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in this apostle at thessalonica all the devotion of a friend who is ready to devote his life for those whom he loves, ( f1001 ) all the watchfulness of the faithful pastor, to whom " each one " of his flock is the separate object of individual care. ( f1002 ) and from these epistles we obtain further some information concerning what may be called the outward incidents of st. paul ’ s residence in this city. he might when there, consistently with the lord ’ s institution ( matthew 10 : 10 ; luke 10 : 7 ; see 1timothy 5 : 18. ) and with the practice of the other apostles, ( 1corinthians 9 : 4, & c. ) have been " burdensome " to those whom he taught, so as to receive from them the means of his temporal support. but that he might place his disinterestedness above all suspicion, and that he might set an example to those who were too much inclined to live by the labor of others, he declined to avail himself of that which was an undoubted right. he was enabled to maintain this independent position partly by the liberality of his friends at philippi, who once and again, on this first visit to macedonia, sent relief to his necessities ( philippians 4 : 15, 16 ). and the journeys of those pious men who followed the footsteps of the persecuted apostles along the via egnatia by amphip - olis and apollonia, bringing the alms which had been collected at philippi, are among the most touching incidents of the apostolic history. and not less touching is that description which st. paul himself gives us of that other means of support — " his own labor night and day, that he might not be burdensome to any of them " ( 1thessalonians 2 : 9 ). he did not merely " rob other churches, " ( 2corinthians 11 : 8. ) that he might do the thessalonians service, but the trade he had learnt when a boy in cilicia ( f1003 ) justified the old jewish maxim ; ( f1004 ) " he was like a vineyard that is fenced ; " and he was able to show an example, not only to the " disorderly busy - bodies " of thessalonica ( 1thessalonians 4 : 11 ), but to all, in every age of the church, who are apt to neglect their proper business ( 2thessal
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not only to the " disorderly busy - bodies " of thessalonica ( 1thessalonians 4 : 11 ), but to all, in every age of the church, who are apt to neglect their proper business ( 2thessalonians 3 : 11 ), and ready to eat other men ’ s bread for nought ( 2thessalonians 3 : 8 ). late at night, when the sun had long set on the incessant spiritual labors of the day, the apostle might be seen by lamplight laboring at the rough haircloth, ( f1005 ) " that he might be chargeable to none. " it was an emphatic enforcement of the " commands " ( f1006 ) which he found it necessary to give when he was among them, that they should " study to be quiet and to work with their own hands " ( 1thessalonians 4 : 11 ), and the stern principle he laid down, that " if a man will not work, neither should he eat. " ( 2thessalonians 3 : 10. ) in these same epistles, st. paul speaks of his work at thessalonica as having been encompassed with afflictions, ( 1thessalonians 1 : 6. ) and of the gospel as having advanced by a painful struggle. ( 1thessalonians 2 : 2. ) what these afflictions and struggles were, we can gather from the slight notices of events which are contained in the acts. the apostle ’ s success among the gentiles roused the enmity of his own countrymen. even in the synagogue the proselytes attached themselves to him more readily than the jews. ( f1007 ) but he did not merely obtain an influence over the gentile mind by the indirect means of his disputations on the sabbath in the synagogue, and through the medium of the proselytes ; but on the intermediate days ( f1008 ) he was doubtless in frequent and direct communication with the heathen. we need not be surprised at the results, even if his stay was limited to the period corresponding to three sabbaths. no one can say what effects might follow from three weeks of an apostle ’ s teaching. but we are by no means forced to adopt the supposition that the time was limited to three weeks. it is highly probable that st. paul remained at thessalonica for a longer period. ( f1009 ) at other cities, (
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we are by no means forced to adopt the supposition that the time was limited to three weeks. it is highly probable that st. paul remained at thessalonica for a longer period. ( f1009 ) at other cities, ( acts 13., 18., 19., & c. ) when he was repelled by the jews, he became the evangelist of the gentiles, and remained till he was compelled to depart. the thessalonian letters throw great light on the rupture which certainly took place with the jews on this occasion, and which is implied in that one word in the acts which speaks of their jealousy ( acts 17 : 5. ) against the gentiles. the whole aspect of the letters shows that the main body of the thessalonian church was not jewish, but gentile. the jews are spoken of as an extraneous body, as the enemies of christianity and of all men, not as the elements out of which the church was composed. ( f1010 ) the ancient jewish scriptures are not once quoted in either of these epistles. ( f1011 ) the converts are addressed as those who had turned, not from hebrew fables and traditions, but from the practices of heathen idolatry. ( 1thessalonians 1 : 9. ) how new and how comforting to them must have been the doctrine of the resurrection from the dead! what a contrast must this revelation of " life and immortality " have been to the hopeless lamentations of their own pagan funerals, and to the dismal teaching which we can still read in the sepulchral inscriptions ( f1012 ) of heathen thessalonica, — such as told the bystander that after death there is no revival, after the grave no meeting of those who have loved each other on earth! how ought the truth taught by the apostle to have comforted the new disciples at the thought of inevitable, though only temporary, separation from their christian brethren! and yet how difficult was the truth to realize, when they saw those brethren sink into lifeless forms, and after they had committed them to the earth which had received all their heathen ancestors! how eagerly can we imagine them to have read the new assurances of comfort which came in the letter from corinth, and which told them " not to sorrow like other men who have no hope "! ( 1thessalonians 4 : 13. ) but we are anticipating the events which occurred between the
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of comfort which came in the letter from corinth, and which told them " not to sorrow like other men who have no hope "! ( 1thessalonians 4 : 13. ) but we are anticipating the events which occurred between the apostle ’ s departure from thessalonica and the time when he wrote the letter from corinth. we must return to the persecution that led him to undertake that journey, which brought him from the capitol of macedonia to that of achaia. when the jews saw proselytes and gentiles, and many of the leading women ( acts 17 : 4. see above. ) of the city, convinced by st. paul ’ s teaching, they must have felt that his influence was silently undermining theirs. in proportion to his success in spreading christianity, their power of spreading judaism declined. their sensitiveness would be increased in consequence of the peculiar dislike with which they were viewed at this time by the roman power. ( f1013 ) thus they adopted the tactics which had been used with some success before at iconium and lystra, ( f1014 ) and turned against st. paul and his companions those weapons which are the readiest instruments of vulgar bigotry. they excited the mob of thessalonica, gathering together a multitude of those worthless idlers about the markets and landing - places ( f1015 ) which abound in every such city, and are always ready for any evil work. with this multitude they assaulted the house of jason ( perhaps some hellenistic jew, ( f1016 ) whose name had been moulded into gentile form, and possibly one of st. paul ’ s relations, who is mentioned in the epistle to the romans ), ( f1017 ) with whom paul and silas seem to have been lodging. their wish was to bring paul and silas out to the demus, or assembly of the people. but they were absent from the house ; and jason and some other christians were dragged before the city magistrates. the accusation vociferously brought against them was to the following effect : " these christians, who are setting the whole world in confusion, are come hither at last ; and jason has received them into his house ; and they are all acting in the face of the emperor ’ s decrees, for they assert that there is another king, whom they call jesus. " we have seen ( f1018 ) how some of the parts of st. paul ’ s teaching at thessalonica may have
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face of the emperor ’ s decrees, for they assert that there is another king, whom they call jesus. " we have seen ( f1018 ) how some of the parts of st. paul ’ s teaching at thessalonica may have given occasion to the latter phrase in this indictment ; and we obtain a deeper insight into the cause why the whole indictment was brought forward with so much vehemence, and why it was so likely to produce an effect on the magistrates, if we bear in mind the circumstance alluded to in reference to philippi, ( f1019 ) that the jews were under the ban of the roman authorities about this time, for having raised a tumult in the metropolis, at the instigation ( as was alleged ) of one chrestus, or christus ; ( f1020 ) and that they must have been glad, in the provincial cities, to be able to show their loyalty and gratify their malice, by throwing the odium off themselves upon a sect whose very name might be interpreted to imply a rebellion against the emperor. such were the circumstances under which jason and his companions were brought before the politarchs. we use the greek term advisedly ; for it illustrates the political constitution of thessalonica, and its contrast with that of philippi, which has lately been noticed. thessalonica was not a colony, like philippi, troas, or the pisidian antioch, but a free city ( urbs libera ), like the syrian antioch, or like tarsus ( f1021 ) and athens. the privilege of what was technically called " freedom " was given to certain cities of the empire for good service in the civil wars, or as a tribute of respect to the old celebrity of the place, or for other reasons of convenient policy. there were few such cities in the western provinces, ( f1022 ) as there were no municipia in the eastern. the free towns were most numerous in those parts of the empire where the greek language had long prevailed ; and we are generally able to trace the reasons why this privilege was bestowed upon them. at athens, it was the fame of its ancient eminence, and the evident policy of paying a compliment to the greeks. at thessalonica it was the part which its inhabitants had prudently taken in the great struggle of augustus and antony against brutus and cassius. ( f1023 ) when the decisive battle had been fought, philippi
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the greeks. at thessalonica it was the part which its inhabitants had prudently taken in the great struggle of augustus and antony against brutus and cassius. ( f1023 ) when the decisive battle had been fought, philippi was made a military colony, and thessalonica became free. the privilege of such a city consisted in this, — that it was entirely self - governed in all its internal affairs, within the territory that might be assigned to it. the governor of the province had no right, under ordinary circumstances, to interfere with these affairs. ( f1024 ) the local magistrates had the power of life and death over the citizens of the place. no stationary garrison of roman soldiers was quartered within its territory. ( f1025 ) no insignia of roman office were displayed in its streets. an instance of the care with which this rule was observed is recorded by tacitus, who tells us, that germanicus, whose progress was usually distinguished by the presence of twelve lictors, declined to enter athens attended with more than one. there is no doubt that the magistracies of such cities would be very careful to show their loyalty to the emperor on all suitable occasions, and to avoid every disorder which might compromise their valued dignity, and cause it to be withdrawn. and on the other hand, the roman state did wisely to rely on the greek love of empty distinction ; and it secured its dominion as effectually in the east by means of these privileged towns, as by the stricter political annexation of the municipia in the west. the form of government in the free cities was very various. ( f1026 ) in some cases the old magistracies and customs were continued without any material modification. in others, a senate, or an assembly, was allowed to exist where none had existed before. here, at thessalonica, we find an assembly of the people ( demus, ( f1027 ) acts 17 : 5 ) and supreme magistrates, who are called politarchs ( acts 17 : 8 ). it becomes an interesting inquiry, whether the existence of this title of the thessalonian magistracy can be traced in any other source of information. this question is immediately answered in the affirmative, by one of those passages of monumental history which we have made it our business to cite as often as possible in the course of this biography. an inscription which is still legible on an archway in thessalonica gives this title to
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the affirmative, by one of those passages of monumental history which we have made it our business to cite as often as possible in the course of this biography. an inscription which is still legible on an archway in thessalonica gives this title to the magistrates of the place, informs us of their number, and mentions the very names of some who bore the office not long before the day of st. paul. a long street intersects the city from east to west. ( f1028 ) this is doubtless the very direction which the ancient road took in its course from the adriatic to the hellespont ; for though the houses of ancient cities are destroyed and renewed, the lines of the great thoroughfares are usually unchanged. ( f1029 ) if there were any doubt of the fact at thessalonica, the question is set at rest by two triumphal arches which still, though disfigured by time and injury, and partly concealed by turkish houses, span the breadth of this street, and define a space which must have been one of the public parts of the city in the apostolic age. one of these arches is at the western extremity, near the entrance from rome, and is thought to have been built by the grateful thessalonians to commemorate the victory of augustus and antony. ( f1030 ) the other is farther to the east, and records the triumph of some later emperor ( most probably constantine ) over enemies subdued near the danube or beyond. the second of these arches, with its sculptured camels, ( f1031 ) has altogether an asiatic aspect, and belongs to a period of the empire much later than that of st. paul. the first has the representation of consuls with the toga, and corresponds in appearance with that condition of the arts which marks the passing of the republic into the empire. if erected at that epoch, it was undoubtedly existing when the apostle was in macedonia. the inscription in greek letters, ( f1032 ) which is given on the opposite page, is engraved on this arch of marble, ( f1033 ) and informs us still of the magistracy which the romans recognized and allowed to subsist in the " free city " of thessalonica. we learn from this source that the magistrates of the city were called politarchs, ( f1034 ) and that they were seven in number ; and it is perhaps worth observing ( though it is only a curious coincidence ) that three of the names are identical with
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source that the magistrates of the city were called politarchs, ( f1034 ) and that they were seven in number ; and it is perhaps worth observing ( though it is only a curious coincidence ) that three of the names are identical with three of st. paul ’ s friends in this region, — sopater of beroea, ( acts 20 : 4. ) grains the macedonian, ( acts 19 : 29. ) and secundus of thessalonica. ( acts 20 : 4. ) inscription from thessalonica it is at least well worth our while to notice, as a mere matter of christian evidence, how accurately st. luke writes concerning the political characteristics of the cities and provinces which he mentions. he takes notice, in the most artless and incidental manner, of minute details which a fraudulent composer would judiciously avoid, and which in the mythical result of mere oral tradition would surely be loose and inexact. cyprus is a " proconsular " province. ( f1035 ) philippi is a " colony. " ( f1036 ) the magistrates of thessalonica have an unusual title, unmentioned in ancient literature ; but it appears, from a monument of a different kind, that the title is perfectly correct. and the whole aspect of what happened at thessalonica, as compared with the events at philippi, is in perfect harmony with the ascertained difference in the political condition of the two places. there is no mention of the rights and privileges of roman citizenship ; ( compare acts 16 : 21. ) but we are presented with the spectacle of a mixed mob of greeks and jews, who are anxious to show themselves to be " coesar ’ s friends. " ( f1037 ) no motors, ( f1038 ) with rods and fasces, appear upon the scene, but we hear something distinctly of a demus, ( acts 17 : 5. ) or free assembly of the people. nothing is said of religious ceremonies ( acts 16 : 21. ) which the citizens, " being romans, " may not lawfully adopt ; all the anxiety, both of people and magistrates, is turned to the one point of showing their loyalty to the emperor. ( acts 17 : 7. ) and those magistrates by whom the question at issue is ultimately decided are not roman proetors, ( f1039 ) but greek politarchs. ( f1040 ) it is evident that the magistrates were excited and unsett
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7. ) and those magistrates by whom the question at issue is ultimately decided are not roman proetors, ( f1039 ) but greek politarchs. ( f1040 ) it is evident that the magistrates were excited and unsettled ( f1041 ) as well as the multitude. no doubt they were anxious to stand well with the roman government, and not to compromise themselves or the privileges of their city by a wrong decision in this dispute between the christians and the jews. ( f1042 ) the course they adopted was to " take security " from jason and his companions. by this expression ( f1043 ) it is most probably meant that a sum of money was deposited with the magistrates, and that the christian community of the place made themselves responsible that no attempt should be made against the supremacy of rome, and that peace should be maintained in thessalonica itself. by these means the disturbance was allayed. but though the magistrates had secured quiet in the city for the present, the position of paul and silas was very precarious. the lower classes were still excited. the jews were in a state of fanatical displeasure. it is evident that the apostles could not appear in public as before, without endangering their own safety, and compromising their fellow - christians who were security for their good behavior. the alternatives before them were, either silence in thessalonica, or departure to some other place. the first was impossible to those who bore the divine commission to preach the gospel everywhere. they could not hesitate to adopt the second course ; and, under the watchful care of " the brethren, " they departed the same evening from thessalonica, their steps being turned in the direction of those mountains which are the western boundary of macedonia. we observe that nothing is said of the departure of timothy. if he was at thessalonica at all, he stays there now, as luke had staid at philippi. ( f1044 ) we can trace in all these arrangements a deliberate care and policy for the well - being of the new churches, even in the midst of the sudden movements caused by the outbreak of persecution. it is the same prudent and varied forethought which appears afterwards in the pastoral epistles, where injunctions are given, according to circumstances, — to " abide " while the apostle goes to some other region, ( 1timothy 1 : 3. ) " hoping that he may come shortly " again, ( 1timot
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, where injunctions are given, according to circumstances, — to " abide " while the apostle goes to some other region, ( 1timothy 1 : 3. ) " hoping that he may come shortly " again, ( 1timothy 3 : 14. ) — to " set in order the things that are wanting, and ordain elders, " ( titus 1 : 5. ) — or " to use all diligence " to follow ( f1045 ) and co - operate again in the same work at some new place. passing under the arch of augustus and out of the western gate, the via egnatia crosses the plain and ascends the mountains which have just been mentioned, — forming a communication over a very rugged country between the hellespont and the adriatic. just where the road strikes the mountains, at the head of a bay of level ground, the city of edessa is situated, described as commanding a glorious view of all the country, that stretches in an almost unbroken surface to thessalonica and the sea. ( f1046 ) this, however, was not the point to which st. paul turned his steps. he traveled, by a less important road, ( f1047 ) to the town of beroea, which was farther to the south. the first part of the journey was undertaken at night, but day must have dawned on the travelers long before they reached their place of destination. if the journey was at all like what it is now, ( f1048 ) it may be simply described as follows. after leaving the gardens which are in the immediate neighborhood of thessalonica, the travelers crossed a wide tract of corn - fields, and came to the shifting bed of the " wide - flowing axius. " about this part of the journey, if not before, the day must have broken upon them. between the axius and the haliacmon ( f1049 ) there intervenes another wide extent of the same continuous plain. the banks of this second river are confined by artificial dikes to check its destructive inundations. all the country round is covered with a vast forest, with intervals of cultivated land, and villages concealed among the trees. the road extends for many miles through these woods, and at length reaches the base of the western mountains, where a short ascent leads up to the gate of beroea. beroea, like edessa, is on the eastern slope of the olympian range, and commands an
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these woods, and at length reaches the base of the western mountains, where a short ascent leads up to the gate of beroea. beroea, like edessa, is on the eastern slope of the olympian range, and commands an extensive view of the plain which is watered by the haliacmon and axius. it has many natural advantages, and is now considered one of the most agreeable towns in rumili. ( f1050 ) plane - trees spread a grateful shade over its gardens. streams of water are in every street. its ancient name is said to have been derived from the abundance of its waters ; and the name still survives in the modern verria, or kara - verria. ( f1051 ) it is situated on the left of the haliacmon, about five miles from the point where that river breaks through an immense rocky ravine from the mountains to the plain. a few insignificant ruins of the greek and roman periods may yet be noticed. the foundations of an ancient bridge are passed on the ascent to the city - gate ; and parts of the greek fortifications may be seen above the rocky bed of a mountain stream. the traces of repairs in the walls, of roman and byzantine date, ( f1052 ) are links between the early fortunes of beroea and its present condition. it still boasts of eighteen or twenty thousand inhabitants, and is placed in the second rank of the cities of european turkey. ( f1053 ) in the apostolic age beroea was sufficiently populous to contain a colony of jews. ( acts 17 : 10. ) when st. paul arrived, he went, according to his custom, immediately to the synagogue. the jews here were of a " nobler " spirit than those of thessalonica. their minds were less narrowed by prejudice, and they were more willing to receive " the truth in the love of it. " there was a contrast between two neighboring communities apparently open to the same religious influences, like that between the " village of the samaritans, " which refused to receive jesus christ ( luke 9. ), and that other " city " in the same country where " many believed " because of the word of one who witnessed of him, and " many more because of his own word " ( john 4. ). in a spirit very different from the ignoble violence of the thessalonian jews, the beroeans not only listened to the apostle ’ s arguments, but they examined the scriptures themselves, to
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word " ( john 4. ). in a spirit very different from the ignoble violence of the thessalonian jews, the beroeans not only listened to the apostle ’ s arguments, but they examined the scriptures themselves, to see if those arguments were justified by prophecy. and, feeling the importance of the subject presented to them, they made this scrutiny of their holy books their " daily " occupation. this was the surest way to come to a strong conviction of the gospel ’ s divine origin. truth sought in this spirit cannot long remain undiscovered. the promise that " they who seek shall find " was fulfilled at beroea ; and the apostle ’ s visit resulted in the conversion of " many. " nor was the blessing confined to the hebrew community. the same lord who " is rich unto all that call upon him, " ( romans 10 : 12. ) called many " not of the jews only, but also of the gentiles. " ( acts 9 : 24. ) both men and women, ( acts 17 : 12. ) and those of the highest rank, among the greeks, ( f1054 ) were added to the church founded by st. paul in that provincial city of macedonia, which was his temporary shelter from the storm of persecution. the length of st. paul ’ s stay in the city is quite uncertain. from the fact that the beroeans were occupied " daily " in searching the scriptures ( acts 17 : 11. ) for arguments to establish or confute the apostle ’ s doctrine, we conclude that he remained there several days at least. prom his own assertion in his first letter to the thessalonians, ( 1thessalonians 2 : 17. ) that, at the time when he had been recently taken away from them, he was very anxious, and used every effort to revisit them, we cannot doubt that he lingered as long as possible in the neighborhood of thessalonica. ( f1055 ) this desire would account for a residence of some weeks ; and there are other passages ( f1056 ) in the same epistle which might induce us to suppose the time extended even to months. but when we find, on the other hand, that the cause which led him to leave beroea was the hostility of the jews of thessalonica, and when we remember that the two cities were separated only by a distance of sixty miles, ( f1057 ) — that the events which happened in the
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led him to leave beroea was the hostility of the jews of thessalonica, and when we remember that the two cities were separated only by a distance of sixty miles, ( f1057 ) — that the events which happened in the synagogue of one city would soon be made known in the synagogue of the other, — and that jewish bigotry was never long in taking active measures to crush its opponents, — we are led to the conclusion that the apostle was forced to retreat from beroea after no long interval of time. the jews came like hunters upon their prey, as they had done before from iconium to lystra. ( f1058 ) they could not arrest the progress of the gospel ; but they " stirred up the people " there, as at thessalonica before. ( f1059 ) they made his friends feel that his continuance in the city was no longer safe. he was withdrawn from beroea and sent to athens, as in the beginning of his ministry ( acts 9 : 30 ) he had been withdrawn from jerusalem and sent to tarsus. and on this occasion, as on that, ( f1060 ) the dearest wishes of his heart were thwarted. the providence of god permitted " satan " to hinder him from seeing his dear thessalonian converts, whom " once and again " he had desired to revisit. ( f1061 ) the divine counsels were accomplished by means of the antagonism of wicked men ; and the path of the apostle was urged on, in the midst of trial and sorrow, in the direction pointed out in the vision at jerusalem, ( acts 17 : 17 - 21. ) " far hence unto the gentiles. " an immediate departure was urged upon the apostle ; and the church of beroea suddenly ( f1062 ) lost its teacher. but silas and timothy remained behind, ( f1063 ) to build it up in its holy faith, to be a comfort and support in its trials and persecutions, and to give it such organization as might be necessary. meanwhile some of the new converts accompanied st. paul on his flight ; ( acts 17 : 14, 15. ) thus adding a new instance to those we have already seen of the love which grows up between those who have taught and those who have learnt the way of the soul ’ s salvation. ( f1064 ) without attempting to divine all the circumstances which may have concurred in determining the direction of this
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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seen of the love which grows up between those who have taught and those who have learnt the way of the soul ’ s salvation. ( f1064 ) without attempting to divine all the circumstances which may have concurred in determining the direction of this flight, we can mention some obvious reasons why it was the most natural course. to have returned in the direction of thessalonica was manifestly impossible. to have pushed over the mountains, by the via egnatia, towards illyricum and the western parts of macedonia, would have taken the apostle from those shores of the archipelago to which his energies were primarily to be devoted. mere concealment and inactivity were not to be thought of. thus the christian fugitives turned their steps towards the sea, ( f1065 ) and from some point on the coast where a vessel was found, they embarked for athens. in the ancient tables two roads ( f1066 ) are marked which cross the haliacmon and intersect the plain from beroea, one passing by pydna, ( f1067 ) and the other leaving it to the left, and both coming to the coast at dium near the base of mount olympus. the pierian level ( as this portion of the plain was called ) extends about ten miles in breadth from the woody falls of the mountain to the seashore, forming a narrow passage from macedonia into greece. ( f1068 ) thus dium was " the great bulwark of macedonia on the south ; " and it was a roman colony, like that other city which we have described on the eastern frontier. ( f1069 ) no city is more likely than dium to have been the last, as philippi was " the first, " through which st. paul passed in his journey through the province. here then, — where olympus, dark with woods, rises from the plain by the shore, to the broad summit, glittering with snow, which was the throne of the homeric gods, ( f1070 ) — at the natural termination of macedonia, — and where the first scene of classical and poetic greece opens on our view, — we take our leave, for the present, of the apostle of the gentiles. the shepherds from the heights ( f1071 ) above the vale of tempe may have watched the sails of his ship that day, as it moved like a white speck over the outer waters of the thermaic gulf. the sailors, looking back from the deck
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treatment of epilepsy was generally ineffective in the early 1900 ' s. in the 1920s, it was found that fasting could reduce the number of seizures but it was not clear why. fortunately, anti - seizure medications were developed that helped the majority of people with epilepsy. as a result, dietary treatments lost popularity as a main treatment option for epilepsy. the ketogenic diet is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet.. the classic diet is made up of 3 parts fat and 1 part carbohydrate and protein. there are variations of the diet, like one that uses medium chain triglycerides as a primary source of fat. you and your child ' s doctor and dietitian will make adjustments to your child ' s diet as needed. how it works the diet mimics some effects of fasting on the body. glucose ( sugar ) is the easiest source of energy for the body. most of the glucose comes from carbohydrates that we eat. once the glucose is burned off, the body uses fat as a source of energy. the use of fat creates a by - product called ketones. for reasons not completely understood, the ketones may reduce or eliminate seizures. your body will also use body fat for fuel when you fast but fasting is clearly not a long term option.
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.120971
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one of the bestselling herbal products of the early 1990s was an extract of the bark of french maritime pine. this substance consists of a family of chemicals known scientifically as oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes ( opcs ) or procyanidolic oligomers ( pcos ). similar ( but not identical ) substances are also found in grape seed. the research record is complicated by the fact that certain identically named proprietary products have consisted at different times of various proportions of these related substances. opcs are marketed for a wide variety of uses. as yet, however, there is no solid evidence that they are effective for any medical condition. opcs aren ' t a single chemical, but a group of closely related compounds. several food sources contain similar chemicals : red wine, cranberries, blueberries, bilberries, tea ( green and black ), black currant, onions, legumes, parsley, and the herb. however, most opc supplements are made from either grape seed or the bark of the maritime pine. these two opc sources lead to products that are not necessarily identical in function, although there do seem to be many similarities. in the discussion of scientific studies below, we indicate the source of the opcs used when it is possible to do so. in some cases, however, identifying the exact product is difficult, as both grape seed and pine bark opcs, or their combination, have at various times been sold under the same name. the best - documented use of opcs is to treat chronic venous insufficiency, a condition closely related to varicose veins. in both of these conditions, blood pools in the legs, causing aching, pain, heaviness, swelling, fatigue, and unsightly visible veins. fairly good preliminary evidence suggests that opcs from pine bark or grape seed can relieve the leg pain and swelling of chronic venous insufficiency. however, no studies have evaluated whether regular use of opcs can make visible varicose veins disappear, or prevent new ones from developing. other small, double - blind trials suggest that opcs may help reduce swelling caused by evidence from one small, double - blind trial suggests that opcs from bilberry and grape seed may reduce the general fluid retention and swelling that can occur in premenstural syndrome ( pms ) one large study found some evidence that use of opcs from pine bark might help prevent the leg blood clots that can develop on a long airplane
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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may reduce the general fluid retention and swelling that can occur in premenstural syndrome ( pms ) one large study found some evidence that use of opcs from pine bark might help prevent the leg blood clots that can develop on a long airplane flight. some studies suggest opcs from pine bark, alone or with, may be helpful for for example, in a double - blind, placebo - controlled trial, 124 men ( aged 30 - 50 ) with moderate erectile dysfunction were randomized to take prelox ( a formulation of pine bark extract and arginine ) or placebo for 6 months. the men who took prelox experienced improvement in their condition over placebo. in a double - bind, placebo - controlled study of 61 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), use of opcs from pine bark ( at a dose of 1 g per kg per day ) appeared to improve some measurements of disease severity. two small, double - blind pilot studies suggest that opcs from pine bark might help reduce opcs are also often recommended for, but an 8 - week, double - blind trial of 49 individuals found no benefit with grape seed extract. on a slightly more positive note, a preliminary trial involving 39 people with seasonal allergies found that those who took opcs at least 5 weeks before the start of the season experienced more symptom relief compared to the control group. and those that took opcs for a longer period of time ( eg, 7 - 8 weeks before the season ) seemed to have better results. according to several studies, opcs might improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. in addition, a small study found evidence to support the use of pine bark extract for improving the symptoms and healing time of foot ulcers, a common complication in people with diabetes. some evidence suggests that opcs protect and strengthen collagen and elastin. theoretically, this could mean that opcs are helpful for, and they are widely sold for this purpose, but there is as yet no direct evidence that the herbs work. are varicose veins in and around the anus. since opcs are used to treat varicose veins, it is thought that this substance would also be helpful for people who have. a randomized trial involving 84 people with hemorrhoids found that both the oral and topical forms of pycnogenol ( pine bark extract ) eased symptoms, including bleeding. one study suggests that while opcs alone may not reduce
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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. a randomized trial involving 84 people with hemorrhoids found that both the oral and topical forms of pycnogenol ( pine bark extract ) eased symptoms, including bleeding. one study suggests that while opcs alone may not reduce levels of, some benefits may occur when taken in combination with chromium. opcs are strong antioxidants. defends against fat - soluble oxidants, and neutralizes water - soluble ones, but opcs are active against both types. based on the ( unproven ) belief that offer many health benefits, regular use of opcs has been proposed as a measure to prevent diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy opcs have been tried as a treatment for impaired night vision ( systemic lupus erythematosus ), 16, 17high blood pressure however, more research needs to be performed to discover whether it actually provides any benefits in these conditions. a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of questionable validity reported that use of opcs from pine bark produced benefits in one study failed to find opcs significantly helpful for another failed to find opcs helpful for reducing the side effects of for breast cancer. a systematic review of 15 trials evaluated the possible effectiveness of opcs from pine bark in treating chronic disorders. while the pooled results did not show the benefits of opcs, 3 trials hinted that the supplement may be useful in people with what is the scientific evidence for oligomeric proanthocyanidins? venous insufficiency ( varicose veins ) there is fairly good preliminary evidence for the use of opcs to treat people with symptoms of a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 71 subjects found that grape seed opcs, taken at a dose of 100 mg 3 times daily, significantly improved major symptoms, including heaviness, swelling, and leg discomfort. over a period of 1 month, 75 % of the participants treated with opcs improved substantially. this result doesn ' t seem quite so impressive when you note that significant improvement was also seen in 41 % of the placebo group ; nonetheless, opcs still did significantly better than placebo. a 2 - month, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial of 40 people with chronic venous insufficiency found that 100 mg of pine bark opcs 3 times daily significantly reduced edema, pain, and the sensation of leg heaviness. a similar study of 20 individuals also found opcs from pine bark effective.
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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chronic venous insufficiency found that 100 mg of pine bark opcs 3 times daily significantly reduced edema, pain, and the sensation of leg heaviness. a similar study of 20 individuals also found opcs from pine bark effective. a placebo - controlled study ( blinding not stated ) that enrolled 364 people with varicose veins found that treatment with grape seed opcs produced statistically significant improvements as compared to baseline. there was a lesser response in the placebo group, but whether this difference was statistically significant was not stated. in another study, 98 people with chronic venous insufficiency and edema were randomized to receive pycnogenol ( 150 mg / day ), pycnogenol ( 150 mg ) plus elastic stockings, or elastic stockings alone. after 8 weeks, the two groups that included pycenogenol had improvements in their symptoms compared with group using only elastic stockings, and the combination of pycnogenol and stockings was associated with the best results of all. opcs have also been compared against other natural treatments for venous insufficiency. a double - blind study of 50 people with varicose veins of the legs found that doses of 150 mg per day of grape seed opcs were more effective in reducing symptoms and signs than the bioflavonoid similarly, a double - blind study of 39 people found pine bark opcs more effective than the herb edema after surgery or injury often leads to swelling of the arm. a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 63 post - operative breast cancer patients found that 600 mg of grape seed opcs daily for 6 months reduced edema, pain, and peculiar sensations known as paresthesias. also, in a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 32 people who had received facial surgery, edema disappeared much faster in the group treated with grape seed opcs. another 10 - day, double - blind, placebo - controlled study enrolling 50 participants found that grape seed opcs improved the rate at which edema disappeared following blood clots after plane flights it is commonly thought, though not proven, that the immobility endured during a long plane flight can lead to the development of potentially dangerous blood clots in the legs known as travelers at high risk are often recommended to take aspirin to " thin " their blood prior to flying. one crossover study of 22 smokers found that 100 mg of opcs had an equivalent blood thinning effect as
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.133385
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| risk factors encephalitis is swelling of the brain. the swelling may involve the whole brain, or just parts of the brain. encephalitis may just occur in individuals ( sporadic ) or may affect many people in a particular area ( epidemic ). copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. encephalitis is most often caused by a viral infection. in the united states, the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis is the herpes simplex virus ( hsv ). epidemic causes of encephalitis are usually or tick - borne viruses. the most common viruses that cause encephalitis include : not all encephalitis is caused by a virus. some may be due to an overreaction of the immune system. factors that may increase your chance of encephalitis include : - living, working, or playing in an area where mosquito - borne viruses are common not being immunized against diseases such as : - taking immunosuppressive medicines after organ transplant newborns of mothers who have genital herpes simplex are at risk for herpes simplex encephalitis. the symptoms may range from mild to severe. severe symptoms can include permanent neurological damage. encephalitis can also lead to death. milder symptoms include : - weakness, severe fatigue - sensitivity to light - stiff neck and back - muscle aches more severe symptoms may include : - changes in consciousness - personality changes partial or complete - progressive drowsiness - trouble walking - trouble speaking - trouble swallowing the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. tests may include : - blood tests — to look for signs of infection spinal tap ( lumbar puncture ) — to test cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) for signs of infection scans of the head — to look for abnormal areas of enhancement, hemorrhage, or edema in the brain to look for abnormal electrical activity in the brain biopsy — removal of a small sample of brain tissue to test for signs of infection treatment is mostly supportive. it may include : - antiviral drugs ( such as intravenous acyclovir for herpes simplex encephalitis ) — to potentially help shorten the duration of the illness - steroid medicines — to decrease brain swelling - diuretics such as mannitol — to decrease elevated intracranial pressure - intubation with hyperventilation — to decrease
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.136738
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motorcyclists are faced with an inherent danger just by the fact that they are smaller than other vehicles on the road. a high percentage of motorcycle accidents are caused by failure to yield violations, often a left turn in front of a motorcycle. often the violator ’ s excuse is “ i didn ’ t see him ”, or “ i made a left turn and it ( the motorcycle ) came out of nowhere ”. there has even been legislation to increase the penalties for offenders in motorcycle accidents, for instance, the pickholtz act in louisiana, and there are motorcycle organizations like the motorcycle awareness campaign and american motorcycle association working to increase awareness of riders on our roads and highways. despite these efforts, the right of way violation issue remains a big problem for motorcyclists. according to the hurt study ( the most comprehensive motorcycle safety study to date ), 77 % of two vehicle motorcycle accidents occur in the 10, 11, 12, 1, and 2 o ’ clock positions of the motorcycle. the area behind the rider, accounts only for about 3 % of impacts. from this study it is easy to conclude that not only are drivers not seeing motorcyclists, most of the time they aren ’ t seeing them when they are approaching from the front. there are things riders can do to increase their frontal visibility, like wearing brightly colored clothing, however, the most effective accessory for frontal visibility may be a device called a motorcycle headlight modulator. a motorcycle headlight modulator is a device that increases and decreases the intensity of a motorcycle headlight fast enough that the headlight appears to flicker, or “ modulate ”. the modulation of the headlight makes the motorcycle significantly more visible to other drivers – as much as 200 % more visible. higher visibility means increased rider safety. the motorcycle headlight modulator is now legal in all fifty states and canada. for a short time, states resisted its use because they claimed it could be confused with a police officer light, or be distracting to other drivers, but it has proven to be a viable safety product to help keep motorcyclists visible and safe on the roads and has rapidly become accepted by every state. furthermore, federal motor vehicle safety standard ( fmvs ) 108 supersedes all state laws as long as certain compliance standards are met. to view the dot regulations regarding headlight modulators, click here. motorcycle headlight modulators are all fairly easy to install and all have a programmable daylight sensor ( federal law prohibits using them at night ). headlight mod
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.139682
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lab techniques · with robotic equipment, harvard team scans cells faster than researchers can blink their eyes by mark d. uehling january 15, 2008 | whatever its marvels, the human eye has a critical flaw. it ' s connected to a much larger organ, and that gray heap can only see so much so fast. fortunately, steven altschuler, from harvard ' s bauer center for genomics research, and colleagues have speeded up the process, adapting automated microscopy for high - throughput drug screening. the approach relies on " hypothesis - free molecular cytology that provides multidimensional single - cell phenotypic information yet is simple and inexpensive enough to allow extensive dose - response profiles for many drugs, " altschuler and colleagues wrote in a paper in science last november. the team tested 100 drug compounds in 16 concentrations in hamster cells, arrayed in 386 - well plates that were digitally photographed and analyzed according to 93 different variables. the result : 600, 000 images and a billion data points occupying 2 terabytes of disk space. this sort of thing may not be possible at a community college but seems feasible at any major campus or company. spending only $ 100, 000, the harvard group used a nikon fluorescence microscope, a cooled camera from hamamatsu, and a plate - transfer crane from hudson. it was all controlled by metamorph software. co - author timothy mitchison, deputy chair of harvard ' s department of systems biology, says the prodigious volume of data was " equal to the number of measurements we ' d collected in my lab, ever, times 107. " mitchison could only give the mountain of data to his statisticians, who adapted the kolmogorov - smirnov algorithm to detect patterns in the cellular images. the take - home message is that informatics ( in this case, matlab software, running on a 50 - node linux cluster ) can discern both expected visual patterns for similar drugs and unexpected ways in which ostensibly similar drugs generate different heat map profiles. the technique could help industry categorize new compounds with known mechanisms of action — or discover altogether new ways that drugs work. " we can screen 5, 000 wells a day, " mitchison says, " which is slow by high - throughput standards but fast by cell biology standards. " perlman z. e., et al. " multidimensional drug profiling by automated microscopy. " science 306, 1194 - 98 ; 2004.
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subdomain_quantum_metrology
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.143097
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- name : vincent van gogh - occupation : painter - birth date : march 30, 1853 - death date : july 29, 1890 - education : brussels academy - place of birth : zundert, netherlands - place of death : auvers - sur - oise, france - full name : vincent willem van gogh - aka : vincent van gogh - aka : van gogh - nickname : " christ of the coal mines " best known for vincent van gogh is considered the greatest dutch painter after rembrandt, although he remained poor and virtually unknown throughout his life. vincent van gogh - full episode ( 44 : 14 ) watch a short video about vincent van gogh and find out why the famous artists life came to a tragic end. work and solitude took its toll on van gogh, and he started to act strangely from paint and turpentine fumes. vincent van gogh cut off his ear and delivered it to a prostitute. while hospitalized, van gogh worked in a studio set up by his brother theo. inspired by a dream, vincent van gogh painted " the starry night. " he took his own life one year later at age 37 in auvers sur oise, near paris. a full biography about the most influential 20th century painter, vincent van gogh. think you know about biography? answer questions and see how you rank against other players. play now vincent van gogh was born on march 30, 1853, in groot - zundert, netherlands. van gogh was a post - impressionist painter whose work, notable for its beauty, emotion and color, highly influenced 20th - century art. he struggled with mental illness, and remained poor and virtually unknown throughout his life. van gogh died in france on july 29, 1890, at age 37, from a self - inflicted gunshot wound. " as for me, i am rather often uneasy in my mind, because i think that my life has not been calm enough ; all those bitter disappointments, adversities, changes keep me from developing fully and naturally in my artistic career. " " for my part i know nothing with any certainty, but the sight of the stars makes me dream. " " but i always think that the best way to know god is to love many things. " vincent van gogh was born vincent willem van gogh on march 30, 1853, in groot - zundert, netherlands. his father, theodorus van gogh, was an austere country minister, and his mother, anna cornelia carbentus, was a moody artist whose love of nature
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.148866
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march 30, 1853, in groot - zundert, netherlands. his father, theodorus van gogh, was an austere country minister, and his mother, anna cornelia carbentus, was a moody artist whose love of nature, drawing and watercolors was transferred to her son. van gogh was born exactly one year after his parents ' first son, also named vincent, was stillborn. at a young age — his name and birthdate already etched on his dead brother ' s headstone — van gogh was melancholy. at age 15, van gogh ' s family was struggling financially, and he was forced to leave school and go to work. he got a job at his uncle cornelis ’ art dealership, goupil & cie., a firm of art dealers in the hague. by this time, van gogh was fluent in french, german and english, as well as his native dutch. in june of 1873, van gogh was transferred to the groupil gallery in london. there, he fell in love with english culture. he visited art galleries in his spare time, and also became a fan of the writings of charles dickens and george eliot. he also fell in love with his landlady ’ s daughter, eugenie loyer. when she rejected his marriage proposal, van gogh suffered a breakdown. he threw away all his books except for the bible, and devoted his life to god. he became angry with people at work, telling customers not to buy the " worthless art, " and was eventually fired. van gogh then taught in a methodist boys ' school, and also preached to the congregation. although raised in a religious family, it wasn ' t until this time that he seriously began to consider devoting his life to the church. hoping to become a minister, he prepared to take the entrance exam to the school of theology in amsterdam. after a year of studying diligently, he refused to take the latin exams, calling latin a " dead language " of poor people, and was subsequently denied entrance. the same thing happened at the church of belgium : in the winter of 1878, van gogh volunteered to move to an impoverished coal mine in the south of belgium, a place where preachers were usually sent as punishment. he preached and ministered to the sick, and also drew pictures of the miners and their families, who called him " christ of the coal mines. " the evangelical committees were not as pleased. they disagreed with van gogh ' s lifestyle, which had begun to take on a
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.149983
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joy adamson biography joy adamson was born january 20, 1910, in troppau, austria - hungary. she relocated to kenya, where she married george adamson, a british game warden. she won international renown with her african wildlife books, especially the trilogy describing how the couple raised a lion cub, elsa. in 1961 she founded the elsa wild animal appeal. at age 69 she was murdered by a disgruntled employee. artist and naturalist joy adamson spent much of her life in africa, following her passion for animals. in 1960 book born free, she detailed her adventures with a young lion cub called elsa. this story struck a chord with readers around the world, helping to spur interest in animal conservation in africa. the story of this famous writer actually begins in europe. born friederike victoria gessner, she grew up in troppau, which was part of the austria - hungary empire and is now known as opava, czech republic. adamson enjoyed a life of wealth and privilege as the daughter of a wealthy architect. she studied piano and the arts, among other subjects, in school. adamson married for the first time in 1935, becoming the wife of businessman victor von klarwill. he sent her on a trip to africa on her own. according to some reports, von klarwill wanted her to see if they could move there. adamson, however, soon met another man, botanist peter bally, during her travels. in love with this new land and bally, she decided to stay in africa and divorce her husband. adamson wed bally in 1937, and it was bally who gave her the nickname " joy " — a moniker she used for the rest of her life. at first, adamson painted the plant life of africa. she eventually expanded her artistic endeavors to make portraits of people from indigenous cultures in kenya. after ending her marriage to bally in 1942, she met a game warden named george adamson. he became her third husband, and they spent some of their early years together, traveling around east africa for his job and living in tent camps. in 1956, adamson ' s husband shot a lion in self - defense. he discovered that she had only attacked to protect her three cubs. rescuing the young animals, george brought them home to joy. they gave two away to a zoo, but they kept one that they named elsa. joy developed a close bond with the animal, which she raised. in born free ( 1960 ),
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.154045
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. rescuing the young animals, george brought them home to joy. they gave two away to a zoo, but they kept one that they named elsa. joy developed a close bond with the animal, which she raised. in born free ( 1960 ), she chronicled her relationship with elsa and her efforts to return her to the wild. adamson explained that elsa " became almost like my child. because i had no children, i have spent all my emotion on her and my other animals. but i cannot make them my own. " adamson ' s book became an international best seller, and its success put the spotlight on the need to preserve african wildlife. she wrote two more books about elsa and her cubs, living free ( 1961 ) and forever free ( 1962 ). in addition to sharing her experiences and observations through writing, adamson established her own conservation group, the elsa wild animal appeal. in 1966, the film adaptation of born free became an international smash. the film starred bill travers and virginia mckenna as george and joy adamson. by the time of the film ' s release, adamson had turned much of her attention to a young cheetah, which she named pippa. helping pippa learn to be a wild cheetah became the subject of the 1969 book the spotted sphinx. while on the big screen, george and joy were depicted as a happy, loving couple, the pair became estranged over the years, and they stopped living together as early as 1971. according to some stories, they were divided over their conservation work. george preferred to be in the field, while joy did more lecturing and writing. there are also reports that joy adamson had an intense personality and did not get along well with others much of the time. one associate told people that adamson " was so stubborn and unyielding and people did not live up to her expectations. " adamson spent the last few years of her life exploring her interest in leopards. she was given a leopard cub in 1976, which she named penny, and she lived in an area where she could observe other leopards in the wild. in addition to her animal studies, adamson took the time to write her own autobiography, 1979 ' s the searching spirit. on the night of january 3, 1980, adamson took her usual evening stroll. she never returned home. only a short distance away, her body was found on the road. it looked like she had been killed in an animal attack at first. a few days later, the authorities determined that
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.420293
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:91cb40bc-c249-4241-b4c3-a9e306741557>
| 1
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.154999
|
effects of immunostimulation on social behavior, chemical communication and genome - wide gene expression in honey bee workers ( apis mellifera ) 1 laboratoire ecologie evolution symbiose, umr cnrs 6556, university of poitiers, 40 avenue du recteur pineau, cedex, f - 86022, poitiers, france 2 department of entomology, center for pollinator research, center for chemical ecology, huck institutes of the life sciences, pennsylvania state university, university park, pa, 16802, usa 3 previous address : department of entomology, north carolina state university, raleigh, nc, 27695, usa bmc genomics 2012, 13 : 558 doi : 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 13 - 558published : 16 october 2012 social insects, such as honey bees, use molecular, physiological and behavioral responses to combat pathogens and parasites. the honey bee genome contains all of the canonical insect immune response pathways, and several studies have demonstrated that pathogens can activate expression of immune effectors. honey bees also use behavioral responses, termed social immunity, to collectively defend their hives from pathogens and parasites. these responses include hygienic behavior ( where workers remove diseased brood ) and allo - grooming ( where workers remove ectoparasites from nestmates ). we have previously demonstrated that immunostimulation causes changes in the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of workers, which results in altered worker - worker social interactions. thus, cuticular hydrocarbons may enable workers to identify sick nestmates, and adjust their behavior in response. here, we test the specificity of behavioral, chemical and genomic responses to immunostimulation by challenging workers with a panel of different immune stimulants ( saline, sephadex beads and gram - negative bacteria e. coli ). while only bacteria - injected bees elicited altered behavioral responses from healthy nestmates compared to controls, all treatments resulted in significant changes in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. immunostimulation caused significant changes in expression of hundreds of genes, the majority of which have not been identified as members of the canonical immune response pathways. furthermore, several new candidate genes that may play a role in cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis were identified. effects of immune challenge expression of several genes involved in immune response, cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis, and the notch signaling pathway were confirmed using quantitative
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.547692
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:e3fa0175-0b97-49f3-b5b4-4dec2fd2ce77>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.157568
|
an infection of the lining of the uterus is called ' endometritis '. this type of infection may happen for around 1 to 3 % of woman after a vaginal birth, and 10 to 30 % of women after a caesarean birth. other factors that can increase the likelihood of a uterine infection occurring can include the waters being broken for more than 24 hours, a long labour, and multiple internal vaginal examinations during the labour, retaining a part of the placenta or membranes in the uterus after the birth and interventions such as forceps or ventouse. women who are anaemic are also at increased risk, because their resistance and immunity are lowered. the signs of a uterine infection can include : - a fever ( above 38o celsius ) and a rapid pulse ( above 100 beats per minute ). - lower abdominal pain, with the uterus being tender to touch, when the belly is felt. - the vaginal blood loss smelling offensive, or looking like it has greenish, yellow pus mixed with it. - possibly heavier bleeding. - possibly a headache, sweats and ' the shakes ' ( known as ' rigors ' ). uterine infections can be caused by hospital acquired bacteria, or bacteria the woman is already carrying ( such as gardnerella ). however, it is often hard to pinpoint the actual bacteria causing the infection, because of the difficulty in taking a laboratory swab test of the inside of the uterus. it is believed that most cases of endometritis are caused by a combination of different bacteria. endometritis can be divided into 2 types : - early onset - within 2 to 3 days of the birth. this is the most common type. or - late onset - from 3 to 5 days, up to 6 weeks after the birth. this may be due to a small section of the placenta being left inside the uterus that slowly breaks down, and eventually causes a uterine infection. this is less common.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.436887
| 404
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:f4155b05-53c5-45ec-b3ae-fc793710d303>
| 0
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|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.159474
|
| simple. classic. traditional. tapa, or ngatu, as it is called in tonga, was used as clothing by the polynesians of long ago. it was used in traditional ceremonies and given as a gift for special occassions including weddings. the process for making such a valuable and useful handicraft is a labor intensive process. it starts with the growing, cultivating and harvesting of the inner bark of the paper mulberry tree ( hiapo ). once cleaned, the strips of inner bark are pounded with a wooden mallet ( ike ) on a long wooden anvil ( tutua ). from there, the strips are glued together using a paste made from tapioca root or arrow root. two or more layers of the cloth are pasted together crosswise to strengthen the material. the blank canvas is a license for creativity for todays interior designers, artists and costume makers. tapa does have unfinished edges and slight imperfections due to the nature of the tree branches. tapa cloth for purchase is approximately 1 1 / 2 ft. wide. available in different lengths. tapa is double layered. tapa has small minor imperfections. tapa may be cut or be made of at least 2 smaller pieces. 8 ft. length ( approx ). - $ 39 10 ft. length ( approx ). - $ 44 back to tongan handicrafts
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.446312
| 286
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:f4c0e230-0789-421c-b9ed-bffb510d7d50>
| 0
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.161070
|
dr. thomas parham to discuss theory nigrescence, translated as : ' the process of becoming black. ' by bvn staff – “ replace misinformation about mental health and erase prejudice, fear, and blame, thereby reducing stigma and disparities to the african american community. ” that ’ s the message set for the week - long african american mental health awareness week, february 13 - 18 at uc riverside. african americans in the united states are less likely to receive accurate diagnoses than their caucasian counterparts. schizophrenia, for instance has been shown to be over diagnosed in the african american population. culture biases against mental health professionals and health care professionals in general prevent many african americans from accessing care due to prior experiences wi th historical misdiagnoses, inadequate treatment and a lack of cultural understanding ; only 2 percent of psychiatrists, 2 percent of psychologists and 4 percent of social workers in the uni ted states are african american. it ’ s one of the biggest misconceptions people have – that mental illness can ’ t happen to them, says renowned psychologist thomas a. parham, phd. dr. parham, assistant vice chancellor for counseling and health services, at uc irvine joins an impressive slate of professionals putting the issue of mental health disparities among african americans front and center on the riverside campus. for the past 30 plus years, dr. parham has focused his research efforts in the area of psychological nigrescence and has authored numerous articles in the area. writing in the areas of identity development, african psychology, and multicultural counseling remains his primary focus. he is the co - author of a book entitled the psychology of blacks : an african american perspective 2nd ed., and the author of books entitled psychological storms : the african american struggle for identity and counseling african descent people : raising the bar of practitioner competence. “ mental health problems and illnesses can affect anyone at any age, and everyone can benefit from improved mental health, ” says thomas, who recognizes that the stigma surrounding mental illness is often a huge barrier to understanding, diagnosis and treatment. dr. parham believes that academic excellence is facilitated and strengthened when students have a strong mind, healthy body, enlivened spirit, and clear aspirations, nurtured in a supportive environment. “ at uci, we strive to create an academic ambiance which reflects the building blocks to wellness. through instructional and co - curricular experiences, students learn to master the six building blocks to a healthy academic experience, and a brighter future ripe with possibilities
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.477851
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:c4bf897a-376f-4c29-bda2-a24d274fd614>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.166563
|
at uci, we strive to create an academic ambiance which reflects the building blocks to wellness. through instructional and co - curricular experiences, students learn to master the six building blocks to a healthy academic experience, and a brighter future ripe with possibilities. honoring black history month, dr. parham will present “ the challenges of african - centered parenthood : nurturing the next general of young minds and souls. ” monday, february 13 – hub 302 south - 6 : 00 - 8 : 00 p. m. also on tap are mental health notables adisa ajamu ( ah - dee - sah ) ( ah - jah - moo ), executive director of the atunwa collective, a community development think tank located in los angeles and v. diane woods, dr. p. h., m. s. n., rn. dr. woods, founding president and ceo of the african american health institute of san bernardino county. adisa served as the founding program manager ( 2007 - 2011 ) for the substance abuse and mental health services agency ( samhsa ) ( aamft / mfp ) where he was responsible for the design, development and implementation of the minority fellowship program for the american association for marriage and family therapy. in conducting her community - based participatory research with the african american population, dr. woods has been funded by many agencies including the national centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) in atlanta, georgia and the department of health and human services ( dhhs ) in washington, dc. in 2005, dr. woods was designated a health disparities scholar by the national institutes of health ( nih ) national center on minority health and health disparities. currently, dr. woods is the director for the statewide california department of mental health reducing disparities project ( crdp ) african american strategic planning workgroup. the week - long forum will also feature a panel discussion focusing on african american male - female relationships, and how mental health is a critical component in a healthy relationship. ucr professor dr. scott brooks, among others, to present. “ the goal of this week is to help heighten awareness of mental health in the african american community and encourage people to put misconceptions and stereotypes to rest, ” said dr. carolyn murray, professor of psychology at ucr. murray said mental health awareness week is designed to heed the voice of the african american community and respond to concerns about inappropriate treatments, identify barriers, develop strategies, and explore resources and
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.446254
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:c4bf897a-376f-4c29-bda2-a24d274fd614>
| 1
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.167493
|
health and health care are distributed unevenly in this country and minority populations often get less of both. members of minority communities have higher rates of chronic illnesses such as diabetes and hypertension. they have higher rates of many cancers and those cancers often reveal themselves at later stages when they are harder to treat. a black male child born in 2006 will live on average to age 70, but a white male child born the same year will live to 76. a black female child will live to 77, but a white female child will live to 81. there are no simple reasons for these disparities and there are no simple solutions either. this is not just about health care access, but health care access is important. this is not just about income and education, but income and education are important. this is not just about social class, but social class is important. this is not just about a history of prejudice and discrimination, but that history, and its enduring and painful legacy, are important. what is known is that it will take a campaign to address and reverse these disparities — a campaign that will require combinations of research and management, evidence and commitment, science and activism. in 2001, the department of veterans affairs created the va center for health equity research and promotion with the explicit goal of identifying, explaining, and eliminating disparities in health and health care in veteran populations and others. interventions to reduce disparities in joint replacement, in the management of hypertension, in the treatment of mental illness, and in the care of veterans at the end of their life, reflect cherp ’ s efforts to advance equity in the health and health care of our country ’ s veterans and to serve as a model for the nation. there are no easy solutions to redressing health disparities, but those goals are advanced by sustained efforts, informed by thought and scholarship, and motivated by commitment and passion. dr. david a. asch works for veterans affairs center for health equity research and promotion.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.479308
| 402
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:c5b4a09c-c3fb-445e-85fa-0dd7afe17806>
| 0
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.169359
|
| this french colonial building was originally the living and working headquarters for the governor general of indochina. after vietnam ' s defeat of the french in 1954, ho chi minh refused to live here, preferring instead the modest cottage on the palace ' s grounds ( from 1954 to 1958 ). in 1958, he moved into the house on stilts. | oblique view of the frontduring ho chi minh ' s leadership, the palace was used, however, for meetings and to house guests ; today it is used for formal and important government meetings. | this bright mustard building, though a french colonial building, bears a resemblance to italianate renaissance and baroque palaces. the second floor ( the piano nobile ) is the important formal floor with a grand stairway leading to the arched portal. quoins, broken pediments, elaborate columns, and aedicules with balustrades are common in architecture of the 16th and 17th century in italy. | view of the side and the formal gateway the house where ho chi minh lived and worked from 1954 to 1958 | this modest cottage is on the grounds with the presidential palace. it is adjacent to the house on stilts that ho chi minh lived in from 1958 to 1969 and to the fishing pond. | click here to go to the vietnam index. click here to return to index of art historical sites. click here to return to index of artists and architects. click here to return to chronological index. click here to see the home page of bluffton university.
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subdomain_quantum_computing
| 0.421502
| 300
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:eb66bf6e-b50f-4f03-8ba9-6d5d51b2ee4e>
| 0
| 0.35
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.170809
|
in the kitchen | tools essential tools for a well - stocked kitchen pot holders and oven mitts choose thickly padded, moisture - resistant pads or gloves. extra - long mitts are designed for reaching into the oven or working over a hot grill. the best kind is made of stainless steel with a wire grid. have a ruler handy to accurately measure the diameter of any dough or crust, or the size of a pan. either solid or slotted, basic spatulas made of metal or heat - resistant plastic are ideal for turning foods during cooking. long, thin metal ( or icing ) spatulas are used for icing cakes and other desserts ; many find that offset spatulas ( which are z - shaped when viewed on the side ) offer greater maneuverability. keep a variety of rubber spatulas on hand to suit different tasks. use a large, flexible rubber spatula to scrape out mixtures from bowls. when scraping hot mixtures from saucepans or skillets, use heat - resistant spatulas made of silicone. wooden spoons and spatulas are best for stirring thick mixtures, such as polenta or mashed potatoes — because they " clean " the bottom of a pot with every turn, preventing burning and sticking. keep an assortment of sizes of metal spoons, both solid and slotted, for a variety of purposes. use slotted spoons for removing solid foods from liquids, such as boiling water or hot oil. a candy thermometer ( or deep - fry thermometer ) gauges the temperature of boiled syrups, sauces, candy mixtures, and oil for deep - frying foods. a clip - on thermometer allows you to monitor the temperature of a mixture while stirring constantly. instant - read thermometers are designed to measure the internal temperature of foods or liquids. when the metal stem is inserted into the food, it produces an instant reading. unlike standard meat thermometers, which gauge the temperature gradually while the meat is baking, instant - read thermometers can ' t be put in the oven ; the plastic dial will melt. tip : to make sure that your thermometer is accurate, attach it to the inside of a medium saucepan and fill the pan with cold water. bring the water to a boil and boil for 3 minutes. the thermometer should register 212° if it doesn ' t, take the difference into account when reading ingredient temperatures. digital timers with magnets adhere to metal. clip
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
| 0.439186
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:9b53eec5-1026-4ed1-a1c9-3fe7fadec62d>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.176602
|
cold water. bring the water to a boil and boil for 3 minutes. the thermometer should register 212° if it doesn ' t, take the difference into account when reading ingredient temperatures. digital timers with magnets adhere to metal. clip - on timers attach to your apron or clothing, so you can do other tasks while food is cooking. this hinged, v - shaped metal device is used to turn meat or vegetables in a skillet, on the grill, under the broiler, or over a gas flame. it ' s also useful for tossing and serving salads. for most recipes, use a standard whisk — about 2 to 3 inches wide at the large end. knives and other slicing tools this is a four - sided stainless steel grater. each side is designed for a different purpose — such as shredding, grating, or slicing. this is a long ( 8 inches or more ) serrated knife used for cutting through crusty bread or delicate items, like tomatoes, using a sawing motion. this sturdy two - pronged fork is used to steady roasts during carving. it has a long, sturdy - but - flexible blade that slices easily through beef roasts, ham, and turkey. this all - purpose knife ( usually with an 8 - inch blade ) chops, slices, and dices large items or large quantities of ingredients. choose large wood cutting boards for efficient cutting without damaging knives or kitchen counters. flexible plastic cutting boards can be bent after chopping, so that ingredients can be easily transferred to bowls or skillets. razor - sharp stainless steel microplane graters are ideal for grating all kinds of citrus rinds, as well as cheese ( especially parmesan ), nutmeg, ginger, and more. it has a 3 - to 4 - inch tapered blade used for peeling fruits and vegetables or cutting slits in meats for stuffing. scissors and poultry shears scissors are intended for general cutting ; sturdy poultry shears are for cutting up chicken and game hens. this is a manually operated slicer with adjustable blades. hard vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, or beets, are run across the blade to obtain even slices, baton shapes, or julienne strips. tip : some chefs and home cooks use a mandoline, a pricey and complex piece of machinery that can make plain, crinkle -, or waffle - cut slices and julienne strips in a range of thicknesses, from paper - thin to chunk
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
| 0.453994
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:9b53eec5-1026-4ed1-a1c9-3fe7fadec62d>
| 1
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.177455
|
chefs and home cooks use a mandoline, a pricey and complex piece of machinery that can make plain, crinkle -, or waffle - cut slices and julienne strips in a range of thicknesses, from paper - thin to chunky. in the bon appetit test kitchen, we prefer the simpler and less expensive v - slicer, which is much easier to use. cardboard cake rounds putting a fragile cake layer or tart on a cardboard round allows for easy transfer from one surface to another. cookie and biscuit cutters the best cutters are made of metal, which results in a clean cut. keep an assortment of shapes and sizes on hand, and be sure to include several sizes of biscuit cutters. placing cakes, pies, and other baked goods on racks allows air to circulate underneath for quick, even cooling. parchment and waxed paper use waxed paper to line cake pans ( it helps remove the cake layer from the pan ) ; parchment paper, which is heatproof, can be used to line baking sheets. pastry bag and tips used for more than just decorating cakes, pies, and other desserts, a pastry bag with a variety of tips is terrific for piping out cookie batter, meringue, and dough into various shapes. purchase both plain and star tips in large, medium, and small sizes. use these for jobs like brushing down pan sides when making sugar syrups, applying egg washes to loaves of bread, and brushing butter over layers of pastry. these small metal or ceramic pellets are used to keep the sides of pie and tart crusts from shrinking during " blind baking " ( see " how - tos " for more on blind baking. ) tip : if you don ' t have pie weights, dried beans can be used as a substitute. french - style pins without handles offer better control. choose a heavy one for more efficiency. these nonstick silicone baking mats ( used on top of metal baking sheets ) are great for baking cookies. the cookies slide right off. slender skewers are best for testing cakes and other baked goods. fruit and vegetable tools a press is used to " mince " garlic cloves by squeezing them through perforated holes with a plunger — without getting garlic all over a knife, your counter, or your fingers. tip : choose a heavy - duty metal press that comes with a self - cleaning tool ; too lightweight a press will only mash the garlic, not min
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.435348
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:9b53eec5-1026-4ed1-a1c9-3fe7fadec62d>
| 2
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.178370
|
a plunger — without getting garlic all over a knife, your counter, or your fingers. tip : choose a heavy - duty metal press that comes with a self - cleaning tool ; too lightweight a press will only mash the garlic, not mince it. used primarily to scoop out decorative balls of melon, it can also be used to core fruits, such as pears. a swivel - bladed peeler is more maneuverable than other types, following the contours of vegetables and fruits so that just the skins are removed. tip : a vegetable peeler can also be used to create long, thin ribbons of cucumbers, carrots, and zucchini, as well as chocolate curls. the five - pronged zester will remove the colored peel from citrus fruits in long, thin strips, leaving behind the bitter white pith. meat and poultry tools bulb baster ( also known as a turkey baster ) with a plastic, glass, or metal tube and a squeezable end, this is used to baste turkeys and other meats. glass or metal is preferable ; the plastic ones can become warped by the heat of the basting liquid. use food - safe string to tie roasts and chickens. a mallet is used primarily for pounding boneless meat and poultry into thinner pieces. mallets often have two sides, one with a ridged surface that breaks down the meat, thus tenderizing it, and a smooth side for flattening. tip : mallets can also be used to crush candies or spices in resealable plastic bags. for grilling and serving kebabs, metal skewers are preferable to wooden ones because they can take more weight and won ' t burn on the barbecue.
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subdomain_quantum_metrology
| 0.418439
| 360
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:9b53eec5-1026-4ed1-a1c9-3fe7fadec62d>
| 3
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.179823
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birbal the wise - viiilogic puzzles require you to think. you will have to be logical in your reasoning. emperor akbar once ruled over india. he was a wise and intelligent ruler, and he had in his court the nine gems, his nine advisors, who were each known for a particular skill. one of these gems was birbal, known for his wit and wisdom. the story below is one of the examples of his wit. do you have it in you to find out the answer? emperor akbar was very fond of birbal as were many of the village people. however, this made quite a few of akbar ' s other ministers jealous. one day, they decided to come up with a plan to rid them of the " great " birbal. to avoid suspicion from falling on them, they took the help of the emperor ' s barber in this plan. a week later, while akbar was receiving a haircut, the barber lightly mentioned that he knew of someone who could allow akbar to reach and even converse with his ancestors who had passed away, but he also stated the man who would go to the heavens would have to be witty, intelligent and wise. akbar instantly recommended birbal for the task. birbal was told that a fire would be lit around him and the smoke would carry him to heaven ; however, chanting would protect him from burning to his death. birbal instantly knew that this was a plan to get rid of him, but not wishing to anger the emperor, he agreed to perform this task in a month. during this period of time, he asked some laborers to build a tunnel connecting his house to the cemetery, where the " rites " would be held. when the day came, birbal escaped his death by going to his house where he stayed for a month growing out his beard. a month later, he went back to akbar ' s palace. when asked about the health of akbar ' s ancestors, birbal replied that they were doing very well but were missing just one thing. what did birbal say they were missing in heaven? answerbirbal stated that there weren ' t any barbers in heaven and said that was the reason for his long beard. since akbar now knew a way to reach them, he asked for his barber to be sent. realizing that he would die in the fire, the emperor ' s barber confessed what he and the ministers did and no one dared to conspire against birbal again. see another brain teaser just like
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.45538
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:99adccfa-49a8-4461-a423-d829eee8e452>
| 0
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|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.182224
|
many studies are looking at the relationship between diet and breast cancer risk. each study is different, but there are some results that are useful to all women. eating a healthy, well - balanced diet that has a lot of fruits and vegetables and is low in fat is good for you. it can also help lower your risk of breast cancer. maintaining a healthy weight also is important to good health, including breast health. but typical western diets usually have much more red meat, candy, desserts, and processed snacks than what ' s recommended for a healthy diet. traditional eastern diets eaten by chinese and other asian women usually are closer to the recommended healthy diet. researchers compared breast cancer risk in postmenopausal chinese women who ate a typical chinese diet to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal chinese women who ate a typical western diet. the results are striking but not surprising. older postmenopausal chinese women who ate a typical western diet had nearly double the risk of breast cancer compared to women who ate a typical chinese diet. the risk increase was highest for hormone - receptor - positive breast cancers. besides the effect of the western diet, the researchers also thought that the obesity that tends to happen after eating a western diet contributed to the increased risk. eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight are things you can do to improve your overall health and lower your risk of breast cancer. to learn more about nutrition and breast cancer risk, visit the breastcancer. org nutrition section.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.460232
| 306
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:031f0acf-cbc3-4518-9cff-e62db46a2b3b>
| 0
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.184817
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- slide 1 of 6 for the new or experienced teacher, it can be difficult to think of activities and ideas for teaching spanish to kindergarten students. however, activities and even crafts can be created out of anything related to the vocabulary. students often learn better and enjoy their learning more if they get to make something that helps bring the learning to life. this is especially true among kindergarteners. - slide 2 of 6 teaching spanish through body parts an example of an activity to use when you are teaching spanish to kindergarten students could be done with el cuerpo body vocabulary. students can play twister using the body vocabulary. this can be modified to be a student - centered activity if you have a student call out the body parts and colors. - slide 3 of 6 using songs in the classroom another activity for teaching spanish to kindergarten students is to bring songs into the classroom. younger children have a difficult time sitting still and songs help them to get rid of this energy. songs are also an invaluable tool to teach pronunciation and intonation. when learning a first language, children often learn to pick up the correct intonation of words by listening to songs and nursery rhymes. it is the same when learning a second language as well. some of the best songs for practicing spanish are sung with color words or the alphabet. for the alphabet, sing the spanish abc ' s to the same tune as you would in english. a great song to teach the color words is de colores. - slide 4 of 6 teaching spanish using food vocabulary for food - themed days, bring in whatever food you are talking about at the time. make spanish vocabulary tactile and they will be unable to forget their food words. one craft involves using different pieces of fruit to make pretend faces. segments of an orange, for example, can be shaped into a nose, a banana for a mouth, and cherries for the eyes. students can get creative and make crazy faces out of fruit while actively using fruit vocabulary words. you could then take photos of their fruit faces and display them on a bulletin board with their vocabulary words written next to them. - slide 5 of 6 using crafts and show and tell time kindergarteners also love to show off their toys. let students bring in toys related to the unit you are working on, and they will have a clear mental image of what they are learning. students also benefit by bringing things from home because it gives them a chance to ask about vocabulary relevant to everyday life. an example of this would be, if a kindergarten student brought her sweater
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they will have a clear mental image of what they are learning. students also benefit by bringing things from home because it gives them a chance to ask about vocabulary relevant to everyday life. an example of this would be, if a kindergarten student brought her sweater in to show her teacher because she did not know the word sequins. learning the word took her no effort because she had something in front of her that was directly tied to the vocabulary word in her mind. it also gave her a word to help her describe all of her favorite princess clothes when she was at home. activities and ideas for teaching spanish to kindergarten students tend to revolve around bringing the language to life. create an art project to show the new vocabulary, track weather and days of the week on a calendar, or make - up hand motions to accompany the vocabulary and the students will be able to learn more quickly and effectively. for example, for a house themed unit, create shoebox houses. to introduce household objects and rooms vocabulary. this activity can also be used to teach fine motor skills. - construction paper each student can create a different room in the house. using construction paper and clay, they can try to shape the different pieces of furniture within the house. they can also color the walls to look like wood and the ground to look like a carpet. let them get creative with it! when everyone is done, have them show each other the different parts of the house using their spanish vocabulary. - slide 6 of 6 - bring in theme - related show and tell objects. for a transportation unit, they can bring in toy cars and airplanes. for a unit on clothing, they can bring in their favorite outfits and costumes to play dress up. in order to use each toy or outfit, they must speak entirely in spanish and use the correlating vocabulary words. - use a calendar to track the weather and days of the week. this activity can be used to reinforce weather vocabulary that they already know, or to gradually introduce new words every week. - during a unit on family, have them bring in pictures of their families and label it using sticky notes with the spanish words for each family member. to extend this activity, you can also have them color a picture of their family members. teaching spanish to kindergarten classes can be a rewarding part of your life. by bringing new activities and ideas into the classroom, you can keep your students engaged and you can teach more effectively. - de colores lyrics and song clip ; http : / / www. songsforteaching.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.190812
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since we often see exponents throughout all math courses, it is important to understand the rules of exponents. we need to understand how to distribute, add, multiply and divide exponents in order to simplify expressions or manipulate equations that have exponents. the rules of exponents, like those involving multiplication of terms, are important to learn and will be used throughout algebra i and ii and calculus. so as you know an exponent is the little number above a base, so if you have like 3 squared, the 2, 3 the second is your exponent. and basically all it ' s telling you is to multiply the base times itself that many times. so 3 to the fourth is just 3 times 3, times 3, times 3. or 3 times 3 is 9 times 3 is 27, times 3 is 81. okay and with exponents come a long a bunch of rules that we ' re going to go through one at time. okay so let ' s start over here, our first rule is that, if our bases are the same we ' re multiplying 2 terms of exponents and our bases are the same we can just add our exponents together. so let ' s say i have 3 squared times 3 to the third. basically i have 2 times 2 here, 2 times 2 times 2 here in that sense where i really have is 5 2 ' s and this i just going to equal 2 to the fifth. the other way of doing that is just adding 2 and 3. similarly if we are dividing okay, if have the same base and have our exponents we then just subtract. and this one actually depends on which number is bigger, so if we have 3 to the fourth over just say 3 there ' s really a imaginary one right here. so only have 3 to the 4 minus 1, this is just going to be 3 to the third okay. if our power in the denominator is larger we ' re just going to be left with a power in the bottom okay. so another example of this we ' d say like 5 squared over 5 to the fourth. we still go 5 to the numerator exponent minus denominator exponent but what we end up with is 5 to the negative second. we ' ll talk about it in a minute but basically what that negative exponent means is it ' s left in the denominator. okay so really the easiest way to look at this is first just look at your expo
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.198200
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to the negative second. we ' ll talk about it in a minute but basically what that negative exponent means is it ' s left in the denominator. okay so really the easiest way to look at this is first just look at your exponent see which one is bigger your numerator or denominator and that ' s going to be where your term ends up being. okay another rule is anything to the zero power is equal to 1, easy enough 4 to the zero 1, 822 to the zero 1, okay anything to the zero of power is just going to be 1. this one is already touches back to what i talked about over with the division one. anything to a negative exponent is basically going to put that in the denominator of a fraction so if we have 4 to the negative third this is just equal to 1 over 4 to the third okay. basically it takes the same term, the same number just moves it down to the denominator. common mistake is people like to think that okay this 3 can come out in front and makes the entire thing negative. no it just moves a term that ' s normally in the top down to the bottom. likewise if we have a negative exponent in the denominator, it ' s just going to move it up to the top okay. so anytime you see negative exponent really all that does is it takes something in the numerator moves it to the denominator, something in the denominator moves it up to the numerator okay. moving on if we have a fraction to a power that power gets distributed into everything okay. so what we really end up doing is taking the m and putting it to both the a and the b ending up with a over m, b over m okay. so alright a to the m, b to the m, so example if we have 2 third squared what we really end up with is 2 squared over 3 squared which is the same thing as 4 over 9. that pen is about dead. alright same idea for multiplication, if we are multiplying inside of parenthesis and we have to a power this power can be distributed in. so say we have 3x to the fifth that 5 can get distributed in to both the 3 and the x giving us 3 to the fifth x to the fifth okay. couple more to go, anytime we have an exponent, a term to an exponent to an exponent we just multiply these out okay. so what we end up with is
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.199103
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x giving us 3 to the fifth x to the fifth okay. couple more to go, anytime we have an exponent, a term to an exponent to an exponent we just multiply these out okay. so what we end up with is a to the m to the n just turns up to a to the m times n. example of this say we have 2 cubes to the fourth okay, all we have to do is say 2 to the 3 times 4 which turns into 2 to the twelfth okay. you could just write this out if you wanted to this is really 2 cubed, times 2 cubed, times 2 cubed, times 2 cubed each one has 3 so in essence we have 12 twos but this is a good shortcut to keep in mind. and our last rule that we ' re going to talk about is anything, a fraction to a negative power okay, this is basically just going to be the denominator to this power over the numerator to the power. reason being is we can go back to this statement up here and basically distribute this negative and n, and what would end up with then is a to the negative n over b to the negative n. remembering our rules and negatives from over there a to the negative n is just going to be a to the n in the denominator b to the negative n is just going to be a b to the n in the numerator. so really all we did is distribute this term n and then the negative flips our fraction okay. so a lot of different rules they do take sometime to get used to and remembering how they work but the main thing is remember if you are multiplying your bases you add your exponent if you are taking a power to a power you multiply and anytime you see a negative exponent that is just going to flip where your term is. if it was in the numerator it goes to the denominator, denominator it goes to the numerator and if you have a fraction the negative exponent is just going to flip your fraction altogether. okay so a lot to remember but take sometime play around with them a little bit and i ' m sure you ' ll be fine.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.199889
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ghazniarticle free pass ghazni, formerly ghazna, city, east - central afghanistan. it lies beside the ghazni river on a high plateau at an elevation of 7, 300 feet ( 2, 225 m ). afghanistan ’ s only remaining walled town, it is dominated by a 150 - foot - ( 45 - metre - ) high citadel built in the 13th century. around the nearby village of rowzeh - e sultan, on the old road to kabul ( the nation ’ s capital, 80 miles [ 130 km ] northeast ), are the ruins of ancient ghazna, including two 140 - foot ( 43 - metre ) towers and the tomb of mahmud of ghazna ( 971 – 1030 ), the most powerful emir ( or sultan ) of the ghaznavid dynasty. ghazni ’ s early history is obscure ; it has probably existed at least since the 7th century. early in the 11th century, under mahmud of ghazna, the town became the capital of the vast empire of the ghaznavids, afghanistan ’ s first muslim dynasty. the dynasty lost much of its power later in the same century, and ghazni was sacked in 1150 – 51 by the ghurids. the town was fought over by various peoples before the mongols secured it by 1221. they ruled the area until timur ( tamerlane ), the turkic conqueror, arrived in the 14th century, and his descendants ruled it until 1504, when the indian mughals took ghazni and kabul. in 1747, under ahmad shah durrani, ghazni became part of the new afghan kingdom. it was captured by the british during the first anglo - afghan war ( 1839 – 42 ). ghazni recovered some importance when it became the main town on the kabul - qandahar highway. ghazni is now a chief commercial and industrial centre of afghanistan, dealing in livestock, furs, silk, and agricultural products. pop. ( 2006 est. ) 48, 700. what made you want to look up " ghazni "? please share what surprised you most...
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.202563
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robert sanderson mullikenarticle free pass robert sanderson mulliken, ( born june 7, 1896, newburyport, mass., u. s. — died oct. 31, 1986, arlington, va. ), american chemist and physicist who received the 1966 nobel prize for chemistry for “ fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules. ” a graduate of the massachusetts institute of technology, mulliken worked, during world war i and for a few years afterward, in government chemical research. he then studied under the physicist robert a. millikan at the university of chicago, receiving his ph. d. in 1921. he taught at new york university ( 1926 – 28 ) and then joined the faculty of the university of chicago ( 1928 – 85 ). mulliken began working on his theory of molecular structure in the 1920s. he theoretically systematized the electron states of molecules in terms of molecular orbitals. departing from the idea that electron orbitals for atoms are static and that atoms combine like building blocks to form molecules, he proposed that, when molecules are formed, the atoms ’ original electron configurations are changed into an overall molecular configuration. further extending his theory, he developed ( 1952 ) a quantum - mechanical theory of the behaviour of electron orbitals as different atoms merge to form molecules. during world war ii mulliken worked on the plutonium project, part of the development of the atomic bomb, at the university of chicago. in 1955 he served as scientific attache at the u. s. embassy in london. what made you want to look up " robert sanderson mulliken "? please share what surprised you most...
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.208029
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mris for breast cancer screening — who needs them? many experts believe that mammograms save lives. since the widespread introduction of mammography to screen for breast cancer in the mid - 1980s, the number of women ages 50 and older getting mammograms has more than doubled. pair that figure with steady drops in breast cancer deaths since the 1990s. but some health care professionals argue that mammograms are not enough for some women at high risk for breast cancer. new studies suggest that mris ( magnetic resonance imaging ) may improve the early detection of cancer in women at high risk. current screening guidelines for women at high risk according to the american cancer society, you are considered at high risk for breast cancer if you answer yes to any of these questions : do you have a first - degree relative ( parent, brother, sister, or child ) with a known brca1 or brca2 gene mutation, but have not had genetic testing done yourself? do you have li - fraumeni syndrome, cowden syndrome, or bannayan - riley - ruvalcaba syndrome, or have one of these syndromes in first - degree relatives? if you ' re a woman at high risk for breast cancer, you should ask your doctor if you should have more frequent screenings, with a variety of tests, starting at a younger age. for women at high risk, some experts recommend monthly breast self - exams starting between ages 18 to 21, clinical breast exams one to two times a year, and yearly mammography starting at about age 30. the american cancer society recommends that women known to be at high risk get an mri along with a mammogram every year, starting at age 30. how mris work instead of the x - rays used in mammography, an mri uses magnets and radio waves connected to a computer to make many detailed pictures of the breast. a woman receives an injection of a contrast dye, called gadolinium - dtpa, to better outline the breast tissue and possible tumors. researchers have found that mris given to women with a high risk of hereditary breast cancer detected tumors that mammography or clinical breast exams had missed. one reason mris may find these tumors is because high - risk women tend to be younger and have denser breasts. this means that the breast has less fat and more fiber - like connective tissue, which can block x - rays during a mammogram. an mri is not affected by dense, fibrous breast tissue
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.210751
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since the early 1990s, israel has restricted palestinian movement in the west bank. prior to the second intifada, the restrictions were primarily intended to prevent palestinians from entering israel and east jerusalem. during the second intifada, israel established dozens of checkpoints and hundreds of physical obstructions inside the west bank, including dirt mounds, concrete blocks, and trenches, and began construction of the separation barrier and its crossing gates. these restrictions are unprecedented in the history of the israeli occupation in terms of the scope, duration, and severity of harm to the daily lives of palestinians living in the west bank. in 2009, israel reduced the number of checkpoints and obstructions in the west bank, but as of february 2012, b ' tselem still counted 98 checkpoints in the west bank, including : 16 military posts in the area of hebron in which israeli settlements have been established ( h - 2 ), which restrict palestinian movement into and out of the area. 41 positions serve as the last checkpoint before entry into israel, although most are located a few kilometers east of the green line or the entrance to jerusalem. four posts restrict access for palestinians to the jordan valley – tayasir, hamra, ma ’ ale efrayim and yitav. the first two are staffed permanently and the army does not allow palestinians to cross in vehicles unless their id cards list them as residents of the jordan valley. the other two were staffed only intermittently during 2011, but israel has thus far refrained from officially announcing that they are open to palestinian movement, hence only a few palestinian vehicles cross at these two points. the security value of these restrictions to israel is unclear since palestinian vehicles are allowed to enter the jordan valley and jericho, on condition that they use alternate routes that are much longer. in addition, according to data from the un office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs ( ocha ), between january and may 2012 there were also 450 unmanned physical barriers – mounds of dirt, concrete blocks, gates, and road segments closed to palestinian traffic. there are also, in may 2012 some 256 temporary checkpoints erected in the west bank for a few hours at a time, without permanent infrastructure at those locations. in march 2012, 340 such checkpoint were counted. along the route of the separation barrier there are, as of the end of 2011, 60 agricultural gates allowing palestinians very limited access to areas west of the barrier, defined as closed military zones. twelve of the gates are opened daily for a few hours, and the others are opened only during certain agricultural seasons
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.216407
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as of the end of 2011, 60 agricultural gates allowing palestinians very limited access to areas west of the barrier, defined as closed military zones. twelve of the gates are opened daily for a few hours, and the others are opened only during certain agricultural seasons. these restrictions reflect israel ’ s approach over the years that freedom of movement is not a right, but a privilege that israel may grant or deny as it sees fit. the restrictions still in place in the west bank impede palestinian access to areas where israel is interested in retaining control, such as east jerusalem, the jordan valley, enclaves west of the separation barrier and settlements in the heart of hebron. these restrictions prevent palestinians from using some of the main roads and highways in the west bank – including parts of route 60 and route 443. settlers travel freely along these roads, while palestinians are shunted to longer routes using side roads. in the areas where israel still maintains restrictions on palestinian movement, the restrictions create a situation of constant uncertainty for palestinians regarding their ability to carry out everyday activities, such as going to work or school in the nearby town, marketing farm produce, obtaining medical treatment, or visiting relatives. many actions also require complex bureaucratic processes, at the end of which the civil administration often denies the request. in addition, israel continues to prevent palestinians from traveling between the west bank and the gaza strip in almost all cases, and makes it very difficult for west bank palestinians to enter israel or to travel abroad. international human rights law requires israel to respect the right of residents of the occupied territories to move about freely in the occupied territory. this right is recognized in article 13 of the universal declaration of human rights, and in article 12 of the international covenant on civil and political rights. furthermore, international humanitarian law requires israel, in its capacity as the occupier, to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the local residents, and to maintain, to the extent possible, normal living conditions. freedom of movement is also important because it is a prerequisite for the exercise of other rights, which are set forth in the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. among these are the right to work ( article 6 ), the right to an adequate standard of living ( article 11 ), the right to health ( article 12 ), the right to education ( article 13 ), and the right to protection of family life ( article 10 ). israel is entitled to protect itself by using various means, including restrictions on palestinian movement, when these are absolutely necessary in order to meet
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.217422
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by david j. fruchtman, pe good heating, ventilating, and air - conditioning systems are important features of every modern building. when these systems are carefully integrated into the building design, occupants can enjoy a comfortable environment in aesthetically pleasing architecture. mechanical systems will impact many building elements, including the floor area and layout, ceiling design, roof design, planters, and other site features. floor area and layout most mechanical systems impact floor layouts of a building. some systems require a single large mechanical room for equipment such as air handlers. other systems require multiple closets for equipment such as water source heat pump units. yet others require air shafts to move conditioned air from floor to floor. poor placement of these spaces could adversely affect movement in the space or result in the loss of valuable lease space. wherever possible, equipment rooms should be located adjacent to elevator shafts, electrical equipment rooms, shell and core bathrooms, or other such spaces so that all utility spaces are grouped together. the equipment should be integrated into a location that will work regardless of future tenant needs. mechanical equipment may be noisy. noise and / or vibration could easily be transmitted from the mechanical equipment to adjacent occupied spaces. wherever possible, large mechanical spaces should be located across corridors or alongside storage rooms, lunch rooms, or other spaces that are not regularly occupied and are not noise sensitive. adequate ceiling space is essential for an effective hvac system. inadequate space will dictate the use of expensive rectangular sheet metal ductwork, sheet metal transitions, and offsets. these are expensive to install and sometimes cause system performance problems. round ductwork is less expensive and more efficient than sheet metal ductwork. flexible ductwork, which is frequently used these days, should only be used where there is adequate ceiling space. making a ceiling space too small will eliminate this potentially considerable cost savings. to reduce the loss of rentable floor area, mechanical equipment is often located on the roof of a building. there are many other advantages to this, including easy accessibility for equipment service and maintenance. in addition, the rooftop location is an ideal place for discharging flue gasses and cooling tower plumes. rooftop equipment located above prime top floor residential or office space must be mounted on suitable bases and spring isolated to reduce noise and vibration transmission to the building. to shield the equipment from view, suitable parapets and screens must be employed. planters and other site features some types of mechanical systems are best suited for an on - grade installation. this is common for some small buildings and single
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.220656
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to the building. to shield the equipment from view, suitable parapets and screens must be employed. planters and other site features some types of mechanical systems are best suited for an on - grade installation. this is common for some small buildings and single - family residences. one advantage of on - grade installations is that the vibrating elements are located on grade and not in or above occupied spaces. another is that equipment is readily accessible for service and access. care must be taken, however, in placing this equipment. many jurisdictions do not allow it to encroach on the required side and rear property line setbacks. walkways and pedestrian paths must be designed to skirt around the equipment. planters and landscaping should conceal the equipment but allow for access for service and maintenance. the goal of any architect should be to create a comfortable and aesthetically pleasing building. this can be achieved by not only understanding building features but also understanding the requirements of the mechanical system and integrating the two together. david j. fruchtman ( email @ example. com ) is a licensed professional engineer in the states of california, nevada, and arizona. he is president of fruchtman and associates, a los angeles - based firm specializing in design, consulting, and forensic engineering services related to hvac, plumbing, and fire protection systems.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.221171
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choose new test ready omni reading if your standards - based test includes a strong extended written - response and critical - thinking skills component. you ' ll also cover the basics - language arts and vocabulary practice, along with comprehension checks. review, practice, and prepare for success in just two weeks : give timed pretest to identify and address weaknesses complete six lessons, including some theme - based lessons compare timed practice ( post ) test results with pretest to show growth reading passages are of various lengths and genres. four lessons feature a single passage and two lessons feature several thematic passages. all are followed by selected - response and constructed - response questions. comprehension strategies include : finding the main idea author ' s purpose compare and contrast steps in a process, and others lessons include more extensive and demanding writing exercises than other test - prep programs. the teacher guides feature a scoring rubric and scope and sequence. use omni reading for test preparation, to diagnose strengths and weaknesses, or as a teaching tool. ca101 ( r ) e - training and professional development course : test ready series e - training test preparation course components consumable student books ( 40 pages ) six practice lessons divided into reading, comprehension, and language arts / writing performance chart practice test / " bubble " answer form test - taking tips teacher guides ( 24 pages ) program guidelines, time allocations, answer key, and reproducibles : optional pretest 2 scoring rubrics scope and sequence chart please note : book 1 and 2 teacher guides include direction lines necessary to administer lessons. - type : paperback ( student / stdy gde ) - category : > home schooling - isbn / upc : 9780760930700 / 0760930708 - publish date : 10 / 1 / 2005 - item no : 43245 - vendor : curriculum associates, inc.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.222927
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this page is part of a range of support being offered to schools and governing bodies in the caerphilly county borough. it covers a number of publications from local, regional and national bodies on equalities and community cohesion issues, in order to help schools in preparing and delivering equalities objectives and actions within their own school environment to improve the educational experience of children and young people, regardless of their identity, circumstances and background. all documents are publically available to share and no copyright infringement is intended. they have been brought together into one place on this website in order that our schools and governing bodies have a central resource easily available to them. the information was previously circulated on cd to all schools in the county borough. model schools strategic equality plan this document is intended to show schools and governing bodies an example of what their own policy could look like. it contains a lot of detail that school may wish to edit or add in local context and is only intended as a guide. schools may for example choose to merge and copy parts of other schemes, such as their current race or disability schemes, which this plan will replace as a comprehensive equality plan and set of objectives. model schools strategic equality plan ( pdf 75kb ) governors wales equalities fact file 03 / 11 this guide was produced jointly by governors wales and the equality and human rights commission ( wales ). schools have obligations under the equality act 2010 as employers, bodies that carry out public functions and as service providers. for foundation, voluntary aided schools, the governing body is the employer whilst in community and voluntary controlled schools, the la is the employer but the governing body is responsible for staffing matters, etc. governors wales equalities fact file ( pdf 146kb ) respect and resilience learning has the potential to be a very powerful tool in promoting integration and mutual respect. this presents invaluable opportunities for positive cohesion messages to be promoted through learning experiences across all age groups and backgrounds. the ' respect and resilience ' document was produced to provide guidance and advice to schools on how they can further develop this highly important area of policy in line with the school effectiveness framework. it is clear that schools which are community focused, and the teachers and staff who work with young people, have a crucial role to play in ensuring that they have a safe and supportive environment in which to question things, but also to understand and foster tolerance and respect for others. respect and resilience ( pdf 1. 5mb ) wlga guidance - equalities and schools this is a set of documents produced
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.225758
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seriously? yes, and not just on a plane. jake socha, a virginia tech biologist, and his team recently completed a study that sheds some light on how some of these creatures fly. they reported their findings last week at the american physical society division of fluid dynamics meeting. socha and his colleagues used high - speed video cameras to record chrysepolea paradisi, one of five species of asian tree - dwelling snakes, as they launched off a 15m ( 49 ft ) tower! you can see the amazing footage here. this “ flying ” is an important technique for these snakes. according to live science : when these snakes leap, it ' s not to nosedive ; it ' s to glide from tree to tree, a feat they can accomplish at distances of at least 79 feet ( 24 m ). four cameras recorded the curious snakes as they glided. this allowed the scientists to create and analyze 3 - d reconstructions of the animals ' body positions during flight. the researchers found that the snakes never actually achieved a proper “ glide ” ( where the forces generated by their bodies exactly counteract gravity ). they didn ' t exactly fall straight to the ground either. instead, socha says, “ the snake is pushed upward — even though it is moving downward — because the upward component of the aerodynamic force is greater than the snake ' s weight. “ hypothetically, this means that if the snake continued on like this, it would eventually be moving upward in the air — quite an impressive feat for a snake. but our modeling suggests that the effect is only temporary, and eventually the snake hits the ground to end the glide. ” in other words, as buzz lightyear would say, the snakes are simply “ falling with style. ” do the curves of the snake, or body position, mid - air affect this flying - falling? the researchers intend to find out. stay tuned and look out! image : jake socha
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.227912
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affordable higher education a college degree is practically a necessity these days, not only for the individual student, but for the economic and social health of the country. but the combination of shrinking state budgets and stagnant grant aid has led to an increased reliance on student loans to pay for college. just 12 years ago only one - third of college graduates from four year public colleges needed to borrow money to attain a college degree, and now more than two - thirds of graduates have federal student loan debt. twelve years ago, graduates who borrowed carried around $ 12, 000 of debt on average, and now they carry over $ 23, 000 on average. worse, the percentage of students with $ 25, 000 worth of private student loan debt has increased, from 5 percent in 1996 to 24 percent in 2008. relying on student loans to pay for college can have negative consequences. too much loan debt causes qualified students to opt out of college completely ; it causes current students to work too much and study less, and it causes borrowers who ’ ve graduated to opt out of socially valuable careers, and to delay life milestones like buying a home or getting married. students who take up private student loans to defray costs face riskier terms and conditions in repayment. a college degree must remain within reach for families of modest means, and affordable over the long term for the borrowers and parents in repayment. in response, uspirg works to increase student grant aid, make debt levels more manageable, and protect students as consumers from practices that contribute to educational debt. we need robust grant programs on a state and federal level, a simpler system of student aid that actively encourages student and parental participation, and stronger safeguards for student borrowers in repayment. also, we can lower student debt by protecting student consumers. college students pay unjustifiably high amounts for college textbooks each year. and those who rely on credit and debit cards to help offset day to day costs of education, or to access their financial aid disbursements, can get slapped with penalty fees and terms that take advantage of them. - about us - campus chapters - get involved work on important issues, learn valuable skills, get hands - on experience, and make a difference.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.233101
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© 2005 - 2012 american society of clinical oncology ( asco ). all rights reserved worldwide. what is muir - torre syndrome? muir - torre syndrome is a form of lynch syndrome. cancer begins when normal cells begin to change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. a tumor can be benign ( noncancerous ) or malignant ( cancerous, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body ). people with muir - torre syndrome have an increased risk of the types of cancer seen in lynch syndrome, including colorectal, endometrial ( uterine ), stomach, ovarian, small bowel ( intestinal ), urinary tract, and hepatobiliary ( liver or bile duct ) cancers. people with muir - torre syndrome are also at risk for developing certain skin changes in adulthood that may form in the sebaceous glands. the sebaceous glands are located just under the skin and produce an oily substance that is a part of sweat called sebum. the typical skin changes found in muir - torre syndrome are sebaceous adenomas, sebaceous epitheliomas, sebaceous carcinomas, and keratocanthomas. most of these skin conditions are associated with noncancerous lumps on the skin, some of which are liquid - containing cysts. basal cell carcinoma, a common type of skin cancer usually related to sun exposure, has also been reported in people with muir - torre syndrome. only the skin carcinomas are cancerous. muir - torre syndrome is also associated with rare cancers of the sebaceous glands. if a cancer of the sebaceous gland is diagnosed, it is recommended that the patient talk with a genetic counselor or geneticist ( a doctor with training in genetic diseases and conditions ) that is familiar with the syndrome as part of their medical care. what causes muir - torre syndrome? muir - torre syndrome is a genetic condition. this means that the cancer risk can be passed from generation to generation in a family. two genes have been linked to muir - torre syndrome, mlh1 and msh2. a mutation ( alteration ) in either of these genes gives a person an increased lifetime risk of developing the types of cancer or noncancerous skin changes listed above. mutations in the mlh1 or msh2 gene also cause lynch syndrome. it is possible that there may be other genes that play a role in
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.241008
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an increased lifetime risk of developing the types of cancer or noncancerous skin changes listed above. mutations in the mlh1 or msh2 gene also cause lynch syndrome. it is possible that there may be other genes that play a role in muir - torre syndrome. research is ongoing to learn more about muir - torre syndrome. how is muir - torre syndrome inherited? normally, every cell has two copies of each gene : one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father. muir - torre syndrome follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, in which a mutation needs to happen in only one copy of the gene for the person to have an increased risk of getting that disease. this means that a parent with a gene mutation may pass along a copy of their normal gene or a copy of the gene with the mutation. therefore, a child who has a parent with a mutation has a 50 % chance of inheriting that mutation. a brother, sister, or parent of a person who has a mutation also has a 50 % chance of having the same mutation. how common is muir - torre syndrome? muir - torre syndrome is considered to be rare. how is muir - torre syndrome diagnosed? muir - torre syndrome is diagnosed if a person has one or more of the skin changes and one or more of the internal cancers listed above. a person diagnosed with muir - torre syndrome can have a blood test to see if they have a mutation in the mlh1 or msh2 genes. however, not everyone with muir - torre syndrome will have a detectable mutation in one of these two genes. what are the estimated cancer risks associated with muir - torre syndrome? the cancer risks are considered to be similar to the risks of people who have lynch syndrome. general cancer risks for people with muir - torre syndrome : 11 % to 19 % 2 % to 7 % 4 % to 5 % 1 % to 4 % 1 % to 3 % cancer risks for women with muir - torre syndrome : 20 % to 60 % 9 % to 12 % what are the screening options for muir - torre syndrome? screening recommendations for muir - torre syndrome are similar to those for lynch syndrome. it is important to discuss the following screening options with your doctor, as each individual is different : general screening guidelines - colonoscopy ( the doctor inserts a long, thin, flexible tube into the anus to check for abnormalities within the colon and rectum ) every one to two years, beginning between the ages of 20 to 25 ( or five years younger than the earliest age at
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the doctor inserts a long, thin, flexible tube into the anus to check for abnormalities within the colon and rectum ) every one to two years, beginning between the ages of 20 to 25 ( or five years younger than the earliest age at diagnosis in the family, whichever is sooner ) - periodic upper endoscopy ( a thin, lighted, flexible tube with a small video camera is inserted into your mouth and down your esophagus to look for tumors or other abnormalities ) to look for stomach or intestinal cancer may be done, especially if a family member has had one of these cancers - yearly urine cytology to screen for urinary tract cancer - dermatologic ( skin ) screening at least once a year, beginning in early adulthood ( or five to 10 years before the earliest age at which skin problems developed in the family, whichever is sooner ) screening for women, beginning between the ages of 25 to 30 - yearly pelvic examination - pap test - transvaginal ultrasound ( a test where an small ultrasound probe is inserted like a speculum for a pelvic examination in order to obtain better imaging of the uterus ) - endometrial biopsy ( a biopsy of the inner lining of the uterus done as a part of a pelvic examination ) - ca - 125 blood test ( a test to detect a protein found to be elevated in the blood of some women with ovarian cancer ) screening options may change over time as new technologies are developed and more is learned about muir - torre syndrome. it is important to talk with your doctor about appropriate screening tests. learn more about what to expect when having common tests, procedures, and scans. questions to ask the doctor if you are concerned about your risk of cancer, talk with your doctor. consider asking the following questions of your doctor : - what is my risk of developing colorectal cancer? - what is my risk of developing skin cancer? - what is my risk of other types of cancer? - what can i do to reduce my risk of cancer? - what are my options for cancer screening? if you are concerned about your family history and think your family may have muir - torre syndrome, consider asking the following questions : - does my family history increase my risk of colorectal cancer? - does my family history increase my risk of skin cancer or other skin problems? - does my family history increase my risk of other types of cancer? - should i meet with a genetic counselor? - should i consider genetic testing?
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.242991
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making decisions is designed to help you identify how you make decisions, how your style of decision making can work or be improved, and how you can weigh the pros and cons of deciding about cancer treatment. after listening to this toolbox program, you will be better prepared to : - identify how you prefer to make decisions about cancer and cancer treatment - find out the benefits of getting a second opinion to help you make decisions - identify how much time you have to make a decision - weigh the pros and cons in making a decision about cancer treatment - understand that you are an individual, not a cancer statistic hear an oncology nurse talk about her observations of the decisions cancer survivors are faced with. taking the lead learn the importance of taking charge of your care and making decisions to enhance your quality of life. survivor stories : types of decision makers listen to jim talk about the beginning of his journey and learn the different types of decision makers. survivor stories : identifying your style hear what decisions jim made and learn how to determine which decision making style you prefer. survivor stories : weighing the pros and cons hear how three women dealing with the same diagnosis determine what treatment is best for them and their lifestyle. survivor stories : complementary therapy listen to bill tell how he gathered information and made an informed decision about complementary therapy. hear a recap of the key principles and resources that will help you make sound decisions regarding your care.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.244449
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earth day 2012 : protecting the environment for future generations forty - two years ago, the late wisconsin senator gaylord nelson had a vision of a world in which the environment was paramount. his vision led to the establishment of earth day - - april 22 - - a day in which we celebrate our planet and the environment that sustains us. on earth day we recommit ourselves to protecting the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land that nurtures us. our planet has been entrusted to us for future generations, but today too many people suffer the consequences of an environment at risk. we see too many children suffering from asthma, we see too many americans sickened by environmental pollutants and too many people worried about the safety of their drinking water. we have - - and we can - - continue to make progress thanks to strong environmental laws that have helped us reduce air pollution and clean up polluted streams and rivers. the environmental protection agency estimates that the clean air act has prevented 160, 000 premature deaths and 1. 7 million asthma attacks in 2010 alone. since the passage of the clean water act in 1972, more than one billion pounds per year of toxic pollutants have been removed from our nation ’ s waterways. as a member of the environment and public works committee, i am committed to protecting the chesapeake bay and to reduce other environmental pollutants that threaten our health and safety. the bottom line is : i will fight any attempt to roll back environmental protection laws. i am also encouraged by the growing realization of americans that a strong environment means a stronger economy and a more secure nation. we need to create sustainable jobs and that means we need to invest in an economy that ’ s built on efficiency and sustainability and that will protect our water, air and land. we also must lessen our dependence on an extremely volatile, unpredictable world oil market. developing america ’ s abundant renewable energy resources is critical for lowering energy costs and for reducing our reliance on foreign energy supplies. clean energy jobs are a policy tri - fecta : it ’ s good for the economy, good for the environment and good for our national security. as we celebrate earth day, we can rise to these challenges, and live up to senator nelson ’ s vision for the planet earth. america has an obligation to lead the rest of the world by example, and a strong, sustainable environment is a critical goal for the entire world. we owe our future generations no less.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.249522
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do you make it a practice to take periodic glances at the speedometer of your toyota whenever you are driving? well you should. knowing whether your vehicle is running too fast or too slow is important, that is if you don ' t want to break any law and get traffic tickets. but do you know that vehicle speed is important not only to you but also to several components of your toyota? in fact, a toyota vehicle may even be equipped with two toyota speed sensors just to measure the vehicle speed! so, how important is speed measurement that every toyota vehicle must be equipped with toyota vehicle speed sensors? well, let ' s just say that many mechanisms on your vehicle would rely on speed measurements for them to function properly. various engine components, for example, would rely on the vehicle ' s speed for their timing and coordination. speed measurement is also very important for modern toyota vehicles equipped with anti - lock brakes. there are two types of sensors that may be installed in a toyota vehicle. the first is the toyota engine speed sensor. the engine speed sensor can be found on the vehicle ' s crankshaft, made up of a toothed metal disk mounted on the crankshaft and a stationary detector that records the rate at which the disk is spinning. the engine speed sensor transmits this record to the engine management computer through electric pulses. in turn, the engine management computer would modify engine functions and initiate diagnostic routines using this data. the second type of speed sensor that may be used on toyota vehicles is the wheel speed sensor. this type of speed sensor can only be found on toyota vehicles equipped with abs brakes. the appearance and working theory of the wheel speed sensor is actually very similar to that of the engine speed sensor, except that it is located near a wheel and is used to record the rotational speed of that wheel. the toyota wheel speed sensor would transmit the data it obtains to the abs computer, which in turn would use the said data to prevent wheel lock - ups. in some vehicle models, the engine management computer would use the same data gathered by the abs computer from the wheel speed sensor, thus eliminating the need for an additional engine speed sensor.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.252849
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how to connect tubing to an oxygen tank posted on 31st, may 2012 in hospitals, oxygen is supplied from a central oxygen supply facility via an outlet in the wall. a flow meter regulates the oxygen supply. the physician will prescribe oxygen levels to be administered to a patient. elsewhere such as at home, oxygen tanks which contain the gas in its compressed form, are deployed. here ' s how you connect the cannula or tubing to the oxygen tank : 1. the oxygen tank or cylinder will have a plastic cap or plug covering the cylinder valve. these will be of different sizes in accordance with the cylinder size. remove this cap or plug. 2. place the regulator ( which should have a flow meter attached to it ) on the valve. tighten the regulator. 3. open the cylinder valve. 5. attach humidifier to the flow meter. ensure that this is mounted in an upright position. 6. attach the cannula tube to the humidifier. 7. open the valve in the flow meter in accordance with the doctor ' s orders. when the flow meter indicates low levels of oxygen, it ' s time to replace the oxygen tank. as you can see it is not difficult to set up oxgen tank at home just that you have to pay attention to the flow meter at all times.
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.254113
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french painter, sculptor, etcher, engraver, and geometrician, born at soucy, near sens, 1500 ; died at sens before 1593, probably in 1590. cousin began his long art - life in his native town with the study of glass - painting under hympe and grassot. at the same time he was diligently applying himself to this branch of art, wherein he was to become a master, the young man became a great student of mathematics and published a successful book on the subject. he also wrote on geometry in his student days. in 1530 cousin finished the beautiful windows for the sens cathedral, the subject chosen being the " legend of st. eutropius ". he had also painted the windows of many of the noble chateaux in and around the city. the latest date on any of his sens work, 1530, points to this as the year he went to paris, where he began work as a goldsmith ; but the amount and kind of his productions in the precious metals are alike unknown. in paris cousin continued his eminent career as a glass - painter, and his masterpiece, the windows of the sainte - chapelle in vincennes, are considered the finest examples of glass - painting in all france. he subsequently devoted himself to painting in oil, and is said to be the first frenchman to use the " new medium ". for this and other reasons cousin has been called " the founder of the french school " ; but his work in oil, while graceful, refined, reserved, and even classically severe, is more that of an italian " eclectic " than of a " founder of a national school ". pictures attributed to him, all of much merit, are found in several of the large european collections, but, excepting " the last judgment ", none is known to be authentic. " the last judgment " is fine in composition, noble in conception. and beautiful and harmonious in colour, strongly suggesting correggio. for a long time this masterpiece, which won him the name of the " french michelangelo ", lay neglected in the sacristy of the church of the minims, vincennes, until it was rescued by a priest and became one of the important works in the louvre. it is also celebrated for being the first french picture to be engraved. in the sixteenth century cousin ' s renown came from his historical and glass - paintings ; today he is best known as an illustrator of books. he made many fine designs for wood
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it is also celebrated for being the first french picture to be engraved. in the sixteenth century cousin ' s renown came from his historical and glass - paintings ; today he is best known as an illustrator of books. he made many fine designs for woodcuts and often executed them himself. the " bible ", published in 1596 by le clerc, and the " metamorphoses " and " epistles " of ovid ( 1566 and 1571 respectively ) contain his most celebrated work as an illustrator. cousin etched and engraved many plates after the manner of mazzuola of parma, to whom the invention of etching has been ascribed ; but he excels all his contemporaries in facility of execution and classical breadth and simplicity of idea and feeling. his etched work approaches in excellence the oil - paintings of the great masters. cousin ' s sculptures are full of strength and dignity. the mausoleum of admiral philippe de chabot is the best piece of french sculpture of the sixteenth century ; the strikingly beautiful tomb of louis de breze ( rouen ) is another celebrated achievement. in addition to his early writings on mathematics, he published, in 1560, a learned treatise on perspective, and, in 1571, an excellent work on portrait - painting. during his life cousin successfully pursued every branch of the fine arts, and enjoyed the favour of, and worked for four kings of france : henry ii, francis ii, charles ix, and henry iii. among his paintings, in addition to the " last judgment ", mention should be made of the miniatures in the prayer book of henry ii now in the bibliotheque nationale ; among his etchings and engravings, the " annunciation " and the " conversion of st. paul " ; among his woodcuts, the " entree de henry ii et catherine de medicis a rouen " ( 1551 ). more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy,
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.261119
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impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright © catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright © catholic online
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.261737
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revised march 16, 2001 marginal tax rate reductions and the economy : what would be the long - term effects of the bush tax cut? by peter r. orszag ( 1 ) view pdf of this report view html of factsheet view pdf of factsheet if you cannot access the file through the link, right - click on the underlined text, click " save link as, " download to your directory, and open the document in adobe acrobat reader. some proponents of the proposed bush tax plan argue that it will significantly raise economic growth rates by cutting marginal tax rates. for example, a recent heritage foundation report argued, " because of steep personal income tax rates, highly productive entrepreneurs and investors can take home only about 60 cents of every dollar they earn, not including state and local taxes or other federal taxes. this reduces the incentive to be productive. lower tax rates will reduce this ' tax wedge ' and encourage additional work, savings, investment, risk - taking, and entrepreneurship. " ( 2 ) the logic of this argument is that reducing marginal tax rates increases the incentives to work, to take risks, and to save, all of which can expand the economy. the crucial question, however, is the size of these effects. the most recent academic evidence suggests that marginal tax rate reductions would have only modest effects on future economic activity. tax cuts, furthermore, have an important downside from an economic standpoint : they reduce national saving. dissipating the projected budget surpluses through tax cuts results in lower national saving than if the surpluses were saved ( since funds used for the tax cuts would primarily result in increased consumption, while funds used to pay down debt primarily increase savings ). the fundamental benefit of higher national saving achieved by preserving a substantial portion of the projected budget surpluses is that it will expand economic output in the future. higher national saving leads to higher investment, which means that future workers have more capital with which to work and are more productive as a result. the increased productivity generates a larger economy and higher national income. ( 3 ) in evaluating the impact of tax cuts on the economy, one must include both any potential positive effects from reducing marginal tax rates and the negative effects from reducing national saving. the overall impact of a tax cut on the economy thus is not necessarily positive. as sebastian mallaby, a member of the washington post editorial page staff and a former correspondent for the economist, recently explained in a column in the washington post : " it ' s quite possible that this loss of savings more than out
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not necessarily positive. as sebastian mallaby, a member of the washington post editorial page staff and a former correspondent for the economist, recently explained in a column in the washington post : " it ' s quite possible that this loss of savings more than outweighs the modest increase in labor that you get from a tax cut, with the result that the total impact on economic output could actually be negative. " ( 4 ) this analysis raises the possibility that president bush ' s proposed tax rate reductions may produce no significant increase in future gdp and could produce a small decline in future gdp, relative to a course of action of saving the projected surpluses. in other words, preserving the projected surpluses might be, if anything, more beneficial in terms of expanding the economy in the future than the proposed tax reduction. ( 5 ) to determine whether tax cuts would raise or lower national productive capacity, one must look at estimates of the size of these offsetting effects. the evidence on marginal tax rate reductions marginal tax rate reductions could affect a variety of activities important to the economy, including work behavior, saving and investment, and risk - taking. the available evidence, however, generally suggests that any positive effects would be quite modest. the historical evidence, for example, is not consistent with the belief that taxes have a large effect on economic growth. there is no clear link between periods of low taxes and high growth. the strongest period of growth in u. s. history was the 1960s when the top marginal rate was 70 percent or higher. more recently, as discussed below, economic growth in the 1990s was quite strong, despite the 1993 increase of the top marginal tax rate from 31 percent to 39. 6 percent. ( 6 ) more detailed economic research also finds no evidence that countries with lower tax rates or higher levels of government spending experience stronger economic growth. ( 7 ) studies examining the specific effects of marginal tax rates on work, saving, and entrepreneurship similarly tend to find modest effects : - work. a reduction in marginal tax rates may encourage work by allowing workers to retain more of the earnings from their last hour of work. but economic theory suggests that such a reduction also may discourage work, by increasing the after - tax income of workers and therefore potentially inducing them to reduce their work effort ( since they can achieve the same amount of after - tax income with less work effort ). this countervailing force may be one explanation for why studies have generally found only a quite modest effect on work from reducing marginal tax rates. numerous economic studies have found that lower tax rates do little
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of after - tax income with less work effort ). this countervailing force may be one explanation for why studies have generally found only a quite modest effect on work from reducing marginal tax rates. numerous economic studies have found that lower tax rates do little to encourage work effort among working - aged males who already are generally working full time but do provide some additional incentives for women to enter the labor force or men to delay partial or full retirement. ( 8 ) as economists joel slemrod and jon bakija of the university of michigan have written, " nearly all research concludes that male participation and hours worked respond hardly at all to changes in after - tax wages, and therefore to marginal tax rates. there is evidence that female labor - force participation, and male retirement decisions, are somewhat responsive, but those responses do not contribute enough to total labor supply to alter the conclusion that, overall, labor supply is not greatly affected by taxes. " ( 9 ) - private saving. a reduction in marginal income tax rates may encourage private saving, since interest and dividend income is taxed as income. but again, economic theory raises questions about even the direction of the effect : if you save to achieve a fixed goal for retirement or education, for example, a reduction in tax rates could encourage you to save less, since the rate of return you earn would be higher and thus you could accomplish your goal with a lower saving rate. ( 10 ) the evidence generally suggests only a modest effect, if any, on private saving from reduced marginal tax rates, although a few studies have found larger effects. as economists douglas bernheim of stanford university and karl scholz of the university of wisconsin at madison write, " although the evidence is mixed, most of the studies that have relied on macroeconomic data conclude that saving is not very responsive to the after - tax rate of return. " ( 11 ) it is also important to remember that even if the proposed tax cut were to raise private saving modestly, it very likely would reduce overall national saving, since the increase in private saving would be smaller than the decrease in public saving. ( the increase in private saving would be smaller because a substantial share of the resources provided in a tax cut would be consumed rather than saved ; if the resources were used instead to pay down more of the debt, the amount saved would be larger. ( 12 ) ) - entrepreneurship. the theory and evidence on the impact of reducing marginal tax rates on entrepreneurship are similarly unclear. many observers note that the income tax reduces the returns to entrepreneurship. but to
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the debt, the amount saved would be larger. ( 12 ) ) - entrepreneurship. the theory and evidence on the impact of reducing marginal tax rates on entrepreneurship are similarly unclear. many observers note that the income tax reduces the returns to entrepreneurship. but to some degree, the income tax system also shares in the risks undertaken by entrepreneurs. for example, an individual starting a new business pays lower taxes if the venture fails, partially mitigating the after - tax loss. such risk - sharing may actually encourage entrepreneurship. ( 13 ) perhaps in part because of such offsetting effects, the evidence on the relationship between the income tax and entrepreneurship is weak. as slemrod and bakija write, " entrepreneurship is hard to measure and therefore poorly understood, so there is little evidence to contradict the claims that are made about the deleterious effects of the tax system in this area... yet there is also no hard evidence demonstrating that the potential economic benefits in this area are large. " ( 14 ) rather than examining the effect of marginal tax rates on specific activities, such as work or entrepreneurship, some analysts have focused on the overall relationship between tax rates and income. although some earlier studies found large effects, the most recent studies find only modest effects from tax rate reductions. during his time as an academic, lawrence lindsey now president bush ' s chief economic advisor wrote that the marginal income tax rate reductions in the 1981 reagan tax cuts produced large gains in income. ( 15 ) martin feldstein, another prominent conservative economist who served as chairman of the council of economic advisers under president reagan, has similarly argued that the marginal rate reductions enacted in 1986 generated significant increases in income. ( 16 ) the fundamental point of such analyses is that the individuals whose marginal tax rates were reduced the most were the ones who subsequently experienced the most rapid growth in income, perhaps suggesting that the marginal tax rate reductions caused the rapid income growth for such individuals. if so, the logic would suggest that reducing marginal tax rates would expand the overall economy. the problem with this approach to evaluating the effects of marginal tax rate reductions is that under both the 1981 and 1986 tax legislation, marginal tax rates were reduced the most for the highest income individuals, who were experiencing rapid income growth for other reasons. as austan goolsbee, an economist at the university of chicago, recently wrote : " if there were non - tax related trends in income inequality, however, driving up the income of the rich relative to other groups over this time period, there will be clear bias upward in the estimates "
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at the university of chicago, recently wrote : " if there were non - tax related trends in income inequality, however, driving up the income of the rich relative to other groups over this time period, there will be clear bias upward in the estimates " that feldstein and lindsey produced. ( 17 ) to address this potential problem, goolsbee examines a wide array of tax changes from decades other than the 1980s. he concludes that estimates from the 1980s were highly unusual : " the lowest estimates... based on the 1980s data exceed even the highest estimates from data on any previous tax change. " in other words, the responsiveness of incomes to marginal tax changes appeared to be much higher in the 1980s than during other periods. he adds that in almost all time periods except the 1980s, the responsiveness of incomes to marginal tax changes is " relatively modest. " another recent paper by economists jonathan gruber of mit and emmanuel saez of harvard explores the effects of marginal tax rate reductions using a broader array of individual - level data and more sophisticated statistical techniques than earlier papers. ( 18 ) even though gruber and saez focus only on the 1980s, they find only modest effects on " broad income " ( which is the closest measure in concept to gross domestic product in their paper ). marginal tax rates and economic performance during the 1990s the history of the 1990s raises further questions about the impact of marginal tax rates on the economy. in 1993, as noted above, the top marginal tax rate increased from 31 percent to 39. 6 percent. when these marginal tax rate increases were passed as part of the 1993 budget agreement, many prominent conservatives predicted an economic disaster would result. for example, then - senator william roth stated that the marginal tax increase would " flatten the economy. " ( 19 ) then - representative newt gingrich stated that the " tax increase will kill jobs and lead to a recession, and the recession will force people off of work and onto unemployment and actually increase the deficit. " ( 20 ) professor martin feldstein of harvard university wrote of the " harmful effects of higher marginal tax rates on the economy " and warned that many higher earners " are asking themselves whether life wouldn ' t be better if they worked a little less and enjoyed a bit more leisure. " ( 21 ) history has betrayed these predictions, raising questions about the significance of marginal tax rates on economic performance. instead of a recession, the economy experienced its longest economic expansion in history during the 1990s. real gdp grew by an average of 4 percent per year from 1993
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history has betrayed these predictions, raising questions about the significance of marginal tax rates on economic performance. instead of a recession, the economy experienced its longest economic expansion in history during the 1990s. real gdp grew by an average of 4 percent per year from 1993 through 2000, almost 50 percent faster than the average from 1973 to 1993. since 1995, productivity growth has averaged 3 percent per year, roughly double its average of 1. 4 percent per year between 1973 and 1993. unemployment and poverty rates have declined substantially. furthermore, under the logic of the studies that examined the impact of marginal tax rates during the 1980s, the increase in marginal tax rates during the 1990s should have discouraged work among top earners and therefore caused incomes at the very top of the income distribution to grow less rapidly than incomes for workers lower in the income distribution. ( 22 ) but after - tax income gains were significantly larger in the 1990s among the top five percent of tax filers the only group affected by the increase in marginal tax rates in the early 1990s than among the rest of the population. ( 23 ) as the congressional budget office recently noted, " the income of households facing the higher rates [ from the 1990 and 1993 increases ] rose much more rapidly over the decade than did overall income. " ( 24 ) in particular, from 1989 to 1998, the average after - tax income of the top one percent of tax filers rose by a robust 40 percent, increasing by $ 171, 000 per taxpayer over this period, after adjustment for inflation. ( 25 ) for those between the 95th and 99th percentiles of the income spectrum ( that is, those in the top five percent except for the top one percent ), after - tax income climbed a healthy 18 percent. as one moves further down the income spectrum, the average after - tax income gain continues to diminish. the bottom 90 percent of tax filers experienced a relatively modest after - tax income gain of five percent over this nine - year period. to be sure, other forces ( such as technological changes ) may have caused the pre - tax income of high earners to grow more rapidly than lower earners, which could then produce the differences in after - tax income growth. that fact, however, highlights the fundamental flaw in the studies that focus solely on the 1980s. to be sure, some may argue that economic growth would have been even more rapid, and income gains among top earners even more dramatic, were it not for the 1993 marginal tax rate increases. but the evidence in support of such a proposition is
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. to be sure, some may argue that economic growth would have been even more rapid, and income gains among top earners even more dramatic, were it not for the 1993 marginal tax rate increases. but the evidence in support of such a proposition is weak, and on its face it seems implausible. the upshot is that the experience of the 1990s, which is not reflected in most of the studies mentioned above, provides yet another reason to remain skeptical that marginal tax rates have dramatic effects on the economy. estimating the impact on the economy of the bush marginal tax rate reduction the bush tax plan would reduce the average statutory marginal tax rate ( that is, the average tax rate applying to the last dollar earned in the economy ) by roughly three percentage points relative to the current distribution of tax rates. estimating the impact on the economy of this reduction in marginal tax rates is subject to substantial uncertainty. nonetheless, one reasonable approach applies the results from the gruber and saez study mentioned above. the gruber - saez study is perhaps the most comprehensive and rigorous recent study available. as explained in the appendix, the results from this study are likely biased toward finding large effects on gdp. the analysis in the appendix, based on this study, suggests that a reduction in marginal rates such as president bush has proposed would raise gdp in the long run by slightly less than 0. 4 percentage points. other changes in the bush tax plan would have only minimal effects on gdp in the future, perhaps amounting to about 0. 1 percentage points. the bush tax plan also would reduce national saving relative to the congressional budget office baseline, under which all the surpluses are assumed to be saved. as explained in the appendix, the reduction in national saving caused by the tax cut could reduce gdp in 2012 by between 0. 6 and 0. 9 percentage points. the table below presents the net effect of the bush tax cut on the economy, relative to the baseline assumption of saving the surpluses. as the table shows, the overall effect is likely to be a small reduction in gdp in 2012, because the benefits of the marginal tax rate changes are too small to offset the costs of the fall in national saving. it is worth emphasizing that these estimates are highly uncertain. nonetheless, they raise serious questions about whether a tax cut should be expected to produce a large gain to the economy in the long run. they also suggest that at the margin, scaling back the tax cut and undertaking more national saving would likely be beneficial from the perspective of raising future gdp. percentage point effect
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cut should be expected to produce a large gain to the economy in the long run. they also suggest that at the margin, scaling back the tax cut and undertaking more national saving would likely be beneficial from the perspective of raising future gdp. percentage point effect on gdp in 2012 positive effect from tax reductions + 0. 4 to + 0. 5 percent minus : negative effect from reduced national saving - 0. 6 to - 0. 9 percent overall effect - 0. 1 to - 0. 5 percent the most recent academic evidence suggests only modest economic gains should be expected from reducing marginal tax rates. indeed, the gains from reduced marginal tax rates are likely to be so modest that future output may well be higher if the funds devoted to president bush ' s proposed tax cut were saved rather than being spent on the tax cut. the results similarly suggest that providing a tax cut but scaling back its size and saving the funds instead may well raise future output more than a larger tax cut would. the promise of substantial long - term economic gains if the tax cut is enacted is likely to prove illusory and should not be used as a basis for granting the proposal a stamp of approval. the bush tax plan would reduce the average statutory marginal tax rate by roughly three percentage points relative to the current distribution of tax rates. ( 26 ) the reason that the bush tax cut reduces marginal tax rates, on average, by only three percentage points despite larger changes for some taxpayers is that at least 30 percent of total income is earned by taxpayers in the 15 percent marginal tax bracket who would face no reduction in marginal tax rates under the bush plan ( in other words, their income is above the threshold for the proposed 10 percent bracket but below the threshold for the 28 percent bracket, and their last dollar earned would therefore continue to be taxed at a 15 percent marginal rate ). ( 27 ) estimating the impact of this reduction in marginal tax rates is subject to substantial uncertainty. nonetheless, one reasonable approach applies the results from the gruber and saez paper. since the gruber - saez study provides more comprehensive analysis than earlier studies, its estimates appear to provide the best available basis for estimating the impact on future gdp of the bush marginal tax rate reductions. despite being the most recent, rigorous study available, the gruber - saez study may well overstate the impact of the bush tax rate reductions on future gdp for three reasons. first, the gruber - saez study examines only the 1980s, a period during which the responses to changes in tax rates appear atypically
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( 34 ) the aggregate effect from the second earner deduction is still likely to be quite modest, however. according to data from the institute on taxation and economic policy tax model, married couples represent less than half of all taxpayers and married couples with incomes below $ 614, 000 account for slightly more than half of total income. the effect on the average marginal tax rate is thus muted, especially since the marginal tax reduction applies only to the secondary earner and not the primary earner. furthermore, for some married couples ( those in which the secondary earner earns more than $ 30, 000 ), the second earner deduction will reduce average tax rates, but not marginal tax rates. for these couples, the second earner deduction would provide incentives for less work, rather than more work, since the couple could keep after - tax income constant even while working somewhat less. ( 35 ) one rough estimate of the potential aggregate effect of the second earner deduction, which is again likely to exaggerate the increase in gdp for the reasons discussed in the footnote, suggests that it could raise gdp in 2012 by perhaps 0. 05 to 0. 1 percentage points. ( 36 ) some proponents of the tax cut argue that eliminating the estate tax would significantly affect the economy. both the theory and the evidence in favor of this proposition are weak, however. ( 37 ) a 1998 treasury department paper noted that there was no empirical evidence concerning the effects of the estate tax on work effort and savings among those who leave estates, and that the estate tax may well encourage work among the heirs of estates : large inheritances, for example, appear to accelerate retirement among the recipients. ( 38 ) the rest of president bush ' s proposed tax package the components that do not reduce statutory marginal income tax rates thus seems unlikely to have a significant effect on future gdp. to be conservative, we allow the other components of the tax package to raise future gdp by 0. 05 to 0. 15 percentage points ( most of which would likely come from the second earner deduction ). this suggests the total tax package, with a cost of between $ 2 trillion and $ 2. 5 trillion when the cost of added interest payments on the debt and the cost of addressing the alternative minimum tax are taken into account, ( 39 ) would raise future gdp by perhaps 0. 4 percent to 0. 5 percent. ( it is worth emphasizing that these estimates are, if anything, an overestimate, for the reasons described above. ) the cbo baseline projections
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, ( 39 ) would raise future gdp by perhaps 0. 4 percent to 0. 5 percent. ( it is worth emphasizing that these estimates are, if anything, an overestimate, for the reasons described above. ) the cbo baseline projections for future gdp, however, assume that the entire budget surplus will be saved. relative to that baseline, the tax cut will reduce national saving, which will reduce future gdp. the overall effect of the tax cut on the economy therefore depends on the interaction of these two effects : the modest positive effect from reducing marginal tax rates, plus the negative effect from reducing saving ( relative to the cbo baseline ). another recent center paper examines the impact on future gdp of actions that dissipate the projected budget surpluses. ( 40 ) the methodology is described in detail in an appendix to that paper. using the same methodology, the impact of dissipating $ 2 trillion to $ 2. 5 trillion of the projected surpluses can be estimated. assuming that private saving offsets 25 percent of the $ 2 trillion to $ 2. 5 trillion reduction in public saving ( in other words, private saving rises by 25 percent of the reduction in public saving ), the tax cut would reduce the nation ' s capital stock at the end of 2011, relative to the baseline, by between $ 1. 5 trillion and $ 1. 9 trillion. ( 41 ) to translate the reduction in the capital stock into a reduction in gdp, we assume a marginal product of capital of between 7 and 8. 5 percent, which means that an increase in the nation ' s capital stock of $ 100 is assumed to raise gdp by between $ 7 and $ 8. 50. ( a recent paper by martin feldstein and andrew samwick assumes a marginal product of capital of 8. 5 percent, but that estimate may be too high. ( 42 ) in this context, an overestimate of the marginal product of capital would overstate the negative impact of the tax cut. we therefore also adopt a somewhat lower estimate than the one adopted by feldstein and samwick, as assurance that we are not biasing the results against the tax cut. ) the reduction in national saving associated with the tax cut thus reduces gdp in 2012 by $ 100 billion to $ 160 billion, or by roughly 0. 6 to 0. 9 percentage points. the table above presents the net effects of these changes. the estimates suggest a small reduction in gdp, of perhaps 0. 1 to 0. 5 percentage points, in 2012 from the proposed bush
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by roughly 0. 6 to 0. 9 percentage points. the table above presents the net effects of these changes. the estimates suggest a small reduction in gdp, of perhaps 0. 1 to 0. 5 percentage points, in 2012 from the proposed bush tax cut ( relative to the cbo baseline ). 1. peter r. orszag is president of sebago associates, inc., an economics consulting firm. he has previously served as special assistant to the president for economic policy, senior economist on the president ' s council of economic advisers, and a member of the economics faculty at the university of california at berkeley. in august 2001, he will join the brookings institution as a senior fellow in economic studies. 2. daniel mitchell, " reducing tax rates across the board : a cornerstone of pro - growth tax relief, " heritage foundation report no. 711, january 16, 2001. 3. higher national saving today increases future output if the increase in national saving is absorbed either through higher domestic investment or through future receipts from abroad ( which would occur if the increase in national saving is absorbed through higher net lending to foreigners ). 4. sebastian mallaby, " goodbye to reagonomics, " washington post, february 19, 2001, page a33. 5. this analysis focuses only on the expected effects on output in the future. it does not undertake a full social cost - benefit analysis of the proposed tax reductions. 6. the increase in the marginal tax rate was actually larger than this increase in statutory income tax rates, since the 1993 budget deal also applied the medicare payroll tax rate to an unlimited amount of earnings. before 1993, the medicare payroll tax ( 2. 9 percent of earnings ) applied only up to a given level of earnings. 7. see, for example, joel slemrod, " what do cross - country studies teach about government involvement, prosperity, and economic growth? " brookings papers on economic activity ( no. 2, 1995 ), pages 373 - 431. 8. the evidence is surveyed in jerry hausman, " taxes and labor supply, " handbook of public economics : volume i, 1985. 9. joel slemrod and jon bakija, taxing ourselves : a citizen ' s guide to the great debate over tax reform ( mit press : cambridge, 1996 ), page 106. 10. see discussion in leonard burman, the labyrinth of capital gains tax policy : a guide for the perplexed ( brookings institution press : washington, 1999 ), page 56
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reform ( mit press : cambridge, 1996 ), page 106. 10. see discussion in leonard burman, the labyrinth of capital gains tax policy : a guide for the perplexed ( brookings institution press : washington, 1999 ), page 56. 11. b. douglas bernheim and john karl scholz, " saving, taxes and, " in joseph cordes, robert ebel, and jane gravelle, eds., the encyclopedia of taxation and tax policy ( urban institute press : washington, 1999 ), page 326. 12. it is also worth noting that a reduction in marginal tax rates reduces the incentive to save within a tax - preferred account. 13. see discussion in joseph stiglitz, economics of the public sector ( w. w. norton and company : new york, 1988 ), pages 553 - 555. the limited deductibility of losses, combined with a progressive income tax system, attenuates the risk - sharing provided by the tax system. stiglitz notes that the overall effect of the tax system on risk - taking is therefore unclear. 14. joel slemrod and jon bakija, taxing ourselves : a citizen ' s guide to the great debate over tax reform, op. cit., page 117. one recent paper does find a significant relationship between marginal tax rates and entrepreneurship. see robert carroll, douglas holtz - eakin, mark rider, and harvey s. rosen, " entrepreneurs, income taxes, and investment, " in joel slemrod, ed., does atlas shrug? the economic consequences of taxing the rich ( harvard university press : cambridge, 2000 ). 15. lawrence lindsey, " individual taxpayer response to tax cuts : 1982 - 1984, with implications for the revenue maximizing tax rate, " journal of public economics, 33 : 173 - 206. 16. martin feldstein, " the effect of marginal tax rates on taxable income : a panel study of the 1986 tax reform act, " journal of political economy, 103 : 551 - 72. 17. austan goolsbee, " evidence on the high - income laffer curve from six decades of tax reform, " brookings panel on economic activity, september 1999, page 9. 18. jonathan gruber and emmanuel saez, " the elasticity of taxable income : evidence and implications, " nber working paper 7512, january 2000. 19. congressional record, august 6, 1993. 20. atlanta journal - constitution, august 6, 1993. 21
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saez, " the elasticity of taxable income : evidence and implications, " nber working paper 7512, january 2000. 19. congressional record, august 6, 1993. 20. atlanta journal - constitution, august 6, 1993. 21. martin feldstein and kathleen feldstein, " how the rich will botch clinton ' s plan, " los angeles times, march 21, 1993. 22. an early study by martin feldstein and daniel feenberg suggested that high - income taxpayers reacted to the 1993 marginal tax increases by reducing their work effort and their taxable incomes. in particular, feldstein and feenberg claimed that the reported taxable incomes of very high - income taxpayers fell by 8 percent in 1993. but they failed to take into account the shifting of some income from 1993 into 1992 by high earners who anticipated the tax increase after the 1992 election. correcting for this income shifting significantly affects the results. see martin feldstein and daniel feenberg, " the effect of increased tax rates on taxable income and economic efficiency : a preliminary analysis of the 1993 tax rate increases, " in james poterba, ed., tax policy and the economy ( mit press : cambridge, 1996 ). see also the discussion in joel slemrod and jon bakija, taxing ourselves : a citizen ' s guide to the great debate over tax reform, op. cit., pages 127 - 128. 23. isaac shapiro, " the latest irs data on after - tax income trends, " center on budget and policy priorities, february 26, 2001. 24. congressional budget office, " budget options, " february 2001, page 376. 25. some of this increase was due to capital gains, and capital gains tax rates were reduced during the 1990s. even excluding capital gains, however, the differential in income growth rates between top earners and lower earners during the 1990s was dramatic. ( it should be noted that the recent surge in capital gains income began well before capital gains tax rates were reduced in 1997. as cbo noted in its recent report on the budget and the economy, " between 1994 and 1998, realizations of capital gains nearly tripled, with most of that increase occurring before the cut in tax rates for them in 1997. " ) 26. this figure weights each individual ' s marginal tax rate by his or her income. it is derived from " individual income tax rates and shares, 1997, " statistics of income, spring 2000, table 1. it assumes that taxpayers
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. " ) 26. this figure weights each individual ' s marginal tax rate by his or her income. it is derived from " individual income tax rates and shares, 1997, " statistics of income, spring 2000, table 1. it assumes that taxpayers in the 15, 28, and 31 percent marginal income tax brackets face a 15. 3 percent marginal payroll tax rate, and that taxpayers in the 36 and 39. 6 percent marginal income tax brackets face a 2. 9 percent marginal payroll tax rate. it excludes the relatively small effect of the phase - out of itemized deductions ( which applies to married taxpayers with adjusted gross income of more than $ 128, 950 in 2000 ) and of personal exemptions ( which applies to married taxpayers with adjusted gross income of more than $ 193, 400 in 2000 ). this figure assumes that 25 percent of the income currently taxed at a 15 percent marginal income tax rate would instead be taxed at the 10 percent rate proposed as part of the bush plan. this assumption is likely an overestimate, so that the overall marginal tax rate would not fall as much as assumed in this analysis ( and therefore gdp would not rise as much ). 27. note that the three percentage point reduction is predicated on the 1997 distribution of taxpayers. over time, income growth in excess of inflation tends to push taxpayers into higher marginal tax brackets. the reduction produced by the bush tax cut may therefore be somewhat higher under the distribution of taxpayers in 2011. 28. see, for example, the discussion in roger gordon and joel slemrod, " are ' real ' responses to taxes simply income shifting between corporate and personal tax bases? " in joel slemrod, ed., does atlas shrug? the economic consequences of taxing the rich ( harvard university press : cambridge, 2000 ). 29. the gruber - saez paper suggests an elasticity of broad income with respect to the net tax factor of 0. 12. that is, gruber and saez suggest that broad income would rise by 0. 12 percent for every one percent reduction in the net tax factor ( which is defined as one minus the tax rate ). the weighted - average marginal tax rate, including payroll taxes, is currently 38 percent ; it would decline to 35 percent under the bush plan. the 0. 6 percent figure is therefore computed as 0. 12 * ( ln ( 1 -. 35 ) - ln ( 1 -. 38 ) ) = 0. 006. note that gruber and saez also find that
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. the 0. 6 percent figure is therefore computed as 0. 12 * ( ln ( 1 -. 35 ) - ln ( 1 -. 38 ) ) = 0. 006. note that gruber and saez also find that the elasticity is higher for higher - income taxpayers and lower for lower - income taxpayers. applying their income - specific elasticities ( see table 8 of their paper ) to each class of income produces a similar overall result. 30. in 1998, the gruber - saez definition of " broad income " would have amounted to slightly more than $ 5. 4 trillion. gdp was $ 8. 66 trillion. broad income thus was 63 percent of gdp. 31. gruber and saez emphasize that their estimate is highly uncertain, and that the " true " effect could be zero : their estimate is not statistically significantly different from zero. the estimates here therefore are also uncertain and are effectively not statistically significantly different from zero. 32. a recent paper by eric engen and jonathan skinner suggests the effects of marginal tax rate reductions may be larger than this estimate, albeit still relatively modest. see eric engen and jonathan skinner, " taxation and economic growth, " national tax journal, december 1996. their estimates, however, are based on international comparisons and on combining a variety of microeconomic studies. under either of these approaches, the negative effects of reduced national saving may also be larger than estimated below. it is not clear whether the overall effect of reduced marginal tax rates and reduced national saving would be any different under the engen and skinner approach. similarly, some estimates of the effects of tax reductions use dynamic or " endogenous growth " models. in such models, both tax reductions and reduced saving would typically generate larger effects than shown here, but it is unclear whether the net effect of a tax reduction and reduced saving would be significantly different. 33. the deduction reduces taxable income by only 10 percent of the second earner ' s income ( up to a maximum income of $ 30, 000, thereby providing a maximum deduction of $ 3, 000 ). for a family in the 15 percent marginal bracket ( most of whom will have one spouse earning less than $ 30, 000 ), the second earner deduction reduces the marginal tax rate for the secondary earner by 1. 5 percentage points. it does not reduce the marginal tax rate for the primary earner. 34. see, for example, nada eissa, " taxation and labor supply of married women : the tax
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rate for the secondary earner by 1. 5 percentage points. it does not reduce the marginal tax rate for the primary earner. 34. see, for example, nada eissa, " taxation and labor supply of married women : the tax reform act of 1986 as a natural experiment, " nber working paper 5023, february 1995. eissa finds that labor force participation rates among high - income married women are particularly responsive to marginal tax rates. 35. similarly, for many couples, the proposed increase in the child credit will reduce average tax rates but not marginal rates and therefore could reduce work incentives. the change in the phase - out range of the child credit will reduce marginal tax rates for some families and raise them for others. the net effect from the child credit changes is, if anything, likely to be a reduction in labor supply. 36. eissa finds that the elasticity of labor supply with respect to the after - tax wage rate is between 0. 6 and 1. 0 for very high - income women. if we assume an elasticity of 0. 7 for the entire population of married women ( which is likely to be too high and therefore to exaggerate the effect of the tax reduction ) and also assume that the secondary earner deduction reduces the marginal tax rate for second earners by two percentage points on average and that secondary earners earn an average of $ 30, 000 in nominal dollars in 2012 ( which also may be too high and therefore may overstate the effect on gdp ), the implied increase in gdp in 2012 is roughly $ 20 billion, or 0. 1 percentage points of projected gdp. the assumed elasticity of 0. 7 may be much too high for the married female population as a whole, however. with an elasticity of 0. 35 rather than 0. 7, the predicted increase in gdp is 0. 05 percentage points. 37. see william gale and maria perozek, " do estate taxes reduce saving, " forthcoming in william gale, james hines, and joel slemrod, eds., rethinking estate and gift taxation ( brookings institution press : washington, 2001 ). 38. david joulfaian, " the federal estate and gift tax : description, profile of taxpayers, and economic consequences, " department of the treasury, ota paper 80, december 1998. 39. for a discussion of the overall cost of the bush tax cut, see robert greenstein, " cost of the bush tax cut rises, " center on budget and policy priorities,
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department of the treasury, ota paper 80, december 1998. 39. for a discussion of the overall cost of the bush tax cut, see robert greenstein, " cost of the bush tax cut rises, " center on budget and policy priorities, revised february 13, 2001, and richard kogan and robert greenstein, " new joint tax committee estimates raise cost of bush tax plan : cost now well over $ 2 trillion, " center on budget and policy priorities, march 2, 2001. 40. peter orszag, " the peril of zero debt and the long - term budgetary outlook : some questions regarding chairman greenspan ' s recent testimony, " center on budget and policy priorities, february 22, 2001. 41. the council of economic advisers ( cea ), in february 1994, argued that the private saving offset would be zero. see council of economic advisers, economic report of the president 1994 ( government printing office ), page 83. the cbo, however, argues that between 20 and 50 percent of increased federal saving is offset by reduced private saving. see cbo, " description of economic models, " november 1998. the 25 percent figure reflects a combination of the cea and cbo views. 42. see martin feldstein and andrew samwick, " allocating payroll tax revenue to personal retirement accounts, " tax notes, june 19, 2000, p. 1645. we also assume that cbo ' s projected 3. 1 percent real growth rate for 2010 and 2011 continues into 2012. note that it is technically more accurate to examine gross national product, rather than gross domestic product, since some of the differentials in capital are likely to manifest themselves in the stock of net foreign investment rather than the stock of domestic capital. under the assumption that the return on foreign capital is equal to the return on domestic capital, however, this caveat is merely semantic : the benefit to future workers is unaffected.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.310935
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- the magazine what can be said about a glaze? plenty! we have all been in the position of trying to describe our favorite glaze to another potter or to ourselves. if the actual glaze is not present, the verbal account can leave a lot to the imagination, which can produce an inaccurate image. the glaze description language is an agreed - upon meaning to the many characteristics found in glazes. it uses several key words and phrases to define a glaze. the idea, as with all languages, is that everyone understands what is meant by the standardized terms that classify a glaze. the glaze description language allows the listener or reader to formulate an accurate mental image of how the fired glaze looks and functions. one area of potential error occurs when writing or describing glazes. many potters still refer to a glaze formula by its popular name. for example, we have all called glazes randy ’ s red or bob ’ s blue. while there is a certain personal and informal quality in referring to glazes in such a manner, it can lead to numerous inaccuracies in exchanging or understanding glaze formulas. just referring to a glaze by its common name does not tell us enough about its characteristics, such as color, texture or light transmission. as an added potential for error, the actual glaze formula for randy ’ s red could have changed many times since randy developed the glaze. identifying glazes only by their names is an inaccurate attempt to transfer information and can indicate a potter ’ s lack of knowledge about glaze formulas. even potters who know better are still drawn into the easy habit of referring to a glaze only by its name. however, there is another method that can transfer information with greater accuracy. once the vocabulary is known, it makes the task of explaining how a glaze looks much easier, faster and more accurate. we ' re not talking about deciphering sanskrit or egyptian hieroglyphics ; just a few simple categories can add to the enjoyment of making and describing ceramic glazes. keep in mind there are no set rules about the number of terms to use in describing a glaze. however, it is critical that any terms used have some universal understanding among potters. in addition, too many descriptive terms can be overly cumbersome to use in actual practice. many potters choose only those descriptions that accurately focus on their particular glaze. listed are several characteristics that will define a glaze in specific terms. firing temperature :
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, too many descriptive terms can be overly cumbersome to use in actual practice. many potters choose only those descriptions that accurately focus on their particular glaze. listed are several characteristics that will define a glaze in specific terms. firing temperature : c / 06, c / 6, c / 9 the firing temperature or pyrometric cone rating is critical in the description of any glaze. the three most common temperature ranges used today in ceramics are c / 06 ( 1830°f ), c / 6 ( 2232°f ) and c / 9 ( 2336°f ). most clay body and glaze formulas have been developed around these temperature ranges. published glaze and clay body formulas also fall within these widely used pyrometer cone and temperatures. preparation : frit or raw oxides frits are manufactured from specific raw oxides, which are calcined or fired in a molten mass, cooled and then ground into a fine powder. frits are frequently used in low -, medium - and some high - temperature glazes, acting as a major flux or glass former. a raw glaze is composed of non - fritted ceramic materials such as feldspars, clays, dolomite, whiting, zinc, talc, magnesium carbonate, and other naturally occurring raw materials. composition : lead, alkaline and alkaline earth the composition of any glaze can determine its surface texture, light transmission, viscosity when molten, and color development when used with stains or metallic coloring oxides. the major ( but not only ) ingredients in glazes fall within three broad categories : lead - based glazes containing lead ; alkaline - based glazes containing feldspars and / or frits ; and alkaline earth - based glazes containing calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium and beryllium. texture : gloss, satin matt, dry matt the fired glaze can develop gloss, satin matt or a dry surface texture. a gloss surface is shiny and smooth to the touch. a satin matt surface is similar to a satin ribbon, with a semi - smooth surface texture, while a dry matt glaze can have a gritty surface. the surface texture of the glaze is not to be confused with its light transmission qualities. light transmission : transparent, semi - opaque, opaque the ability of light to penetrate the glaze layer determines whether the glaze is transparent, semi - opaque or opaque. color : green,
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.320782
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##laze is not to be confused with its light transmission qualities. light transmission : transparent, semi - opaque, opaque the ability of light to penetrate the glaze layer determines whether the glaze is transparent, semi - opaque or opaque. color : green, yellow, red, blue, etc. glazes can be formulated in any color using stains or metallic coloring oxides. color is often one of the major defining characteristics in describing any glaze. special effects : wood, soda, salt, raku, luster glazes can be developed for wood, soda, salt, luster, raku or any number of applications or firing techniques. application : sprayed, dipped, brushed a glaze can be sprayed, dipped or brushed on the ware. the application method can also play a part in the total fired glaze effect. atmosphere : oxidation, neutral, reduction a glaze can be fired in an oxidation atmosphere ( more air than fuel present in combustion ), a neutral atmosphere ( equal amounts of air and fuel ), or a reduction atmosphere ( more fuel than air present in combustion ). the kiln atmosphere can alter any of the above glaze characteristics depending on the particular glaze formula and kiln firing cycle. glaze hardness : soft, hard while not typically a glaze characteristic that is noted, some fired glazes can be described as either hard or soft in their resistance to abrasion or solubility. while it is not necessary ( or, in many instances, required ) to use every glaze description characteristic, an example would be : i am currently firing a c / 9, fritted, alkaline, gloss, transparent, blue, soda - fired, sprayed glaze in a reduction atmosphere, and it has a hard - fired surface. more frequently, a description of this same glaze would be stated as : i am currently firing c / 9 / reduction, gloss, transparent blue, soda - fired glaze. standardization in describing glazes leads to accuracy in talking and writing about glazes, all of which can create a greater understanding of ceramic materials. disseminating accurate glaze information to other potters will also prevent many glaze defects that are caused by the misidentification of glaze characteristics.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.321619
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creating a better future on the world day to combat desertification, media around the world wrote about the importance of restoring lands and soils. meanwhile delegates met at the rio + 20 global summit on sustainable development during a high level meeting on securing healthy soils and stopping land degradation. here are a few news highlights : live coverage of ‘ desertification day ’ ( 17 june, rtcc ) the # riopavilion is hosting desertification day – focused on sustainable land management, degradation and real debate on what can be done to prevent thousands of hectares of the earth ’ s surface from becoming unusable 1200 while delegates in riocentro arrive bleary eyed after last night ’ s talks … the athlete ’ s park across the road is buzzing. this is home to un agencies, international stands, company exhibits and the best coffee in rio – at the italy pavilion – a construction from hemp, cardboard and bamboo. 1230 key points from this morning ’ s session at the rio pavilion … - desertification is still seen as a domestic issue. situation now critical. need a global appreciation of danger - 1. 6 billion extra people on planet since first rio summit in 1992 ; food provision is becoming critical - @ unccd boss luc gnacadja calls for strong text on land management at otherwise we face conflict + famine - unff ’ s jan mcalpine : soil is the blood in our planet ’ s veins. it ’ s time we treated it with the respect it deserves - benin ’ s minister for environment tells us they need more investment and funding in africa to develop sustainable land strategies read the full daily report just planting trees won ’ t stop march of deserts ( 16 june, pacific standard, judith schwartz ) while deserts expand and shrink naturally over geologic time periods, the desertification of today is not “ natural. ” it ’ s driven by human action, such as over - cultivation, deforestation, and poor livestock management. today 1. 5 billion people depend for their food and livelihoods on land that is losing its capacity to sustain vegetation. it ’ s been estimated that half of today ’ s armed conflicts can be partly attributed to environmental strains associated with dryland degradation. a number of scholars cite desertification as a key factor in the fall of some civilizations : think carthage, mesopotamia, ancient greece and rome. to combat the advance of deserts, most governments and ngos say planting trees is the best way to halt encroaching sands. two field scientists are addressing the problem from very different directions, allan savory and chris rei
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ancient greece and rome. to combat the advance of deserts, most governments and ngos say planting trees is the best way to halt encroaching sands. two field scientists are addressing the problem from very different directions, allan savory and chris reij, agree that while trees are part of the answer, but their work eschews planting them. “ planting trees cannot reverse desertification in most places because the desertifying land generally has too low a rainfall for full soil cover from tree leaf fall litter, ” savory says, “ and exposed soil leads to less effective rainfall. ” his solution relies not on trees, but on animals. reij admires the work of yacouba sawadogo of burkina faso, featured in the film “ the man who stopped the desert. ” “ yacouba had a lot of land that was degraded. nothing was growing, ” reij recounts. “ he took a traditional technique, digging basins, or zai pits. he made the pits deeper, to collect more rainwater, and added manure, to nourish plants, and used these to grow crops and trees. he started a 15 - hectare forest this way. ” these trees, he notes, weren ’ t intentionally planted : “ we ’ re talking about protecting and managing trees that grow spontaneously on farmers ’ fields. a lot of tree planting has not been very successful. the survival rate of trees planted in drylands is only about 20 percent. yet it ’ s continued year after year despite not such a good track record. ” read the full article 12 - year - old dubai girl wins in un competition ( 18 june, janice ponce de leon, gulfnews ) a 12 - year - old girl from dubai was awarded as one of the four global winners of the united nations convention to combat desertification ( unccd ) in celebration of the world day to combat desertification on sunday. speaking to gulf news from brazil, basu said : “ receiving a united nations award is very very special. i think it is very important for children to be responsible for the future and we cannot let someone else take care of it on our behalf. through my essays, i wish to shock people out of their complacency and take action. ” basu, the youngest among the 700 delegates from 112 countries who attended the youth blast, the rio + 20 conference for youth, said that the youth group in the conference is “ very concerned by the fact that they are not a part of the decision - making process. ”
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among the 700 delegates from 112 countries who attended the youth blast, the rio + 20 conference for youth, said that the youth group in the conference is “ very concerned by the fact that they are not a part of the decision - making process. ” read the full article ‘ desertification is nearly as critical as climate change ’ ( 18 june, kpm basheer, the hindu ) interview with dr. mansour n ' diaye, chef de cabinet of the united nations convention to combat desertification secretariat what will be the role of the upcoming rio + 20 conference in the fight against desertification? the rio + 20 role will be very crucial as world leaders can take a bold decision of setting a sustainable development goal for “ zero net land degradation. ” we are pushing for an agreement on zero net land degradation by 2030. setting up of an intergovernmental panel on land and soil will be very helpful in speeding up efforts to check desertification. desertification is nearly as critical as climate change and international initiative on climate change and biodiversity loss should have linkages and synergies with steps against desertification. unfortunately, people are not as aware of the impact of desertification as they are of climate change. the rio + 20 meeting can bring in desertification on the sustainable development agenda. it can also agree to give more legal teeth to the unccd. steps to check desertification and rehabilitating degraded lands are expensive and time - consuming. how can poor countries rise to the challenge? of course, the battle against desertification calls for long - term commitment and investment. there is no alternative. regional, sub - regional and country - level plans are necessary for africa and asia to reclaim deserts and restore them to fertile farmlands. developing countries need to integrate their poverty eradication programmes with strategies to fight desertification. they could also earmark a certain share of their annual budgets for the efforts. the soil and land preservation efforts should be prioritised and mainstreamed. the funds for climate change mitigation and adaptation could be dovetailed to the anti - desertification programme. in africa, several countries have come together to form a 12, 000 sq. km “ great green wall ” extending from senegal to djibouti with the participation of local communities. people ' s participation is crucial in reclaiming lands. china ' s “ great green wall ” project is on a massive scale and is now starting to show results. read the full article add a comment
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.330257
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the international energy agency predicts renewables will become the world ’ s second - largest source of power generation by 2015 and close in on coal as the primary source by 2035. but according to the 2012 edition of its flagship publication, the world energy outlook, the agency warns this rapid increase is critically dependent on continued subsidies. it says in 2011, these subsidies ( including for biofuels ) amounted to $ 88 billion, but over the period to 2035 need to amount to $ 4. 8 trillion ; over half of this has already been committed to existing projects or is needed to meet 2020 targets. ambitions for nuclear have been scaled back as countries have reviewed policies following the accident at fukushima daiichi, but capacity is still projected to rise, led by china, korea, india and russia. the report, which was launched in london today, also warns the race is on to improve energy efficiency if the world is to limit global warming to 2°c. fatih birol, iea chief economist and the weo ’ s lead author, said : “ our analysis shows that in the absence of a concerted policy push, two - thirds of the economically viable potential to improve energy efficiency will remain unrealised through to 2035. “ action to improve energy efficiency could delay the complete ‘ lock - in ’ of the allowable emissions of carbon dioxide under a 2oc trajectory – which is currently set to happen in 2017 – until 2022, buying time to secure a much - needed global climate agreement. “ it would also bring substantial energy security and economic benefits, including cutting fuel bills by 20 % on average. ” referring to iea ’ s statement that two - thirds of proven fossil fuel reserve cannot be used if the world is to limit global warming to 2°c, wwf - uk said that is was “ crazy ” that governments were still backing fossil fuels over renewables. the group said that the uk energy bill needed to mark a decisive away from fossil fuels towards renewable sources of energy. keith allott, head of climate change at wwf - uk, commented : “ the iea have delivered yet another sober assessment of our failure to put the world ’ s energy systems onto a sustainable path. many governments and businesses are clearly in denial over the threat posed by climate change and need to accept that we have to start leaving fossil fuels in the ground rather than dashing to develop new reserves. it ’ s simply crazy to think otherwise. ” “ given the massive potential highlighted by the iea for energy efficiency, it ’ s astou
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accept that we have to start leaving fossil fuels in the ground rather than dashing to develop new reserves. it ’ s simply crazy to think otherwise. ” “ given the massive potential highlighted by the iea for energy efficiency, it ’ s astounding that ways of promoting it haven ’ t been included in the draft uk energy bill. energy efficiency could cut people ’ s bills in the uk by £10 billion a year – we must make sure we benefit from this. ” wwf ’ s global director of energy policy, dr stephan singer, also backed the call by the iea to cut fossil fuel subsidies and redirect the cash into clean renewables and energy conservation. he said : “ it is almost the final nail in the coffin of the global fossil fuel industry ’ s credibility to see the iea very prominently highlighting the fact that about two thirds of the presently available fossil fuel reserves have to stay underground if the world is serious about staying below 2 degree global warming. “ this science - based but blunt assessment should be heard clearly by all countries. this is not only about stopping all new large fossil fuel developments such as in the arctic ; this is about surrendering existing assets as well, and it is the price to pay to avoid global climate disaster. ” today ' s iea report also shows how the global energy map is changing in dramatic fashion and these switches will recast expectations about the role of different countries, regions and fuels in the global energy system over the coming decades. “ north america is at the forefront of a sweeping transformation in oil and gas production that will affect all regions of the world, yet the potential also exists for a similarly transformative shift in global energy efficiency, ” said iea executive director maria van der hoeven. “ this year ’ s world energy outlook shows that by 2035, we can achieve energy savings equivalent to nearly a fifth of global demand in 2010. in other words, energy efficiency is just as important as unconstrained energy supply, and increased action on efficiency can serve as a unifying energy policy that brings multiple benefits. ” the weo finds that the extraordinary growth in oil and natural gas output in the united states will mean a sea - change in global energy flows. in the new policies scenario, the weo ’ s central scenario, the united states becomes a net exporter of natural gas by 2020 and is almost self - sufficient in energy, in net terms, by 2035. north america emerges as a net oil exporter, accelerating the switch in direction of international oil trade,
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.336981
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the united states becomes a net exporter of natural gas by 2020 and is almost self - sufficient in energy, in net terms, by 2035. north america emerges as a net oil exporter, accelerating the switch in direction of international oil trade, with almost 90 % of middle eastern oil exports being drawn to asia by 2035. links between regional gas markets will strengthen as liquefied natural gas trade becomes more flexible and contract terms evolve. while regional dynamics change, global energy demand will push ever higher, growing by more than one - third to 2035. china, india and the middle east account for 60 % of the growth ; demand barely rises in the oecd, but there is a pronounced shift towards gas and renewables. fossil fuels will remain dominant in the global energy mix, supported by subsidies that, in 2011, jumped by almost 30 % to $ 523 billion, due mainly to increases in the middle east and north africa. global oil demand grows by 7 mb / d to 2020 and exceeds 99 mb / d in 2035, by which time oil prices reach $ 125 / barrel in real terms ( over $ 215 / barrel in nominal terms ). a surge in unconventional and deepwater oil boosts non - opec supply over the current decade, but the world relies increasingly on opec after 2020. iraq accounts for 45 % of the growth in global oil production to 2035 and becomes the second - largest global oil exporter, overtaking russia. while the regional picture for natural gas varies, the global outlook over the coming decades looks to be bright, as demand increases by 50 % to 5 trillion cubic metres in 2035. nearly half of the increase in production to 2035 is from unconventional gas, with most of this coming from the united states, australia and china. whether demand for coal carries on rising strongly or changes course radically will depend on the strength of policy decisions around lower - emissions energy sources and changes in the price of coal relative to natural gas. in the new policies scenario, global coal demand increases by 21 % and is heavily focused in china and india. water is essential to the production of energy, and the energy sector already accounts for 15 % of the world ’ s total water use. its needs are set to grow, making water an increasingly important criterion for assessing the viability of energy projects. in some regions, water constraints are already affecting the reliability of existing operations and they will introduce additional costs. expanding power generation and biofuels output underpin an 85 % increase in the amount consumed ( the
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.338078
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radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy before surgery in treating patients with stage ii or stage iii rectal cancer rationale : radiation therapy uses high - energy x - rays to kill tumor cells. drugs used in chemotherapy, such as fluorouracil and leucovorin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. giving radiation therapy and chemotherapy before surgery may make the tumor smaller and reduce the amount of normal tissue that needs to be removed. giving chemotherapy after surgery may kill any tumor cells that remain after surgery. it is not yet known whether radiation therapy is more effective with or without chemotherapy when given before surgery for rectal cancer. purpose : this randomized phase iii trial is studying radiation therapy given together with fluorouracil and leucovorin to see how well they work compared to giving radiation therapy alone before surgery in treating patients with stage ii or stage iii rectal cancer. drug : leucovorin calcium procedure : adjuvant therapy procedure : conventional surgery procedure : neoadjuvant therapy radiation : radiation therapy | study design : | | allocation : randomized primary purpose : treatment | official title : | | preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy ( 5 - fluorouracil and leucovorin ) in t3 - 4 rectal cancers - randomized trial | - compare the recurrence - free and overall survival of patients with resectable stage ii or iii adenocarcinoma of the rectum treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy comprising fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium followed by surgery and adjuvant fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium. outline : this is a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. patients are stratified according to participating center, gender, location of the tumor relative to the anal margin ( 0 - 5 cm vs > 5 cm ), and tumor stage ( t3 vs t4 ). patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms. neoadjuvant therapy : patients are randomized to 1 of 2 neoadjuvant therapy arms. - arm i : patients receive leucovorin calcium iv and fluorouracil iv over 15 minutes on days 1 - 5. treatment repeats every 28 days for 2 courses in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. patients also undergo concurrent radiotherapy 5 days a week for 5 weeks. - arm ii : patients undergo radiotherapy as
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.340964
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to read part one of this three - part series, click here. there are three related categories in the chemical - free construct for eliminating chemical residual : - transitional chemical - free technologies - enabled chemical - free technologies - fully toxic - free, chemical - free technologies. in the end, after the specific cleaning activity, all achieve a common result in that there is no harmful chemical residual in the air or on any surface. what follows is a discussion of the enabled chemical - free technologies. while no means complete, the following technologies should be explored in the quest to adopt a least harmful cleaning model. it is so common that it can be found in toothpaste, for example. titanium dioxide also acts as a powerful photocatalyst, a substance that creates a reaction when it is exposed to light. what is important about this characteristic is that the photocatalyzing abilities of titanium dioxide have been shown to break down a wide variety of organic compounds. this process occurs naturally once applied ; thus, no labor is involved. a surface covered with titanium dioxide will actually clean itself when exposed to ultraviolet light ( uv ) either from an artificial source or sunlight. it is effective on building exteriors, indoor and outdoor glass and many touch point surfaces. it is even showing up as a self - cleaning coating in restrooms, which could revolutionize our process of caring for such areas with reduced budgets. closely aligned to titanium dioxide, photocatalysts are additives that allow surfaces to keep themselves clean by decomposing organic material. uv light decomposes many organic materials in a slow, natural process that is visible in the way a dashboard of a vehicle fades and gets brittle over time. photocatalysts speed up this process and, like other types of catalysts, stimulate a chemical transformation without being consumed or worn out by the reaction. perhaps more importantly, they reduce air pollution by scouring nitrous oxide from the air. photocatalysts also have exciting potential for decorative concreting, but they are still seen as being in the technology - transfer phase of moving from laboratory to commercial reality. antimicrobial products are unique in their ability to create a long - lasting antimicrobial barrier on surfaces that is effective against a wide range of contaminants. some water - based coating products are enhanced by this technology because it inhibits microbial growth. this is achieved by creating an antimicrobial force field on hard surfaces and textiles. the cell wall of a microbe is about as thin as a soap bubble ;
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.344478
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based coating products are enhanced by this technology because it inhibits microbial growth. this is achieved by creating an antimicrobial force field on hard surfaces and textiles. the cell wall of a microbe is about as thin as a soap bubble ; so, this technology works to tear apart the thin cell wall of microbes like bacteria, mold, fungi and algae. a countertop product called silestone has bacteriostatic protection built into the actual material, meaning that it will inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria and mold on the surface. while silestone will not prevent food illnesses from improper handling, such as contamination with feces or uncooked meats, it will help to make the countertop areas easier to clean and maintain. nsf international and other organizations have noted the benefits of this antibacterial surface. a diamond pad cleaning system is an effective way to mechanically treat and maintain floors without strong stripping solutions, safety risks or intensive labor. this cleaning system consists of floor pads impregnated with microscopic diamonds that clean and polish a floor mechanically instead of using traditional chemicals. diamond - impregnated pads can be used on most common floor surfaces like terrazzo, ceramic tile, linoleum, vinyl / plastic, natural stone and concrete. diamond pad technology transforms dull, worn floors into clean, glossy and brightly polished floors with no potentially harmful chemistry. check back next month when we will explore the fully toxic - free, chemical - free technologies.
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subdomain_quantum_metrology
| 0.513352
| 300
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:524be669-2377-4eb3-bca4-8774ee7f2006>
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|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.345053
|
on sunday, the world bank released a study – turn down the heat : why a 4⁰c warmer world must be avoided – that says the world is on a path to increase the average global temperature by 4⁰c by end of the century – that is double what scientists say is safe in order to avoid the most catastrophic climate - related events. “ the world is barreling down a path to heat up by 4 degrees at the end of the century if the global community fails to act on climate change, triggering a cascade of cataclysmic changes that include extreme heat - waves, declining global food stocks and a sea - level rise affecting hundreds of millions of people, ” the world bank described in a press released on sunday. “ a 4 degree warmer world can, and must be, avoided – we need to hold warming below 2 degrees, ” world bank group president jim yong kim stated in a press release. “ lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today. climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development, and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations, especially the poorest. ” sea - level rise is among the many consequences described in the report. according to the study ’ s climate projections,. 5 meter to 1 meter sea - level rise is likely by 2100, with higher levels in specific regions. present - day sea - level dynamic topography could put developing countries in the indian subcontinent and southeast and east asia at most risk, areas that already experience above - average sea level rise. while there is no definitive link “ between present - day dynamic topography and the future sea - level rise under climate warming, ” those regions are experiencing greater coastal and urban migrations, which could make them more vulnerable to future sea - level rise. “ highly vulnerable cities are to be found in mozambique, madagascar, mexico, venezuela, india, bangladesh, indonesia, the philippines, and vietnam, ” the study found. in addition to sea - level rise, the report found that water scarcity will grow much worse in a 4⁰c warmer world. “ in a world rapidly warming toward 4°c, the most adverse impacts on water availability are likely to occur in association with growing water demand as the world population increases, ” according to the study. “ some estimates indicate that a 4°c warming would significantly exacerbate existing water scarcity in many regions, particularly northern and eastern africa, the middle east,
|
subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
| 0.449469
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:0816a16c-e40d-4157-be70-18df7995d876>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.349584
|
with growing water demand as the world population increases, ” according to the study. “ some estimates indicate that a 4°c warming would significantly exacerbate existing water scarcity in many regions, particularly northern and eastern africa, the middle east, and south asia, while additional countries in africa would be newly confronted with water scarcity on a national scale due to population growth. ” the bottom line, according to the report, a 4⁰c warmer world must be avoided at all costs. “ a 4°c world is likely to be one in which communities, cities and countries would experience severe disruptions, damage, and dislocation, with many of these risks spread unequally. it is likely that the poor will suffer most and the global community could become more fractured, and unequal than today. ” for security planners, the consequences are also likely to include increased uncertainty about future climate projections that make it more difficult to plan and equip accordingly. “ [ a ] 4°c world is so different from the current one that it comes with high uncertainty and new risks that threaten our ability to anticipate and plan for future adaptation needs, ” world bank group president kim acknowledged in the foreword of the report. photo : courtesy of the world bank group.
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
| 0.463467
| 257
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:0816a16c-e40d-4157-be70-18df7995d876>
| 1
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.350086
|
( cnn ) - - space, it has been said, is big. really big. but big enough for two companies that want to mine near - earth asteroids? a venture announced tuesday in california hopes so. deep space industries says it wants to start sending miniature scout probes, dubbed " fireflies, " on one - way missions to near - earth asteroids as soon as 2015. larger probes, " dragonflies, " that will bring back 50 - to 100 - pound samples from prospective targets could be on their way by 2016, company ceo david gump told reporters. the goal is to extract metals, water and compounds that can be used to make spacecraft fuel from the chunks of rock that float within about 50 million kilometers ( 31 million miles ) of earth. gump said the ability to produce fuel in space would be a boon for nasa, as the u. s. space agency shifts its focus toward exploring deeper into the solar system. as much as 90 % of the weight of a prospective months - long mars mission could be fuel - - and it costs between $ 5, 000 and $ 10, 000 per pound to put anything into space. " if nasa can launch just the hardware and tank up in orbit, where the fuel is cheap, that means we could get to the red planet a lot sooner than we currently expect, " gump said. that could also allow commercial satellite companies to extend the life of hardware that ' s now written off when fuel for maneuvering thrusters runs out. " if you give it one more month of active work in orbit, it ' s worth about $ 5 ( million ) to $ 8 million to the owner of that satellite, " gump said. tuesday ' s announcement comes nine months after the unveiling of a similar project by planetary resources, a company led by space tourism pioneers eric anderson and peter diamandis. that group, backed by investors such as filmmaker james cameron and google executives larry page and eric schmidt, says it hopes to get its first unmanned probes into space by the end of 2013. since the retirement of its space shuttles, nasa has hired out supply missions to the international space station to the private rocket company spacex. it completed the first commercial flight in october and is vying for a contract for manned flights into orbit alongside boeing and sierra nevada. deep space industries said it can build its first class of probes largely with off - the - shelf parts and book them on other launch vehicles, such as the french - built ariane rockets or the falcon booster
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.391142
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:d32420db-a4cd-43d3-a11f-d424f71d9aef>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.354202
|
into orbit alongside boeing and sierra nevada. deep space industries said it can build its first class of probes largely with off - the - shelf parts and book them on other launch vehicles, such as the french - built ariane rockets or the falcon boosters developed by spacex. executives said tuesday they ' re also developing a foundry designed to produce metal parts from nickel, an element abundant in asteroids, and operate in space, and a class of " harvestor " craft to extract valuable material from the asteroids. but john mankins, the company ' s chief technology officer, said its plans are based on existing technology, not " magic. " " you don ' t see any space elevators. you don ' t see antigravity. you don ' t see warp drive, " said mankins, a former nasa scientist. " there is really nothing the business plan deep space industries is using that cannot be done with the technological research that has already been accomplished in laboratories across the planet. " nasa landed a probe on the 20 - mile - long asteroid 433 eros in 2000, while japan ' s space agency not only landed its hayabusa spacecraft on the roughly 1, 700 - foot asteroid itokawa in 2007 but also returned it to earth with small samples in 2010. andrew cheng, project scientist for the eros probe near - shoemaker, said the big question facing commercial space ventures remains what it will cost to get their equipment off earth. " the physics are feasible. the economics is a different story, " said cheng, who now leads space research at the applied physics laboratory at johns hopkins university. he said he ' s hopeful that ventures such as deep space industries can succeed as more companies venture into space, however. " if someone identifies a way to do something out there that makes a lot of money, and there ' s a lot of traffic and a bigger market, then the cost will come down, " he said. " it ' s a bit of a chicken and egg problem. " space is a new legal frontier as well. the 1967 outer space treaty provides for " free access to all areas of celestial bodies " by any nation, but isn ' t clear about commercial rights, said henry hertzfeld, who researches space policy at george washington university. until that ' s cleared up, that adds risk to any business venture, he said. cheap access to space has been " the sort - of holy grail " for decades, " and we ' re not much closer to that than we were 50 years ago, "
|
subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.453931
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:d32420db-a4cd-43d3-a11f-d424f71d9aef>
| 1
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.355162
|
myths and facts a note on terminology the term " deaf " ( with an uppercase " d " ) is used here to emphasize a cultural affiliation : deaf people in the united states and canada who use american sign language as their everyday means of communication, who identify as culturally - deaf, and who consider themselves members of the deaf community. ( members of deaf communities in other countries use their own native sign languages, but for the sake of simplicity, only asl is mentioned here. ) many, although not all, have attended schools for the deaf ; a number have also attended the " big three " : ntid at rit, gallaudet, and csun. we use the broad, inclusive term " deaf " ( lowercase " d " ) to refer to any person who is medically / audiologically deaf, irrespective of communication mode, cultural affiliation, or identity. we also use the term " hearing " ( uppercase " h " ) to emphasize the cultural aspect of the hearing community. we are using the pronouns " we " and " us " to refer to the msm productions, ltd. / deaf. com staff and, in a broader sense, members of the deaf communitywhich includes asl - deaf people and hearing people who share our concerns and support and encourage our work. the deaf community is an intermodal alliancethat is, it includes deaf, hard - of - hearing, and hearing people. this is the community we serve. click on any question to read the answer. what is your opinion of cochlear implants? many doctors are calling it a " revolutionary technology " that is transforming what had been an isolated group of people, namely the deaf. how do you see the development in implants? those who are in favor of cochlear implants say that implants can make deaf children and adults hear. but deaf advocates say that even with an implant, a deaf person is still deaf. what does that mean? what is your opinion of cochlear implants? many doctors are calling it a " revolutionary technology " that is transforming what had been an isolated group of people, namely the deaf. how do you see the development in implants? many of us are extremely skeptical about the claims weve been reading in the media and cochlear - implant ( ci ) promotional literature. we sometimes suspect that the media plays up the advantages of the ci while dismissing the disadvantages. we have no quarrel with deaf teenagers or adults who choose
|
subdomain_quantum_entanglement
| 0.523476
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:3d1ff0a9-f042-4be9-a912-5b54c849b3bc>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.400092
|
weve been reading in the media and cochlear - implant ( ci ) promotional literature. we sometimes suspect that the media plays up the advantages of the ci while dismissing the disadvantages. we have no quarrel with deaf teenagers or adults who choose to receive implants. we have profound reservations about the current trend of implanting deaf infants and children. do you feel that the mass media has given the ci controversy fair and balanced coverage? or has it been biased? if so, how? one thing that disturbs us when reading media coverage of cis the staggering quantity of ignorance displayed by some of those who are reporting and commenting on it. even in prestigious newspapers and periodicals, weve found a lot of slanted language utilized by journalists that reveals prejudice : e. g., describing the ci as " a cure for deafness " and the sensory experience of the unimplanted child as " a world of total silence. " in 1997, a leader of the national association of the deaf patiently endured a two - hour interview for a tv - news special on cis, giving articulate responses to each question as she was videotaped. she was asked boorishly ignorant questions like " how can you deny hope to deaf children? " the program, as broadcast, allotted her perhaps 30 seconds of commentary. what she had to say ended up mainly on the cutting - room floor. weve been contacted by a few reporters and asked some good, tough questions. by " tough, " we mean that theyre not the sort of questions that lend themselves to quick answers. they cant be answered breezily in the space of a sound bite. reams of paper have been chewed up and tankloads of ink spilled on this topic alreadyand weve scarcely begun. we appreciated the reporters approach, and their open - mindedness, their willingness to ask us how we felt about this issue. however, in most cases, the responses we gave these reporters werent published. in the case of people weekly, an editor ( not the reporter who contacted us ) made the decision to publish a quote from a deaf celebrity instead of anything from us. the deaf life staff didnt qualify as celebrities. no quotes from us were used in the usa today writeup as it was published. thats how the media business goes : you give them lots of detailed responses, but youre lucky if you get a couple of sentences in the published or broadcast version. we wouldnt go so far as to say that the ci lobby controls the media. (
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subdomain_quantum_entanglement
| 0.479646
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:3d1ff0a9-f042-4be9-a912-5b54c849b3bc>
| 1
| 0.35
|
2025-12-18T06:21:37.401371
|
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