20 ng/ml human IL4 (Peprotech) for 72 h. To bind IgE to Ramos cells and LAD2 cells, the cells were incubated with IgE for 1 h on ice, and IgE binding was confirmed with flow cytometry using IgE-specific antibodies. For Jurkat cell stimulation, 0.125 × 10^6^ Jurkat cells were mixed with equal numbers of U266 cells, Ramos cells with IgE bound, or LAD2 cells with IgE bound in 200 μl of medium, incubated for 5 h at 37°C, and stained with anti-CD69 antibodies for flow cytometry analysis. To distinguish CAR^+^ Jurkat cells from stimulator cells, in addition to anti-CD69-APC, anti-FcεRI-PE was used for co-culture with U266 or Ramos cells to label CAR^+^ Jurkat cells. Since LAD2 cells express FcεRI, to separate LAD2 cells and CAR^+^ Jurkat cells in co-cultures, anti-CD117-PE was used to label LAD2 cells. To distinguish Daudi or Daudi-IgE cells with Jurkat cells in co-cultures, Jurkat cells were first labeled with the intracellular fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) by incubating with 0.3 μM CFSE in DPBS-5% FBS for 5 min at room temperature ([@B27]).
LAD2 cell degranulation assay
-----------------------------
The assay was performed as described in a previously published protocol ([@B28]) with minor modifications. Briefly, LAD2 cells were cultured in complete RPMI medium containing 0.2 μg/ml biotinylated IgE overnight. After washing with assay buffer (DPBS containing 10 mM HEPES, 5.6 mM glucose, and 0.04% BSA, pH 7.4), 1 × 10^4^ LAD2 cells were transferred to a 96-well plate and mixed with 2 × 10^5^ CAR^+^ Jurkat cells in assay buffer. For positive controls, streptavidin was added to a final concentration of 1 μg/ml. Cells were incubated at 37°C for 30 min and spun at 450 × g for 5 min at 4°C. The supernatant was removed, and the cells were lysed with 0.1% Triton X-100 in assay buffer. β-hexosaminidase activities in the supernatant and lysate were determined using N-acetyle-β-D-glucosamide (PNAG) (Sigma) as substrate. The low levels of β-hexosaminidase activity from Jurkat cells were determined in control samples with Jurkat cells alone and subtracted from the assay results. The percentage degranulation was calculated as 100x (supernatant activity)/(supernatant activity + lysate activity).
Primary T cell activation and luciferase-based cytotoxicity assay
-----------------------------------------------------------------
To generate target cells for luciferase-based cytotoxicity assay ([@B29], [@B30]), U266 cells were transduced with pLVX-EF1α-IRES-Puro lentiviral vectors encoding firefly luciferase and selected in complete RPMI medium supplemented with 0.5 μg/ml puromycin for stable expression. Since U266 cells express high levels of MHC class I ([@B31]), to inhibit allo-activation of primary T cells, human CD8^+^ T cells were incubated with 10 μg/ml anti-CD8 antibody (clone SK1) for 30 min before stimulation. SK1 has been shown to effectively block T cell activation through T cell receptor (TCR)-MHC class I interaction, in which CD8 is critically involved ([@B32], [@B33]). T cells were then co-cultured with 5 × 10^4^ U266-luciferase cells for 16 h in complete RPMI medium containing 10 μg/ml SK1 antibody. INFγ levels in the supernatant were measured using a human INFγ ELISA kit (Biolegend). Luciferase activity in live U266-luciferase cells was determined using the Bright-Glo luciferase assay system (Promega) on a Victor X luminescence microplate reader (Perkin Elmer). The luciferase activity of 5 × 10^4^ U266-luciferase cells cultured without T cells was determined as maximum activity. Specific lysis was calculated as \[1--(sample activity)/(max activity)\] × 100.
Flow cytometry
--------------
Cells (0.25 × 10^6^) were washed twice with FACS buffer (DPBS with 0.5% BSA and 0.02% sodium azide) and stained with fluorescently-labeled antibodies described above for 30 min on ice. Stained cells were washed twice with FACS buffer and analyzed on an Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).
Results {#s3}
=======
FcεRIα-based CARs mediate potent T cell responses to migE^+^ Cells
------------------------------------------------------------------
To construct FcεRIα-based CARs, the extracellular domain of human FcεRIα is fused to the N-terminal of the human CD3ζ extracellular domain. The transmembrane domain of CD3ζ in this CAR design should facilitate its association with the endogenous TCR/CD3 complex, thereby enhancing CAR sensitivity ([@B34]). To create CARs with lower affinities for IgE, we introduced point mutations to FcεRIα that were shown to reduce its binding affinity for IgE in previous mutagenesis studies ([@B35], [@B36]). The first mutant CAR (M1) has a single K117D mutation that has been shown to reduce affinity by 27-fold ([@B35]). Five other mutant CARs (M2 to M6) each included an additional mutation that has been shown to reduce the affinity to varying degrees ([@B36]) (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Although the exact affinities of the mutant CARs with two point mutations are unknown, the wild type (WT) and six mutant CARs should represent a relatively wide range of affinities for IgE binding.
The WT and six mutant CARs were expressed on human Jurkat T cells at generally comparable levels through lentiviral transduction, and stable expressers were selected with puromycin (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Jurkat cells expressing WT, M1, M2, M4, and M6 CARs were able to bind IgE, and the levels of binding largely mirrored levels of CAR expression (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Jurkat cells expressing M3 and M5, however, showed very low levels of IgE binding (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The Y131A and W87D mutations most likely worked synergistically with K117D to dramatically reduce FcεRIα binding to IgE. As expected, CAR^+^ Jurkat cells were not activated by secreted IgE (Supplementary Figure [1](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). To determine whether the WT and mutant CARs can mediate T cell responses to cells expressing mIgE, CAR^+^ Jurkat cells were stimulated with U266 cells, a human myeloma line expressing low levels of mIgE (Figure [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). As shown in Figures [3B,C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, Jurkat cells expressing WT, M1, M2, M4, and M6 CARs showed marked up-regulation of CD69, a T cell activation marker. CD69 up-regulation mediated by the WT CAR was significantly lower than those by mutant CARs. M1 and M2 CARs showed the strongest activity, followed by M4 and M6 CARs. The lower activity of the WT CAR may be attributable to its relatively low expression level (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). To assess the CARs\' ability to mediate responses to target cells expressing high levels of mIgE, Daudi cells stably expressing human mIgE (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) were used to stimulate Jurkat cells expressing the WT, M2, and M6 CARs. The Jurkat cells responded to Daudi-mIgE stimulation with similar levels of robust CD69 upregulation (Figures [4B,C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). As expected, Jurkat cells expressing M3 and M5 did not show significant responses to U266 or Daudi-mIgE stimulation (Supplementary Figure [2](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).Taken together, these results demonstrated that WT and low affinity FcεRIα-based CARs are capable of mediating robust T cell responses to mIgE^+^ target cells.
{#F2}
{#F3}
{#F4}
T cell responses mediated by low affinity FcεRIα-Based CARs tolerate secreted IgE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under physiological conditions, secreted IgE present in tissues may bind to FcεRIα-based CARs and block their interaction with mIgE on target cells. To test the effects of secreted IgE on CAR function, CAR^+^ Jurkat cells were stimulated with U266 cells in the presence of IgE at 1.7 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml. A concentration of 1.7 μg/ml is equivalent to 700 IU/ml, the upper limit of serum IgE level recommended for omalizumab. As shown in Figures [3B,C](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, when stimulated by U266 cells, 1.7 μg/ml IgE suppressed CD69 upregulation of Jurkat cells expressing WT CAR by more than two-folds. Increasing IgE concentration to 10 μg/ml further suppressed CD69 upregulation. In contrast, the activities of low affinity M1, M2, M4, and M6 CARs were not significantly affected by the presence of IgE at 1.7 μg/ml or 10 μg/ml. In comparison, when stimulated by Daudi-mIgE, CD69 upregulation by Jurkat cells expressing the WT CAR was inhibited by secreted IgE at 10 μg/ml, but not at 1.7 μg/ml (Figures [4B,C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). These results support our model that low affinity FcεRIα-based CARs tolerate the presence of secreted IgE at high concentrations (Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) and suggest that ACT employing low affinity FcεRIα-based CARs may be effective for patients with serum IgE levels higher than the limit for omalizumab.
FcεRIα-Based CARs do not recognize cells with secreted IgE captured through FcεRII
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The majority of B cells express FcεRII, and its binding to IgE regulates IgE production ([@B37]). FcεRII is also expressed on a variety of inflammatory cells and epithelial cells. Recognition of secreted IgE bound to FcεRII by CARs would therefore lead to significant adverse effects. To test our hypothesis that FcεRIα-based CARs do not recognize IgE captured by FcεRII due to allosteric inhibition [(Figure 1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), we used Ramos cells, a Burkitt lymphoma cell line, as target cells. Consistent with previous reports ([@B38]), Ramos cells significantly up-regulated FcεRII expression in response to IL4 stimulation (Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) and bound IgE at high levels (Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). IgE binding by Ramos cells is exclusively through FcεRII since FcεRI expression was not detected (Supplementary Figure [3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). As shown in Figure [5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, Jurkat cells expressing WT, M1, M2, M4, or M6 CARs did not significantly upregulate CD69 in response to Ramos cells with high levels of IgE bound. FcεRIα-based CARs therefore do not recognize cells with secreted IgE captured through FcεRII.
{#F5}
FcεRIα-Based CARs do not recognize cells with secreted IgE captured through FcεRI
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Through high affinity interaction with FcεRI, secreted IgE may be stably bound to the surfaces of mast cells, eosinophils, basophils and Langerhans cells. Since IgE has only one binding site for FcεRI, we do not anticipate that FcεRIα-based CARs mediate cytotoxicity to these cells or trigger degranulation through CAR interaction with IgE bound to FcεRI (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). To confirm this, LAD2 cells, a human mast cell line, were used as targets. LAD2 cells expressed FcεRI (Supplementary Figure [3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and bound secreted IgE at relatively high levels (Figure [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). IgE binding by LAD2 cells is exclusively through FcεRI, as FcεRII expression was not detected (Supplementary Figure [3](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). As shown in Figure [6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary Figure [4](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, Jurkat cells expressing WT, M1, M2, M4, or M6 CARs did not significantly upregulate CD69 in response to LAD2 cells with IgE bound. To determine whether CAR^+^ Jurkat cells can trigger degranulation of mast cells, LAD2 cells with biotinylated IgE bound were co-cultured with CAR^+^ Jurkat cells, control Jurkat cells, or buffer alone, in the presence or absence of streptavidin. LAD2 cell degranulation was then determined by measuring β-hexosaminidase release. As shown in Figure [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, in the presence of streptavidin, which binds to biotinylated IgE and crosslinks FcεRI, high levels of degranulation (\>70%) were induced in all co-cultures. In the absence of streptavidin, however, only background levels of degranulation were observed, indicating that FcRεI-based CARs are incapable of crosslinking the FcRεI-IgE complexes on LAD2 cells. Taken together, we conclude that FcεRIα-based CARs do not recognize cells with IgE captured through FcεRI.
{#F6}
FcεRIα-Based M2 CAR directs primary human T cell responses to migE^+^ Target cells
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To test the CAR function using primary T cells, we expressed the M2 CAR on primary human CD8^+^ T cells via lentiviral transduction (Figure [7A](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). The M2 CAR was chosen for its potency, specificity, and resistance to secreted IgE in mediating Jurkat cell responses to mIgE^+^ target cells (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}--[6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). In response to U266 cells, M2 CAR^+^ T cells produced a significant amount of IFNγ (Figure [7B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, the activity of M2 CAR was not affected by the presence of 10 μg/ml of IgE. Finally, using a luciferase-based cytotoxicity assay ([@B29], [@B30]), we determined the cytotoxicity of M2 CAR^+^ primary human CD8^+^ T cells to U266 cells expressing luciferase. Consistent with the IFNγ data, the M2 CAR mediated the killing of U266-luciferase cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure [7C](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, the FcεRIα-based low affinity M2 CAR is capable of mediating potent primary T cell responses to mIgE^+^ target cells.
{#F7}
Discussion {#s4}
==========
In this study, we designed and tested CARs that redirect T cell specificity to mIgE^+^ cells for ACT against allergic diseases. The FcεRIα-based CAR design takes advantage of the highly specific binding between FcεRI and IgE and the bent conformation of IgE that facilitates mIgE-CAR interaction at the T cell-target cell interface ([@B14]--[@B16]) (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Compared with mouse-derived single chain variable fragments (scFvs) commonly used for antigen recognition by CARs, FcεRIα, a natural human protein, is unlikely to trigger host immune responses that may lead to low CAR T cell persistence or even systemic anaphylaxis ([@B39]). FcεRIα-based CARs mediated T cell responses to U266 myeloma cells expressing very low levels of mIgE (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that even low mIgE-expressing plasma cells may be targeted *in vivo*. Although the majority of IgE-producing plasma cells are short-lived, a small population of long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow may continuously produce IgE at low levels ([@B12], [@B13], [@B40]--[@B43]). The ability to eliminate plasma cells is therefore important for the long-term effectiveness of ACT against allergies. CAR-mediated Jurkat responses appeared to be more robust to Daudi-mIgE, a Daudi cell line engineered to stably express mIgE at high levels (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, the high levels of mIgE expression may have compensated the effects of lower WT and M6 expression levels observed in their relatively subdued responses to U266 (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), leading to similarly strong responses by WT, M2, and M6 to Daudi-mIgE (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). It is interesting that M1, M2, M4, and M6 CARs with at least 27-fold lower affinities are still capable of mediating strong T cell activation. This is consistent with the generally low affinity requirement for the antigen recognition by TCR (K~d~ ≈10^−6^ M) ([@B44]) and CAR (K~d~ ≈10^−6^−10^−9^ M) ([@B23]). The low affinity mutant CARs also outperformed the WT in tolerating the presence of secreted IgE at 10 μg/ml (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, [7B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}), supporting our hypothesis that T cells expressing the WT CAR have a larger proportion of CARs blocked by secreted IgE than T cells expressing the low affinity mutants. From a kinetic point of view, the K117D mutation shared by all mutants causes a 145-fold increase in dissociation rate (k~off~) ([@B35]). The decreased stability should lead to frequent unbinding between CAR and secreted IgE and facilitate engagement of CARs by mIgE. Taken together, the low affinity mutant CARs, especially M1 and M2, may have the optimal affinity and k~off~ for sensitive mIgE recognition and tolerance of secreted IgE.
Using Ramos and LAD2 as target cells, we demonstrated that FcεRIα-based CARs do not recognize cells with secreted IgE bound through FcεRI or FcεRII (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Sparing these cells is critical for avoiding side effects associated with their killing or activation in ACT. Targeting FcεRI-expressing mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, for example, would be especially problematic since it may trigger massive degranulation and anaphylaxis. It should be noted, however, that all potential issues associated with secreted IgE, including unwanted targeting of cells expressing FcεRI or FcεRII and blocking CAR function, can be ameliorated or eliminated by using omalizumab to decrease or deplete IgE prior to ACT. Preconditioning patients with omalizumab may therefore be employed in initial clinical studies for enhanced efficacy and safety.
The potency, specificity, and robustness of our CAR designs will aid the development of ACT for severe allergic diseases. The rapid advances in ACT\'s effectiveness, safety, and T cell manufacturing processes should make ACT for severe allergic diseases increasingly attractive. Compared with omalizumab, the main advantage of ACT is its potential for long-term symptom control. Achieving this goal critically relies on CAR T cell persistence. In this regard, the long-term persistence of anti-CD19 CAR T cells in patients with B cell malignancies is highly encouraging ([@B10], [@B45]). In addition to the pro-survival effects of CD28 or 4-1BB signaling domains, the persistence of anti-CD19 CAR T cells was thought to be boosted by repeated stimulation from continuously emerging B cells ([@B46]), which express co-stimulatory molecules. CAR T cells recognizing mIgE^+^ B cells should benefit from similar repeated stimulation from newly IgE class-switched B cells. Moreover, IgE-expressing B cells are highly concentrated in mucosal tissues ([@B47], [@B48]), which experience frequent inflammation events triggered by infection or allergy. The inflammatory milieu should attract infiltration of T cells, including CAR^+^ T cells, increase their chance of encountering IgE-expressing target cells, and enhance the development and maintenance of memory phenotype in a way that is similar to repeated respiratory tract viral infection. Finally, long term persistence may also be enhanced by adopting novel approaches such as expressing CARs on enriched virus-specific T cells ([@B49]) or *ex vivo* expanded central memory CD8^+^ T cells ([@B50]).
Using ACT to treat allergic diseases, even the severe forms, would require an improved understanding and control of risk factors associated with technologies currently used for cancer patients. The two main issues of current lentiviral vector-based CAR T cell technologies are the generation of replication competent viruses and oncogenesis associated with random gene insertion. So far, these risks are only theoretical since they have not materialized in patients enrolled in a large number of ACT clinical trials to date. Additional data from clinical application of the recently approved anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapies will help establish a more accurate safety profile of these approaches. The risk of replication competent viruses can be minimized by using packaging systems with advanced safety features such as the separation of packaging components into multiple plasmids and inclusion of self-inactivating (SIN) elements. The rapid development of non-viral gene integration through transposon/transposase systems should eliminate such risk ([@B51]). Regarding insertion-related oncogenesis, a longitudinal study showed that CAR^+^ T cells persisted for more than a decade in patients without causing oncogenesis-related adverse effects ([@B11]). This suggests that retroviral manipulation of mature T cells is fundamentally safe, likely because integration sites are not random and do not favor proto-oncogenes ([@B52]). The risk of insertion-related oncogenesis may be fully addressed by targeting CARs to a harmless location through genome editing ([@B53], [@B54]). For example, the anti-CD19 CAR was recently targeted to the TCRα locus through CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing that used templates delivered with non-integrating adeno-associated viral vectors ([@B53]). Most recently, the endogenous TCR locus was efficiently replaced with a new TCR that recognizes cancer antigen though electroporation of T cells with CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes and linear double strand DNA templates ([@B55]). If reproducible, this non-viral targeted genome editing approach should dramatically reduce risks associated with both replication-competent viruses and insertion-associated oncogenesis. Finally, the risks of ACT may be further controlled through the incorporation of safety features to CAR T cells ([@B56]), such as incorporating an inducible caspase-9-based suicide mechanism ([@B57]) and employing CARs with built in on-switches that are active only when triggered by certain small molecule drugs ([@B58]).
A potential issue with long-term suppression of IgE-expressing B cells using ACT is that reduced IgE level may lead to increased incidents of parasitic infection or malignancy. Although IgE is capable of mediating parasite killing, its role in controlling parasitic infection has been debated ([@B59]--[@B61]). In addition, in a study of subjects at high risk of helminth infection, omazilumab was not associated with increased morbidity ([@B59]). The role of IgE in the immune surveillance of cancer is controversial. Moreover, a recent long-term study showed no increase in incidents of malignancy in patients treated with omalizumab ([@B62]). These findings suggest that long-term suppression of IgE using ACT should be relatively safe. Finally, our ACT approach targets only IgE-expressing B cells, which makes up a very small fraction of total B cells. In normal individuals, serum IgE concentration is 10,000--100,000 times lower than IgG ([@B37]). Our IgE-specific approach therefore should not significantly impact overall humoral immunity, which is mediated mostly by IgG antibodies.
Although the costs of recently approved CAR T cell therapies for B cell cancers are high, their pricing is based on both manufacturing costs and the high cost of bone marrow transplant-based conventional treatment regimens. The manufacturing costs can be expected to decrease over time with increasingly streamlined and automated processes and possibly the adoption of non-viral gene transfer approaches ([@B55]). Advances in developing "off-the-shelf" allogeneic T cell- or NK cell-based ACT ([@B63], [@B64]) may reduce costs dramatically. In addition, the much higher number of patients with severe allergic diseases than B cell cancers may justify lower prices. Therefore, it is possible that ACT may become competitive with omalizumab in overall cost if long-term effectiveness can be established.
In summary, FcεRIα-based CARs mediate potent and specific T cell responses to mIgE^+^ target cells. Future studies on the activity and persistence of T cells expressing the CARs *in vivo* may lead to the development of ACT with long-term effectiveness for severe allergic diseases.
Author contributions {#s5}
====================
DW performed most of the experiments and collected data. BF, AA, and HH performed experiments, collected data, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. ZM designed the study, carried out experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.
Conflict of interest statement
------------------------------
ZM holds a patent (pending) on using FcεRI-based CARs for allergic diseases. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank Dr. Metcalfe (NIH) for the LAD-2 cells and Drs. Brightbill and Wu (Genentech) for the Daudi-mIgE cells. We thank Karen Christie and Dr. Trong Le for critical reading of the manuscript.
**Funding.** This work was supported by grants NIH R21AI119841, P20-GM103464, and U54-GM104941, and the Nemours Foundation.
Supplementary material {#s6}
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02231/full#supplementary-material>
######
Click here for additional data file.
[^1]: Edited by: Toshiaki Kawakami, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), United States
[^2]: Reviewed by: Jiro Kitaura, Juntendo University, Japan; Laura Vian, National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States
[^3]: This article was submitted to Inflammation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
| 2024-02-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4721 |
Q:
How to configure a FreeBSD port with default values (recursively)?
After doing a research in multiple search engines and reading https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/building.html and https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/makefile-options.html I don't seem to find any explanations or references on how to skip the ncurses dialogs which pop up when running make install in a port with (a lot of) dependencies, e.g. /usr/ports/x11/gnome3 in 10.1, in favour of using the default values which are preselected in the dialog.
make config-recursive allows to configure everything and holding down Enter is a workaround, but far from elegant (i.e. I'm searching for a solution based on a command). yes "" | make install doesn't do anything as well as
exec 3<&0
yes "" | sudo make config-recursive
inpired by https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3999114/linux-pipe-into-python-ncurses-script-stdin-and-termios.
A:
Please check How can I avoid the prompts when installing a FreeBSD port?
It's still pretty much the same, although I'd recommend setting BATCH in /etc/make.conf rather than your shell profile.
| 2023-12-03T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5700 |
Details on her character are being kept under wraps, but TVLine has learned that she will be playing a pivotal new character. (Could she be Coop and Annie’s daughter?)
Seyfried will appear in multiple episodes, making it her biggest TV gig since Big Love ended in 2011. Though she is best known for her film work these days, Seyfried’s TV resume also includes roles on Veronica Mars, Wildfire, All My Children and As the World Turns.
Twin Peaks co-creators David Lynch and Mark Frost have penned all episodes of the present-day continuation — which will total more than the originally announced nine hours — with Lynch directing every installment. Filming is currently underway in Washington state.
At the Television Critics Association summer press tour in August, Showtime president David Nevins hinted that fans can expect “familiar faces” to join returning cast member Kyle MacLachlan. “You should be optimistic that the people that you want [back] will be there, and then there will be some surprises in addition.”
Your thoughts on Seyfried’s casting? Theories on who she might be playing? Hit the comments! | 2023-11-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4485 |
//@flow
import React, { useState, useCallback } from 'react';
import { SafeAreaView, Image } from 'react-native';
import ViewShot from 'react-native-view-shot';
import { Surface } from 'gl-react-native';
import GL from 'gl-react';
import Desc from './Desc';
const shaders = GL.Shaders.create({
helloGL: {
frag: `
precision highp float;
varying vec2 uv;
uniform float blue;
void main () {
gl_FragColor = vec4(uv.x, uv.y, blue, 1.0);
}`,
},
});
const HelloGL = GL.createComponent(
({ blue }) => <GL.Node shader={shaders.helloGL} uniforms={{ blue }} />,
{ displayName: 'HelloGL' },
);
const dimension = { width: 300, height: 300 };
const GLReactV2 = () => {
const [source, setSource] = useState(null);
const onCapture = useCallback(uri => setSource({ uri }), []);
return (
<SafeAreaView>
<ViewShot onCapture={onCapture} captureMode="mount" style={dimension}>
<Surface width={300} height={300}>
<HelloGL blue={0.5} />
</Surface>
</ViewShot>
<Desc desc="above is a gl-react surface and below is a capture of it" />
<Image fadeDuration={0} source={source} style={dimension} />
</SafeAreaView>
);
};
GLReactV2.navigationOptions = {
title: 'gl-react-native @ 2',
};
export default GLReactV2;
| 2024-01-22T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3499 |
With time ticking down toward Monday’s NHL trade deadline, the guessing game continues as to who and what the Edmonton Oilers will receive in a trade for pending UFA defenseman Jeff Petry. Whatever the return, chances are it won’t be enough.
The Montreal Canadiens are headed back to the playoffs and this time there's an expectation for a deep run. The club has some issues entering the deadline and could be active. Sven Andrighetto (in photo by Rob Ferguson, all rights reserved) is one of many emerging prospects from the AHL's North Division.
Leafs, Jets and Kings already making deals, David Clarkson's contract, Curtis Glencross, an Oilers Cartoon, a knock down punch and all the coverage leading up to the trade deadline you need in this week's Roundup brought to you by Draftkings.
Zachary Fucale is a pretty famous goalie prospect. A second-round pick by Montreal in 2013, he has twice represented Canada at the World Juniors and was projected as a potential NHL starter in his draft year.
According to Jim Matheson of the Edmonton Journal, the Canadiens are willing to deal him and the Oilers just might be interested. | 2023-09-04T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5089 |
%% Classify the MNIST digits using a one nearest neighbour classifier and Euclidean distance
%
% Compare to mnist1NNdemo, which uses various tricks
% to scale things up
% This file is from pmtk3.googlecode.com
loadData('mnistAll');
trainndx = 1:10000;
testndx = 1:1000;
ntrain = length(trainndx);
ntest = length(testndx);
Xtrain = double(reshape(mnist.train_images(:,:,trainndx),28*28,ntrain)');
Xtest = double(reshape(mnist.test_images(:,:,testndx),28*28,ntest)');
ytrain = (mnist.train_labels(trainndx));
ytest = (mnist.test_labels(testndx));
clear mnist trainndx testndx; % save space
tic
m = knnFit(Xtrain, ytrain, 1);
ypred = knnPredict(m, Xtest);
errorRate = mean(ypred ~= ytest);
fprintf('Error Rate: %.2f%%\n',100*errorRate);
t = toc; fprintf('Total Time: %.2f seconds\n',t);
| 2023-10-26T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3811 |
opam-version: "2.0"
synopsis: "Helpers for using React with Lwt"
version: "1.1.3"
license: "MIT"
homepage: "https://github.com/ocsigen/lwt"
doc: "https://ocsigen.org/lwt/api/Lwt_react"
bug-reports: "https://github.com/ocsigen/lwt/issues"
authors: [
"Jérémie Dimino"
]
maintainer: [
"Anton Bachin <antonbachin@yahoo.com>"
]
dev-repo: "git+https://github.com/ocsigen/lwt.git"
depends: [
"dune"
"lwt" {>= "3.0.0"}
"ocaml"
"react" {>= "1.0.0"}
]
build: [
["dune" "build" "-p" name "-j" jobs]
]
url {
src: "https://github.com/ocsigen/lwt/archive/4.3.0.tar.gz"
checksum: "md5=1a72b5ae4245707c12656632a25fc18c"
}
| 2024-04-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8145 |
Color me surprised. Lou Piniella has named his closer, and it is no flamethrowing Domincan. Kevin Gregg, thanks to his nifty 0.00 spring ERA, has been named the Kira Sedgwick of the Chicago Cubs. I did not see that coming. Not because Kevin Gregg is a shabby pitcher – he’s not – but because I wasn’t sure Piniella would want to hurt the psyche of Carlos Marmol.
I know, I know, they are professional athletes and hurting their feelings should be the last thing coaches have to worry about when naming starters and reserves, etc., but Marmol certainly has a track record (albeit brief) of having some mental fragility from time to time. I really would have thought Piniella would have named Marmol the closer first, because Gregg would, mentally, be able to handle the set-up role better than Marmol.
On a personal note, having drafted Marmol in my fantasy league, this information could have been useful BEFORE THE DRAFT! I didn’t pick Mr. Marmol to be a God-damn 8th inning pitcher! Come on, Lou! Throw me a freaking bone.
Now there will be speculation all season long, especially if Gregg struggles at all and Marmol turns in the 1-2-3K innings time after time, whether or not Piniella makes a switch, but it’s my opinion that a player really has to blow hard for Sweet Lou to do so. In sum: expect Gregg to be the closer for most of the season, if not the entire she-bang. But, it will be curious to see if Marmol gets more opportunities to spell Gregg and get some saves of his own. Time will tell. | 2023-08-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4165 |
/*
* Copyright (C) Lightbend Inc. <https://www.lightbend.com>
*/
import akka.stream.IOResult;
import akka.stream.Materializer;
import akka.stream.javadsl.FileIO;
import akka.stream.javadsl.Sink;
import akka.stream.javadsl.Source;
import akka.util.ByteString;
import org.junit.Test;
import play.http.HttpErrorHandler;
import play.core.j.JavaHandlerComponents;
import play.core.parsers.Multipart;
import play.libs.Files.TemporaryFile;
import play.libs.streams.Accumulator;
import play.mvc.BodyParser;
import play.mvc.Controller;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage;
import java.util.function.Function;
import play.mvc.Http;
import play.mvc.Http.MultipartFormData.FilePart;
import play.mvc.Result;
import play.test.WithApplication;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
import static play.test.Helpers.contentAsString;
import static play.test.Helpers.fakeRequest;
import static javaguide.testhelpers.MockJavaActionHelper.*;
public class JavaFileUpload extends WithApplication {
static class AsyncUpload extends Controller {
// #asyncUpload
public Result upload(Http.Request request) {
File file = request.body().asRaw().asFile();
return ok("File uploaded");
}
// #asyncUpload
}
// #customfileparthandler
public static class MultipartFormDataWithFileBodyParser
extends BodyParser.DelegatingMultipartFormDataBodyParser<File> {
@Inject
public MultipartFormDataWithFileBodyParser(
Materializer materializer,
play.api.http.HttpConfiguration config,
HttpErrorHandler errorHandler) {
super(
materializer,
config.parser().maxMemoryBuffer(), // Small buffer used for parsing the body
config.parser().maxDiskBuffer(), // Maximum allowed length of the request body
config.parser().allowEmptyFiles(),
errorHandler);
}
/** Creates a file part handler that uses a custom accumulator. */
@Override
public Function<Multipart.FileInfo, Accumulator<ByteString, FilePart<File>>>
createFilePartHandler() {
return (Multipart.FileInfo fileInfo) -> {
final String filename = fileInfo.fileName();
final String partname = fileInfo.partName();
final String contentType = fileInfo.contentType().getOrElse(null);
final File file = generateTempFile();
final String dispositionType = fileInfo.dispositionType();
final Sink<ByteString, CompletionStage<IOResult>> sink = FileIO.toPath(file.toPath());
return Accumulator.fromSink(
sink.mapMaterializedValue(
completionStage ->
completionStage.thenApplyAsync(
results ->
new Http.MultipartFormData.FilePart<>(
partname,
filename,
contentType,
file,
results.getCount(),
dispositionType))));
};
}
/** Generates a temp file directly without going through TemporaryFile. */
private File generateTempFile() {
try {
final Path path = Files.createTempFile("multipartBody", "tempFile");
return path.toFile();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
}
}
// #customfileparthandler
@Test
public void testCustomMultipart() throws IOException {
play.libs.Files.TemporaryFileCreator tfc = play.libs.Files.singletonTemporaryFileCreator();
Path tmpFile = Files.createTempFile("temp", "txt");
Files.write(tmpFile, "foo".getBytes());
Source<ByteString, ?> source = FileIO.fromPath(tmpFile);
Http.MultipartFormData.FilePart<Source<ByteString, ?>> dp =
new Http.MultipartFormData.FilePart<>(
"name", "filename", "text/plain", source, Files.size(tmpFile));
assertThat(
contentAsString(
call(
new javaguide.testhelpers.MockJavaAction(instanceOf(JavaHandlerComponents.class)) {
@BodyParser.Of(MultipartFormDataWithFileBodyParser.class)
public Result uploadCustomMultiPart(Http.Request request) throws Exception {
final Http.MultipartFormData<File> formData =
request.body().asMultipartFormData();
final Http.MultipartFormData.FilePart<File> filePart = formData.getFile("name");
final File file = filePart.getRef();
final long size = filePart.getFileSize();
Files.deleteIfExists(file.toPath());
return ok("Got: file size = " + size + "");
}
},
fakeRequest("POST", "/").bodyRaw(Collections.singletonList(dp), tfc, mat),
mat)),
equalTo("Got: file size = 3"));
}
}
| 2024-04-08T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2761 |
Microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell for CO2 sequestration.
Mineral carbonation can be used for CO2 sequestration, but the reaction rate is slow. In order to accelerate mineral carbonation, acid generated in a microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell (MEDCC) was examined to dissolve natural minerals rich in magnesium/calcium silicates (serpentine), and the alkali generated by the same process was used to absorb CO2 and precipitate magnesium/calcium carbonates. The concentrations of Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) dissolved from serpentine increased 20 and 145 times by using the acid solution. Under optimal conditions, 24 mg of CO2 was absorbed into the alkaline solution and 13 mg of CO2 was precipitated as magnesium/calcium carbonates over a fed-batch cycle (24h). Additionally, the MEDCC removed 94% of the COD (initially 822 mg/L) and achieved 22% desalination (initially 35 g/L NaCl). These results demonstrate the viability of this process for effective CO2 sequestration using renewable organic matter and natural minerals. | 2023-12-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2428 |
---
abstract: 'The comparison of photoproduction cross sections for $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ in PbPb and pPb collisions can give sensitivity to nuclear shadowing effects. The photoproduction of vector mesons is even more sensitive to the underlying gluon distributions. In this study we present the cross sections and rapidity dependence of the photoproduction of heavy quarks and exclusive production of vector mesons in ultraperipheral pPb and PbPb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5$ TeV and $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV, respectively. The potentials of using these processes for constraining nuclear gluon shadowing are explored. It is found that photoproduction of $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$ in PbPb collisions in particular exhibit very good sensitivity to gluon shadowing.'
author:
- Adeola Adeluyi
- 'C.A. Bertulani'
- 'M.J. Murray'
title: Nuclear effects in photoproduction of heavy quarks and vector mesons in ultraperipheral PbPb and pPb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
---
In view of recent and upcoming experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, we consider the inclusive photoproduction of heavy quarks ($c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$) and the exclusive elastic production of vector mesons ($J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon(1s)$) in ultraperipheral PbPb and pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV and $5$ TeV respectively. The theoretical framework used for our calculations has been described in two recent publications [@Adeluyi:2011rt; @Adeluyi:2012ph]. The method consists in using the strong electromagnetic fields generated in relativistic heavy ion collisions [@BB88; @BKN05] to produce particles in $\gamma$-nucleus interactions. The large energies of the virtual photons produced in such reactions has stimulated many studies of the photoproduction of heavy mesons. Previously, we have investigated the sensitivity of photoproduction of heavy quarks and exclusive production of vector mesons at higher LHC energies to varying severity of gluon modifications [@Adeluyi:2011rt; @Adeluyi:2012ph]. This idea, originally proposed in Ref. [@Goncalves:2001vs], can be used to constrain parton distribution functions from data on photoproduction of heavy quarks and of vector mesons.
All four of the large LHC experiments, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb, have the capability to measure $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$, [@Abelev:2011md; @Aad:2011sp; @Aad:2011xv; @Khachatryan:2010yr; @Chatrchyan:2011pe; @Aaij:2011jh; @LHCb:2012aa]. So far most LHC measurements have been in the muon channel. The calculations presented in the present paper are reported in terms of rapidity distributions $d\sigma/dy$ in the center of mass frame. For PbPb collisions at the LHC this is the same as the laboratory frame but for pPb collisions the proton and lead beams have the same magnetic rigidity which implies that the center of mass is shifted with respect to the laboratory frame by $\delta y = 0.5\ln(208/82) = 0.47 $. This rapidity shift presents both a challenge and an opportunity to the experiments. The acceptance of both CMS and ATLAS is symmetric about $y_{lab} = 0$ and extends up to $y_{lab} \approx 2.5$. The strong magnetic fields and large amount of material before the muon stations imply that only muons with a minimum momenta of order 5 GeV/c fire the trigger and this causes both ATLAS and CMS to only reconstruct $J/\psi$ with a minimum transverse momentum, $p_T$, near $y_{lab} = 0$. However, at $y_{lab} \approx 2.5$ both experiments can reconstruct $J/\psi$s down to $p_T = 0$. The extra mass of the $\Upsilon$ means that both CMS and ATLAS have acceptance down to $p_T = 0$ over their whole rapidity range. Both ALICE and LHCb have asymmetric muon detectors with acceptances down to $p_T=0$ for $2.5 \le y_{lab} \le 4.0$ \[ALICE\] $2 \le y_{lab} \le 4.5$ \[LHCb\]. If it were possible for these collaborations to take both p+Pb and Pb+p data then almost the complete phase space for ultraperipheral quarkonia production could be mapped out.
In the present work we follow closely the approach presented in Ref. [@Adeluyi:2012ph]. All input parameters (except those related to energy), computational details, and references therein are applicable to the current study. We use the same sets of nuclear and photon parton distributions: MSTW08 [@Martin:2009iq], EPS08 [@Eskola:2008ca], EPS09 [@Eskola:2009uj], and HKN07 [@Hirai:2007sx] for nucleon/nuclear parton distributions and GRV [@Gluck:1991jc], SaS1D [@Schuler:1995fk] , and CJK2 [@Cornet:2004ng] for photon parton distributions. The characteristics of these distributions, especially the disparities in the strength of the nuclear modifications of their gluon content, has been treated in detail in [@Adeluyi:2012ph]. Since in general the features and trends of the results obtained in the previous study are faithfully reproduced in the present work, the discussions and comments presented therein are also valid and the reader is therefore referred to [@Adeluyi:2012ph] for detailed exposition. We will focus mainly on presenting the results, and hence in this respect the present report serves to augment and supplement the previous study contained in [@Adeluyi:2012ph].
Let us first consider photoproduction of heavy quarks in ultraperipheral pPb and PbPb collisions where two rather different production mechanisms (direct and resolved) are present. In the direct mechanism the incident photon interacts directly with the target (nucleus or proton) whereas in the resolved mechanism the incident photon first fluctuates into a quark-antiquark pair (or even more complicated partonic configuration) which then subsequently interacts hadronically with the target. At leading order the direct production involves only the gluon distributions in the target while the resolved production requires the distributions of light quarks and gluons in both photon and target. The total production cross sections and rapidity distributions are of course the sum of the contributions from both processes. As in [@Adeluyi:2012ph] we will present the cross sections for three nuclear parton distributions (MSTW08, EPS08, and EPS09) and the three photon parton distributions listed above. Also, for convenience, only the rapidity distributions using the GRV photon distributions are presented.
In Table \[ccbbpA\] we present the direct and resolved cross sections for both $\gamma$p and $\gamma$Pb components of $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ production in pPb collisions. The respective $\gamma$p and $\gamma$Pb rapidity distributions and their sums are displayed in Fig. \[fig:pphqpArapcc\].
------------ ------------ -------- ------- ------ ------ ------
PDF Direct
SaS1d GRV CJK
$\gamma$p MSTW08 3250 323 534 665
$c\bar{c}$ MSTW08 362 58 98 118
$\gamma$Pb EPS08 238 50 85 101
EPS09 288 53 91 108
$\gamma$p MSTW08 18.0 3.32 4.56 5.61
$b\bar{b}$ MSTW08 2.80 0.90 1.29 1.58
$\gamma$Pb EPS08 2.30 0.87 1.26 1.54
EPS09 2.50 0.88 1.28 1.56
------------ ------------ -------- ------- ------ ------ ------
: \[ccbbpA\] Cross sections (in $\mu$b) for photoproduction of $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ in ultraperipheral pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.0$ TeV.
For both $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ production the $\gamma$p component is dominant due to the larger photon flux from the nucleus, leading to asymmetric rapidity distributions skewed towards the right in line with the convention adopted in [@Adeluyi:2012ph]. While the influence of nuclear shadowing is somewhat discernible in the $\gamma$Pb component of $c\bar{c}$ photoproduction, this effect is minimised when one considers total rapidity distributions due to the smallness of the $\gamma$Pb component relative to the dominant $\gamma$p component. In view of this, $c\bar{c}$ photoproduction in pPb collisions could potentially serve as a good normaliser for the equivalent $c\bar{c}$ photoproduction in PbPb collisions when effects due to differences in photon flux are taken into account.
![\[fig:pphqpArapcc\] (Color online) Rapidity distributions of $c\bar{c}$ (top) and $b\bar{b}$ (bottom) photoproduction in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.0$ TeV using the GRV photon parton distributions. The left hand panels (a and c) show the $\gamma$p and $\gamma$Pb contributions separately while the right hand panels (b and d) show the sum. Dotted line depicts the $\gamma$p contribution while the dashed (MSTW08), solid (EPS09), and dash-dotted (EPS08) lines correspond to $\gamma$Pb contributions with no shadowing, moderate, and strong shadowing respectively.](pphqpA_cc_bb_spt_grv){width="\columnwidth"}
As evident from both Table \[ccbbpA\] and Fig. \[fig:pphqpArapcc\], nuclear effects are rather unimportant in $b\bar{b}$ photoproduction, since all three $\gamma$Pb rapidity distributions practically overlap. On the other hand the resolved component is relatively more significant than in $c\bar{c}$ production. This attribute, in conjunction with negligible sensitivity to nuclear effects and enhanced sensitivity to photon parton distributions as evinced in Table \[ccbbpA\] suggests the potential for $b\bar{b}$ photoproduction to be of some use in constraining photon parton distributions.
The corresponding cross sections and rapidity distributions for PbPb collisions are shown in Table \[ccbbAA\] and Fig. \[thqrapcc\]. Here the participants are identical and each Pb nucleus can act as both source and target of photons. Consequently the photon flux is the same and the rapidity distributions are symmetric about midrapidity ($y = 0$).
--------------------- -------- -- -------- -- -- ------- -- ---------- -- -------
PDF Direct Resolved
SaS1d GRV CJK
MSTW08 570.1 39.5 64.1 81.3
$c\bar{c}$ (mb) EPS08 469.8 39.4 64.1 81.0
EPS09 511.1 39.6 64.5 81.6
MSTW08 2277.0 293.6 388.5 467.8
$b\bar{b}$ ($\mu$b) EPS08 2280.0 310.5 413.5 501.1
EPS09 2291.8 304.2 404.3 489.1
--------------------- -------- -- -------- -- -- ------- -- ---------- -- -------
: \[ccbbAA\] Cross sections for photoproduction of $c\bar{c}$ (in mb) and $b\bar{b}$ (in $\mu$b) in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at the LHC.
For $c\bar{c}$ production the effect of shadowing is quite appreciable especially in the rapidity interval $-2 < y < 2$, and thus this interval offers good constraining potential. The effect of antishadowing is discernible in the intervals $3 < y < 5$ and $-5 < y < -3$, although the magnitude is rather small. As in pPb collisions, $b\bar{b}$ production shows little sensitivity to nuclear effects, with the resolved component being more significant.
![\[thqrapcc\] (Color online) Rapidity distributions of the photoproduction of (a) $c\bar{c}$ (top) and (b) $b\bar{b}$ (bottom) in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV using the GRV photon parton distributions. Dashed line depicts result using the MSTW08 parton distributions (no nuclear modifications). Solid and dash-dotted lines are results from nuclear-modified parton distributions from EPS09 and EPS08 respectively.](pphqAA_cc_bb_spt_grv){width="\columnwidth"}
We now present the results on elastic photoproduction of the $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon(1s)$. As discussed in [@Adeluyi:2011rt; @Adeluyi:2012ph] the production mechanism for these vector mesons involves the square of the nuclear/nucleon gluon distribution. This quadratic dependence leads to a dramatic increase in the sensitivity of both cross sections and rapidity distributions to nuclear effects (predominantly shadowing) on gluon distributions. In Table \[tjpsiupsipPb\] we present the component and total cross sections for the elastic photoproduction of $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$ in ultraperipheral pPb collisions at the LHC. The associated rapidity distributions are shown in Fig. \[jpsiupsipPb\].
PDF $\gamma$p $\gamma$Pb Total
------------ -------- -- -- ----------- -- -- ------------ -- -- ------- -- -- -- -- --
MSTW08 63.6 18.3 81.9
$J/\Psi$ EPS08 1.8 65.4
($\mu$b) EPS09 6.6 70.2
HKN07 12.0 75.6
MSTW08 149.6 137.0 286.6
$\Upsilon$ EPS08 54.8 204.4
(nb) EPS09 82.9 232.5
HKN07 101.5 251.1
: \[tjpsiupsipPb\] Cross sections for elastic photoproduction of $J/\Psi$ (in $\mu$b) and $\Upsilon$ (in nb) in ultraperipheral pPb collisions.
![\[jpsiupsipPb\] (Color online) Rapidity distributions of exclusive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ (top) and $\Upsilon$ (bottom) in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5$ TeV. The left hand panels (a and c) show the $\gamma$p and $\gamma$Pb contributions separately while the right hand panels (b and d) show the sum. Dotted line depicts the $\gamma$p contribution while the dashed (MSTW08), dash-double- dotted (HKN07), solid (EPS09), and dash-dotted (EPS08) lines correspond to $\gamma$Pb contributions with no shadowing, weak, moderate, and strong shadowing respectively.](epvmpA_jpsi_upsi_spt){width="\columnwidth"}
Unlike photoproduction of $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ in pPb collisions which is practically insensitive to shadowing, the enhanced sensitivity to gluon shadowing due to the quadratic dependence is already apparent here. Thus even though the $\gamma$p contribution is dominant in the case of $J/\psi$ production , the $\gamma$Pb contributions from both MSTW08 (no shadowing) and HKN07 (weak shadowing) are still relatively appreciable. On the other hand the severity of the gluon shadowing present in EPS08 is enough to render its $\gamma$Pb contribution almost negligible. For $\Upsilon(1s)$ production the $\gamma$Pb component contributes significantly, and is in fact comparable to the $\gamma$p contribution in the case of MSTW08. Due to this, the effect of gluon shadowing is more clearly reflected in the total rapidity distributions and thus $\Upsilon(1s)$ production may potentially be of some use in constraining gluon shadowing, especially in the $-4 < y < -1$ rapidity interval.
The results on $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon(1s)$ production in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions are presented in Table \[tjpsiupsiPbPb\] and in Fig. \[jpsiupsiPbPb\]. The differences in the predicted cross sections and rapidity distributions are markedly clear cut, especially for $J/\psi$. Thus photoproduction of $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon(1s)$ in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions can serve as an excellent probe of gluon shadowing as well as a good discriminator of the different gluon shadowing sets utilized in the current study.
PDF $J/\Psi$ (mb) $\Upsilon$ ($\mu$b)
-------- -- --------------- ---------------------
MSTW08 32.6 51.3
EPS08 6.3 32.2
EPS09 13.9 39.0
HKN07 22.1 41.3
: \[tjpsiupsiPbPb\] Total cross sections for elastic photoproduction of $J/\psi$ (in mb) and $\Upsilon(1s)$ (in $\mu$b) in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions.
![\[jpsiupsiPbPb\] (Color online) Rapidity distributions of exclusive photoproduction of (a) $J/\psi$ (top) and (b) $\Upsilon(1s)$ (bottom) in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.0$ TeV. Dashed, solid, dash-dotted, and dash-double-dotted lines are results from MSTW08, EPS09, EPS08, and HKN07 parton distributions respectively.](epvmAA_jpsi_upsi_spt){width="\columnwidth"}
Let us briefly compare the present results to those at higher collision energies (pPb at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=8.8$ TeV and PbPb at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.5$ TeV) presented in [@Adeluyi:2012ph]. For pPb collisions the cross sections for $c\bar{c}$ ($b\bar{b}$) production at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=8.8$ TeV are approximately $1.8$ ($2.1$) times those at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.0$ TeV. The relative $\gamma$Pb contributions are almost equal and nuclear effects are practically the same at both energies for both heavy quarks. For PbPb the cross sections at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.5$ TeV are approximately $2.1$ ($2.8$) times those at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV for $c\bar{c}$ ($b\bar{b}$). Nuclear effects are about $27\%$ larger for $c\bar{c}$ although shadowing trends are identical. The case of $b\bar{b}$ is interesting: strong influence of antishadowing results in both EPS08 and EPS09 $b\bar{b}$ cross sections at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV being larger than that of MSTW08. This contrast with the behavior at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.5$ TeV where the usual shadowing trend prevails.
Further differences manifest in photoproduction of $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon(1s)$ in pPb collisions. For $J/\psi$ the relative $\gamma$Pb contributions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.0$ TeV are about twice those at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=8.8$ TeV and about $30\%$ larger for $\Upsilon(1s)$. Shadowing effects are therefore more pronounced at lower energy and consequently better suited for constraining purposes. As expected total cross sections for $J/\psi$ ($\Upsilon(1s)$) are approximately a factor of $2.5$ ($2.2$) larger than at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=8.8$ TeV. For PbPb collisions although the cross sections are larger at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=5.5$ TeV, shadowing effects are almost the same (for $J/\psi$) or slightly larger (for $\Upsilon(1s)$) than at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV. Thus the constraining abilities at both energies are almost at par.
In conclusion we offer the following remarks: the dependence on parton distributions is linear in photoproduction of heavy quarks and different modifications are superimposed due to the integration over the momentum fraction $x$. Despite these limitations, both cross sections and rapidity distributions for $c\bar{c}$ in PbPb collisions manifest appreciable sensitivity to shadowing around midrapidity and very slight sensitivity to antishadowing at more forward and backward rapidities. Thus $c\bar{c}$ photoproduction offers good constraining potential for shadowing. Both $c\bar{c}$ and $b\bar{b}$ total photoproduction cross sections and rapidity distributions in pPb collisions show little sensitivity to nuclear modifications. The resolved components are however appreciable, especially for $b\bar{b}$, and are significantly dependent on the choice of photon parton distributions. Thus it seems feasible that they could be of some use in constraining photon parton distributions. The outlook for constraining gluon shadowing is better still in the case of vector meson production. Here the quadratic dependence on gluon modifications makes elastic photoproduction of vector mesons particularly attractive for constraining purposes. In particular both the cross sections and rapidity distributions for $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon(1s)$ photoproduction in PbPb collisions exhibit very good sensitivity to gluon shadowing.
We acknowledge support by the US Department of Energy grant DE-FG02-08ER41533 and the Research Corporation.
[99]{}
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B. Abelev [*et al.*]{} \[ALICE Collaboration\], Phys. Rev. Lett. [**108**]{}, 082001 (2012) \[arXiv:1111.1630 \[hep-ex\]\]. G. Aad [*et al.*]{} \[ATLAS Collaboration\], Nucl. Phys. B [**850**]{}, 387 (2011) \[arXiv:1104.3038 \[hep-ex\]\]. G. Aad [*et al.*]{} \[ATLAS Collaboration\], Phys. Lett. B [**705**]{}, 9 (2011) \[arXiv:1106.5325 \[hep-ex\]\]. S. Chatrchyan [*et al.*]{} \[CMS Collaboration\], Phys. Rev. Lett. [**107**]{}, 052302 (2011) \[arXiv:1105.4894 \[nucl-ex\]\]. V. Khachatryan [*et al.*]{} \[CMS Collaboration\], Eur. Phys. J. C [**71**]{}, 1575 (2011) \[arXiv:1011.4193 \[hep-ex\]\]. , [*et al.*]{} \[LHCb Collaboration\], Eur. Phys. J. C [**72**]{}, 2025 (2012) \[arXiv:1202.6579 \[hep-ex\]\]. R. Aaij [*et al.*]{} \[LHCb Collaboration\], Eur. Phys. J. C [**71**]{}, 1645 (2011) \[arXiv:1103.0423 \[hep-ex\]\]. A. D. Martin, W. J. Stirling, R. S. Thorne and G. Watt, Eur. Phys. J. C [**63**]{}, 189 (2009). K. J. Eskola, H. Paukkunen and C. A. Salgado, JHEP [**0807**]{}, 102 (2008). K. J. Eskola, H. Paukkunen and C. A. Salgado, JHEP [**0904**]{}, 065 (2009). M. Hirai, S. Kumano and T. H. Nagai, Phys. Rev. C [**76**]{}, 065207 (2007).
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| 2024-03-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3590 |
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Just finished it. Aside from improvements in fight choreography, this move absolutely stands the test of time. It has numerous intriguing storylines and it's easy to see why it's cited by several directors as inspiration. I consider it the Seinfeld of movies (i.e., doing many classic scenes before they were classic).
The Fantastic Four cast has joined Cara Delevingne and other stars whoâve tacked awkward situations while promoting their films in interviews.Â
BuzzFeed was one of the first to report on the uncomfortable exchange between Steven J. Rickman of
Do you guys know of any recurring themes, easter eggs, or anything else that appears in multiple James Bond movies? I'm about to watch them all, and I thought there might be something that I could look out for when I am watching them. submitted by MrIsten [link] [13 comments] | 2023-12-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6997 |
#include "xmalloc.h"
#include "common.h"
static void NORETURN malloc_fail(unsigned long size)
{
fprintf(stderr, "out of memory: %lu\n", size);
abort();
}
void *xmalloc(size_t size)
{
void *ptr = malloc(size);
if (unlikely(ptr == NULL))
malloc_fail(size);
return ptr;
}
void *xcalloc(size_t size)
{
void *ptr = calloc(1, size);
if (unlikely(ptr == NULL))
malloc_fail(size);
return ptr;
}
void *xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
ptr = realloc(ptr, size);
if (unlikely(ptr == NULL))
malloc_fail(size);
return ptr;
}
char *xstrdup(const char *str)
{
char *s = strdup(str);
if (unlikely(s == NULL))
malloc_fail(strlen(str));
return s;
}
char *xstrcut(const char *str, size_t size)
{
char *s = xmalloc(size + 1);
memcpy(s, str, size);
s[size] = 0;
return s;
}
void *xmemdup(const void *ptr, size_t size)
{
void *buf = xmalloc(size);
memcpy(buf, ptr, size);
return buf;
}
| 2024-06-25T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8023 |
Willie Mason has launched an extraordinary attack on former Manly teammate Daly Cherry-Evans, declaring that greed will ruin his legacy as a player.
Last week, another former Sea Eagles player, Anthony Watmough, revealed Cherry-Evans had ignored his plea to take a pay cut so the star-studded side, which won premierships in 2008 and 2011, could stay together.
Mason, who is friends with Watmough, could understand his frustration.
“Obviously, (Cherry-Evans has) been playing on his mind, it’s been pissing him off for ages,” Mason told SkipiTV.
MORE: Phil Gould: Video referees ruining theatre of rugby league
“Pretty much tells the team to f… off, 'I want an upgrade', so it cost other players.
“I’ve spoken to guys like Brett Stewart, and some other guys, and they’re like, ‘it’s not going to be the first one to come out.’
“Glenn Stewart got shifted to Souths, you think Brett Stewart wasn’t filthy? You think Steve Matai wasn’t filthy?
“Do you think that whole crew that was together was f….. livid? They were.
“The whole narrative has changed now with Choccy coming out, and just really laying it down on him, and Choccy wasn’t lying, because he was there through that whole thing, and he’s seen it all unravel.
“He took Cherry-Evans under his wing, and looked after him.
“And he told Cherry, ‘we’ve been taking pay cuts to stay together’.
“I was there in 2015, I’ve never seen, never been involved in a team, that I could just see such a divide in a club.
“It was because of Cherry-Evans.
“All this shit that’s been happening around him, like, something’s wrong.”
Mason says the fact Cherry-Evans is continually overlooked by Queensland selectors gives an indication of the regard, or lack thereof, that other players hold him in.
“Why is he one of the most talented kids that can’t even get in a Queensland squad?” Mason asked.
“You’re picking Ben Hunt. He’s a better player than Ben Hunt.
“There was a decision where, (Michael) Morgan or him could have got picked, in a decider.
“Obviously, the senior playing group went, ‘you know what, let’s pick Morgan.’
“So, players didn’t want to play with him.”
Mason recalled that while at the Bulldogs, where he won a Clive Churchill Medal in their 2004 premiership win, the players were forced to take pay cuts in order to have success.
This was especially necessary, given the club were stripped of 37 competition points in 2002 for gross salary cap breaches.
Mason said if a player put money ahead of the team’s success while he was at Canterbury, he would have told the player where to go.
“I was at the Bulldogs, we took pay cuts to stay together,” Mason added.
“Because you want success, you want to win, you want to win premierships, you want to stay together because you don’t want to lose anyone.
“And if some little prick like that, if I was at the Bulldogs, said, ‘I’m holding out for another $500,000’, I’d say to the coach, ‘f… him off’.
“I don’t want him in our crew.”
Mason had one season at Manly, back in 2015, his final year playing in the NRL.
He detailed the story of how Cherry-Evans told his teammates that he was joining the Gold Coast Titans, which was a deal he reneged on later that year.
“He signed with the Titans for like 10 years,” Mason said.
“And then there was a big f….. meeting, Cherry-Evans has got something to say.
“I just signed a deal with the Titans boys, blah blah blah.
“I’m like, who gives a f…, you don’t hold a meeting about that.
“No one cared.”
When asked whether his chase of big-money contracts has ruined Cherry-Evans’ legacy, Mason was frank in his response.
"It obviously has, if you have a look at his whole career now, it’s all been about money,” Mason said.
“People don’t want you if you are all about money.” | 2023-12-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5941 |
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Wish-Bone's signature Balsamic Vinaigrette dressing is a great way to marinate chicken, steak, fish or veggies. Our unique blend, with extra virgin olive oil, balsamic vinegar and vibrant herbs and spices, is great for salads and also the perfect way to add flavor you can see and taste to any meal! | 2023-12-16T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4212 |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Angioedema is a life-threatening condition described as a transient, non-pruritic, non-pitting localized swelling of cutaneous and mucosal tissues. It often presents with facial, tongue, laryngeal or abdominal edema \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. Several forms of angioedema are described; hereditary, acquired, allergen associated and idiopathic. Acquired angioedema is reported as a rare clinical manifestation \[[@CR2]--[@CR4]\]. However it is a well-recognized phenomenon associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) \[[@CR5]--[@CR7]\], commonly B cell type \[[@CR1], [@CR8]\] as well as other lymphoproliferative disorders (lymphosarcoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and multiple myeloma \[[@CR4], [@CR9]\]). Angioedema usually precede the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease or may occur several years after the diagnosis \[[@CR5], [@CR10]\]. Described mechanisms of acquired angioedema are either increased activation resulting consumption of C1 esterase inhibitor leading to reduced levels, commonly seen in lymphoproliferative diseases \[[@CR11]\] or antibodies against C1esterase inhibitor as seen in autoimmune diseases. We report a rare case where angioedema was the first presentation of B-cell NHL. The C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) protein levels were normal with decreased level of activity due to antibodies against C1 esterase inhibitor protein causing dysfunctional C1-INH, an uncommon finding in lymphoproliferative diseases.
Case presentation {#Sec2}
=================
A 50-year-old previously well Sri Lankan male patient presented to the Oro-Maxillo-Facial (OMF) surgical unit and then referred to the general medical unit with the complaint of sudden onset swelling of lips, tongue and face for 24 hours. It was painless but progressive over the day. There was no peri-orbital swelling or peripheral edema. He had not experienced dyspnea, wheezing, abdominal pain or body itching. There were no identifiable precipitating factors attributing to angioedema. He denied any history of atopy or allergy. It was the first episode of this nature that he had experienced in his life and there were no previous documented cases of angioedema in his family. He was not on any short or long term medication. On detailed history, patient had experienced loss of appetite and loss of weight (8 kg) over the past 3 months but denied fever, night sweats, chronic cough, joint swelling, oral ulcers and rashes.
On examination, his weight was 49 kg, swelling of the tongue, lips and perioral region were noted. There was mild pallor without icterus but no lymphadenopathy, hepato-splenomegaly or abdominal masses. There were no dental caries, oral ulcers, joint swelling, rashes or bone tenderness. He had a regular pulse with blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. Respiratory, neurological and loco-motor system examination were unremarkable.
Subsequent investigations revealed hemoglobin of 10.3 g/dL, white cell count of 5.52×10^3^/μL (neutrophils -- 38.6%, lymphocytes -- 45%, monocytes-14%, eosinophils-1.3% and basophils-0.7%) and a platelet count of 207×10^3^/μL. Blood picture showed normochromic normocytic red cells with marked rouleaux formation, total white cell count was normal with lymphocytic predominance and normal platelets. No atypical cells were seen. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 130 mm in 1^st^ hour. Serum lactate dehydrogenase level was 960 IU/L (normal: 100--300 IU/L), C-reactive protein, liver profile and renal profile were normal. Mantoux test was negative. Serology for anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), retroviral studies, Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibodies, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus antibodies were negative.
C1 esterase inhibitor protein level was 23.71 mg/dl (15-35 mg/dL; measured by radio immunediffusion technique) and the functional percentage of C1 esterase inhibitor was 15% (normal \>67%, equivocal 41-67%, abnormal \<41%) at the time of angioedema. The serum compliment levels were as follows; C3 level -- 110 mg/dL (75-165 mg/dL), C4 -- 2 mg/dl (14-54 mg/dL) and C1q -- 26% (75 -125%).
Bone marrow showed marked hyper cellularity with diffuse infiltration of homogenously mature lymphoid cells (70%). Blasts cells were 1% of marrow nucleated cells. Erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis were markedly suppressed. Features were compatible with bone marrow infiltration by low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Immunohistochemistry of the bone marrow revealed CD20 positivity with negative results for CD10, CD3, CD138, CD23 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) markers, indicating compatibility with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels were not carried out due to unavailability of the laboratory facilities.
Electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm and chest roentgenogram was normal. Ultrasound scan of the abdomen showed mild splenomegaly (15 cm). Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis showed right pretracheal and subcarinal lymphadenopathy with mild splenomegaly compatible with the diagnosis of lymphoma (Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Figure 1**Contrast enhanced computed tomography scan of chest showing sub-carinal lymphadenopathy.** (Arrow indicates sub-carinal lymphadenopathy).
Patient was diagnosed to have B cell NHL with an episode of acquired angioedema on presentation. He did not have any life threatening episodes of angioedema but was managed initially with steroids and danazole, to which he responded slowly but completely and started on chemotherapy for the management of NHL. He is on oncology clinic follow-up and he did not develop any further episodes of angioedema thereafter up to 6 months follow-up after starting chemotherapy. Subsequent measurements of complement levels including C4 and C1q were within normal limits.
Discussion {#Sec3}
==========
Angioedema is a life-threatening condition which is being described as a transient, non-pruritic, non-pitting localized swelling of cutaneous and mucosal tissues, which often involves upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. Neurological and cardiac involvement had also been described \[[@CR4], [@CR12]\]. There are several subtypes, (1) Hereditary, (2) Acquired, (3) Allergen associated and (4) Idiopathic \[[@CR1]\].
Acquired angioedema shares many features similar to hereditary angioedema but differs by the absence of a positive family history of angioedema and late onset presentation, usually after the age of 40 \[[@CR1]\]. It was first described by Caldwell in 1972 \[[@CR13]\] and is a rare condition with an estimated prevalence of 1:100 000 to 1:150 000 \[[@CR14]\]. Pathophysiology reveals that when the C1 esterase inhibitor protein level is decreased due to excessive consumption, or dysfunctional due to the presence of antibodies against C1-INH (although C1-INH protein level is normal), inhibition of the complements and the kinin system is defective. This results in an abnormal exaggerated response in the compliment pathway causing increased vascular permeability (by mediators such as bradykinin) causing angioedema. Two types of acquired angioedema is described in the literature.
Type I - Low level of C1-INH (\<30% of normal); seen in lymphoproliferative disease or paraneoplastic syndromes.
Type II - Antibodies against C1-INH present; seen in connective tissue disease.
Acquired angioedema (AAE) is a rare phenomenon in association with lymphoproliferative disorders. Associated lymphoproliferative disorders range from monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance --MGUS (35%) to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (20%) \[[@CR1], [@CR10]\]. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the commonest of lymphoma to give rise to angioedema, especially recurrent angioedema \[[@CR1], [@CR5]--[@CR8]\], and angioedema may precede or follow the diagnosis of NHL \[[@CR5], [@CR10], [@CR15]\]. Few cases are reported with acquired angioedema being the first manifestation of NHL \[[@CR5]\].
Pathogenesis of AAE in B-cell NHL is incompletely understood \[[@CR16]\] but suggests activation of classical complement pathway from immune complexes or monoclonal antibodies produced by the tumor tissue leading to consumption of C1-INH. Thus serum C1, C1q, C2, C4 level and C1-INH protein levels will be lower than the normal (AAE Type I). This mechanism is well described and reported in many case reports \[[@CR2]--[@CR4], [@CR6], [@CR8], [@CR17]\]. Although not common, a monoclonal antibody that inactivates the C1-INH leading to non-functional C1-INH resulting in angioedema had also been reported \[[@CR15], [@CR17], [@CR18]\]. Normally C1-INH is cleaved by the targeted proteases. Cleaved products bind to the proteases in the complement and kinin pathways irreversibly and render them inactive. In the presence of inhibitor antibodies to C1-INH, still C1-INH is cleaved but cannot bind to the proteases to make them inactive, thus the proteases continue to function. This results in uncontrolled activation of complement pathway and production of bradykinin leading to angioedema. It gives rise to normal C1-INH protein levels with a defective function and low C1q and C4 levels (as a result of activation of classical complement pathway and excessive consumption of the compliment components) as well as antibodies against C1-INH can be identified (produced by the lymphoma cells). This mechanism (AAE Type II) is well described in relation to connective tissue diseases causing acquired angioedema, but less commonly with lymphoproliferative diseases. Gaur et al. had reported a case with lymphoma associated angioedema with normal C1-INH and C4 levels, in which the mechanism was not well understood.
The patient in this case report was diagnosed to have B-cell NHL following investigations for a single episode of acquired angioedema, which is a rare presentation. The underlying cause for an acquired angioedema should be aggressively pursued in such a patient to exclude an underlying lymphoproliferative disease. He had low C1q and C4 levels, indicating an acquired form of angioedema with normal C1-INH protein levels and low functional C1-INH (due to antibody mediated defective function of C1-INH), which is less commonly described in relation to lymphoproliferative disorders in literature. The antibodies against C1-INH and CH50 level were not carried out due to lack of laboratory facilities but low levels of C4 and functional C1-INH irrespective of normal level of C1-INH proteins supported the diagnosis.
Conclusion {#Sec4}
==========
This rare case of acquired angioedema as the first manifestation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma highlights the importance of having a high degree of suspicion to exclude occult malignancies or underlying disease in patients with adult onset angioedema. Although rare, the possibility of auto antibodies inactivating C1-INH (acquired angioedema type II) should be appreciated in the presence of lymphoma, resulting in acquired angioedema with normal C1 esterase protein levels.
Consent {#Sec5}
=======
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-chief of this journal.
Authors' information {#Sec6}
====================
HW (MBBS, MD, FRCP (Edin), FRCP (Lond), FCCP) is a Consultant Physician, Teaching Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka. SSCG (MBBS) is a Registrar in Medicine attached to the Teaching Hospital, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
**Competing interests**
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
**Authors' contributions**
HW made the clinical diagnosis and supervised the manuscript drafting. SSCG drafted the first manuscript, reviewed the literature and was involved in direct management of the patient. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Suresh Prasanna at Telefix Photography Center, Kandy for this case report.
| 2024-04-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3376 |
Prem Rawat at United Nations Organization- HQ, San Francisco
Responding to an invitation from the United Nations 60th Anniversary Committee, Prem Rawat addressed a distinguished audience of diplomats, and government and civic leaders at an event held in celebration of the UN’s 60th anniversary at the historic Herbst Theater in San Francisco, where the UN Charter was signed sixty years ago.
Welcoming the attendees, Bill McCarthy, Administrator of the UN 60th Anniversary Committee, said: “We are here tonight to commemorate and celebrate the anniversary of a historic event and to hear distinguished speakers. Sixty years ago, in this same hall, the founding charter of the United
Nations was signed. President Truman addressed the delegates as they arrived and said: ‘I earnestly appeal to each and every one of you to rise above personal interests and adhere to those lofty principles which benefit all mankind. You are to be the architects of a better world. In your hands rests our future. If we do not want to die together in war, we must learn to live together in peace.’
“Since President Truman spoke these visionary words, a tremendous amount of human, financial, and economic efforts have been invested in trying to bring about peace. Have President Truman’s sincere hopes materialized? Unfortunately, not as much as we would like. While we enjoy the benefits of civilization, technology, and progress, the world we live in is filled with conflict. Even more sadly, many people have come to accept that peace is an impossible dream. Could it be that we’re missing something? Something important?
“‘Peace,’ says Prem Rawat, ‘is possible.’ His affirmation stands in contrast to commonly accepted beliefs. His message is controversial in the noble sense of the word. He presents a message of hope and peace that challenges the commonly negative views of the world; his message is visionary and yet practical, profound, and yet relatable.”
Nancy Peterson, President of the United Nations Association of San Francisco and President of the UN 60th Anniversary Committee, said: “How fortunate we all are to be here tonight in this historic place remembering these memories, which are so important to all of us and to our lives as citizens today.
“The founding of the United Nations is the reflection of an ancient dream of mankind, because if you look at the writings of the ancient Romans and Greeks, from time to time they would comment: Wouldn’t it be better if people could come together and talk about their differences and settle things by negotiations and words rather than resorting to war?”
Speaking of the day when the United Nations Charter was signed sixty years ago, Ms. Peterson said: “What a day this was for San Francisco. There are many people still living who remember with honor and pride their parts in it. And so it is a part of the heritage of our city to remember the founding of the United Nations.”
Welcoming Prem Rawat, Astrid Stromberg, President of the United Nations Association of Northern California, said: “It is in the spirit of celebration for the accomplishments of the United Nations and of many millions of unnamed people around the world who strive to let peace dwell within the human spirit that we are gathered here. It is also in the hope that the peace that has kept eluding this world will in our lifetime become a reality. Prem Rawat’s message is from the heart. While the peace that he speaks of is of universal relevance and value, his message is profound, personal, and practical—from heart to heart. Peace, he says, is our birthright. It is already within, waiting to be felt. Peace, he says, is possible.” | 2023-12-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2384 |
Related literature {#sec1}
====================
For background to this work, see: Wang *et al.* (2009[@bb8]); Puodziukynaite *et al.* (2014[@bb5]); Xia *et al.* (2014[@bb9]). For the synthesis and related structures, see: Förster *et al.* (2012[@bb3], 2014[@bb4]).
Experimental {#sec2}
==============
Crystal data {#sec2.1}
--------------
C~30~H~20~O~2~S~2~*M* *~r~* = 476.58Monoclinic,*a* = 13.7674 (3) Å*b* = 8.9849 (2) Å*c* = 19.7586 (4) Åβ = 104.022 (1)°*V* = 2371.28 (9) Å^3^*Z* = 4Mo *K*α radiationμ = 0.25 mm^−1^*T* = 100 K0.24 × 0.23 × 0.15 mm
Data collection {#sec2.2}
-----------------
Bruker Kappa APEX CCD diffractometerAbsorption correction: multi-scan (*SADABS*; Bruker, 2008[@bb1]) *T* ~min~ = 0.942, *T* ~max~ = 0.96336340 measured reflections5898 independent reflections4422 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)*R* ~int~ = 0.039
Refinement {#sec2.3}
------------
*R*\[*F* ^2^ \> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\] = 0.046*wR*(*F* ^2^) = 0.130*S* = 1.035898 reflections309 parametersH-atom parameters constrainedΔρ~max~ = 0.44 e Å^−3^Δρ~min~ = −0.27 e Å^−3^
{#d5e454}
Data collection: *APEX2* (Bruker AXS); cell refinement: *SAINT* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb6]); data reduction: *SAINT*; program(s) used to solve structure: *SHELXS97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb6]); program(s) used to refine structure: *SHELXL2015* (Sheldrick, 2015[@bb7]); molecular graphics: *ORTEP-3 for Windows* (Farrugia, 2012[@bb2]); software used to prepare material for publication: *SHELXTL* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb6]).
Supplementary Material
======================
Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, publication_text. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546sup1.cif](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546sup1.cif)
Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546Isup2.hkl](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546Isup2.hkl)
######
Click here for additional data file.
Supporting information file. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546Isup3.cml](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546Isup3.cml)
######
Click here for additional data file.
. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546fig1.tif](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546fig1.tif)
Ellipsoid plot.
######
Click here for additional data file.
. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546fig2.tif](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016000323/hb7546fig2.tif)
Packing diagram.
CCDC reference: [1445850](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/cr.cgi?rm=csd&csdid=1445850)
Additional supporting information: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?hb7546&file=hb7546sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?hb7546sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?hb7546&checkcif=yes)
Supporting information for this paper is available from the IUCr electronic archives (Reference: [HB7546](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsup?hb7546)).
This work has been performed within the 'Cluster of Excellence Structure Design of Novel High-Performance Materials *via* Atomic Design and Defect Engineering′ (ADDE), which was supported financially by the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) and by the Ministry of Science and Art of Saxony (SMWK).
S1. Comment {#d1e22}
===========
Azulene derivatives offer a number of interesting applications especially in the field of molecular electronics (Wang *et al.*, 2009; Puodziukynaite *et al.*, 2014). It ties up with the fact that the non-alternating azulene possesses remarkable electronic and optical properties (Xia *et al.*, 2014). Although the title compound, C~30~H~20~O~2~S~2~, (I), is fully conjugated, no flat molecular structure can be observed. Both phenyl rings, fig 1, are rotated out of the plane containing the azulene core \[*phenyl*(C13---C18) 29.0°, *phenyl*(C23---C28) 55.2°\]. The C---S---C angle of the acetyl protected thiol is slightly smaller compared to that found in an analogous compound,1,3-bis\[4-(*tert*-butylsulfanyl)phenylethynyl\]azulene, featuring a *tert*-butyl protection group at the sulfur atom (Förster *et al.*, 2012). Unlike the previous case, no π···π interactions are present in the title compound. In all probability, this uncommon phenomenon within the substance class of azulenes (Förster *et al.*, 2014) is related to the non-planar molecular structure and may be caused from packing effects. However, the crystal structure is based on C---H···O hydrogen bonds \[C2----H2···O1 (2.5-x, -0.5+y, 1.5-z; 2.40 Å, 155.0°)\] and C---H···π interactions \[C17---H17···Cg(1) 2.69 Å, 164.9°; C20---H20A···Cg(2) 2.89 Å, 159.0°\].
S2. Experimental {#d1e86}
================
S2.1. Synthesis and crystallization {#d1e99}
===================================
The synthesis of the title compound, (I), has already been described (Förster *et al.* 2012). The crystals were grown from toluene solution by slow evaporation.
S2.2. Refinement {#d1e116}
================
Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 1. The hydrogen atoms attached to C were fixed geometrically and treated as riding atoms, with d(C---H) = 0.93 and Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(C) for aromatic and Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl groups.
Figures
=======
{#Fap1}
{#Fap2}
Crystal data {#tablewrapcrystaldatalong}
============
------------------------- ---------------------------------------
C~30~H~20~O~2~S~2~ *F*(000) = 992
*M~r~* = 476.58 *D*~x~ = 1.335 Mg m^−3^
Monoclinic, *P*2~1~/*n* Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
*a* = 13.7674 (3) Å Cell parameters from 8057 reflections
*b* = 8.9849 (2) Å θ = 2.5--28.0°
*c* = 19.7586 (4) Å µ = 0.25 mm^−1^
β = 104.022 (1)° *T* = 100 K
*V* = 2371.28 (9) Å^3^ Irregular, green
*Z* = 4 0.24 × 0.23 × 0.15 mm
------------------------- ---------------------------------------
Data collection {#tablewrapdatacollectionlong}
===============
------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------
Bruker Kappa APEX CCD diffractometer 4422 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)
phi and ω scans *R*~int~ = 0.039
Absorption correction: multi-scan (*SADABS*; Bruker, 2008) θ~max~ = 28.3°, θ~min~ = 2.5°
*T*~min~ = 0.942, *T*~max~ = 0.963 *h* = −18→18
36340 measured reflections *k* = −12→11
5898 independent reflections *l* = −26→26
------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------
Refinement {#tablewraprefinementdatalong}
==========
------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refinement on *F*^2^ 0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
*R*\[*F*^2^ \> 2σ(*F*^2^)\] = 0.046 H-atom parameters constrained
*wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.130 *w* = 1/\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.0658*P*)^2^ + 1.347*P*\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3
*S* = 1.03 (Δ/σ)~max~ = 0.001
5898 reflections Δρ~max~ = 0.44 e Å^−3^
309 parameters Δρ~min~ = −0.27 e Å^−3^
------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special details {#specialdetails}
===============
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geometry. All e.s.d.\'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.\'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.\'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.\'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.\'s is used for estimating e.s.d.\'s involving l.s. planes.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapcoords}
==================================================================================================
------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------------- --
*x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\*/*U*~eq~
S1 1.37569 (4) 0.11544 (6) 0.58441 (3) 0.03405 (15)
S2 0.55913 (4) −0.42293 (6) 1.10153 (3) 0.03144 (14)
O1 1.43557 (12) 0.39449 (19) 0.60090 (9) 0.0418 (4)
O2 0.52513 (12) −0.17076 (16) 1.16136 (8) 0.0361 (4)
C1 0.93413 (13) 0.2985 (2) 0.81129 (9) 0.0229 (4)
C2 0.91025 (14) 0.1731 (2) 0.84616 (10) 0.0248 (4)
H2 0.9425 0.0791 0.8485 0.030\*
C3 0.83172 (14) 0.2075 (2) 0.87699 (10) 0.0235 (4)
C4 0.80547 (13) 0.3585 (2) 0.86356 (9) 0.0224 (4)
C5 0.73471 (14) 0.4346 (2) 0.88954 (10) 0.0258 (4)
H5 0.7021 0.3782 0.9182 0.031\*
C6 0.70505 (15) 0.5828 (2) 0.87924 (11) 0.0286 (4)
H6 0.6574 0.6156 0.9036 0.034\*
C7 0.73635 (14) 0.6887 (2) 0.83792 (10) 0.0281 (4)
H7 0.7048 0.7831 0.8366 0.034\*
C8 0.80679 (15) 0.6777 (2) 0.79820 (10) 0.0279 (4)
H8 0.8147 0.7643 0.7725 0.033\*
C9 0.86748 (14) 0.5575 (2) 0.79079 (10) 0.0244 (4)
H9 0.9129 0.5744 0.7623 0.029\*
C10 0.86986 (13) 0.4173 (2) 0.81964 (9) 0.0217 (4)
C11 1.01077 (14) 0.2995 (2) 0.77358 (10) 0.0235 (4)
C12 1.07506 (14) 0.2876 (2) 0.74377 (10) 0.0252 (4)
C13 1.15323 (13) 0.2606 (2) 0.70827 (10) 0.0222 (4)
C14 1.15694 (14) 0.3358 (2) 0.64730 (10) 0.0261 (4)
H14 1.1120 0.4155 0.6312 0.031\*
C15 1.22577 (14) 0.2948 (2) 0.61000 (10) 0.0272 (4)
H15 1.2263 0.3440 0.5675 0.033\*
C16 1.29404 (13) 0.1821 (2) 0.63447 (10) 0.0242 (4)
C17 1.29573 (14) 0.1142 (2) 0.69783 (10) 0.0270 (4)
H17 1.3454 0.0420 0.7163 0.032\*
C18 1.22522 (14) 0.1517 (2) 0.73400 (10) 0.0269 (4)
H18 1.2256 0.1031 0.7768 0.032\*
C19 1.44675 (15) 0.2760 (3) 0.57564 (11) 0.0328 (5)
C20 1.52157 (17) 0.2459 (3) 0.53316 (12) 0.0483 (7)
H20A 1.4865 0.2112 0.4866 0.072\*
H20B 1.5688 0.1692 0.5562 0.072\*
H20C 1.5582 0.3375 0.5289 0.072\*
C21 0.78423 (15) 0.1054 (2) 0.91530 (9) 0.0243 (4)
C22 0.74797 (15) 0.0199 (2) 0.94649 (10) 0.0275 (4)
C23 0.70236 (14) −0.0862 (2) 0.98362 (10) 0.0246 (4)
C24 0.76034 (15) −0.1665 (2) 1.03950 (10) 0.0284 (4)
H24 0.8306 −0.1504 1.0535 0.034\*
C25 0.71595 (15) −0.2691 (2) 1.07442 (11) 0.0289 (4)
H25 0.7557 −0.3248 1.1119 0.035\*
C26 0.61271 (15) −0.2908 (2) 1.05464 (10) 0.0268 (4)
C27 0.55486 (15) −0.2111 (2) 1.00026 (11) 0.0318 (5)
H27 0.4845 −0.2261 0.9870 0.038\*
C28 0.59931 (15) −0.1085 (2) 0.96468 (11) 0.0308 (4)
H28 0.5592 −0.0532 0.9272 0.037\*
C29 0.52713 (14) −0.3041 (2) 1.16535 (10) 0.0261 (4)
C30 0.50479 (17) −0.3905 (2) 1.22472 (11) 0.0341 (5)
H30A 0.5636 −0.3895 1.2643 0.051\*
H30B 0.4883 −0.4935 1.2100 0.051\*
H30C 0.4479 −0.3451 1.2387 0.051\*
------ -------------- --------------- -------------- -------------------- --
Atomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapadps}
=====================================
----- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------ -------------
*U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^
S1 0.0321 (3) 0.0331 (3) 0.0435 (3) 0.0021 (2) 0.0220 (2) −0.0023 (2)
S2 0.0425 (3) 0.0203 (2) 0.0379 (3) −0.0023 (2) 0.0221 (2) 0.0025 (2)
O1 0.0341 (8) 0.0477 (10) 0.0446 (9) −0.0138 (7) 0.0117 (7) −0.0013 (8)
O2 0.0478 (9) 0.0248 (8) 0.0381 (8) 0.0010 (7) 0.0152 (7) 0.0001 (6)
C1 0.0234 (9) 0.0222 (9) 0.0244 (9) −0.0025 (7) 0.0085 (7) −0.0004 (7)
C2 0.0276 (9) 0.0225 (9) 0.0260 (9) −0.0003 (7) 0.0097 (7) −0.0001 (8)
C3 0.0246 (9) 0.0238 (9) 0.0233 (9) −0.0034 (7) 0.0083 (7) 0.0004 (7)
C4 0.0224 (8) 0.0239 (9) 0.0217 (9) −0.0023 (7) 0.0069 (7) −0.0007 (7)
C5 0.0232 (9) 0.0301 (10) 0.0266 (9) −0.0025 (8) 0.0108 (7) −0.0010 (8)
C6 0.0259 (9) 0.0312 (11) 0.0309 (10) 0.0015 (8) 0.0114 (8) −0.0043 (8)
C7 0.0273 (9) 0.0266 (10) 0.0293 (10) 0.0039 (8) 0.0048 (8) −0.0027 (8)
C8 0.0314 (10) 0.0241 (10) 0.0277 (10) 0.0006 (8) 0.0062 (8) 0.0041 (8)
C9 0.0259 (9) 0.0261 (10) 0.0224 (9) −0.0024 (7) 0.0082 (7) 0.0002 (7)
C10 0.0208 (8) 0.0237 (9) 0.0213 (8) −0.0023 (7) 0.0067 (7) −0.0012 (7)
C11 0.0265 (9) 0.0180 (9) 0.0269 (9) −0.0045 (7) 0.0083 (7) −0.0018 (7)
C12 0.0272 (9) 0.0179 (9) 0.0309 (10) −0.0011 (7) 0.0078 (8) −0.0020 (7)
C13 0.0222 (8) 0.0193 (9) 0.0267 (9) −0.0021 (7) 0.0093 (7) −0.0034 (7)
C14 0.0234 (9) 0.0230 (10) 0.0331 (10) 0.0033 (7) 0.0093 (8) 0.0033 (8)
C15 0.0283 (9) 0.0271 (10) 0.0284 (10) 0.0010 (8) 0.0111 (8) 0.0059 (8)
C16 0.0217 (8) 0.0241 (10) 0.0293 (9) −0.0010 (7) 0.0113 (7) −0.0016 (8)
C17 0.0244 (9) 0.0240 (10) 0.0335 (10) 0.0033 (7) 0.0085 (8) 0.0027 (8)
C18 0.0293 (10) 0.0256 (10) 0.0279 (10) 0.0009 (8) 0.0108 (8) 0.0023 (8)
C19 0.0232 (9) 0.0482 (14) 0.0265 (10) −0.0047 (9) 0.0051 (8) 0.0029 (9)
C20 0.0271 (11) 0.084 (2) 0.0374 (12) −0.0038 (12) 0.0152 (9) 0.0081 (13)
C21 0.0329 (10) 0.0213 (9) 0.0204 (9) 0.0035 (8) 0.0095 (7) −0.0006 (7)
C22 0.0301 (10) 0.0246 (10) 0.0304 (10) 0.0002 (8) 0.0126 (8) −0.0050 (8)
C23 0.0321 (10) 0.0181 (9) 0.0284 (9) −0.0015 (7) 0.0169 (8) −0.0030 (7)
C24 0.0273 (9) 0.0285 (10) 0.0318 (10) −0.0006 (8) 0.0115 (8) 0.0010 (8)
C25 0.0325 (10) 0.0262 (10) 0.0304 (10) 0.0028 (8) 0.0124 (8) 0.0046 (8)
C26 0.0357 (10) 0.0184 (9) 0.0314 (10) −0.0013 (8) 0.0181 (8) 0.0002 (8)
C27 0.0253 (9) 0.0294 (11) 0.0424 (12) −0.0021 (8) 0.0117 (8) 0.0057 (9)
C28 0.0309 (10) 0.0271 (10) 0.0358 (11) 0.0019 (8) 0.0110 (8) 0.0096 (9)
C29 0.0248 (9) 0.0233 (10) 0.0311 (10) −0.0001 (7) 0.0085 (8) 0.0012 (8)
C30 0.0416 (12) 0.0305 (11) 0.0355 (11) 0.0012 (9) 0.0195 (9) 0.0028 (9)
----- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------ -------------
Geometric parameters (Å, º) {#tablewrapgeomlong}
===========================
----------------------- -------------- ----------------------- --------------
S1---C16 1.7716 (19) C14---C15 1.384 (3)
S1---C19 1.775 (2) C14---H14 0.9500
S2---C26 1.7727 (19) C15---C16 1.387 (3)
S2---C29 1.787 (2) C15---H15 0.9500
O1---C19 1.201 (3) C16---C17 1.387 (3)
O2---C29 1.201 (2) C17---C18 1.380 (3)
C1---C2 1.401 (3) C17---H17 0.9500
C1---C10 1.421 (3) C18---H18 0.9500
C1---C11 1.432 (2) C19---C20 1.503 (3)
C2---C3 1.398 (3) C20---H20A 0.9800
C2---H2 0.9500 C20---H20B 0.9800
C3---C4 1.413 (3) C20---H20C 0.9800
C3---C21 1.443 (3) C21---C22 1.170 (3)
C4---C5 1.386 (3) C22---C23 1.437 (3)
C4---C10 1.480 (2) C23---C28 1.391 (3)
C5---C6 1.393 (3) C23---C24 1.396 (3)
C5---H5 0.9500 C24---C25 1.380 (3)
C6---C7 1.388 (3) C24---H24 0.9500
C6---H6 0.9500 C25---C26 1.394 (3)
C7---C8 1.391 (3) C25---H25 0.9500
C7---H7 0.9500 C26---C27 1.374 (3)
C8---C9 1.394 (3) C27---C28 1.388 (3)
C8---H8 0.9500 C27---H27 0.9500
C9---C10 1.380 (3) C28---H28 0.9500
C9---H9 0.9500 C29---C30 1.500 (3)
C11---C12 1.181 (3) C30---H30A 0.9800
C12---C13 1.440 (3) C30---H30B 0.9800
C13---C14 1.393 (3) C30---H30C 0.9800
C13---C18 1.398 (3)
C16---S1---C19 102.66 (10) C17---C16---S1 118.76 (15)
C26---S2---C29 100.01 (9) C18---C17---C16 120.01 (18)
C2---C1---C10 108.67 (16) C18---C17---H17 120.0
C2---C1---C11 123.48 (17) C16---C17---H17 120.0
C10---C1---C11 127.85 (17) C17---C18---C13 120.56 (18)
C3---C2---C1 109.57 (17) C17---C18---H18 119.7
C3---C2---H2 125.2 C13---C18---H18 119.7
C1---C2---H2 125.2 O1---C19---C20 124.5 (2)
C2---C3---C4 108.68 (16) O1---C19---S1 123.40 (16)
C2---C3---C21 125.77 (18) C20---C19---S1 112.13 (18)
C4---C3---C21 125.55 (17) C19---C20---H20A 109.5
C5---C4---C3 125.09 (17) C19---C20---H20B 109.5
C5---C4---C10 128.00 (18) H20A---C20---H20B 109.5
C3---C4---C10 106.88 (16) C19---C20---H20C 109.5
C4---C5---C6 128.65 (18) H20A---C20---H20C 109.5
C4---C5---H5 115.7 H20B---C20---H20C 109.5
C6---C5---H5 115.7 C22---C21---C3 178.1 (2)
C7---C6---C5 128.24 (18) C21---C22---C23 178.9 (2)
C7---C6---H6 115.9 C28---C23---C24 119.25 (17)
C5---C6---H6 115.9 C28---C23---C22 120.10 (18)
C6---C7---C8 129.88 (19) C24---C23---C22 120.64 (18)
C6---C7---H7 115.1 C25---C24---C23 120.20 (18)
C8---C7---H7 115.1 C25---C24---H24 119.9
C7---C8---C9 129.18 (19) C23---C24---H24 119.9
C7---C8---H8 115.4 C24---C25---C26 119.92 (19)
C9---C8---H8 115.4 C24---C25---H25 120.0
C10---C9---C8 128.20 (18) C26---C25---H25 120.0
C10---C9---H9 115.9 C27---C26---C25 120.30 (18)
C8---C9---H9 115.9 C27---C26---S2 121.48 (15)
C9---C10---C1 126.22 (17) C25---C26---S2 118.21 (15)
C9---C10---C4 127.60 (17) C26---C27---C28 119.96 (19)
C1---C10---C4 106.17 (16) C26---C27---H27 120.0
C12---C11---C1 174.3 (2) C28---C27---H27 120.0
C11---C12---C13 175.5 (2) C27---C28---C23 120.36 (19)
C14---C13---C18 118.85 (17) C27---C28---H28 119.8
C14---C13---C12 121.86 (17) C23---C28---H28 119.8
C18---C13---C12 119.23 (17) O2---C29---C30 124.21 (19)
C15---C14---C13 120.34 (18) O2---C29---S2 123.75 (16)
C15---C14---H14 119.8 C30---C29---S2 112.03 (14)
C13---C14---H14 119.8 C29---C30---H30A 109.5
C14---C15---C16 120.16 (17) C29---C30---H30B 109.5
C14---C15---H15 119.9 H30A---C30---H30B 109.5
C16---C15---H15 119.9 C29---C30---H30C 109.5
C15---C16---C17 119.82 (17) H30A---C30---H30C 109.5
C15---C16---S1 121.35 (15) H30B---C30---H30C 109.5
C10---C1---C2---C3 0.1 (2) C13---C14---C15---C16 −2.4 (3)
C11---C1---C2---C3 −179.26 (17) C14---C15---C16---C17 −2.5 (3)
C1---C2---C3---C4 −1.4 (2) C14---C15---C16---S1 174.31 (15)
C1---C2---C3---C21 177.71 (18) C19---S1---C16---C15 61.42 (18)
C2---C3---C4---C5 −175.89 (18) C19---S1---C16---C17 −121.78 (17)
C21---C3---C4---C5 5.0 (3) C15---C16---C17---C18 4.4 (3)
C2---C3---C4---C10 2.2 (2) S1---C16---C17---C18 −172.40 (15)
C21---C3---C4---C10 −176.99 (17) C16---C17---C18---C13 −1.6 (3)
C3---C4---C5---C6 179.6 (2) C14---C13---C18---C17 −3.1 (3)
C10---C4---C5---C6 1.9 (3) C12---C13---C18---C17 174.31 (18)
C4---C5---C6---C7 3.0 (4) C16---S1---C19---O1 0.8 (2)
C5---C6---C7---C8 −2.4 (4) C16---S1---C19---C20 −179.13 (15)
C6---C7---C8---C9 −2.1 (4) C28---C23---C24---C25 1.4 (3)
C7---C8---C9---C10 2.4 (4) C22---C23---C24---C25 −179.43 (18)
C8---C9---C10---C1 −179.16 (19) C23---C24---C25---C26 −1.1 (3)
C8---C9---C10---C4 2.5 (3) C24---C25---C26---C27 0.3 (3)
C2---C1---C10---C9 −177.39 (18) C24---C25---C26---S2 −179.55 (15)
C11---C1---C10---C9 1.9 (3) C29---S2---C26---C27 −86.86 (18)
C2---C1---C10---C4 1.2 (2) C29---S2---C26---C25 92.98 (17)
C11---C1---C10---C4 −179.46 (18) C25---C26---C27---C28 0.1 (3)
C5---C4---C10---C9 −5.5 (3) S2---C26---C27---C28 179.98 (16)
C3---C4---C10---C9 176.53 (18) C26---C27---C28---C23 0.2 (3)
C5---C4---C10---C1 175.89 (19) C24---C23---C28---C27 −1.0 (3)
C3---C4---C10---C1 −2.1 (2) C22---C23---C28---C27 179.86 (19)
C18---C13---C14---C15 5.1 (3) C26---S2---C29---O2 14.4 (2)
C12---C13---C14---C15 −172.25 (18) C26---S2---C29---C30 −164.72 (15)
----------------------- -------------- ----------------------- --------------
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) {#tablewraphbondslong}
=============================
Cg1 is the mid-point of C11---C12 and Cg2 is the centroid of the C1--C4/C10 ring.
-------------------------- --------- --------- ----------- ---------------
*D*---H···*A* *D*---H H···*A* *D*···*A* *D*---H···*A*
C2---H2···O1^i^ 0.95 2.40 3.285 (3) 155
C17---H1···*Cg*1 0.95 2.69 3.612 (3) 165
C20---H20*A*···*Cg*2^ii^ 0.98 2.89 3.835 (2) 162
-------------------------- --------- --------- ----------- ---------------
Symmetry codes: (i) −*x*+5/2, *y*−1/2, −*z*+3/2; (ii) *x*+1/2, −*y*+1/2, *z*−1/2.
###### Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
*Cg*1 is the mid-point of the C11---C12 bond and *Cg*2 is the centroid of the C1--C4/C10 ring.
*D*---H⋯*A* *D*---H H⋯*A* *D*⋯*A* *D*---H⋯*A*
------------------------ --------- ------- ----------- -------------
C2---H2⋯O1^i^ 0.95 2.40 3.285 (3) 155
C17---H1⋯*Cg*1 0.95 2.69 3.612 (3) 165
C20---H20*A*⋯*Cg*2^ii^ 0.98 2.89 3.835 (2) 162
Symmetry code: (i) ; (ii) .
| 2024-07-20T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9555 |
skateboarding, music and lifestyle in Jacksonville, FL
Gnarliest gap we’ve seen…
This is the most treacherous gap/area I’ve ever been to in person. It’s amazing that we got out of there relatively unscathed. Skaters, filmers, photographers, and helpers included… We ALL beat the odds. | 2024-03-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5407 |
Minding The Gap In Mental Health Services
Ian Ashman
President of the Association of Colleges (AoC) the membership organisation for further education and sixth form colleges.
When more than one student tells you that your college's mental health support service has literally made the difference between their life and death, you have to sit up and take notice.
Young people's mental health between the ages of 16 to 18 is often overlooked, but I was proud that Hackney Community College, where I was Principal, was able to develop a successful service equipped to help its students. However, not all young people are this lucky.
There is a postcode lottery in mental health services for young people. Some local mental health services provide a better standard of care than others and the relationship with further education (FE) colleges can have a major impact on the support which is accessible to students. FE colleges should be a key player in the support a young person receives, but the local mental health service providers must recognise that and work closely with them.
There are some excellent examples of when services work well. The secret to Hackney Community College's success is that at its heart are two well-qualified and experienced advisers. One post is funded through the college's student support budget and the other post is funded through a long-standing agreement with the Hackney mental health services.
There are other examples of good practice - at the City of Liverpool College, the local clinical commissioning group (CCG) has funded two college-based mental health advisers; in Birmingham, the colleges encouraged the commissioning group in their area to change the mental health services to cover 16 to 25-year-olds, avoiding the tricky transition from child to adult services at the age of 19.
The problem with moving from child to adult services is that continuity is not guaranteed. The young person must be referred to the adult services and may or may not continue to receive support, depending on the perception of their need. Even if they are deemed to need support, it could be weeks or even months before that begins, leaving a gap in their care.
We know that the number of college students with mental health difficulties has increased significantly in the past three years. An Association of Colleges (AoC) survey of colleges found that two-thirds of respondents said that the number of students with mental health difficulties had 'significantly increased', with a further 20% saying they had 'slightly increased. Social media was highlighted as the major reason for the increase in mental health issues, with many also quoting exam and financial pressures.
What is also worrying is that 75% felt that their college had 'significant numbers' of students who had undisclosed mental health difficulties. Schools sometimes fail to pass on information when pupils move on to college. Often, staff meeting students for the first time can better see emerging issues, or new relationships can prompt students to disclose concerns.
At the Conservative Party conference, Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt, said more needs to be done to provide good mental health services and that Government will transform children's services. Close working of services with college students aged 16-18 will help, but even then a third of students referred for support are identified as not meeting the threshold which current resources can support. But he must also look at what happens when a child moves on to adult mental health services and ensure the support they receive is of the same quality and they do not miss out through the transition. It's not just students who need to learn about mental health. In most colleges staff are trained to identify students who may have mental health issues and to support those with lower level needs in the right way.
In most colleges, promoting good mental health is part of the college ethos of promoting wider well-being, with tutorial sessions on healthy eating, physical activity and stress management. Such sessions recognise students are still young, just starting to become more independent and responsible for their lives, and that can be daunting.
We would all like to be able to prevent every young person from suffering from mental health issues but that just isn't possible. We must therefore do our best to make sure that there is adequate intervention to recognise needs, disclosed and undisclosed, and to provide support to prevent anyone from falling through the support gap. | 2023-09-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3056 |
Q:
Raspberry Pi 4 doesn't show a wireless interface - what drivers are required?
I have a raspberry pi 4 running Raspbian Buster. I'll be the first to admit this particular instalation is non-standard. It's been upgraded a version or two and was definitely active on my pi-3 if not my pi-2 as well. By that I mean I've popped the SD card from one and put it in the next, fixing the boot loader where necessary. So its possible probable that I don't have a few packages that are now shipped as standard with Raspbian.
For the first time I'm trying to get wireless working. At the moment I don't have a wireless interface listed when I type ip link. I suspect this is a simple matter of drivers, but am at a loss to find exactly what I need to install to get the wifi card to recognise.
For completeness here's the output of lsmod:
Module Size Used by
bnep 20480 2
hci_uart 40960 1
btbcm 16384 1 hci_uart
serdev 20480 1 hci_uart
bluetooth 389120 24 hci_uart,bnep,btbcm
ecdh_generic 28672 1 bluetooth
sg 28672 0
brcmfmac 311296 0
vc4 176128 0
brcmutil 16384 1 brcmfmac
sha256_generic 20480 0
cfg80211 614400 1 brcmfmac
v3d 61440 0
drm_kms_helper 184320 1 vc4
rfkill 28672 4 bluetooth,cfg80211
gpu_sched 28672 1 v3d
raspberrypi_hwmon 16384 0
hwmon 16384 1 raspberrypi_hwmon
drm 442368 5 v3d,vc4,gpu_sched,drm_kms_helper
bcm2835_codec 36864 0
bcm2835_v4l2 45056 0
v4l2_mem2mem 24576 1 bcm2835_codec
drm_panel_orientation_quirks 16384 1 drm
bcm2835_mmal_vchiq 32768 2 bcm2835_codec,bcm2835_v4l2
v4l2_common 16384 1 bcm2835_v4l2
videobuf2_vmalloc 16384 1 bcm2835_v4l2
videobuf2_dma_contig 20480 1 bcm2835_codec
snd_soc_core 192512 1 vc4
snd_bcm2835 24576 1
videobuf2_memops 16384 2 videobuf2_dma_contig,videobuf2_vmalloc
snd_compress 20480 1 snd_soc_core
videobuf2_v4l2 24576 3 bcm2835_codec,bcm2835_v4l2,v4l2_mem2mem
snd_pcm_dmaengine 16384 1 snd_soc_core
snd_pcm 102400 4 vc4,snd_pcm_dmaengine,snd_bcm2835,snd_soc_core
videobuf2_common 45056 4 bcm2835_codec,bcm2835_v4l2,v4l2_mem2mem,videobuf2_v4l2
syscopyarea 16384 1 drm_kms_helper
sysfillrect 16384 1 drm_kms_helper
snd_timer 32768 1 snd_pcm
sysimgblt 16384 1 drm_kms_helper
fb_sys_fops 16384 1 drm_kms_helper
snd 73728 7 snd_compress,snd_timer,snd_bcm2835,snd_soc_core,snd_pcm
videodev 200704 6 bcm2835_codec,v4l2_common,videobuf2_common,bcm2835_v4l2,v4l2_mem2mem,videobuf2_v4l2
media 36864 3 bcm2835_codec,videodev,v4l2_mem2mem
vc_sm_cma 36864 1 bcm2835_mmal_vchiq
rpivid_mem 16384 0
uio_pdrv_genirq 16384 0
fixed 16384 0
uio 20480 1 uio_pdrv_genirq
ip_tables 24576 0
x_tables 32768 1 ip_tables
ipv6 450560 46
Could anyone point me in the right direction of what I may be missing?
For completeness, the accepted answer led me to believe the required drivers are there, but there's a different problem. Here's the output from journalctl for future reference.
journalctl -b | grep brcmfmac
May 06 22:36:14 mercury kernel: brcmfmac: F1 signature read @0x18000000=0x15264345
May 06 22:36:14 mercury kernel: brcmfmac: brcmf_fw_alloc_request: using brcm/brcmfmac43455-sdio for chip BCM4345/6
May 06 22:36:14 mercury kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver brcmfmac
May 06 22:36:15 mercury kernel: brcmfmac: brcmf_sdio_htclk: HT Avail timeout (1000000): clkctl 0x50
May 06 22:36:16 mercury kernel: brcmfmac: brcmf_sdio_htclk: HT Avail timeout (1000000): clkctl 0x50
A:
On a Raspberry Pi 4 only Raspbian Buster is running out of the box. On a Buster installation you will find the firmware with:
rpi ~$ apt list *raspberrypi*
Listing... Done
libraspberrypi-bin/testing,now 1.20200212-1 armhf [installed]
libraspberrypi-dev/testing,now 1.20200212-1 armhf [installed]
libraspberrypi-doc/testing,now 1.20200212-1 armhf [installed]
libraspberrypi0/testing,now 1.20200212-1 armhf [installed]
raspberrypi-archive-keyring/testing 2016.10.31 all
raspberrypi-artwork/testing 20150921 all
raspberrypi-bootloader/testing,now 1.20200212-1 armhf [installed]
raspberrypi-kernel-headers/testing 1.20200212-1 armhf
raspberrypi-kernel/testing,now 1.20200212-1 armhf [installed]
raspberrypi-net-mods/testing,now 1.3.0 all [installed]
raspberrypi-sys-mods/testing,now 20191105 armhf [installed]
raspberrypi-ui-mods/testing 1.20200218 all
addressed with:
rpi ~$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list
deb http://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian/ buster main
# Uncomment line below then 'apt-get update' to enable 'apt-get source'
#deb-src http://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian/ buster main
It may help you to identify where to look for overlays. From the journal I find for the WiFi driver brcmfmac:
rpi ~$ journalctl -b | grep brcmfmac
May 05 22:46:12 raspberrypi kernel: brcmfmac: F1 signature read @0x18000000=0x15264345
May 05 22:46:12 raspberrypi kernel: brcmfmac: brcmf_fw_alloc_request: using brcm/brcmfmac43455-sdio for chip BCM4345/6
May 05 22:46:12 raspberrypi kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver brcmfmac
May 05 22:46:12 raspberrypi kernel: brcmfmac: brcmf_fw_alloc_request: using brcm/brcmfmac43455-sdio for chip BCM4345/6
May 05 22:46:12 raspberrypi kernel: brcmfmac: brcmf_c_preinit_dcmds: Firmware: BCM4345/6 wl0: Mar 2 2020 23:30:41 version 7.45.202 (r724630 CY) FWID 01-72f6ece2
May 05 22:46:15 raspberrypi kernel: brcmfmac: power management disabled
May 05 23:14:13 raspberrypi kernel: brcmfmac: power management disabled
The most important here seems to be
Firmware: BCM4345/6 wl0: Mar 2 2020 23:30:41 version 7.45.202 (r724630 CY) FWID 01-72f6ece2
The package containing the driver I find with:
rpi ~$ apt search bcm4345
Sorting... Done
Full Text Search... Done
firmware-brcm80211/testing,now 1:20190114-1+rpt6 all [installed]
Binary firmware for Broadcom/Cypress 802.11 wireless cards
Now its up to you to make it running on your system ;-)
UPDATE:
And yes, Philip was able to make it running on his system as he wrote in a comment:
there's a comment here about this error being caused by corrupt driver files. I downloaded a fresh copy of the driver for brcmfmac43455 from from here and everything worked fine.
| 2023-09-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8440 |
Bradley Simpson
Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies, University of Connecticut (Southeast Asian history, history of human rights, decolonialization, history of U.S. foreign relations; Indonesia, East Timor) | 2024-06-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1078 |
The contribution of cell wall composition in the expansion of Camellia sinensis seedlings roots in response to aluminum.
Treatment with aluminum triggers a unique response in tea seedlings resulting in biochemical modification of the cell wall, regulation of the activity of the loosening agents, and elongation of root. Unlike most terrestrial plants, tea (Camellia sinensis L.) responds to aluminum (Al) through the promotion of its root elongation; but the real mechanism(s) behind this phenomenon is not well understood. A plausible relationship between the modifications of the cell wall and the promotion of root elongation was examined in tea seedlings treated for 8 days with 400 µM Al. The mechanical properties of the cell wall, the composition of its polysaccharides and their capacity to absorb Al, the expression of genes, and the activities of the wall-modifying proteins were studied. With 6 h of the treatment, about 40% of the absorbed Al was bound to the cell wall; however, the amount did not increase thereafter. Meanwhile, the activity of pectin methylesterase, the level of pectin demethylation, the amounts and the average molecular mass of xyloglucan in the root apices significantly decreased upon exposure to Al, resulting in the reduction of Al binding sites. On the other hand, the activity and the gene expression of peroxidase decreased, whereas the activity and gene expression of xyloglucan-degrading enzymes, the expression of expansin A and the H +-ATPase4 genes increased in the Al-treated plants. Interestingly, it was accompanied by the increase of elastic and viscous extensibility of the root apices. From the results, it can be suggested that the biochemical modification of the cell walls reduces sites of Al binding to roots and triggers the activity of the loosening agents, thereby increasing the length of tea roots. | 2024-02-20T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7870 |
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