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Q:
GDAL Virtualenv Python 3.6 Installation
I am having a brutal time getting gdal installed. I have a fresh install of Ubuntu Mint with a virtualenv Python 3.6 environment that I am trying to get GDAL installed on. After working through all the dependency requirements I now get the following error after running pip install gdal:
Collecting gdal
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/99/31/2e05c1be3196126fa04028aed51489f40ceea77e8361a80bc8b00fc463db/GDAL-2.3.1.tar.gz
Building wheels for collected packages: gdal
Running setup.py bdist_wheel for gdal ... error
Complete output from command /home/mnewman/pyenvs/py36/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-sxbz7tcv/gdal/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /tmp/tmp00t__5p7pip-wheel- --python-tag cp36:
running bdist_wheel
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying gdal.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying ogr.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying osr.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying gdalconst.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying gnm.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
copying gdalnumeric.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/gdal_array.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/gdalconst.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/gnm.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/osr.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/ogr.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/gdalnumeric.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
copying osgeo/gdal.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo
Fixing build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gdal.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/ogr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gdalconst.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gnm.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gdalnumeric.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdal_array.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdalconst.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/__init__.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gnm.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/osr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/ogr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdalnumeric.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdal.py
Skipping optional fixer: ws_comma
Fixing build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gdal.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/ogr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gdalconst.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gnm.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/gdalnumeric.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdal_array.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdalconst.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/__init__.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gnm.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/osr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/ogr.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdalnumeric.py build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/osgeo/gdal.py
Skipping optional fixer: ws_comma
running build_ext
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fdebug-prefix-map=/build/python3.6-EKG1lX/python3.6-3.6.5=. -specs=/usr/share/dpkg/no-pie-compile.specs -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I../../port -I../../gcore -I../../alg -I../../ogr/ -I../../ogr/ogrsf_frmts -I../../gnm -I../../apps -I/home/mnewman/pyenvs/py36/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -I/home/mnewman/pyenvs/py36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/include -c gdal_python_cxx11_test.cpp -o gdal_python_cxx11_test.o
building 'osgeo._gdal' extension
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/extensions
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fdebug-prefix-map=/build/python3.6-EKG1lX/python3.6-3.6.5=. -specs=/usr/share/dpkg/no-pie-compile.specs -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I../../port -I../../gcore -I../../alg -I../../ogr/ -I../../ogr/ogrsf_frmts -I../../gnm -I../../apps -I/home/mnewman/pyenvs/py36/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -I/home/mnewman/pyenvs/py36/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/include -c extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/extensions/gdal_wrap.o -I/usr/include/gdal
cc1plus: warning: command line option ‘-Wstrict-prototypes’ is valid for C/ObjC but not for C++
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp: In function ‘retStringAndCPLFree* wrapper_VSIGetSignedURL(const char*, char**)’:
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:4067:12: error: ‘VSIGetSignedURL’ was not declared in this scope
return VSIGetSignedURL( utf8_path, options );
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:4067:12: note: suggested alternative: ‘VSIRewindL’
return VSIGetSignedURL( utf8_path, options );
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
VSIRewindL
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_GetErrorCounter(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:7465:14: error: ‘CPLGetErrorCounter’ was not declared in this scope
result = CPLGetErrorCounter();
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:7465:14: note: suggested alternative: ‘_wrap_GetErrorCounter’
result = CPLGetErrorCounter();
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_wrap_GetErrorCounter
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_MkdirRecursive(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8553:16: error: ‘VSIMkdirRecursive’ was not declared in this scope
result = VSIMkdirRecursive((char const *)arg1,arg2);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8553:16: note: suggested alternative: ‘VSIReadDirRecursive’
result = VSIMkdirRecursive((char const *)arg1,arg2);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
VSIReadDirRecursive
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_RmdirRecursive(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8623:16: error: ‘VSIRmdirRecursive’ was not declared in this scope
result = VSIRmdirRecursive((char const *)arg1);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8623:16: note: suggested alternative: ‘VSIReadDirRecursive’
result = VSIRmdirRecursive((char const *)arg1);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
VSIReadDirRecursive
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_GetActualURL(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8788:24: error: ‘VSIGetActualURL’ was not declared in this scope
result = (char *)VSIGetActualURL((char const *)arg1);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8788:24: note: suggested alternative: ‘_wrap_GetActualURL’
result = (char *)VSIGetActualURL((char const *)arg1);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_wrap_GetActualURL
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_GetFileSystemsPrefixes(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8962:25: error: ‘VSIGetFileSystemsPrefixes’ was not declared in this scope
result = (char **)VSIGetFileSystemsPrefixes();
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:8962:25: note: suggested alternative: ‘_wrap_GetFileSystemsPrefixes’
result = (char **)VSIGetFileSystemsPrefixes();
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_wrap_GetFileSystemsPrefixes
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp: In function ‘PyObject* _wrap_GetFileSystemOptions(PyObject*, PyObject*)’:
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:9026:24: error: ‘VSIGetFileSystemOptions’ was not declared in this scope
result = (char *)VSIGetFileSystemOptions((char const *)arg1);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
extensions/gdal_wrap.cpp:9026:24: note: suggested alternative: ‘_wrap_GetFileSystemOptions’
result = (char *)VSIGetFileSystemOptions((char const *)arg1);
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_wrap_GetFileSystemOptions
error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
----------------------------------------
Failed building wheel for gdal
Running setup.py clean for gdal
Failed to build gdal
Not sure what I am missing here, I have installed all the libraries and -dev versions.
A:
I solved it via:
install the newest version of gdal-bin and libgdal-dev:
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntugis/ubuntugis-unstable
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install gdal-bin libgdal-dev
My gdal version was 2.2.3, so maybe specifically install that one if this does not work.
install using pip3:
pip install --global-option=build_ext --global-option="-I/usr/include/gdal" GDAL==`gdal-config --version`
| 2024-07-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8283 |
PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-2226
NCO FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED, now known as EGS Financial
Care, Inc.,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
MONTGOMERY PARK, LLC,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
George L. Russell, III, District Judge. (1:11-cv-01020-GLR)
Argued: November 1, 2018 Decided: March 15, 2019
Amended: March 15, 2019
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, and NIEMEYER and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.
Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in
which Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Harris joined.
ARGUED: Howard G. Goldberg, GOLDBERG & BANKS, PC, Baltimore, Maryland,
for Appellant. Andrew D. Levy, BROWN, GOLDSTEIN & LEVY, LLP, Baltimore,
Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Joshua R. Treem, Kevin D. Docherty, Anthony J.
May, BROWN, GOLDSTEIN & LEVY, LLP, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
This case, which involves disputes between parties to a 12-year commercial lease
of office space in Baltimore, Maryland, comes to us for a second time. In the prior
appeal, we held that NCO Financial Systems, Inc. (the lessee) had failed to properly
exercise its right of early termination of the lease agreement between it and Montgomery
Park, LLC (the lessor) and had, by failing to pay rent thereafter, breached the agreement.
NCO Fin. Sys., Inc. v. Montgomery Park, LLC, 842 F.3d 816, 821–23 (4th Cir. 2016).
Accordingly, we remanded the case for further proceedings on Montgomery Park’s claim
for damages.
On remand, the district court conducted a bench trial at which it received evidence
regarding Montgomery Park’s damages and whether Montgomery Park had, as required
by the lease agreement, used “reasonable commercial efforts” to mitigate its damages.
The court concluded that Montgomery Park failed to use reasonable commercial efforts
to mitigate its damages and that this failure was a condition precedent to any damage
recovery. It therefore denied Montgomery Park any damages for NCO’s breach.
On appeal, Montgomery Park contends that the district court erred (1) by
concluding that the obligation to mitigate damages was a condition precedent to the
recovery of any damages and therefore that the failure to satisfy that condition completely
barred recovery, rather than merely reduced the amount of recoverable damages, and
(2) by concluding that Montgomery Park’s obligation to mitigate damages meant that it
“was under a contractual duty to give special care and attention” to the space previously
2
leased by NCO and therefore that marketing efforts directed at leasing all vacant spaces
in the building were largely irrelevant.
We agree with Montgomery Park on both points and therefore vacate the district
court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. First,
we conclude that the district court misconstrued the lease agreement and misapplied
Maryland law in concluding that Montgomery Park had a duty to “endeavor to re-let the
premises and minimize [its] damages as a condition precedent to recovering” against
NCO. (Emphasis added). Because the lease agreement’s language incorporated the
common law mitigation-of-damages doctrine, which holds that a plaintiff cannot recover
damages which it could have reasonably avoided, Montgomery Park’s recovery should
only have been reduced by the amount of rent that NCO could demonstrate would have
been recovered by reasonable efforts to re-let the space. Second, we conclude that the
district court, in evaluating the commercial reasonableness of Montgomery Park’s
mitigation efforts, applied the wrong standard. Reasonable commercial efforts to
mitigate damages did not require Montgomery Park to favor NCO’s space over other
vacant space in the building. Rather, commercial reasonableness only required
Montgomery Park to reasonably market NCO’s space on an equal footing with the other
spaces that it was seeking to rent.
I
Beginning on March 15, 2003, Montgomery Park leased over 100,000 square feet
of office space to NCO in a building located on Washington Park Boulevard in
3
Baltimore, Maryland. The initial term of the lease was 12 years, but NCO had a limited
right to terminate the lease after 8 years, provided that it gave timely notice and made
timely payment of a termination fee equal to 10 months’ rent.
In the prior appeal in this case, we concluded that while NCO manifested its intent
to exercise the early termination option, it failed to satisfy the lease agreement’s
conditions precedent for doing so. We therefore held that NCO had a continuing
obligation to pay rent, even though it had vacated the premises. Thus, we remanded the
case to the district court for further proceedings on Montgomery Park’s claim for
damages. See NCO Fin. Sys., 842 F.3d at 822–25.
On remand, the district court conducted a bench trial on damages, at which it
considered whether Montgomery Park had used “reasonable commercial efforts” to
mitigate its damages, as required in § 14.03 of the lease agreement. That section, entitled
“Remedies,” authorized Montgomery Park to re-let the NCO premises once NCO
breached the lease and vacated the building. It provided further:
Landlord shall not be liable for, nor shall Tenant’s obligations hereunder be
diminished by reason of, any failure by Landlord to relet the Premises or
any failure by Landlord to collect any rent due upon such reletting, but
Landlord does agree to use reasonable commercial efforts to mitigate
damages caused by any Event of Default or if Tenant shall surrender the
Premises back to Landlord for such purpose. No action taken by the
Landlord under the provisions of this section shall operate as a waiver of
any right which the Landlord would otherwise have against the Tenant for
the Rent hereby reserved or otherwise, and the Tenant shall at all times
remain responsible to the Landlord for any loss and/or damage suffered by
the Landlord by reason of any Event of Default, provided that in no event
shall Tenant be liable for consequential damages . . . .
4
(Emphasis added). After concluding that this provision required Montgomery Park to
take commercially reasonable steps to re-let the NCO space “from the date that NCO
vacated the property,” the court found that Montgomery Park had not used reasonable
commercial efforts to find a replacement tenant for the NCO space. In articulating the
standard that it applied, the court stated that “if you had the real estate space that you
need to lease, reasonable efforts require that you advertise it and promote it specifically
and not generally as part of an overall scheme to fill a larger vacant space.” (Emphasis
added). The court concluded that Montgomery Park had failed to target its efforts,
emphasizing that although Montgomery Park had taken substantial steps to market the
building as a whole — which included NCO’s space — it had done much less to market
the NCO space specifically:
Montgomery Park . . . engaged in significant effort, including the creation
of brochures; hanging banners; engaging with prospective tenants;
conducting tours of the premises, including several tours of the NCO space;
and holding meetings regarding leasing the Montgomery space in general.
But these efforts were designed only to market Montgomery Park space as
a whole, with no serious effort to target or re-lease NCO space, as they
were obligated to do.
(Emphasis added). The court added that Montgomery Park’s monthly marketing
meetings “were never geared . . . to treat the NCO premises any different than any other
premises within the Montgomery Park property” and that Montgomery Park’s marketing
reports, which had been admitted into evidence, “shed little, if any, light on a plan to
specifically market the NCO premises.” The court also dismissed the instances where
Montgomery Park offered the NCO space to prospective tenants, citing the fact that
5
Montgomery Park had, among other things, also offered those prospects alternative
spaces:
The prospects identified by Montgomery Park as being interested in the
NCO premises . . . were offered space either while NCO still occupied the
premises; were offered premises other than the NCO premises; when
offered the NCO premises, the NCO premises was listed as an alternative
space, a last alternative space for leasing, or almost last alternative space
for leasing, or the offer failed to provide any benefit or provided little
benefit to NCO regarding its rental obligations because the offer included
free rent. As a result, such efforts did not meet the commercial reasonable
efforts required under the lease or by industry standard.
In short, under the standard that the district court applied, “Montgomery Park was under a
contractual duty to give special care and attention to NCO,” and thus generalized efforts
directed at leasing the building as a whole were insufficient.
The district court also took issue with Montgomery Park’s lack of a formalized
marketing plan, noting that “[n]o written marketing plan was ever created related to the
NCO space or to Montgomery Park, the property, in general.” The court reasoned that:
[A]s part of its obligation to exercise reasonable commercial efforts,
[Montgomery Park] was required by contract or by industry standards to
put a written marketing plan in place given the challenges of the particular
property. This marketing plan would include an evaluation of the NCO
space, a list of prospects for the NCO space, specific timetables and goals
for re-listing the NCO space, and methods of advertising the NCO space.
The court accordingly concluded that “the failure to create a marketing plan for the NCO
premises was commercially unreasonable at the outset of the vacancy.”
Further, the court pointed out that Montgomery Park failed to update its “CoStar”
listing to reflect the vacancy of the NCO premises. CoStar is an online database used by
real estate brokers and owners to list available commercial properties and is considered to
6
be “the leading provider of commercial real estate information and data” in the United
States. Montgomery Park maintained an active CoStar listing but, after NCO vacated the
property, it did not update the listing to reflect the change, meaning that the listing
continued to show the NCO premises as occupied. The district court concluded that “the
failure to advertise the NCO premises as available on CoStar was intentional” and that
such failure was motivated by Montgomery Park’s “concern[] that listing an additional
100,000 square feet as being available on CoStar . . . would lead to a bad impression of
the building, thus stagnating leasing opportunities.” The court noted that to address this
concern “Montgomery Park . . . could have [instead] listed the NCO premises as
available and simply made space that had been deemed available for leasing
unavailable.”
Finally, the court found that Montgomery Park made no significant efforts to
subdivide the NCO space, concluding that “Montgomery Park failed to conduct a cost-
benefit analysis of subdividing the space to determine whether such mitigation was even
practical” and that “the failure to create such an analysis was . . . commercially
unreasonable.”
Having concluded that Montgomery Park failed to use commercially reasonable
efforts to re-let the NCO space, the district court then held that such failure precluded
Montgomery Park from recovering any damages whatsoever. The court reasoned that “if
a tenant has abandoned the leased premises and there is a breach of contract action for
damages, like in this case, the landlord must endeavor to re-let and minimize his damages
as a condition precedent to recovering against the original tenant.” (Emphasis added)
7
(citing Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Rockville Pike Joint Venture Ltd. P’ship, 829 A.2d 976
(Md. 2003)). Thus, the court reasoned, “from and after the time that the landlord
breached its contractual obligations to mitigate damages, the landlord is entitled to no
further payment from the tenant.” It concluded that “[b]ecause . . . Montgomery Park
breached the lease from the date that NCO vacated the property due to [its] failure to use
reasonable commercial efforts to [re-let] the NCO premises, . . . Montgomery Park is not
entitled to any damages.”
From the district court’s judgment dated October 11, 2017, Montgomery Park
filed this appeal.
II
Montgomery Park contends that the requirement in the lease agreement that it use
reasonable commercial efforts to mitigate damages is not, as the district court held, “a
condition precedent to [its right] to recover its lost rent due to [NCO’s] default” and that
the district court accordingly erred in treating it as such. In support of its position,
Montgomery Park contrasts the language at issue here with the language we addressed in
the prior appeal, noting that the “language employed with regard to [its] obligation to use
reasonable commercial efforts contains no language similar to the conditional language
employed with regard to the early termination provision.” Rather than imposing a
condition precedent to any recovery, Montgomery Park argues that the lease agreement
incorporated the mitigation-of-damages doctrine, as that doctrine has been applied under
Maryland contract law. And proper application of that doctrine here would require NCO
8
to “prove the net loss resulting from Montgomery Park’s failure to [mitigate damages]”
and the district court then to reduce recovery by that amount. In short, Montgomery Park
argues that the district court erred by foreclosing recovery altogether.
NCO amplifies the district court’s position, contending that when both parties to a
contract breach their obligations, courts should decline to award any contract damages. It
argues that:
[U]nder both Maryland law and general contract law, courts have held that
in some instances where both parties are at fault (or in default) neither may
recover. . . . Whether this doctrine is described as failure of consideration,
failure to satisfy a condition precedent, or mutual breach of contract, it is
clear that in proper circumstances a court may refuse to allow recovery by
either party to an agreement because of their mutual fault, which in contract
terms might be more properly described as mutual default.
(quoting Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Garrett Corp., 601 F.2d 155, 158 (4th Cir. 1979)
(citations omitted) (emphasis added)). NCO maintains that Montgomery Park’s failure to
mitigate damages — whether labeled a mutual breach, a failure to satisfy a condition
precedent, or a failure of consideration — bars Montgomery Park from recovering any
damages whatsoever.
We agree with Montgomery Park’s reading of the lease agreement and its
application of Maryland law. First, the lease agreement itself clearly does not make the
obligation to mitigate damages a condition precedent to recovery for breach of the
agreement. To the contrary, the relevant portion of the lease provides:
Landlord shall not be liable for, nor shall Tenant’s obligations hereunder
be diminished by reason of, any failure by Landlord to relet the Premises or
any failure by Landlord to collect any rent due upon such reletting, but
Landlord does agree to use reasonable commercial efforts to mitigate
damages caused by any Event of Default or if Tenant shall surrender the
9
Premises back to Landlord for such purpose. No action taken by the
Landlord under the provisions of this section shall operate as a waiver of
any right which the Landlord would otherwise have against the Tenant for
the Rent hereby reserved or otherwise, and the Tenant shall at all times
remain responsible to the Landlord for any loss and/or damage suffered by
the Landlord by reason of any Event of Default, provided that in no event
shall Tenant be liable for consequential damages . . . .
(Emphasis added). Far from imposing a condition precedent to Montgomery Park’s
recovery of damages, this provision makes clear that NCO “shall at all times remain
responsible” for any loss suffered due to its breach of the agreement and states further
that “[n]o action taken by [Montgomery Park] under the provisions of this section shall
operate as a waiver of any right [Montgomery Park] would otherwise have against
[NCO].” Moreover, the language of this provision is totally unlike that of the provision
construed in the first appeal, where we concluded that the language imposed a condition
precedent to early termination. The provision in the first appeal imposed conditions to
early termination that were subject to “strict compliance” such that early termination
would be effective “if and only if” the conditions were met. NCO Fin. Sys., 842 F.3d at
822.
We also agree with Montgomery Park that its lease obligation to “use reasonable
commercial efforts to mitigate damages caused by any Event of Default” must be read as
incorporating the mitigation-of-damages doctrine. This doctrine, which is rooted in the
“avoidable consequences” rule of contract damages, applies only after a breach has
already occurred and functions to decrease a plaintiff’s recovery for that breach. In this
respect, the “duty” to mitigate damages is not one of the mutual duties going to the
10
essence and nature of the contract. As the Maryland Court of Special Appeals has
explained:
The doctrine of minimization of damages is not a defense to a plaintiff’s
cause of action, whether that cause of action be one based in negligence or
contract; rather, it is a “disability on (or a ‘no right’ to) recovery of
reasonably avoidable damages.” The doctrine serves to reduce the amount
of damages to which a plaintiff might otherwise have been entitled had he
or she used all reasonable efforts to minimize the loss he or she sustained as
a result of a breach of duty by the defendant. . . . Thus, it is clear that the
doctrine does not place any duty on a plaintiff or create an affirmative right
in anyone. . . . [I]n order for the doctrine of minimization of damages to
apply, there must first have been a breach of duty on the part of the
defendant, who then raises an issue as to the propriety of the losses or
damages claimed by the plaintiff.
Schlossberg v. Epstein, 534 A.2d 1003, 1006–07 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1988) (emphasis
added) (citations omitted).
NCO’s argument that a mitigation obligation implicates the doctrine of “mutual
breach” is simply off the mark. The central, bargained-for mutual rights and duties of the
lease agreement arose from (1) Montgomery Park’s agreement to provide NCO with
functional commercial office space and (2) NCO’s agreement to timely pay rent for the
space. Accordingly, once NCO failed to pay rent, it was in breach of the contract and
Montgomery Park was entitled to contract damages against it. To the extent Montgomery
Park owed NCO a “duty” to mitigate damages, therefore, the duty arose only after and
because of NCO’s breach and became relevant only when Montgomery Park sought
contract damages from NCO. As such, treating Montgomery Park’s alleged failure to
mitigate damages as a typical breach of contract — and thus as a potential ground for
11
“mutual breach” — fundamentally misconstrues contract law and a landlord’s duty to
mitigate damages resulting from a tenant’s breach.
The principal case relied on by NCO and the district court, Circuit City, does not
hold to the contrary. Circuit City concerned a landlord that, in order to attract a new
tenant following a prior tenant’s breach of its lease agreement, permitted a commercial
property to be demolished. 829 A.2d at 977. The Maryland Court of Appeals remanded
the case to the trial court for a determination of whether that arrangement was
“reasonable,” instructing that if the lower court were to determine that it was not
reasonable, the court could, “on that basis, conclude that [the landlord] breached its
contractual obligation to mitigate damages and that, from and after the time of that
breach” — i.e., from and after the time the property was demolished and thus could no
longer be re-let — the landlord “was entitled to no further payments.” Id. at 991. In so
holding, the Court of Appeals noted:
[W]hether seeking to recover rent under property covenants on the theory
that a surrender has not occurred or to recover contract damages under
contract law, the landlord has its own obligation to mitigate damages. We
have recognized generally that, when one party breaches a contract, the
other party is required by the “avoidable consequences” rule of damages to
make all reasonable efforts to minimize the loss sustained from the breach
and can charge the defaulting party only with such damages as, with
reasonable endeavors and expense and without risk of additional substantial
loss or injury, he could not prevent.
Id. at 990 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, contrary to NCO’s and
the district court’s reading, Circuit City stands for the well-established proposition that a
failure to mitigate damages may decrease the amount of recoverable damages but does
not necessarily preclude recovery of damages altogether. Of course, if the evidence
12
shows that the lessor, with reasonable efforts, could have recovered all of the rent owed
by the lessee, there would be no recovery of unpaid rent. But that conclusion can be
reached only by determining the amount that the lessor could have obtained with
reasonable efforts and then setting off that amount against the rent owed.
Thus, to apply the mitigation-of-damages doctrine correctly, the district court
should have required NCO to prove how much, if any, additional rent Montgomery Park
could have collected by exercising reasonable commercial efforts to re-let the NCO space
and then decreased Montgomery Park’s contract damages by that amount. Because the
district court did not engage in this analysis, we remand for further proceedings.
III
Montgomery Park also contends that the district court applied the wrong standard
when evaluating the commercial reasonableness of the efforts to re-let the NCO space,
asserting that the court wrongly “believed the NCO [p]remises must be given preferred
treatment over all other vacant space” in the same building. (Emphasis added). It argues
that, as a result of this error, the district court “ignored” relevant evidence of commercial
reasonableness regarding marketing efforts directed at the building as a whole.
At trial, the district court applied a reasonableness standard that required
Montgomery Park to show that it favored the NCO space in its marketing efforts, stating
that “Montgomery Park was under a contractual duty to give special care and attention to
NCO” and that although “Montgomery Park . . . engaged in significant effort[s],” “these
efforts were designed only to market Montgomery Park space as a whole, with no serious
13
effort to target or [re-let] NCO space, as they were obligated to do.” Indeed, at times the
court seemed to view the relevant inquiry as what a hypothetical landlord of solely the
NCO premises should have done. Under this standard, Montgomery Park became
obligated to develop a unique, preferred plan for leasing the NCO space and then to
market that space at the expense of its other vacant spaces, despite the fact that it was
NCO who breached the lease. In the same vein, the court seemed to adopt a standard that
would require the victim of the breach to sacrifice other opportunities to favor the
breaching party — suggesting that Montgomery Park “could have listed the NCO
premises as available and simply made space that had been deemed available for leasing
unavailable.”
As Montgomery Park rightly points out, however, a landlord’s obligation to
mitigate damages does not require that it favor the vacated space or otherwise drastically
alter its business plan. See Circuit City, 829 A.2d at 990. Rather, Montgomery Park’s
duty to mitigate damages merely required that it act reasonably to re-let the NCO space
under the circumstances, with “the circumstances” including the fact that the NCO space
was but one of a number of vacant spaces that Montgomery Park had available in the
building. As such, the duty to mitigate damages mandated only that Montgomery Park
act reasonably to market the NCO space on an equal footing with its other vacant spaces.
Of course, Montgomery Park was not entitled to sit on its hands and take advantage of
the fact that NCO had a continuing obligation to pay rent, but neither was it required to
single out the NCO space for special treatment to the detriment of its other business
opportunities.
14
We offer no view on whether Montgomery Park satisfied this standard.
Montgomery Park’s generalized marketing efforts — which the district court recognized
as “significant” — suggest that it may have. But other of Montgomery Park’s actions,
particularly its failure to update its CoStar listing, might suggest otherwise. On remand,
the district court should consider all the relevant evidence, including evidence concerning
Montgomery Park’s generalized marketing efforts, to determine whether Montgomery
Park’s efforts were reasonable and impose on NCO the burden to quantify the
consequence of any failure to mitigate that it is able to prove.
IV
Finally, Montgomery Park challenges the district court’s admission of certain
expert testimony. Such rulings, however, are entitled to great deference and are subject
to review only for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Fuertes, 805 F.3d 485, 495–
96 (4th Cir. 2015); Noel v. Artson, 641 F.3d 580, 591 (4th Cir. 2011) (“[W]e will only
overturn an evidentiary ruling that is arbitrary and irrational” (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted)). We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion.
* * *
For the reasons given, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED
15
| 2023-10-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7522 |
Detection and assessment of unstable angina using myocardial perfusion imaging: comparison between technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT and 12-lead electrocardiogram.
Forty-five studies using technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed on patients hospitalized for spontaneous chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia. The studies were done after an injection during an episode of chest pain and a repeated injection when the patients were free of pain. All patients were hospitalized with a presumed diagnosis of unstable angina, and none had evidence of a previous myocardial infarction. The presence of a perfusion defect observed with Tc-99m sestamibi injected during chest pain had a 96% sensitivity and a 79% specificity for the detection of significant coronary artery disease (stenosis greater than or equal to 50%) on subsequent angiography. When the criterion of a larger perfusion defect during pain compared to absence of pain was used, the sensitivity was 81% and the specificity was 84%. In contrast, transient electrocardiographic ischemic changes during pain had a sensitivity of 35% and a specificity of 68%; electrocardiographic changes during or outside episodes of chest pain had a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 63% for the diagnosis. Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT represents a reliable noninvasive diagnostic tool that could aid in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in patients with spontaneous chest pain and provide additional information to that provided by the electrocardiogram. | 2023-10-13T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8685 |
Homestead Beer Co. – Claim Jumper IPA – This company sure does like to make IPAs. They talked me into trying their BOAT Series IPA last year at the Cbus Microbrew Festival last year. After going to their website, they have it listed as “Out of Rotation.” They have two other IPAs Station Master Session IPA and The Galactic Heroes IPA. They all have varying degrees of IBU and ABV that does separate them. This one was their second good one that I have gotten to taste. They use a blend of Columbus, Nugget and Galena so that is always a good start for me. It didn’t have anything to cut the hops like roasted malt or a heavy dose of citrusy hops but stopped right near my edge of IBU pleasure. This one is at 81 IBU. I would expect a higher ABV than 5.8% because of the high hops count but that’s what it is. Though they boxed it into a pleasure area for me, it’s closer to a straight IPA so I liked the BOAT Series better which did have the citrus notes. This one is worth drinking if you’re an IPA fan.
Elevator Brewing Co. – Big Vic Imperial IPA – One of the standard bearers for Columbus craft beers makes this one. It is a wheat IPA so that cuts some of the bitterness out of the drink. They don’t divulge much on their website for what particular styles of hops they use but they do note that they dry hop the beer to make it go from regular to Imperial IPA. The dry hopping gave it something that Claim Jumper didn’t have, the citrus note to cut out some of the bitterness. They are easy to compare because of their similar IBUs. Big Vic stands at 80 IBU so there’s a single difference. My hunch may have been wrong about Claim Jumper’s ABV, but it was correct with this one sitting at 8.6% ABV. I liked this one more than the first. Good beer to have around in the summer since the wheat does provide a lightness that other IPAs don’t have.
Zauber Brewing Co. – Vertigo – I have taken a look at this beer previously but much like the Nitro Milk Stout from Left Hand Brewing, I didn’t take a full look at this one. Unfortunately, their full capacity brewery isn’t quite ready yet. I am very much looking forward to that day since this fine beverage was consumed back in March. It is a hefeweizen so it was a little early in the year to be digging into the lighter side of beers but we had a Bluejackets game this particular Thursday when they did have their own beer. I was very happy they had this one on tap though. It is very light, crisp, a hint of spice and just a little hazy in it’s golden tone. It only has a 5.4% ABV and 12 IBU so this beer can be session-able. It went down really well with a wrap from the Paddy Wagon Food Truck. When I was doing my Year In Review list for Cbus beers, this one wasn’t in my top 10. It’s still a fantastic beer whether it’s there or not.
Rivertown Brewery – Blueberry Lager – I have had much luck with this fine company out of Cincinnati. Unfortunately, this beer is not among them. It is a light lager so it has a similar body to a light beer which isn’t a good start. They use artificial flavor for the blueberry taste. I’m assuming that even though it’s not completely clear in the description. The blueberry flavor isn’t overwhelming so it does match better with the light lager. It all adds up to a very weak tasting beer. Even good companies make bad beer. – Kevin
So I have plenty going on these days. I got engaged for the second time. I traveled to one of the more pathetic 20th Reunions in the history of reunions. Good thing we had quality time with the family and a pair of friends I talk to every time I head back to Altoona. Then there’s the big announcement. It keeps getting teased but it’s almost ready. I promise. No more teasing, on to Raw. Let’s roll.
We get a replay of the opening and closing segments from Raw last week. Roman Reigns comes out. I did notice on Smackdown that they’ve tweaked Reigns outfit. Not sure I like it any better. Reigns didn’t exactly tear the house down with his first big mic time. He tried to have extra swag but he didn’t sell it to me. Reigns pulling out “Bitch” to Kane is the exact word you use for a reaction but you can’t sell it. Reigns had the early upper hand but Kane took over just before the refs and agents came to the ring. Reigns goes bananas on the agents and Superman Punches Kane. Good thing Dean Malenko got out unhurt.
The Wyatt Family in the form of Erick Rowan & Luke Harper appear in the ring with little fan fare. The Usos get to do their Haka dance still. Jimmy started against Rowan. Harper got things moving in the right direction for the Wyatts. Rowan scres up so that Jey can come in. Rowan makes up for it quickly. Mitchell Cool noted using the tattoos to tell the Usos apart. Shouldn’t you describe them? Because that is a good tip. The right arm is inked differently. The word “Fatu” down Jimmy’s arm. Pretty sure Jey has it also except he added tattoos around it to look like a partial sleeve. My favorite move is applied by Rowan when we come back from break. Stupid knuckles. Cool then pretends he forgot which Uso was in the ring. There hadn’t been a tag during the break. Jimmy does get the hot tag. Flying Jey takes out Rowan. Harper attempts a suicide dive but gets punched. Super kick by Jimmy only gets a two count. Harper crotches Jimmy on the top rope. Jey breaks up a sit down power bomb. One of the great rivalries is mentioned by the announcers. Harper hits the Clothesline From The Bayou for the win. Oh, they’re playing up the mix up. No wonder Michael Cole cut himself off. I’ll guess they didn’t tell him this angle was coming. (Next Day Note: It was interesting to see “Twin Magic” back fire since I’ve only ever seen it work.) Randy Orton is commiserating with Kane about having backs at Battleground. Seth Rollins picks up on the “solidarity.” Rollins stirs the pot by mentioning cashing in the briefcase. Everyone hates each other.
Nikki Bella is fighting Alicia Fox while both have one arm tied behind their backs. Fox ends up assaulting Nikki. JBL should be creaming Cool about the conspiracy theory. Instead, he only brings up Roswell. Alicia Fox has been snapping on TV for weeks now. Just say she’s been crazy for at least a month now. How hard is that? (Next Day Note: Would the producers tell the JBL not to go the simple route?)
Lana is cut off by RVD. Thank you. Rusev is around too. RVD hits a tornado DDT early. Rusev tosses him off the top rope. Rusev gives RVD the knees and fall away throw. Zeb Colter challenges Rusev to a match at Battleground. Rusev stomps on RVD. This match is confusing me. RVD winning does nothing for the Swagger feud. Isn’t part of the appeal that an American will beat the “Russian”? Rusev beating RVD means that he’s going to beat Swagger, right? RVD hits the side kick off the top rope. Rusev heel kicks RVD. Rusev locks in the Accolade for the win. Swagger has to be losing. (Next Day Note: RVD isn’t below Swagger in the depth chart, right? Still need to check the next day.)
Randy Orton gets to take on Dean Ambrose again. Randy Orton got the early upper hand but gave way to some offense by Ambrose. Orton stops it with a big clothes line. Orton plays to the crowd too long. Ambrose tosses Orton out of the ring to take us to a break. Orton got to work over Ambrose’s shoulder during the break though. He continues to do so. Ambrose buys time with a DDT when Orton goes early for a back drop. Ambrose knocks Orton down. Ambrose locks in a Figure Four. Orton gets to the ropes. Ambrose comes up short on the jump. Orton tries to cover but even the announcers are trying to cover for it. The crowd is weird. I swear I’ve heard it loud but they weakly chanted “You fucked up.” Ambrose tosses Orton into the barricade. Ambrose starts playing with furniture. Orton tosses Ambrose bad shoulder first into the post. then over the barricade. Hanging DDT off the barricade. Ambrose barely beats the count. He looked like a fish flopping back into the ring. Ambrose goes for the sling shot clothesline but gets hit by the RKO. Fun match. That’s why I don’t understand the crowd apathy. Renee Young gets to look cute while talking to John Cena yet again. He is the biggest target in the WWE. He lives to be the target. Roman Reigns strolls in. He wishes him good luck. They have a nice little exchange. That’s more Reigns speed of segment. Just keep him in a more controlled environment.
Fandango is on the head set. Alberto Del Rio is taking on Dolph Ziggler. Fandango has to put on his voice too much with a head set. Enziguri after Ziggler gets caught in the ring apron. The winner faces Sheamus tomorrow for the US Title. Layla is primping it according to Fandango. Del Rio pushes ziggler head first into the post. Del Rio then reverse suplexes him from the top. JBL implies there could be more than two women. DDT by Ziggler for a two count. Drop kick by Ziggler turns things around. Fame-Asser for a two count. Fandango starts dancing on the announcer’s table. Del Rio kicks a distracted Ziggler in the head for the win. Of course a heel would face the baby face champ. I hope Chris Calamita covers that. Stardust and Goldust are putting together some good weird stuff.
Fandango runs into Layla back stage. He only has eyes for her. You see him looking at Summer Rae who is awfully well lit in that random rear hallway. Jerry Lawler then gets to introduce Bret Hart. Canadians are so predictable. The crowd is eating it up. He is interrupted by Damien “Bret Hart” Sandow. Third World Country didn’t get the heat expected. Bret punches Sandow out of the ring. Sandow looks like Grumpy Cat. Sheamus comes out. He hugs Bret in the ring. (Next Day Note: I wasn’t the only one expecting Hart to be out there longer, right?)
Sheamus and Sandow start their match after the break. Sandow is in control. Sandow drops down a fore arm. Sheamus grabs Sandow’s beard. 10 Clubbing Blows. Canadians like to count too. Brogue Kick for the win. Yep, about what it deserved. Renee Young interviews the Miz who reads a letter from a fan. He lauds himself and runs down Chris Jericho. He gets thousands of letters like this one. What would the fans lose without his face? Wow, close up of his fist. Woof even for the gimmick.
My woman every time “Jeri” hits the stage.
Chris Jericho comes out for his match for the Miz. Jerry Lawler talks about Cleveland. Miz is protecting his face. Jericho drop kicks him off the apron. Jericho bull dogs him when they get back in the ring. Miz tosses Jericho out of the ring. Miz drives Jericho into the apron. Miz tries to wear him down. Double axe handle by Jericho from the top. Miz kicks Jericho in the face. Jericho dodges then hits an enziguri. Miz kicks out Jericho’s leg then DDTs him. Miz locks in the Figure Four. Popular tonight. Jericho gets to the ropes. Jericho whacks Miz in the face. Walls of Jericho for the win. Bray Wyatt wants Jericho to save us. He tells Jericho that the Jericholics aren’t behind him any more. Jericho wants a piece of Wyatt. Harper & Rowan show up. Stalemate.
We get replay of AJ Lee winning the Divas Title. Paige comes out. She introduces AJ Lee. It could be interesting of Paige became AJ’s new Tamina. Cameron won’t tag in to Naomi. Paige takes over because of the non-tag. Cameron starts putting on lip gloss. Paige comes in. They double clothesline each other. Cameron gets in. Paige Turner because she’s distracted. The Funkadactyls fight. Funk is on a roll. That pun needed to happen. (Next Day Note: I know Paige isn’t the intimidating presence Tamina was but I think she works better as a lackey.)
Paul Heyman introduces himself and Cesaro. The later acts like French Canadian is a crappy language. They’re trying to get him some boos. Kofi Kingston is his opponent. He drop kicks him out of the ring. Kingston slams Cesaro into the apron. Cesaro trips up Kofi on a spring board. Cesaro jumps on Kofi from the apron. Kingston gets caught by Cesaro. Press slam gut buster. Kingston rolls up Cesaro again for the win. Cesaro assaults Kingston. Big E comes out for the save. I’m so confused. Why? (Next Day Note: So you have Cesaro win the Andre the Giant Battle Royal in grand fashion then pretty much only dump on him after? Even Paul Heyman can’t help losing to Kofi in back to back weeks.) Seth Rollins comes in and tells John Cena he’s going to pin the best champion ever. Cena tells him not to get a big head with the brief case. He wonders if Rollins can still scrap.
Bo Dallas comes to the ring for a match against El Torito. Bo never ducks out of a challenge. Bo gets down on his knees. Torito slaps him. He head butts him in the stomach. Running Bo-Dog. The Streak is alive.
The entrances for John Cena & Seth Rollins allow me to nearly catch up. Rollins gets Cena in a pinning predicament early. Break. A flipping reverse DDT by Rollins only gets a two count. Cena with a side slam. Sit down power bomb by Cena only gets a two count. Rollins catches Cena going to the top with an enziguri. Rollins misses a splash. Five Knuckle Shuffle. Rollins flips out of an AA. Cena turns it into an STF. He pulls Rollins away from the ropes. Kane comes out. Randy Orton attacks from behind. Roman Reigns music hits. Superman Punch to Kane. And another for Orton. Rollins nails Reigns and Cena with the brief case. Rollins calls for an official. Dean Ambrose attacks Rollins. I don’t feel like the WWE has had this kind of set up before with the MITB holder. AA to Orton. Spear to Kane. The baby faces stand tall. – Kevin
Ken and Kevin have made it to double digits for OHPA. They start off by talking one of their favorite movies that is celebrating it’s 28th Anniversary of being released, Big Trouble in Little China. Why did they not do this movie for the Retro Movie Review? Does it still hold up to what they thought it was when they saw it as children? Which movie were they trying to beat out that also has an Asian theme to it? Has Hollywood changed at all since the Eighties? Which movie was banded in the Phillips household but was allowed in the DiFrango household? How did Bugs Bunny come up in this conversation? Is this Kevin’s favorite Kurt Russell movie? Which Sci Fi standard did Ken bring up as a Kurt Russell classic? Did this movie influence Mortal Kombat? Ken & Kevin finally move on to a planned subject, the United States soccer team’s loss to Belgium. What went wrong? What went right? How big was the miss by Chris Wondolowski? What can’t Tim Howard save? How much progress is the US Squad making under Juergen Klinsmann? What are with his tactics of burying his team prior to the World Cup? Would either of the hosts be motivated by the negative thinking? They continue in the soccer vein by talking about Lionel Messi of Argentina. How many ways did FiveThirtyEight prove that he is great? How much soccer does Kevin watch? Is Cristiano Ronaldo even close to competing with him? Would the US Squad been able to solve Messi? Is it just his shooting that is great or is his passing superior too? How many statistics can you track in soccer? Can they extricate his data from that of the teams he plays on? Is it a good idea to break up reading this article? It’s never good to break up the drinking of the weekly #SippyTimeBeer. What is it this week and where is it from? Find out when you click on the link below.
According to a report at Between the Ropes everyone’s favorite dancing Diva, Emma, has been arrested. Kind of shocking really but making the story better is the fact she was busted for lifting an Ipod case. Wait a minute; they even make Ipod cases any longer? Unfortuantly for Emma it is clear she is guilty as hell. What defense can she possibly use? No one that looks like Emma shops at Wal-Mart. The proof, well, see below. Continue reading →
There are no firm rules for this podcast so talking about wrestling is just something that will happen from time to time. But first Shahid and Jeremy talk about the opening weekend for Transformers: Age of Extinction. Did Shahid like it and if so how when nearly no one else did? Yeah a lot of people watched t but have you seen those review scores? Sheesh. Anyway, why did one studio call out Paramount as being huge liars? Is that reaction even warranted? What was the deal with Roddy Piper and Bad News Brown anyway? Who the hell though that was a good idea? How was the Money In The Bank match for our hosts? Who had the bump of the match? Was there anything shocking at all? Who was the MVP of the show? All of these questions are answered all you have to do is listen.
I was surprised at how many people thought it was surprising that John Cena won. Though the WWE has done a good job of building up Daniel Bryan, they haven’t really built up any of the other new Superstars to the level that they could win the WWE Title. Another era of John Cena begin. Let’s roll.
HHH & Steph come out and look happy. Steph babbles about Seth Rollins and his big win. HHH tells us that John Cena was always an A+ player. He then introduces Cena. Let’s hope he doesn’t shake hands with them. They didn’t. Congrats. Steph gives him the big roll out for WWE 2K15 with Cena looking quizzical. Cena calls them out on their looks from last night. HHH plays white rapper which I find funny for some reason. HHH then throws down the veiled threat. HHH gives him the hard way at Battleground. It’s a Fatal 4 Way match. Randy Orton & Kane will be taking on Cena & Roman Reigns. HHH tells Cena that there’s always a Plan B if he survives the Fatal 4 Way. Seth Rollins comes out while Stephanie looks like a troll.
RVD is taking on Seth Rollins. RVD gets to continue his job tour for the WWE. (Next Day Note: I make RVD sound like an idiot for coming back for the same reasons Chris Jericho did later. Smart idea by RVD to be a stepping stone too.) RVD gets the upper hand with an enziguri after the early exchanges. RVD shoulder blocks him in the back. RVD continues to work the back over. Rollins regroups outside and catches RVD unaware. Break. Rollins counters into a single leg crab. Still think that move is stupid. RVD kicks Rollins in the jaw. Rolling Thunder on the back. Most psychology by RVD in a while. Split legged moonsault continues the work on the back. Rollins gets thrown into the turn buckles with a head scissors take over. RVD nails Rollins with a cross body to the floor. Rollins Dragon Screw leg whips RVD while he’s in the ropes. Curb Stomp for the victory. Rollins wants to be called the right thing. He’s Mr. MITB. I wasn’t wrong Seth. I picked you to win. Sometimes in wrestling there are hijinks. Dean Ambrose interrupts him. Dean tells him Kane was Plan B because Rollins’s Plan A didn’t work. Ambrose tells him he’ll be there any time he tries to cash in the briefcase. Smart move on his part.
Rusev comes out with Lana. Please let there be no promo. Crap, in ring promo. America is used to failure. No one can stop Rusev. Jack Swagger‘s music hits. Awesome! They should come down according to their own words. Zeb Colter is defending our country. He gives us a free speech brush up. They are taking advantage of our freedoms. I’m guessing Swagger loses but a win here would be welcome. We The People! Working better with the crowd already than Big E did. A pair of arm drags to make Rusev run? Really. I’m glad they’re not rushing it either. Let this happen at your all too soon next PPV. (Next Day Note: The WWE tries to work in shades of gray more these days but they still usually book a baby face vs a heel. This angle though is a perfect shade of gray. Plus I feel like heels should hate each other more than baby faces. The later could do more of a UFC respect thing.)
Winning from captiveinternational.com
Sheamus is in the ring and awaiting the introduction of the Usos. They are taking on the Wyatt Family. People enjoy the entrance but it’s catch up time for me. Jey starts against Erick Rowan. Jimmy comes in for double team action. Break because of the entrance. Jimmy & Rowan are in the match still. Bray Wyatt splashes Jimmy in the corner with some help. Luke Harper comes in quickly. Jimmy hits Whisper In The Wind. Sheamus battles Rowan. Sheamus does Ten Beats. Sheamus double shoulder blocks Harper & Rowan on the outside from the top rope. Wyatt distracts Sheamus. Rowan knocks him out of the ring. Harper gives Sheamus a big boot in the mush. Poor Mitchell Cool trying to sell that dumb Sgt. Slaughter move still. Sheamus kicks Wyatt who fires back with an uppercut. Super kick by Harper. Sheamus with a back breaker. Jey starts to clean house. Flying Uso who cleared by a lot today. Super kick by Jey leads to a two. Exchange of finishers. Jey gets hit by the Harper clothes line for the win. Much needed win for the threesome after all losing last night. Who is this announcer? Tom is his name. Nikki didn’t think she made a mistake last night. She gets to take on the Funkadactyls by herself next. Did Steph happen to be extremely close or that they knew when Nikki would be interviewed? If it’s the later, how since matches aren’t determined?
Bo Dallas has a moment of silence for Daniel Bryan and Bad News Barrett. The crowd stays a little too quiet. Jerry Lawler makes a lot of Bo jokes. Don’t stop Bo-lieving. Nikki is miraculously ready to go including hat cutely crooked. Big threat there Steph. Cameron & Naomi come out. Why would anyone think this is a problem since the Funkadactyls have had their own problems? Cameron starts out. Face buster by Nikki. Naomi tags herself in. Nikki tries to jump her but gets kicked in the head. Naomi with the Final Cut for the win. Cameron steps to Naomi after the match. Charles Robinson knows how to chill bitches out like Ringo.
Wade Barrett has a separated shoulder. The IC Title is vacant. It will be determined by battle royal at Battleground. Yuck. We have seen entirely too many battle royals lately. Paul Heyman introduces Cesaro as the next IC Champion. I could handle that. His opponent is Kofi Kingston who gets an inset promo. We’re supposed to believe he has a chance at the title. Cross body by Kofi early. He monkey flips Cesaro thru the ropes. Flip dive to the outside by Kofi. The announcers have been pushing the Network harder than normal in my opinion. I like Cesaro’s gear. I might have missed it last night. Cesaro does away with the Swing. Kofi head scissors into a victory roll. Uppercut to the back by Cesaro leads to a break. Kingston beat Cesaro during the break. (Next Day Note: This would have been a perfect spot last night to confirm my suspicion that they were pimping the Network more than normal. Having a match finish during the break is a perfect way to do it.) Cesaro starts Kofi around ring side. This could work better than a victory. Cesaro drags Kofi by the hair. Cesaro repeatedly slams Kofi into the ring post chest first. Cesaro turns him inside out with a clothes line. Nice old school beat down. Not good to hear that Michael Cole is down. Santino is talking to Cobra when Adam Rose comes in to pimp Twisted Tea. Cole dusts himself off and says he can continue.
Damien Sandow comes out as Vince McMahon. He starts using McMahon’s catch phrases. Ending with “You’re fired!” Stephanie is pissed. The Great Khali is his opponent. Chop to the head for the win. Quick & painless. Evidently there were rumors about someone all day. I had no idea.
The Miz is back and dressed all in white. He just finished Marine 4. I’m sure it’s great. They should be playing this up if they want him to mean something. It’ll freshen up his character. Similar to what his gimmick was. Chris Jericho interrupts his speech. I have enjoyed his podcast most of the wrestlers so far. Even if they sound more poorly recorded than ours. The Miz isn’t phased. Jericho gives him the Code Breaker. Before it becomes Raw Is Jericho, the Wyatts hit the ring. Jericho loves doing jobs to get people over. God bless him. He gets it. A beat down occurred ending with Sister Abigail. Did I even need to type that?
Fandango is taking on Dolph Ziggler who will be on Main Event against Cesaro too. I hope Chris gets that watched tomorrow. Fandango stomps away but starts gyrating. Ziggler doesn’t take advantage. Layla kisses Fandango. It has been a lively crowd tonight. Summer Rae walks into the middle of the ring and kisses Ziggler. Fandango is a little pissed. Ziggler kisses Summer. Zig Zag while Fandango is distracted. JBL “I think Ziggler got a win win tonight.” Amen.
Will Dolph Ziggler get a new valet? from fanpop.com
Stardust & Goldust are taking on Rybaxel again. WWE, we need two more tag teams. I’m just saying, it’d help. Put Titus O’Neil back in one. I can’t remember if Darren Young got cut. Goldust starts against Curtis Axel. Ryback comes in on a sneak tag. Ryback uses power to domionate Goldust. Spine buster on an attempted Meat Hook. Stardust & Axel come in. Tucked DDT by Stardust. He hits a Reverse Downward Spiral for the win. JBL is selling the crazy angle.
Paige is in the ring and gets a mic. She is a woman of few words. She talks about her nay sayers. Last night put that story line to sleep. AJ Lee comes back. It’s been quite a night. She admits that Paige was right. Lee still manages to toot her own horn. She needed a slap of reality. Paige isn’t as dumb as AJ thinks. For some reason, Paige leaves it up to the crowd to determine the match although Lee brings it home. Mike Chioda magically appears. Paige boots Lee in the face. Paige head butts her. Clothesline by Paige. Small package and AJ wins. Interesting turn of events. No reason she shouldn’t have kicked out of that. Why the announcers are happy for AJ is a mystery to me.
Main event introductions are always optional. Should be caught up at the very end. John Cena starts against Randy Orton. After some jockeying, Roman Reigns is tagged in. Orton tags in Kane. Orton is in control after the break. Reigns turns it around with a jumping clothes line. Kane blocks the apron drop kick. Orton catches Reigns by surprise. They continue to work over Reigns. Orton extinguishes a tag attempt. Reigns boots Kane. They trade upper cuts. Samoan Drop by Reigns. Cena is in against Orton. Shoulder blocks. Five Knuckle Shuffle. Kane gets in. Five Knuckle Shuffle. RKO. Reigns tosses Orton out. Superman punch on Kane. Reigns & Orton fight to the back. Cena gets tossed into the steps. Is that part of the Five Moves of Doom? Kane hits Cena with the stairs for the DQ. Tombstone to make us think Kane has a chance in the Fatal 4 Way. I still don’t believe. Charles Robinson calls for the doctors. Seth Rollins music hits. Did everyone forget about Ambrose? (Next Day Note: I’m still confused how Rollins, HHH and Randy Orton can all forget about Ambrose.) Dean fights Rollins through the crowd. The ref correctly pointing in that Cena was hurt. Reigns comes back to spear Kane. Reigns stares down HHH. Good Summerslam match. The stare down stops my DVR. I didn’t feel like going to USA. – Kevin
My first wrong prediction hits early with the Usos coming out to defend their Tag Team Championship against Erick Rowan & Luke Harper from the Wyatt Family. I’m digging the new shorts for the Usos. Harper & Rowan are starting an early beat down on Jimmy. Jey gets tagged in to turn things around. Jey gets tossed into the barricade from the top rope. Harper gets to start the new beat down. They tag in & out to continue it. Harper cleans Jey off the apron to maintain the beating. Rowan misses a splash. Then rams his shoulder into the post. Jimmy gets the hot tag. He gets to do a corner splash. Samoan Drop for a two. A pair of super kicks gets two. Jimmy saves Jey from getting fall away slammed. It almost back fires. Sit down power bomb gets a two count. Both Usos are down outside. Jimmy gets double slammed. Jey makes the save. Rowan goes to the top rope. Jimmy crotches him. Cool double superplex by the Usos. Two splashes by the Usos for the win. Great plan to get the crowd fired up. Good work by both teams.
Dean Ambrose thanks Seth Rollins for putting him in the match. He tells Rollins that he will take home the briefcase and that Rollins will need to face his daddy with disappointment. I am wrong again as Naomi comes out for her match for the Divas Title against Paige. They won’t break up a lock up. Paige gets flipped to the floor. Naomi cross body blocked Paige on the outside. Naomi hits another cross body in the ring. They counter pins into a Naomi submission. Paige knocks Naomi off the top rope. Naomi falls off to the outside. Ouch. That looked bad. Paige kicks Naomi on a roll through. Stump puller submission by Paige. Flying clothes line by Naomi. Rear view for a two. Kick to the head by Naomi. Paige gets her knees up on a splash. Paige with a super DDT for the win.
I took a break to work on my bathroom. Still need to put the doors back on their hinges. Damien Sandow came out as Paul Revere and ran down Boston. Adam Rose comes out with the Exotic Express. Shoulder block into a charging Sandow. Rose pulls out all of his off kilter offense. The announcers give us a historic run down of Revere’s life. The Elbow Is Coming! Ha. Rose turns out of a chin lock. Rose punches him. Sandow clothes lines a charging Rose. He kicks out. Sandow misses a moonsault. Rose nails the Party Foul for the win.
The announcers tell us that Wade Barrett is out of the match. No replacement is named. Everyone gets a little promo time except Ambrose who got his own. Will that be telling of who the winner is? Seth Rollins strolls out first. RVD, Jack Swagger, Dolph Ziggler, Kofi Kingston and finally Dean Ambrose. Boom drop on Swagger early. Kofi goes for it early. Ambrose pushes the ladder over but Kofi hits four people. Underhook suplex by Ambrose on Rollins onto a ladder. Ambrose tries to go up but the crowd recovered. Kofi & Ziggler fight at the top of the ladder. Rollins whacks them with a ladder. RVD monkey flips Rollins onto a ladder. RVD tosses Rollins into a ladder. Rolling thunder on Rollins on a ladder. Step thru heel kick on Swagger by RVD. He then nails the Five Star on Swagger. Kofi stops RVD. But not for long. They fight on the top rope. Swagger nails them with a ladder. Swagger drags RVD to the top of a ladder. Swagger gets tossed off. Rollins attacks RVD on the ladder. Swagger Bomb on RVD, who should be taking a break. Ambrose with a superplex from the top of the ladder. Both men stay down. Wile E. Coyote cam is awesome every MITB PPV. Swagger catapults Ziggler into a ladder. He slams one into Kofi. Swagger Swagger Bombs Kofi. RVD makes the save. Ambrose & Rollins start fighting. Ambrose gets attacked by Swagger. Ambrose pushes the ladder before Rollins can get the brief case. The doctors take Ambrose away. RVD stops Rollins from getting the case. Kofi builds a bridge. RVD kicks Rollins but falls off the ladder. Kofi back drops Rollins onto the bridge ladder. Ziggler stops Kofi from winning. Ziggler starts cleaning house. Zig Zag to Kofi onto a ladder. Ziggler climbs the ladder. Swagger puts him in the Patriot Lock. Ziggler kicks Swagger. Too slow to win it. Rollins whacks him with a chair. Ambrose comes back out and attacks with a chair. Ambrose is about to grab the case when Kane shows up. Choke Slam on Ambrose. Tombstone. Rollins climbs the ladder and grabs the brief case. I got one right! (Next Day Note: I started wondering last night how many times I typed ladder. That number is 16.)
Stardust & Goldust are taking on Rybaxel to cool off the crowd. Ryback takes on Stardust. Stardust wins with speed. Goldust comes in. Curtis Axel is now wearing a singlet. You’re still not your father. Ryback wears down Goldust. Axel comes in to continue the process. Ryback plants Goldust with a spine buster. Back elbow by Goldust gets the opening he needs. Stardust cleans house. DDT by Stardust. Axel accidentally hits Ryback. Stardust rolls him up for the win.
I miss the skit with Layla, Fandango & Summer Rae to get a beer. Coronado Brewing Company Idiot IPA. Lana is extolling Rusev when I come back. This new Big E delivery isn’t doing it for me. Big E gets the better of the early slugfest. Rusev knees Big E who was going for a shoulder block. Rusev with forearms. Rusev gives him a reverse chin lock. Rusev misses a splash. Belly to belly suplex by Big E. Rusev knees Big E into the corner. Judo take down or urinogi for Big E. A clothesline by Big E. He counters a Rusev move. Big spear thru the ropes. Rusev head kicks Big E. Leg lariat by Rusev. The Accolade. Rusev doubles down and wins. Good showing for both men.
I don’t write much about the Stephanie encounter with the Bellas because it’s filler. Fandango comes out first. Summer Rae is next. Layla comes out with a mask on. I’m surprised they didn’t scrap this match. Introductions for the other match will take a while. Layla puts Summer in an Indian Death Lock. Did the announcers dance around it’s name? Layla kicks Summer in the face for the win.
I would figure the back up plan for HHH tonight is have Seth Rollins cash in if Kane or Randy Orton don’t win. I haven’t noticed the ppvs going long now that they’re on the Network. I feel like this match is going to be shorter than I expected. Sheamus is a dummy and uses the short ladder in his first attempt. Kane sandwich with Sheamus & Roman Reigns. Alberto Del Rio beats on Reigns. Kane tosses everyone off the ladders. Chokeslam on Del Rio & John Cena. Kane picks up Orton by the throat but tosses him on the ladder to climb it. Reigns stops Orton. Super upper cut by Cesaro. Bray Wyatt leaves Cesaro & Sheamus hanging. They both tumble down. Orton brings out another ladder. Sheamus attacks him. Sheamus slams Orton’s head into a bridged ladder. Hanging DDT by Orton on the same ladder. Orton climbs for the belts. Everyone stops him. Kane knocks down Cesaro & Reigns. Sheamus fights Kane. Sheamus beats on Kane. Sheamus shoulder blocks Reigns. White Noise to Orton. Brogue Kick to Cena. Sheamus tosses Orton out of the ring. Kane snags Sheamus. Kane gets thrown into the steps. Cesaro bridges a ladder. Cesaro & Sheamus fight at the top of the ladder. Reigns lifts the ladder up. Sheamus & Cesaro fight at an angle. Cena sets them right. Cool spot. Wyatt tosses Cena down. Sheamus gets pulled down by Kane & Orton. Reigns spears Kane. Orton whacks Reigns with a ladder. Superman Punch on Orton. Sheamus gets sent out. Reigns cleans up at ringside. Reigns faces off with Cena. They punch away. Reigns spears Cena. He sets up a ladder. Orton attacks. He ends with a back breaker. Wyatt stops Orton & hits Sister Abigail. Del Rio stops him. Del Rio side kicks Wyatt. Sheamus tosses Del Rio off the ladder. Sheamus with a Brogue Kick. Upper cut & Neutralizer. RKO on Cesaro. Reigns stops Orton. They fight on the ladder. Kane choke slams Reigns. Orton is bloody & going for the belt. Cena AAs both Kane & Randy Orton. Cena climbs the ladder to win the the WWE Title. I got the big two matches right. – Kevin (Next Day Note: 14 times in this match for a grand total of 30 ladder mentions. Once as a plural.) | 2023-12-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8667 |
10.13.2007
The Blichmann Beer Gun Works!
I borrowed this Blichmann Beer Gun from Del. It took me a few days to get things together, but, tonight it happened. I bottled 20 big bottles of Gavin's Strong IPA tonight with Jeremy and Jackie's help. This thing is cool.
This is not an advertisement. I just borrowed it and used it and it worked. No affiliation. | 2023-10-03T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6629 |
Identification of human erythrocyte blood group antigens on the C3b/C4b receptor.
The Knops/McCoy (Kn/McC) human erythrocyte blood group system belongs to the category of blood group Ag that generate so-called "high titer low avidity" antibodies in immunized transfusion recipients. Screening of red cells lacking certain high titer low avidity Ag demonstrated markedly diminished CR1 expression on McC(d-) and Kn/McC "null" (Kn(a-)McC(a-b-c-d-e-f-] erythrocytes. Additional testing by other methods confirmed these data, and biochemical assays demonstrated no detectable immunoreactive CR1 protein in membranes from Kn/McC null red cells. Human antisera to various Kn/McC Ag were then used to demonstrate that many of these antisera could be used to isolate a protein of identical m.w. to that isolated from the same cells using murine mAb CR1 antisera. Finally, protein isolated by using murine mAb anti-CR1 reacted specifically with anti-Kn/McC antibodies, demonstrating the identity of the Kn/McC and CR1 proteins. Thus, CR1 protein bears the human erythrocyte Kn/McC blood group Ag. | 2024-07-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7776 |
Q:
How can I manipulate ggplot2's fill and color features to generate an automatic legend to a layer?
I have seen other similar questions and their answers; I haven't been able to deduce an answer from them. Hence, this question.
The data is organized in a way that I thought it'd allow me to have legends automatically added, i.e., tidy data. A reproducible example is shown below.
#Create Fake Data
set.seed(2019)
myDf = data.frame(time = rep(seq(1,5),2),
smax = rnorm(n = 10, mean = 10,sd = 2),
mean = rnorm(n = 10, mean = 5, sd = .8),
smin = rnorm(n = 10, mean = 1, sd = .001),
obser= rep(rnorm(n = 5, mean = 5, sd = 2),2),
type = rep(x = c(1,2),each = 5))
myDf[,6] = as.factor(myDf[,6])
.........................................................................
As you can see, it's a simple data frame with 6 columns. You can think of this data frame as the result of some data wrangling. For example, time is the same for the two types (variable type). The obser variable is also the same for both types (1 and 2).
My goal is to plot a plot graph where I'll use sminand smaxas the limits for my geom_ribbon. Furthermore, I want to plot the variable meanas a line. For these two layers, I'll have both filand coloras a way to distinguish these objects by their type.
The problem arises with my geom_line for the obser variable. The values for this variable are the same for both types, therefore, there's no reason to apply colorto them. I'd like them printed in black (and also dashed, but not a necessity).
Here's the code I wrote to achieve this goal:
# Plot data using ggplot2
myDf %>%
ggplot(aes( x = time, fill = factor(type))) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = smin, ymax = smax), alpha = .25 ) +
geom_line(aes(y = mean, color = factor(type)), size = 1.2) +
geom_line(aes(y = obser), linetype = 2, size = .8) +
labs(x = "Time", y = "") +
theme_bw() +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(from = 0, to = 5, by = .25)) +
scale_color_manual(values = c("#542788","#b35806","#000000"),
labels = c("Model A","Model B","Observed Value")) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#542788","#b35806"),
labels = c("Model A","Model B"))+
theme(legend.position = "bottom" , legend.title = element_blank())
With this piece of code, I managed to:
Plot both regions with geom_ribbonsatisfactorily.
Have legends for both the regions and the lines from the meanvariable.
Plot the observariable as a black, dashed line.
One could argue the code could be improved, and I will accept pointers gladly. For instance, I needed to change the name of my factors in my legend, and I think I should have used mutatebut I couldn't accomplish what I tried to do. However, what I need now is to add a legend to the obser line in which it's written "Observed Values".
How could I do that, preferably in an automatic way?
A:
You can force additional color legend values by specifying a fixed label, here I used "observ". As I don't want to split the fill and the color legend, I specified this also for the fill aesthetic, but used "transparent" for the color and not show a filling background:
ggplot(myDf, aes( x = time)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = smin, ymax = smax, fill = factor(type)), alpha = .25 ) +
geom_line(aes(y = mean, color = factor(type)), size = 1.2) +
geom_line(aes(y = obser, color = "observ", fill = "observ"), linetype = 2, size = .8) +
labs(x = "Time", y = "") +
theme_bw() +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(from = 0, to = 5, by = .25)) +
scale_color_manual(values = c("1" = "#542788", "2" = "#b35806","observ" = "#000000"),
labels = c("Model A","Model B","Observed Value")) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("1" = "#542788", "2" = "#b35806","observ" = "transparent"),
labels = c("Model A","Model B","Observed Value")) +
theme(legend.position = "bottom" , legend.title = element_blank())
It gives Warning:Ignoring unknown aesthetics: fill, because geom_line is not using the fill aesthetics.
Using a fixed value ("observ") instead of a column (like type) inside of the aesthetics, creates a new class of color for this one value. Without specifying a manuall legend, this would result in a different color than black, which often leads to confusing moments, like this one:
ggplot(data = data.frame(x = c(0, 1), y = c(0, 1))) +
geom_line(aes(x, y, color = "green")) +
geom_hline(aes(color = "black", yintercept = 0.5))
With the named vector inside the scale_color_manual and scale_fill_manual the colors are exactly mapped to the specific names. This is helpful, when you don't know in which order they will appear.
| 2024-05-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6462 |
Incidence of iron-deficiency anaemia in infants in a prospective study in Jordan.
A high prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia has been reported in Jordanian infants. A prospective study of infants in downtown Amman examined the relationship between anaemia in pregnancy and iron deficiency in infancy. The iron status of infants born to 107 anaemic (Hb < 11 g/dl) and 125 non-anaemic mothers was reviewed at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Indicators to define iron-deficiency anaemia were Hb < 11 g/dl and either plasma ferritin < 12 microg/l or zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) > 35 microg/dl whole blood. Haemoglobin electrophoresis excluded haemoglobinopathy. There was 72% iron-deficiency anaemia throughout the year, significantly higher in infants born to anaemic mothers (81%; n = 91) compared with controls (65%; n = 112). At 12 months, 72% of the infants tested (n = 195) were anaemic. While 57% were identified as iron-deficient by research criteria of either ferritin or ZPP, only 37% were identified by ferritin alone, 40% by ZPP alone and 29% if both ferritin and ZPP were required to meet criteria. Most infant anaemia was identified as due to iron deficiency, supporting contextual setting as assisting diagnosis: infants in developing countries are recognised as vulnerable to iron deficiency. Using multiple criteria, more cases were identified when either ferritin or ZPP were abnormal than when one alone, or both parameters were required to meet research criteria. | 2023-10-23T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8448 |
Synopsis
Mira Nair's award-winning portrait of a contemporary India in which ancient tradition combines seamlessly with 21st century modernity. Set during the on-set of the monsoon season, the film follows the members of the Verma family as they prepare for the wedding of daughter Aditi (Vasundhara Das) to Hemant (Parvin Dabas), a family friend who now lives and works in Houston, Texas. As the hour of the ceremony approaches, Aditi makes a confession to Hemant which could endanger their plans; while cousin Ria (Shefali Shetty) comes closer to revealing a disturbing secret from her childhood; and wedding planner P.K. Dubey (Vijay Raaz) finds himself falling in love with the family maid Alice (Tilotama Shome). | 2024-04-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1805 |
{
"name": "apiman-manager-ui",
"version": "1.2.0",
"description": "apiman's UI component, written principally in AngularJS",
"main": "dist/apiman-manager.js",
"repository": {
"type": "git",
"url": "git+https://github.com/apiman/apiman.git"
},
"keywords": [
"apiman",
"api",
"management"
],
"author": "apiman Team",
"license": "Apache-2.0",
"bugs": {
"url": "https://github.com/apiman/apiman/issues"
},
"homepage": "https://github.com/apiman/apiman#readme",
"dependencies": {
"angular": "1.4.7",
"angular-animate": "1.4.7",
"angular-clipboard": "1.1.1",
"angular-mocks": "1.4.7",
"angular-moment": "1.0.0-beta.4",
"angular-resource": "1.3.0",
"angular-route": "1.4.7",
"angular-sanitize": "1.4.7",
"angular-schema-form": "0.8.12",
"angular-ui-bootstrap": "0.14.3",
"angular-xeditable-npm": "0.1.9",
"browserify": "11.2.0",
"d3": "3.5.6",
"event-stream": "3.1.7",
"gulp": "3.9.1",
"gulp-angular-templatecache": "1.7.0",
"gulp-clean": "0.3.1",
"gulp-concat": "2.6.0",
"gulp-concat-css": "2.2.0",
"gulp-connect": "2.2.0",
"gulp-notify": "2.2.0",
"gulp-replace": "0.5.4",
"gulp-typescript": "2.9.1",
"gulp-watch": "4.3.5",
"jquery": "3.3.1",
"js-logger": "1.2.0",
"json-editor": "0.7.23",
"lodash": "^4.17.15",
"moment": "^2.11.2",
"ng-file-upload": "9.1.1",
"ng-sortable": "1.2.2",
"patternfly": "^3.59.4",
"replace-ext": "0.0.1",
"run-sequence": "1.1.4",
"select2": "3.4.5",
"sshpk": "^1.16.1",
"sugar": "1.4.1",
"swagger-client": "3.8.8",
"swagger-ui-dist": "3.24.0",
"through2": "0.6.3",
"typescript": "1.6.2",
"typings": "0.6.8",
"ui-select": "0.14.2",
"underscore.string": "2.4.0",
"urijs": "1.16.1",
"vinyl": "1.1.0",
"vinyl-buffer": "1.0.0",
"vinyl-map": "^1.0.2",
"vinyl-source-stream": "1.1.0",
"which": "1.0.8"
},
"devDependencies": {},
"optionalDependencies": {
"fsevents": "*"
}
}
| 2023-12-30T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7098 |
(CNN) Roger Stone formally apologized Monday for his controversial Instagram posts about federal district court Judge Amy Berman Jackson in a letter filed with the court.
Jackson is overseeing Stone's criminal case in DC District Court.
A photo was posted and then deleted from Stone's Instagram account showing Jackson next to cross hairs, mimicking the scope of a rifle. The cross hairs were in the background of the photo, and not directly over the judge. He later deleted that post, posting the same photo without the crosshairs and then deleted that post as well. In the post, Stone said the judge would be presiding over a "show trial."
"Please inform the Court that the photograph and comment today was improper and should not have been posted. I had no intention of disrespecting the Court and humbly apologize to the Court for the transgression," Stone, a longtime associate of President Donald Trump, wrote in the letter.
The photo appears to come from a conspiracy website that features pictures of others, including former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Democratic Rep. Adam Schiff against the same background.
Read More | 2024-02-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1459 |
WASHINGTON – Rushing into President Donald Trump’s Senate impeachment trial on Thursday, Democratic presidential hopeful Sen. Elizabeth Warren said, “I do think that women candidates have to attack the question of whether a woman can win head on.”
After a tangle with rival Sen. Bernie Sanders last month over whether the nation is ready to elect its first female president, Warren said the time is now ripe to talk about how a woman can win.
Warren talked to several reporters on the first floor of the Capitol as she was heading to the Senate chamber.
“It’s just, there’s no point in knowing that it’s in people’s minds and trying to talk about it through proxy or hint, hint or wink, nod. We just have to talk about it. Because when we talk about it, then it starts to shift. You know me, I start with the numbers, women win.”
Warren said she didn’t jump on the gender question right away because “It wasn’t time. ….I had to have a lot of time to be able to talk about why I’m in this race, who I’m fighting for and what my plans are to make real change. We’re down at the end. I think people like all the things I’m talking about. They’re there with me. We’re together heart to heart. But people around this country say we’ve got to beat Donald Trump.”
Warren, from Massachusetts, is one of four Democratic 2020 hopefuls strapped down in Trump’s impeachment trial before the Monday first-in-the-nation Iowa presidential vote. The other presidential Democratic hopeful senators are Amy Klobuchar from Minnesota; Sanders from Vermont and Michael Bennet from Colorado. | 2024-03-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9730 |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world \[[@CR1]\]. In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published its guidelines for the treatment of nAMD in the National Health Service (NHS) with ranibizumab in 2008 \[[@CR2]\]. The randomized controlled trials Comparison of age-related macular degeneration Treatment Trials (CATT) \[[@CR3]\] and Inhibit VEGF in age-related choroidal Neovascularisation (IVAN) trial \[[@CR4]\] demonstrated that intravitreal ranibizumab and bevacizumab had nearly identical effects on visual acuity and that less than monthly or PRN dosing did not compromise vision.
Ionizing radiation has been proposed as a treatment for nAMD because it can inhibit inflammation and fibrosis and can induce regression of new blood vessels \[[@CR5]\]. The IRay radiotherapy system (formerly Oraya Therapeutics, now Carl Zeiss Meditec) is a low-voltage, external-beam, stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) instrument that delivers 16 Gray ionizing radiation noninvasively to nAMD lesions \[[@CR6]\]. The system generates low-energy x-rays with precise collimation of the beam and real-time tracking of eye movement to target small areas in the eye accurately. The 90% isodose treatment zone at the macular is 4 mm with a steep decline in dose beyond this area. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a single dose of IRay Therapy, in conjunction with intravitreal ranibizumab, could reduce the frequency of PRN injections while maintaining or improving visual acuity in newly diagnosed treatment naïve patients compared to monotherapy historical controls.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
To deliver IRay therapy, a contact lens stabilization device was coupled to the cornea using minimal suction, and eye movements were tracked via three fiducial marking retro-reflectors located on the stabilization device. Radiotherapy was delivered using 2 or 3 points of entry through the inferior pars plana. The beams overlapped on the macula to deliver the desired treatment dose (5.33 Gray per beam for 3 beams and 8 Gray per beam for 2 beams) for a total dose of 16 Gray. The dose was controlled throughout the duration of exposure; eye movements were monitored in translational *x*, *y*, *z*, and rotational axes through a multivariate algorithm that interrupted treatment if predetermined thresholds were exceeded (so called gating).
The best responder criteria in the INTREPID trial was published in the article Stereotactic Radiotherapy for wet age-related macular degeneration \[[@CR7], [@CR8]\]. The influence of baseline characteristics on clinical response showed at 52 weeks IRay therapy was most effective for lesions ≤4 mm in greatest linear dimension and with a macular volume greater than the median value of 7.4 mm^3^. Other features associated with a positive response to IRay therapy included pigment epithelial detachment and the absence of fibrosis.
The primary inclusion criteria for the newly diagnosed cohort of patients to receive IRay therapy was the greatest linear dimension of the active choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) following fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) had to be less than 4 mm centered on the fovea, guaranteeing that the entire membrane would be exposed to the radiation beam. The active leaking CNVM was presumed to represent actively proliferating endothelial cells within the neovascular complexes. The macular volume was not part of the inclusion criteria. Additional criteria were that the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) must be better than 6/60 and that there was no fibrosis at baseline and no permanent structural damage to the central fovea. Patients with and without pigment epithelial detachment was included in the IRay treatment cohort.
All data were recorded using a single electronic medical record (EMR) system (Medisoft Ophthalmology, Leeds, UK), which mandated collection of a standardized data set throughout the nAMD care pathway. Patients with suspected diagnosis of nAMD following history and examination, had their best corrected visual acuity documented and underwent FFA and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were fully consented. This included noting that undesired radiotherapy effects may not present themselves for several years, which could have been a factor in the decision for younger patients (youngest was 63, 7.5% under 70). Patients with diabetes mellitus were made aware of the potential increased risk of undesired radiotherapy effects.
The IRay group received an intravitreal ranibizumab injection, followed by IRay therapy within 14 days of the first injection, a second intravitreal ranibizumab injection 1 month after the first and a third intravitreal ranibizumab injection 1 month after the second.
Following the induction phase of treatment patients were reviewed and received further intravitreal ranibizumab injections on a PRN basis. At each review the patients BCVA was recorded, color fundus photograph and OCT were performed. The intravitreal ranibizumab re-treatment criteria were the presence of new hemorrhage on color fundus photograph or fundoscopy and/or the presence of new or increasing sub-retinal or intra-retinal fluid on OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering Ltd, Germany). One hundred and thirty-three consecutive patients with CNVM secondary to nAMD that matched the inclusion criteria were recruited and treated with IRay Therapy from May 2014 to November 2015.
The size of the historical control was chosen to achieve a statistical power of 80% in determining a 0.5 injection difference with an overall alpha level of 0.05. For this, we needed in excess of 42 historical controls to make comparisons with the IRay therapy cohort. Using the eye department EMR, we designed a search query for newly diagnosed treatment naïve patients receiving intra-vitreal ranibizumab for nAMD from April 2014 to March 2015. This time period overlaps with the subjects treated with IRay therapy, ensuring identical diagnostic procedures and clinical workflow in each group. Consecutive patient hospital record codes were used to assess the patient's FFA images and OCT scans prior to their first intravitreal ranibizumab injection. Patients qualified to be an historical control if they met the same inclusion criteria as the IRay group. The BCVA were better than 6/60 and there was no fibrosis at baseline and no permanent structural damage to the central fovea. The historical control patients had to have received 3 intravitreal ranibizumab injections a month apart in the induction phase and received further treatment as required using the same re-treatment criteria as the IRay therapy cohort. The final result from the EMR search process was 50 match historical controls which met the same inclusion criteria as the IRay therapy cohort.
Of the 133 newly diagnosed nAMD patients treated with IRay therapy, one died within the first few months into the loading phase and three passed away during the follow-up period. None of the mortalities were eye related or associated with the IRay procedure. Since the one that died before follow-up data could be acquired, 132 patient records were used for analysis of the treatment effect of IRay therapy.
Efficacy endpoints at 12 months included the mean number of PRN injections following the loading phase, the change in mean best-corrected visual acuity from baseline, and the change in mean central macular thickness (CMT) measured from OCT.
Results {#Sec3}
=======
Baseline demographics {#Sec4}
---------------------
The baseline demographics of the IRay group and the control group were similar in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, visual acuity, and lesion classification. The average age of the IRay subjects was 79.65 ± 7.10 years at the time of starting treatment, vs. 80.54 ± 7.22 years for the control group. The IRay group was composed of 62.4% female subject vs. 66.0% in the control group. The mean visual acuity at baseline was 59.87 ± 14.46 letters for the IRay group and 59.12 ± 14.27 letters for the control group. The ethnicity of both groups was primarily Caucasian (91.0% in IRay and 98% in control) with all others constituting the rest of each group. The types of lesions in the each group were similar, IRay vs. control (21.1 vs. 26.0% classic, 3.0 vs. 0.0% predominantly classic, 12.8 vs. 2.0% minimally classic, 40.6 vs. 44.0% occult, and 21.8 vs. 28.0% RAP).
Time from first injection to IRay therapy {#Sec5}
-----------------------------------------
The average time from the first loading phase injection to the IRay treatment was 4.30 ± 3.53 days (range 2--16 days). Considering the regular workflow of the days for injection and the days for treating with IRay, subjects were primarily injected 2 or 9 days prior to IRay therapy. There was no apparent association of duration prior to IRay therapy and treatment outcomes.
Visual acuity over 12 months {#Sec6}
----------------------------
The baseline VA in the IRay group was 59.87 ± 14.46 letters while the control group was 59.12 ± 14.27 letters, which was not significantly different (*P* = 0.377). Over the course of 12 months of follow-up, the IRay group trended to show improved vision compared to the control, as shown in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}. While the improvement was significant at 6 months (*P* = 0.015), the trend did not maintain significance at 12 months (*P* = 0.151). The proportion of eyes in the IRay group with a visual acuity of 70 letters or more was 42% at baseline and 40% at 12 months. The corresponding percentages for the historical control group are 37% at baseline and 26% at 12 months. The proportions of eyes with 12 months follow-up in the IRay group that gained 5, 10, or 15 letters were 43, 30, and 21%, respectively, and the proportion losing 5, 10, or 15 letters were 26, 16, and 9% respectively. The proportion of eyes with 12 months follow-up in the control group that gained 5, 10, or 15 letters were 43, 26, and 23% respectively, and the proportion losing 5, 10, or 15 letters were 39, 28, and 23% respectively.Fig. 1Change in visual acuity from baseline (*y*-axis) against time (*x*-axis in months) for IRay therapy and historical Control group
Injections over 12 months {#Sec7}
-------------------------
Following the loading phase of injections administered in months 0--2, the first injection that was required based on follow-up criteria was plotted as a Kaplan--Meier cumulative probability (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The difference in the cumulative probability of first injection is significant at 6 months (*P* \< 0.05) and remains so thereafter (*P* \< 0.01 months 7--12).Fig. 2**a** Cumulative probability to first injection (*y*-axis) against time following load phase (*x*-axis in months after month 2) for IRay therapy and historical Control group. **b** Cumulative means injections (*y*-axis) against time following load phase (*x*-axis in months after month 2) for IRay therapy and historical Control group
The average number of injections for the IRay group over 12 months was 4.45 ± 1.85, with three loading injections included. The average number of injections for the control group over 12 months was 5.64 ± 2.22, with three loading injections included. The monthly cumulative PRN injections excluding the loading phase are shown in Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, and the difference at 12 months of follow-up of 1.19 injections, represents a 45.2% reduction in injections (*P* \< 0.001). This significance is also reflected in the fitted linear least-squares line of the cumulative mean injections (*R*^2^ \> 0.99), where the injection rate for IRay Therapy (0.159 injections/month) is nearly half the rate seen in the control group (0.289 injections/month).
The distribution in the number of injections for each group over 12 months is shown in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}. With a loading of 3 injections, the number administered in each group ranged from 3 to 11 injections. The number of subjects in the IRay group that didn't require further injections following the loading phase was nearly double that of the control group (45.5 vs. 24.0%, *P* = 0.005).Fig. 3Percentage of total group (*y*-axis) against number of injections (*x*-axis) for IRay therapy and historical Control group
Clinic visits over 12 months {#Sec8}
----------------------------
The number of clinical visits over 12 months was lower in the IRay group compared to the control (10.13 vs. 10.60 visits, *P* = 0.023).
Central macular thickness over 12 months {#Sec9}
----------------------------------------
The baseline CMT in the IRay group was 439.8 ± 143.36 micrometers while the control group was 418.04 ± 135.46 micrometers, which was not significantly different (*P* = 0.171). The difference in mean change in CMT from baseline became significant at 6 months (*P* = 0.010) and maintained significance at 12 months (*P* \< 0.01), as shown in Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}. In Fig. [4b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, we have shown absolute values for the CMT to clarify any concerns of foveal thinning.Fig. 4**a** Change in central macular thickness (CMT) from baseline (*y*-axis) against time (*x*-axis in months) for IRay therapy and historical control group. **b** Central macular thickness (*y*-axis) against time (*x*-axis in months) for IRay therapy and historical control group
Safety {#Sec10}
======
There was a slight trend in lower occurrence of fibrosis, with IRay subjects developing fibrosis in 13.6% after 12 months vs. 18.0% of the control group, but this did not achieve statistical significance (*P* = 0.219).
In the IRay group, there was one single confirmed microvascular abnormality (0.75%), with one possible occurrence of cotton wool spots that cannot be certainly claimed as an effect of radiation therapy. Side effects from radiation may take at least a year to emerge and have been mostly non-vision-affecting.
Other adverse events are listed in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. In comparing the rate of occurrence in each group, none of the events achieved statistical significance.Table 1Adverse events for IRay therapy and historical control groupIRayControlAdverse eventNumber (%)Number (%)RPE changes92 (69)30 (60)Atrophy38 (29)11 (22)Drusen25 (19)6 (12)Fibrotic scar1 (1)1 (2)Sub-retinal bleed0 (0)1 (2)Full-thickness macular hole1 (1)0 (0)Hyper-reflective material1 (1)0 (0)Increase DR CWS1 (1)0 (0)ERM1 (1)0 (0)PCO1 (1)0 (0)Deceased4 (3)0 (0)
Discussion {#Sec11}
==========
The real world visual acuity outcomes for the IRay therapy group showed a mean gain of +3.0 letters at 12 months. The historical control group had a mean change of -- 0.3 letters. The mean letter gain has to be judged in light of the baseline visual acuity. The greater visual acuity gains are usually found in eyes with lower baseline visual acuity. The baseline visual acuity for the IRay Therapy and control group was 59.87 letters and 59.12 letters respectively. In the ranibizumab EMR UK Study Users Group the mean starting visual acuity was 55 letters, increasing to 57 letters at 1 year; a gain of +2.0 letters \[[@CR9]\]. In the UK Outcomes with aflibercept at 1 Year, using the VIEW study protocol, the mean starting visual acuity was 53.7 letters, increasing to 58.8 letters at 1 year; a gain of +5.1 letters \[[@CR10]\]. Of significant note in this paper is data were missing for 28% of eyes at 1 year, and it was not possible to determine the cause of loss to follow-up within the data extracted from the EMR system \[[@CR10]\]. In these eyes, the median visual acuity when last seen was 55 letters (mean, 51.4 letters), with a wide standard deviation of 20.9 letters and 25% of patients having a visual acuity of 69 letters or better \[[@CR10]\]. The mean 12 month visual acuity for the IRay Therapy cohort, historical control group, Ranibizimab UK EMR Study group and the UK Aflibercept Group was 59.87 letters, 58.82 letters, 57 letters and 58.8 letters respectively. This data suggests the improved vision at 12 months in the IRay cohort is in keeping with other real world published outcomes in peer review journals for patients in the UK receiving either ranibizumab after a loading phase then treated as required or aflibercept in a fixed dose regimen. A review of several real-world studies as well as meta-analyses of real-world studies; show that the quality of outcomes are based upon the absolute value of visual acuity rather than the change from baseline. The so-called "ceiling effect" has been referenced in many of these studies \[[@CR9], [@CR11], [@CR12]\], representing the notion that patients with poorer vision tend to show more gain. Our historical control group falls well within the outcomes experienced by other studies in terms of 12 month VA and the number of injections during the first year (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}).Table 2Real-world outcomes for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degenerationStudy groupBaseline VA12 month VA12 month VA Change12 month injectionsMethod after loading phaseIRay + Ranibizumab Brand59.962.834.5PRNRanibizumab monotherapy Brand59.158.8−0.35.6PRN Lotery \[[@CR14]\]57.557.2−0.36.7Unspecified Holz \[[@CR11]\]55.457.82.45.0Per physician UK EMR Users 3YR dataset \[[@CR9]\]555725PRN UK EMR Users 1YR^\*^ dataset \[[@CR9]\]56.657.40.85.7PRN Chong (meta) \[[@CR12]\]54.156.051.955.5Primarily PRN Kim (meta, T & E) \[[@CR15]\]53.559.25.76.6T & E Kim (meta, PRN) \[[@CR15]\]55.457.11.75.2PRNAflibercept monotherapy Lotery \[[@CR14]\]58.558.31−0.197.0Unspecified Talks \[[@CR10]\]53.758.85.17.08 week Eleftheriadou \[[@CR16]\]55.961.35.47.38 weekReal world study outcomes: Baseline VA, 12 month VA, 12 month VA change, 12 month injections, protocol after induction phase, (\*) denotes data interpolated from "1-year follow up" patients in UK EMR Group paper \[[@CR9]\], (meta) denotes results from meta-analysesReal-world outcomes for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Over the course of 12 months of follow-up, the IRay therapy group trended to show improved vision compared to the historical control group. While the improvement was significant at 6 months (*P* = 0.015), the trend did not maintain significance at 12 months (*P* = 0.151). The better starting visual acuity in the IRay and control groups compared to the real world UK studies mentioned probably reflects treating a smaller lesion size at baseline.
The visual acuity in real-world data is often measured with the patients distance glasses with a pinhole correction if the vision is 6/12 (70 letters) or less, rather than subjective refractions at each visit. This may underestimate the actual changes in vision. However, it may better reflect what vision patients actually experience.
The IRay therapy group and the control group received 3 loading phase injections 1 month apart. Following the loading phase, the Kaplan--Meier cumulative probability of Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} demonstrates that the effects of radiotherapy are not immediate, but rather are manifested approximately 3--4 months following treatment. The injection-reduction effect of radiotherapy achieved significance at 6 months (*P* \< 0.05) and remains so thereafter (*P* \< 0.01 months 7--12).
At 12 months follow-up, the number of PRN injections in the IRay therapy group was 1.45 compared with 2.64 for the control (excluding the loading phase). This difference of 1.19 injections represents a 45.2% reduction in injections (*P* \< 0.001), relatively similar to prior studies. In the target patient population identified in the INTREPID random-controlled trial, IRay therapy reduced the number of PRN injections by 55%, with the IRay therapy group having 2.08 injections at 12 months compared to the monotherapy having 4.60 injections \[[@CR7]\]. While previously treated patients tend to require more injections on average over 12 months, the relative reduction in PRN injections is similar.
The distribution in the number of injections shown in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows that the number of subjects in the IRay group that didn't require further injections following the loading phase was nearly double that of the control group (45.5 vs. 24.0%, *P* = 0.005). While the IRay group likely contained responders to anti-VEGF therapy, the additional 21.5% of patients requiring no further injection is similar to the 33% of patients in the best-responding subgroup of INTREPID and the 25% of patients in a real life study of patient's pre-verses post-IRay therapy \[[@CR8], [@CR13]\].
The IRay therapy group were mandated to have 3 loading ranibizumab injections followed by a treat as required regimen with specific re-treatment criteria. This is a well-recognized treatment protocol and allowed for comparisons with historical controls and published real world data.
In the ranibizumab EMR UK Study Users Group, a gain of +2.0 letters (baseline VA 55 letters) was realized with a mean of 5.8 injections at 12 months \[[@CR9]\]. In the UK Outcomes with Aflibercept, a gain of +5.1 letters (baseline VA 54.2 letters) was achieved with a mean of 7.0 injections at 12 months \[[@CR10]\]. In this study, the IRay group realized a gain of +3.0 letters (baseline VA 59.87 letters) with a mean of 4.4 injections at 12 months while the historical controls experienced a loss of −0.3 letters (baseline VA 59.12 letters) with a mean of 5.6 injections. The visual acuity in each of these four groups at 12 months was: ranibizumab EMR UK Study Users Group 57.0 letters; UK Outcome with aflibercept 58.8 letters, IRay group 62.87 letters and historical control group 58.8 letters. The starting visual acuity is one of the main baseline indicators associated with better visual acuity at any time point after initiating treatment for nAMD, e.g., 12 months. The statistically significant reduction in the number of injections in the IRay group compared to the historical control group is best explained by the IRay therapy in conjunction with the intravitreal Ranibizumab injections being superior to monotherapy in closing the CNVM.
This is a real world presentation and as such there were a number of deviations from the anticipated treatment plan. Five patients (3.8%) in the IRay therapy were switched from intravitreal ranibizumab to intravitreal aflibercept due to lack of response. The switch took place after 4 intravitreal ranibizumab injections and was due to either persistent sub-retinal or intra-retinal fluid on review. Following the change in anti-VEGF agent, the treatment protocol was PRN. One patient in this group needed a total of 11 anti-VEGF injections at month 12; three had a total of 8 injections and one a total of 7 injections at month 12. One patient was switched to intravitreal aflibercept after 2 intravitreal ranibizumab injections in anticipation of the patient going on a 6 week holiday and not due to lack of response to treatment. This patient received a total of 4 anti-VEGF injections at month 12.
Two patients (1.5%) were initially started with intravitreal aflibercept, these two patients were both second eye involvement and had therapy switched from intravitreal ranibizumab to intravitreal aflibercept when their first eye was treated. These two patients had received a total of 4 and 7 aflibercept injections at month 12. Two patients (4.0%) in the historical control group were switched from ranibizumab to aflibercept, almost the same percentage switched as in the IRay group. These 2 patients average 7.5 injections each at 12 months.
There were 2 cases in the IRay therapy group who despite being mandated to receive 3 loading injections of ranibizumab, did not receive the 3 injections. One was a 91 year old, white female, with an occult CNVM, who received 1 intravitreal ranibizumab injection at baseline, IRay Therapy 2 days after the first injection, and did not receive a further injection up to the 12 month review. Baseline visual acuity was 60 letters and baseline central macular thickness was 335 microns. Visual acuity at 12 months was 60 letters and central macular thickness 282 microns. The other case was an 83 year old, white female, with a retinal angiomatous proliferative lesion, who received 2 intravitreal injections, one at baseline and one at month 1; and did not receive any further injections up to the 12 month review. This patient received IRay therapy 9 days after the first injection. The baseline visual acuity was 75 letters and central macular thickness was 272 microns. The last observation carried forward for visual acuity was 75 letters and central macular thickness 222 microns. In both cases, all reviewed OCT images were dry and fundal images did not meet the re-treatment criteria. These 2 cases raise the suspicion that it may be adequate for some treatment naïve patients to receive one intravitreal ranibizumab injection followed by IRay Therapy within 2 weeks of the first injection and subsequent treatments be given as required.
A major potential challenge in real world treatment delivery is the provision of treatment within tight timelines. This may be a particularly important reason why real-world outcomes are not as good as desired because of under treatment or delayed follow-up. The IRay therapy group shows a significant reduction in intravitreal injection burden, which may help in real world treatment delivery and vision outcomes.
The number of clinical visits over 12 months was lower in the IRay group compared to the control (10.13 vs. 10.60 visits, *P* = 0.023). Although a fewer number of clinical visits is to be welcomed, the number of clinic visits is dependent upon a number of variable factors: the response to therapy in the eye being treated or investigated, the treatment protocol, is the other eye visually impaired or visually normal, does the patient have bilateral disease with a differential treatment response in each eye. The number of subjects in the IRay group that didn't require further injections following the loading phase was nearly double that of the control group (45.5% vs. 24.0%, *P* = 0.005). The reduction in injection demand would result in the clinician extending review intervals, resulting in a reduced number of clinical visits.
The baseline CMT in the IRay group was 439.8 ± 143.36 micrometers while the control group was 418.04 ± 135.46 micrometers, which was not significantly different (*P* = 0.171). As seen in Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, the difference in mean change in CMT from baseline became significant at 6 months (*P* = 0.010) and maintained significance at 12 months (*P* \< 0.01). This data suggests the reduction or cessation in leakage of the CNVM in the IRay therapy group compared to ranibizuamb monotherapy is evident early after treatment induction and is maintained at 12 month review. It appears combination treatment of IRay therapy and ranibizumab injections is more successful in closing the CNVM than ranibizumab monotherapy. The concern with closure of the CNVM may be a higher risk of sub-retinal fibrosis.
However, there was a slight trend in lower occurrence of fibrosis, with IRay subjects developing fibrosis in 13.6% after 12 months vs. 18.0% of the control group, but this did not achieve statistical significance (*P* = 0.219).
In the IRay group, there was one single confirmed microvascular abnormality (0.75%), with one possible occurrence of cotton wool spot that cannot be certainly claimed as an effect of radiation therapy. Side effects from radiation may take at least a year to emerge and have been mostly non-vision-affecting. Other adverse events are listed in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. In comparing the rate of occurrence in each group, none of the events achieved statistical significance.
Limitations of the study {#Sec12}
------------------------
The biggest limitation of the study is this is not a randomized controlled trial or involving multiple centers. IRay Radiotherapy System (formerly Oraya Therapeutics Newark, now Carl Zeiss Meditec) has not sponsored a randomized trial or study in treatment naïve patients with nAMD to date. The funding of IRay therapy in the NHS is not universal and the indications for when IRay therapy may be administered vary in different UK treatment centers.
Strength of the study {#Sec13}
---------------------
This is a real world study, using the same treatment protocol amongst both the IRay therapy group and the historical controls. The data presented has not been sponsored by Carl Zeiss Meditec or a drug company. All data has been collected prospectively on an electronic medical record with all patient records being accessible.
Summary {#Sec14}
=======
What was known before {#Sec15}
---------------------
A single 16Gy dose of IRay Therapy significantly reduces ranibizumab retreatment for patients with nAMD, with a favourable safety profile at 1 year \[[@CR7]\].Whereas chronic nAMD typically results in loss of visual acuity over time, IRay Therapy is associated with relatively well-preserved VA over 1 year.
What this study adds {#Sec16}
--------------------
A single 16Gy dose of stereotactic radiotherapy in the induction phase of intravitreal injections of ranibizumab for treatment naive patients with nAMD, resulted in improved visual outcome, statistically fewer injections and statistically drier macular at 12 months, compared to historical controls treated with monotherapy intravitreal ranibizumab injections.There were no safety concerns identified in the stereotactic radiotherapy cohort related to radiation exposure.There are no previous publications of IRay Therapy being used in treatment naive patients with nAMD.
CB has received travel bursaries and attended advisory board meetings for Bayer, Novartis and Oraya Therapeutics. MA is an employee of Carl Zeiss, and was involved in the writing of this paper and statistical analysis.
| 2023-09-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1286 |
This project explores the interaction of brain mechanisms and environmental variables in the control of glucoregulatory feeding behavior. Animals with alterations in discrete areas of brain or central nervous system tissue are used to test the effects of varying dietary (food palatability, insulin treatment) and social conditions (housing), and administration of catecholamine depleting drugs such as 6-hydroxydopamine and desmethylimipramine. | 2023-09-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6608 |
Q:
Can I recreate this effect with HTML5 Canvas?
I'd like to replicate the 4 shapes on this web page using HTML5 Canvas & still have the page stretch to width & height of 100%.
Is this possible? I'm very new to Canvas.
Here is my current CSS:
html, body{
height: 100%;
margin:0;
}
.out{
height:100%;
position:relative;
overflow:hidden;
}
.in{
height:75%;
background-color:#6C2223;
}
.out:before, .out:after, .in:after{
content:'';
position:absolute;
bottom:25%;
width:100%;
height:700%;
background-color:#9A4445;
}
.out:before{
right:50%;
-webkit-transform-origin: 100% 100%;
transform-origin: 100% 100%;
-webkit-transform : rotate(-45deg);
transform : rotate(-45deg);
}
.out:after{
left:50%;
-webkit-transform-origin: 0 100%;
transform-origin: 0 100%;
-webkit-transform : rotate(45deg);
transform : rotate(45deg);
}
.in:after{
bottom:0;
width:100%;
height:25%;
background-color:#911618;
z-index:-1;
}
img{
width:100%;
height:auto;
position:absolute;
top:0;
z-index:3;
opacity:0.5;
}
.text{
position:absolute;
top:0;
z-index:4;
}
Thank you for any help.
A:
if only blending mode is needed, where boobs are boobs and grad is png with gradient
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="800px" height="600px"/>
<script>
var c = document.getElementById("canvas");
ctx = c.getContext("2d");
var img = new Image();
img.src = "boobs.jpg";
ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "multiply";
ctx.drawImage(img, 20, 20);
var img2 = new Image();
img2.src = "grad.png";
ctx.drawImage(img2, 20, 20);
</script>
</body>
</html>
UPD. Find square image 800 x 800
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" width="800px" height="800px"/>
<script>
var c = document.getElementById("canvas");
ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "multiply";
var img1 = new Image();
img1.src = "tree.png";
ctx.drawImage(img1, 0, 0);
var img2 = new Image();
img2.src = "drops.png";
ctx.drawImage(img2, 0, 0);
var img3 = new Image();
img3.src = "face.png";
ctx.drawImage(img3, 0, 0);
var idt = ctx.getImageData(0, 0, 800, 800);
var xquarter = 800/2;
var yquarter = 800/2;
var x, y;
var imageWidth = 800;
var imageHeight = 800;
for(y = 0; y < imageHeight; y++) {
for(x = 0; x < imageWidth; x++) {
if (x > xquarter) {
if (y > yquarter) {
idt.data[((imageWidth * y) + x) * 4] += 30;
} else {
idt.data[((imageWidth * y) + x) * 4 + 1] += 30;
}
} else {
if (y > yquarter) {
idt.data[((imageWidth * y) + x) * 4 + 2] += 30;
} else {
idt.data[((imageWidth * y) + x) * 4 + 3] += 30;
}
}
}
}
ctx.putImageData(idt,0,0);
</script>
</body>
</html>
UPD2.
<html>
<head>
<style>
html, body {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
margin: 0px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas"/>
<script>
function foo() {
var c = document.getElementById("canvas");
var xcoeff, ycoeff, maxcoeff;
var screenWidth = window.innerWidth;
var screenHeight = window.innerHeight;
ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.canvas.width = screenWidth;
ctx.canvas.height = screenHeight;
ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "multiply";
var img1 = new Image();
img1.src = "tree.png";
//note that all images have same size
xcoeff = screenWidth / img1.width;
ycoeff = screenHeight / img1.height;
maxcoeff = xcoeff > ycoeff ? xcoeff : ycoeff;
ctx.scale(maxcoeff, maxcoeff);
ctx.drawImage(img1, 0, 0);
var img2 = new Image();
img2.src = "drops.png";
ctx.drawImage(img2, 0, 0);
var img3 = new Image();
img3.src = "face.png";
ctx.drawImage(img3, 0, 0);
}
foo();
window.onresize = foo;
</script>
</body>
</html>
| 2024-02-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3453 |
Do you ever see food on TV or at a restaurant and wonder, "who eats that stuff?" Yeah, that person is me. Nothing's more exciting to me than experiencing new, interesting things to eat. I've developed a reputation among family and friends for being willing to try anything (seriously, anything), so I’m challenging myself.
My premise is simple: to eat one new thing every day for a year (365 continuous days).
Tuesday, March 1, 2011
Day 198
Pastelitos: During the course of this blog, I've tried as much as possible to incorporate local restaurants and vendors into my postings. Even though the only real goal is for me to eat one new thing every day, I've found that adding the local element makes it much more fun, and hopefully gives some exposure to places my readers might have missed. This past weekend, me and the GF attended the "Underground Atlanta Market" held inside the Sweet Auburn Market on Edgewood. While I didn't find too much to eat there that was blog-worthy, I did manage to take home one new thing to try later: pastelitos.
The pastelitos (along with a few other Latin pastries) were being sold by a vendor called Sugarloft. I'd never tried one, but they looked tasty, and they were filled with a mixture of guava and cheese. From what I could tell, it looked like a standard triangle-shaped pastry, but I wasn't sure how the inside was constructed or what the filling would be like. At only $2 apiece, I was definitely interested enough to buy.
Given that it's been sitting around for a couple days inside a Ziploc bag, I decided to go ahead and give it a try today before it got stale. I cut the pastelito in two, and it immediately reminded me of several other baked puff pastries I've seen. It was comprised of several layers of flaky dough (much like a croissant, but not as tightly compacted), and the guava paste/cheese mix was layered throughout. I also noticed a bit of sugar sprinkled on top. If it tasted as good as it looked, I was in for a treat.
My first bite was really good - the flaky, buttery pastry layers quickly melted in my mouth, and the guava paste/cheese mixture added a nice touch of sweet and tart. Speaking of the cheese, it was more like the cheesecake type, not savory. It could be a great dessert option for almost any meal, since the sweetness wasn't overbearing. I could have eaten much more of it, but I opted to save more for later due to its size. Maybe I'll finish it tomorrow for breakfast.
As far as I know, several restaurants around town offer pastelitos, including Super Pan in the Virginia Highlands. They can also be filled with savory toppings (typically a ground beef/tomato sauce mix), so definitely check them out if you get a chance. Good stuff.
About Me
My name is Chris, and I’m an Atlanta resident & musician. I'm also culinary obsessed. As a result of my love for new, unusual foods, I’ve decided to go on a journey of sorts, and I’m sharing with the world. | 2024-07-25T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6971 |
Royal Roundup: William and Kate’s Roast Dinner Portrait
Perhaps this is someone’s idea of good taste. Crown Carveries, a UK pub chain, has unveiled a portrait of Prince William and Kate Middleton using only the ingredients in a roast dinner. Taking inspiration from one of their Mario Testinoengagement shots, turkey is used for the skin, beef for the hair, carrots for Kate’s dress and gravy for her engagement ring, The Press Association reports. I wonder what Wills and Kate think about this?
In other royal news:
– In a reversal, Canada’s postal service now says it will issue a commemorative stamp to mark the royal wedding. The announcement marks quite an about-face for Canada Post. Only last month postal officials said it takes two years to plan, design and issue a stamp and that there simply was not sufficient time. After howls of protest from “monarchists” and collectors, “It made us take a look and say, ‘Wow, this is something that people want,'” a Canada Post spokesman told the National Post. The stamps are awaiting royal approval and should be available May 2.
– For some planning to attend the wedding, they now have an excuse to leave the U.S. early. Epsom Downs Racecourse, a track 30 minutes from London, is admitting all people with the first name Kate, Catherine, or William for free on April 20th, according to the London-based publication, Your Local Guardian. Tracks in England are not the downmarket affairs they are in the U.S. Horses race on grass only 15 days per year, and patrons can pay $266 per person to sit in a private box with balcony. Founded in 1779, Epsom Downs promises “all visitors are made to feel like royalty.”
– Hello! magazine has a slide show on past royal wedding gifts. After a look at this loot, small wonder there are persistent reports that Kate and William will ask their guests to make donations to charity. Perhaps the oddest gift is from Princess Margaret to her older sister, Queen Elizabeth. A picnic hamper? Complete with a china teapot and matching cups? It’s difficult to imagine the Queen, and her husband, Prince Philip, eating chicken salad sandwiches while sitting on a blanket. Other highlights include a pensive Princess Diana wearing a diamond-and-pearl tiara given to her by the Queen, and a picture of Kate on rolling skates at a 2008 charity event. (What this has to do with royal wedding gifts is not entirely clear.)
– A compromise has been reached on Kate Middleton’s “black sheep” uncle, The Daily Telegraph reports. Gary Goldsmith, 45, is the younger brother of Kate’s mother, Carole. He is not estranged from his niece. In fact, he entertained Kate and William at his villa, La Maison de Bang Bang, off the coast of Spain. But two years ago he was caught in a newspaper sting, filmed by tabloid reporters chopping up what appeared to be cocaine, handing out pills he said were ecstasy and boasting of his royal connections. Goldsmith will be invited to the ceremony at Westminster Abbey but will not attend the Buckingham Palace reception. “[N]o one would want to cause Her Majesty [The Queen] any embarrassment,” says a courtier.
– When Prince William proposed to Kate on the slopes of Mount Kenya, he may have fueled the practice of proposing while on vacation. American Express has named the “engagementication” one of the top five travel trends of 2011. At the five-star Woodlands Inn, outside of Charleston, SC, a “betrothal butler” will walk clueless grooms-to-be around the property and suggest where to pop the question, reports South Carolina newspaper The Post and Courier. Incidentally, reservations are still available for the Woodlands Inn’s Valentine’s Day package, which costs about $1,350 for two, with breakfast and dinner included.
– The Daily Mirror says Kate will follow tradition and place her wedding bouquet on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior. As is true of many royal wedding practices, this one began when the Queen Mother (William’s great-grandmother) married George VI in 1923. | 2023-11-13T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2530 |
DarksideEE7 wrote:
[snip]
> My openGL performance is decent in the unigine heaven benchmark, so I know my drivers are working to some degree...just not in DirectX.
>> I have the latest Catalyst 9.7 fglrx with a 4870X2 in Arch Linux x86_64.
>>Are you sure you are using 9.7 and not 10.7? If you are, can you
'downgrade' to 10.5 to see if a problem that was previously reported
affects your video card? If performance improves, please report a bug
to AMD/ATI.
James McKenzie | 2024-06-12T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1563 |
Shamanism is a dimension of human experience that can be found in every culture in any age.It can be observed in a variety of forms, ranging from a fundamental spontaneous experience, derivative culturally shared practices, or as veiled motifs of spiritual, medical, artistic, scientific, and psychotherapeutic interventions.
Paradoxically, as shamanism becomes more culturally shared, it may become less authentic—less culturally challenging—and degenerative.Provoked by an experience of everyday life as a sort of “half-truth,” shamanism is a method that focuses on the erroneous belief in a separation of human life from nature.Shamanism focuses specifically on remaining alert to the creatural dimensions of human life that can be overridden by cultural, socio-psychological dimensions of everyday life.
Shamanism is an expression of an enduring wild state to remain alert to the changing conditions of existence and integrate into the natural world that continues to design and express human life across the long run.
Open tree to a larger name, simple, eased as if you were
opening a meadow gate, not intellectual—
“Plant,” or to “flora,”
And the, still eased, open “Plant” to “aliveness,”
And a sensate flood of joy washes in.
Even in the slightest breeze, the quiver of leaves.
Profound, detailed sensitivity dancing all about you—“ the
millionth of a flicker” everywhere
“Tree” could have been different.
Tree might have evolved to be hardened. Crustose, like
lichens, walled, stump-like.
But tree is an open channel, another form of rivering:
Starlight into mass and upswelling hydrology and mineral and
aliveness.
And even more is offered in this aliveness overflowing the
bowl—
Insects and the prayers/songs/canticles of birds and
microbial life and on and on.
And what are these birds?
“Bird” swelling to “Fauna” swelling to “aliveness.”
The commonplace name of everything contains a wide-open medicine
word.
A shamanic quality.
It is not old, but rather enduring and unending eternal.
In each event and in each common word is a medicine word if
we are up to it, if we are really post-industrial and post-modern and reaching
toward our human potential.
In older days, living amongst trees and wild grasses,
Perhaps your aunty, swirling the iron skillet on the fire
sees sparks
And remarks that somewhere there must be a war,
Old skillet and fire and spark had something to say. [p. 98]
Or to optimize the potato crop, the children might have been
admonished
To release parts of themselves, [p. 6]
On in personal names [not “I’m number 1 type of names” or
names picked off a popular list, but rather naming related richly to aliveness
and sometimes self-depreciating or incident–related because self was not
central]: Fred Bloodclot Red, Weasel Heart, Louise Stabs-in-the-Back, Bumblebee
. [pp. 82, 84, 98]
[From Ray A. Young Bear, The
Invisible Musician]
And so in sensing, perhaps allow yourself to transform
concepts/thinking into “medicine words” and see what miracles might appear in
that which seems known, overworked, and banal.And most intriguing, perhaps find your life in it. | 2024-03-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9529 |
Molecular characterization of putative yolk processing enzymes and their expression during oogenesis and embryogenesis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Vitellogenin is the major yolk protein precursor in fish, but little is known about its processing pathway in the oocyte, nor about mobilization of yolk proteins during embryogenesis. In this study we cloned three putative yolk processing enzymes; specifically, cathepsin B and L, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), from the rainbow trout ovary and determined their patterns of gene expression, together with cathepsin D, during oogenesis and embryogenesis using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The approximate sizes of both cathepsin B and cathepsin L transcripts were estimated as 1.7-1.8 kilobases by Northern blot analysis. Cathepsin D mRNA and cathepsin L mRNA were expressed constitutively throughout vitellogenesis and embryogenesis, showing the highest levels of expression at around fertilization. Cathepsin B and LPL were expressed exclusively during oogenesis. Quantitatively, expression of cathepsin D mRNA was higher than cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and LPL mRNA throughout the period studied. The different patterns of expression for these genes during oogenesis and embryogenesis signify specific temporal roles in yolk protein processing. | 2023-08-12T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5486 |
2 Men Involved In Murder-Suicide Identified
LAKEWOOD, Colo. (CBS4)– The two men involved in a murder-suicide in Littleton and Lakewood have been identified.
Police in Lakewood embarked on a manhunt Thursday afternoon at Bear Creek Park to find a murder suspect. They found the man’s body a short time later, possibly dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound.
That man has been identified as Colin Collea.
Officers said Collea, 58, was connected to a murder in Littleton.
Shots were fired Thursday afternoon and a sniper team was on scene in the park. Collea was described as possibly suicidal and may have been threatening officers before police believe he took his own life.
Police in Littleton confirmed a man was shot inside a home located at 5931 S. Camargo Way. The cul de sac where the home is located has been blocked off to traffic.
That man has been identified as Ken Germain. Germain, 67, succumbed to multiple gunshot wounds.
The investigation into the shootings began when Lakewood Police Department received a 911 call from an unknown male reporting at shooting at about 1:21 p.m. Thursday.
Although the investigation continues, no suspects are being sought at this time. | 2023-11-14T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3973 |
#!/bin/bash
set -e;
export LC_NUMERIC=C;
export LUA_PATH="$(pwd)/../../?/init.lua;$(pwd)/../../?.lua;$LUA_PATH";
export PATH="$(pwd)/../../:$PATH";
overwrite=false;
batch_size=16;
# Directory where the run.sh script is placed.
SDIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)";
[ "$(pwd)" != "$SDIR" ] && \
echo "Please, run this script from the experiment top directory!" && \
exit 1;
mkdir -p data/;
# download dataset
[ -f data/Spanish_Number_DB.tgz ] || \
wget -P data/ https://www.prhlt.upv.es/corpora/spanish-numbers/Spanish_Number_DB.tgz;
# extract it
[ -d data/Spanish_Number_DB ] || \
tar -xzf data/Spanish_Number_DB.tgz -C data/;
./steps/prepare.sh --overwrite "$overwrite";
num_symbols=$[$(wc -l data/lang/char/symbs.txt | cut -d\ -f1) - 1];
[ -f model.t7 -a "$overwrite" = false ] || {
th ../../laia-create-model \
--cnn_batch_norm true \
--cnn_type leakyrelu \
-- 1 64 $num_symbols model.t7;
th ../../laia-train-ctc \
--adversarial_weight 0.5 \
--batch_size "$batch_size" \
--log_also_to_stderr info \
--log_level info \
--log_file laia.log \
--progress_table_output laia.dat \
--use_distortions true \
--early_stop_epochs 100 \
--learning_rate 0.0005 \
model.t7 data/lang/char/symbs.txt \
data/train.lst data/lang/char/train.txt \
data/test.lst data/lang/char/test.txt;
}
mkdir -p decode/{char,word};
# Get character-level transcript hypotheses
th ../../laia-decode \
--batch_size "$batch_size" \
--symbols_table data/lang/char/symbs.txt \
model.t7 data/test.lst > decode/char/test.txt;
# Get word-level transcript hypotheses
gawk '{
printf("%s ", $1);
for (i=2;i<=NF;++i) {
if ($i == "{space}")
printf(" ");
else
printf("%s", $i);
}
printf("\n");
}' decode/char/test.txt > decode/word/test.txt;
# Compute CER/WER.
if $(which compute-wer &> /dev/null); then
compute-wer --mode=strict \
ark:data/lang/char/test.txt ark:decode/char/test.txt |
grep WER | sed -r 's|%WER|%CER|g';
compute-wer --mode=strict \
ark:data/lang/word/test.txt ark:decode/word/test.txt |
grep WER;
else
echo "ERROR: Kaldi's compute-wer was not found in your PATH!" >&2;
fi;
| 2024-03-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5015 |
Energy expenditure during stress ulcer formation in vulnerable rats.
Rat pups separated early from their mothers at day 15 become vulnerable to hypothermia and gastric erosion formation when food deprived and physically restrained on postnatal day 30 (S.H. Ackerman, M. A. Hofer, and H. Weiner, Science Wash. DC. 201: 373-376, 1978, and Gastroenterology 75: 649-654, 1978). We tested the hypothesis that this hypothermia is associated with a decrease in oxidative metabolism. We measured O2 consumption of 30-day-old rat pups that had been previously separated at either day 15 (15w) or day 21 (21w). When food was available, 15w rats used as much O2 as 21w rats. When rats were food deprived or food deprived and restrained, 15w rats used significantly less O2 than 21w rats, implying less heat production. We hypothesized that this decrease in heat production during food deprivation and/or restraint was due to impaired thermogenesis resulting from inadequate release of endogenous norepinephrine (NE), which is a stimulant of brown adipose tissue- (BAT) mediated thermogenesis. To test this hypothesis we administered exogenous NE to 15w to 21w rats. Exogenous NE failed to increase O2 consumption in 21w or 15w rats when injected during either food deprivation or restraint. We concluded that 30-day-old 15w rats have decreased oxidative metabolism during food deprivation and restraint and therefore become hypothermic. This decreased oxidative metabolism does not appear to be attributable to insufficient endogenous NE, since it is not reversed by the addition of exogenous NE. We suggest that a decrease in oxidative metabolism may explain susceptibility to stress ulcers in a number of previously reported experimental models. | 2024-03-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2886 |
Introduction {#sec1_1}
============
The peritoneal surface remains an important failure site for patients with gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. In the past, oncologists assumed that peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) was equal to distant metastases and as such they regarded it as an incurable component of the intra-abdominal malignancy \[[@B3]\]. During the last two decades, novel therapeutic approaches have emerged for PC patients. Those treatments are based on a revised hypothesis that considers PC as a local-regional disease warranting a local-regional therapeutic approach \[[@B4]\]. An aggressive surgical approach combining visceral resections and peritonectomy procedures should address the macroscopic disease, whereas perioperative \[intraperitoneal and/or intravenous (i.v.)\] chemotherapy is aimed at residual microscopic disease. In 1980, Spratt et al. \[[@B5]\] reported the use of heated triethylenethiophosphoramide in a patient with pseudomyxoma peritonei for the first time. Since then, one randomized trial and several phase II studies have explored the perioperative intraperitoneal route of drug delivery, with promising results \[[@B6],[@B7],[@B8],[@B9],[@B10]\].
Paragangliomas are rare tumors of neural crest-derived chromaffin cells and can originate either from the sympathetic or from the parasympathetic ganglia \[[@B11]\]. These tumors represent 10--18% of all chromaffin tissue-related tumors \[[@B11], [@B12]\]. It has been estimated that as many as 10% of the paragangliomas arise outside the adrenal glands \[[@B13]\].
We report the first case of PC due to paraganglioma and the application of cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy in this patient.
Case Report {#sec1_2}
===========
Presentation {#sec2_1}
------------
A 49-year-old male presented with diffuse abdominal pain requiring minor analgesia. Obstructed defecation was present for five months. Appetite was normal and no nausea, vomiting or weight loss were reported. The clinical examination was within normal limits. Biochemistry revealed a hemoglobin level of 12.7 g/dl (reference range 13.1--17.2 g/dl) and a CRP level of 6.8 mg/dl (reference range \<0.5 mg/dl). Carcinoembryonic antigen level was within normal limits (\<0.2 ng/ml; reference range 0--5 ng/ml).
Diagnostic Workup {#sec2_2}
-----------------
A plane X-ray of the abdomen described no abnormalities. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a 17 × 19 cm semisolid tumor mass with cystic components caudally to the right lobe of the liver. The mass had a very irregular border and an inhomogeneous content. A subsequent computed tomography (CT) confirmed the 15 × 11 × 19 cm tumor mass with suggested signs of malignancy (tumor size, signs of necrosis, peritoneal metastasis) (fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). There was evidence of peritoneal involvement and omental extension. The CT images also depicted a similar tumor nodule of 5 cm in diameter, localized in the cavum douglasi. Subsequent gastroscopy and left colonoscopy were normal. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed the abovementioned abdominal localizations.
Treatment {#sec2_3}
---------
The patient underwent an explorative laparotomy and subsequent cytoreductive surgery, followed by HIPEC. First, the biggest peritoneal tumor mass was resected en bloc with the omentum, pancreatic capsule and a part of the pancreatic head. A right-sided diaphragmatic peritonectomy (according to Vazquez and Sugarbaker \[[@B14]\]) was carried out. The ligamentum umbilicale was excised up to the level of the left portal vein and a total peritonectomy of Morisson\'s pouch was performed. A few peritoneal tumor nodules on the liver capsule were resected, followed by a partial resection of the peritoneum of the left diaphragma. Due to a big fixed nodule on the spleen, a splenectomy was done. Thereafter, a bursectomy of the bursa omentalis minor with excision of the omentum minus was completed. A few nodules (1 to 3 mm) on the mesentery of the small bowel were resected, but the bowel itself appeared normal. On the mesentery of the colon transversum we also resected some tumor nodules. The colon itself turned out to be normal, except in the cavum douglasi, which was obliterated by tumor tissue. We decided to perform an en bloc anterior resection and pelvic peritonectomy. Eventually, a CC-0-CC-1 cytoreduction was achieved.
Subsequent hyperthermic intraperitoneal perioperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) (open abdominal technique \[[@B15]\]) with cisplatinum (50 mg/m^2^ for a total dose of 110 mg) and doxorubicin (15 mg/m^2^ for a total dose of 33 mg) was initiated at 41.5°C for 90 min. A 2 liter/m^2^ isotonic icodextrin carrier solution (1.5%) was used. The i.v. component of the bidirectional intraoperative chemotherapy consisted of 5-fluorouracil 880 mg (400 mg/m^2^) i.v. and leucovorin 44 mg (20 mg/m^2^), both administered via separate i.v. accesses. The patient tolerated the procedure well. The diuresis was kept above 2 ml/kg/h. The hyperglycemia due to the carrier fluid was countered with an insulin drip \[[@B16]\]. The total duration of the procedure was 14 h and 20 min. The postoperative stay was without complications.
After nine months, no evidence of recurrent disease was detected.
Pathology {#sec2_4}
---------
At macroscopy, the largest nodule showed extensive hemorrhage and some cyst-like areas (fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Histologically, the tumor had a mixture of spindle-shaped and syncytial growth pattern. Abundant vascular structures were present. The nodular groups of cells were divided by tiny fibrovascular axes, thus resembling a neuroendocrine tumor. The cells were monomorphic with an abundant eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm. Mitotic activity was mild.
On immunohistochemical stainings, tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin (fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) and vimentin. Few cells were positive for desmin. Staining for keratin, EMA, CK7, neurofilament, chromogranin, S-100, actin, CD34 and CD117 was negative. The S-100 staining was positive in some sustentacular cells. Proliferation marker Ki-67 was positive in 3% of tumor cells. Based on the morphological appearance and the immunohistochemical findings, an abdominal extra-adrenal paraganglioma was the most likely diagnosis.
Other resected nodules (table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) harbored metastases of the paraganglioma.
Discussion {#sec1_3}
==========
A New Paradigm in the Treatment of PC {#sec2_5}
-------------------------------------
The surface of the abdomen and pelvis are important anatomic sites for the dissemination of gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies. Tumor cells may exfoliate from the primary tumor into the peritoneal cavity preoperatively due to transserosal growth \[[@B17]\]. Alternatively, at the time of surgery, tumor cells can be dispersed from transected lymph or blood vessels, or by manipulation of the primary tumor. Once malignant cells are free inside the peritoneal cavity, they become trapped at sites of trauma where fibrin accumulations and blood clots will secure them and enhance their growth \[[@B18], [@B19]\]. Eventually, this may result in the development of clinical PC. The reported incidence in the literature varies widely. For example, in a review of 2,756 patients by Jayne et al. \[[@B2]\], the incidence of PC at the time of initial surgery was reported to be 7.7%. A review of colonic cancer patients who had recurrences suggest that peritoneal seeding occurred in 25% to 35% of patients \[[@B20]\].
In the past, PC has long been considered a terminal disease stage with no curative treatment options. Chu et al. \[[@B3]\] were the first to investigate the impact of PC upon survival. In 100 patients with biopsy-proven PC, they reported a mean survival of 8.5 months in colorectal cancer patients, 2.4 months in pancreatic cancer patients and 2.2 months in gastric cancer patients. The European prospective multicenter trial EVOCAPE 1 (Evolution of PC 1) reported remarkably similar results in nongynecologic malignancy patients with PC who received 5-fluorouracil-based systemic chemotherapy \[[@B1]\]. In 2002, Jayne et al. \[[@B2]\] reported a median survival of 7 months in colorectal cancer patients who had synchronous peritoneal implants. Some reliable data on this topic came from the control arm of the phase III trial by Verwaal et al. \[[@B6]\]. A recent update of this trial revealed a median disease-specific survival of 12.6 months in patients with PC from colorectal cancer who received 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin-based systemic chemotherapy \[[@B7]\]. More recent systemic chemotherapy protocols based on the use of oxaliplatin, irinotecan and biologic agents have improved survival in colorectal cancer patients with PC. Elias et al. \[[@B8]\] reported a 23.9-months median survival in 48 colorectal cancer patients with small-volume carcinomatosis who were treated with systemic chemotherapy containing oxaliplatin or irinotecan. It is important to mention that no long-time survivors are reported in these series.
During the last two decades, novel therapeutic approaches to PC have emerged, combining cytoreductive surgery and perioperative (intraperitoneal and/or i.v.) chemotherapy. The perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy includes HIPEC and/or early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC). Elias et al. \[[@B21]\] first reported the clinical use of intraoperative i.v. 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in conjunction with oxaliplatin-based HIPEC in 2002. Most recent protocols advocate this bidirectional (simultaneous intraperitoneal and i.v. chemotherapy) intraoperative chemohyperthermy.
Spratt et al. \[[@B5]\] reported, in 1980, the use of heated triethylenethiophosphoramide in a patient with pseudomyxoma peritonei for the first time. Since then one randomized controlled trial and several phase II studies have explored the perioperative intraperitoneal route of drug delivery. In an update on their phase III trial, Verwaal et al. \[[@B7]\] reported a 45% 5-year survival in colorectal PC patients receiving optimal cytoreduction and HIPEC with mitomycin C followed by systemic chemotherapy. Elias et al. recently analyzed the results of combined cytoreductive surgery and perioperative chemotherapy in 1,290 patients with PC due to a variety of primary malignancies \[[@B22]\]. After 5 years, 37% of these patients were still alive. These encouraging clinical results are in strong contrast with historical control groups and patients treated with systemic chemotherapy alone and there is no doubt that the clinical evidence in the medical literature supporting the combined approach of cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy is growing.
The Paraganglioma {#sec2_6}
-----------------
Paragangliomas are rare tumors of neural crest-derived chromaffin cells and can originate either from the sympathetic or from the parasympathetic ganglia \[[@B11]\] (table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Approximately 25% of sympathetic-derived and 50% of parasympathetic-derived paragangliomas are inheritable \[[@B12]\]. The younger the patients are at the time of diagnosis, the more likely they are to have familial disease \[[@B23], [@B24]\].
The modes of presentation of paraganglioma may be divided into mass effect, incidental discovery and excess catecholamine production (classically with headache, palpitation, sweating, and episodic hypertension). In familial cases, genetic screening of family members is another common route for discovery \[[@B12]\]. Most head and neck paragangliomas are nonsecreting tumors \[[@B25]\].
Unlike pheochromocytomas, which have been classically described as having a 10% malignancy rate, intra-abdominal paragangliomas tend to be the most aggressive sympathetic-derived paragangliomas \[[@B12]\]. The incidence of malignancy ranges from 14% to as high as 50%, depending on series \[[@B26]\]. These malignant tumors tend to spread hematogenously, lymphatically, and through local invasion \[[@B12]\]. Unfortunately, even final pathology does not reliably predict biological behavior \[[@B12]\].
Peritoneal Presentation of Extra-Adrenal Paraganglioma {#sec2_7}
------------------------------------------------------
This case represents an unreported presentation of a paraganglioma. This extra-adrenal, intra-abdominal paraganglioma could be the metastasis of a regressed primary tumor or it could be a primary, peritoneal presentation of an extra-adrenal paraganglioma. The first would be a case of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) origin. CUP is defined as biopsy-proven metastasis from a malignancy in the absence of an identifiable primary site after a complete clinical workup \[[@B27]\]. This entity is classified into several histological types and a paraganglioma would be a case of a neuroendocrine CUP. Prasad et al. \[[@B28]\] describe a series of 59 patients with documented neuroendocrine tumors and unknown primary. Using 68Ga-labeled (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetraacetic acid)-1-NaI3-octreotide (68Ga-DOTA-NOC) PET/CT, the site of the primary was localized in 35 patients, one of which had a primary paraganglioma. The other possibility of a primary extra-adrenal paraganglioma would be derived from chromaffin cells in the peritoneum. Based on anatomical distribution, extra-adrenal paragangliomas of the abdomen are divided into three major groups \[[@B28]\] (table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Freedman and Goldman \[[@B29]\] reported a case of a normal paraganglion in the mesosigmoid and emphasized the potential for a neoplastic paraganglioma to develop in this area and in other unusual locations. Sporadic cases of paragangliomas arising in locations outside the distribution of the autonomic nervous system, where normal paraganglionic tissue had not yet been characterized, have been described \[[@B28]\]. These can be explained by the dispersed migratory property of the neural crest \[[@B30]\]. Kudoh et al. \[[@B30]\] reported in 2005 what was, to their knowledge, only the seventh case of paraganglioma arising in the mesentery. They assumed that the mesenteric paraganglioma was derived from the paraganglionic cells by vertebral migration from the root of the superior mesentery artery. Based on these findings and on the pathologic characteristics of the tumor we present, we believed our patient to have a primary extra-adrenal paraganglioma.
Due to the unknown origin of the tumor mass before therapy, questions could arise about the rationale of the therapeutic approach. Based on all the examinations performed, a sarcoma was the most likely origin. The first step in therapy was cytoreduction because surgical resection is the treatment of choice for sarcoma \[[@B31], [@B32]\] and investigations revealed this was feasible. With the HIPEC containing cisplatin and doxorubicin as intraperitoneal components, we applied a chemotherapy regimen with cytotoxic effect against a wide variety of malignancies. In fact, among the drugs used so far for intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the combination of cisplatin and doxorubicin appears to be one of the most effective available regimens with acceptable local-regional toxicity \[[@B33]\]. On the other hand, doxorubicin is one of the most active antineoplastic drugs currently available against sarcoma \[[@B34]\] and some studies demonstrated in preclinical models that doxorubicin activity is enhanced by the addition of cisplatin and/or hyperthermia \[[@B35]\]. In order to fine-tune the intraoperative adjuvant therapy, an option could have been to use the intraoperative frozen-section examination, but the techniques used for the evaluation of a sarcoma are immunohistochemistry and molecular genetic and cytogenetic investigation \[[@B36]\], so frozen-section examination would be unreliable.
Knowing the results of the pathologic examination, other therapeutic options can now be suggested, although it is accepted that the mainstay of therapy for primary paraganglioma is complete surgical resection. For malignant, metastatic or unresecable paragangliomas, ^131^I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a well-documented treatment \[[@B12]\]. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) plays a key role in this treatment modality \[[@B37]\]. It is expressed on chromaffin cells of extra-adrenal paragangliomas and is used to incorporate ^131^I-MIBG in tumor cells. In this way it can achieve significant therapeutic responses in malignant pheochromocytoma without biochemical toxicity and with only mild radiotoxicity \[[@B38], [@B39]\]. The use of traditional chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatinum or doxorubicin was investigated to increase NET functional activity \[[@B37]\] and thus to augment the effectiveness of ^131^I-MIBG therapy. For neuroblastoma, Meco et al. \[[@B40]\] suggested that the combination of ^131^I-MIBG and cisplatinum or doxorubicin could selectively increase radiation doses delivered to neuroblastoma cells. However, there are probably intrinsic differences between the pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma cell lines, as pretreatment of the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line with cisplatinum does not increase the functional activity of the transporter \[[@B39]\]. Only sparse data on the use of chemotherapy against paraganglioma are presented in the literature. In 1988, Averbuch et al. \[[@B41]\] concluded that combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine (CVD) is effective for advanced malignant pheochromocytoma. This chemotherapy regimen was recently confirmed in a review of Adjallé et al. \[[@B42]\]. Chemotherapy should be applied to patients without positive MIBG-scan, with no response to (^131^)I-MIBG or progression after radionuclide treatment, and especially in cases with a high proliferation index. A number of case reports have been published using the same regimen for malignant paraganglioma \[[@B43],[@B44],[@B45]\]. A slightly different chemotherapy regimen was proposed in 1995 by Patel et al. \[[@B46]\]. The authors concluded that CVD chemotherapy is active in the treatment of patients with paraganglioma. Although there are thus a few possible chemotherapy regimens to treat inoperable paraganglioma, there is no consensus about them in the literature. Clinical studies indicate, however, that doxorubicin has a possible in vivo effect against paraganglioma.
Role of Cytoreductive Surgery and HIPEC in PC with Paraganglioma Origin {#sec2_8}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
There is no doubt that cytoreductive surgery is the essential first step in the treatment of PC with paraganglioma origin. Not only the use of HIPEC, but also the specific intraperitoneal and i.v. components of the bidirectional, intraoperative chemotherapy remains uncertain. Phase-II clinical trials are needed to provide more supportive evidence but, due to the rarity of the disease, they are unlikely to happen. This report, together with findings in the literature, suggests a possible role for HIPEC in the treatment of PC with paraganglioma origin.
Conclusion {#sec1_4}
==========
This report provides the first case of extra-adrenal, intra-abdominal paraganglioma PC. The optimal treatment of this malignancy has yet to be established. In our experience, the combination of cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC is feasible. This treatment resulted in minor morbidity, no mortality and short-term disease-free survival.
This is an Open Access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License ([www.karger.com/OA-license](http://www.karger.com/OA-license)), applicable to the online version of the article only. Distribution for non-commercial purposes only.
{#F1}
{#F2}
{#F3}
######
Other specimens examined, containing all métastases of the big tumor mass
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Multiple peritoneal metastasesOmentumGall bladder (weight 34 g, length 8 cm)Liver metastasisMetastasis on liver capsulePeritonectomy of the left diaphragmPeritonectomy of the right diaphragmSpleen (weight 290 g)Bursa omentalis minorOmentum minusMetastasis in the mesocolon transversumPiece of mesenterium of the small bowelRight paracolic gutterCecal métastasesResection piece of the anterior resection (length 25 cm) with pelvic peritonectomy
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
######
Origin and anatomic distribution of paragangliomas (neural crest-derived chromaffln cells) \[[@B1], [@B13], [@B26]\]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1Parasympathetic ganglia: almost exclusively in the neck and skull base2Sympathetic ganglia: aAdrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma): ±90%bSympathetic paraganglioma (extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma): ±10%: along the sympathetic chain:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Area* *Incidence*
----------------------- -------------
Cervical 3%
Intrathoracic 12%
Intra-abdominal 85%
Superior para-aortic 45%
Inferior para-aortic 30%
Urinary bladder 10%
| 2024-07-06T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1491 |
Role of disrupted gap junctional intercellular communication in detection and characterization of carcinogens.
Results from short-term tests for carcinogens and our advanced knowledge on cellular and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis strongly suggest that carcinogens do not induce genetic changes necessarily by directly interacting with DNA. Therefore, it is not surprising to see that many carcinogens are not detectable by available genetic toxicology tests. Thus, it has become necessary to study nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis and to provide methods to predict those carcinogens which escape from conventional mutation tests. One possible nongenotoxic mechanism of carcinogenesis which is supported by abundant experimental evidence is inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication. Many, but not all, tumor-promoting agents have been shown to inhibit the communication of cultured cells as well as in vivo. Molecular mechanisms of gap junctional intercellular communication control revealed that connexin (gap junction) genes form a family of tumor suppressor genes. Control mechanisms of expression as well as function of connexins are vulnerable to various carcinogenic insults, notably to nongenetoxic carcinogens. Thus, studies on the role of connexins in cell growth and carcinogenesis may prove to be useful for establishing a mechanism-based test to detect certain types of nongenotoxic carcinogens. | 2023-08-16T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4759 |
/**
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
* License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
**/
#pragma once
/**
* @file CCellEmbedder.h
* @author Jacques-Olivier Lachaud (\c jacques-olivier.lachaud@univ-savoie.fr )
* Laboratory of Mathematics (CNRS, UMR 5127), University of Savoie, France
*
* @date 2012/04/16
*
* Header file for concept CCellEmbedder.cpp
*
* This file is part of the DGtal library.
*/
#if defined(CCellEmbedder_RECURSES)
#error Recursive header files inclusion detected in CCellEmbedder.h
#else // defined(CCellEmbedder_RECURSES)
/** Prevents recursive inclusion of headers. */
#define CCellEmbedder_RECURSES
#if !defined CCellEmbedder_h
/** Prevents repeated inclusion of headers. */
#define CCellEmbedder_h
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Inclusions
#include <iostream>
#include "DGtal/base/Common.h"
#include "DGtal/base/CUnaryFunctor.h"
#include "DGtal/topology/CCellularGridSpaceND.h"
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// @since 0.8 In DGtal::concepts
namespace DGtal {
namespace concepts {
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// class CCellEmbedder
/**
Description of \b concept '\b CCellEmbedder' <p>
@ingroup Concepts
@brief Aim:
A cell embedder is a mapping from unsigned cells to Euclidean points.
It adds inner types to functor.
# Refinement of
- CUnaryFunctor<T, T::Cell, T::RealPoint>
# Associated types
- \e KSpace: the cellular grid space
- \e Cell: same as KSpace::Cell
- \e RealPoint: the type of Euclidean point
- \e Argument: type of the argument, same as KSpace::Cell
- \e Value: type of value, same as RealPoint
# Notation
- \e X : A type that is a model of CCellEmbedder
- \e x : object of type X
- \e p : object of type Cell
# Definitions
# Valid expressions and semantics
| Name | Expression | Type requirements | Return type | Precondition | Semantics | Post condition | Complexity |
|-------|------------|-------------------|---------------|--------------|-----------|----------------|------------|
|Apply function|\e x(\e p)| | \e Value | | return the value of the function \a x on argument \a p | | |
# Invariants
# Models
- CanonicCellEmbedder, ImageLinearCellEmbedder, ImplicitFunctionLinearCellEmbedder, ImplicitFunctionDiff1LinearCellEmbedder
# Notes
@tparam T the type that should be a model of CCellEmbedder.
*/
template <typename T>
struct CCellEmbedder : CUnaryFunctor<T, typename T::Cell, typename T::RealPoint>
{
// ----------------------- Concept checks ------------------------------
public:
typedef typename T::KSpace KSpace;
typedef typename T::Cell Cell;
typedef typename T::RealPoint RealPoint;
typedef typename T::Argument Argument;
typedef typename T::Value Value;
BOOST_CONCEPT_ASSERT(( CCellularGridSpaceND< KSpace > ));
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(( ConceptUtils::SameType< Cell, typename KSpace::Cell >::value ));
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(( ConceptUtils::SameType< Cell, Argument >::value ));
BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(( ConceptUtils::SameType< RealPoint, Value >::value ));
BOOST_CONCEPT_USAGE( CCellEmbedder )
{
checkConstConstraints();
}
void checkConstConstraints() const
{ // operator()
ConceptUtils::sameType( myRP, myX( myP ) );
}
// ------------------------- Private Datas --------------------------------
private:
T myX; // do not require T to be default constructible.
Cell myP;
RealPoint myRP;
// ------------------------- Internals ------------------------------------
private:
}; // end of concept CCellEmbedder
} // namespace concepts
} // namespace DGtal
// //
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#endif // !defined CCellEmbedder_h
#undef CCellEmbedder_RECURSES
#endif // else defined(CCellEmbedder_RECURSES)
| 2024-03-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5836 |
Adeno-associated virus vectors simultaneously encoding VEGF and angiopoietin-1 enhances neovascularization in ischemic rabbit hind-limbs.
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) play important roles in vascular formation and maturation, suggesting a combination of these 2 would be a promising therapy for ischemic diseases. So we constructed an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, simultaneously encoding human VEGF(165) and Ang1 (AAV-VEGF/Ang1), and investigated its therapeutic effect in a rabbit ischemic hind-limb model. Four experimental groups were used to prepare the rabbit ischemic hind-limb model following AAV vectors intramuscular administration as follows: PBS (phosphate buffered solution), AAV-VEGF, AAV-Ang1, AAV-VEGF/Ang1. Eight weeks after administration, human VEGF(165) and Ang1 were detected by RT-PCR, Western blotting and histochemical staining methods in AAV-VEGF/Ang1 transduced muscles. Group AAV-VEGF/Ang1 showed a significantly increased blood-flow recovery in ischemic hind-limbs compared with the other groups. Histological staining for alkaline phosphatase showed that capillary density of group AAV-VEGF/Ang1 or AAV-VEGF was significantly higher than that of group PBS or AAV-Ang1. Histological immunostaining for smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) revealed that group AAV-VEGF/Ang1 had the highest density of alpha-SMA-positive vessels compared with the other groups. Vascular leakage, one of the major adverse effects induced by VEGF, was very severe in group AAV-VEGF, but the permeability was obviously reduced when VEGF was co-expressed with Ang1 in group AAV-VEGF/Ang1. AAV vectors can simultaneously encode 2 proteins which can be efficiently and stably co-expressed in transduced tissues. AAV-mediated VEGF and Ang1 gene transfer enhances neovascularization, prevents capillary leakage, and improves blood flow in a rabbit hind-limb ischemic model. These findings suggest that intramuscular administration of AAV-VEGF/Ang1 may be useful in the treatment of ischemic diseases. | 2024-05-23T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7824 |
For Gravel (Spell)
Take hurbum oviga aurea, grind to powder, give the patient every morning a spoonful in an egg, and let him fast afterward four hours. The patient will urinate an hour thereafter, and after using this remedy for about ten or twelve days, all the gravel in his kidneys will break, and he will pass them without suffering any pain. | 2024-01-24T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5043 |
[The clinical analysis of corticosteroid ocular hypertension and corticosteroid glaucoma after photorefractive keratectomy].
To inquire into the incidence, clinical characteristics and therapeutic effects of corticosteroid hypertension and corticosteroid glaucoma after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The authors completed a follow up study on 1 590 eyes on which this procedure was performed and corticosteroid (0.1% fluoromethalone, FML) eye drops were applied 4 to 6 months post-operatively to observe intraocular pressure at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, and treated the eyes with increase of intraocular pressure. Corticosteroid ocular hypertension or corticosteroid glaucoma occurred in 2.70% of 1 590 eyes. The intraocular pressure of the eyes was recovered to normal in all patients after treatments of stopping FML eye drops, using topical 0.5% timolol (or 0.5% levobunolol hydrochloride), taking diamox orally or receiving trabeculectomy. Topical application of corticosteroid may cause corticosteroid hypertension and corticosteroid glaucoma after PRK, and visual function damage may occur in a few eyes. Under this situation, the corticosteroid eye drops should be stopped and glaucomatous treatment should be given. | 2024-06-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3840 |
I asked the same question years ago...
"is individual culture worth preserving?"
Apparently, the very notion is now flippantly regarded as 'Nationalism' or 'Racism'.....
Or was told by the bobble headed masses that it's now a 'global economy'...'just deal with it'.
Sigh....
I guess i just gotta' get with the 'program'. | 2024-07-12T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6996 |
The TGF-B family now comprises 5 distinct isoforms. Of these, only TGF-betas I and 2 have been purified as proteins; TGF-Betas 3 and 4 have been cloned from a chicken embryo chondrocyte cDNA library and TGF-Beta-5 has been cloned from a Xenopus oocyte cDNA library. Although we have been able to use both the cDNA probes to identify certain cells which express high mRNA levels of these new TGF-Betas and anti-peptide antibodies raised to sequences of the putative novel TGF-Betas to detect expression of the proteins, TGF-Betas 3-5 have not yet been purified from natural sources or produced in any significant quantities by recombinant techniques. Because the proteins have been unavailable, it has not been possible to test their activities in various biological systems. For these reasons, it is important that natural sources of these peptides be identified and that purified, chemically characterized protein be available for testing. The purpose of this project is to purify to homogeneity proteins exhibiting TGF-Beta-like activity from a wide variety of cell and tissue extracts including mammalian cells engineered to express the various TGF-Beta isoforms under control of strong promoters. These proteins will be positively identified in terms of their amino acid sequence, or by immunoreactivity, when that is possible. TGF-Betas 3, 4, or 5 as well as any novel TGF-Beta isoforms so purified will then be assayed in a broad spectrum of both in vitro and in vivo biological assays to characterize fully their biological activity. One related aspect of this project involves an attempt to purify to homogeneity and to determine the amino acid sequence of the TGF-Beta-related mesoderminducing activity from Xenopus and to characterize any specific biological interactions of this factor with the TGF-Betas. | 2023-09-25T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4637 |
The mysterious 'action at a distance' between liquid containers
IMAGE: When large reservoirs are connected by very narrow and long channels, the liquid in each reservoir acts independently of the liquid in adjacent reservoirs. In the microworld, the physics...
view more
Credit: IPC PAS
For several years, it has been known that superfluid helium housed in reservoirs located next to each other acts collectively, even when the channels connecting the reservoirs are too narrow and too long to allow for substantial flow. A new theoretical model reveals that the phenomenon of mysterious communication "at a distance" between fluid reservoirs is much more common than previously thought.
Liquids in containers that are at a distance from each other may behave collectively, even if the channels connecting the reservoirs are so narrow and long that they prevent significant flow. The mysterious "action at a distance" was discovered only recently and was only observed in helium cooled to a very low temperature. The theoretical model of the phenomenon, developed by an international team of scientists, including those from the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPC PAS) in Warsaw, however, suggests that this effect may also be present in other liquids - and in much more typical conditions.
The first report of the "action at a distance" between reservoirs of liquid was published in 2010 in Nature Physics. The team from the University at Buffalo and the State University of New York created an array of tens of millions of hollows for liquid helium on a silicon plate. Each small reservoir was a cube with an edge of two microns (millionths of a metre), and the centres of adjacent reservoirs were six microns apart. The prepared plate was covered with another full silicon plate. This was done so as to leave a very narrow gap above the reservoirs, of only 32 nanometres (billionths of a metre). The gap enabled all the reservoirs to be filled with liquid helium.
The size of the gap was thousands of times smaller than both the size of the reservoirs themselves and the distance between adjacent reservoirs. Such compact dimensions made significant flow virtually impossible. It was thus expected that after pouring in liquid helium it would "do its own thing" in each reservoir, regardless of what was happening in adjacent reservoirs. In the experiment, the specific heat of the liquid helium was measured in a single reservoir, and in the entire system. If the reservoirs were truly independent, the specific heat of the whole system would equal the specific heat of a single reservoir multiplied by the total number of reservoirs. However, this was not the case: a clear excess of specific heat was observed in the system. The superfluid helium, apparently divided into millions of independent reservoirs, was inexplicably acting as if it was still a physical whole.
"Let's change the scale for a moment and imagine cubic containers, each with a side of two metres. Each pair of containers is connected by a tube four metres long with a diameter of three millimetres. According to existing theories, such a small channel should not synchronize the phenomena occurring in the containers. And yet, in the microworld it does!," says Dr. Anna Maciołek of IPC PAS, the Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme and the University of Stuttgart.
Superfluid helium is a liquid whose properties are to a large extent the result of quantum phenomena, so initially it seemed that it was those that were responsible for the outcome of the experiment. In cooperation with Prof. Douglas Abraham from Oxford University, Dr. Maciołek has developed a theory describing the observed phenomenon. The new theory, confirmed by computer simulations carried out by Oleg Vasilyev from the Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, proves that the effect of "action at a distance" does not require quantum physics and can also occur in classical one-component fluids, as well as in mixtures.
Analysis of the new theoretical model has revealed that the phenomenon occurs under certain conditions. For it to occur, in the initial experiment the liquid helium needed to be at a state close to the appearance (or disappearance) of superfluidity. For other fluids, however, low temperatures are not required. Water and lutidine - a model mixture of water with oil - mix only in a certain range of temperatures and "action at a distance" only appears within this range. The most important requirement therefore turns out to be the proximity of the phase transition, that is, the state in which the two different forms (phases) of the liquid can occur simultaneously. The dimensions of the reservoirs and the connecting channels are also important: the phenomenon ceases to exist when the distances are significantly larger than the size of human cells.
"Physics in the microworld, even classical physics, is turning out, not for the first time, to be different from the physics we all know from everyday life," concludes Dr. Maciołek.
The results, presented recently in the pages of the well-known physics journal Physical Review Letters, can be applied, among others, in microfluidic systems. Systems of this type are constructed to carry out chemical or biological experiments on individual droplets. The sizes of the containers and channels in microfluidic systems are so small that the "action at a distance" described here can then occur - as an unintended effect, disturbing the results of experiments, or as an intentionally introduced factor increasing the functionality of the system.
###
The Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences was established in 1955 as one of the first chemical institutes of the PAS. The Institute's scientific profile is strongly related to the newest global trends in the development of physical chemistry and chemical physics. Scientific research is conducted in nine scientific departments. CHEMIPAN R&D Laboratories, operating as part of the Institute, implement, produce and commercialise specialist chemicals to be used, in particular, in agriculture and pharmaceutical industry. The Institute publishes approximately 200 original research papers annually.
Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. | 2024-07-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4646 |
Why Naomi Campbell Campell Could Be TV's Next Major Costume Designer
There are many amazing fashion moments on America's new favorite show Empire. Lucious' scarves, Cookie's furs, Jamal's hats—but chief among them is Naomi Campbell's Camilla and her glitzy, glamorous looks.
Another gem she dropped about her role on the hit TV show? It may not have happened without Diane von Furstenberg's help. "I've known Lee [Daniels] for a long time, but when he asked me to play the role, I wasn't sure," says Campbell. "I'd kind of given up on acting." The designer (and fairy godmother of advice, clearly) told the model to give it one more try, go out there and own it!
__I think it suffices to say she has. Are you an Empire fan? I'll be live-tweeting tonight, so follow along with me @nikkiogun! __ | 2024-04-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9842 |
Would like to learn how you can bake birthday cakes, wedding cakes and other kinds of cakes? Learn to create them by leaning the best elements below. Begin to see the whole publish.
Oily Rag: Homemade clever cleanersNorthern AdvocateMany readers have sent in tips about cleaners – probably because cleaning solutions cost so much and there are loads of cheap alternatives. The best … Add a mixture of 1/2 cup white vinegar and 2 tablespoons baking soda and soak for two to three hours.and more »…Oily Rag: Homemade clever cleaners – Northern Advocate
Be the first one to continue reading my next publish about baking. Thank you for reading through through my articles and also the relaxation of my publish and you’ll have many userful stuff here now. | 2023-09-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4648 |
Unusual endoscopic findings of gastric neuroendocrine tumor.
Gastric neuroendocrine tumor (NET) is sometimes found as a submucosal tumor on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastric NET with malignant profile and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) show various forms which are difficult to distinguish from gastric cancer and other disease. We report a case of a cauliflower-shaped NET of the stomach. A 61-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a complaint of abdominal fullness. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination revealed an unusual, whitish cauliflower-shaped tumor that belongs to Borrmann type I on the lesser curvature of the gastric antrum. Histological examination of the biopsy specimen revealed NET G2, because the tumor cells were CD56- and synaptophysin-positive by immunohistochemical analysis. A distal gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was performed. A recurrence in the liver was revealed by follow up computed tomography after 11 months from operation. Combined chemotherapy with irinotecan (CPT-11) plus cisplatin (CDDP) was treated. The patient achieved a partial response, but he died after 31 months from gastrectomy. There is no independent, large-scaled prospective study and no standard treatment for gastric NETs with distant metastases. Our case is reported with a literature review of the treatment of metastatic gastric NET G2. | 2023-11-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6280 |
Mar 15, 2017 at 11:34
Coin Idol Author
This video is brought to you by CoinIdol.com in partnership with Koles Coin News Channel
BlockchainUA conference in Kyiv
FinTech education in Ukraine. The conference on financial technologies «BlockchainUA» will be held on 18-19 of March in Kyiv conference hall “Oasis”. More than 40 FinTech experts will attend the event to share their experience of developing of blockchain solutions with more than 500 attendees. The conference will include the main stage talkings, product stage, blockchain workshop on technology and exhibition of FinTech firms. Additionally, the blockchain hackathom will conclude the conference: the best developer will be awarded. The registration is open on blockchainua-hackathon.com
Free bitcoin transfers in Africa
Free cryptocurrency transfers in Africa. Bitwala, a blockchain-based a cryptoexchange service, will enable free bitcoin transfers to accounts of the mobile phone-based money transfer MPesa with using company’s new service. According to Bitwala representatives, the service will allow its users to send money to MPesa holders in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Nigeria and will remain free forever. To send money the customers just need to use the «mobile money» option and select the payout currency of choice on their Bitwala account.
Hackers demand ransom in bitcoins
Cyber Criminals extort bitcoins after compromising schools in Taiwan. According to a report in Focus Taiwan, a national news agency, malicious hackers have compromised computer networks from 9 schools in HuАlien, Taiwan’s largest county. At the same time, cybercriminals were demanding a payment of eight bitcoins. Taking control of a number of schools’ printers, hackers have left a number of undisclosed threats with sheets of paper print-outs. So far, no bitcoin ransoms have been paid. Instead, schools have received instructions from the education department to password-protect their printers and purchase antivirus software to mitigate cyberattacks.
| 2023-10-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8955 |
Pure performance concept
Our customers are challenged every day in the attempt to reduce delivery times and improve quality at the same time as they have to reduce CO2 emissions and the environmental impact as much as possible. At DST‑CHEMICALS, we are striving to help our customers achieve their objectives.
Today, we have one of the most modern laboratories in Europe in terms of development of eco friendly, highly efficient degreasers. In close cooperation with our customers, we are solving current problems within degreasing, derusting and temporary corrosion protection.
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GET UPDATED ON THE LATEST NEWS FROM DST-CHEMICALS
New products, discovering new methods for cleanliness testing or exciting projects with some of our many professional customers? If the business of metal cleaning and surface treatment is yours – or an interest of yours - you should definitely consider following DST-CHEMICALS on LinkedIn and Twitter.
Click on one of the links below, to make sure you don’t miss out on important and interesting news about the world of parts cleaning, rust removal and passivation. You can also send an e-mail to info@dstchemicals.com asking for more information. We would love to share our knowledge with you.
PURE PERFORMANCE
DST‑DERUST
On the ever growing market for water based and biodegreadable products for rust removing, DST‑CHEMICALS is now offering a complete new product line: The unbelievably efficient DERUSTTM products which are already highlyefficient at room temperature. | 2024-03-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1384 |
/**
* Lo-Dash 2.4.1 (Custom Build) <http://lodash.com/>
* Build: `lodash modularize exports="node" -o ./compat/`
* Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
* Based on Underscore.js 1.5.2 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
* Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
* Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
*/
var baseCreateCallback = require('../internals/baseCreateCallback'),
baseIsEqual = require('../internals/baseIsEqual');
/**
* Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
* equivalent to each other. If a callback is provided it will be executed
* to compare values. If the callback returns `undefined` comparisons will
* be handled by the method instead. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
* invoked with two arguments; (a, b).
*
* @static
* @memberOf _
* @category Objects
* @param {*} a The value to compare.
* @param {*} b The other value to compare.
* @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
* @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
* @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
* @example
*
* var object = { 'name': 'fred' };
* var copy = { 'name': 'fred' };
*
* object == copy;
* // => false
*
* _.isEqual(object, copy);
* // => true
*
* var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
* var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
*
* _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
* var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
* aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
* bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
*
* return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
* });
* // => true
*/
function isEqual(a, b, callback, thisArg) {
return baseIsEqual(a, b, typeof callback == 'function' && baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 2));
}
module.exports = isEqual;
| 2024-02-08T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7004 |
Zee Media Bureau/Sushmita Dutta
New Delhi: In a shocking revelation, the Home Ministry on Tuesday said that the Communist Party of India (Maoist) insurgents may be getting support from some foreign organisations located in Europe.
Minister of State for Home Kiren Rijiju today told the Lok Sabha that the possibility of some Naxal insurgents getting foreign funds cannot be ruled out, adding that mainly Germany, France, Holland and Italy are the nations which are involved in lending a helping hand to the said Maoists group.
He further said government is monitoring the situation and has taken up issue of Maoists` links with countries concerned at the diplomatic level.
In a written answer today, Rijiju told Lok Sabha, “The CPI (Maoist) party have close links with foreign Maoist organisations in Philippines and Turkey."
He added that left-wing extremism groups have participated in conferences and seminars conducted in Belgium and Germany.
However, replying to a question about foreign funding to Naxal groups in India, Rijiju added that there was no specific intelligence input to indicate that Maoists or Naxalites were getting external or foreign assistance.
He added the recovery of arms and ammunitions of foreign origin from Left Wing Extremists in different encounters is an indication of the fact that they are procuring weapons from different sources.
"Moreover, CPI (Maoists) clandestinely getting foreign funds cannot be ruled out. Inputs also indicate that some senior cadres of the Communist Party of the Philippines imparted training to cadres of CPI (Maoists) in 2005 and 2011," he said in the reply, PTI reported.
The CPI (Maoist), also known as `Naxalites`, was founded on September 2004, following the merger of two of India`s far-left outfits: the Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist (People’s War) and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). However, the beginning of the movement can be traced back to late 1967.
Koteshwar Rao, otherwise known as Kishenji was the Maoists` military leader who was shot dead in a gunbattle with security forces in a forest in West Midnapore district of West Bengal in November 2011.
Normally a regular communicator with the press, Kishenji was little heard of until January 2011, when he issued a statement saying he expected India to succumb to a Maoist revolution by 2025.
Earlier in June 2010, he reportedly had suffered temporary paralysis when a police bullet hit him in the knee.
In 2013, at least 17 people, including senior Congress leader Mahendra Karma, were killed and former union minister VC Shukla and 19 others injured when heavily-armed Maoists ambushed a convoy of party leaders inside a dense forest in Chhattisgarh’s Bastar district.
Over the years the Maoists have managed to launch a series of damaging attacks on Indian security forces.
In a worst-ever Maoist attack on Indian security forces, in April 2010, rebels ambush paramilitary troops in the dense jungles of central Chhattisgarh, killing at least 76 soldiers. While in 2007, Maoist rebels had killed 55 policemen in an attack on a remote police outpost in the state.
In 2009, rebels gained virtual control of Lalgarh district in West Bengal.
According to reports, for many months, rebels, supported by local villagers, had held hundreds of paramilitary forces at bay. | 2024-07-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7836 |
Spring Boot Profiles YAML Properties example
The Spring Boot Profiles YAML Properties example shows you how to use Spring Profiles based on YAML and Properties. Spring Profiles help developers to create multiple configurations details for different environments. In Spring Boot, the default profile is default, we can set the profile via spring.profiles.active property.
In Spring Boot, we define profiles based on .properties or .yaml files following the syntax:
1
2
3
4
5
application-{profile}.properties
OR
application-{profile}.yml
Let’s begin to create Spring Boot Profiles YAML Properties example:
Project Structure In this Spring Boot Profiles Yaml Properties example, we are creating a project with the following structure:
Maven dependency In this Spring Boot Profiles Yaml Properties example, we are using two dependencies: spring-boot-starter and spring-boot-starter-test
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<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
Define profiles based Properties
Multi profiles .properties example.
application.properties
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#spring profile
spring.profiles.active=dev
application-dev.properties
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#dev environment
#Logging
logging.level.org.springframework.web=ERROR
logging.level.com.javabycode=DEBUG
logging.level.=ERROR
#spring
spring.main.banner-mode=off
#server
server.email:dev@javabycode.com
server.ip=127.0.0.1
server.path=/localhost
application-prod.properties
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#production environment
#Logging
logging.level.org.springframework.web=ERROR
logging.level.com.javabycode=ERROR
logging.level.=error
#spring
spring.main.banner-mode=off
#server
server.email:prod@javabycode.com
server.ip=192.168.0.1
server.path=/javabycode.com
Define profiles based YAML Multi profiles .yml example. In YAML, we can create multiple profiles by using a “—” separator. | 2024-05-30T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3860 |
Linkage of G protein-coupled receptors to the MAPK signaling pathway through PI 3-kinase gamma.
The tyrosine kinase class of receptors induces mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation through the sequential interaction of the signaling proteins Grb2, Sos, Ras, Raf, and MEK. Receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) stimulate MAPK through Gbetagamma subunits, but the subsequent intervening molecules are still poorly defined. Overexpression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kgamma) in COS-7 cells activated MAPK in a Gbetagamma-dependent fashion, and expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of PI3Kgamma abolished the stimulation of MAPK by Gbetagamma or in response to stimulation of muscarinic (m2) G protein-coupled receptors. Signaling from PI3Kgamma to MAPK appears to require a tyrosine kinase, Shc, Grb2, Sos, Ras, and Raf. These findings indicate that PI3Kgamma mediates Gbetagamma-dependent regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. | 2024-06-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7182 |
[Comparative analysis of the state of asthma prevalence in children from two nation-wide surveys in 1990 and 2000 year].
To find out the prevalence change of asthma in children aged 0 - 14 years during the ten years. A nationwide randomized survey, covering 27 cities, 27 identical cities/municipalities were chosen for comparison which were divided into 6 sections: mid-south, southwest districts, east-China section, northeast, northwest and north-China districts. Surveys were exclusively in the urban areas, including a population of 287,329 children aged 0 - 14 years in 2000 and 399,193 children in 1990. 4301(1.50%) were screened out as asthma associated children in 2000. Among them 3540(82.31%) children, aged 3 years or more, were diagnosed as asthma of children; 761 (17.69%) as asthma of infants and young children aged less than 3 years; In 1990, 3625 (0.91%) were diagnosed as asthma, and in which 2691 (74.23%) were children aged 3 years or more, other 934 (25.77%) were aged less than 3 years; And male predominate female [the prevalence of male and female are 1.85% (2 733/147 969) and 1.13% (1568/139,360), the rate is 1.74:1.00 in 2000, the prevalence of male and female are 1.08% (2265/210,137) and 0.72% (1360/189,056), the rate is 1.67:1.00 in 1990]. About 90% asthmatic children had onset of wheezing before 6 years old [90.30% (3884/4301) in 2000, and 95.26% (3453/3625) in 1990]. The prevalence of the average asthma of all the 0 - 14 years old asthma population (including asthma of older children and of infants) in 1990 and 2000 is 0.91% and 1.50% respectively. The current prevalence has increased by 64.84%. There was statistically significant difference in asthma prevalence among the 27 cities, in 2000 bring the highest in Shanghai (483/14,468) and Chongqing (374/11,200), both are 3.34%, and the lowest in Lhasa (35/6676), is 0.52%. In 1990, the highest in Chongqing (199/7651) is 2.60%, the lowest in Lhasa (14/15,360) is 0.09%. Two surveys showed that more than 95% patients were treated with antibiotics, and about 35.41% (1523/4301) with the inhaled glucocorticosteroid in 2000, in 1990 it is very rarely. There has been a significant increasing trend (64.84%) of asthma prevalence during the ten years. >From the data of present survey it was inferred that there has been quite some improvement in the accuracy of diagnosis and in the practice of steroid inhalation therapy by the pediatricians in different cities, but we must generalize the GINA hardly and improve the quality of asthmatic children's lives. | 2024-06-05T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6862 |
Free AUTO INSURANCE Quotes For Your State
It is because statistically this group is considered a privilege that comes with auto insurance. To get cheap car insurance estimates 24/7. For the violation. Anti-Theft discounts must be the coverages that are mandated by law. It provides for towing service than collision coverage. You can avail and this could be very high today and the more perishable goods such as a new driver most cheap auto insurance quotes IN in place so that you can keep it in place that will assist you in case, the worst happen, we hope that we used to be a daunting task. Today there is to protect you from all of these companies in the "you must watch against before the insurance company is required with this coverage affects them not to repair it." Farmers will tell you about the money you pay for automobile insurance policy and cheap auto insurance quotes IN. Otherwise, some insurers may place a limit on the policy includes personal. One of the service, make yourself eligible. Limits on liability coverage to have. Don't assume that taxi owners should consider carrying higher limits of the Baja Peninsula and Mexico's Pacific coast. I would have to be caught before insuring your home. These reports may include your MVR, CLUE report can. Not all be working properly, or it can be very costly because you don't have the ability to have a deductible is best to have a simple phone call away. While the economy they way it is.
If you apply for an automobile insurance premiums can help you to cover the remaining items you have a burglar alarm or an individual can look for another cheaper auto insurance quotes online. Using at least one bill collector? Also, you will need to do is fill out only one driver. A bad credit history in order to provide this information. (So it is sitting on your car, the possibility of getting the cheapest rate as they are not sensitive information, but when it is now the companies that offer their best" risks), you always have a compelling or disturbing "problem".
Have you thought about changing insurance companies differ from their records. Make sure you have to pay for the cheapest Houston car insurance for small businesses and individual needs. The other drivers are given the maximum financial safety net, and tools such as a popular radio ad recently stated, "Retail is for these companies to reach out to testify on your computer." If you let this happen to strike, but do you start? The minimum liability requirements mandated by the policy or not you should never purchase coverage that could help you learn more about a sports car? At the essentials that everyone would benefit from a fixed amount that you be forced to sell insurance, you choose and the price varies as well. Some firms find it tough to get your credit card debt, transfer it to shopping online for affordable car insurance rates even when you get cheaper cheap auto insurance quotes IN? | 2024-01-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1889 |
Formation of fibroblastic reticular network in the brain after infection with neurovirulent murine coronavirus.
cl-2 virus is an extremely neurovirulent murine coronavirus. However, during the initial phase of infection between 12 and 24 h post-inoculation (hpi), the viral antigens are detected only in the meninges, followed by viral spread into the ventricular wall before invasion into the brain parenchyma, indicating that the viruses employ a passage between the meninges and ventricular wall as an entry route into the brain parenchyma. At 48 hpi, the passage was found to be constructed by ER-TR7 antigen (ERag)-positive fibers (ERfibs) associated with laminin and collagen III between the fourth ventricle and meninges at the cerebellopontine angle. The construct of the fibers mimics the reticular fibers of the fibroblastic reticular network, which comprises a conduit system in the lymphoid organs. In the meninges, ERfibs together with collagen fibers, lining in a striped pattern, made up a pile of thin sheets. In the brain parenchyma, mature ERfibs associated with laminin were found around blood vessels. Besides mature ERfibs, immature Erfibs without associations with other extracellular matrix components like laminin and collagen appeared after infection, suggesting that the CNS creates a unique conduit system for immune communication triggered by viral invasion. | 2024-07-19T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2542 |
Q:
convergence of a sequence to a set
Let $\{a_n\}_{n=0}^\infty$ be a sequence of real numbers. Let $p>0$ and assume that if $a_n\not\in[-p,p]$, then $|a_{n+1}|-|a_n|<0$. Is it true that $a_n$ converges to $[-p,p]$? If yes how can I prove it? Any hint is appreciated.
A:
I'll assume that by "converges to $[-p,p]$ you mean that the limit lies in the set.
Then this is not the case. Take $p = 1$ and the sequence defined by $x_n = 2 + \frac{1}{n}$ for each $n \in \mathbb{N}_{>0}$. Then whenever $x_n \not\in [-1,1]$, which is the case for every $n \in \mathbb{N}_{>0}$, we have $\vert x_{n+1} \vert < \vert x_n\vert$. However, the sequence converges to $2$, which is not in $[-1,1]$.
| 2024-07-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9228 |
The application concerns granulated, alkaline dishwashing agent compositions that contain active chlorine and can be used in a mechanical dishwasher.
Alkaline cleaning agent compositions consisting mainly of builders, alkali metal silicates, alkali metal carbonates and/or alkali metal hydroxides, compounds containing active chlorine and, if desired, nonionic tensides usually are used for the washing of very soiled dishes by machine, especially in the commercial sector. The greater the content of active chlorine compounds in the cleaning agent compositions, the better the cleaning power for tea stains, for example, and the greater the content of alkali metal hydroxide, the better the cleaning effect, particularly for dishes with scorched food residues.
The cleaning agent compositions generally are prepared by the dry mixing of the individual powdered or granular constituents, for example, in rotating drums with the formation of the desired mixed product, where possible liquid components such as nonionic tensides and/or water glass are added as such, or as a mixture or in an aqueous solution, by spraying on the agitated powdered or granular constituents or groups of constituents, causing granulation. The compounds containing active chlorine generally are added at the end. A final product of a free-flowing, powdered or granular consistency that does not lump together during storage and is stable during storage with respect to its constituents is desired in any case. This applies especially to the compound containing active chlorine.
Polychlorinated cyanuric acids and their salts were found especially suitable as compounds containing active chlorine for powdered or granulated dishwashing agent compositions. Trichloroisocyanuric acid always is of great interest because of its highest content of active chlorine. However, its low solubility in water as well as its poor storage qualities are a disadvantage.
It is also known that powder and granulate mixtures become increasingly labile in storage, especially with a rising content of compounds containing active chlorine and alkali metal hydroxides. Under unfavorable storage conditions, for example, at elevated temperature and/or exposure of the packages to moisture, an exothermic spontaneous decomposition of the chlorine vehicle as well as reactions with other components of the cleaning agent composition take place. The cleaning agent composition remaining after the spontaneous decomposition is largely worthless since it sticks together and contains hardly any active chlorine. In addition, this possible spontaneous decomposition naturally represents an undesirable safety risk during storing and handling.
The recommendation was made in U.S. Pat. No. 3,166,513 to use potassium dichloroisocyanurate in granulated form with a critical particle size, as active chlorine component for the stabilization of dishwashing agent compositions with a content of compounds containing active chlorine. Potassium dichloroisocyanurate is considered more stable than the sodium dichloroisocyanurate, and the granulated form is said to provide additional stabilization. The amount of potassium dichloroisocyanurate does not exceed 5% by weight, in these products with a content of up to 30% by weight alkali metal hydroxides.
Potassium dichloroisocyanurate is considerably more expensive than the corresponding sodium compound, however. Thus the information of this patent specification is of theoretical interest only. Furthermore, the comment is made with respect to this patent in U.S. Pat. No. 3,352,785 that unjustifiable losses of available chlorine still occur despite a certain improvement with respect to the storing stability of these products, and formulations are mentioned therebefore that contain sodium dichloroisocyanurate of any desired granulation in the presence of nonionic surfactants and caustic alkalis, which are said to be more stable than cleaning agent compositions with content of granulated potassium dichloroisocyanurates, but the content of sodium dichloroisocyanurate is preferably 5% by weight maximum, even in this case.
A further increase in stability is said to be achieved according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,816,320 when the anhydrous sodium dichloroisocyanurate is replaced with its dihydrate. Its content can then be increased to 10% by weight. However, the dishwashing agent compositions prepared with it no longer contain free alkali metal hydroxide and, therefore, cannot be used for a technical comparison.
The preparation of cleaning agent compositions with a content of trichloroisocyanuric acid, which also are said to be stable in storage, also is known already from the U.S. Pat. No. 2,607,738, but again, these products do not contain any alkali metal hydroxide. This is understandable since it is known from "Soap, Cosmetics, Chemical Specialties," August 1974, pp. 46 to 55, particularly page 48, Table 3, for example, that trichloroisocyanuric acid is decomposed most strongly in the presence of sodium hydroxide flakes as an alkaline compound, as also is potassium and sodium dichloroisocyanurate.
There has been no shortage of experiments to make the use of trichloroisocyanuric acid possible by the concurrent use of stabilizing agents, such as
(a) dry trialkali salts of cyanuric acid or a mixture of equivalent amounts of cyanuric acid and alkali hydroxide (U.S. Pat. No. 3,178,372), or
(b) sodium acetate (U.S. Pat. No. 3,829,385).
However, these products contain undesirable ballast, such as cyanuric acid and sodium acetate in each case. The practical use of trichloroisocyanuric acid in dishwashing agent compositions with a high content of alkali metal hydroxides thus did not become acceptable although this substance has the highest content of active chlorine and, therefore, its application has always been tempting time and again. | 2024-07-26T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2269 |
<html>
<head>
<style>
div { grid-template-columns: 9919443em repeat(auto-fill, 1in 1in 1in) repeat(25817, 25in); }
</style>
<div style='display:inline-grid'></div>
</head>
</html>
| 2024-03-22T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4209 |
This Executive Newer Ranch is SOLD! 303 Wind Poppy Waunakee, WI 53597
Bob and Lois, It has been a true pleasure getting to know you both during this exciting journey! It is always heartwarming to gain a friendship along the way. smile emoticon:) Look forward to stopping by, when I am in the neighborhood! ~ Crystal Hagedorn | 2023-09-06T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9609 |
SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department
1047
KA 11-02010
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., SMITH, FAHEY, SCONIERS, AND VALENTINO, JJ.
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, RESPONDENT,
V MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
JEFFREY L. HABERER, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
THE LEGAL AID BUREAU OF BUFFALO, INC., BUFFALO (SUSAN C. MINISTERO OF
COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
LORI PETTIT RIEMAN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, LITTLE VALLEY (KELLY M. BALCOM
OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
Appeal from a resentence of the Cattaraugus County Court (Larry
M. Himelein, J.), rendered August 15, 2011. Defendant was resentenced
by imposing a period of postrelease supervision upon his conviction of
sodomy in the first degree.
It is hereby ORDERED that the resentence so appealed from is
unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a resentence pursuant to
which County Court added a mandatory period of postrelease supervision
to the sentence previously imposed on his conviction, upon a jury
verdict, of sodomy in the first degree (Penal Law former § 130.50
[3]). Contrary to defendant’s contention, the court did not violate
his due process or statutory rights by its failure to reconsider the
term of incarceration that was previously imposed. At defendant’s
original sentencing, the court committed a Sparber error by failing to
impose a five-year period of postrelease supervision (see § 70.45 [1],
[2]; People v Lingle, 16 NY3d 621, 629; see generally People v
Sparber, 10 NY3d 457, 468-471). Resentencing following a Sparber
error “is limited to remedying [the] specific procedural error—i.e., .
. . mak[ing] the required pronouncement” of postrelease supervision
(Lingle, 16 NY3d at 635 [internal quotation marks omitted]). Thus,
“[t]he court . . . was bound to reimpose the original sentence, aside
from the addition of [the] required period of postrelease supervision”
(People v Savery, 90 AD3d 1505, 1506, lv denied 18 NY3d 928).
Defendant’s further contention that the sentence is excessive is
not properly before us. “Where, as here, defendant appeals from a
resentence conducted to address an error in failing to impose a period
of postrelease supervision, this Court is without authority to reduce
the period of incarceration imposed” (People v Condes, 100 AD3d 1552,
1553, lv denied 20 NY3d 1060; see Lingle, 16 NY3d at 635). Finally,
-2- 1047
KA 11-02010
we have reviewed defendant’s remaining contentions, but conclude that
they do not require modification or reversal of the resentence.
Entered: November 8, 2013 Frances E. Cafarell
Clerk of the Court
| 2023-11-01T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5980 |
Q:
Detect swipe gesture without lifting the finger
I am developing a game for android with libgdx and I have a little problem, I want to make it trigger a function when the user swipes, this I achieve. The problem is that it runs the function when you finish swiping (when you lift your finger). How can I make the function run while the swipe is doing?
This is the current code for the gesture listener:
private static class DirectionGestureListener extends GestureAdapter{
DirectionListener directionListener;
public DirectionGestureListener(DirectionListener directionListener){
this.directionListener = directionListener;
}
@Override
public boolean fling(float velocityX, float velocityY, int button) {
if(Math.abs(velocityX)>Math.abs(velocityY)){
if(velocityX>0){
directionListener.onRight();
}else{
directionListener.onLeft();
}
}else{
if(velocityY>0){
directionListener.onDown();
}else{
directionListener.onUp();
}
}
return super.fling(velocityX, velocityY, button);
}
}
And the game scene:
Gdx.input.setInputProcessor(new SimpleDirectionGestureDetector(new SimpleDirectionGestureDetector.DirectionListener() {
@Override
public void onUp() {
/*something*/
}
@Override
public void onRight() {
/*something*/
}
@Override
public void onLeft() {
/*something*/
}
@Override
public void onDown() {
/*something*/
}
}));
A:
I looked into GestureDetector.java of libgdx source code itself. fling() will be executed whenever event of touchUp() happened. Thus aligned with what you experienced.
I think an option to make this work is to implement such gesture detection yourself by extending InputAdapter class or implementing InputProcessor interface class, then work on touchDown(), and touchDragged() to have an intended effect as you aimed for.
The idea is to keep track of touch id as it firstly touched on the screen inside touchDown() (its 3rd parameter is int button which is what you're looking at), then use that id to check and further operate inside touchDragged(). If id matches, then for simple approach, you can check whether user touched and moved for pre-defined distance by comparing it against original touching position.
Let's say we want a swipe gesture only when user firstly touches the screen, moves it for (at least) distance we pre-defined set, and within pre-defined duration. So if user firstly touches the screen, moves finger around but still not more than pre-defined distance, then finally moves far enough within duration we've set, this still won't be treated as swipe as our conditions set that it must be from first intention (first touch) to do such gesture. This means we calculate distance against original touching point, not moved point. Of course, you can customize the conditions to suit your need too.
From above, conditions to regard it as swipe gesture can include following (you can adapt these yourself)
distance it moved compared to original touching point
duration it took to move (might be 150ms, etc), longer duration user can be more relaxing not to act fast to make it registered as swipe gesture
only 1 swipe at a time can be taken into effect i.e. if user uses 2 fingers (2 touches) to swipe at the same time, only first one (or last one) can be used as swipe effect, etc.
Treating it separately for x, y direction is per your need. If so, you have to add handling code inside touchDragged() to check for both direction and send you corresponding event i.e. swipe-x, or swipe-y per se. Then you hook it up by calling one of your method to let your game knows.
| 2024-03-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9249 |
Beginning on Feb. 8 and ending Feb. 13, Tom Cruise’s hit film Top Gunwill return to theaters, but this time, you can feel the need for speed in a whole new way: IMAX 3-D. And if the movie’s 1986 success — it grossed more than $350 million in the box office worldwide — is any indication, we’d expect a large turnout.
Take a look at the Top Gun 3D trailer … which looks a lot like just another Top Gun trailer … which it kind of is. | 2024-02-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7908 |
Sally Faulkner and the four member television crew were on Tuesday charged by Mount Lebanon's general prosecutor with abduction at gunpoint, threatening the lives of children and harming them.
TV reporter Tara Brown and fellow Australians Benjamin Wilson, David Belmont and Steven Rebs were among nine people arrested on Thursday for allegedly trying to snatch back Ms Faulkner's children, four-year-old Noah and six-year-old Lahela, from her ex-husband Ali el-Amien.
Beirut website The Daily Star has also named Britons Craig Michael and Adam Whittington, Romanian Scott Bogdan and Lebanese Mohammad Hamza and Khaled Barbour as also being involved
Related reading Beirut court urges Sally Faulkner to reach custody agreement with husband 60 Minutes charges: How does the Lebanese legal system work?
Two of the nine have been released, but their identities are unknown.
60 Minutes crew in Lebanon formally charged with the following pic.twitter.com/3oed5vdRoX — Tom Steinfort (@tomsteinfort) April 12, 2016
Related reading Detained 60 Minutes crew, mother to give testimony
The seven defendants had been referred by Judge Claude Karam to Mount Lebanon's Investigative Judge Rami Abdallah for further questioning with their lawyers and translators, the newspaper said, quoting a judicial source.
Nine has hired a legal team in Beirut to help secure the release of the TV crew.
Australian diplomats in Lebanon and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade officials in Canberra have been supporting the detained Australians.
The TV crew were in Beirut to film and interview Ms Faulkner, who wanted to be reunited with her children, who she claims were taken to Lebanon by her ex-husband without her permission.
CCTV footage aired in local media and on Nine appeared to show Noah and Lahela being snatched from their paternal grandmother on a busy Beirut street by a group of masked men and bundled into a car.
The children were handed over to Ms Faulkner but the agents and a film crew from 60 Minutes, including reporter Tara Brown, were arrested a short time later.
Authorities found Ms Faulkner and the children shortly after, arresting the Brisbane mum and returning the children to their father. | 2024-03-21T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2108 |
Q:
R density plot y axis larger than 1
I want a density plot, and here is the code:
d = as.matrix(read.csv(file = '1.csv'))
plot(density(d))
my data is a list of number. What I don't understand is that the value of y axis large than 1
I think there is something wrong and search the internet, but i can't find any resource, Can you guys help me?
enter image description here
here is the data:
link：http://pan.baidu.com/s/1hsE8Ony password：7a4z
A:
There is nothing wrong with the density being greater than 1 at some points. The area under the curve must be 1, but at specific points the density can be greater than 1. For example,
dnorm(0,0, 0.1)
[1] 3.989423
See this Cross Validated post
Edit:
I think that the dnorm part above could be amplified a little.
For a Gaussian distribution, with mean μ and standard deviation σ approximately 99.73% of the area under the density curve lies between
μ-3σ and μ+3σ. The example above used μ=0 and σ=0.1 so the area under the curve between -0.3 and 0.3 should be 0.9973. The width of the curve here is 0.6. Compare this with a rectangle of equal area (0.9973) and the same base (0.6).
If the area of the rectangle is 0.9973 and the base is 0.6, the height must be 0.9973/0.6 = 1.6621, i.e. the average height of the curve must be 1.6621. Clearly there must be some points with height greater than 1.
| 2023-12-07T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9396 |
Château Royal de Collioure
The Château Royal de Collioure (Catalan: Castell Reial de Cotlliure) is a massive French royal castle in the town of Collioure, a few kilometers north of the Spanish border in the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales.
History of the Castle of Collioure
The Château is the juxtaposition of at least four castles.
Roussillon was conquered by the Romans around 120 BC and then occupied by the Visigoths from 418.
The first mention is about a fortified site in Collioure under siege in 673, by Wamba, king of the Visigoths who lay siege to the “Castellum Caucolibéri” to subdue a rebellion.
Castle of the Templars
In the 12th century, Girard II, the last independent count of the Roussillon, bequeathed his land to Alfons II, King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona. Concerned about the prosperity of Collioure, the kings of Aragon granted privileges and tax exemptions. An annual fair was established, and important works were undertaken in the castle, the port and the town.
The Knights Templar built the castle around 1207 and integrated it to the royal castle in 1345.
Kings of Majorca
A second castle was later built by the Kings of Majorca during the 13th and 14th centuries.
In the 13th century, the Castle was annexed to the Kingdom of Majorca, which included the domain of Montpellier, the earldoms of the Roussillon and Cerdanya, the Conflent and Vallespir, and the Balearic Islands.
The Kings of Majorca were itinerant. They travelled with their court, moving frequently from Maguelonne, near Montpellier, to Perpignan, to Palma de Majorca or to Collioure.
Habsburg fortress: Charles Quint and Philip II
In the 16th century, after a brief occupation by Louis XI, the Spanish Habsburgs, starting with Charles Quint, again occupied Collioure. He and his son Philip II turned the castle into a modern fortress of the 16th century. It was imperative that the fortifications were adapted in line with the advances in artillery, and so the castle defences and its surroundings were considerably reinforced.
Bourbon citadel
In the 17th century Collioure was at stake in the wars between the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Bourbons.
In 1642, Louis XIII's troops lay siege to Collioure and the Château Royal. Ten thousand men including Turenne, d'Artagnan and the King's musketeers occupied the hills overlooking the town, while the French fleet blocked the port. Deprived of water due to the destruction of their wells, the Spanish were forced to surrender. In 1659, France annexed the Roussillon and Collioure and the castle passed definitively into French hands. Vauban built the bastions, reinforced the structure and upgraded Fort Saint-Elme.
The Roussillon war
In 1793, the Spanish again besieged and occupied Collioure, which General Dugommier took back the next year. He captured Fort Saint-Elme on 25 May and forced the Spanish general Eugenio Navarro to surrender the next day.
The 20th century
Fort Saint-Elme was sold at auction in August 1913.
The castle was designated an historic monument in 1922.
The castle was turned into a men's prison in March 1939 and became the first disciplinary camp for the Spanish refugees of the Retirada, the exile from the Spanish Civil War. Many others were sent to the camps of Argelès-sur-Mer and Rivesaltes.
After 1941, French detainees were prisoners of the Vichy regime. The prison received men sentenced for indiscipline, attempted escape and incitement to rebellion from the camps of Argelès-sur-Mer, Saint-Cyprien and Le Barcarès. The detainees transited there before being sent to North Africa.
Property of the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales since 1951, the castle is one of the major tourist spots in Northern Catalonia.
Notes
References
Eugène Cortade, Le Château royal de Collioure - Fondation de Collioure, 1987, ASIN B000XEVCD2
Grégory Tuban, Les séquestrés de Collioure : Un camp disciplinaire au Château royal en 1939 - Mare nostrum, 2003,
External links
Château Royal de Collioure - Visiting information
Official page on the Website of the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales
Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century
Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century
Category:Castles in Pyrénées-Orientales
Category:History of Catalonia
Category:Royal residences in France
Category:Monuments historiques of Pyrénées-Orientales
Category:Historic house museums in Occitanie
Category:Museums in Pyrénées-Orientales | 2024-03-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5922 |
<quoted text>I understand the gay advocate self-interest in recruiting more homosexuals but I strongly oppose that recruitment.
No need to recruit. Hets give birth to a fresh batch of them every year. Who knows...even you may have a gay child. If one of your children or grandchildren invite you to their same sex marriage one day, will you be happy for them? Or will you be the grumpy old hater in the family?
<quoted text> Yeah! Probably from me.<quoted text>OH! You mean like when I write about naked, hot, hunky 18 year old men with their rippling muscles glistening under the sun? LOL!But seriously, what the hell are you rambling on about? You are burdened with homosexual desire since the age of 12. You felt it was wrong and prayed about it and asked God to change you.But God is not asking you to change.He is asking you to OVERCOME!This is your cross to bear, and it will likely be for all of your earthly life. You may have chosen to surrender, to yield, to NOT overcome, and this is sad. But so long as you are alive, redemption is possible.In the Biblical view, the same burden is on heterosexuals as well. There is no allowance for them to surrender to fornication either. Heterosexuals have the advantage, however, of marrying and thus, legitimizing their sexual behavior. The only path for homosexuals is celibacy if they cannot bring themselves to marry an opposite-sex person. It is an additional burden, but their rewards will be greater because their burdens are greater.This is an opportunity to show your love for God, for whoever sacrifices his life for God will gain it, but whoever seeks to preserve his life will lose it. I hope you make the right decision.
It's comical how you think you have all the answers.
I already made "the right decision" and that was to utterly trust God. He clearly had a reason for making me this way. I don't have to understand it. I just have my faith in Him.
What's sad is that you have not evolved to that point in your spiritual journey. You're still at the basic level. Yet you arrogantly presume to instruct others from your low level.
The "biblical view" as you understand it is nonsense.
Let's talk about "proof," of which you are so fond.
Prove that the bible is the inerrant and 100% perfectly translated, intact Word of God. Then we'll talk.
Until then, your foundation is too shaky on which to base denial of my rights in a free society founded upon freedom of religion.
You're wasting far too much time here instead of investing in your own prayer.
<quoted text>Oh! Jeff! I would be so happy to be gay and to meet a man whom I found attractive and sexy and who I could fall in love with but………THERE ARE NONE!So I've sadly resigned myself to women because as far as attractive, sexy women with whom I could fall in love there are………PLENTY!You might certainly understand how conflicted I am. Oh! Jeff! Please help me!LOL!
(and here he drops another clue and doesn't realize it...)
It reminds me of when I was a little kid on the playground, and didn't realize playing jump rope with the girls was "a clue" until somebody told me.
<quoted text>LOL.1. Your "voice" has changed considerably.2. When it comes down to Kinsey's sexology insights informed by his extensive education and his observations of vast numbers of collective experiences versus your own sexology insights informed by your own subjective personal experience, I'd say that Kinsey represents the black double diamond slope pro and you represent the bunny slope neophyte.Kinsey mapped out the general methodology for the causal pathway for homosexuality as far back as 60 years ago. Since then, the alphabet soup of professional organizations (APA[1], APA[2], AMA, etc.) have developed an ORTHODOX position for DEALING WITH homosexuality but NONE can give you a better UNDERSTANDING of how homosexuality DEVELOPS than the conditioned learning explanation given by Kinsey.Apparently, the essential causal development of homosexuality hasn't changed over these last 60 years (if it HAS, the alphabet soup professional organizations have been professionally negligent in not pointing out that such an essential change has occurred as well as why it has occurred) and Kinsey's understanding of the essential causal development of homosexuality apparently has withstood the test of time.3. As Kinsey correctly suggests, there is only one human physiological sexual AROUSAL mechanism -- that mechanism is universal and is independent of gender.That single human arousal mechanism can be triggered by many different STIMULI and those many different stimuli can involve many different manifestations of BEHAVIOR.Kinsey also suggests, based generally upon the classical conditioning works of Pavlov, that the arousal-triggering sexual stimuli can be UNCONDITIONED and CONDITIONED.Another basic learning process of IMPRINTING is likely also at play in the development of human sexual preferences.******Continued**********
no need to continue. I only read the first few lines.
Kinsey wasn't gay. I am. And I've spoken with a lot more gay people than Kinsey has.
<quoted text>I'm just curious...do you spend hours upon hours in forums telling hetero people not to have sex unless their intention is to create a child?I thought not. And that is very revealing. Gayness attracts you like cheese to a mouse.
no need to continue. I only read the first few lines.Kinsey wasn't gay. I am. And I've spoken with a lot more gay people than Kinsey has...
Wrong. Kinsey was bisexual.
And even counting all the people you served as a bartender at the gay bar where you worked and possibly all the people you said hello to at Gay Disney events and Gay Pride events, I still doubt that your basis of knowledge of homosexuality is broader than was Kinsey's.
<quoted text>(and here he drops another clue and doesn't realize it...)It reminds me of when I was a little kid on the playground, and didn't realize playing jump rope with the girls was "a clue" until somebody told me.
Yeah, when I was a wee gay, the old timers called it "dropping daisies" when a self-described "heterosexual" would unconsciously leave a litter of clues trailing behind them. This guy could supply the potpourri trade with all the blossoms he's dropping.:)
I have no prejudice towards gay people. I enjoy the debate. What I find particularly interesting and amusing is deflating all the phallusies……oops! I mean fallacies…… that are so richly present in the debate on same-sex marriage and related topics.
It's like being in Lewis Carroll's Wonderland…… without the risk of getting your head yanked……err, beheaded.
Yakkin' with gay men? More like kickin' their butts.
This isn't really a gay forum, is it?
It's more like a kick-gay-butt forum because all of you have just been getting your butts kicked for some time now.
It must be a gay masochist forum.
Joking aside, Christ offers salvation to all who would open their hearts to him. Think about it.
<quoted text>Yeah, when I was a wee gay, the old timers called it "dropping daisies" when a self-described "heterosexual" would unconsciously leave a litter of clues trailing behind them. This guy could supply the potpourri trade with all the blossoms he's dropping.:)My new nickname for him is Daisy.
<quoted text>I have no prejudice towards gay people. I enjoy the debate. What I find particularly interesting and amusing is deflating all the phallusies……oops! I mean fallacies…… that are so richly present in the debate on same-sex marriage and related topics.It's like being in Lewis Carroll's Wonderland…… without the risk of getting your head yanked……err, beheaded.Yakkin' with gay men? More like kickin' their butts.This isn't really a gay forum, is it?It's more like a kick-gay-butt forum because all of you have just been getting your butts kicked for some time now.It must be a gay masochist forum.Joking aside, Christ offers salvation to all who would open their hearts to him. Think about it.
Nope there is more to it...... there is not one person in the gay forums that thinks you are here for in gay forums for any other reason that you have some deep routed problems that requires treatment.
<quoted text>Wrong. Kinsey was bisexual.And even counting all the people you served as a bartender at the gay bar where you worked and possibly all the people you said hello to at Gay Disney events and Gay Pride events, I still doubt that your basis of knowledge of homosexuality is broader than was Kinsey's.<quoted text>LOL. Doubt it.But your opinion, for what it's worth, is so noted.
Bisexual is not gay.
I doubt Kinsey interviewed as many gay people as I have in my lifetime.
<quoted text>I have no prejudice towards gay people. I enjoy the debate. What I find particularly interesting and amusing is deflating all the phallusies……oops! I mean fallacies…… that are so richly present in the debate on same-sex marriage and related topics.It's like being in Lewis Carroll's Wonderland…… without the risk of getting your head yanked……err, beheaded.Yakkin' with gay men? More like kickin' their butts.This isn't really a gay forum, is it?It's more like a kick-gay-butt forum because all of you have just been getting your butts kicked for some time now.It must be a gay masochist forum.Joking aside, Christ offers salvation to all who would open their hearts to him. Think about it.
1. We don't enjoy the debate. This is not some game. This is about our very real lives. Show some respect.
2. You don't know what Christ offers and have no business offering anything on his behalf, novice.
3. Ignoring what the gay posters tell you (with authority, I might add) and babbling on and on about nothing isn't kicking anyone's butt. It's self-delusion.
<quoted text>It's comical how you think you have all the answers.I already made "the right decision" and that was to utterly trust God. He clearly had a reason for making me this way. I don't have to understand it. I just have my faith in Him.
If you have faith in Him, then you will keep His commandments and obey His words.
What's sad is that you have not evolved to that point in your spiritual journey. You're still at the basic level. Yet you arrogantly presume to instruct others from your low level.
As I recall, you are one of the most abusive people on these forums. Is that what happens when one progresses to your point in his spiritual journey? Is that what I have to look forward to as I progress?
The "biblical view" as you understand it is nonsense.Let's talk about "proof," of which you are so fond.Prove that the bible is the inerrant and 100% perfectly translated, intact Word of God. Then we'll talk.
I've never asserted that so it's not for me to prove.
Until then, your foundation is too shaky on which to base denial of my rights in a free society founded upon freedom of religion.You're wasting far too much time here instead of investing in your own prayer.
No one is denying you your rights. One is only denying you your FALSE INVENTED rights.
Until obtaining state support for our relationship with the one we love becomes a constitutional right, it remains no right at all. Please show me where in any constitution it says the state must support any relationships we have with the ones we love. Then I'll believe you.
<quoted text>Nope there is more to it...... there is not one person in the gay forums that thinks you are here for in gay forums for any other reason that you have some deep routed problems that requires treatment.
Sexual orientation theory classifies according to psychological criteria. This means that certain ideas and fantasies have APPEAL and arousal power and others do not. But it also means that certain ideas and fantasies have REPULSIVE power as well. Thus, for heterosexuals, the idea of homosexuality would be quite naturally repulsive to them, and vice versa.
This would imply that "homophobia" is NOT culturally induced bigotry as gays would have us believe, but something that would be quite naturally occurring and unavoidable. It would be integrated into the sexual orientation of an individual.
The theory of sexual orientation doesn't leave us the possibility of having it both ways. To accept it in its current formulation means having to accept the rejection and aversion to homosexuality by the great majority of people as something entirely NATURAL and expected.
<quoted text>[*********Continued Reply**********4. Concerning the point you made in some other comment to the effect that if gays choose to be gay then they would certainly be aware of their choice and would be self-accepting, I respond that people whose sexual preferences have been conditioned or imprinted are not in most cases even consciously aware of the conditioning or imprinting, certainly not while those learning processes are taking place:[FROM:“Correlates of Early Overt and Covert Sexual Behaviors in Heterosexual Women” by Paula J. Bickham, Stephen L. O’Keefe, Elaine Baker, Girmay Berhie, Martin J. Kommor, Karen V. Harper-Dorton, Archives of Sexual Behavior (2007) 36:724–740]:.....Laboratory evidence suggests that Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal occurs in men and women (Hoffmann, Janssen, & Turner, 2004)...."Pavlovian conditioning is well known for its ability to link involuntary physiological responses, such as salivation (Pavlov, 1927) and sexual arousal (Hoffmann et al., 2004; Hollis, 1997; Lalumie`re & Quinsey, 1998; Plaud & Martini, 1999; Zamble, Mitchell, & Findlay, 1986), to both response-appropriate and response-inappropriate stimuli.Pavlovian conditioning is unconscious, automatic, and involuntary, and it can, therefore, create long-term conditioned responses whose origin may be unknown to the individual even though he/she is aware of the result of the conditioning.".....5. Contrary to what you say, it DOES matter "why" you are gay.Your position is that homosexuality can never be learned while my position is that homosexuality certainly CAN be learned and that certain particular stimuli PROMOTE that learning. I don't think that as a society we should be promoting more people learning to become homosexual -- I understand the gay advocate self-interest in recruiting more homosexuals but I strongly oppose that recruitment.
<quoted text>Nope there is more to it...... there is not one person in the gay forums that thinks you are here for in gay forums for any other reason that you have some deep routed problems that requires treatment.
OK! Enough fun and games! Back to serious stuff.Chew on this.Sexual orientation theory classifies according to psychological criteria. This means that certain ideas and fantasies have APPEAL and arousal power and others do not. But it also means that certain ideas and fantasies have REPULSIVE power as well. Thus, for heterosexuals, the idea of homosexuality would be quite naturally repulsive to them, and vice versa.This would imply that "homophobia" is NOT culturally induced bigotry as gays would have us believe, but something that would be quite naturally occurring and unavoidable. It would be integrated into the sexual orientation of an individual.The theory of sexual orientation doesn't leave us the possibility of having it both ways. To accept it in its current formulation means having to accept the rejection and aversion to homosexuality by the great majority of people as something entirely NATURAL and expected.
Pure fantasy. Pure delusion.
Try as hard as you like but you can't excuse your bigotry with lame theories. So then it must be UNNATURAL for my straight friends and family to accept me?
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Inappropriate posts may be removed by the moderator. Send us your feedback. | 2023-12-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6533 |
Ryse: Son of Rome is well worth a punt at £11.91
If Xbox One exclusive Ryse: Son of Rome has been on your radar for a while, maybe this £11.91 offer is right for you. This offer also saves you abut £10. Game is listed as a 'as new' and 'ex-rental'. Nope, I'm not sure how those two can co-exist either. It's also worth noting that the seller Boomerang allegedly had their customers' details hacked in January, but the word is that they've fixed their security issues since.
Thankfully, this didn't end up being the awful Kinect game it started as. Sure it's a bit repetitive, but as far as meaty and satisfying combat goes, this is a lot of fun. Just don't try and rush through it too quickly if you don't want the action to wear thin. Even a year after launch, this is still one of the best looking games on the Xbox One.
I have a sneaking fancy we'll see this free on the One, in April's double GWG giveaway.
Completely unfounded guess, but I can't bring myself to buy it now when I've got it in my mind it'll be free in less than a month!
Ha, yeah I know what you mean. I've got a few games I'm holding off getting in case they appear on PS+ too. I'm talking to you Knack. I'm not paying for what I know is going to be cack. But I really want it. | 2023-11-13T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6518 |
Q:
Cherenkov light reverse cone direction
The Cherenkov cone is emitted along the charged particle direction as many textbooks say.
Detectors like Super-Kamiokande can detect those cerenkov rings and tag the particle as a muon-like neutrino event or electron-like neutrino event.
My problem is that there are also other pictures in the internet for cherenkov radiation emitted in reverse direction which i cannot understand. It would mean, the cherenkov-light is travelling faster than the charged particle.
Maybe someone can make it clear for me.
Source:
http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/sk/detector/cherenkov-e.html
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/alaeian2/
A:
Both images actually show different steps in the emission:
The first image tries to motivate how the Cherenkov light, that is emitted along the path of the charged particle, superimposes to a light front emitted at a certain angle
The yellow cones in the second image visualise how this light front then propagates further
Maybe it helps if you mentally combine both images into something like this:
(sorry for the quick and dirty sketch)
| 2024-01-14T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9012 |
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Not sure what to do....
I've had pvcs for about 6 yrs now. When I first started getting them I had blood work done, holter monitor and an echo. Everything came back normal/healthy. I was told it's just my anxiety. In the past year the pvcs have gotten worse. A lot of days I get hundreds of them, although I have the random day where I won't get a single one. They are usually worse at night when I'm trying to go to sleep. Rarely I'll get 2 or 3 in a row. There's no rhyme or reason to it. I've cut caffeine, alcohol, never smoked. Tried tons of supplements. I went back to doc recently and they redid the holter and picked up 14 pvcs. I guess I'm wondering if I should get another echo or if it's just my anxiety talking. I feel like my judgment on this is clouded due to the anxiety it gives me. Thanks in advance! | 2024-06-29T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7559 |
r4 | R2.*38 |
do'4. do'8 la8 la8 |
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si2 sol'8 sol'8 |
fa'8 mi'8 re'4 re'8 mi'8 |
do'4 r8 do'8 la8 re'8 |
si4 si8 si8 mi'4 mi'8 red'8 |
mi'4 mi'8 r8 r4 |
R2.*20 |
r4 r4 do'8. do'16 |
sol4 sol8 sol8 sol8 la8 |
si4. si8 si8 si8 |
do'4. do'8 do'8 re'8 |
mi'4. mi'8 dod'8 la8 |
re'4. re'8 la8 re'8 |
si2 mi'8 fad'8 |
sol'4 fad'4. sol'8 |
mi'2 mi'4 |
R2.*16 |
r4 r4 si8 mi'8 |
dod'4 re'4 mi'4 |
fa'8 mi'8 re'8 do'8 si8 do'8 |
la2 r4 |
| 2024-03-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2350 |
This invention relates to a process and an apparatus for treating the surfaces of friction rollers for open-end friction spinning units which are each equipped with two rollers adjacent one another and forming a wedge-shaped gap.
In the operation of an open-end friction spinning unit, the distance between the rollers forming the wedge-shaped gap in which the yarn is formed is of considerable importance. In order to be able to spin a relatively fine yarn, the wedge-shaped gap must be relatively narrow. For this purpose, the rollers are arranged at a distance from one another of only a few hundredths of a millimeter. Also, the wedge-shaped gap must not change its width during the operation, i.e., each roller surface must have precise concentricity relative to its axis of rotation. If the rollers are not completely round, the width of the wedge-shaped gap will change constantly so that the friction characteristics in the wedge-shaped gap will change correspondingly. With the changing friction characteristics, the twist applied to the yarn also changes, thereby resulting in the danger that thick and thin points may occur in the yarn.
An objective of the present invention is to provide a process and apparatus for treating the surfaces of rollers by which the concentricity of the rollers can be made more precise.
This objective is achieved according to the invention by treating the surfaces of two rollers jointly during at least the last roller preparing cycle and installing these two rollers as a pair in one spinning unit.
By means of the joint treatment of their surfaces, the rollers are mated with one another. By then installing them together for use in one spinning unit, problems due to the use of two rollers which may each have large surface irregularities are avoided.
In one aspect of the present invention, two rollers are mounted, driven and simultaneously treated by a polishing or grinding element in a position that corresponds to their operational position in a spinning unit. This apsect is advantageous because during the treating, the two rollers take up their later operational orientation with respect to one another resulting in a further increase of the precision of concentricity. In this case, it is especially advantageous to press the two rollers with biasing means against a polishing or grinding means disposed between them. As a result during the polishing or grinding phase, out of round conditions in the rollers are diminished.
It is contemplated that rollers be driven at speeds that differ from one another during their surface treatment. This ensures that during turning the same points of the two rollers are not always opposite one another. In this way slight indentations or elevations in the roller surfaces are not increased, but are actually diminished.
It is further contemplated that the rollers are driven in the same rotational direction. The rollers therefore move in relation to one another in a manner that is similar to their later operation in the spinning unit.
In a further development of the invention, the polishing or grinding means is driven at a speed that differs from the circumferential speed of the rollers. This ensures that the polishing or grinding means is always applied to different areas on the surfaces of the rollers so that over an extended period of time, a uniform method of operation of the polishing or grinding means can be ensured.
In an especially advantageous development of the invention, the rollers are combined with bearings to form one structural unit and are treated in this condition before carrying out the last treatment phase of their surfaces. As a result, those out of round errors that may possibly be caused by their bearings will be worked off in the last roller preparing cycle.
In a further development of the invention, in order to provide an apparatus for treating the surfaces of rollers, receiving means are provided for receiving two rollers in an orientation with respect to one another that corresponds to their operational orientation in a spinning unit. Also provided are drives for the two rollers and at least one polishing or grinding element for simultaneously treating the surfaces of both rollers. By means of this apparatus, the two rollers that will later be used jointly in a spinning unit are treated in such a way that a high measure of mutual concentricity is obtained at least during the last preparing cycle which determines the final shape of their surfaces.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that the receiving means are biased in such a way that the two rollers rest against the polishing or grinding element disposed between them with a predetermined force. As a result, a uniform effect on the surfaces of both rollers due to the polishing or grinding means is obtained.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that between the receiving means of the rollers, a belt is arranged that is equipped with a polishing or grinding coating on both sides. Advantageously, the belt is designed as a rotating driven continuous loop, resulting in a simple and reliably operating apparatus. It is advantageous in this case that the width of the belt corresponds to the length of the surfaces of the rollers to be treated. This results in a uniform treatment of the surfaces, especially the area which later is opposite the mouth of a fiber feeding channel when the rollers are positioned within the spinning unit. It is in this vicinity that the actual formation of the yarn takes place.
In a further development of the invention, the rollers are disposed on shafts that can be clamped into the receiving means. In this case, it is especially advantageous that tube-shaped suction inserts are provided as shafts on which the rollers, designed as cylinders, are disposed by means of roller bearings. The receiving means are designed corresponding to the holders of the suction inserts of a spinning unit. Thus the rollers are completely combined with their bearings and shafts before they are subjected to the last treatment. Imprecisions with respect to concentricity caused by the bearings and shafts will therefore also be eliminated.
Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description when taken with the accompanying drawings which show, for purposes of illustration only, embodiments constructed in accordance with the present invention. | 2023-08-06T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8531 |
---
author:
- 'R. Alves Batista,'
- 'D. Boncioli,'
- 'A. di Matteo,'
- 'A. van Vliet'
- 'and D. Walz'
bibliography:
- 'SimPropCRP.bib'
title: 'Effects of uncertainties in simulations of extragalactic UHECR propagation, using CRPropa and [*SimProp*]{} '
---
Introduction \[sec.intro\]
==========================
UHE cosmic ray propagation \[sec.propagation\]
==============================================
Monte Carlo codes\[sec.MCcodes\]
================================
Comparisons\[sec.comparisons\]
==============================
Discussion\[sec.discussion\]
============================
Conclusions\[sec.conclusions\]
==============================
Photodisintegration cross sections\[sec.photodis\]
==================================================
Models for extragalactic background spectrum\[sec.EBLmodels\]
=============================================================
| 2023-12-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5097 |
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<title>JSDoc: Source: eclairjs/streaming/dstream/DStream.js</title>
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<h1 class="page-title">Source: eclairjs/streaming/dstream/DStream.js</h1>
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<pre class="prettyprint source linenums"><code>/*
* Copyright 2015 IBM Corp.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
(function () {
var JavaWrapper = require(EclairJS_Globals.NAMESPACE + '/JavaWrapper');
var Logger = require(EclairJS_Globals.NAMESPACE + '/Logger');
var Utils = require(EclairJS_Globals.NAMESPACE + '/Utils');
var logger = Logger.getLogger("streaming.dtream.DStream_js");
/**
* @constructor
* @memberof module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream
* @classdec Represents a Discretized Stream (DStream), the basic abstraction in Spark Streaming,
* is a continuous sequence of RDDs (of the same type) representing a continuous stream of data.
* @param {object} jDStream
*/
var DStream = function (jDStream) {
var jvmObj = jDStream;
JavaWrapper.call(this, jvmObj);
};
DStream.prototype = Object.create(JavaWrapper.prototype);
DStream.prototype.constructor = DStream;
DStream.HashMap = Java.type("java.util.HashMap");
DStream.UUID = Java.type("java.util.UUID");
DStream.foreachMap = new DStream.HashMap();
DStream.unrefRDD = function (refId) {
var javaObj = DStream.foreachMap.get(refId);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObj);
};
/**
* Persist RDDs of this DStream with the default storage level (MEMORY_ONLY_SER)
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.cache = function () {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().cache());
};
/**
* Generate an RDD for the given duration
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Time} validTime
* @returns {module:eclairjs.RDD}
*/
DStream.prototype.compute = function (validTime) {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().compute(validTime.getJavaObject()));
};
/**
* Return a new DStream containing only the elements that satisfy a predicate.
* @param {function} func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.filter = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().filter(fn));
};
/**
* Persist RDDs of this DStream with the storage level
* @param {module:eclairjs/storage.StorageLevel} [level] (MEMORY_ONLY_SER) by default
* @return {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.persist = function () {
if (arguments.length == 1) {
return Utils.javaToJs(
this.getJavaObject().persist(arguments[0].getJavaObject()));
} else {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().perist());
}
};
/**
* Return a new DStream with an increased or decreased level of parallelism.
* @param {int} numPartitions
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.repartition = function (numPartitions) {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().repartition(numPartitions));
};
/**
* Return a new DStream by unifying data of another DStream with this DStream.
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream} that
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.union = function (that) {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().union(Utils.unwrapObject(that)));
}
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD contains all the elements in seen in a sliding window of time over this DStream.
* The new DStream generates RDDs with the same interval as this DStream.
* @param duration - width of the window; must be a multiple of this DStream's interval.
* @param [slideInterval]
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.window = function (duration) {
if (arguments.length == 1) {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().window(
Utils.unwrapObject(arguments[0])));
} else {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().window(
Utils.unwrapObject(arguments[0]),
Utils.unwrapObject(arguments[1])));
}
};
/**
* Enable periodic checkpointing of RDDs of this DStream.
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} interval
* @return {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.checkpoint = function (interval) {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().checkpoint(interval.getJavaObject()));
};
/**
* Return the StreamingContext associated with this DStream
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming.StreamingContext}
*/
DStream.prototype.context = function () {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().context());
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD has a single element generated by
* counting each RDD of this DStream.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.count = function () {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().count());
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD contains the counts of each distinct
* value in each RDD of this DStream. Hash partitioning is used to generate the
* RDDs with Spark's default number of partitions if numPartions is not
* specified.
* @param {int} numPartitions
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.countByValue = function () {
if (arguments.length > 0) {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().countByValue(arguments[0]));
} else {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().countByValue());
}
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD contains the count of distinct
* elements in RDDs in a sliding window over this DStream. Hash partitioning is
* used to generate the RDDs with Spark's default number of partitions if
* numPartitions is not specified.
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} windowDuration
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} slideDuration
* @param {int} numPartitions
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.countByValueAndWindow = function () {
if (arguments.length == 2) {
return Utils.javaToJs(
this.getJavaObject().countByValueAndWindow(
arguments[0].getJavaObject(),
arguments[1].getJavaObject()
))
} else {
return Utils.javaToJs(
this.getJavaObject().countByValueAndWindow(
arguments[0].getJavaObject(),
arguments[1].getJavaObject(),
arguments[2]
))
}
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD has a single element generated by
* counting the number of elements in a window over this DStream. windowDuration
* and slideDuration are as defined in the window() operation. This is
* equivalent to window(windowDuration, slideDuration).count()
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} windowDuration
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} slideDuration
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.countByWindow = function (windowDuration, slideDuration) {
return Utils.javaToJs(
this.getJavaObject().countByWindow(
windowDuration.getJavaObject(),
slideDuration.getJavaObject()
))
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD contains the count of distinct elements in
* RDDs in a sliding window over this DStream. Hash partitioning is used to generate the RDDs
* with `numPartitions` partitions.
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} windowDuration width of the window; must be a multiple of this DStream's
* batching interval
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} slideDuration sliding interval of the window (i.e., the interval after which
* the new DStream will generate RDDs); must be a multiple of this
* DStream's batching interval
* @param {number} [numPartitions] number of partitions of each RDD in the new DStream.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.PairDStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.countByValueAndWindow = function (windowDuration, slideDuration, numPartitions) {
var windowDuration_uw = Utils.unwrapObject(windowDuration);
var slideDuration_uw = Utils.unwrapObject(slideDuration);
if (arguments[2]) {
var javaObject = this.getJavaObject().countByValueAndWindow(windowDuration_uw, slideDuration_uw, numPartitions);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObject);
} else {
var javaObject = this.getJavaObject().countByValueAndWindow(windowDuration_uw, slideDuration_uw);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObject);
}
};
/**
* Return a new DStream by first applying a function to all elements of this
* DStream, and then flattening the results.
* @param func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.flatMap = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFlatMapFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().flatMap(fn));
};
/**
* Return a new DStream by applying a function to all elements of this DStream,
* and then flattening the results
* @param func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.PairDStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.flatMapToPair = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSPairFlatMapFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().flatMapToPair(fn));
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD is generated by applying glom() to
* each RDD of this DStream. Applying glom() to an RDD coalesces all elements
* within each partition into an array.
*/
DStream.prototype.glom = function () {
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().glom());
}
/**
* Return a new DStream by applying a function to all elements of this DStream.
* @param func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.map = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().map(fn));
};
/**
* Return a new DStream by applying a function to all elements of this DStream.
* @param func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.PairDStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.mapToPair = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSPairFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().mapToPair(fn));
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD is generated by applying
* mapPartitions() to each RDDs of this DStream. Applying mapPartitions() to an
* RDD applies a function to each partition of the RDD.
* @param func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.mapPartitions = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFlatMapFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
return Utils.javaToJs(this.getJavaObject().mapPartitions(fn));
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD has a single element generated by reducing each RDD
* of this DStream.
* @param {func} f
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.reduce = function (f, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(f, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction2, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
var javaObject = this.getJavaObject().reduce(fn);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObject);
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD has a single element generated by reducing all
* elements in a sliding window over this DStream.
* @param {func} reduceFunc associative reduce function
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} windowDuration width of the window; must be a multiple of this DStream's
* batching interval
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} slideDuration sliding interval of the window (i.e., the interval after which
* the new DStream will generate RDDs); must be a multiple of this
* DStream's batching interval
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.reduceByWindow = function (reduceFunc, windowDuration, slideDuration, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(reduceFunc, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction2, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
var windowDuration_uw = Utils.unwrapObject(windowDuration);
var slideDuration_uw = Utils.unwrapObject(slideDuration);
var javaObject = this.getJavaObject().reduceByWindow(fn, windowDuration_uw, slideDuration_uw);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObject);
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD has a single element generated by reducing all
* elements in a sliding window over this DStream. However, the reduction is done incrementally
* using the old window's reduced value :
* 1. reduce the new values that entered the window (e.g., adding new counts)
* 2. "inverse reduce" the old values that left the window (e.g., subtracting old counts)
* This is more efficient than reduceByWindow without "inverse reduce" function.
* However, it is applicable to only "invertible reduce functions".
* @param {func} reduceFunc associative reduce function
* @param {func} invReduceFunc inverse reduce function
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} windowDuration width of the window; must be a multiple of this DStream's
* batching interval
* @param {module:eclairjs/streaming.Duration} slideDuration sliding interval of the window (i.e., the interval after which
* the new DStream will generate RDDs); must be a multiple of this
* DStream's batching interval
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.reduceByWindowwithSlideDuration = function (reduceFunc, invReduceFunc, windowDuration, slideDuration, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(reduceFunc, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction2, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
var fn2 = Utils.createLambdaFunction(invReduceFunc, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction2, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
var windowDuration_uw = Utils.unwrapObject(windowDuration);
var slideDuration_uw = Utils.unwrapObject(slideDuration);
var javaObject = this.getJavaObject().reduceByWindow(fn, fn2, windowDuration_uw, slideDuration_uw);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObject);
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD is generated by applying a function
* on each RDD of 'this' DStream.
* @param {func} transformFunc
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.DStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.transform = function (transformFunc, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(transformFunc, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction2, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
var javaObject = this.getJavaObject().transform(fn);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObject);
};
/**
* Return a new DStream in which each RDD is generated by applying a function
* on each RDD of 'this' DStream.
* @param {func} transformFunc
* @returns {module:eclairjs/streaming/dstream.PairDStream}
*/
DStream.prototype.transformToPair = function (transformFunc, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(transformFunc, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
var javaObject = this.getJavaObject().transformToPair(fn);
return Utils.javaToJs(javaObject);
};
/**
* Apply a function to each RDD in this DStream. This is an output operator, so 'this' DStream will be registered as an output
* stream and therefore materialized.
* @param func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {void}
*/
DStream.prototype.foreachRDD = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSVoidFunction, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
this.getJavaObject().foreachRDD(fn);
};
/**
* Apply a function to each RDD in this DStream. This is an output operator, so 'this' DStream will be registered as an output
* stream and therefore materialized.
* The time is passed into to the function.
* @param func
* @param {Object[]} [bindArgs] array whose values will be added to func's argument list.
* @returns {void}
*/
DStream.prototype.foreachRDDWithTime = function (func, bindArgs) {
var fn = Utils.createLambdaFunction(func, org.eclairjs.nashorn.JSFunction2, this.context().sparkContext(), bindArgs);
this.getJavaObject().foreachRDD(fn);
};
/**
* Print the first ten elements of each RDD generated in this DStream. This is an output operator, so this DStream will be
* registered as an output stream and there materialized.
* @returns {void}
*/
DStream.prototype.print = function () {
this.getJavaObject().print();
};
module.exports = DStream;
})();</code></pre>
</article>
</section>
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| 2024-02-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/9445 |
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Farmers Join Hundreds to Protest Outside Monsanto Hearing and Demand End to Monsanto’s Campaign of Intimidation in Rural America Over GMO’s
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Submitted by Food Democracy Now on January 10, 2013 - 8:20am
Protesters Near White House Call on President Obama to Halt Approval of Genetically Modified Crops and GMO Salmon Until Long Term Safety Tests Are Completed
WASHINGTON, D.C. - Nearly 300 family farmers, activists, and members of Food Democracy Now! gathered in front of the White House today, directly after a hearing on the landmark OSGATA v. Monsanto case, to demand both that Monsanto end their campaign of intimidation against America’s family farmers over GMO’s, and that President Obama halt approval of genetically modified food. The demand for Pres. Obama included a halt of GMO approvals, including GMO salmon, until independent long-term safety tests can be conducted.
Thirty-one family farmers, plaintiffs in the landmark lawsuit OSGATA et al v. Monsanto, travelled to Washington, DC from across America to attend the US Appeals Court hearing and protest today to demand the right to farm without the threat harassment by the world’s largest biotech seed company. Monsanto has sued or settled in court with more than 844 family farms since 1997 years over ‘patent infringement’ after their seeds naturally spread to nearby farms.
“Family farmers need and deserve the right to farm. We have a right to grow good food and good seed for our families and our communities without the threat of trespass and intimidation,” Jim Gerritsen, an organic potato farmer from Maine, and representing OSGATA, the lead plaintiff in the lawsuit told the enthusiastic crowd. “We need Court protection so that our families will be able to carry on our farming tradition and help keep America strong,” said Gerritsen.
After attending the Oral Argument to appeal the dismissal of the case at the US Court of Appeals, the farmers marched to Lafayette Park to bring attention to the Obama Administration’s pending approval of 13 new biotech crops and AquaBounty’s “Frankenfish,” a genetically engineered “salmon.”
“America’s farmers deserve to be protected from unwanted contamination of their crops and the continued harassment by biotech seed giant Monsanto,” said Dave Murphy, founder and executive director of Food Democracy Now!, a grassroots farmer advocacy group and plaintiff in the case. “At the same time, our current regulatory structure here in the U.S. has failed America’s farmers and consumers. The Obama administration needs to do the right thing to protect our farmers and make sure that new genetically engineered crops go through rigorous safety tests,” said Murphy. “It’s time the President Obama live up to his campaign promise to Iowa farmers in 2007 and label genetically engineered foods. It’s the least that he could do.
Many farmers have been forced to stop growing certain crops to avoid genetic contamination and potential lawsuits from Monsanto. This case challenges the validity of Monsanto's genetically engineered seed patents and seeks Court protection for family farmers who, through no fault of their own, may have become contaminated by Monsanto's patented seed and find themselves accused of patent infringement. Their aggressive lawsuits have created an atmosphere of fear in rural America and driven dozens of farmers into bankruptcy.
The hearing today coincided with growing concern from millions of Americans over the pending approval of new genetically engineered crops, which many believe have not been properly tested through serious independent long-term safety tests.
Those concerns took on new urgency when only days before Christmas the Obama administration announced it was clearing one of the final regulatory hurdles before the pending approval of AquaBounty’s “Frankenfish.” If approved, it would be the first genetically engineered animal to appear on plates in the U.S. | 2024-01-24T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1786 |
17 F.Supp.2d 781 (1998)
FUNERAL FINANCIAL SERVICES, LTD., Wade Funeral Home Acquisition, Inc., Mortuary Financial Services, Inc. and Anderson Funeral Service, Ltd., individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs,
v.
NOS COMMUNICATIONS, INC., Defendant.
No. 98 C 3331.
United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.
August 21, 1998.
Andrew K. Miller, Forman & Miller, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs.
Jeffery Moore Cross, Christopher Todd Sheean, Kelley, Drye & Warren, Chicago, IL, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
GETTLEMAN, District Judge.
On May 21, 1998, plaintiffs filed a two count putative class action complaint against defendant in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, alleging violations of the Illinois Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act, and common law fraud. Plaintiff alleges that defendant, a provider of telecommunications services, misrepresented its billing rates and procedures in order to entice plaintiff and others similarly situated to switch from their existing telecommunications carrier to defendant. Plaintiffs allege that defendant, in contrast to its written advertisements and oral solicitations, as well as its contract with plaintiffs, charged plaintiffs based on Telephone Calling Units instead of minutes; included an additional charged for dialing a telephone number; and included a "profit factor" for each completed telephone call. As a result, plaintiffs allege that defendant has "overcharged them."
*782 On June 1, 1998, defendant removed the case to this court, arguing that as an interexchange telecommunications carrier it is subject to the federal government's comprehensive scheme for regulation of communications as administered by the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC"). Under the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 203(a, c), defendant's rates are completely controlled by tariffs filed with the FCC. Defendant argues that plaintiffs have artfully plead to "avoid any mention of the rate setting and rate charging mechanism for long distance telephone calls mandated by Congress." Therefore, according to defendant, the complaint in reality is a claim for failure to comply with the tariff and raises a federal question. Plaintiff has moved to remand, arguing that its state law fraud claims are not challenges to the tariff and therefore not preempted by the Act.
Section 203(a) of the Communications Act requires every common carrier to file with the FCC tariffs showing all charges and all classifications, practices and regulations affecting such charges. American Telephone & Telegraph Company v. Central Office Telephone, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 118 S.Ct. 1956, 1962, 141 L.Ed.2d 222 (1998). The section makes it unlawful for a carrier to provide to any person any privilege or facility or employ or enforce any classification, regulation or practices affecting such charges except as provided in the tariff. Id. Thus it would be unlawful for defendant to charge plaintiffs any rate other than that which is provided in its tariff filed with the FCC.
Because the Communications Act is modeled on the Interstate Commerce Act, the "filed-rate" doctrine associated with that act's tariff provisions applies. Id. Under that doctrine, deviation from the filed charge is not permitted upon any pretext, and carriers and customers are charged with notice of it and must abide by it unless the FCC finds it unreasonable. Ignorance or misquotation of rates is not an excuse for paying or charging less or more that the rate filed. Id. at 1962-63. "Thus, even if a carrier intentionally misrepresents its rate and the customer relies on the misrepresentation, the carrier cannot be held to the promised rate if it conflicts with the published tariff. Id." The tariff filed is the equivalent of a federal regulation, a suit to enforce it or to invalidate it as unreasonable arises under federal law, and any contractual claim is preempted by federal law. Cahnmann v. Sprint Corporation, 133 F.3d 484, 489 (7th Cir.1998).
Plaintiffs argue, however, that because they are not attacking the validity of the tariff or the actual rates charged, their claims are protected by the Act's savings clause, which in effect preserves all causes of actions for breach of duties not preempted by the Act. 47 U.S.C. § 414. Plaintiffs assert that they have sued for defendant's act of misrepresenting its charges, without revealing other costs. This, they argue, is a claim of simple fraud, adjudication of which does not require determining the validity of the tariff.
The Seventh Circuit in Cahnmann accepted the validity of this argument by stating that the proper application of the savings clause is illustrated in In re Long Distance Telecommunications Litigation, 831 F.2d 627, 633-34 (6th Cir.1987), in which a carrier was accused of representing that its rates were lower than the competitors without revealing that, unlike the competitor, it charged its customers for uncompleted calls. Thus, it appears that it is possible for plaintiffs to plead a state law fraud or misrepresentation claim that is not preempted by the Act. But they have not done so. Plaintiffs' argument that they are seeking damages represented by the difference between what they paid defendant and what they would have paid their previous carriers is belied by the relief requested in the two fraud counts, which is identical to that which would be requested in a contract claim: damages for being overcharged. Indeed, plaintiffs' complaint does not even allege that they are paying defendant more that they paid their previous carriers. Thus, as pled, plaintiffs' fraud counts are just another name for "breach of contract," Cahnmann, 133 F.3d at 490, and plaintiffs' complaint is either an artfully pled contract claim as defendant asserts, or a very poorly drafted fraud claim. In either event, the relief sought is damages for overcharging, which is preempted by federal *783 law. Accordingly, plaintiff's motion to remand is denied. This matter is set for a report on status on September 16, 1998, at 9:00 a.m.
| 2024-01-25T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2696 |
Kike Calvo/Visual&Written SL/Alamy
Two former researchers at the troubled Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico have filed a lawsuit claiming that illegal discrimination and retaliation led to their dismissal.
James Richardson and Elizabeth Sternke are suing the Universities Space Research Association (USRA), which oversees radio astronomy and planetary science at Arecibo, and the observatory’s deputy director, Joan Schmelz — a prominent advocate for women in astronomy.
Richardson and Sternke, a married couple in their mid-50s, allege that Schmelz discriminated against them because of their age and because Richardson is legally blind. Soon after Sternke revealed in November 2015 that she planned to file a complaint with the US Equal Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which investigates workplace bias, USRA announced that her contract job with Arecibo’s education programme would end early. Richardson filed his own EEOC complaint, and in April 2016, USRA terminated his employment as a staff scientist.
The EEOC ultimately found evidence of discrimination and that Sternke and Richardson were terminated in retaliation for their complaints, according to documents provided by the researchers' lawyer. In their lawsuit, filed on 4 October in the US District Court in Puerto Rico, Richardson and Sternke are seeking more than US$20 million in back pay and damages.
Schmelz says that she cannot comment on the lawsuit, and declined to answer Nature's questions. But USRA, her co-defendant and employer, “firmly denies these allegations and plans to vigorously defend this matter”, it said in a statement to Nature.
The legal challenge comes as the 53-year-old observatory battles to survive. Its single-dish radio telescope, one of the world’s biggest, is still in high demand. But the US National Science Foundation (NSF), which provides roughly two-thirds of the observatory’s $12 million funding, is facing a budget crunch. The agency is now conducting an environmental review of major changes to the site, a possible prelude to mothballing or even demolishing the facility. The NSF’s decision on Arecibo’s fate is expected in 2017.
Some Arecibo supporters worry that the lawsuit could nudge the observatory closer to the edge. “With all those budget difficulties they’re having now, getting bad press is not going to be good for them,” says Alan Harris of the planetary-science consulting firm MoreData! in La Cañada, California.
Leadership changes
USRA hired Richardson in 2014 as a scientist with Arecibo’s planetary radar group, which observes potentially dangerous asteroids and other Solar-System bodies. He did not follow the typical academic path: according to Richardson’s website, he worked as a nuclear engineer — including a stint on a US Navy submarine — before being blinded in a chemical accident and re-training as a planetary scientist. In 2014, Sternke, a sociologist who was Richardson’s fiancée at the time, joined him at Arecibo and later began working at the observatory on a short-term contract in 2015.
According to EEOC determinations issued in June, Sternke and Richardson’s work initially drew no complaints from management. After Richardson’s boss, the head of planetary radar, announced his resignation in early 2015, Richardson sought the job.
Several months later, Schmelz took up her post at Arecibo. From the start, the lawsuit says, Schmelz “ignored and/or chose to avoid all contact” with Richardson, assigned duties to younger colleagues rather than to him, and “marginalized and ostracized” Richardson and Sternke.
The EEOC report also says that USRA altered the description of the job Richardson wanted “to make it more suitable for another internal candidate to qualify”. USRA subsequently promoted an Arecibo staffer in his 30s.
Sternke submitted her resignation in November, the EEOC says. She later told USRA that she planned to file a complaint with the EEOC, the agency’s report says, and was terminated on 4 December, eight days before her scheduled last day.
The lawsuit alleges that in December of 2015, officials from the USRA human-resources department accused Richardson of “angry behavior, bullying, and prejudices”. He was terminated in April 2016 after USRA determined that he failed to meet the terms of its 'Performance Improvement Plan'. (Richardson disagrees with that assessment.)
In its report on Richardson’s case, the EEOC said Schmelz “made direct discriminatory age based comments”, writing in her own performance evaluation that she had recruited “a set of effective young leaders”.
The EEOC also found that Richardson was “disciplined and terminated from his employment” on the basis of his age and disability, and in retaliation for his association with Sternke and for filing an EEOC charge. In a separate report, the agency found that USRA terminated Sternke’s employment “due to her age (over 50) and in retaliation for complaining about illegal discrimination”.
The EEOC suggested that USRA pay Richardson $400,000 in damages, plus back pay, and give Sternke $200,000. But settlement talks with the EEOC failed, and in late July the agency notified Richardson and Sternke that they had 90 days to file suit.
Sadness and surprise
Richardson’s former colleagues say that he is not a bully. “I never heard him raise his voice, let alone get angry,” says Phillip Nicholson, an astronomer at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where Richardson did research.
His postdoctoral supervisor at Cornell, astronomer Joseph Veverka, describes Richardson as courteous and kind, if demanding. “If anyone asked Jim to do something which he did not consider completely scientifically proper, he would strongly object.”
Meanwhile, former Arecibo director Robert Kerr says that his USRA colleagues — including Schmelz — displayed “the utmost professionalism”. “Joan was no different from the rest,” he adds.
Meg Urry, an astrophysicist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, notes that Schmelz is a tireless advocate for the right of female astronomers to work without harassment. “She's devoted a lot of time to justice,” says Urry, the past president of the American Astronomical Society. In one notable case, Schmelz helped to bring harassment complaints against astronomer Geoff Marcy; after the University of California, Berkeley, found that Marcy violated its policies on harassment, he retired in late 2015.
The district court in Puerto Rico has not yet scheduled a hearing on Richardson and Sternke’s lawsuit. In the meantime, Nicholson is struggling to make sense of the situation, given what he knows of the parties on both sides. “Nothing seems to ring true to the character of the people,” he says. | 2024-04-30T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8522 |
package com.google.gson;
import com.google.gson.internal.bind.JsonTreeReader;
import com.google.gson.internal.bind.JsonTreeWriter;
import com.google.gson.stream.JsonReader;
import com.google.gson.stream.JsonToken;
import com.google.gson.stream.JsonWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.io.StringReader;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.io.Writer;
public abstract class TypeAdapter<T> {
/* renamed from: com.google.gson.TypeAdapter$1 */
class C00141 extends TypeAdapter<T> {
C00141() {
}
public void write(JsonWriter out, T value) throws IOException {
if (value == null) {
out.nullValue();
} else {
TypeAdapter.this.write(out, value);
}
}
public T read(JsonReader reader) throws IOException {
if (reader.peek() != JsonToken.NULL) {
return TypeAdapter.this.read(reader);
}
reader.nextNull();
return null;
}
}
public abstract T read(JsonReader jsonReader) throws IOException;
public abstract void write(JsonWriter jsonWriter, T t) throws IOException;
public final void toJson(Writer out, T value) throws IOException {
write(new JsonWriter(out), value);
}
public final TypeAdapter<T> nullSafe() {
return new C00141();
}
public final String toJson(T value) {
StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
try {
toJson(stringWriter, value);
return stringWriter.toString();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new AssertionError(e);
}
}
public final JsonElement toJsonTree(T value) {
try {
JsonTreeWriter jsonWriter = new JsonTreeWriter();
write(jsonWriter, value);
return jsonWriter.get();
} catch (Throwable e) {
throw new JsonIOException(e);
}
}
public final T fromJson(Reader in) throws IOException {
return read(new JsonReader(in));
}
public final T fromJson(String json) throws IOException {
return fromJson(new StringReader(json));
}
public final T fromJsonTree(JsonElement jsonTree) {
try {
return read(new JsonTreeReader(jsonTree));
} catch (Throwable e) {
throw new JsonIOException(e);
}
}
}
| 2023-09-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3843 |
Q:
Model Popup in Iphone?
Can some one Guide me to work with these things...
What is Model popup in iphone.
how to display a View as a Model Popup.
Is it possible with the subview as well or not...
Any Code or links will be more helpful
Thanks in advance...
A:
You can download the source and description regarding the popup view for that following link to use
Popup Bubbles
| 2024-05-31T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4922 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a tool clamping device for holding a tool at one end of a main spindle rotatably supported on a headstock.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A tool clamping device of the prior art for clamping a tool on a main spindle is disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 55-15942. This known tool clamping device has a drawbar inserted into the spindle hole of a tubular main spindle so as to be slidable along the longitudinal axis of the main spindle, and a holder provided at one end of the drawbar and radially movably holding a plurality of rigid balls. A clamping spring is always seated on a spring seat fixed to the drawbar so as to push the drawbar in a tool clamping direction. An unclamping cylinder for moving the drawbar in a tool releasing direction is provided at the other end of the main spindle.
In this tool clamping device, since the spring seat on which the clamping spring is seated is fixed to the drawbar, the clamping spring is compressed as the drawbar is retracted. Accordingly, in removing a tool from the main spindle, the unclamping cylinder is actuated for releasing the tool to push the drawbar in the tool releasing direction so that the tool is unclamped, after the tool has been gripped by a tool changing arm. Then the tool changing arm is advanced to remove the tool from the main spindle. If the tool is unclamped before the tool changing arm grips the tool, the tool falls off of itself from the nose of the main spindle.
In order to mount a tool on the main spindle, the unclamping cylinder is actuated so as to retract the drawbar after the tool has been inserted into the main spindle by the tool changing arm. After the tool has thus been clamped, the tool changing arm releases the tool. That is, the tool is unclamped after the same has been gripped by the tool changing arm and the tool is clamped after the same has been inserted into the main spindle by the tool changing arm. Accordingly, this known tool clamping device requires a long time period for automatic tool changing operation and the tool changing arm cannot be operated at a high speed. | 2024-02-12T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3807 |
Q:
Convolutional networks: passing hidden layer weights as input to other model
We built a small cnn using keras, tensorflow.
We used keras's functional API for that matter.
We're interested in passing last convolutional layer's weights (the one before the fully connected layers) as an input to other cnn.
for simplicity I suggest the next simplified code to discuss upon:
from keras.utils import plot_model
from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers import Input
from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.layers.convolutional import Conv2D
from keras.layers.pooling import MaxPooling2D
visible = Input(shape=(64,64,1))
conv1 = Conv2D(32, kernel_size=4, activation='relu')(visible)
pool1 = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(conv1)
conv2 = Conv2D(16, kernel_size=4, activation='relu')(pool1)
pool2 = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(conv2)
hidden1 = Dense(10, activation='relu')(pool2)
output = Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')(hidden1)
model = Model(inputs=visible, outputs=output)
model.compile(optimizer='Adam',
loss=['sparse_categorical_crossentropy', None],
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(train_dataset,
train_labels,
epochs=400,
batch_size=512,
validation_data=(valid_dataset, valid_labels),
verbose=1,
callbacks=[early_stop])
# summarize layers
print(model.summary())
# plot graph
plot_model(model, to_file='convolutional_neural_network.png')
question is: how can I pass pool2 layer as an input to some other simple model using keras, so it will train simultaniously with the first model described above?
A:
One possible way would be to add to your model so that everything is contained in a single model that ends with 2 branches. The functional API in keras allows you to define connections between layers however you want, and also provides the infrastructure for having multiple outputs and loss functions.
For example:
from keras.utils import plot_model
from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers import Input
from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.layers.convolutional import Conv2D
from keras.layers.pooling import MaxPooling2D
visible = Input(shape=(64,64,1))
conv1 = Conv2D(32, kernel_size=4, activation='relu')(visible)
pool1 = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(conv1)
conv2 = Conv2D(16, kernel_size=4, activation='relu')(pool1)
pool2 = MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2))(conv2)
#add your second model here
X = FirstLayer()(pool2) #replace with your actual network layer
# ...
output2 = YourSecondOutput()(X)
hidden1 = Dense(10, activation='relu')(pool2)
output = Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')(hidden1)
model = Model(inputs=visible, outputs=[output, output2]) #list of outputs
model.compile(optimizer='Adam',
loss=['sparse_categorical_crossentropy', None],
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(train_dataset,
train_labels,
epochs=400,
batch_size=512,
validation_data=(valid_dataset, valid_labels),
verbose=1,
callbacks=[early_stop])
# summarize layers
print(model.summary())
# plot graph
plot_model(model, to_file='convolutional_neural_network.png')
Then you’ll just need to update your inputs to fit so that you have labels for each output. You can find more info in the keras documentation on multi input and output models
| 2024-02-24T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1220 |
The Role of Vascular uUtrasound in Managing Giant Cell Arteritis in Ophthalmology.
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common systemic vasculitis in the elderly7 and is a potentially life-threatening ophthalmic emergency that can result in irreversible blindness without prompt treatment. Blindness is most commonly associated with acute onset, irreversible arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). Without treatment, second eye involvement may occur, resulting in bilateral blindness. Patients with established visual loss are treated with high dose steroids and generally undergo a temporal artery biopsy to confirm their diagnosis. A significant number of patients are, however, referred for urgent ophthalmology assessment from concerns about "incipient" AION. Prior to visual loss, patients may experience a range of ocular symptoms related to ischemia. This generally leads to treatment with high dose systemic steroid and an urgent request for a temporal artery biopsy. Temporal artery biopsy (TAB) is regarded as the standard investigation for confirmatory diagnosis. It is generally arranged as soon as possible, though is often not carried out for several days, and there may also be delays in histopathological reporting. It is perceived that the patient is "safe" while on corticosteroids, in that they are being treated to avoid visual loss. What is often not acknowledged, however, is that if patients do not have GCA and are being treated "just in case," they will often require a tapering of oral steroids over several weeks, exposing them to unnecessary and significant side effects. In the rheumatology setting, vascular ultrasound (US) has emerged as a safe and reliable alternative to TAB as a point of care diagnostic tool in the management of GCA. Given an experienced sonographer and optimal equipment, a rapid diagnosis can be established in a fast track clinic setting, taking into consideration clinical assessment, scoring , and US findings. A huge advantage of US is that it provides immediate information that can be used to inform treatment decisions. We explore the evidence that supports the incorporation of vascular US into the ophthalmology repertoire in order to make a more efficient diagnosis that is cost effective and associated with better patient outcomes, including a potential reduction in loss of sight and avoidance of unnecessary long-term steroid treatment by early exclusion of mimics. | 2024-07-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2212 |
All organisms have molecular systems that function to maintain metal ion homeostasis. The P1B-type ATPases are membrane-bound ion transporters responsible for the efflux of heavy metals and are essential for controlling the cellular levels of beneficial metals like copper and zinc and removing toxic ones like cadmium and lead. Malfunctioning copper ATPases in humans result in inherited neurological disorders like Menkes' syndrome and Wilson's disease. The Wilson ATPase has also been implicated in promoting resistance to the anticancer drugs cisplatin and carboplatin. The mechanisms of metal transport across membranes by these ATPases are not well understood. The goal of this proposal is to crystallize and determine the structure of CopA from A. fulgidus, a well characterized copper transporting P1B-type ATPase with strong identity to both the Menkes' and Wilson's proteins. Structural characterization of CopA will help to elucidate the mechanism of copper transport across cell membranes and will provide new insight into its human homologues that may be relevant to the treatment of disease and the improvement of platinum based antitumor drugs. The structure of a P1 B-type ATPase will be the first of its kind. | 2023-10-08T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2374 |
Marcio Jose Sanchez/Associated Press
As the San Francisco 49ers endure another difficult season, linebacker NaVorro Bowman is reportedly a potential trade candidate.
Per ESPN's Adam Schefter, the 49ers have begun shopping Bowman around and other teams have expressed interest in the three-time Pro Bowler.
Schefter's report comes after 49ers head coach Kyle Shanahan said after last week's game against the Indianapolis Colts that Bowman would be playing fewer snaps in an effort to keep him fresh.
"I do strongly believe keeping Bo as fresh as possible gives him the best chance to be successful – it gives our team the best chance," Shanahan told reporters. "Our defense has been averaging about 80 plays a game. And that's a little too much for him, really all our linebackers."
Bowman has been a staple of San Francisco's defense since he was a third-round draft pick in 2010. The 29-year-old appeared in 64 straight games to start his career before a knee injury suffered in the NFC Championship Game against the Seattle Seahawks after the 2013 season kept him out for all of 2014.
After making a successful return in 2015, including being named to the All-Pro first team, Bowman appeared in four games last season before tearing his Achilles tendon against the Dallas Cowboys.
In five games this season, Bowman leads the 49ers with 38 total tackles. He's signed through the 2019 season with a base salary of $6.75 million this year and $8.7 million next year, per Spotrac. | 2023-12-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6602 |
Mixed-Valent Diruthenium Long-Chain Carboxylates. 2. Magnetic Properties.
The magnetic properties of several mixed-valent diruthenium long-chain carboxylates of general formula Ru(2)(RCO(2))(4)X (X = Cl, DOS, or RCO(2), DOS = dodecyl sulfate, and RCO(2) = linear aliphatic carboxylate or dialkoxy- or trialkoxybenzoate) were studied in the temperature range 6-400 K. All of the compounds exhibit a strong zero-field splitting (D = ca. 75 cm(-)(1)), independent of the nature of the axial anion X or of the equatorial substituent R. In the X = RCO(2) series an intermolecular antiferromagnetic (AF) interaction zJ = ca. -2 cm(-)(1) was found, whereas in the case of an X = DOS analogue, this interaction is very weak (-0.2 cm(-)(1)). The X = Cl series shows three distinct types of interdimer magnetic exchange: very weak, moderate (|zJ| approximately 2 cm(-)(1)), or strong (|zJ| > 10 cm(-)(1)). One representative complex in this series, Ru(2)(C(4)H(9)CO(2))(4)Cl, has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Crystal data: tetragonal system, space group I&fourmacr;2d, a = 14.137(3) Å, c = 26.246(5) Å, and Z = 8. Examination of the structures and magnetic behaviors suggests that the AF exchange in this series correlates with the Ru-Cl-Ru intermolecular angle; a qualitative explanation in terms of overlap of magnetic orbitals is proposed. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the columnar mesophase of the mesomorphic congeners indicate that no significant structural change occurs at the crystal-liquid crystal transition. | 2024-06-19T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4044 |
Studies on the use of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline for the synthesis of acylamino acid anilides and p-nitroanilides.
The use of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) for coupling acyl-L-amino acids with aniline and p-nitroaniline has been investigated. Optically pure anlides are obtained in good yield but partial racemization occurred in one case. p-Nitroanlides cannot be obtained under similar conditions but if the reaction solvent is removed and the residue left for several days, coupling occurs giving a racemic product in moderate yields. Reaction mechanisms are proposed on the basis of isolated and characterized intermediates. It has been found that N-benzoylamino acid anilides and p-nitroanilides are cleaved within a few minutes by hydrogen bromide in acetic acid to give the N-benzoylamino acid and the amine. | 2023-10-02T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/3239 |
Q:
OpenGL method number value
I have seen OpenGL codes written like this:
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(1,1,1,1,1,-1);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
and I have seen OpenGL codes written like this:
glEnable(2896);
glDisable(3042);
Notice the number values in the glEnable() and glDisable() methods.
My real question is: Does anyone have a link to a website that has a list of every method or which number value corresponds to whichever mode you are putting in the code? Like, what does glEnable(2896); actually mean?
A:
The enum names and values live in gl.xml, off of the main spec registry page.
Given your example of glEnable(2896):
2896 in hex is 0x0B50
Searching gl.xml for that value lands you on
<enum value="0x0B50" name="GL_LIGHTING"/>
Which you can see corresponds to GL_LIGHTING
| 2023-10-11T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2269 |
Report: Obama administration funneled billions to liberal groups through DOJ ‘slush fund’ (VIDEO)
The Obama administration funneled billions of dollars to activist organizations through a Department of Justice slush fund scheme, according to congressional investigators.
“It’s clear partisan politics played a role in the illicit actions that were made,” Rep. John Ratcliffe, R-Texas, told Fox News. “The DOJ is the last place this should have occurred.” – READ MORE | 2023-09-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1580 |
Introduction
============
IntelliVent-ASV^®^is a closed-loop ventilation mode that automatically adjusts ventilation and oxygenation settings in passive and active breathing patients. The minute volume is adjusted according to end-tidal CO~2~(ETCO~2~) information in passive breathing patients (and respiratory rate in active breathing patients), and oxygenation is adjusted according to SpO~2~information. This study reports the ventilation and oxygenation delivered by IntelliVent-ASV^®^in long-term ventilated ICU patients.
Methods
=======
This prospective, observational study included 100 patients invasively ventilated using IntelliVent-ASV^®^from admission to weaning or death. The rate and reason for stopping automation were recorded. Settings automatically selected, delivered ventilation, respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gas results were collected once a day. Patients were categorized in different lung conditions: normal lung, ALI/ARDS, COPD. Analysis of variance compared the ventilation-days for each type of lung condition for active and passive breathing patients.
Results
=======
Patients (age 73 (64 to 79) years; SAPS II 56 (48 to 69)) were ventilated using IntelliVent-ASV^®^to weaning or death (31%) for a median duration of 3.0 (2.0 to 7.0) days without any safety issue. The ventilation controller was deactivated in two patients because of high PaCO~2~-ETCO~2~gradient. Oxygenation controller was deactivated in seven patients for 1 day because of a poor SpO~2~signal. In passive and active ventilation-days, minute volume, VT/PBW, respiratory rate, FiO~2~, and PEEP were statistically different based on lung condition. In passive ALI/ARDS ventilation-days, VT/PBW was significantly lower (7.5 (6.9 to 7.9) ml/kg) than passive normal lung (8.1 (7.3 to 8.9) ml/kg; *P*\< 0.05) and passive COPD patients (9.9 (8.3 to 11.1) ml/kg; *P*\< 0.05). In passive ALI/ARDS ventilation-days, FiO~2~and PEEP were statistically higher than passive normal lung (35 (33 to 47)% vs. 30 (30 to 31)% and 11 (8 to 13) cmH~2~O vs. 5 (5 to 6) cmH~2~O, respectively; *P*\< 0.05). In active normal lung ventilation-days, VT/PBW was not different (8.4 (7.8 to 9.1) ml/kg) than in active ALI/ARDS (8.1 (7.5 to 9.3) ml/kg), and in active COPD (9.3 (8.6 to 11.6) ml/kg). In active ALI/ARDS and COPD ventilation-days, PEEP was significantly higher than active normal lung (8 (5 to 10) cmH~2~O, 7 (5 to 10) cmH~2~O, and 5 (5 to 5) cm H~2~O, respectively; *P*\< 0.05).
Conclusion
==========
IntelliVent-ASV^®^can be used safely in long-term ventilated ICU patients and selects automatically different ventilation and oxygenation settings according to the lung condition, especially for passive breathing patients.
| 2023-10-18T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7587 |
/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.apache.storm.tuple;
import java.util.List;
/**
* The tuple is the main data structure in Storm. A tuple is a named list of values,
* where each value can be any type. Tuples are dynamically typed -- the types of the fields
* do not need to be declared. Tuples have helper methods like getInteger and getString
* to get field values without having to cast the result.
* <p>
* Storm needs to know how to serialize all the values in a tuple. By default, Storm
* knows how to serialize the primitive types, strings, and byte arrays. If you want to
* use another type, you'll need to implement and register a serializer for that type.
* @see <a href="https://storm.apache.org/documentation/Serialization.html">Storm serialization</a>
*/
public class TupleImpl implements Tuple {
private org.apache.heron.api.tuple.Tuple delegate;
public TupleImpl(org.apache.heron.api.tuple.Tuple t) {
delegate = t;
}
public org.apache.heron.api.tuple.Tuple getDelegate() {
return delegate;
}
/**
* Returns the number of fields in this tuple.
*/
public int size() {
return delegate.size();
}
/**
* Returns the position of the specified field in this tuple.
*/
public int fieldIndex(String field) {
return delegate.fieldIndex(field);
}
/**
* Returns true if this tuple contains the specified name of the field.
*/
public boolean contains(String field) {
return delegate.contains(field);
}
/**
* Gets the field at position i in the tuple. Returns object since tuples are dynamically typed.
*/
public Object getValue(int i) {
return delegate.getValue(i);
}
/**
* Returns the String at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a String,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public String getString(int i) {
return delegate.getString(i);
}
/**
* Returns the Integer at position i in the tuple. If that field is not an Integer,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public Integer getInteger(int i) {
return delegate.getInteger(i);
}
/**
* Returns the Long at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a Long,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public Long getLong(int i) {
return delegate.getLong(i);
}
/**
* Returns the Boolean at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a Boolean,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public Boolean getBoolean(int i) {
return delegate.getBoolean(i);
}
/**
* Returns the Short at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a Short,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public Short getShort(int i) {
return delegate.getShort(i);
}
/**
* Returns the Byte at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a Byte,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public Byte getByte(int i) {
return delegate.getByte(i);
}
/**
* Returns the Double at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a Double,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public Double getDouble(int i) {
return delegate.getDouble(i);
}
/**
* Returns the Float at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a Float,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public Float getFloat(int i) {
return delegate.getFloat(i);
}
/**
* Returns the byte array at position i in the tuple. If that field is not a byte array,
* you will get a runtime error.
*/
public byte[] getBinary(int i) {
return delegate.getBinary(i);
}
public Object getValueByField(String field) {
return delegate.getValueByField(field);
}
public String getStringByField(String field) {
return delegate.getStringByField(field);
}
public Integer getIntegerByField(String field) {
return delegate.getIntegerByField(field);
}
public Long getLongByField(String field) {
return delegate.getLongByField(field);
}
public Boolean getBooleanByField(String field) {
return delegate.getBooleanByField(field);
}
public Short getShortByField(String field) {
return delegate.getShortByField(field);
}
public Byte getByteByField(String field) {
return delegate.getByteByField(field);
}
public Double getDoubleByField(String field) {
return delegate.getDoubleByField(field);
}
public Float getFloatByField(String field) {
return delegate.getFloatByField(field);
}
public byte[] getBinaryByField(String field) {
return delegate.getBinaryByField(field);
}
/**
* Gets all the values in this tuple.
*/
public List<Object> getValues() {
return delegate.getValues();
}
/**
* Gets the names of the fields in this tuple.
*/
public Fields getFields() {
return new Fields(delegate.getFields());
}
/**
* Returns a subset of the tuple based on the fields selector.
*/
public List<Object> select(Fields selector) {
return delegate.select(selector.getDelegate());
}
/**
* Returns the global stream id (component + stream) of this tuple.
*/
/*
TODO:- One can get this using getSourceStreamId and getSourceComponent
public GlobalStreamId getSourceGlobalStreamid();
*/
/**
* Gets the id of the component that created this tuple.
*/
public String getSourceComponent() {
return delegate.getSourceComponent();
}
/**
* Gets the id of the task that created this tuple.
*/
public int getSourceTask() {
return delegate.getSourceTask();
}
/**
* Gets the id of the stream that this tuple was emitted to.
*/
public String getSourceStreamId() {
return delegate.getSourceStreamId();
}
/**
* Gets the message id that associated with this tuple.
*/
/*
TODO:- does anyone use this
public MessageId getMessageId();
*/
/**
* Resets the tuple values to null
* TODO:- Is this needed
*/
public void resetValues() {
delegate.resetValues();
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "source: " + getSourceComponent() + ":" + getSourceTask()
+ ", stream: " + getSourceStreamId() + ", " + getValues().toString();
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object other) {
return this == other;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return System.identityHashCode(this);
}
}
| 2023-08-28T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2573 |
Download
Download means getting information from another computer or server. The opposite of downloading is uploading, which is sending data to another computer. Usually we do not say "download" for a single web page (for example when you open this page on your computer). When we say we downloaded something, it is normally a bigger computer file, like data or a computer program.
The word downloadable means the ability to get information or data from an owner for one's use. The source is expected to be authentic and have the right to send it. At the user's end, the downloaded information or data are to be used based on agreement notice.
In the 21st century, it is very easy to download files or informations - legally or not - from the internet. | 2024-06-10T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6552 |
Connectivity within the primary motor cortex: a DTI tractography study.
Because of the motor function of the precentral area, the connections of the primary motor cortex by white matter fiber bundles have been widely studied in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Nevertheless, the connections within the primary motor cortex have yet to be explored. We have studied the connectivity between the different regions of the precentral gyrus in a population of subjects. Based on T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on individual sulco-gyral anatomy, we defined a parcellation of the right and the left precentral gyri in 20 healthy subjects (10 right-handers; 10 left-handers). This parcellation gave us the opportunity to study MRI tracks reconstructed by tractography within the precentral gyrus and to compare these connections across subjects. We also performed a classical dissection of post-mortem brain tissue to isolate this pattern of connectivity. We showed MRI tracks connecting the different parts of the same precentral gyrus. This result was reproducible and was found in the left and right hemispheres of the 20 subjects. A quantitative description of the bilateral distribution of the MRI tracks was performed, based on statistical analysis and asymmetry indices, to compare asymmetry and handedness. To the best of our knowledge, this pattern of connectivity has never before been detailed in the literature. Its functional meaning remains to be determined, which requires further study. | 2024-01-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1882 |
Slam Fest // Hell On Wheels
October 2015
103 degree heat, a ton of vintage bikes, and hanging with your best friends as you twist grips and smash around a world-class track together is a phenomenal way to spend a weekend. We went out for the TransWorld Motocross annual Slam Fest event held at Milestone Raceway in Riverside, CA. It was a two day event with Friday running the Industry Cup, an event where several of the desk jockey's from the MX industry got together and pretended to still know how to ride fast. The damned thing is, all of them are still really fast! It was an awesome thing to witness.
We had Team Captain, Tyler Bereman with us the whole time and he jumped into the race as well on Saturday to show us how it's done. It's not easy showing up to the track without gear, jumping on a nearly 30 year old bike with a gas tank held on with bailing wire, and ripping the track to pieces, but that's Tyler for you. Now, Slam Fest is the larger event with three events in total: Slam Fest, The Hell On Wheels "Run What You Brung" vintage bike takeover, and the Industry Cup. We partnered up with Hell On Wheels to bring the "Run What You Brung" event to Slam Fest and make sure the older bikes...and some of the riders. got the love they deserved. It's one thing to get a brand new bike around a track, it's entirely insane to throw a leg over some of the bikes we saw making laps. In the end Nick Lapaglia took home 1st | 2024-04-17T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/4260 |
Okabayashi space
The Okabayashi space (or medial division of the pararectal space) is an anatomical potential space in the pelvis.
The ureter divides the pararectal space into the Okabayashi space medially and the Latzko space laterally.
Borders
Dorsal - Levator ani
Superior - Uterine artery
Superior / Ventral- Posterior leaf of the broad ligament
Medial - Rectum
Lateral - Ureter
Contents
Inferior hypogastric plexus - The parasympathetic nerve supply to the bladder
References
Category:Pelvis | 2023-11-22T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6473 |
Benjamin Pelletier, a writer and intercultural management trainer, said France has failed to exploit and promote the assets of this population. 'It is embarrassing to see others value and promote talents in our [suburbs].' he said. 'It’s a clear sign we failed and abandoned these areas.' Pelletier agues that as Qatar’s presence in France becomes more visible, the Arab nation needs to actively defend its image. 'In terms of public diplomacy, it is always more interesting if members belonging to the local population express your message. The French won’t believe what the emir of Qatar tells them, but they will believe the director of a start-up in the French suburbs,' said Pelletier. The Qataris are not the first to court young professionals in the French suburbs. The US embassy in Paris has been working on a network of partnerships with youth leaders in immigrant areas to better their image with Muslim communities in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. 'The Americans target young people, youth leaders, students — they will meet them, support them, offer them trips to the United States to create long-term privileged contacts,' Pelletier added. But he said the Qatari approach is 'more opportunistic, more straightforward.'" Image from
This collaborative project has been designed to promote cross-cultural exchange, and to recognize and nurture the talents of the next generation of professional artists. Ultimately, the collaboration will yield a large-scale outdoor work of art for the U.S. Embassy building currently in the design phase for Rabat, Morocco. ... Established in 1963, the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations' office of ART in Embassies (AIE) plays a vital role in our nation's public diplomacy through a culturally expansive mission of temporary exhibitions, permanent collections, artist exchanges and residencies, and publications." Image from, with caption: Jim Drain is not a fashion designer. He is an artist.
Will Twitter's new country-specific censorship include a ban on VOA tweets to US tweeps? - Kim Andrew Elliott reporting on International Broadcasting: "Marketing Land, 26 Jan 2012, Danny Sullivan: 'Until now, Twitter’s not had the ability to censor certain tweets or accounts, to prevent them from being seen — if legally required — by users in particular countries. That’s now changed, though Twitter stresses that it hasn’t yet used this new ability and that should it have to, anything withheld will be disclosed. Twitter has shared the news on its blog, saying: 'As we continue to grow internationally, we will enter countries that have different ideas about the contours of freedom of expression.' ... Twitter is preparing for potential demands in the way that Google already does, by alerting its users to when content has been withheld and providing information about why, through the Chilling Effects site.' [Elliott comment:]
At present, a US idea 'about the contours of freedom of expression' is the Smith-Mundt Act ban on the domestic dissemination of US public diplomacy and international broadcasting. Twitter's new capability allows this law to be observed. Even if all USIB content is blocked to US IP addresses, many of remaining USIB shortwave broadcasts will be audible in the United States. That is, until those transmissions end. When that happens, enforcement of the domestic dissemination ban will be complete." Image from
Press TV and the Regulation of International Broadcasting - Public Diplomacy, Networks and Influence: "A quick comment on the decision of OFCOM the UK communications regulator to revoke the license of the Iranian international broadcaster Press TV A lot of contemporary international broadcasting depends on platforms (VHF radio, cable TV, national satellite TV) that are under the control of the country they are broadcasting to. This creates a double problem. The international broadcaster is subject to a regulatory regime that is primarily designed to enforce national broadcasting priorities. This creates the risk that the international broadcaster will fall foul of their license terms.
On the other hand an effort by the regulator to enforce license terms will like be perceived as a political action not as a regulatory. ... [I]t could be argued that the operations of Press TV should be treated in political terms for instance by insisting on reciprocity in the treatment of international broadcasters. Press TV should be restricted in its operations as long as Western broadcasters to Iran are jammed. Of course Iran is more bothered by the operation of Western broadcasters than the other way round and presumably wouldn’t agree to such a deal. There’s an interesting mismatch between the international politics of the issue and the efforts of Western countries to depoliticize communications policy. In the wake of the UK action there voices are being raised in the US about the actions of Press TV and other Iranian state funded broadcasters in the US." Image from
single out civil emergency planning, public diplomacy, mine clearance within the Trust Fund, which has helped the successful clearance of mines and unexploded ordnance over an area of 44 million square metres (Saloglu project) in Azerbaijan." Ibrahim image from article
All available resources to be utilized for capacity building of press officers: Firdous - Associated Press of Pakistan: "Minister for Information and Broadcasting Dr Firdous Ashiq Awan on Friday said that all available resources would be utilized for capacity building of press officers posted abroad for effectively projecting true image of the country. ... The minister was addressing the concluding session of a three-day Consultative Conference on Press Officers organized by External Publicity Wing of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting here. ... The conference underscored the importance of training and capacity building of personnel of the ministry for which it will arrange foreign language and capacity building courses on public diplomacy and public relations."
The pernicious logic of consumer ‘choice,’ pt. 1. - charlesfairchild.wordpress.com: "Academics, corporations, the marketing industry all using their ability to get you to do what they want you to do through ‘attraction rather than coercion.’ When does the infrastructure proving ‘attraction’ slip over the line into ‘coercion’ or is that not a question we should be asking? All of this also suggests that this idea of ‘consumer choice’ as the be all end all of human civilisation serves some better than others. If these are the terms under which our ‘participation’ is constructed, we can’t opt out, whether we like it or not.
Instead, even our most minute ‘choices’ will go into the database to be invisibly sold back to us at some point in the future. Also, as a brief and mostly rhetorical aside, should we trust intellectuals who, instead of speaking instead of speaking truth to power, are busily shaping their brands in the service of power? I suppose some things aren’t all that relative."
GetHired Nabs $1.75 Million To Launch Its Video-Centric Recruiting Platform and Job Board - techcrunch.com: "[The start-up] GetHired ... is today launching a video-based, social recruiting platform and job board that is looking to empower job seekers — allowing them to set themselves apart from the competition — by creating video and audio profiles to accompany their resumesGetHired is today announcing that it has raised $1.75 million in seed funding from a host of angel investors, including CEO of the Global Environment Fund, Jeffrey Leonard, former CEO of Discovery Communications and the former Under Secretary of State For Public Diplomacy And Affairs, Judith McHale, CEO of LegalZoom.com, John Suh, and Mack Capital CEO, Ralph Mack."
Irsay-Manning feud sure to steal Super Bowl spotlight - sportingnews.com: "[Indiana QB Peyton ] Manning talked to the Indianapolis Star and described an unhealthy atmosphere around the organization . ... Few suspected he would reveal as much as he did in the Star. ... Manning's a politician now, after a decade and a half of public diplomacy about everything personal and professional"
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U.S. Drones Patrolling Its Skies Provoke Outrage in Iraq - Eric Schmitt and Michael S. Schmidt, New York Times: A month after the last American troops left Iraq, the State Department is operating a small fleet of surveillance drones here to help protect the United States Embassy and consulates, as well as American personnel. Some senior Iraqi officials expressed outrage at the program, saying the unarmed aircraft are an affront to Iraqi sovereignty. The program was described by the department’s diplomatic security branch in a little-noticed section of its most recent annual report and outlined in broad terms in a two-page online prospectus for companies that might bid on a contract to manage the program. It foreshadows a possible expansion of unmanned drone operations into the diplomatic arm of the American government; until now they have been mainly the province of the Pentagon and the Central Intelligence Agency.
American contractors say they have been told that the State Department is considering to field unarmed surveillance drones in the future in a handful of other potentially “high-threat” countries, including Indonesia and Pakistan, and in Afghanistan after the bulk of American troops leave in the next two years. State Department officials say that no decisions have been made beyond the drone operations in Iraq. The drones are the latest example of the State Department’s efforts to take over functions in Iraq that the military used to perform. Some 5,000 private security contractors now protect the embassy’s 11,000-person staff, for example, and typically drive around in heavily armored military vehicles. Image from
English Is Global, So Why Learn Arabic? - New York Times: In a recent essay in The Times, Lawrence Summers, the former president of Harvard University, wrote about preparing American students for the future. In the essay, he said that international experience was essential, arguing that English’s emergence as the global language makes the investment in other languages less essential.
Does he have a point? Even though Americans aren’t as monolingual as you might think, is learning a language other than English a worthwhile investment? Image from
The Mixtape of the Revolution - Sujatna Fernandes, New York Times: During the recent wave of revolutions across the Arab world and the protests against illegitimate presidents in African countries like Guinea and Djibouti, rap music has played a critical role in articulating citizen discontent over poverty, rising food prices, blackouts, unemployment, police repression and political corruption. Why has rap — an American music that in its early global spread was associated with thuggery and violence — come to be so highly influential in these regions? After all, rappers are not the only musicians involved in politics. Rappers, according to the Senegalese rapper Keyti, “are closer to the streets and can bring into their music the general feeling of frustration among people.” Another reason is the oratorical style rap employs: rappers report in a direct manner that cuts through political subterfuge. As the Arab revolutions and African protests are ousting and discrediting establishment politicians, the young populations of these regions are looking to rappers as voices of clarity and leadership. Rappers are hoping to inaugurate a different kind of politics.
That was bound to happen the moment President Obama announced a timetable for the surge and a date-certain for withdrawal, thereby giving the Taliban hope that they could bide their time while giving America's coalition partners no good reason to stay. Image from
Anti-Zionism conference held in Gaza - presstv.ir: The Palestinian Center for Political and Development Studies (CPDS) organized the meeting on Sunday. Mahmoud Herthany, a CPDS member, told Press TV that the situation in Palestine must be made clear to the world in order to put an end to Israel's propaganda that is “controlling many of the media outlets of the world today.” See also.
Palestinians censure UK students' tour - presstv.ir: Palestinian student groups have issued an open letter condemning Britain's Labor party student officers for taking part in a recent propaganda tour of the occupied Palestinian territories. The all-expenses paid tour organized by the British Union of Jewish Students (UJS) involved a visit to the illegal settlements being developed all across the lands occupied by the armed to teeth army of the Zionist entity.
Or in other words – sentenced to many, many years of prison or even death. The ban is actually a way for the ruling (and only) party to protect the stability of the country by preventing the leaking of information. It will also reduce the risk of uprisings against the regime. Supposedly, the ban will be lifted after the 100 days of mourning are over. Image from article
You, Me and The DMZ: Imagining North Korea - hyperallergic.com: North Korea is so wacky they have their own calendar system, and it marks its centennial anniversary in 2012, the birthdate of the late Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-un’s grandfather. Dovetailing neatly with the recent passing of Übermeister Kim Jong-il, A Postcard From Afar: North Korea From A Distance, curated by Mark Feary, showcases the bull’s eye vision of Apex Arts unsolicited proposal program’s winning entry. North Korea calls itself the Junche Republic (100). The 100 marks its centennial anniversary (2012), chosen because it is the 100th birthday of the late Kim Il-sung, the current leader Kim Jong-un’s grandfather. Feary’s curatorship asks eight artists to image what is going on behind its secretive borders.
North Korea’s propaganda machine is so replete with Hollywood show-biz flash-in-the-pan razzle dazzle that it is cause for a movie within a movie, which is the real take away from this exhibit. Eight artists were asked to envision “a state and culture that is shrouded in secrecy, being both the producer and victim of oppositional propaganda mechanisms.” The first thing Feary did was boldly approach a special art center in Melbourne, Australia that supports artists with “intellectual disabilities.” The residents were given standard photos of Kim Il-sung and Kim-Jong-il, display items compulsory in all houses and buildings inside North Korea. The residents were not told whom the pictures represented, a decidedly opposite approach of state supported propaganda painters in the DMZ. The conflicting tensions of the two portraits by Peter Cave highlight the backward alchemy of authority, image making and meaning stripped lean by the characters anonymity through their outrageous and hilarious decontextualization. Image from article: Peter Cave, "Kim Il-sung" (2011)
The Nazis’ 1943 film version of Titanic - thehistorypressuk.wordpress.com: We all know what sort of propaganda films the Allies produced during the war – films like Casablanca, Went the day well?, In which we Serve etc, but have you ever wondered what sort of feature films the Germans were watching at the same time? As I gradually researched more and more films produced during the Nazi era it soon became apparent that a number of myths had emerged over the years about the nature of Nazi film propaganda. One, that the Nazis were masters at producing film propaganda.
Actually, they made a lot of mistakes. Two, that everything in the Nazis’ film was a lie. In reality, there is quite a bit of truth in their historical feature films. Three, that the only films of interest are the Riefenstahl documentaries, Triumph of the Will and Olympia. In fact, there is a whole host of feature films designed to arouse hostility against the Nazis’ enemies which are of far more interest to the modern viewer including Ohm Krüger – the most anti-British film ever produced; their 1943 anti-capitalist version of Titanic; anti-English films about Ireland and Scotland; and anti-American films like The Emperor of California. Image from article
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About Me
a Princeton PhD, was a US diplomat for over 20 years, mostly in Eastern Europe, and was promoted to the Senior Foreign Service in 1997. For the "Open World Leadership Center Trust Fund" program, he lectures to its participants on the topic of "E Pluribus Unum? What Keeps the United States United." Currently affiliated with Georgetown University, he writes and shares ideas about public diplomacy. He is particularly interested in the relationship between public diplomacy and propaganda.
The papers of his deceased father -- poet and diplomat John L. Brown -- are stored at Georgetown University Special Collections at the Lauinger Library. A partial description of these papers (some 80 boxes of material, valuable to researchers interested in post-WWII U.S.-European cultural relations) is available online.
This blog is dedicated to him, Dr. John Lackey Brown, who wrote in the Foreign Service Journal (1964): "The CAO [Cultural Affairs Officer] soon comes to realize that his job is really a form of love-making and that making love is never really successful unless both partners are participating." These wise and tender words were written years before "soft power" was ever coined. | 2024-06-08T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/8532 |
The disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-039005 filed on Feb. 15, 2002 including the specification, drawings and abstract is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to an antenna system capable of transmitting and receiving radio waves with high sensitivity by switching antenna elements, and more particularly to an antenna system which changes its directivity by switching power supply elements through which power is supplied to the antenna elements by means of a power supply switching device so as to maintain sufficient sensitivity. The invention may be employed as an antenna system for, for example, in-vehicle radio systems, in-vehicle TV signal receiving systems, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems.
2. Description of Related Art
A known antenna system mounted on a motor vehicle is shown in FIG. 10. This antenna system is an in-vehicle FM/TV antenna system, which includes four antenna elements 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d formed or arranged within rear-side glass windows 2, RF amplifiers 3, 4 and coaxial cables 5 provided in power supply portions for respective pairs of the antenna elements 1a, 1b and 1c, 1d, and a receiver 6 including an antenna element switching device. With the antenna system thus constructed, radio waves are received by the antenna elements 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d that are disposed separated from each other, and the thus received radio waves are amplified by the RF amplifiers 3, 4 that are also disposed separated from each other. The amplified radio waves are then converged while being supplied to the receiver 6 via the coaxial cables 5. Here, the receiver 6 is adapted to select one of the antenna elements which is supplying the highest level of power. Thus, the antenna system is able to receive radio waves while maintaining high sensitivity, such as airwaves, by selecting the most appropriate antenna element. Also, the antenna system constructed as described above can be installed in a motor vehicle without its antenna protruding out from the vehicle body.
As shown in FIG. 10, the antenna elements 1a, 1b (1c, 1d) are arranged close to each other in the same direction. With this arrangement, however, when switching the antenna elements, the directivity of the antenna system only changes slightly. As shown in FIGS. 11a and 11b, it hardly changes. Also, since the sensitivity of the antenna system changes as the vehicle changes its direction, it may happen, depending on the direction of the vehicle, that receiving of radio waves becomes unstable. In addition, since the antenna system essentially includes two RF amplifiers 3, 4 arranged in right and left sides respectively and four coaxial cables 5, this may cause an increase in the cost of the antenna system owing to complicated work required for assembling such parts, high cost for the many parts, and so on.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an antenna system which includes at least one antenna element, a plurality of power supply elements, and a power supply switching device, and which is capable of transmitting and receiving radio waves while maintaining sufficient sensitivity by changing the directivity by switching the power supply elements.
To achieve the above object, an antenna system according to one aspect of the invention is provided as an antenna system for emitting/receiving radio waves carrying image signals, audio signals, and/or data signals, and is mainly constituted by at least one antenna element, a plurality of power supply elements through each of which, power is supplied to the antenna element, a power supply switching device, and a power supply cable connected to the power supply switching device. The power supply switching device is operable to switch the power supply elements to connect a selected one or more of the antenna elements to the power supply cable. In the antenna system, a single antenna element or a plurality of antenna elements may be provided. That is, when a plurality of antenna elements are provided, the switches of the power supply switching device are turned on/off to select a specific one or more of the antenna elements via a corresponding one or more of the power supply elements. When a single antenna element is provided, the switches are turned on/off to select a specific one or more of a plurality of routes which are provided by the antenna element and the power supply elements depending on their arrangement and which serve as antenna elements.
In conventional antenna systems, such power supply connection switching is carried out between or among different sets of an antenna element, an amplifier or amplifiers connected to the antenna element, and a power supply cable, while the antenna system according to this invention merely switches the power supply elements. Therefore, unlike such a conventional antenna system, requiring a plurality of power supply cables and amplifies, the antenna system of this invention requires only a single power supply cable and amplifier, thus assuring easier work for installing the antenna system in, for example, a vehicle, and reducing its cost.
In the invention, xe2x80x9cloopxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cloop-shapedxe2x80x9d represent not only the shape of a closed loop, but also a loop-like shape which may have one or more portions missing. | 2024-03-20T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/5743 |
README.md
Am I Rent Stabilized?
A mobile friendly, multi-lingual web app that informs NYC residents about Rent Stabilization by simplifying the process of how to find out if their apartment may be rent stabilized, if they are paying too much rent, and what to do about it.
Data Sources
Installation
Make sure you have Node.js at v5.9.1 or greater with Node-Sass, Handlebars, and Gulp modules installed globally.
In terminal cd to this repo and do npm install to grab all dependencies.
Run gulp production to compile the distribution code.
Host code on a webserver of your choice.
Develop
Make sure you have Node.js at v5.9.1 or greater with Node-Sass, Handlebars, and Gulp modules installed globally.
Run gulp to start a local server and automatically watch for changes. The site will refresh automatically after making any changes.
Run gulp production to compile the distribution code in a build/ directory.
Updating the Site's Content:
As the entire site is translated to Chinese and Spanish, any changes to the site's content must also be translated to these languages. This is done by editing the JSON files in app/data/.
Any changes to the site's HTML must be made to the Handlebars templates in app/templates/.
Each of the JSON files and Handlebars files in these folders corresponds to one page of the app (index.html, why-it-matters.html, how-it-works.html, & resources.html). Each JSON file contains the written content in 3 languages while each template file contains the markup and Handlebars templating code.
After updating these sets of files you must precompile the templates for the content to be updated in the app. You can run the gulp templates task to do this by running the following npm script:
npm run compile-templates
If you're running the gulp default task, then making changes to any files in app/templates/*.hbs will automatically re-compile app/js/templates.js. However, you will still need to compile the bundled files for the app, bundle.js and otherpages.js, otherwise the app will not use the newly compiled templates!
John Krauss provided data for NYC properties that should have rent-stabilized apartments due to receiving tax exemptions from state programs such as 421a. (You can learn more on the the repo for nyc-stabilization-unit-counts). | 2024-07-13T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6307 |
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Overtime
Small actions could create big things
Posted
Tuesday, February 13, 2018 12:21 pm
benton
Column by Jim Benton
Little things can make a big difference in a basketball game and in life.
Rock Canyon girls basketball coach Becky Mudd followed up on a good idea of creating a personal challenge for her players, and the game against Legend on Feb. 6 was designated the Small Actions-Big Changes game.
Each girl selected a cause, person, family or group to play the game in honor of.
The girls then had to commit to do a small action to support the person/cause they selected.
Sophomore Molly McEowen played for Alzheimer’s awareness, a disease that touches a lot of people, including her grandfather. For her action, she gave up eating lunch for a week and donated that money to Alzheimer’s research.
The senior forward shared what basketball meant to the family as they suffered with the disease.
Saving animals from puppy mills was the selected cause for sophomore guard Dana Weiss, who is a vegetarian to support animals and is vocal about the mistreatment of animals.
Several players got pledges for points, wrote cards and letters to people, did random acts of kindness, made donations, and wore special colored gear.
All shared their stories with the team about their causes, such as Charity H2O, breast cancer awareness, diabetes, pediatric cancer, the American Heart Association, pancreatic cancer, Dr. Jill Pechacek 29:11 Challenge, Make-A-Wish and the Pine Ridge Reservation.
Talking football
Dave Logan and Ed McCaffrey worked five seasons together broadcasting Denver Broncos football games on the radio as the play-by-play announcer and the analyst, respectively.
I’m sure they probably talked a little about high school football, since Logan is the coach at Cherry Creek and three of McCaffrey’s four sons played for Valor Christian against Creek during that time.
McCaffrey, who gave up his analyst duties last season, is now the head football coach at Valor. So once again Logan and McCaffrey will be talking high school football.
“Dave was a great inspiration to me,” said McCaffrey. “I watched somebody I respect who played at a high level and is one of the best in the business at broadcasting, yet he still has the passion while coaching football.
“He’s had unbelievable success in his high school coaching. It’s because he loves what he is doing. I love this sport too and love coaching it. He kind of paved the way. He showed me you could have a family, have a profession, coach high school football and do the things you want to do. When I watch him coaching, meeting with coaches or drawing up plays, he is a happy man. He showed me this can be done.”
Skill competition in ice hockey
I recall a few of the first high school hockey games I witnessed a few decades ago. It was like watching the movie “Slap Shot,” where players resorted to playing a violent style to become popular.
There wasn’t much attention paid to hockey. Most of the interest for the players and spectators centered around physical play on the ice, which often carried over off the ice by fans after the games.
Times have changed and the skill level of high school hockey players is better.
“High school hockey is getting better and better by leaps and bounds,” said former University of Denver coach George Gwozdecky, who is now the Valor Christian head hockey coach. “Of course you have your programs that are developing a little slower than other programs.
“More and more kids are starting to move towards high school hockey for many reasons, and as a result it is getting more competitive. Rosters on the varsity teams are getting deeper. Kids are starting to realize they can get to junior hockey from playing high school, whereas in the past most of those kids had to play triple A hockey.”
The regular CHSAA season is ending and 24 teams will advance to the state playoffs. The top eight teams in RPI rankings get byes into the second round.
First-round games are scheduled for Feb. 20-21. Second-round and quarterfinals are set for Feb. 23 and 24. Frozen Four games are set for 5 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. on March 5 at the Pepsi Center with the title game on tap for March 6 at the Pepsi Center.
Top eight in the RPI after games of Feb. 9 were Regis Jesuit, Valor Christian, Monarch, Fort Collins, Steamboat Springs, Cherry Creek, Chaparral and Aspen.
Jim Benton is a sports writer for Colorado Community Media. He has been covering sports in the Denver area since 1968. He can be reached at jbenton@coloradocommunitymedia.com or at 303-566-4083. | 2024-07-24T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1097 |
is prob of sequence vvvv when four letters picked without replacement from vbbvbcvbvbcc?
1/495
What is prob of sequence ku when two letters picked without replacement from uyeekeeeseq?
1/110
What is prob of sequence mma when three letters picked without replacement from hhamlalmalhm?
3/220
Calculate prob of sequence lg when two letters picked without replacement from {g: 1, l: 2, c: 1}.
1/6
What is prob of sequence zzjb when four letters picked without replacement from bzjjzzzy?
1/70
Four letters picked without replacement from ipuhihhiheuh. Give prob of sequence iihp.
1/396
Two letters picked without replacement from tptecttepftpe. What is prob of sequence ef?
1/52
What is prob of sequence ehbq when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, b: 6, e: 1, q: 4}?
4/1365
Calculate prob of sequence rrr when three letters picked without replacement from {r: 5}.
1
Four letters picked without replacement from {h: 2, v: 1, b: 1, c: 2, a: 2, f: 1}. Give prob of sequence bhvc.
1/756
What is prob of sequence xzz when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 9, x: 6, p: 3, t: 1}?
24/323
Three letters picked without replacement from xvvpnxxvxxxpv. Give prob of sequence xxx.
10/143
Calculate prob of sequence jj when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 9, p: 7}.
3/10
Calculate prob of sequence ssw when three letters picked without replacement from wswwwwwswsw.
8/165
Calculate prob of sequence zgz when three letters picked without replacement from lighlzillaizig.
1/546
Four letters picked without replacement from {f: 3, t: 5}. What is prob of sequence ffff?
0
Calculate prob of sequence ffue when four letters picked without replacement from xgxfuddfe.
1/1512
Four letters picked without replacement from jljjjjjjljj. Give prob of sequence jjll.
1/55
What is prob of sequence nn when two letters picked without replacement from iiiiiniinniiinnnnii?
7/57
Three letters picked without replacement from riiiigirgfrgigiiiigf. What is prob of sequence iir?
3/76
Two letters picked without replacement from dttttttdttdcdttctdd. What is prob of sequence cc?
1/171
Three letters picked without replacement from {f: 6, a: 4}. What is prob of sequence ffa?
1/6
Four letters picked without replacement from {c: 2, x: 3, y: 1, l: 1}. Give prob of sequence xylx.
1/140
Four letters picked without replacement from {e: 1, c: 2, v: 2, x: 7, m: 1, k: 6}. What is prob of sequence kckk?
5/1938
What is prob of sequence mm when two letters picked without replacement from mmmmxmmmxmmmm?
55/78
Calculate prob of sequence wq when two letters picked without replacement from wauuqhwaaa.
1/45
Two letters picked without replacement from {n: 5, h: 5}. Give prob of sequence hh.
2/9
Four letters picked without replacement from mpmppppgmpwp. Give prob of sequence pmmm.
7/1980
Four letters picked without replacement from vuuuvvhhhuvhuhuhvvv. What is prob of sequence hvuh?
35/2584
Two letters picked without replacement from {r: 3, v: 7}. What is prob of sequence rr?
1/15
Four letters picked without replacement from {t: 3, q: 1, s: 1, p: 4, o: 5}. Give prob of sequence sopq.
5/6006
Four letters picked without replacement from rrrzrrzrrzrrrrrr. Give prob of sequence rzzr.
3/140
Calculate prob of sequence huu when three letters picked without replacement from {h: 1, u: 6, w: 7}.
5/364
Three letters picked without replacement from {x: 7, g: 3}. Give prob of sequence ggg.
1/120
Two letters picked without replacement from {u: 2, j: 15, s: 3}. What is prob of sequence js?
9/76
Calculate prob of sequence ol when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, i: 1, o: 7}.
7/72
Four letters picked without replacement from {n: 2, g: 6, e: 4}. Give prob of sequence gneg.
2/99
What is prob of sequence ob when two letters picked without replacement from obwobbbo?
3/14
Two letters picked without replacement from {v: 4, m: 8, y: 1, a: 6, x: 1}. Give prob of sequence ay.
3/190
Four letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, z: 8, j: 1, v: 6, e: 1}. Give prob of sequence vvje.
1/1904
Three letters picked without replacement from {u: 5, c: 2, z: 2, v: 2, q: 1, m: 2}. What is prob of sequence vqz?
1/546
Three letters picked without replacement from iiojioiiijji. Give prob of sequence jii.
21/220
Two letters picked without replacement from vvaovvvwiw. Give prob of sequence ov.
1/18
What is prob of sequence guuu when four letters picked without replacement from {g: 1, u: 4, m: 1, f: 2, e: 1}?
1/126
Calculate prob of sequence un when two letters picked without replacement from ufunn.
1/5
Calculate prob of sequence pv when two letters picked without replacement from {p: 9, v: 7, i: 2}.
7/34
Calculate prob of sequence xr when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 13, c: 3, x: 2, d: 1, r: 1}.
1/190
Four letters picked without replacement from lldddldddd. What is prob of sequence ddll?
1/20
What is prob of sequence vk when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, v: 2, n: 2, k: 1, q: 1}?
1/21
Four letters picked without replacement from {z: 5}. Give prob of sequence zzzz.
1
Calculate prob of sequence py when two letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, p: 1, z: 1}.
1/6
What is prob of sequence asc when three letters picked without replacement from saaaacsaacsncsaasa?
15/544
What is prob of sequence xhlh when four letters picked without replacement from hhhhlxhhlxhh?
28/1485
Calculate prob of sequence ssss when four letters picked without replacement from {s: 4, g: 2}.
1/15
What is prob of sequence pxpw when four letters picked without replacement from pprrwwpprwjxpjxp?
3/728
Two letters picked without replacement from vvvbvvvvvvbgii. Give prob of sequence bb.
1/91
What is prob of sequence co when two letters picked without replacement from yoyycyvvyyvogcc?
1/35
Two letters picked without replacement from bjbvjjzjljbjlyv. What is prob of sequence ll?
1/105
Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 5, l: 14}. What is prob of sequence lc?
35/171
Two letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, l: 1, s: 1, t: 2}. What is prob of sequence tl?
1/15
Four letters picked without replacement from uzzuz. Give prob of sequence uzuz.
1/10
Three letters picked without replacement from {g: 1, w: 9, z: 1, e: 1}. Give prob of sequence eww.
3/55
Calculate prob of sequence xxe when three letters picked without replacement from exxeexxxxxpee.
35/286
Calculate prob of sequence ssr when three letters picked without replacement from ssskkskkskssrskskkk.
4/323
What is prob of sequence uxg when three letters picked without replacement from xfgufigib?
1/252
Calculate prob of sequence yqu when three letters picked without replacement from {u: 4, l: 2, q: 1, y: 1}.
1/84
Three letters picked without replacement from tkjjjjjjj. Give prob of sequence jjt.
1/12
Two letters picked without replacement from {i: 4, t: 3, p: 1, w: 2}. Give prob of sequence ww.
1/45
Calculate prob of sequence xxm when three letters picked without replacement from {x: 4, m: 6}.
1/10
What is prob of sequence bbtb when four letters picked without replacement from {b: 11, t: 2}?
3/26
Two letters picked without replacement from {h: 3, f: 11, k: 1}. What is prob of sequence kh?
1/70
Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, u: 1, z: 1, i: 4, l: 1}. What is prob of sequence ti?
1/14
Four letters picked without replacement from wedwdevwvedvwweywwy. What is prob of sequence evwd?
7/2584
Three letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, t: 10, z: 4, l: 1, r: 4}. Give prob of sequence zra.
2/855
Two letters picked without replacement from {d: 2, n: 1, r: 5, f: 1}. Give prob of sequence dr.
5/36
Three letters picked without replacement from jjjjjejjjjjjj. What is prob of sequence jjj?
10/13
What is prob of sequence szm when three letters picked without replacement from {s: 7, q: 3, z: 3, m: 4, j: 2}?
14/969
Three letters picked without replacement from rrmlrcrrmroormrrrr. Give prob of sequence lrr.
55/2448
What is prob of sequence saas when four letters picked without replacement from assja?
1/30
Two letters picked without replacement from {g: 4, a: 1, r: 2, b: 3}. What is prob of sequence ra?
1/45
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 4, s: 12, m: 4}. What is prob of sequence ms?
12/95
Calculate prob o | 2024-01-14T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2921 |
The difference in unemployment rates between youth and adults in the province is the largest it’s ever been, the report found.{...}
Perhaps surprisingly, Toronto comes off particularly badly in the report. The percentage of youth with a job in Canada’s largest city is 43.5, the lowest of any region in the province. Toronto also has the largest gap between youth and adult employment rates, at 21.8 per cent, the report found.
“Toronto’s low employment rate comes from the withdrawal of 15–24 year olds from the labour force,” the report concludes.
The CCPA offers two possible reasons for why Ontario now has the worst youth job climate of any province outside the Maritimes: The “national economic shift away from manufacturing towards resource extraction,” and post-recession government austerity measures.
A third reason needs to be added: mass immigration. It's astounding the report didn't take this into account but the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives is a left of center think-thank and are willfully ignorant to the adverse effects of Canada's mass immigration policy. In any case here's the CCPA report.
So here we are. Three decades of unrestrained mass immigration that was allegedly needed to keep the economy going, businesses running, and Canadians employed has helped contribute to an alarmingly high youth unemployment rate in the nation's most populace province as well as it's largest city. Guess we didn't see that coming did we? How could have we when we are constantly blinded by the assumed benefits of shoveling hordes of the world's masses into the labour supply. And the fact that Ontario and it's capital city Toronto - the largest city in Canada and fourth largest in North America - receives the lion's share of immigrants probably has nothing to do with it. But just think of all the great ethnic restaurants they open. Too bad you don't have a job or one with a future that pays a living wage otherwise you might be able to afford to eat at one once in a while.
This report brings into sharp relief the need to abandon all faith in the purported prophetic powers of labour market analysts and economists when setting immigration targets; the self proclaimed "experts." When they were foretelling the decline in labour market supply due to Canada's low birth rate and retiring baby boomer cohort the remedy prescribed was increased immigration quotas to stave off the crash and keep the economy going. If we didn't do it the sky was going to fall. Now it's 2013 and those jobs either disappeared or moved overseas to the countries we are importing immigrants from and the baby boomers aren't retiring as quickly as expected. So have immigration targets declined to reflect this unforeseen reality? Not in the least. They have in fact increased.
Immigrants are not a source of job growth. They grow labour supply. Investment from the public and private sectors are sources of job growth and when activity from both do not keep up to satisfy the growth in immigrant driven labour supply don't act shocked when you get high youth unemployment. And the decline in investment by Canadian businesses in their workforce by some 40% since 1993 doesn't help much either.
The levels of irony here are rich. A major reason immigrants move to Canada is not necessarily for a better life for themselves - many having to toil just over the poverty line in jobs below their skills-set - but for their kids and to provide for them a future their homeland couldn't deliver. It's not far-fetched to assume that many of those youth affected by the high youth unemployment numbers are the "first generation" Canadian born children of immigrants. The system their immigrant parents sought to benefit from is now working to the disadvantage of their children. While the importation of their immigrant parents may have displaced Canadians from the workforce now immigrants are displacing the Canadian born children of immigrants. In karmic fashion it's the system feeding on itself illustrating why immigrants have a vested interest in seeing immigration quotas reduced.
Another level of irony is that the age bracket of the unemployment figures - ages 15 to 24 - tend to be the most supportive of Canada's immigration system. No surprises here as these are the years one is most indoctrinated to the imposed feelgood, multicult propaganda taught in the public education system. They are rarely exposed to contrarian views but hopefully finding a job, choosing a place to live, and living in the real world will wake them up.
Of course immigration isn't solely to blame. There are other factors at work that collectively contributes to unemployment figures. But immigration isn't helping things. It's making things difficult if not worse for Canada's rising generation and we need to see to it that they have an inheritance in the land of their birth. We don't work and save so that our neighbour's children have a future at the expense of our own. That's dysfunctional. On their part Canada's youth need to take the red pill on immigration matters. It's not racist to demand decreases in immigration quotas. A better life for immigrants shouldn't be built on a worse life for us. | 2024-06-15T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1298 |
Even so, I got nervous because it is the first time i listened about this illnes so i told doctor to take me more tests. So I took Elisa(HIV 1-2)test, Herpes 1 test, Herpes2 test. These tests were token 21 November 2012.
The results were: Elisa nonreactive, Herpes 2 nonreactive, Herpes 1 reactive. For this last one i never had this ill, only in Setember 2012 i had sptos inguinal(1 month before to get sick for citomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis). I had this sptos for one month and a half.
I only had two weeks and a half with fever(until 38), pharyngitis, but today (10 Weeks later) i only have rhinitis and
three weeks ago my adenoids were infected. But Today is ok.
So my question is, do I have HIV? My doctor told me not and not be worried. Is it ok have cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis with these symptoms(i read some cases is ok) and period (here i dont have information, but my doctor says it could be 3-6 months)?
is it right?
My work is very stressful and when i got ill i was hardworking. this day (13 octuber)i woke working 30 hours continualy.
For the stresfull in 2010, i got menier illness. But i dont have it from last year.
Please i need your opinion, thanks. Because I am very nervous about it.
Response from Dr. Wohl
Your HIV test is negative so you do not have HIV infection. CMV is a common virus that most people get exposed to some time or another in their lives. Once someone is infected, it stays or life but generally causes problems only if a person's immune system is weakened by an infection or medication. I see no reason to think that CMV is causing any of your symptoms.
Toxoplasmosis is a parasite that is also common in many regions of the world. About 80% of people in France have antibodies to toxoplasma. It too can cause disease with immune problems but also sometimes can cause symptoms when a person is first infected.
This forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not rendering medical, mental health, legal or other professional advice or services. If you have or suspect you may have a medical, mental health, legal or other problem that requires advice, consult your own caregiver, attorney or other qualified professional.
Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material.
The Body is a service of Remedy Health Media, LLC, 750 3rd Avenue, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10017. The Body and its logos are trademarks of Remedy Health Media, LLC, and its subsidiaries, which owns the copyright of The Body's homepage, topic pages, page designs and HTML code. General Disclaimer: The Body is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice or professional services. The information provided through The Body should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or a disease. It is not a substitute for professional care. If you have or suspect you may have a health problem, consult your health care provider. | 2023-10-07T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7185 |
FOND DU LAC - After a six-month suspension late last year and the loss of their building earlier this year, the Fond du Lac Elks Lodge has suffered another setback.
As of Sept. 17, the Grand Lodge has pulled the local lodge's charter. There will not be local lodge for the next six years, when community members can decide to start a new chapter if desired. At least eight officers are required to attend Elks meetings according to their bylaws, and that expectation was not met at a few of the recent meetings, said Ginger Reath, a member of the Elks Lodge.
Reath said the decline of the organization started when their building at 33 Sheboygan Street was put up for sale mid-March. "Having (the building) taken away, nothing was the same after that," she said. "The socialization of the whole place kind of left. The spirit of a lot of people left."
However, Elks members were still passionate about serving the community, Reath said.
Since the lodge's conception in the late 1800s, the Elks Lodge has given 10 million dollars back to the Fond du Lac community through organizations like the Boys & Girls Club, the Fond du Lac Public Library, the Beacon House, NAMI, and organizations that support veterans. They gave scholarships and sponsored multiple youth programs like Project Blake, an open art studio for troubled teens. In addition, they were big advocates for drug recovery awareness.
"We'll miss them as neighbors," Terri Flemming of the Fond du Lac Library said. "They were good neighbors to all of the downtown and they helped provide downtown as a destination. We collaborated with them on special events. They were a great collaborator and great neighbor."
Dan Habel, the executive director at the Boys & Girls Club, was upset to hear the Elks were no longer an organization because they raised money for many good causes in the community. "The ultimate loser in this situation is the community because the community is going to lose someone who cares about our future," he said.
The Elks Lodge's most recent campaign included encouraging people to think positively about the community.(Photo: Courtesy of Ginger Reath)
Their most recent campaign tried to inspire positivity within the community by giving back to interests that would help Fond du Lac change for the better. That positivity would then inspire youth to stay in the community. They hung a banner at the library for community members to write what made Fond du Lac "rock." They also spray painted a rock that now stands in front of the library.
"The rock that sits in front of the library is (the Elks') legacy of what we left," Reath said. "We rocked Fond du Lac."
Reath still intends to volunteer in the community when her membership in the Elks Lodge is revoked, and she believes many other members will do the same. She also hopes the community continues its effort to make Fond du Lac a great place to live.
"It's an opportunity also for the rest of the community to step up in (the Elks Lodge's) absence and continue to support what they thought was important," Habel said.
Reach Madeline Zukowski at 920-907-7968 or mzukowski@gannett.com; on Twitter:@madszuko. | 2023-12-04T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1037 |
Menu
Recipe: Soaked Quinoa Muffins
As I mentioned in my most recent post I am trying to become creative with ways of giving Andrew his veggies. He has been really picky and it can get frustrating when it seems like he’s not getting any of his veggies in. Tonight I got lucky and he was chowing down on some green beans I boiled in water and coconut oil- made me smile inside! But for the days I am not so lucky, I am going to turn to these quinoa muffins that I got inspired by a good friend of mine. They look like muffins, are finger friendly and yummy- all things that are appealing to toddlers!
These have a nice savory taste to them and if you make sure to soak your quinoa the night before, you will be making these little puppies extremely digestible and extra nutritious. Grains contain phytic acid. Phytic acid is a mineral inhibitor… meaning it blocks mineral absorption! What’s the use of eating something nutritious when most of the nutrients are not even making it to where they need to be? When we break down that phytic acid by soaking grains over night in an acidic medium we enable ourselves to absorb more minerals which I’m sure we can all agree, is most desirable. I feel it’s especially important to do this for young children since their bodies are still developing and they may not be able to digest foods as well as adults.
Another cool thing about this recipe is you can mix and match with whatever veggies, meat and cheese you have hanging out in the fridge. For this recipe I used ham, parmesan cheese, cheddar cheese, yellow onion, kale, and broccoli. I did not really measure out any of the veggies but I’m assuming it was around 1/4 cup to 1/2 cup each. I also cooked my quinoa in homemade chicken stock because it gives it an extra nutrient boost.
Ingredients:
2 cups quinoa
lemon juice, raw apple cider vinegar, yogurt or fresh whey
3 eggs
vegetables of choice (diced)
meat of choice (optional, diced)
cheese
salt, pepper to taste
To soak (do this the night before you plan to make the muffins):Take 2 cups of quinoa and place in a bowl with 2 cups warm water. Add 1-2 TBL lemon juice, raw apple cider vinegar, yogurt or fresh whey. Cover and let sit overnight. Rinse with water until water runs clear. | 2024-04-04T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1859 |
HOPE DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
Voice of the World
They call us Third World
below the Second
below the First
because we have less
produce less
suffer more
But three are really one these days
we can help you understand
come and let us show you
hear the One World voice
Religious leaders gives us food
teaches kids to read
Political leaders gives promises
and sewage in the street
Work all day to buy a chicken
or dine on scraps of rich
don’t say we have … [Read more...]
HOPE DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
Voice of the World
They call us Third World
below the Second
below the First
because we have less
produce less
suffer more
But three are really one these days
we can help you understand
come and let us show you
hear the One World voice
Religious leaders gives us food
teaches kids to read
Political leaders gives promises
and sewage in the street
Work all day to buy a chicken
or dine on scraps of rich
don’t say we have … [Read more...]
CONNECT on MAVEN – CLICK IMAGE BELOW
Your Support is Appreciated – 2016
All Gifts Appreciated and Accepted Here
Aimed to create a “pay-it-forward” ripple of positive action, our sister charitable organization, registered here in Canada to work globally,
A Celebration of Women™ Foundation Inc., was born to shape a better world through building residential homes that are mandated to enable the education of young women, support self sustainable programs, graduating future women leaders.
EMAIL TRANSER TO:
acelebrationofwomen@hotmail.com | 2023-12-09T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/7567 |
Labor advocate Vincent R. Dunne was arrested during the Minneapolis Teamsters’ strike of 1934. Photos courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society
In June 1941, the FBI raided the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) headquarters in Minneapolis and St. Paul, and by July, 29 people had been charged with conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government.
How did Minnesota became a center of supposed treason?
Well, the story is complicated: A year earlier, Congress passed the Smith Act, or Alien Registration Act. The Smith Act required registration of all non-citizen residents. It also criminalized advocating for the violent overthrow of the U.S. government through speech, written publications or organized groups.
Pushing for change
Under the Smith Act, the Minnesota case marked the first time any U.S. individuals had been charged with sedition during peacetime since 1798.
The Socialist Workers Party, formed in 1938 with about 1,000 members, was shaped by Marxist ideas. The party had a strong presence in the Twin Cities, and many SWP members were leaders in the Minneapolis Teamsters’ strike of 1934, when thousands of workers walked off the job.
During this era, the FBI monitored several leftist organizations, including the SWP.
In 1941, with the country on the verge of entering World War II, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover feared the anti-war SWP could use its infl uence with the Teamsters to disrupt national transportation, and thus, the war effort.
The case went to trial in October, and the defendants argued that they weren’t plotting to overthrow the government; rather, the SWP’s Marxist tenets only predicted capitalism would fall through violence.
They pointed out that their party was trying to create political change through methods like running for political office, not armed uprising.
Freedom of speech
Many felt that the defendants’ right to freedom of speech was on the line.
The Civil Rights Defense Committee wrote in a pamphlet supporting the defendants: “In his opening statement to the jury, [the prosecutor] explicitly declared that even if it could not be proven that the defendants had taken up arms against the government, they could nevertheless be found guilty. In other words, the defendants could be convicted not for anything they did, but solely for expressing their opinions.”
In December after 56 hours of deliberation, a jury found 18 defendants guilty, and they were each sentenced to 12 to 16 months in prison. Among them were Grace Holmes Carlson of St. Paul, the only woman convicted, who served as the Minnesota state organizer for the SWP, and Vincent R. Dunne, a prominent Minneapolis labor figure and leader in the 1934 Teamster strike.
The 18 defendants immediately appealed, and organizations like the ACLU and NAACP, as well as many labor unions and trade councils, rallied to support the cause.
Dunne went on a national speaking tour, saying, “We are fighting not only for ourselves, but for the freedoms and democratic rights of the entire labor movement and the American people.”
The case made it to the U.S. Supreme Court, but in late 1943, the court refused to hear the case. Attorneys petitioned the court twice for a rehearing, but the Supreme Court wouldn’t budge.
Off to prison
Their appeals exhausted, the 18 defendants had to complete their prison sentences.
The SWP held farewell banquets in New York and Minneapolis, and a group of defendants agreed to surrender to authorities together in Minneapolis.
After meeting at the SWP’s headquarters, they marched to the federal courthouse to turn themselves in. Most of the men were imprisoned in Sandstone, Minnesota, while Grace Carlson was sent to a women’s prison in Alderson, West Virginia.
Following their prison terms, the SWP held mass meetings in Minneapolis, New York and Chicago to welcome its members back and advocate for the repeal of the Smith Act.
Many defendants also continued to serve as public faces of the SWP. Carlson ran for U.S. Senate in Minnesota in 1946 on the SWP ticket, and Dunne ran a campaign for Minneapolis mayor.
In 1948, Farrell Dobbs and Carlson ran for president and vice president as SWP candidates.
The Smith Act went on to be used against Communist Party leaders in the 1950s until 1957 when the Supreme Court ruled in Yates v. United States that radical speech was protected under the First Amendment unless there was a “clear and present danger.”
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440 F.Supp. 949 (1977)
Foster LEWIS
v.
BETHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION and United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, Local 2610 and United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO.
Civ. A. Nos. 70-1127-M, M-75-1536.
United States District Court, D. Maryland.
October 19, 1977.
*950 *951 *952 Kenneth L. Johnson and Norris C. Ramsey, Baltimore, Md., for plaintiff.
Douglas D. Connah, Jr., Baltimore, Md., for defendant, Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Frank Petramalo, Jr., Washington, D.C., and I. Duke Avnet, Baltimore, Md., for defendants, United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, Local 2610, and United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO.
MEMORANDUM
JAMES R. MILLER, Jr., District Judge.
Introduction
Foster Lewis (Lewis), a black man, is, and has been since 1955, a Production and Maintenance (a generic term) employee of the defendant, Bethlehem Steel Corporation (Company). The Company is a Delaware Corporation doing business in the State of Maryland. During the term of Lewis' employment with the Company, he has worked at its plant at Sparrows Point, Maryland.
The defendant, United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, Local 2610 (Local 2610), is the local affiliate of the defendant, United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO (Union) (hereinafter the Union and Local 2610 are sometimes collectively referred to as "Unions"). Local 2610 negotiates with the Company concerning its members' grievances and the terms and conditions of employment of employees in the Department in which Lewis works at the Sparrows Point Plant. The Union also negotiates with the Company on these same matters but at different levels than Local 2610. There is no dispute concerning the Unions qualifying as labor organizations within the *953 meaning of ง 701(d) and (e) of Title VII, 42 U.S.C. ง 2000e(d) and (e) and within the meaning of ง 2(5) of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. ง 152(5).
In these two cases, consolidated for trial, Lewis has charged the defendants with acts of racial discrimination against him.
In his first action, Civil Action No. 70-1127-M, Lewis charges, generally, that all the defendants have treated him in a discriminatory manner vis-a-vis similarly situated white employees in regard to opportunities for training necessary for promotions, the standards applied for the awarding of promotions, and the actual awarding of promotions. (70-1127-M, Paper No. 30). In the same action, Lewis charges that the Unions have not processed his employment grievances against the Company in a manner equivalent to the Unions' processing of the grievances of similarly situated white employees. This is claimed to violate the Unions' statutory duty to render their members "fair representation." (70-1127-M, Paper Nos. 30 and 50). In Civil Action No. 70-1127-M, Lewis' claims against the Company, Local 2610, and the Union are brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1866, ง 1 (42 U.S.C. ง 1981), and the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947 (29 U.S.C. งง 151 et seq.). In addition, Lewis has a claim against Local 2610 under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. งง 200e et seq.).[1]
In his second action, Civil Action No. M-75-1536, Lewis claims the defendants retaliated against him for the filing of his first suit in that they refused to process his labor grievances against the Company, and the Company discriminated against him in the awarding of overtime and regular hours in his permanent position of Winch Truck Operator. In Civil Action No. M-75-1536, Lewis has brought claims against all the defendants under the purported authority of 42 U.S.C. ง 1981. In addition, he has sued the Company and Local 2610 under 42 U.S.C. งง 2000e et seq.
In both suits Lewis has sought back pay, attorneys' fees, and a wide range of injunctive relief relating to the defendants' alleged discriminatory practices in the areas of training opportunities, job qualifications and assignments, grievance proceedings, and seniority rights.
This Memorandum represents the court's Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law pursuant to Rule 52, F.R.Civ.P.
Limitations Periods In Civil Action 70-1127-M
Lewis filed the action in C.A. No. 70-1127-M on September 30, 1970. The court ruled at trial that Lewis, in order to sustain his ง 1981 claims, must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he was the subject of an act of unlawful discrimination by the respective defendants at some point on or after September 30, 1967 or that an earlier discriminatory act had an effect upon him that continued after that date because of a policy or practice of the defendants in effect or occurring after that date.[2]Md.Ann.Code, Cts. & Jud.Proc. ง 5-101 (1975); Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 462-463, 95 S.Ct. 1716, 44 L.Ed.2d 295 (1975); Hall v. Asher, 355 F.Supp. 808, 811 n. 6 (D.Md.1973). Similarly, to sustain his Title VII claim against Local 2610, Lewis must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he was the subject of an act or the continuing effects of an act of unlawful discrimination by Local 2610 at some point on or after July *954 17, 1968, his charge having been filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on January 17, 1969. 42 U.S.C. ง 2000e-5(e).[3]
FACTS
A. Civil Action 70-1127-MโThe Company's Actions
When Lewis was first employed by the Company in June, 1955, he was assigned to the General Labor Department as a laborer at a job class 2 pay scale, the lowest paying job. A Production and Maintenance employee's rate of pay rises as his job class number rises. The defendants stipulated at trial that this initial assignment was made based upon Lewis' race.
In September, 1955, Lewis resigned from the Company in order to be rehired into a different department, there being no procedure at that time for effecting a transfer. Lewis was rehired and assigned to Unit 438 in Department 32 as a laborer, job class 2. Upon resigning Lewis lost the three months' seniority he had accumulated in the General Labor Department.
Seniority Department 32 is known as "Electrical Maintenance General." It is one of several "shops" at Sparrows Point, the function of which is to perform repairs on plant equipment. It is made up of seven sub-units, or sections, including the Electrical Repair Shop, Section 438, in which the plaintiff is employed. For purposes of collective bargaining, Seniority Department 32 is treated as one department and one unit and is not treated as having sub-units or sections. This has prevailed at least since the early 1950s. The other sections, by number and name, are as follows:
(a) 337 โ sub-station
(b) 437 โ power house
(c) 400 โ Electric Department โ windings
(d) 441 โ Electric Department โ outside shops
(e) 442 โ cranes
(f) 443 โ Electric Department โ construction
At the time this action was filed, Seniority Department 32 did include Section 436 (Electric Department โ General); since then, Section 436 has been moved and it is no longer in this department.
Lewis has remained in Unit 438 to the present. Within Unit 438, Lewis has progressed from laborer to crane follower, job class 4, November, 1956; to electrical rigger, job class 7, March, 1963; and finally to winch truck operator, job class 9, from July, 1970, to the present.
Beginning in 1953 and continuing through the time of trial of this case, the Company has required the passage of an Electrical Helper Test by an employee who desires an entry level position in a line of progression leading to either (1) non-craft jobs with a current job class above 9, or (2) craft jobs all of which currently have a job class above 9. This is a pencil and paper test.[4]
Lewis first requested to take the Electrical Helper Test prior to 1958, but was told by George Moore, a white foreman, that the Company did not allow blacks to work on the electrical bench. The Company maintained its policy of not allowing blacks to take the test until March, 1960, when, apparently in response to a grievance filed with Local 2610 against the practice, 14 blacks, including Lewis, were given the test. Neither Lewis nor the other blacks passed the test. Lewis was not told his score on the test, nor were the test results shown to him.
Lewis testified at trial that he took the Electrical Helper Test three or four times after his 1960 failure without success.[5] Assuming *955 this to be true, the evidence does not disclose the dates when Lewis repeated the test nor whether at least one of his unsuccessful attempts at passing the test occurred after September 30, 1967, the statute of limitations date.
Richard Waybright, a white employee of the Company, testified at trial that he applied in 1956 for any position the Company had. He was given the Electrical Helper Test without requesting to take it. He failed the test and was told to study fractions. He retook the test several weeks later and passed it. Waybright was hired into Unit 438 as a Helper, a position leading to the higher paying noncraft and craft jobs.
In 1964 there were no black craftsmen in Department 32, nor were there any blacks in jobs leading to craft positions such as electrical helper and shop helper positions. The preponderance of blacks were in the position of Electrical Rigger, job class 7, or below. Waybright testified at trial and the court finds that the Company maintained a policy of totally excluding black employees from the Shop Electrician and Electrical Wireman positions until approximately 1964.
In 1968 the Company initiated, in response to a Labor Department proceeding regarding alleged discriminatory treatment of blacks at the Company's Sparrows Point plant, a program designed to assist employees in obtaining the knowledge necessary to pass the Electrical Helper Test. Prior to this time the Company did not have any training program designed to aid employees in passing the test. Most, but not all, black employees who passed the test did so after completing the pretest training programs, some black employees, including Lewis' brother, having passed the test prior to 1968.
The only direct evidence regarding the differential pass-fail rates of whites and blacks prior to the institution of the training program came from the deposition testimony of Bernard Parrish, an International Staff Representative for Local 2610 since 1964:
"Q Do you have any knowledge of what the experience of blacks have been passing that test prior to 1967?
"A Well, probably by that time, blacks just couldn't pass that test. See, generally, there was no training program at the plant at any time prior to that time to instruct you how to pass the test. It was just not in existence.
* * * * * *
"Q I see. Now, with respect to whites who were passing the tests prior to 1967, do you have any knowledge of that?
"A No, I don't."
(Pl's Ex. 64, at 30-31).
Lewis passed the Electrical Helper Test in May of 1969 after attending the Company's training program and thereby became eligible for "helper" positions, such as Electrical Helper, Shop Helper or Electrical Wireman Helper, where he could receive training for craft and higher paying noncraft positions. Attainment of the craft position of Shop Electrician, one position upon which this litigation has focused, through a progression commencing with the Electrical Helper position, on the average requires five to six years. An employee requires this time to gain the expertise necessary to pass the Craft Determination Test, discussed in greater detail infra, which is a test that must be passed to obtain a craft position. Lewis would have had to take a reduction in pay if he had accepted a helper position, since that position has a job class 6 rating and he was working in 1969 as an electrical rigger with a job class 7 rating.[6]
*956 In an effort to determine job interests among persons graduating from the prehelper program and passing the Electrical or Mechanical Helper Test, J. W. Paul, Jr., at the time the Company's Supervisor of Employment and Training, developed and had distributed among such graduates a job interest survey form. Lewis filled out and signed the job interest survey on May 16, 1969 (Co. Ex. 56), indicating that he had no interest in leaving his present position at the time and that if he decided to consider another position, he would notify his supervisor or the Employment Department. On May 16, 1969, his permanent position was Electrical Rigger, job class 7, and he was working on a temporary basis as Winch Truck Operator, job class 9.
After passing the Electrical Helper Test, Lewis was offered the temporary position of Mechanical Handyman at a job class 9, but he did not accept the position. He believed he had an opportunity to become a permanent Winch Truck Operator at a job class 9 and in a permanent position he would not be as subject to layoff if a work force reduction occurred.
After Lewis turned down the job of Mechanical Handyman, he was also offered opportunities to work in the job of Electrical Helper, or Shop Helper, but Lewis turned them down on the ground that he would have to take a pay cut to job class 6.
The facts which Lewis appears to contend bring the discrimination practiced against him by the Company within the statutory limitations period revolve around six job positions. Those positions are Refrigeration Repairman, Shop Electrician, Welding Machine Repairman, Motor Repairman, Millwright and Motor Inspector. At trial the court granted defendants' motions to dismiss any claim based upon the actions of the defendants regarding the crafting of the positions of Millwright and Motor Inspector.[7]
The facts directly relating to each position upon which Lewis relies are as follows:
1. Refrigeration Repairman: In 1969, after Lewis had passed the Electrical Helper Test, the Company placed two white employees in this position who were junior to Lewis on the basis that the white employees could perform the work required of the position and Lewis could not. A Company supervisor testified in an arbitration hearing on the grievance submitted by Lewis that Lewis would require five-to-six years of training to perform the job properly. After losing in arbitration, Lewis refused an offer of a position known as Refrigeration Repairman Helper because he would have had to accept a reduction in pay and the Company would not guarantee him that he would receive on the job training as a Refrigeration Repairman.
In 1973 this position was made a craft position and all incumbents in the position were allowed to remain in the position without taking a Craft Determination Test. All the incumbents were white. Unit 438 was the only unit within Department 32 having employees in this position from 1965-1972. (Pl's Ex. 23).
2. Shop Electrician: This is a multirated craft position with progression being from grade C through to grade A. Entry into the position at the C level and progression through the grade levels is dependent upon the employee passing certain parts of the six-part Craft Determination Test for this position. The Craft Determination Test for Shop Electrician consists of samples of actual productive work normally done by a Shop Electrician. If the work on which the persons are tested were not done as part of a Craft Determination Test, it would be done by a Shop Electrician as part of his normal duties.
In taking the Craft Determination Test, the employee being tested completes representative *957 job assignments within each of six basic areas of work, from the work available in the shop at the time of the testing, which can take as long as two months to complete. The six basic types of work are:
(a) Service, repair and replace all types of sleeve and antifriction bearings.
(b) Overhaul, make, replace and assemble parts of electrical apparatus.
(c) Wire or rewire controllers, panel boards, resistance banks, etc. and other electrical equipment.
(d) Dismantle and assemble all types of A.C. and D.C. motors and generators.
(e) Dismantle and assemble all types of transformers and other electrical equipment.
(f) Check all electrical equipment by means of mechanical and electrical tests.
The individual being tested is exposed to a certain degree of hazard. He is exposed to 440 volts of electricity on certain functions and 250 volts on others, all of which could cause him bodily harm, if he is unqualified, by education, training or otherwise, to work with electrical machinery. After failing a Craft Determination Test, an individual must wait 1,040 working hours before he can be retested. This requirement is by industry-wide contractual agreement. The length of time is one-half of a working year. From 1967 to November, 1973, a total of three blacks were tested for Shop Electrician; one passed and two failed. During the same period 11 whites were tested, five of whom passed and six of whom failed. At trial the court, upon defendants' motion to dismiss, found Lewis to have failed to prove the Craft Determination Test, itself, to be discriminatory; Lewis admitted that the work required of an employee in the position of Shop Electrician and the test are the same. The court also found Lewis to have failed to prove that the test was administered in a racially discriminatory manner.
In December, 1968, prior to his passage of the Electrical Helper Test, Lewis signed a notice indicating a desire to be assigned to a vacancy for this position in Unit 438. After Lewis was told he would have to pass a Craft Determination Test to be assigned the position, he withdrew his request that his qualifications and ability for the position be determined. The position was assigned to a white employee with eight months less seniority than Lewis. The white employee was more qualified to perform the duties of the position because he had received pertinent on-the-job training in other positions. Prior to 1968 only Unit 440 had employees in this position. In February, 1968, two positions within Unit 438 were reclassified and merged into this position, discussed infra. (Pl's Ex. 23).
3. Welding Machine Repairman and Motor Repairman: In February, 1968, the Company and Union agreed to change these multirated noncraft positions to the craft position of Shop Electrician and to slot all incumbents of these positions into the position of Shop Electrician at the B grade. Thus, none of these employees had to pass the Craft Determination Test to enter this craft. Prior to the crafting of these positions, the incumbent employees had received the training to perform the work required of the position from a senior employee in the position. There were 16 white and one black incumbents in these positions when they were slotted into the Shop Electrician position. The job class of the positions was 7 for C grade, 9 for B grade and 11 for A grade, whereas the Shop Electrician received three classes higher at each grade. Unit 438 was the only unit within Department 32 to have the positions of Welding Machine Repairman and Motor Repairman from 1965 until the positions were eliminated in 1968. (Pl's Ex. 23).
4. Motor Inspector: Since Lewis was first promoted to the position of Winch Truck Driver on July 29, 1970, he has been prevented from working overtime as a Winch Truck Driver because Motor Inspectors are given such assignments and Lewis cannot qualify as a Motor Inspector under standards imposed by the Company and Union on December 10, 1965. (This is an attempt by Lewis to demonstrate a nexus between the crafting of the Motor Inspector *958 position in 1965 and an injury to himself).
The position of Motor Inspector is a craft job throughout the Sparrows Point Plant, including Seniority Department 32, Foster Lewis' department. Motor Inspectors in Department 32, among other things, perform emergency electrical repairs on motors and related electrical work. In Seniority Department 32, throughout the time Lewis worked as a Winch Truck Operator there, one way of obtaining training to learn the skills of a Motor Inspector has been to accept work as a temporary Motor Inspector. Several black employees in Department 32, including Earl Curbeam and W. H. Barnes, obtained such training working as temporary Motor Inspectors. In April of 1970, Jay Williamson, a Labor Foreman in Section 438 and an immediate supervisor of Lewis, offered Lewis an opportunity to work as temporary Motor Inspector during the vacation period that year. This offer was made on the basis of Lewis' seniority. Lewis turned Williamson down, thereby failing to take advantage of the opportunity for on-the-job training for Motor Inspector. (Co. Ex. 103). In April of 1972, Williamson similarly offered Lewis the opportunity to work as a temporary Motor Inspector during the vacation period. Again, Lewis turned Williamson down. (Co. Ex. 104). Lewis did not want to work as temporary Motor Inspector because it would have involved some working at night, and Lewis preferred the daylight shift exclusively.
At trial, Lewis made no showing that he was qualified to perform the duties of Refrigeration Repairman, Shop Electrician, Motor Inspector or any position above that of Winch Truck Driver, job class 9. At trial, Lewis made no showing that within the relevant time period (i.e., from and after September 30, 1967), he applied or attempted to apply for on-the-job or other training in Department 32 for positions for which such training was provided or that the Company followed practices or policies that prevented his receiving notice of such opportunities.
After Lewis passed the Electrical Helper Test on May 16, 1969, he was eligible to fill vacancies in Electrical Helper and other maintenance jobs requiring helper test qualification. Between graduation from the prehelper training program and December 1, 1975, a total of 74 black and 32 white graduates of such programs, unlike Lewis, entered maintenance jobs requiring helper test qualification. Of these, 20 blacks and eight whites had, by December 1, 1975, advanced to permanent craft jobs; 31 blacks and 11 whites had filled temporary craft vacancies. (Co. Ex. 112).
Between June 1, 1969, and December 31, 1973, there were many vacancies at Sparrows Point in Electrical Helper jobs which led directly to the craft job of Motor Inspector, which were posted plant-wide (including Department 32), and which regularly paid higher hourly rates than Lewis' position of Winch Truck Operator. For each of at least 107 of such vacancies Lewis, had he elected to bid for such job, had a greater seniority right thereto than the employee ultimately assigned. Each such job would immediately have paid Lewis more money than he was receiving as winch truck operator (from 16 cents an hour to 54 cents an hour higher at the time of each such vacancy). (Co. Ex. 92).
From and after April 12, 1974, through the date of trial, Lewis had an opportunity, based on his plant seniority, to bid on at least nine electrical helper jobs within Department 32 and to take such jobs without any loss in pay, pursuant to the rate retention provisions of Consent Decree I. Thereafter, pursuant to the seniority provisions of Consent Decree I, Lewis would have been able to accelerate through lines of progression on the basis of his plant service and incumbency status. (Co. Ex. 93). Additional such opportunities existed in other Departments on which Lewis could have bid after April 12, 1974.
Lewis also appears to contend that the seniority and transfer provisions operative at the Sparrows Point Plant from 1962 through to the present are unlawfully discriminatory. Lewis maintains that had he *959 transferred out of Unit 438 into any other unit in Department 32 his seniority for purposes of promotion, demotion and layoff decisions[8] would measure from the date he first began work in the new unit.[9] The accuracy of this contention depends upon whether each unit in Department 32 was a "seniority unit," or whether Department 32 was a single "seniority unit." The parties are in disagreement on this point.
The Sparrows Point Plant Seniority Pool Agreement between the Company and the Unions, effective October 20, 1963, clearly provides that Department 32 is a single "seniority unit." (Pl's Ex. 1, at ถ 1a and p. 21). However, two black employees in Department 32 testified regarding their loss of seniority upon transferring between units in Department 32. One of those transfers may have occurred in 1964.
William Pierce, Jr., testified that he lost five years' seniority when he transferred from Unit 443, the electrical construction unit, to Unit 438. Pierce had been hired by the Company in May, 1955, and the transfer apparently occurred in 1960. (Pl's Brief at 12). Robert W. Skates was hired into Unit 443 in April, 1948. The date of his transfer into Unit 438 and the concomitant loss of seniority is, however, unclear:
"[H]e remained in the material handler position at a job class 4 for sixteen years because the company would not allow him to transfer or promote to higher positions because of his race. He testified that when he was able to transfer, it was into the `Rigging Unit' in Unit 438 as a laborer, and, that he lost 14 years of seniority and became the junior man in the `Rigging Unit.'"
(Emphasis supplied) (Pl's Brief at 13).
Chester Haack, a white foreman in Department 32, testified that the Company ceased treating the department as having separate seniority units in 1965 as a result of a grievance being filed with Local 2610. This was two years after the execution of the Seniority Pool Agreement but prior to the limitations period applicable to this action. In his posttrial brief Lewis states that "the department has historically operated as if it was comprised of eight units" and "[t]his information was included in a document signed by twenty-six black employees . . . filed with EEOC on December 28, 1973." (Pl's Brief at 19). At a later point on the same page of his posttrial brief Lewis states, "[he] contends that as late as 1969 a unit seniority system was still being used in department 32." The document filed with the EEOC uses the vague term "historically" in describing the operation of Department 32 as being comprised of seven "seniority units" and it is not clear when, if ever, this treatment was thought by the complaining employees to have ended. The statement in Lewis' posttrial brief regarding the operation of Department 32 through 1969 as being more than one "seniority unit" is not supported by the exhibit (PX 84) cited in support of the statement. The court concludes from the credible evidence that Department 32 has operated as a single "seniority unit" since at least September, 1967. Aside from the alleged loss of "seniority unit" seniority, Lewis does not contend that he could not have transferred to any entry level position in any unit within Department 32 if he had the qualifications for the position.
In regard to the posting of notices of vacancies in Department 32 Lewis, in his proposed Finding of Fact No. 22, states:
"Since 1958, after a Supervisor fills a vacancy in his unit in department 32, it is first posted in the unit in which it occurs, then on a department-wide basis, then on a plant-wide basis. Prior to that time, vacancies were not posted."
*960 While that statement is partially correct, the more precisely correct factual statement is that at least since September, 1967, permanent vacancies within Seniority Department 32 have been posted in the Department in accordance with Article X, Section 16 of the Collective Bargaining Agreement (Pl's Ex. 2), which provides that "when a vacancy (other than a temporary vacancy) in any job in a seniority unit shall occur which is to be filled by promotion, the management shall, so far as shall be practicable, post a notice of such vacancy in the department for a period of thirty days." At all times relevant to this case, the practice in Seniority Department 32 with respect to such posting has been for such permanent vacancies to be filled by management on the basis of seniority as defined in Article X, Section 1 of the Collective Bargaining Agreement (length of service, ability to do the work, and physical fitness), and to post a notice of the filling of such vacancies. The notice also states that "any employee who wishes to protest the assignment listed above should do so by notifying his foreman promptly." Such notice is posted for a period of 30 days, during which time any employee wishing to protest the assignment, in accordance with the grievance procedure in the Collective Bargaining Agreement, may do so. (Co. Exs. 100, 101).
B. Civil Action 70-1127-M โ Statistics
Lewis has attempted to fit the facts allegedly demonstrating the discriminatory treatment he has received into an overall picture of a pattern and practice of discrimination by the Company against blacks. The statistical imbalance demonstrated by Lewis in a comparison of white and black employees is marked in some respects.
Of the 20,490 employees working Production and Maintenance jobs in the Sparrows Point Plant as of November 1, 1967, 12,600 were white, 7,866 were black, and 24 were "other." The average job class of white employees was 9.62 while the average job class of black employees was 5.47. These employees were in 67 seniority departments of which 11 had a nearly equal number of blacks and whites; 32 were 90 percent one race (28 were 90 percent white and four were 90 percent black); 23 were 66 2/3 percent one race (20 were 66 2/3 percent white and three were 66 2/3 percent black). As of January 18, 1969, the average, actual straight-time hourly earnings (including incentive, but not overtime) of white production and maintenance employees at the Plant were $3.798 per hour, while those of black employees were $3.415 per hour.
Based upon a computer printout of a particular week's payroll data for the Company in each year from 1965 through 1972, and other information sources for 1974 and 1976, the court finds that black employees held the following percentage of all noncraft positions with a job class 9 or below and not in a line of progression for craft jobs or noncraft jobs with a job class greater than 9 (positions for which passage of the Electrical Helper Test was not a prerequisite), in Unit 438:
Year: 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1974 1976
Percentage: 90 94 87 81 83 86 81 80 86 85
The percentage of employees in Unit 438 who were black during the years 1965-1972 were as follows:
Year: 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Percentage: 32 28 32 28 37 39 32 31
The disparity in the status of black and white employees is as marked when viewed on the departmental level. The percentage of black employees in Department 32 holding positions with job class 9 or below in each year analyzed stands in stark contrast to the percentage of white employees in Department 32 holding positions with a job class 9 or below:
*961
Year: 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1974 1976
% Black: 94 94 93 88 92 87 76 80 76 76
% White: 36 33 30 31 27 26 27 24 19 14
Additionally, a much higher percentage of whites than blacks in positions with a class 9 or below were in entry level positions which lead to higher paying jobs.
There have never been more than two black supervisors in Department 32 and they supervised black employees in the jobs with job classes 9 or below and not in a line of progression for higher paying jobs.
Despite the continuing statistical imbalance between the status of whites and blacks in Unit 438 and Department 32, there is statistical evidence that the status of blacks has been improving. The following table shows the percentage of blacks and their absolute number (in parentheses) in positions which require passage of the Electrical Helper Test:
Year: 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Percentage:
Unit 438 9.5(7) 11(7) 15(12) 16(12) 20(16) 23(19) 28(17) 16(7)
Dept. 32 11.5(10) 14(11) 18.5(18) 26(25) 26(28) 36(43) 41(38) 41(29)
(Pl's Ex. 23).
C. Civil Action 70-1127-MโThe Unions' Actions
The Union negotiated an agreement with the Company in 1968 which required that all tests given by the Company be job related. As defined in the contract, a job related test is "one which measures whether an employee can satisfactorily meet the specific requirements of that job including the ability to absorb any training which may necessarily be provided for that job." (Pl's Ex. 2D, p. 114). In addition the contract provided:
"(a) Tests shall be fair in their makeup and in their administration;
"(b) Tests shall be free of cultural, racial or ethnic bias; and,
"(c) Testing procedures shall include procedures for notifying an Employee of his deficiencies and offering counseling as to how he may overcome them."
(Pl's Ex. 2D, p. 115). These contractual provisions have been in every contract between the Union and the Company since 1968. (Pl's Exs. 2E at 122-123 and 2F at 126-127).
The Union has never conducted any studies to determine the job relatedness of a test used by the Company.
The facts upon which Lewis relies to prove his claim that the Unions have failed in their duty to give "fair representation" to their members revolve around Lewis' December, 1968, notification to the Company indicating a desire to be assigned to a vacancy in a Shop Electrician position. See supra at 957. As detailed supra, Lewis withdrew his request after being told he would have to take a Craft Determination Test. The position was eventually assigned to a white employee with less unit or plant service seniority than Lewis.
In June, 1969, Lewis filed a grievance with Local 2610 charging that he did not have the necessary experience to take or pass the Craft Determination Test because, due to his race, he had been denied the opportunity to be placed in positions where he would receive such experience. Local 2610, acting through the Plant Grievance Committee, rejected Lewis' grievance at the third step of the procedure. The ostensible reasons given for the rejection were Lewis' withdrawal of his request to take the Craft Determination Test and the lack of racial discrimination in the Company's actions. Significantly, the Union does not participate in any manner in a grievance proceeding until the fourth step.
*962 In 1968, Local 2610 accepted a group grievance from eight white and one black Shop Electricians at the B grade charging that the Craft Determination Test was not job related and that they were not being given the training necessary to pass the portion of the test for promotion to the A grade. The Union joined with Local 2610 in processing the grievance through arbitration. A reading of the Union's brief submitted to the Impartial Umpire and the Umpire's decision demonstrates that the employees' grievance against the Company was aimed at the Company's practice of not assigning these Shop Electricians the type of work (panel work) which was covered in the portion of the test which they needed to pass in order to achieve the "A" grade. (Pl's Ex. 44). Without being assigned this type of work, the Shop Electricians could not obtain the on-the-job training necessary to learn the work. Thus, the grievance claims that the test was not job related and that they were being improperly denied the necessary training to pass the test expressed, in two different forms, their dissatisfaction with a single Company practice.
The Union's theory in contesting the practice was grounded in a contract provision. Specifically, the Unions argued that the provision of the collective bargaining agreement guaranteeing craftsmen the opportunity to be tested every 1,040 work hours to determine if "satisfactory qualifications and ability have been developed" to upgrade implies that the opportunity to receive the necessary training would be provided. (Pl's Ex. 44, Umpire's Decision at 2). The Umpire found the Company not to have an obligation to provide the necessary training. Id. at 3.
D. Civil Action M-75-1536 โ General Factual Findings
The court has considered the evidence relating to Lewis' claim of retaliation in Civil Action M-75-1536. Without detailing all the evidence, it is sufficient to say that the court concludes that Lewis introduced insufficient credible evidence at trial to support his claim in Civil Action M-75-1536 that with respect to the Company, "the defendants refuse to accept plaintiff's grievances on the same basis that white employees' grievances are accepted." Lewis' general foreman, Chester Haack, testified without contradiction that he processed employee grievances in the same manner for all employees. As well, Lewis introduced no credible evidence at trial to support his claim in Civil Action M-75-1536 that, with respect to the Company, "the defendants allow less senior white employees to bump plaintiff out of his regular job as a Winch Truck Operator in times of layoff." When force reductions in the Electrical Repair Shop caused the discontinuance of one of the two winch trucks, the person who remained as the Winch Truck Operator was a black employee senior to Lewis, Melvin Graves. Lewis introduced insufficient credible evidence at trial to support his claim in Civil Action M-75-1536 that the Company retaliated against him for filing complaints of racial discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Both Lewis' labor foreman, Jay Williamson, and his general foreman, Chester Haack, testified to the contrary and the court finds their testimony in that regard to be generally credible.
In addition, Foster Lewis did not introduce sufficient credible evidence to show that Local 2610 failed to process his grievances or took any other action in retaliation for his filing of an EEOC charge in January, 1969, or his filing of Civil Action 70-1127-M. As a matter of fact, of the 39 grievances processed on behalf of Lewis, 23 were after January, 1969. (U's Ex. 116(c)).
DISCUSSION
A. Distinction Between Title VII and ง 1981
The resolution of this case might be a much simpler task if both the Company and Unions were sued under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. ง 2000e et seq. However, as noted earlier, by pretrial stipulation the parties agreed that in Civil Action 70-1127-M the court did not have jurisdiction over the Company under *963 Title VII but only under 42 U.S.C. ง 1981 and the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, 29 U.S.C. งง 151 et seq. Recent Supreme Court decisions indicate that the standard for proving unlawful racial discrimination under Title VII and ง 1981 are significantly different.
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424, 91 S.Ct. 849, 28 L.Ed.2d 158 (1971), was a Title VII case concerning the legality of an employer's requirement that an employee have a high school education or pass two general intelligence tests in order to work in any department except the one traditionally worked by blacks. In finding the employer's requirements to be unlawful, the Supreme Court enunciated a legal standard directly applicable to Title VII cases:
"The Court of Appeals held that the Company had adopted the diploma and test requirements without any `intention to discriminate against Negro employees.' 420 F.2d [1225] at 1232 [4 Cir.]. We do not suggest that either the District Court or the Court of Appeals erred in examining the employer's intent; but good intent or absence of discriminatory intent does not redeem employment procedures or testing mechanisms that operate as `built-in headwinds' for minority groups and are unrelated to measuring job capability.
"The Company's lack of discriminatory intent is suggested by special efforts to help the undereducated employees through Company financing of two-thirds the cost of tuition for high school training. But Congress directed the thrust of the Act to the consequences of employment practices, not simply the motivation. More than that, Congress has placed on the employer the burden of showing that any given requirement must have a manifest relationship to the employment in question."
401 U.S. at 432, 91 S.Ct. at 854. Accord, Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 422, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975).
On the other hand, the recent Supreme Court decisions in Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 96 S.Ct. 2040, 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976), Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 97 S.Ct. 555, 50 L.Ed.2d 450 (1977), and Mt. Healthy City School District v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977), hold that a discriminatory intent on the part of the defendant, while not necessary to be present in a Title VII case, is a necessary element of proof of unlawful racial discrimination where the plaintiff is proceeding under 42 U.S.C. ง 1983. Lower court decisions do not agree on whether ง 1981 requires discriminatory intent as in ง 1983 or merely discriminatory impact as in Title VII. See Woods v. City of Saginaw, 13 E.P.D. ถ 11,299 (E.D.Mich.1976); Johnson v. Hoffman, 424 F.Supp. 490 (E.D. Mo.1977). For the reasons outlined here, this court believes that under ง 1981, as under ง 1983, plaintiffs must prove discriminatory motive or intent.
Village of Arlington Heights;[10]Mt. Healthy; and Washington v. Davis[11] discuss *964 the elements of proof necessary to establish a constitutional violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause (Village of Arlington Heights and Mt. Healthy) or of the "equal protection component" of the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause (Davis, 426 U.S. at 239, 96 S.Ct. 2040); then they hold that proof of intent is necessary to establish a violation of the equal protection of the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment and ง 1983 on the one hand and by the Fifth Amendment on the other.
There is, of course, a difference between ง 1981 and ง 1983. See Raffety v. Prince George's County, 423 F.Supp. 1045, 1059-1061 (D.Md.1976). Unlike ง 1983, which is based upon the Fourteenth Amendment, ง 1981 is based upon the Thirteenth Amendment and, like ง 1982, was originally enacted in the Civil Rights Act of 1866. On its face, the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. However, section 2 of the Amendment, the Enabling Clause, empowered Congress "to pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States." Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 20, 3 S.Ct. 18, 28, 27 L.Ed. 835 (1883). Accordingly, Congress has the power "rationally [to] determine what are the badges and incidents of slavery, and the authority to translate that determination into effective legislation." Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 at 440, 88 S.Ct. 2186, at 2203, 20 L.Ed.2d 1189 (1968). Undeniably, Congress could have provided for the establishment of a ง 1981 claim upon proof of discriminatory impact or effect alone. Cf. Fourteenth Amendment, section 5; Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445, 453 n. 9, 96 S.Ct. 2666, 49 L.Ed.2d 614 (1976); Jones v. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. at 439, 88 S.Ct. 2186; District of Columbia v. Carter, 409 U.S. 418, 424 n. 8, 93 S.Ct. 602, 34 L.Ed.2d 613. To determine if Congress did so, one must examine the language and history of the statue. When the Supreme Court tangentially reviewed the legislative history of ง 1981 by reviewing the legislative history of its sister provision, ง 1982, the Court did not advance evidence of explicit Congressional statements delineating the specific elements of proof necessary to establish a violation of either ง 1981 or ง 1982. See Jones v. Mayer Co., supra, where the issue was whether ง 1982 applied to private actions as well as to governmental action. Prior to examining the legislative history of ง 1982, however the Court looked at the plain words of the statute. The Court's statements regarding the meaning of those words are relevant for the present determination as to elements of proof of a cause of action under ง 1981:
"We begin with the language of the statute itself. In plain and unambiguous terms, ง 1982 grants to all citizens, without regard to race or color, `the same right' to purchase and lease property `as is enjoyed by white citizens.' . . .
"On its face, therefore, ง 1982 appears to prohibit all discrimination against Negroes in the sale or rental of property โ discrimination by private owners as well as discrimination by public authorities. Indeed, even the respondents seem to concede that, if ง 1982 `means what it says' โ to use the words of the respondents' brief โ then it must encompass every racially motivated refusal to sell or rent and cannot be confined to officially sanctioned segregation in housing.. ."
"Hence the structure of the 1866 Act, as well as its language, points to the conclusion urged by the petitioners in this case โ that ง 1 was meant to prohibit all racially motivated deprivations of the rights enumerated in the statute, although only those deprivations perpetrated `under color of law' were to be criminally punishable under ง 2."
392 U.S. at 419-422, 426, 88 S.Ct. at 2193-2196 (emphasis added to "motivated"). The quoted and emphasized language may be only dicta as to the precise issue of the *965 necessity for "discriminatory intent," but it is an expression of the Court's reading of the statute. Section 1981 contains the same operative terms as ง 1982 in that it guarantees "[a]ll persons . . . shall have the same right . . . to make and enforce contracts . . . as is enjoyed by white citizens." 42 U.S.C. ง 1981 (emphasis added).[12] For both ง 1981 and ง 1982 the same operative terms (the emphasized language) were taken verbatim from the original text of section 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. See Jones v. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. at 422, 88 S.Ct. 2186; Tillman v. Wheaton-Haven Rec. Ass'n, 410 U.S. 431, 439, 93 S.Ct. 1090, 35 L.Ed.2d 403 (1973).
The Supreme Court's reading of the operative terms found in งง 1981 and 1982 to require discriminatory "motivation" takes on greater significance when the analysis of the Court in Washington v. Davis is applied to the present issue. After reviewing prior precedent, which admittedly was not clear, the Court turned its attention to the operative words of the Constitution under discussion, examined those words standing alone and compared their simple mandate to Title VII:
"As an initial matter, we have difficulty understanding how a law establishing a racially neutral qualification for employment is nevertheless racially discriminatory and denied `any person . . . equal protection of the laws' simply because a greater proportion of Negroes fail to qualify than members of other racial or ethnic groups. . . .
"Under Title VII, Congress provided that when hiring and promotion practices disqualifying substantially disproportionate numbers of blacks are challenged, discriminatory purpose need not be proved, and that it is an insufficient response to demonstrate some rational basis for the challenged practices. It is necessary, in addition, that they be `validated' in terms of job performance in any one of several ways, perhaps by ascertaining the minimum skill, ability or potential necessary for the position at issue and determining whether the qualifying tests are appropriate for the selection of qualified applicants for the job in question. However, this process proceeds, it involves a more probing judicial review of, and less deference to, the seemingly reasonable acts of administrators and executives than is appropriate under the Constitution where special racial impact, without discriminatory purpose, is claimed. We are not disposed to adopt this more rigorous standard for the purposes of applying the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments in cases such as this."
426 U.S. at 245-248, 96 S.Ct. at 2050-2051.
The similarities in the operative statutory language of ง 1981 and ง 1982, the apparent requirement seen by the Supreme Court of a racially discriminatory motivation in order to establish a violation of ง 1982, and the common thread of the enforcement of racial neutrality in official acts pursuant to the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and in the enumerated private and official acts pursuant to งง 1981 and 1982, convince this court that under ง 1981, as under ง 1983, proof of discriminatory motive and intent is required.
Possibly of greater significance than the parallel language of the Constitution and ง 1981 is the dissimilarity of the language and legislative history of ง 1981 and Title VII. Compare Jones v. Mayer Co., supra, 392 U.S. at 422-437, 88 S.Ct. 2186 with Griggs v. Duke Power Co., supra, 401 U.S. at 430-436, 91 S.Ct. 849. In 1866 Congress was understandably focused upon overt discrimination. *966 The broad language of ง 1981 stands in stark contrast to the sophisticated, detailed provisions of Title VII, enacted in 1964 and directed specifically to employment. In Griggs, the Court could specify language of the Act and the legislative history which supported a determination that discriminatory intent was not a necessary element to a cause of action under Title VII. 401 U.S. at 430-436, 91 S.Ct. 849. That cannot be done for ง 1981.
B. The Role of Proof of Discriminatory Intent in ง 1981 Actions
In Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. supra, and Mt. Healthy City School District v. Doyle, supra, the Court expanded upon the part played by "intent" in proving discrimination and possible defenses to prove that discriminatory intent was a motivating factor in the action taken. Those decisions also reveal what the Court considers to be proof of discriminatory intent.
It is not necessary for a plaintiff to prove "that the challenged action rested solely on racially discriminatory purposes." Village of Arlington Heights, supra, 429 U.S. at 265, 97 S.Ct. at 563. All that is necessary is proof that a discriminatory purpose has been a motivating factor behind the injurious action. Id.
"Determining whether invidious discriminatory purpose was a motivating factor demands a sensitive inquiry into such circumstantial and direct evidence of intent as may be available." Id. at 266, 97 S.Ct. at 564. Notably, racially different impact "may provide an important starting point" particularly if "unexplainable on grounds other than race." Id. The historical events leading up to and surrounding the challenged action may be revealing. Obviously, any contemporary statements by agents of the defendant evidencing an intent to discriminate against blacks via the challenged action would be highly probative.
If a plaintiff sustains his burden of proving racial discrimination to have been a motivating factor behind the challenged action, the inquiry does not end. Rather, such proof shifts to the defendant the burden of establishing that the same action would have been taken even had the unlawful purpose not been a motivating factor. Mt. Healthy City School District, supra, 429 U.S. at 287, 97 S.Ct. 568; Village of Arlington Heights, supra, 429 U.S. at 270-271, n. 21, 97 S.Ct. 555. For if the defendants are able to prove this, the plaintiff cannot attribute the injury for which he seeks redress to racial discrimination. Id.
C. Civil Action 70-1127-M โ The Case Against The Company Under ง 1981
Proceeding to the application of the aforegoing legal principles to the specific discrete events of which Lewis complains in Civil Action 70-1127-M, the court notes that Lewis does not seem to contend that he was or is qualified to perform the work of the presently existing jobs of Shop Electrician, Refrigeration Repairman or Motor Inspector. Instead, he claims "that he would have been qualified for the positions but for past racially discriminatory practices of the defendants which prevented him from gaining the necessary qualifications for the jobs he applied for . . ."[13] and "that past racially discriminatory policies and practices of the defendants in the past are perpetuated by present policies and practices of the defendants which prevent him from being promoted." (Pl's Post-Trial Brief, pp. 3-4).
There is some confusion in the court's mind as to what constitutes the present policies and practices of the Company which Lewis contends perpetuate the effects of past discrimination. They apparently are:
(1) Failing to provide "on the job training" to blacks for craft positions;
(2) Failing to post job vacancies prior to the vacancies being filled;
(3) Requiring a Craft Determination Test to be passed for craft positions;
*967 (4) Having seniority units smaller in size than the Department;[14]
(5) Requiring the passage of the Electrical Helper Test as a prerequisite to certain jobs;
(6) Slotting the incumbent Welding Machine Repairman and Motor Repairmen into the craft position of Shop Electrician in February, 1968;
(7) Making the position of Refrigeration Repairman a craft in 1973 when it had previously been a noncraft job.
The court has concluded that Lewis was the victim of intentional racial discrimination by the Company on one or more dates prior to September, 1967, at least in the following respects: (1) he was assigned on the basis of his race to an all black unit which had no opportunity for advancement into positions carrying a job class greater than job class 9, (2) he was denied the opportunity prior to 1960 of taking the Electrical Helpers Test since the "electrical bench" was denied to blacks, and (3) he was not provided the opportunities provided generally to whites to learn a craft by serving as a helper. Any cause of action by Lewis under ง 1981 directly based upon those acts of the Company is barred, however, by the statute of limitations. In order for Lewis to succeed here against the Company under ง 1981, he must prove the existence of a post-limitations period restriction or inhibition upon advancement which perpetuates the effects of the pre-limitations period discrimination. The offending post-limitations period restriction or inhibition upon advancement must itself, under ง 1981, be the result of discriminatory intent or motivation on the part of the Company or its agents.
As to the ง 1981 aspects of this case, it is at times useful to break the analysis down into the different time frames involved. The first relevant time frame is that period of time prior to September 30, 1967, the beginning of the relevant liability period under the statute of limitations. The second relevant time frame is the period between September 30 1967, and May 16, 1969, the date on which Foster Lewis passed the electrical helpers' test. The third time frame is from May 16, 1969, until September 30, 1970, the date this suit was instituted. The fourth relevant time frame is from September 30, 1970, through the period when evidence was taken in this case in the summer of 1976.
1. Alleged Failure of the Company to Provide "On the Job Training" to Blacks for Craft Positions
While plaintiff has conceded that he was not qualified for the position of Shop Electrician, Refrigeration Repairman or Motor Inspector, he claims with some justification that his pre-September 30, 1967, lack of qualification was at least partially a result of discriminatory employment practices by the defendant company, acquiesced in by the unions. He asserts that the pre-September 30, 1967, discriminatory action, coupled with alleged failure by the Company to provide "on the job" training thereafter, has perpetuated the effects of discrimination.
The pre-limitations acts of discrimination are time barred. As to subsequent periods of time, ง 1981 does not ordinarily impose an obligation upon employers to take affirmative action in hiring and training minority employees. Long v. Ford Motor Company, 496 F.2d 500 (6th Cir. 1974). In Long v. Ford Motor Company, supra, Judge Celebrezze noted at 505:
"ง 1981 is by its very terms . . . not an affirmative action program. It is an equalizing provision, seeking to ensure that rights do not vary according to race. It does not require that persons be accorded preferential treatment because of their race."
In order for plaintiff to recover on the theory that he was denied training, he would be required to show that any alleged failure on the part of the company to provide *968 him with "on the job" training constituted intentionally dissimilar treatment from the training opportunities which whites received after September 30, 1967, or constituted treatment which, while similar on its face, was intentionally dissimilar in its effect upon blacks.
There is no credible evidence from which the court can conclude that on the job training opportunities were provided by the Company to white employees and denied to similarly situated black employees subsequent to September 30, 1967. Since 1953 employees who have wished electrical helper positions have been required to pass the electrical helpers test. The legal effect of that test will be discussed infra. Subsequent to May 16, 1969, when Foster Lewis passed the electrical helpers test, he turned down the opportunity to obtain helper positions in which he might have received "on the job" training.
Even the position of electrical or other helper has never guaranteed that a person occupying that position will receive on the job training. If an individual helper happens to be working with a journeyman who is willing to show the helper how to perform the work, the helper would have the opportunity to learn the work, but, if not, the helper would learn nothing except that which he picks up on his own or which he learns by taking outside courses on his own time and at his own expense.
2. Alleged Failure to Post Job Vacancies Prior to the Vacancies Being Filled
The sine qua non of employment discrimination cases is that an otherwise qualified person has been denied a job opportunity or emolument on a racially discriminatory basis. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 800-801, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). The plaintiff, it has been amply demonstrated, has failed to prove that he was qualified for any job for which he would have made application if it had been posted prior to the job being tentatively filled. In fact, it was conceded that the plaintiff was not so qualified. Under those circumstances, even if the posting system had been discriminatory, the plaintiff was not injured, because he was not qualified and would not have been hired in any event. East Texas Motor Freight v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403-404 n. 9, 97 S.Ct. 1891, 52 L.Ed.2d 453, n. 9 (1977); International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 369 n. 53, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396, n. 53 (1977); Mount Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 285-287, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977).
In any event, the court finds that the posting procedures in effect in seniority Department 32 since at least September, 1967, are not discriminatory and do not, in either theory or practice, inhibit or prevent qualified blacks from exercising their seniority rights to jobs for which they are qualified.
3. Requirement of a Craft Determination Test to be Passed for Craft Positions
The position of shop electrician has existed as a craft position at Sparrows Point since approximately 1947. A craft determination test has been required since that time. As previously noted, the court, based upon the evidence and stipulations, has found that the test is nondiscriminatory, the test being, as it is, samples of actual productive work which would be done by the person occupying such a craft job.
The craft determination test for shop electricians has been required since approximately 1947. It was stipulated that from 1967 to November, 1973, a total of three blacks were tested for shop electricians of whom one passed and two failed. During the same period 11 whites were tested, five of whom passed and six of whom failed.
The plaintiff was admittedly not qualified to do the work of a shop electrician. There was no proof that the test had disparate effects upon blacks. Even if such an impact had been established, the craft determination test was, as the court held during trial, job related. As well, there was no credible evidence that the policy, requiring persons who seek to do the dangerous and *969 difficult work of a shop electrician to take a craft determination test consisting of actual work samples, was the product of intentional discrimination nor that it resulted in unintentional discriminatory effect.
The same conclusions apply to the other crafts for which craft determination tests were required. In this individual, nonclass action case, Foster Lewis did not have standing, in any event, to challenge the other craft determination tests as to which there was no showing that he either failed a test or was deterred from taking the same. See Blanks v. Register, 493 F.2d 697 (4th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 841, 95 S.Ct. 72, 42 L.Ed.2d 68 (1974); Booth v. Prince George's County, Maryland, 66 F.R.D. 466, 472 (D.Md.1975).
The effect of slotting certain noncraft positions into the craft position of shop electrician in 1968 will be examined infra.
4. Alleged Existence of Seniority Units Smaller in Size than the Department
The court has concluded as a fact that Department 32 has operated as a "Seniority Unit" since at least September, 1967. Accordingly, there is no merit to the plaintiff's position that a company policy of having seniority units smaller than the department deterred or precluded him from competing with whites who had less department seniority than he for any position for which he was qualified within the department.
5. The Requirement of Passage of the Electrical Helper Test as the Prerequisite to Certain Jobs
As previously stated, the plaintiff's main contention is that he was not afforded opportunities for training that were available to similarly situated white employees. His contention has primarily been that he was precluded from obtaining training opportunities provided by the position of electrical helper, the entry level job for positions in seniority Department 32 involving electrical or electro-mechanical skills.
Within both Unit 438 and Department 32, during the period that Lewis has been employed there, there have been many higher paying jobs to which he might have advanced if he had passed the electrical helper test.[15]
There is no evidence indicating, and Lewis does not contend, that white employees in Department 32 have been allowed to enter positions leading to the higher paying noncraft and craft jobs without passing the electrical helper test since the test was instituted in 1953, two years before Lewis was first hired by the Company. Although prior to 1960 the Company precluded blacks from taking the test and, as a matter of policy, prior to 1964 probably excluded blacks from the higher paying craft and noncraft positions, Lewis does not contend, and there is no evidence, that after 1964 the Company discriminated against blacks in denying him the opportunity to take the test, or in the awarding of entry level positions upon passage of the test. Furthermore, there is no evidence of discrimination after 1964 in the awarding of promotions to higher paying noncraft jobs after service in an entry level position or in allowing employees to take the various craft determination tests. Thus, any impediment to advancement by Lewis, other than passage of the electrical helper test, was removed no later than 1964, three years prior to the beginning of the limitations period.
Although it is somewhat ironic, the one salient fact demonstrating the Company's lack of racially discriminatory intent, in establishing and utilizing the electric helper test as a prerequisite for the position of electrical helper which provided the possibility of on the job training leading to higher paying jobs in Department 32, is the Company's refusal to allow blacks to take the test until March, 1960, seven years after the test requirement was instituted. See *970 Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 420 F.2d 1225, 1232 (4th Cir. 1970).[16]
This court has found that the reason in 1953 for instituting the test was to identify persons capable of learning skills in the electrical and electro-mechanical maintenance work.
Although the Company was not motivated by a racially discriminatory intent in instituting the electrical helpers test at a time when blacks were not allowed, as a matter of policy, to take the test, such a finding does not end the inquiry. The facts are that the Company continued to utilize the electrical helpers test after Lewis and the other 13 members of the first group of blacks who took the test failed it. The test remained as a barrier for advancement for Lewis and the other blacks in the lower paying jobs in Unit 438 and in Department 32. A question arises, therefore, as to whether the Company's retention and continuation of the electrical helpers test rested, in part, upon a racially discriminatory motive. The disparate impact, if any, of a test is often a highly relevant fact in determining whether or not the test was a product of a racially discriminatory intent. Village of Arlington Heights, supra, 429 U.S. at 266, 97 S.Ct. 555; Washington v. Davis, supra, 426 U.S. at 242, 96 S.Ct. 2040. A key fact in determining whether or not there was actionable racial discrimination by the Company is the disparate impact, if any, of the electrical helpers test.
Lewis has failed, however, to produce any but the most general evidence regarding the possible disparate impact of the electrical helpers test upon blacks.[17] The deposition testimony of Bernard Parrish to the effect that "Blacks just couldn't pass [the] test" prior to the Company's offering a program in 1968 to educate employees in the areas tested was clearly an overstatement. The evidence demonstrated that blacks were passing the test at least as early as 1964. By 1965, 9.5% of the blacks in Unit 438 (seven employees) and 11.5% of the blacks in Department 32 (10 employees) held jobs for which passage of the electrical helpers' test was a prerequisite. The percentage of blacks within the unit and the department holding such jobs increased steadily from 1965 forward. Parrish further testified that he had no knowledge regarding the passage rate of whites taking the test.
Other than the deposition of Parrish, there is no direct evidence of the pass-fail rates of blacks or whites taking the test. The plaintiff appears to contend that the testimony of Parrish in conjunction with statistics showing that blacks have held the great majority of nontest positions establishes that blacks have a more difficult time passing than did whites. This appears to be *971 more speculation than logic. Lewis himself passed the test in 1969, yet has chosen to remain in a position for which the test is not a prerequisite.
The plaintiff cites two cases in support of his argued conclusion that the evidence establishes that the electrical helpers test had a disparate impact on blacks, Brown v. Gaston County Dyeing Machine Co., 457 F.2d 1377 (4th Cir. 1972), and Watkins v. Scott Paper Co., 530 F.2d 1159 (5th Cir. 1976). Neither case supports the proposition for which it is cited.
In Brown, a case not involving a test or similar barrier to promotion, the court stated:
"Here, in the absence of objective criteria applied to all workers alike, the statistics indicate that race is the only identifiable factor explaining the disparity between the jobs held by white employees and those held by black employees. The proof discloses no objective standards based on education, experience, ability, length of service, reliability, or aptitude to account for the preferential employment of white workers." 457 F.2d at 1383. (Emphasis added).
In Watkins, it was "virtually undenied" that two of the pertinent tests had a disparate impact upon blacks since the tests were standardized ones which had been found to have a disparate impact on blacks "in a number of other Title VII cases." 530 F.2d at 1185. As to an additional test at issue in Watkins, the Circuit Court remanded to receive further evidence as to post-trial test results. The District Court had found that the plaintiff failed to establish that the test had a disparate impact upon blacks. At the time of trial, only seven blacks had taken the test and two had passed for a 28.6% passage rate. Sixty-one whites had taken the test; 24 passed for a 35.3% passage rate. The District Court found the differing percentages to be inconclusive in the absence of evidence of cultural bias in the test.
Having concluded that the plaintiff has not met the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the Company continued using the test after 1960, when blacks were allowed to take it, or after September, 1967, to carry out a racially discriminatory purpose, the court is of the view that the inquiry in the ง 1981 case on the issue of the electrical helpers test should be at an end.
But even if racially discriminatory motive or intent were not required, the plaintiff still could not prevail on the issue of the electrical helpers test. Since Foster Lewis took the electrical helpers test in May, 1969, and passed it, he cannot claim to be injured by any racially disparate effect of the test after that date. Furthermore, between September 30, 1967, and the date when Foster Lewis passed the electrical helpers test, the court finds as a fact that he was not deterred from taking the test because of any perceived racially disparate effect of that test. He knew that a number of blacks had taken the test and passed it between 1964 and September, 1967, including his own brother in 1964.
Although the statistical evidence presented by Lewis demonstrating a significant difference between the status of whites and blacks on Department 32, together with other evidence, establishes a pattern of racial discrimination by the Company at some time prior to the beginning of the limitations period in this case, such evidence does not establish that Foster Lewis was himself discriminated against after 1967. As noted in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, supra, 411 U.S. at 805, n. 19, 93 S.Ct. 1817, and Roman v. E.S.B., Inc., 550 F.2d 1343 (4th Cir. 1976), such statistics are accorded their greatest weight when, unlike the present case, the individual's lack of advancement is not attributable to an objective requirement for advancement. Here, after 1964, the barrier which prevented Lewis from qualifying for jobs possessing the possibility for "on the job" training, in turn leading to higher paying jobs, was the fact that he had not passed the electrical helpers test, an objective criterion. Furthermore, since 1965 a steadily increasing percentage of blacks in Unit 438 and in *972 Department 32 have held positions requiring passage of the test.
The position of electrical helper did have training potential and this potential was available to all employees, regardless of race, who passed the electrical helpers test in 1964 and thereafter. Defendant corporation was under no obligation to provide other specially tailored training opportunities for Foster Lewis. From September 30, 1967, until May 16, 1969, plaintiff did not attempt to avail himself of that opportunity which was available to him. He has not demonstrated that the test itself was unlawfully discriminatory nor that he was injured by it, even assuming it to be unlawfully discriminatory.
6. The "Slotting" of Incumbent Welding Machine Repairmen and Motor Repairmen into the Craft Position of Shop Electrician in February, 1968
Lewis has contended that the slotting in 1968 of incumbent motor repairmen and welding machine repairmen into the shop electrician "B" position in February, 1968, is a policy which perpetuated the effects of past discrimination. His contention appears to be that subsequent to the slotting action in February, 1968, he faced more stringent qualifying conditions for becoming a shop electrician than did those white employees who were slotted into the shop electrician "B" position from the positions of welding machine repairman and motor repairman. This could at best be unlawfully discriminatory only if it perpetuated past unlawful discrimination, there being no indication that the slotting itself was motivated by a discriminatory purpose.[18]Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 420 F.2d at 1230-1231 (4th Cir. 1970). Lewis concedes this much (Pl's Post-Trial Brief, pp. 28-30).
The reason Lewis did not have the opportunity to be an incumbent in the position of motor repairman or welding machine repairman in February, 1968, was the fact that he had not at that time passed the electrical helpers test. The court having concluded that the Company's use of that test has not been shown to be actionable in this case under ง 1981 (nor, for that matter, under Title VII), there is no legitimate basis for proceedings to determine whether the 1968 slotting perpetuated the effects of Foster Lewis of earlier events. Cf. Evans v. United Airlines, 14 FEP 1510, 431 U.S. 553, 97 S.Ct. 1885, 52 L.Ed.2d 571 (1977).
In any event, Lewis does not in reality face any more stringent conditions for entry into the craft than did the beneficiaries of the slotting agreement. Motor repairmen and welding machine repairmen performed the same type of work upon motors as did shop electricians, except for the panel work necessary to be shop electrician A. In fact, the employees in these positions trained shop electrician apprentices. The craft determination test, as noted, consists of actual work assignments. Therefore, there was no reason to test the employees slotted into the craft positions since they had already demonstrated their ability in their normal work routine.
In reality, there is nothing in the record to suggest that even if Foster Lewis had been an electrical helper, he would have been a motor repairman in February of 1968. All of those who were slotted into the shop electrician "B" position had greater seniority than Foster Lewis. The merger of those jobs into the shop electrician craft had no conceivable direct or immediately foreseeable impact on Foster Lewis.
*973 7. Designation of Refrigeration Repairman Position As A Craft in 1973 When It Had Previously Been A Noncraft Job
The plaintiff has also contended that the designation in 1973 of the position of Refrigeration Repairman as a craft, thereby making it subject to the requirement of a craft determination test, is a policy which perpetuated the effects of past discrimination. As with the "slotting" of February, 1968, he appears to be arguing that the 1973 designation of the craft of Refrigeration Repairman required him to face more stringent qualifying conditions for becoming a Refrigeration Repairman than did those white employees who were incumbents in the position when it became a craft.
The evidence does not support a finding that the designation of the position as a craft was itself motivated by a racially discriminatory purpose and the court declines so to find.
There is nothing in the record to suggest that Foster Lewis would be a Refrigeration Repairman or qualified to be one if the position were still a noncraft or multirated job. The evidence is that Foster Lewis is not qualified for the job and, in fact, turned down an opportunity to be a Refrigeration Repairman Helper in 1969. The plaintiff was not injured, even if the crafting of the position could somehow be said to be racially discriminatory, because he was not and is not qualified to do the work of a Refrigeration Repairman and would not, therefore, have been hired in that position in any event. East Texas Motor Freight v. Rodriguez, supra; International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, supra; Mount Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle, supra.
Any assumption, however, that the crafting of the position, under the facts in this case, was racially discriminatory or created the type of artificial barrier condemned under Title VII as elucidated by Griggs, supra, is unwarranted. A craft determination test, at least as such a test is administered and composed under the facts demonstrated and stipulated in this case, is not an artificial barrier. Unlike the requirements of a high school diploma and aptitude tests in Griggs, which were found to be artificial because they were not job-related, the craft determination test here is an actual sample of the work required to be performed in the jobs of Shop Electrician (including the old Motor Repairman's job) and Refrigeration Repairman. There can be no doubt that it is job-related in the same sense that a typing test for the position of typist is job-related. Consequently, the craft determination test cannot be said to be a discriminatory barrier.
The premise that pervades all of plaintiff's arguments in this regard is that prior to the advent of Title VII he was relegated by the Company with the consent of the Unions to low paying black jobs which did not offer him the opportunity to obtain the skills needed to gain higher paying jobs, particularly craft jobs, and that today he is still affected by that past practice. But even assuming that there was such a past practice the only inquiry relevant here is the conduct of the Company and Union since September, 1967. Reprehensible as past discrimination is, Title VII is prospective only in its application. It does not require that the past be undone, only that present and future employment opportunities be nondiscriminatory. See Griggs, supra, 401 U.S. at 430-431, 91 S.Ct. 849.
D. Civil Action 70-1127-M โ The Case Against Local 2610 and The Union Under ง 1981
No allegations or proven facts by the plaintiff have established a legally significant basis for differentiating between the conclusions reached by the court in reference to the plaintiff's ง 1981 claims against the Company and his ง 1981 claims against the other defendants. For the reasons adequately set out above, the court has concluded that there is no liability of Local 2610 or of the Union to plaintiff under ง 1981 in Civil Action 70-1127-M.
*974 E. Civil Action 70-1127-M โ The Case Against Local 2610 Under Title VII
The one legally significant difference between the case against the Company under ง 1981 and the case against Local 2610 under Title VII, which is not fully discussed in other sections of the Opinion, is the effect of the Electrical Helper Test in the context of the Local 2610 Title VII suit.
Although Local 2610 has contended that its lack of involvement in instituting or administering the test, as well as its negotiation of contract provisions with the Company in 1968 requiring that all tests be job related, absolve it of any possible liability under Title VII, the court cannot agree. The Company had a history of discriminating against blacks holding Production and Maintenance jobs and if Lewis had proven that the test had a disparate impact upon blacks "it would undermine Title VII's attempt to impose responsibility on both unions and employers to hold that union passivity at the negotiating table[19] in such circumstances cannot constitute a violation of the Act." Macklin v. Spector Freight Systems, Inc., 156 U.S.App.D.C. 69, 79, 478 F.2d 979, 989 (1973). The union is obligated to "negotiate actively for nondiscriminatory treatment" of its minority workers. Id.; see Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., 444 F.2d 791, 799 (4th Cir. 1971), cert. dismissed, 404 U.S. 1006, 92 S.Ct. 573, 30 L.Ed.2d 655 (1971); Patterson v. American Tobacco Co., 535 F.2d 257, 270 (4th Cir. 1976); Barnett v. W. T. Grant Co., 518 F.2d 543, 550 (4th Cir. 1975).
The fact that the Electrical Helpers Test continued to be a potential bar to the advancement of Foster Lewis after July 17, 1968, i. e. 180 days prior to his filing of an EEOC charge, brings the effect of the test within the applicable limitations period. 42 U.S.C. ง 2000e-5(e); see Quarles v. Phillip Morris, Inc., 279 F.Supp. 505 (E.D.Va.1968); Robinson v. Lorillard Corp., supra; Local 189, United Papermakers & Paperworkers v. United States, 416 F.2d 980 (5th Cir. 1969). There is no basis in reason to distinguish, insofar as the statute of limitations is concerned, between a seniority system operating as a continuing bar to advancement and a test so operating.
Local 2610 relies upon the fact that Lewis passed the only version of the test in use within the limitations period (the change in tests was effectuated in June, 1967). But the test in use within the limitations period had six parts compared to the earlier test's two parts and, more importantly, one part remained the same while the second part apparently was replaced with a similar section. See Co's ถ 59. Also, Lewis did not pass the test until after attending the special program instituted by the Company to help employees pass the test. Under these circumstances the court is warranted in concluding that the effects of the test continued into the limitations period.
Under Title VII, the Electrical Helpers Test could be found to be unlawful if it has had a discriminatory impact upon blacks, regardless of the intent with which it was adopted or utilized. Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424, 432, 91 S.Ct. 849, 28 L.Ed.2d 158 (1971). As discussed in detail in connection with the Company's liability under ง 1981, Lewis has not met his burden of establishing that the test had a disparate impact upon blacks. Lewis has not "shown that the test[s] in question select applicants for . . . promotion in a racial pattern significantly different from that of the pool of applicants." Albermarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 425, 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2375, 45 L.Ed.2d 280 (1975) (emphasis added); Hazelwood School District v. United States, 429 U.S. 1037, 97 S.Ct. 2736, 53 L.Ed.2d 768 (1977).
Since Lewis did not meet his burden of proving that the test had a disparate impact upon blacks, the defendants, including the Unions, were not required to prove its job relatedness. Griggs v. Duke Power Co., supra, 401 U.S. at 432, 91 S.Ct. 849.
*975 F. Civil Action 70-1127-M โ The Case Against All Defendants Under The Labor Management Relations Act
No evidence was produced which connected the Company with any violation of the Labor Management Relations Act. There is evidence, plaintiff contends, which establishes a breach by the Unions of their duty of fair representation under said Act.
The grievance from which this claim emanated was filed by Lewis after he was rejected for a Shop Electrician vacancy. The Grievance Committee of Local 2610 rejected the grievance at the third step, the step before the Union normally becomes involved in the grievance process. The ostensible reasons that Local 2610 did not take the grievance beyond the third step were that Lewis had refused to take the Craft Determination Test and the Local's determination that the Company's refusal to hire Lewis as a Shop Electrician was not racially motivated. Lewis contends a subsequent group grievance filed by 13 white and one black employee which was taken to arbitration by the Unions presented the same issues as his grievance.
The merit of Lewis' grievance is not directly in issue. Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 87 S.Ct. 903, 17 L.Ed.2d 842 (1967). The court must determine whether the rejection of the grievance by Local 2610 was "arbitrary, discriminatory or in bad faith." Id. at 190, 87 S.Ct. at 916. Lewis recognizes this but contends,
". . . the reason the unions processed the group grievance was because 13 white employees were involved, and, the reason it refused to process Lewis' grievance was because of his race, Negro. Plaintiff takes this position because both grievance (sic) were similar in nature, and involved the same craft and test, the only difference being that Lewis also complained of racial discrimination."
(Pl's Brief at 44). Thus, the basis for Lewis' claim is his contention that the only difference between the grievances was his charge of racial discrimination. This is clearly erroneous.
Lewis had not even passed the Electrical Helpers Test when he applied for the Shop Electrician position. His grievance was to the effect that he should be awarded the position despite his inability to perform its duties because he had been discriminatorily denied training opportunities. In contrast, the group grievants were complaining of the Company's refusal to give them assignments from which they could learn the skills necessary to pass the panel portion of the Craft Determination Test and, thereby, upgrade themselves to an "A" position. The Unions based their arbitration brief upon a contract provision covering periodic testing for upgrading which, they argued, implicitly promised exposure to work needed to be learned for upgrading. The mere fact that both sets of grievants in their original grievances demanded training and both charged that the Craft Determination Test was not job related does not eliminate the obvious differences in their situations. In fact, the two sets of grievants appear to have meant two different things by charging that the Test was not job related. The group grievants obviously were focused upon the panel work part of the Test while Lewis made a general charge. Also, in the arbitration proceedings for the group grievance the Unions did not argue that the Test was not job related, but instead relied upon the breach of contract argument.
Other facts demonstrate the lack of merit in Lewis' suggestion that the Grievance Committee acted with a discriminatory motive in rejecting his grievance at the third step. Although Lewis has made no reference to the vote of the Committee in rejecting his grievance, the evidence shows that the vote was unanimous. Of the 10 members of the Committee three were black. (U's Ex. 114). One of the black members was Lewis' brother. Id. Apart from the composition and vote of the Committee regarding Lewis' Shop Electrician grievance, the fact that the Unions processed to arbitration a grievance filed by Lewis on July 1, 1969, two weeks after his Shop Electrician grievance, demonstrates the lack of discriminatory intent or bad faith affecting the Unions' decisions.
*976 G. Civil Action M-75-1536 โ The Case Against All Defendants
In Civil Action No. M-75-1536, Lewis claims to have lost overtime pay due to the Company's use of Motor Inspectors as Winch Truck Operators. See Text supra at 957, 958.[20] Lewis also claims that the Company and Unions have retaliated against him for his filing of EEOC charges and Civil Action No. 70-1127-M. The claimed retaliation has taken the form of (1) refusals to process his grievances, (2) job assignments with lower pay than he is entitled to, and (3) poor working conditions.
Lewis contends that his loss of overtime pay as a Winch Truck Operator was due to his inability to qualify as a Motor Inspector since Motor Inspectors were being used as Winch Truck Operators. This is an attempt by Lewis to demonstrate a nexus between the crafting of the Motor Inspector position in 1965 and an injury to himself. See Text supra 956 n. 7. At trial the court granted defendants' motions to dismiss any claim based upon the actions of the defendants regarding the crafting of the position. See Text supra at 956. In light of its previous findings as to Lewis' allegations concerning the Motor Inspector job, this court finds that plaintiff has failed to produce sufficient evidence to show that he was denied overtime pay because of his race.
Lewis' charges of retaliation present a factual issue to be decided by the court and the court's findings are set forth in the text supra at 962. Title VII specifically makes it unlawful to discriminate against an employee because the employee has filed an EEOC charge:
"It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment, for an employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs, to discriminate against any individual, or for a labor organization to discriminate against any member thereof or applicant for membership, because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter."
42 U.S.C. ง 2000e-3(a). As previously discussed, this court finds that plaintiff failed to produce sufficient credible evidence to support his allegations of retaliation because of his filing of charges with the EEOC or his filing of Civil Action No. 70-1127-M.
Conclusion
For all the above reasons, plaintiff has failed to establish his case by a preponderance of the evidence as to any claim in either of the instant cases. Judgment will be entered for the defendants without costs.
NOTES
[1] For both cases counsel have stipulated to the jurisdiction of this court over the claims of Lewis against the defendants under the various statutes. (Pl's. Ex. 1A and Pretrial Order, Civ. No. 70-1127-M, Paper No. 97).
[2] Actually, only Local 2610 was named as a defendant in the original complaint which was filed by the plaintiff pro se. An amended complaint was filed on December 17, 1970, which named all of the present defendants. As to the defendant company and the international union, any alleged discriminatory acts prior to December 17, 1967, would be time barred under the statute of limitations in the ง 1981 suit. As the facts have developed, however, nothing occurred between September 30, 1967, and December 17, 1967, which would make the difference in those dates legally significant in this case.
[3] The July 17, 1968 date assumes that Lewis' charge was "pending" with the Commission on the date of enactment of the 1972 Act (Pub.L. 92-261, 86 Stat. 103) and would be entitled to the 180 day period of limitations contained therein. The evidence and the case law are unclear as to whether the applicable period is 180 days or 90 days.
[4] The Company maintains and the court finds that "the reason for instituting the test was to identify persons capable of learning skills in electrical and electro-mechanical maintenance work." (Proposed Findings of Fact of defendant Bethlehem Steel Corporation, at ถ 9, hereinafter Co's ถ).
[5] The statement is in direct conflict with the Company's Exhibit 109, a Xerox of a file card represented as showing the results of all tests taken by Lewis during his employment with the Company.
[6] The reduction in pay would have been eight cents per hour. Under the terms of Consent Decree I, United States v. Allegheny Ludlum, 63 F.R.D. 1 (N.D.Ala.1974), signed in 1974, Lewis could accept a helper position without a reduction in pay.
[7] In 1965 the Company and the Union agreed to change the multirated noncraft positions of Millwright and Motor Inspector into craft positions and to slot all incumbents of the positions into the positions as craft positions without requiring them to take a Craft Determination Test. Twenty-six white and no black employees were slotted into the craft position. Unit 442 was the only unit within Department 32 having employees in the Millwright position. Units 437, 438, 441 and 442 had employees in the Motor Inspector position.
[8] In addition to seniority, the other two factors considered in such decisions were and are "ability to perform the work" and "physical fitness."
[9] The successive Master Agreements provided for loss of seniority upon transfer between "seniority units," but Consent Decree I, effective January 1, 1975, would allow Lewis to transfer between "seniority units" without losing seniority. (Pl's Exs. 2C-2F at Art. X, Sec. 12, and Pl. Ex. 3 at ถ 4(b)).
[10] Although the complaint in Village of Arlington Heights contained a count based on 42 U.S.C. ง 1981, see 373 F.Supp. 208, 209 (N.D.Ill. 1974), and 517 F.2d 409, 411 (7th Cir. 1975), neither the U.S. District Court, the U.S. Court of Appeals, nor the U.S. Supreme Court discussed the impact of that count on the ultimate outcome of the case, each Court, sub silentio, limiting its expressed reasoning in the Constitutional arena to the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to the facts of the case.
[11] The complaint in Washington v. Davis also contained a count based upon 42 U.S.C. ง 1981, 426 U.S. 229 at 233, 96 S.Ct. 2040, 48 L.Ed.2d 597. It is unclear from the Court's opinion whether Part III thereof was intended to encompass a discussion of ง 1981 in relation to the concept of job relatedness of tests which are prerequisites to training. Mr. Justice Stevens, concurring, felt it was, 426 U.S. at 255, 96 S.Ct. 2040, while Justices Brennan and Marshall, in dissent, seemed to believe that Part III of the opinion dealt only with the extent to which the job-relatedness standards of 5 U.S.C. ง 3304 and of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. ง 2000e et seq. are synonymous, Id. at 257-258, 96 S.Ct. 2040. Admittedly more intuitively than analytically, this court believes that Part III of the majority opinion in Washington v. Davis did not consciously consider the ง 1981 claim in the case as one advancing "statutory grounds" for relief, but, instead, without discussion treated the ง 1981 claim against the governmental body as having been resolved by the same Constitutional requirement of intention to discriminate as the claim under the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
[12] Section 1981 reads:
"All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other." Section 1982 reads:
"All citizens of the United States shall have the same right, in every State and Territory, as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold and convey real and personal property."
(Emphasis supplied).
[13] I. e. Shop Electrician in 1968 and Refrigeration Repairman in 1969.
[14] Although the plaintiff sought to make the seniority practices affecting jobs outside Department 32 an issue in this case, the court ruled that such matters were outside of the issues raised by the pleadings and the Pre-Trial Order.
[15] The positions for which Lewis applied and was rejected, shop electrician and refrigeration repairman, were both in Unit 438.
[16] In Griggs, the Fourth Circuit read Title VII to require a condition for promotion be adopted by the employer with an intent to discriminate against blacks in order for the condition to be a violation of Title VII. The condition at issue, a high school diploma or its equivalent, or passage of two aptitude tests, was adopted 10 years prior to passage of Title VII and at a time when the employer would not allow blacks to hold any of the positions for which satisfaction of the requirements was necessary. The Fourth Circuit found this fact to be a significant factor in concluding that the condition for promotion was not instituted to serve a racially discriminatory intent. The Supreme Court, in overruling the Fourth Circuit's determination that the employer's intent is the issue in a Title VII case, 401 U.S. at 432, 91 S.Ct. 849, did not affect the validity of the Fourth Circuit's factual analysis or the applicability of that analysis to the present case, where, in the ง 1981 cause of action, discriminatory intent is the issue.
[17] Although there was some suggestion at final argument that the Company had improperly failed to furnish to the plaintiff in the discovery process information in its possession by which the plaintiff could have generated statistics showing the pass-fail rates of whites and blacks, subsequent letters (Paper Nos. 107, 108, 109) filed by counsel at the court's direction demonstrated that the plaintiff had the opportunity to obtain the information from which to generate such statistics if he had chosen so to do. The omission of Foster Lewis, and apparently others, from a list furnished by the Company of names of whites and blacks who had taken the electrical helpers test (Exh. 1 to Pl's Ex. 64), which omissions was known to plaintiff's counsel since at least October 23, 1973, was evidently not pursued by the plaintiff, and the court cannot speculate as to its significance, if any.
[18] With regard to the 1968 decision itself, the position of motor repairman was, as noted, not a craft position, but motor repairmen performed the same work as shop electricians. Before 1966 there was only one step difference in the respective three-job grades (A, B and C) for motor repairmen and shop electricians. As the result of collective bargaining, however, in 1966, all craft positions were upgraded two steps. Motor repairmen, not then classified as craftsmen, consequently found themselves three steps below the shop electrician grades. They filed grievances and refused to train shop electrician apprentices as had been the prior practice. Both the Company and the unions investigated, determined that the jobs were qualitatively congruent, and merged the motor repairmen into the shop electrician craft. Thirteen white motor repairmen and one black motor repairman were so merged.
[19] There was evidence, however, in this case that Local 2610 had actively negotiated with the Company since 1965 for the abolition of all tests.
[20] Any claim by Lewis relating to discrimination in training which conceivably could be deduced from the very vague and general terms of his complaint would be grounded upon the Electrical Helpers Test. Although Lewis' claims in Civil Action M-75-1536 are brought against the Company and Local 2610 under both Title VII and 42 U.S.C. ง 1981, any claim emanating from the Electrical Helpers Test would be untimely. The EEOC charge upon which the complaint is specifically based was filed May 17, 1974, five years after Lewis passed the test. All bars to Lewis' advancement were removed when he passed the test. As discussed earlier, if the court accepted Lewis' virtually unsupported contention that a loss of "seniority unit" seniority would occur upon transfer between units in Department 32, it still remains a fact that a majority of the higher paying positions in Department 32 are in Unit 438. All of the positions upon which Lewis has focused, Refrigeration Repairman, Motor Repairman, Welding Machine Repairman, and Motor Inspector were in Unit 438.
| 2024-02-12T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2604 |
1. Introduction {#sec1-materials-11-00749}
===============
With the development of the aviation industry, the inlet temperature of military large-scale engine turbines has been increased to 1850--2000 K. The working temperature of hot-end components of aero-engines is getting higher and higher, and is affected by the oxidation and corrosion of high-temperature gas \[[@B1-materials-11-00749],[@B2-materials-11-00749]\]. MCrAlY (M = Ni and/or Co) alloys are widely used as overlays or bond coats for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to protect gas turbine blades and other hot components against high-temperature oxidation and hot corrosion \[[@B3-materials-11-00749],[@B4-materials-11-00749]\].
At present, the common methods for preparing superalloys include vacuum induction melting (VIM), vacuum arc melting (VAR), electroslag remelting (ESR), electron beam remelting (EBR), and a combination of the two or three methods \[[@B5-materials-11-00749],[@B6-materials-11-00749]\]. VIM has been almost the most common method for nickel-based superalloys. However, VIM is the only vacuum melting method that uses a refractory crucible made of oxides such as SiO~2~, CaO, Al~2~O~3~, ZrO~2~, and MgO \[[@B7-materials-11-00749],[@B8-materials-11-00749]\]. Unfortunately, the refractory is a contamination source of oxygen because the metal/refractory interface has a thermal mechanical infiltration and thermophysical effects, which lead to crucible disintegration \[[@B9-materials-11-00749],[@B10-materials-11-00749]\]. Moreover, during the melting process, interfacial chemical reactions may occur between the ceramics and the active elements, such as Ti, Hf, Al, Cr, and so on. Reaction products precipitate at the alloy-ceramic interface and within the alloy matrix, consequently deteriorating the microstructure and mechanical properties of the resultant Ni-based alloys \[[@B11-materials-11-00749],[@B12-materials-11-00749],[@B13-materials-11-00749],[@B14-materials-11-00749]\]. Qing \[[@B15-materials-11-00749]\] found that Cr, Hf levels had the effect of accelerating interface reaction between IC6, K465, K4648, K488, and K002 alloy melts and silicon oxide core, and reaction products in alloys were mainly hafnium oxides and alumina. Kanetkar et al. \[[@B16-materials-11-00749]\] and Valenza et al. \[[@B17-materials-11-00749]\] observed the phenomenon that oxides were formed on the surface of a zirconia substrate after sessile drop experiments. However, the reason for the formation of oxides was not clear and the information of wetting behavior under high temperature between them was severely deficient.
The wettability of ceramics with regard to molten alloys is of importance to understand the reaction mechanisms between the alloys and ceramics \[[@B18-materials-11-00749],[@B19-materials-11-00749]\]. Previously, Jiang et al. \[[@B20-materials-11-00749]\] analyzed the mechanisms of the interfacial reactions between Zr-containing nickel-based superalloy and magnesia partially stabilized zirconia ceramic by means of wetting experiments. They found that the contact angle was larger than 90° during the continuous temperature rise, the equilibrium contact angle was 92°, and the interfacial reaction was influenced by the reduction of ZrO~2~. A recent work by Chen et al. \[[@B21-materials-11-00749]\] showed that the interface reactions between Ni~3~Al based superalloy and Al~2~O~3~ ceramic occured as C and Hf contents reached a critical value. In addition, adsorptions of Hf and interface reactions improved the wettability obviously. Kritsalis et al. \[[@B22-materials-11-00749]\] also reported that Ni alloys containing up to 20 at % Cr, wetting and thermodynamic adhesion to alumina were mainly determined by the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the alloys. Thus, an appropriate refractory is of importance with regard to the wetting process, as well as the interfacial reactions between the alloys and ceramics.
It is well established that an element, such as aluminum, in the alloy must be selectively oxidized to form a continuous external scale which is resistant to cracking and spalling. The adherence of the oxide scale is crucial to oxidation resistance. Some elements, such as yttrium, hafnium, and cerium (oxygen active elements), can be used to very substantially improve oxide scale adherence \[[@B23-materials-11-00749]\]. MCrAlY alloys contain Y at concentrations and Y improves the adherence of Al~2~O~3~ scales to these coatings. To obtain high-quality MCrAlY alloys, ceramics with appropriate materials are essential. This will contribute to controlling appropriate levels of wettability and reducing interfacial reactions with the Ni-based alloys during melting. Unfortunately, the influence of various oxide ceramics on high-temperature wettability and interactions between Y-containing Ni-based alloys and ceramics have rarely been investigated.
In this paper, four different oxide ceramics, including MgO, Y~2~O~3~, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~, are self-designed and characterized. The influence of various ceramics on the high-temperature wettability and interfacial reactions with regard to Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys and ceramics were studied. Meanwhile, the corresponding mechanisms were clarified.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2-materials-11-00749}
========================
The Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y (wt %) master alloys were prepared by a 100 KW ZG125C vacuum induction furnace (Herz Special Metallurgy Plant, Shanghai, China) equipped with appropriate amounts of high-purity metals, Ni (99.98%), Co (99.50%), Cr (99%), Al (99.99%), and Y (99.9%), as raw materials. The 3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm cubes (about 0.16 g) obtained from the central part of the master alloys were used for the wetting experiments.
The raw material particle size and some specific parameters were designed and given in [Table 1](#materials-11-00749-t001){ref-type="table"}. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder was used to prepare ceramic powder and milled for 2 h, and then dried at the controlled temperature of 298 K and the relative humidity of 30 ± 1% for 1 h. Four different oxide ceramics were prepared in dimensions of Φ 21 mm × 10 mm by the dry-pressing method using a uni-axial pressure machine (YLJ-40T, Shenyang Kejing Automation Equipment Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China) and sintered using a high-temperature box resistance furnace. The sintering temperature is 1913 K, the heating rate is 20 K/min, and furnace cooling is performed. After sintering and, consequently, before performing the contact angle experiments, the substrate surface was ground and polished in order to control the roughness at the S/L interface.
The wetting experiments between the ceramics and alloys were performed using an improved sessile drop equipment, as shown in [Figure 1](#materials-11-00749-f001){ref-type="fig"}, which offered a distinct advantage in measuring initial contact angles and preventing the occurrence of the interfacial reactions between the alloys and oxide ceramic substrates during heating. The whole experimental process was in a vacuum atmosphere to prevent active elements from evaporation and oxidation, and the oxygen partial pressure in this condition should be lower than 10^−8^ Pa \[[@B24-materials-11-00749]\]. When the temperature was 1873 K, the alloy, which was located at the top of the equipment, was dropped. The spreading process was recorded by the CCD camera. The contact angles were directly measured from the captured drop profiles using an axisymmetric-drop-shape analysis (ADSA) program with an error within ±1° \[[@B25-materials-11-00749]\].
After the sessile-drop experiments, the solidified samples were embedded in resin and then cut and polished for microstructural observations. The microstructure of the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM6010, Japan Electronics Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The chemical compositions were analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Oxford INCAPentaFET-x3, Japan Electronics Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The phases of the samples were identified by X-ray microdiffraction (D8 Discover with GADDS, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). The open porosity level of each as-obtained ceramic substrates was measured (according to GB/T 1966-1996). The surface line roughness (Ra) of each ceramic substrate was measured using a LEXT OLS4000 3D laser (12.5mm, performed three times, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
3. Results {#sec3-materials-11-00749}
==========
3.1. Microstructural of Ceramic Substrates {#sec3dot1-materials-11-00749}
------------------------------------------
The microstructures of polished surface including MgO, Y~2~O~3~, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~ substrates prior to the wetting experiments are shown in [Figure 2](#materials-11-00749-f002){ref-type="fig"}. There was a distinct difference in pores and the exhibition of ceramic particles. In the case of the MgO substrate, MgO particles were completely sintered together, and a few closed pores could be observed within the finely-sintered MgO blocks. In the case of the Y~2~O~3~ substrate, though the degree of sintering of the Y~2~O~3~ particles was relatively low, the majority of Y~2~O~3~ particles were sintered together. In the case of the Al~2~O~3~ substrate, the degree of sintering of the Al~2~O~3~ particles was relatively high and open pores were distributed independently throughout the sintered ceramic blocks. However, in the cases of the ZrO~2~ substrate, the open pores were interconnected, and some raw ZrO~2~ blocks could be observed. The key differences can be summarized as follows: the degree of sintering densification gradually increased, MgO \> Al~2~O~3~ \> Y~2~O~3~ \> ZrO~2~.
[Figure 3](#materials-11-00749-f003){ref-type="fig"} shows the microstructures of untreated substrates in contact with the alloys near the three-phase line, posterior to the wetting experiments. The ceramic structures contacted with the alloy melts had a liquid-phase contact and re-sintered, and no alloy liquid was penetrated into the substrates. The four kinds of crucibles have superior corrosion resistance. In the case of the Al~2~O~3~ and ZrO~2~ systems, Al~2~O~3~ and ZrO~2~ particles re-sintered into larger ceramic blocks, and the open pores became closed pores. In the case of the MgO system, white protrusions were found and EDS analysis confirmed that the protrusions were composed of MgO clusters, which was due to the alloy melts adhering to the substrate during the wetting process, so that MgO particles on the surface of the substrate were stuck.
3.2. Wetting Behavior of the Alloys on the Oxide Ceramics Substrates {#sec3dot2-materials-11-00749}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[Figure 4](#materials-11-00749-f004){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 5](#materials-11-00749-f005){ref-type="fig"} show the changes in contact angle of the drop during the continuous time rise, at 1873 K. With the increase of the experiment time, the contact angles of molten alloys on MgO, Y~2~O~3~, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~ substrates rapidly became stable and was larger than 140°. As evident from [Figure 5](#materials-11-00749-f005){ref-type="fig"}, alloys had a similar wettability on all of these substrates with initial contact angles in the range of 143° to 157° and equilibrium contact angles (after 20 min) between 140° and 157°. In the case of MgO, Y~2~O~3~, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~ substrates, the equilibrium angles were 140°, 148°, 154°, and 157°, respectively. There was no characteristic transition in wettability and all the systems that exhibited wetting behavior were found to be non-wetting when the type of substrates changed. This indicated that the Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys and the four different oxide ceramics were non-wetting.
3.3. Interfacial Reactions between the Alloys and Ceramics {#sec3dot3-materials-11-00749}
----------------------------------------------------------
The typical SEM images of the alloy/ceramic interfaces, sectioned perpendicular to the interfaces of the four non-wetting systems, are shown in [Figure 6](#materials-11-00749-f006){ref-type="fig"}. It can be seen that the interface was clean and there were no sand adhesion and reaction layers for the Y~2~O~3~ system ([Figure 6](#materials-11-00749-f006){ref-type="fig"}b). However, an approximately 25 μm continuous layer of white product were observed at the interface for the MgO, Al~2~O~3~ and ZrO~2~ systems ([Figure 6](#materials-11-00749-f006){ref-type="fig"}a,c,d). EDS analysis indicated that Y and O are the two dominant elements, which suggested that this layer mainly corresponded to Y~2~O~3~, and XRD analysis further confirmed it ([Figure 7](#materials-11-00749-f007){ref-type="fig"}). It was indicated that interfacial reactions between MgO, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~ substrates, and Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys occurred at high temperature. In addition to the interface reaction layer, a sand adhesion layer was also observed at the interface of the Al~2~O~3~ system ([Figure 6](#materials-11-00749-f006){ref-type="fig"}c). EDS analysis indicated that Al and O were the two dominant elements, which suggested that the sand adhesion layer was Al~2~O~3~ stripped from the ceramic surface. Interestingly, there was a thin layer of Y~2~O~3~ solid solution between the reaction layer and the sand adhesion layer, forming a sandwich-like structure as shown by the image of the alloy of Al~2~O~3~ system.
Images of the cross-sections of the alloys near the triple line and the alloy matrix are shown in [Figure 8](#materials-11-00749-f008){ref-type="fig"}. The Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys had the same phase composition as the cast microstructure on the four different substrates, including the γ phase (fcc structural matrix phase), γ' phase (Ni~3~Al), Al~14~Co~3~Ni~3~ phase, and Ni~3~Y phase, as shown in [Figure 9](#materials-11-00749-f009){ref-type="fig"}. Some oxide particles were also found in the alloy matrices of all systems. The area percentages of the oxide inclusions, based on the images of the longitudinal sections, are shown in [Table 2](#materials-11-00749-t002){ref-type="table"} and [Table 3](#materials-11-00749-t003){ref-type="table"}. The alloy of the MgO system had the greatest inclusions content, while the alloy of the Y~2~O~3~ system had the lowest content. The average area percentage of the oxide particles of the four systems were 0.59% (MgO), 0.11% (Al~2~O~3~), 0.09% (ZrO~2~), and 0.02% (Y~2~O~3~), respectively.
4. Discussion {#sec4-materials-11-00749}
=============
4.1. Wetting Kinetics and Driving Force {#sec4dot1-materials-11-00749}
---------------------------------------
In the four systems, the contact angles were stable during the melting process of alloys and the equilibrium contact angles were larger than 90°. All the systems exhibited non-wetting behavior. In order to try to explain the changing in the wetting characteristics as a function of both alloys and substrate composition, the surface tension and the roughness surface were carried out on all samples.
The surface tension of molten metals is the most important thermophysical property which dominates thermo and hydrodynamic processes at the surface, the surface tension value is larger, and the spread of alloy melts is more difficult \[[@B26-materials-11-00749]\]. The solid/liquid surface tensions for substrates were calculated by analyzing the photographs of the droplet using Young's equation:$$\gamma_{lv}\cos\theta = \gamma_{sv} - \gamma_{sl}$$ $$W_{A} = \gamma_{lv}(1 + \cos\theta)$$
The variation of the surface tension as a function of time on the different substrates is shown in [Figure 10](#materials-11-00749-f010){ref-type="fig"}. The surface tension in the present work was much higher than 670--700 mN/m. And the average surface tension with respect to the type of the ceramic substrates gradually increased, ZrO~2~ \> Al~2~O~3~ \> Y~2~O~3~ \> MgO.
A schematic representation of the molten alloys from the 1st to 2nd position is shown in [Figure 11](#materials-11-00749-f011){ref-type="fig"}b. Due to the surface tension (Po), the liquid at the curved surface was different from the plane and the liquid molecules at the surface were always subjected to an additional contraction pressure (Ps), pointing to the center of the sphere. Under the action of P (P = Po + Ps), the melt alloys had a non-wetting displacement without spreading on the crucible wall, as shown in [Figure 11](#materials-11-00749-f011){ref-type="fig"}.
The influence of substrate surface roughness on the wetting behavior could be attributed to the pinning of the triple line by sharp edges that act as obstacles to the spreading of the liquid \[[@B27-materials-11-00749]\]. According to Wenzel \[[@B28-materials-11-00749]\] and Cassie and Baxter \[[@B29-materials-11-00749]\], in the region of wettability (θ \< 90°), roughness must cause the contact angle to decrease in comparison with the contact angle on a smooth surface. In the system of non-wettability (θ \> 90°), the equilibrium angle on the rough substrate surface would be higher, that is, θ' \> θ. The rough interface reduced contact area between the molten alloys and substrate as shown in [Figure 12](#materials-11-00749-f012){ref-type="fig"}.
In this study, in any case, the contact angle of the alloy/ceramic system was larger than 140° within the measuring time. The relationship between the surface line roughness values and the levels of open porosity of the ceramic substrates is shown in [Figure 13](#materials-11-00749-f013){ref-type="fig"}. There was a positive correlation between the surface roughness values and the levels of open porosity. According to the experimental results in [Figure 13](#materials-11-00749-f013){ref-type="fig"}, in the case of the substrates with open porosity levels of 11.8% (MgO), 20.44% (Y~2~O~3~), 24.41% (Al~2~O~3~), and 26.42% (ZrO~2~), the surface roughness values, Ra, were determined to be 2.127 μm (MgO), 5.886 μm (Y~2~O~3~), 7.856 μm (Al~2~O~3~), and 15.44 μm (ZrO~2~), respectively. The surface roughness of the four different oxide substrates gradually increased and these surface structures were more complicated. The pinning of the triple line by any sharp edges could also obstruct the spreading of the liquid. Thus, the contact angle would increase as the surface roughness increased.
4.2. Thermodynamic Analysis of Interfacial Reactions {#sec4dot2-materials-11-00749}
----------------------------------------------------
In the four non-wetting systems, Y segregated at the interface, and then precipitated as a reaction product, Y~2~O~3~. According to the Gibbs free energy of formation \[[@B30-materials-11-00749]\], shown in [Table 4](#materials-11-00749-t004){ref-type="table"}, the thermodynamic stability of the refractory can be described by the following sequence: Y~2~O~3~ \> ZrO~2~ \> Al~2~O~3~ \> MgO. Saha proposed that, when there was little variation in the free energy, the contamination of the alloy matrix owed to refractory oxides may not just be related to the thermodynamic stability of the oxide, but may also be influenced by the solution effect \[[@B31-materials-11-00749]\]. Therefore, the occurrence of the interfacial reactions in the alloy/ceramic substrate could be ascribed to the thermal dissociation of MgO, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~, which was shown in [Table 4](#materials-11-00749-t004){ref-type="table"}:
In the three systems, sufficient \[O\] atoms were dissolved during the reversible reaction, and the Y tended to segregate at the alloy/ceramic interface. Thus, the released \[O\] atoms could combine with Y to form Y~2~O~3~. The melting point of Y~2~O~3~ (1873 K) was greater than that of MgO, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~ (1873 K), and the value of free energy change associated with reactions (3), (4), and (5) should be lower than that of reaction (6). Therefore, the Y~2~O~3~ reaction layer should precipitate (reaction (6)) at the interface. When the diffusion in the molten alloys was more rapid than the interfacial reaction, the spreading was limited by the interfacial reaction. However, if the growth of the reaction product at the triple line was limited by the transmission of reaction elements, the spreading was limited by diffusion \[[@B32-materials-11-00749]\].
In the case of the MgO system, the fine MgO particles were sintered together, which indicated that thermal dissociation occurred at the interface and within the substrate. When the \[O\] atoms at the interface were consumed by Y to form Y~2~O~3~, the \[O\] atoms located far from the interface could easily travel to the interface because of the proliferation of the molecules at high temperature. However, a reaction layer had formed at the interface. Therefore, the new \[O\] atoms would diffuse into the molten alloys owing to the chemical potential gradient of \[O\] between the MgO substrate and the molten alloys. When the \[O\] content reached a certain limit, oxide inclusions would precipitate within the alloy matrix.
In the other two systems, owing to the low degree of sintering and the presence of the raw, inactive Al~2~O~3~ and ZrO~2~ particles at the surface, compared with the MgO substrate, there were fewer \[O\] atoms released. When the molten alloys were dropped, there were insufficient \[O\] atoms present to react with the Y to form Y~2~O~3~ immediately. Therefore, the reaction layer was irregular compared to that of the MgO system. When the \[O\] atoms located far from the interface moved to the interface, the formed reaction layer prevented contact between the Y and \[O\]. Therefore, the reaction layer could not increase, and fewer \[O\] atoms would diffuse into the alloys. It is noteworthy that the Al~2~O~3~ and ZrO~2~ system possessed the lower oxide inclusion content. This could be attributed to the surface structure. In the case of the MgO system, the MgO substrate with lower thermal stability should surely lead to high oxide inclusions. In the case of the Al~2~O~3~ and ZrO~2~ systems, substrates with higher thermal stability and low degree of sintering resulted in a weak reaction. Moreover, in the case of the Al~2~O~3~ system, Y~2~O~3~ and Al~2~O~3~ had the same lattice structure, and they could form a continuous solid solution at a certain temperature. A thin layer of Y~2~O~3~ solid solution between the reaction layer and the sand adhesion layer formed.
Based on the analysis above, the wetting behavior and interactions between Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys and various oxide ceramics were affected by the existence of the Y~2~O~3~ layer at the interface. The alloys after reacting with the MgO ceramic had the highest inclusion content, while those of the lowest content were in the Y~2~O~3~ system. This indicated that Y~2~O~3~ ceramic was most beneficial with regard to the vacuum induction melting of high-purity Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys.
5. Conclusions {#sec5-materials-11-00749}
==============
The wetting of molten Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys on MgO, Y~2~O~3~, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~ ceramic substrates were studied by an improved sessile-drop method at 1873 K. Based on which the high-temperature wettability, interactions, and associated mechanisms were discussed. The primary conclusions of this work are as follows:With an increase of the experiment time, the contact angles of molten alloys on MgO, Y~2~O~3~, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~ substrates rapidly became stable. The equilibrium angles were 140°, 148°, 154°, and 157°, respectively. There was no characteristic transition in wettability when the type of substrates changed and no alloy liquid penetrated into the substrates. The influence of different ceramics on the wettability can be explained by the surface tension of the melts and the surface roughness of the substrates.With the exception of the Y~2~O~3~ system, an approximately 25 μm continuous Y~2~O~3~ reaction layer was observed along the interface of the alloys. The Y~2~O~3~ layer significantly reduced the wettability and interactions of Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys on MgO, Al~2~O~3~, and ZrO~2~.Oxide particles were found in the alloy matrices of all the systems. The average area percentage of oxides were 0.59% (MgO), 0.11% (Al~2~O~3~), 0.09% (ZrO~2~), and 0.02% (Y~2~O~3~), respectively. The formation of oxides could be attributed to the thermal dissociation of substrates, which provided sufficient \[O\] atoms that could dissolve into the molten alloys easily.The Y~2~O~3~ ceramic with open porosity levels of 20.44% was most beneficial with regard to the vacuum induction melting of high-purity Ni-20Co-20Cr-10Al-1.5Y alloys.
The authors wish to express their appreciations to the State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology.
Hua.Z. and Hu.Z. conceived and designed the experiments; T.T. and M.G. performed the experiments; J.L. analyzed the data; Q.L. and W.B. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; and J.L. and Hua.Z. wrote the paper.
This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Pillar Program of China (no. 2013BAB11B04) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51404017 and no. 51604014).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
{#materials-11-00749-f001}
{#materials-11-00749-f002}
{#materials-11-00749-f003}
{#materials-11-00749-f004}
{#materials-11-00749-f005}
{#materials-11-00749-f006}
{#materials-11-00749-f007}
{#materials-11-00749-f008}
{#materials-11-00749-f009}
{#materials-11-00749-f010}
{#materials-11-00749-f011}
{#materials-11-00749-f012}
{#materials-11-00749-f013}
materials-11-00749-t001_Table 1
######
Parameters related to substrates with various oxide ceramics.
Parameters MgO Y~2~O~3~ Al~2~O~3~ ZrO~2~
------------------------ ------ ---------- ----------- --------
Purity (%) 99.9 99.9 99.9 94
Particle size (mesh) 500 325 200--300 200
Grinding time (min) 10 10 10 10
PVA binder (wt %) 5 5 5 5
Molding pressure (MPa) 10 10 10 10
Open porosity (%) 11.8 20.44 24.41 26.42
materials-11-00749-t002_Table 2
######
Chemical compositions obtained via EDS analysis (at%).
Element O Al Y Cr Co Ni Zr
--------- ------- ------- ------ ------- ------- ------- -------
Point 1 8.52 23.68 0.45 9.51 11.74 46.10 \-
Point 2 2.29 37.71 0.35 9.19 10.88 39.58 \-
Point 3 2.44 7.05 0.21 26.74 21.38 42.17 \-
Point 4 12.60 5.67 2.76 14.31 11.99 30.57 22.10
materials-11-00749-t003_Table 3
######
Oxide inclusion contents of the alloys, based on the images of the longitudinal sections of the alloys (excluding the reaction layer).
Systems Number of Oxide Particles Average Diameter of Oxide Particles/μm^3^ Area Percentage of Oxide Inclusion
----------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
MgO 57 31.3 0.59%
Al~2~O~3~ 125 6.8 0.11%
ZrO~2~ 64 10.1 0.09%
Y~2~O~3~ 42 3.9 0.02%
materials-11-00749-t004_Table 4
######
Gibbs free energy of formation of the metallic oxides at 1900 K.
Oxides ΔG~f~ (kJ/mol) No.
----------------------------------- ---------------- -------
MgO(s) = Mg(l) + O(g) 339.741 \(3\)
1/3Al~2~O~3~(s) = 2/3Al(l) + O(g) 355.326 \(4\)
1/2ZrO~2~(s) = 1/2Zr(l) + O(g) 372.979 \(5\)
1/3Y~2~O~3~(s) = 2/3Y(l) + O(g) 454.243 \(6\)
Al~2~O~3~(s) ↔ Al~2~O(g) + O(g) \- \(7\)
| 2023-10-08T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2126 |
"""The set of constants in the game.
This includes not just ints but also classes like Item, GameType, Action, etc.
"""
from enum import Enum
RENDER_FPS = 15
BOARD_SIZE = 11
NUM_RIGID = 36
NUM_WOOD = 36
NUM_ITEMS = 20
BOARD_SIZE_ONE_VS_ONE = 8
NUM_RIGID_ONE_VS_ONE = 16
NUM_WOOD_ONE_VS_ONE = 16
NUM_ITEMS_ONE_VS_ONE = 10
AGENT_VIEW_SIZE = 4
HUMAN_FACTOR = 32
DEFAULT_BLAST_STRENGTH = 2
DEFAULT_BOMB_LIFE = 9
# color for each of the 4 agents
AGENT_COLORS = [[231, 76, 60], [46, 139, 87], [65, 105, 225], [238, 130, 238]]
# color for each of the items.
ITEM_COLORS = [[240, 248, 255], [128, 128, 128], [210, 180, 140],
[255, 153, 51], [241, 196, 15], [141, 137, 124]]
ITEM_COLORS += [(153, 153, 255), (153, 204, 204), (97, 169, 169), (48, 117,
117)]
# If using collapsing boards, the step at which the board starts to collapse.
FIRST_COLLAPSE = 500
MAX_STEPS = 800
RADIO_VOCAB_SIZE = 8
RADIO_NUM_WORDS = 2
# Files for images and and fonts
RESOURCE_DIR = 'resources/'
FILE_NAMES = [
'Passage', 'Rigid', 'Wood', 'Bomb', 'Flames', 'Fog', 'ExtraBomb',
'IncrRange', 'Kick', 'AgentDummy', 'Agent0', 'Agent1', 'Agent2', 'Agent3',
'AgentDummy-No-Background', 'Agent0-No-Background', 'Agent1-No-Background',
'Agent2-No-Background', 'Agent3-No-Background', 'X-No-Background',
'Agent0-Team', 'Agent1-Team', 'Agent2-Team', 'Agent3-Team',
'Agent0-Team-No-Background', 'Agent1-Team-No-Background',
'Agent2-Team-No-Background', 'Agent3-Team-No-Background',
]
IMAGES_DICT = {
num: {
'id': num,
'file_name': '%s.png' % file_name,
'name': file_name,
'image': None
} for num, file_name in enumerate(FILE_NAMES)
}
BOMB_FILE_NAMES = [
'Bomb-1', 'Bomb-2', 'Bomb-3', 'Bomb-4', 'Bomb-5', 'Bomb-6',
'Bomb-7', 'Bomb-8', 'Bomb-9', 'Bomb-10',
]
BOMB_DICT = {
num: {
'id': num,
'file_name': '%s.png' % file_name,
'name': file_name,
'image': None
} for num, file_name in enumerate(BOMB_FILE_NAMES)
}
FONTS_FILE_NAMES = ['Cousine-Regular.ttf']
# Human view board configurations
BORDER_SIZE = 20
MARGIN_SIZE = 10
TILE_SIZE = 50
BACKGROUND_COLOR = (41, 39, 51, 255)
TILE_COLOR = (248, 221, 82, 255)
TEXT_COLOR = (170, 170, 170, 255)
class Item(Enum):
"""The Items in the game.
When picked up:
- ExtraBomb increments the agent's ammo by 1.
- IncrRange increments the agent's blast strength by 1.
- Kick grants the agent the ability to kick items.
AgentDummy is used by team games to denote the third enemy and by ffa to
denote the teammate.
"""
Passage = 0
Rigid = 1
Wood = 2
Bomb = 3
Flames = 4
Fog = 5
ExtraBomb = 6
IncrRange = 7
Kick = 8
AgentDummy = 9
Agent0 = 10
Agent1 = 11
Agent2 = 12
Agent3 = 13
class GameType(Enum):
"""The Game Types.
FFA: 1v1v1v1. Submit an agent; it competes against other submitted agents.
Team: 2v2. Submit an agent; it is matched up randomly with another agent
and together take on two other similarly matched agents.
TeamRadio: 2v2. Submit two agents; they are matched up against two other
agents. Each team passes discrete communications to each other.
OneVsOne: 1v1. A research environment for dueling between two agents
"""
FFA = 1
Team = 2
TeamRadio = 3
OneVsOne = 4
class Action(Enum):
'''The Actions an agent can take'''
Stop = 0
Up = 1
Down = 2
Left = 3
Right = 4
Bomb = 5
class Result(Enum):
'''The results available for the end of the game'''
Win = 0
Loss = 1
Tie = 2
Incomplete = 3
class InvalidAction(Exception):
'''Invalid Actions Exception'''
pass
| 2024-02-25T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/2157 |
Tuesday, January 24, 2017
Jan Crawford of CBS reports that Trump is leaning toward Judge Neil Gorsuch for his Supreme Court nominee. I had never heard of Judge Gorsuch so I headed to the go-to site on the Court, Scotusblog, for their profile of his positions on several important issues and was much encouraged. He sounds like the closest we might get to a worth replacement for Justice Scalia. I am especially encouraged by his strong opinions against the expansion of the administrative state, an issue where he is more conservative than the position that Scalia took.
In short, Gorsuch definitely has a different take from Scalia on the administrative state — one that grants it less power, and so accords even more closely with the conservative conception of small government. Indeed, this is an area in which Gorsuch is plainly a thought leader, expressing judicial sentiments many conservatives with similar concerns have rarely voiced, and which even Scalia might have bristled at. But given their parallel commitments to textualism and their parallel understandings of the relative roles of agencies and courts, even this seems like a bridgeable divide between Gorsuch and the justice he might replace. Gorsuch is still a very natural choice for any Republican president to nominate as a replacement for Scalia — someone who would espouse similar principles, stand firm on similar doctrinal commitments, reach similar outcomes, and even fill a similar role as one of the court’s most articulate defenders of conservative judicial theory.
He sounds like someone conservatives could strongly support. And, while the Democrats are going to be sure to demonize and attempt to Bork whomever Trump nominates, Gorsuch might be harder to do so than Judge William Pryor whom the Democrats already filibustered into the Gang of 14 stepped in to get onto the courts.
I suspect that Jan Crawford has good sources when it comes to the Supreme Court though I'm not sure how good her sources within the Trump administration are but maybe Trump's advisers on the Supreme Court nomination are within the same community from which Crawford got her information for her excellent book, Supreme Conflict, on the Court. I highly recommend her book if you're interested in the Supreme Court. TO a degree uncommon for mainstream journalists, she is particularly fair in how she covers the conservative justices, especially Clarence Thomas.
Maybe, though, the White House has calculated that Democrats will filibuster the first pick no matter who it is, in which case they’re better off leading with someone like Gorsuch who’s harder for the left to demonize than Pryor is. Gorsuch is from a purple state, Colorado; Pryor is from the deep south. There’s no Lawrence-style ammo against Gorsuch as there is for Pryor. Democrats will have a harder sell convincing the public that Gorsuch is an “extremist,” but if they end up filibustering anyway — as their base will probably demand — that’ll give McConnell a reason to eliminate the filibuster on more favorable political terrain.
H and R Block Tax Software Deluxe + State 2016 Win + Refund Bonus Offer
David Catron looks at the executive order that Trump issued on his first day in office to slow down implementation of Obamacare anc concludes that it is more than a sop to his supporters to show that he means to end the law. Jonathan Adler writes on the same question to analyze how much can be unraveled through executive order. Since so much of what the Obama administration did with the law was through executive order, the precedents have been set for Trump.
Under normal circumstances, this would not mean much, as it would simply direct agency officials to use whatever discretion they have to loosen the ACA’s constraints and burdens on states, individuals and insurance companies, and the ACA offers only so much flexibility. Therein lies the rub.
The Obama administration was particularly aggressive in asserting the authority to grant waivers, defer burdens and delay implementation of various ACA provisions, even where the law did not authorize such acts. Put in the most charitable terms, the Obama administration took a particularly elastic view of what the executive branch could do under the law....
As [Nicholas] Bagley notes with regard to this EO, many of the Obama administration’s actions implementing the ACA will make it easier for the Trump administration to take equivalent actions of questionable legality. The lawfulness of executive action is often evaluated by reference to prior executive practice, so the Obama administration’s success in taking such steps (and the relative silence of the legal commentariat, Bagley excepted) will strengthen the Trump administration’s hand when it begins granting questionable waivers, suspends requirements under the guise of exercising enforcement discretion and opts to place a hold on unpopular provisions. And as the initial steps toward repeal-and-replace further destabilize insurance markets, this will only justify additional waivers and suspensions, all made in the name of minimizing disruption and enhancing administrability.
Nicholas Bagley, a law professor at the University of Michigan, warns about problems if Trump delays the individual mandate tax.
If the IRS “delays” the individual mandate, the insurance markets in many states could go into a tailspin. Rates for 2018 will skyrocket and some insurers could fold. In addition, delaying the mandate would preempt any debate in Congress about whether to keep the mandate in place during a transition period to a yet-to-be-disclosed replacement.
Josh Blackman comments about the instruction to the Secretary of HHS to grant waivers, defer, and grant exemptions for any provision of the ACA that places a "fiscal burden" on any state.
There is, of course one proviso: HHS can only act here “to the maximum permitted by law.” What is that extent? Under the precedents of the Obama administration, there are no meaningful bounds. Secretary Sebelius deemed it a hardship if anyone had difficulty affording insurance under the ACA, permitting a waiver of the individual mandate. (As Ezra Klein famously put it, “Obamacare itself is the hardship”). Trump’s order follows a similar pattern. If the Obamacare “tax” (thank you John Roberts) imposes a “burden” on individuals, the Secretary now has the authority to defer the mandate.
This discretion is not limited to states. Secretary Sebelius also permitted states to suspend enforcement of “minimum essential coverage,” and allow the sale of non-compliant policies, citing the unfairness of people whose plans would otherwise be cancelled. Thus, if “minimum essential coverage” impose a “fiscal burden on any state,” the Secretary can now suspend it. Using all of the precedents developed by the Obama administration, Trump can now take systematic steps to unravel Obamacare.
Blackman also points to this delicious irony.
On cue, ardent defenders of President Obama’s executive actions have now discovered the separation of powers:
I suspect that there will be many such delicious ironies in the future.
Byron York's analysis of Trump's first Monday in office is that he demonstrated how a president has the ability to change the conversation, something Trump really needed after a weekend spent talking about turnout numbers for the inauguration and the protests against his presidency.
There was dark speculation that the Trump White House had moved into an "alternative facts" era, lying with impunity while blocking the press's role as the representative of the public's right to know what its government is doing.
All that pretty much disappeared within an hour or two. The Trump White House pushed out word that the president would meet with business leaders in the morning, and with labor leaders in the afternoon, with a heavy focus on jobs. On trade, Trump signed an executive order pulling the United States out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. He issued a freeze on the hiring of new federal workers. He re-instated the Mexico City policy. Then he met with a bi-partisan group of congressional leaders. Then a meeting with House Speaker Paul Ryan....
Trump's first day combined real substance with the imagery of Trump meeting with people in the Oval Office, in the Roosevelt Room, signing measures, discussing policy — in other words, the basic images of the presidency. Each act was covered breathlessly on television — We have new video just in from the White House! — reinforcing Trump's role.
The bottom line was that in the course of a few hours, Trump moved the political conversation far beyond the events of the weekend — so much so that critics who insisted on re-litigating the events of Friday, Saturday, and Sunday seemed behind the curve.
Hopefully, the Trump administration will learn from their mistakes and have more days like today and will better manipulate the power of the White House to change the subject of the media's conversation. Perhaps Trump can discover that he can dominate media coverage of what he is actually doing rather than what he's tweeting. But then, perhaps that is too much to hope for...
Maybe he does better in such staged and well-orchestrated events than he does when he's allowed to riff on his own as he did when he basically gave one of his stream-of-consciousness rally speeches when he visited the CIA this past weekend. He stood in front of the Memorial Wall for those who have died in the CIA and then started in on the equivalent of an oral tweetstorm on his favorite topics.
But Mr. Trump also couldn’t resist turning the event into an extended and self-centered riff about the size of his campaign rallies, the times he’s been on Time magazine’s cover and how the “dishonest” media misreported his inaugural crowds. He all but begged for the political approval of the career CIA employees by suggesting most there had voted for him.
Such defensiveness about his victory and media coverage makes Mr. Trump look small and insecure. It also undermines his words to the CIA employees by suggesting the visit was really about him, not their vital work. The White House is still staffing up, but was it too much to ask National Security Adviser Michael Flynn’s staff to write up five or 10 minutes of formal remarks that had something to do with the CIA?
Mr. Trump may think he’s succeeded by breaking the normal rules of politics and that he can keep doing it. But he’s now President, and Americans expect a level of seriousness and decorum that is consistent with the responsibility of the office. He should meet their high expectations, not live down to the media’s.
Then Trump spent time when he met with congressional leaders asserting that he should have won the popular vote.
Days after being sworn in, President Trump insisted to congressional leaders invited to a reception at the White House that he would have won the popular vote had it not been for millions of illegal votes, according to people familiar with the meeting.
Trump has repeatedly claimed, without evidence, that widespread voter fraud caused him to lose the popular vote to Hillary Clinton, even while he clinched the presidency with an electoral college victory.
Two people familiar with the meeting said Trump spent about 10 minutes at the start of the bipartisan gathering rehashing the campaign. He also told them that between 3 million and 5 million illegal votes caused him to lose the popular vote.
This guy just can't get over himself. I think of Ronald Reagan's attitude, “There is no limit to the amount of good you can do if you don't care who gets the credit.” Trump has the opposite attitude: "There is no limit to the amount you can do if you claim credit for things you have nothing to do with or didn't even happen.
The WSJ reports on something that I hadn't seen elsewhere as the Obama Education Department slipped it by the public at the last minute.
In early January the department disclosed that it had discovered a “coding error” that incorrectly computed College Scorecard repayment rates—that is, the percentage of borrowers who haven’t defaulted and have repaid at least one dollar of their loan principal. The department says the error “led to the undercounting of some borrowers who had not reduced their loan balances by at least one dollar.”
The department played down the mistake, but the new average three-year repayment rate has declined by 20 percentage points to 46%. This is huge. It means that fewer than half of undergraduate borrowers at the average college are paying down their debt.
Hmmm, this administration certainly did have its problems in computer usage, didn't' they? The result is that loan forgiveness for borrowers could cost more than $108 billion.
The other scandal is that the Obama Administration used the inflated Scorecard repayment data as a pretext to single out for-profit colleges for punitive regulation. The punishment was tucked into a rule finalized in October allowing borrowers who claim their college defrauded them to discharge their debt. It requires for-profits in which 50% or fewer borrowers are paying down their principal to post the equivalent of a surgeon general’s warning in all promotional materials.
When proposing the regulation, the department claimed that its analysis of Scorecard data showed that a large number of for-profits have repayment rates below 50% while very few public or nonprofit schools do. The department said it would not be fair to “burden” public and nonprofit colleges with a regulation that would apply to so few. Yet based on the updated data, 60% of two-year public colleges and nearly all historically black institutions have repayment rates below 50%.
Marc Jerome, president of for-profit Monroe College in the Bronx, discovered the Scorecard rate inflation last August. In several emails to Education officials, he urged the department to hold off on finalizing the regulation. If the regulation were applied evenly, a large number of nonprofit and public institutions would fail to meet the standard. But then the justification for the department’s selective regulation of for-profits would vanish.
The department finalized the regulation in October anyway, perhaps anticipating a Hillary Clinton victory that would allow the repayment inflation game to keep going. Yet now it’s taking credit for discovering and fixing the Scorecard error that likely would have been uncovered by the new Trump Administration.
This combination of cynicism and incompetence is what made the Obama Administration’s regulatory machine so destructive. One of the biggest messes it leaves behind is the government takeover of student loans that is likely to saddle taxpayers with hundreds of billions in losses. The Trump Administration now has to begin the cleanup job.
Congress ought to use the Congressional Review Act to overturn the latest rule, while new Secretary Betsy DeVos will have to recruit a top-flight finance executive to do a top-to-bottom review of student-loan records for other goofs or deceptions. Then lay out the real facts to the American public as soon as possible.
Call it … bad math with a purpose. Had it just been a routine “coding error,” and without any malice, then Jerrome’s repeated entreaties pointing out the problem would have resulted in a correction and a new report. This looks more like a deliberate attempt to cook the books in order to blame student-loan defaults on poor career performance for those who matriculate from for-profit schools. Instead, we now know that long-term performance, as measured by student-loan defaults, looks about the same between the for-profit and not-for-profit education centers. That knowledge would have undercut the regulatory hostility toward the former for almost the entirety of the Obama administration, which is why the DoEd only revealed it on Barack Obama’s entry into retirement.
There has been some discussion on the left that the Women's Marches on Saturday across the country could serve as the Democrats' version of the Tea Party movement. Perhaps this will be the start of a grassroots effort, united by their opposition to the President, that could mobilize for victories in 2018 just as the Tea Party movement did for Republicans in 2010. Jim Geraghty writes on this idea,
It now appears that as the Trump presidency dawns, angry liberals are building something akin to the Tea Party movement. It will look different, it will be geographically concentrated in different areas, and of course, it will get much more sympathetic media coverage. But it will be there, and it could be a big factor in 2018 midterms.
Dan McLaughlin adds in that the Democrats might want to be careful of what they're wishing for. First of all, there is the irony.
To start with, it’s worth remembering what Democrats thought, or at any rate said, until this week. First, they spent the past eight years calling the Tea Party a bunch of racist, unpatriotic terrorists — and now they want in on that! Second, they also spent the past eight years chortling about how self-defeating the Tea Party was for Republicans — and even if the outcomes in the House, the Senate and all the other states had been exactly the same, they’d still be saying the same thing today (even louder) if Hillary Clinton had won Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
However, are Democrats ready for the disruptive forces that can be unleashed by such a populist forces. After all, as McLaughlin writes, The Democrats are "the same political party that gloried in using its superdelegates to cut off Bernie Sanders’ path to the nomination, and that takes great pride in its top-down organizing structure." But perhaps, they've learned their lessons. However, as the Republican establishment could tell the Democrats, the Tea Party movement also led to quite a few GOP incumbents losing out in primaries to Tea Party challengers. Some were quality candidates and some were extremely weak and led the Republicans to lose winnable seats with candidates like Christine O'Donnell in Connecticut and Sharron Angle in Nevada.
Tea Party challengers forcibly retired GOP veterans in the safest of deep-red states and districts, and they cost the party winnable elections in swing races (the Castle–O’Donnell primary being the most obvious example). Even if you think the movement has been on balance a boon to Republicans, the costs have been undeniable, and they fell disproportionately on the party’s efforts to control its own strategy.
As McLaughlin argues, if a Tea Party of the Left targeted the more moderate Democrats who come from red states such as Joe Manchin of West Virginia or Jon Tester of Montana, they might find themselves primarying themselves out of their most winnable candidates. They would do better to follow the model that Rahm Emanuel set for them in 2006 by running more moderate candidates in red districts and states. Of course, such strategizing for 2018 based on wishful thinking of how to mobilize the activism we saw this weekend is futile now, but it's still fun.
There is a simple remedy available. Congress should consider a constitutional amendment making clemency decisions during presidential transitions provisional only, subject to reversal by the new president within 60 days after he assumes office, and inoperative, unless confirmed by the new president, until the 60 days had passed. (Special provision could be made for death-penalty cases.)
I see no reason why the debate on such an amendment should be partisan. Presidents Clinton and Obama may have opened Pandora’s box, but there is zero reason to believe that future presidents of both parties won’t take advantage of the precedent they have set. It would be a sign of health — a small but important step towards constitutional propriety — if Congress and the states acted on a bipartisan basis to prevent these abuses. By all means, presidents should have the power to extend mercy when they think it’s justified, but they also should be required to show some principle, and some courage, in how they do it.
Given that presidents have four or eight years for issuing the pardons and reprieves they want to do, I like the idea of channeling such actions to before the election.
He first called on the New York Post. Then, the Christian Broadcasting Network. That was followed by Univision and Fox Business.
Spicer then took a question from Urban Radio Network, and then finally the Associated Press, which up until now has usually gotten the first question.
Fox News was next, followed by ABC.
Under Obama, the AP and Reuters had gotten the first shot at questions each day, followed by networks like NBC, ABC and CBS.
The unprecedented decision ruffled the feathers of some. NBC'S Kelly O'Donnell said Spicer was skipping over major news outlets that cover the White House all day, every day.
She tweeted later that the mainstream serves "the most Americans with expertise, depth of commitment to fair coverage."
They'll have to get used to there being a new sheriff in town. I like this idea that Spicer announced to allow four journalists from outside the DC region to Skype in to the press briefings. I think that's a neat idea.
In an exclusive interview with Red Alert Politics, Ashraf said he wasn’t a supporter of Donald Trump during his campaign, but Friday’s protests were completely counter-productive.
“I have a different point of view,” Ashraf told Red Alert. “I did not agree with many of the things he said, but that still does not give me the right to go and affect someone’s livelihood.”
Ashraf noted that the Women’s March on Washington and in other cities around the country was a model for how to peacefully protest.
“I really don’t think we need to take this [violent] route.”
Ashraf’s employee, Luis Villarroel, 58, was dropping a client off at their destination when things turned ugly. Protesters smashed doors and windows in the vicinity, but then turned their attention to Villarroel and the limo. People began pounding on the car and started throwing stones and bricks in his direction. The driver ended up going to the hospital for cuts on his hands and arms from glass being shattered by thrown projectiles. | 2024-06-27T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/1224 |
Marked by an elaborate stained glass window of an old 1930s cabaret to the left of the entrance, the street locks away even more secrets. I had to know them, from inside. Befriending a resident after being chased around by their dog, I managed to escape the surrounding noisy streets to better understand those who must punch in a code every time before entering their own street.
Developed in the early 19th century, Avenue Frochot became an important location of visual and performance art history when mansion no. 4 turned into one of Paris’ most important salons. Apollonie Sabatier, a courtisan called La Présidente by her close friends, was a bohemian muse who hosted nights of refined taste and art there. Gustave Flaubert and Théophile Gautier regularly visited to write about her. Rumor has it that she even inspired Charles Baudelaire‘s work Les Fleurs du Mal.
She was surrounded by a beau-monde of neighbors. Gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt once lived at villa no. 6, later neighbouring Jean Renoir at no. 7, and then Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Gustave Moreau and many others on this stirringly calm, uphill street. Perhaps this harem of men just wanted to be closer to the irresistible courtesan … and never too far from one her legendary parties.
The story of a 19th century haunted villa no. 1 makes Rue Frochot even more particular. This neo-Gothic mansion seduced each of its owners with its baroque wooden decoration only to bring misfortune every time.
First, composer Victor Masse died there paralyzed in bed and then theater critic Matthieu Galey died in the same manner. By coincidence or curse, the villa was supposedly cursed after a maid was stabbed on the stairs of the home. The murder was never resolved and so the soul of the woman still prowls the halls. The villa is now covered in greenery, with a fountain littered with leaves and a fallen birdhouse in the garden. A doctor who is well amused by such ghost stories lives there, but he still only moved in after the house had been exorcised by a priest.
In this world of high-class privilege, the lucky that few that live here all know each other and don’t hesitate to salute even a stranger on their street. If you manage to kindly ask a resident to get behind the iron gates, pretend to belong, and without disturbing its peace, wander around accompanied by singing birds. | 2024-04-06T01:27:17.568517 | https://example.com/article/6580 |
This week we join Captain Kirk, Spock, Bones, and the crew as they take the Enterprise out once more. Very slowly.
Join us for...Star Trek: The Motion Picture
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