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how the media business goes : you give them lots of detailed responses, but youre lucky if you get a couple of sentences in the published or broadcast version. we wouldnt go so far as to say that the ci lobby controls the media. ( we sometimes suspect that they do because they have money to burn. the deaf community doesnt. ) but doctors, ci surgeons, clinicians, audiologists, and other members of the medical lobby command a lot of respect in our culture just because theyre members of the medical profession. the public listens to them. they have high visibility. they have prestige. when you have quickie news coverage of this issue, you often see the doctor making some typically authoritative comment like " we get much better results with implants when the children are young. the earlier its done, the better the outcome. " cut to a member of the grassroots - deaf community ( usually one without medical credentials ) making a comment like " we deaf people are not broken, and we dont want to be fixed. " which one has more media visibility? the media loves parents of kids with implants. they certainly get a sizable chunk of the spotlight. its hard to resist the sight of cute little kids, especially those whose parents insist that theyve given them cis because they love them and want the best for them. and then the videocams focus on little kimmy or jimmy learning to talk : " mama! dada! " the public just eats it up. and where are the signing - deaf children of signing parents? theyre not in the spotlight. another thing : in articles about newly - implanted deaf children, you always read what the adults ( the doctors, audiologists, and parents ) have to say about the childs progress, but you rarely read what the deaf child says, how she feels, what she thinks. the adults are making the decisions, articulating their reasons, justifying their actionsand the deaf child remains silent, inarticulate. but when deaf adults ( and the vast majority are deaf children of hearing parents ) speak out against the ci, they are portrayed as dangerous enemies of progress, as extremists, fanatics, and militants. their concerns are frequently downplayed or dismissed. an anti - implant protest rally in canada ( 1995 ) made it into chuck shepards " news of the weird, " but not the front pages. can you give me an example of media bias? theres an article by arthur allen posted on the salon. com site
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protest rally in canada ( 1995 ) made it into chuck shepards " news of the weird, " but not the front pages. can you give me an example of media bias? theres an article by arthur allen posted on the salon. com site in spring 2000, titled " sound and fury " and subtitled " thousands of deaf kids can hear, and speak, thanks to a stunningly effective ear implant. so why is the deaf community in an uproar? " to quote one of the statements : " many leaders of the national association of the deaf have gotten implants, and the group is redrafting a position paper to make it more friendly to cochlear implants. " we were aware that nad was redrafting its old ci position paper, but who were these nad leaders who had received implants? nancy j. bloch, nad executive director, told us, " i dont know where arthur [ allen ] got the many leaders and more friendly to cochlear implants part, so cannot comment on this. i can tell you that the nad cochlear implant committee is in the process of developing a new position statement for consideration by and approval of the nad board of directors. it is expected that the new position document will be less adversarial than the original, take into consideration the rights of parents to make balanced and informed choices on behalf of their children, and the need for emphasis on visual language development, among other things. " its safe to say that no nad leaders have received implants. and " stunningly effective? " really? what is the impact on deaf culture of the growing number of people who are using these devices? it has created an uproar in the deaf community, to be sure, and a lot of bitter feelings. there has been some public outcry. a number of implanted kids have entered the schools for the deaf. how well has it been working out for them? are they making good progress? deaf children have been known to haze implanted kids mercilessly. parents of implanted kids have been publicly confronted and excoriated by deaf people. there has been name - calling, shouting, and a lot of online flaming. the ci has ideologically split the deaf community, and has shaken up families. this was evidenced in the aronson documentary sound and fury. the artinian family, which has deaf and hearing siblings exposed to deaf culture, and deaf children born to the deaf and hearing siblings, was painfully divided on
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and has shaken up families. this was evidenced in the aronson documentary sound and fury. the artinian family, which has deaf and hearing siblings exposed to deaf culture, and deaf children born to the deaf and hearing siblings, was painfully divided on the issue. do deaf people feel insulted by the fact that so many hearing parents are willing to risk putting their children through surgery in order to eliminate deafness? insulted, perhaps, but perhaps a more accurate response is " disturbed. " were gravely concerned about the effect that the implants will have on these childrens educational careers, their social lives, their communicative skills, their emotional health, their futures, and their overall well - being. we feel that theres some degree of deception going on, that the parents are not getting the full story before making the commitment. deaf people, quite understandably, feel threatened by the implant in a way that they dont feel threatened by other technological advances such as hearing aids, signaling devices, and the internet. hearing aids, let it be remembered, are completely removable. an implant is a permanent installation. the new implants are used with babies, and the community " feels that theyre being robbed of their most precious resourcedeaf children. " ( were paraphrasing a statement we recently read. ) the implant takes away more than it gives. deaf people in this country have been fighting to gain equal respect as citizens, and to have their language, asl, recognized and respected, and to give deaf children a wider choice of options than the traditional pure - oral regimen imposed by virtually all schools for the deaf and deaf - ed programsand just as soon as we get asl out of the closet, get some recognition and respect for it in the academic community and general society, along comes the implant and a new boom in the most rigorous kind of oral / aural approach. some of us dont see this as technological progress, but the worst sort of backlash. its not progress as much as a new twist on retrogression. what bothers you most about implants? we are gravely concerned about implants becoming a " trend. " remember when tonsillectomies were the medical trend? if your child got sick and had inflamed tonsils, s / he was trundled off to the hospital for a tonsillectomy. finally, when medical researchers realized that tonsils might play a hitherto unrecognized role in keeping the immune system healthy, and parents realized that
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s / he was trundled off to the hospital for a tonsillectomy. finally, when medical researchers realized that tonsils might play a hitherto unrecognized role in keeping the immune system healthy, and parents realized that tonsils were better off left alone, the trend died out. one mother of two grown deaf children has compared cochlear implants to silicone breast implants, which the fda assured us were quite safe, and were part of a cosmetic trenduntil word got out that there were might be some very bad consequences. some of us see implants as the latest medical fad for " curing " deafness. there is already a backlash of youthful implantees who are, for various reasons, unhappy with their implants and have stopped using them. a few have even had them surgically removed. its too soon to see whether they represent the vanguard of a growing faction of dissidents or a disgruntled minority. what are some of your concerns about children with cis? we are concerned about the well - being of deaf children, and their families, too. were worried about the grueling oral - aural rehabilitation they typically have to undergo, the way that clinicians and doctors frequently tell the parents not to use any signing whatsoever with their children, the banishment of sign language and deaf mentors from their lives, and the possible negative effects of the mainstreaming that will be the norm for a majority of these kids. were worried that at least some of them will be left without any effective language. their parents wont learn to sign, they wont get any real exposure to it in public schools, and theyll be deprived of this tremendous source of enrichment. the implant industry has a ready sucker market in parents of newly - diagnosed deaf babies. theyre in a state of shock. they may be grieving. they desperately want their children to be " normal, " to participate fully and to enjoy all the advantages of life in the " real " world. choose a world of sound, the propaganda urges them, if you really care about them. and they feature stock photographs of attractive, happy children ( undoubtedly portrayed by hearing models ) in their ads. who could resist such a come - on? theres a growing trend to send newborns straight to the implant clinic after the hearing - screening tests confirm that theyre deaf. we imagine that some parents are persuaded ( or pressured ) to make this decision quickly, " for the good of the child. " they
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growing trend to send newborns straight to the implant clinic after the hearing - screening tests confirm that theyre deaf. we imagine that some parents are persuaded ( or pressured ) to make this decision quickly, " for the good of the child. " they wont have to worry about learning to sign or choosing a school for the deaf. wham! the kids " fixed. " were worried about the way the cochlear - implant corporations have been promoting implants as a providing a magic key to a deaf childs success in the mainstream, and the misleading advertising surrounding the promotional campaigns, which are, naturally, aimed at the parentsparents who are coping with the shock and grief of their childrens deafness and who desperately want their deaf kids to be " normal. " these campaigns use highly selective data to present an incomplete, even deceptive, picture to parents. they tout the " higher quality of life " supposedly enjoyed by young implantees, as compared with unimplanted deaf children. the implant industry, as far as we can tell, has no real interest in the total well - being of these children, nor their struggles in the mainstream, nor their futures. they just want to market their product globally. they want their profit margin. on what basis do you say that they have no real interest in the well - being of deaf children? theyve admitted as such themselves. in a washington post article, a top executive of the leading ci corporation said that his company wasnt " in business to serve the deaf culture " ( i. e., deaf people ), but to serve hearing parents. no ci surgeons or representatives from the implant industry have, to our knowledge, ever bothered to visit schools for the deaf or mainstream programs to see just how well the consumers of their prostheses are doing in their everyday lives. the implant industry has never sponsored any deaf culture or asl - affirmative events. they do send representatives to deaf expos to staff information booths, disseminating free ci promotional materials. but we never read about grants to schools for the deaf or any community initiative that isnt strictly self - serving. what else bothers you? were worried about the way implants are marketed to parents of newly - diagnosed deaf babies. now, ostensibly, statewide screening programs are supposed to present the options to parents in a fair, unbiased way. but if the cochlear corporation has a better, more aggressive marketing campaign than, say, the national association of the deaf, are they scoring
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statewide screening programs are supposed to present the options to parents in a fair, unbiased way. but if the cochlear corporation has a better, more aggressive marketing campaign than, say, the national association of the deaf, are they scoring more hits with the parents? question : do parents of deaf babies really understand the options before they commit to an implant? question : are implants really a more cost - effective measure in the long run than a sign - based education at a school for the deaf? question : do parents whose children get implants have higher expectations for them than parents who dont? question : what long - term effects do the implants have on a deaf child, socially and academically? were concerned about the way the popular media ( womens magazines, for example ) carry glowing, simplistic stories about the " miracle " of the implant ( " the gift of sound! " ), without discussing the children whose experience with implants has been less than " miraculous. " when they tout a certain child making exemplary progress with the implants, are they including full details of the childs communication capabilities before he got the implant? in some cases, they omit this data. some of this success is undoubtedly due to active parental involvement. if deaf kids are from achievement - oriented families that place a lot of importance on reading and writing, they automatically have an advantage over those who dont. a good measure of a childs success in school can be attributed to the early acquisition of literacygetting exposure and plenty of extracurricular practice in reading and writing. we would like to know what effect implants have on these vital skills. many of us in the deaf community are likewise concerned about these things. the high cost of the implant, the fact that there is still no reliable way of predicting how much the implant will benefit a child or what its long - term effect on her life may be, the attitude of some doctors and implant - clinic staffers who prohibit any use of signing in the rehabilitative regimen, parents who refuse to allow their child to get any exposure to asl, the additional burden being placed on deaf children who are forcibly mainstreamedall of these things concern us. and, yes, we have been speaking out about it, but since we lack the political clout of the ci lobby, our response has been scattershot. there is no single unified anti - childhood - implant organization. doesnt the ci cure deafness? doesnt it make a deaf person hear?
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but since we lack the political clout of the ci lobby, our response has been scattershot. there is no single unified anti - childhood - implant organization. doesnt the ci cure deafness? doesnt it make a deaf person hear? doesnt it enhance the quality of life for deaf children? we are concerned about the way the implant is being promoted as a " cure for deafness. " calling the implant a " cure " is a fallacy. the implant does not cure deafness. from what we understand ( and we have discussed this at length with people who have chosen implants for themselves ), it is plain wrong to describe an implant as a " miracle " or " cure. " in most cases, profound sensorineural deafness is not a " curable " condition. its permanent. unless theres a middle - ear or bone - conductivity problem that can be reversed or remedied surgically, a deaf person will always be deaf. a ci doesnt magically or bionically undo this. there seems to be widespread misunderstanding about just what an implant can do and what it cannot do. what it does is to enable the user to perceive sounds and distinguish some degree of sound discriminationand there is evidently a wide spectrum of results from user to user, ranging from negligible to the superb. the user has to undergo intensive rehabilitation to learn to perceive these sounds as speech, music, danger sounds, noises, etc. it is not a miracle fix. it doesnt magically restore lost hearing ; it gives the user the functional capacity of some hearing. it doesnt make a deaf person hearing, but more like hard - of - hearing. while some implantees are able to carry on regular voice conversations on the telephone, others cannot. the outcome is quite unpredictable. just what is the quality of sound the implantees perceive? one audiologist was quoted in a sacramento bee article ( 2001 ) as saying that with an implant, 22 electrodes were " doing the work of 30, 000 hair cells. " the 22 or 24 electrodes in an implant cant possibly replace the thousands of microscopic hair cells in the cochlea that give richness and depth to sounds as they are perceived in normal hearing. one cochlear - implant usr likens the sounds he heard in his implant as " environmental noise. " perceiving " environmental noise " is not equivalent to hearing the full spectrum of sounds. isnt it important for deaf people to acquire good speech and listening skills? yes,
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likens the sounds he heard in his implant as " environmental noise. " perceiving " environmental noise " is not equivalent to hearing the full spectrum of sounds. isnt it important for deaf people to acquire good speech and listening skills? yes, these skills are important, but we dont believe that speech and speechreading should be our # 1 educational priorities. many people automatically equate " good speech " with intellectual prowess. by this logic, to speak well is to think well. and this is simply not true. there are a number of hearing people who can talk well, but they certainly arent intelligent! we dont believe that the be - all and end - off of deaf education is the acquisition of " normal " speech. how many hundreds, even thousands, of hours does a deaf child with an implant spend in speech and auditory therapy? much of this time could be more profitably devoted to getting a real educationimproving literacy skills, for example. the oralists dont want to admit it, but the fact is, deaf children who have a strong foundation in sign language actually do better in acquiring good speech skills. why? because they already have a foundation in language when they start speech practice. compelling the children to practice speech and listening before they have a working knowledge of language only retards their progress. its putting the cart before the horse. arent deaf people who have good speech more successful than those who rely on signing alone? this is one of the most frequently - reiterated claims of the oralists : that oral - deaf people are more successful than signing - deaf people, that they have unlimited educational and employment options and a vast array of social opportunities, whereas deaf people who depend on signing as their everyday mode of communication are restricted educationally and employment - wise and limited socially to a small, isolated group of signers. this is negative propaganda. it doesnt represent the truth. the true picture is far more complex than the oralists would have you believe. sign language doesnt restrict us. it doesnt limit our horizons, it frees us to be ourselves. we dont consider ourselves constrained or limited by our preference for asl. members of the ci lobby want parents to believe that in choosing an implant for their children, theyre giving them a magic key to entry into a world without limitations. this, too, is propaganda. the reality is not quite that neat. how much person - to - person contact have you had with deaf people with implants? we have a few friends
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them a magic key to entry into a world without limitations. this, too, is propaganda. the reality is not quite that neat. how much person - to - person contact have you had with deaf people with implants? we have a few friends with cis, and have had some degree of friendly contact with several other people who do have them, primarily those who have appeared on deaf life covers and those profiled in great deaf americans : the second edition. and people weve " met " through the internet, and in person. at an educational conference in north carolina, we met several deaf children with implants, and none of them could communicate with us. and since this was an inclusive conference, the kids could see deaf adults, teens, and children signing fluently to each other. since they hadnt been exposed to signing ( its typically forbidden in strict oral programs, and their parents were not using any signing at home ), they couldnt join in. they were smart enough to realize that they were missing out on something important. at another conference a few years ago, we met a deaf woman who had chosen an implant for herself, and we had a good talk. she told us that she didnt believe that implants were right for deaf children, that it should be a matter of informed choice, that implants didnt make a deaf person hearing. a number of deaf people with implants are fluent signers, and didnt sever their connections to the deaf community after getting one. ( getting flak from deaf anti - implant advocates is another matter entirely. ) choosing an implant is a decision theyve made for themselves because they want to gain access to the enrichment of sound, to be better able to modulate their voices, to hear the voices of their spouses and children, to enjoy music, maybe even use a voice telephone. they still consider themselves deaf. some members of alda ( the association of late - deafened adults ) have gotten them. late - deafened adults are often considered exemplary candidates. virtually all have retained clear speech, have " hearing " backgrounds, and maintain strong connections to the hearing community. some have already learned to sign and also participate in deaf - community activism. they represent a fascinating and colorful segment of the deaf - community population. do you consider people with cis part of the deaf community? certainly... if they want to be. we are amply aware that some oral - deaf persons, with or without implants, reject any idea of affiliation with this community. they identify
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you consider people with cis part of the deaf community? certainly... if they want to be. we are amply aware that some oral - deaf persons, with or without implants, reject any idea of affiliation with this community. they identify solely with the hearing community. thats fine with us, since it represents their choice. its not likely that our paths will cross. oralists and signers have a number of shared concerns. some of these are : telecommunications ( access to 911 and other emergency services ; the availability of tty payphones ), media ( closed - captioning of local newscasts, open - captioned first run movies in cinemas ), access to public facilities ; and communicative access ( getting sign - language or oral interpreters when theyre needed ). and for most people with cochlear implants ( most of whom, as far as we can tell, have achieved more modest gains than the spectacular ones enjoyed by sigrid cerf! ), these concerns havent been eliminated. you would have to talk to the people with implants to get their views. some are oralists ; some are signers ; some are eclectics. theres a wide spectrum of experiences and a diversity of views. all deserve representation. arent most people with cis happy about their implants? we are quite aware that some implant users love their implants, enjoy what the implants do for them, and would never consider having them removed. some, who have received implants as children, are glad their parents made that decision for them. others arent. a good number of adults with cis ( and who are happy with them ) dont believe that theyre appropriate for children. do you have questions about the effectiveness and safety of implants? many questions. weve been following the biotechnological developments with interest. were aware that the 24 - channel implant is much less obtrusive - looking than the previous models, and small enough to be used in infants. we are simply not convinced that the ci is the ultimate solution to the " problem " of being profoundly deaf. as is fairly well known, the installation of a ci destroys whatever residual hearing the implantee might have. during ci surgery, a narrow tube containing the array of electrodes is inserted into the cochlea, like threading a flexible wire into a nautilus shell. this requires cutting into the cochlea and irreversibly destroying some of the tissue. there are a number of deaf people who
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electrodes is inserted into the cochlea, like threading a flexible wire into a nautilus shell. this requires cutting into the cochlea and irreversibly destroying some of the tissue. there are a number of deaf people who consider this prospect scary, since the surgery cannot be undone. a number of these people are intrigued by the possibility of a pill that might enable the nerve tissue to regenerate, thereby gaining or regaining he capability to hear, but they are disturbed by the prospect of having to undergo invasive head surgery. the ci still, as far as we can tell, has a totally unpredictable outcome. the fda approved cochlear implants for adults in 1985, and for children over 18 months of age in 1990, and has subsequently lowered the age to infancy. deaf people ( e. g., the nad ) have complained that the fda did not consult them, that their concerns were not taken into account, and that the fda proceeded recklessly, bowing to the interests of a wealthy industry. the long - term effects of the implants are still unknown, and there is some fear that we may have another " meme " scenario in the not - too - distant future. sure, they say, the fda insists that cochlear implants are safe. wasnt this exactly what they were saying about silicone breast implants not so long ago? lately, weve learned that some cis manufactured in the u. s. may aggravate or even cause bacterial meningitis, a potentially fatal infection of the lining of the surface of the brain, in children and adults. an associated press report dated july 25, 2002 notes that thirteen implantees in the u. s. have come down with meningitis, including two deaf preschoolers who died. according to this report, seven implantees in other countries have also died from meningitis, and these cases are being investigated by u. s. health authorities. doctors have been asked to report " any suspicious meningitis cases " to the fda, to " aggressively treat ear infections " in implantees, and make sure children are properly vaccinated against meningitis. so there is a certain degree of medical risk involved with the ci. its not like getting a pair of eyeglasses. its not like having ones tonsils removed. it involves insertion of a foreign object inside the head. well, they can give implantees antibiotics, right? is it worth the risk? if the ci is here to stay, isnt
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negative stereotypes, are not against technological progress. many of us have fax machines, signaling devices, ttys, computers, the internet, caption - capable tvs, and instant - messaging systems. some of us have wireless pagers. we use and appreciate these devices and programs because they enhance our communicative and working capabilities. they enrich our lives, or simply make them easier. some of us use hearing aids. some of us dont. we are extremely skeptical about the touted " benefits " of the ci. we dont see how it can de - isolate or de - marginalize the deaf community. only a wide - scale positive change in public attitudes can do that, and we dont see how cis are accomplishing that. we see it as having more of a negative effect. arent implants a good thing for society? for those who have lost their hearing, implants are undoubtedly " a good thing for society. " if we became blind, we would want our eyes replaced or fixed. as sighted persons, weve had all these decades of experience as a sighted person, so we know what vision means, and what wed be losing. those who consciously choose to accept an implant understand that there are no guarantees, acknowledge the risks involved, and accept the possibility that they may not derive significant benefit from it. those who have had previous experience with sound ( late - deafened or progressively - deafened people ) tend to do best. why are some deaf people so bitterly opposed to implants? because they dont consider themselves as patients with broken auditory equipment that needs fixing. they dont see themselves in terms of loss or deficit. they dont see themselves as candidates for head surgery. they see themselves as whole, just as they are. they live full, rich, rewarding lives as deaf people. they consider ci surgery a violently extreme intrusion into their bodies. the message theyre getting from the medical establishment is " society isnt comfortable with your deafness problem, so lets fix you. " the proponents of implants want the deaf person to bear the full burden of the responsibility for communication, the burden of conforming to what society sees as " normal " and " acceptable. " culturally - deaf people believe that deaf people are whole and healthy as they are, and that society should make communication more accessible and more just. they want acceptance and understanding. do you see deaf people in terms of deficit, of disability, as specimens of auditory pathology, or as full - fledged members of a cultural -
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they are, and that society should make communication more accessible and more just. they want acceptance and understanding. do you see deaf people in terms of deficit, of disability, as specimens of auditory pathology, or as full - fledged members of a cultural - linguistic minority? the two views are essentially irreconcilable. someone who maintains that deafness needs to be cured will probably not understand the cultural view of asl. entirely aside from that is the expense factor. implants usually cost something like $ 50, 000 a pop, and we dont think that figure even includes the ensuing regimen of auditory and speech therapy. how many of these parents would plunk down that kind of money if it wasnt covered by health insurance? and one of the lines of reasoning used by these advocates is that the implant is, in the long run, cost - effective. its cheaper than the ultimate expense of sending a child to a school for the deaf and having the government put her on the ssi rolls after she graduates. ah... but is it really? all those clinical and rehabilitative and audiological services are expensive, and someones gotta pay for them! culturally - deaf people have moral qualms about helping to pay for someone elses implant, especially when that someone else is a deaf child. they also have qualms about the implant industrys making money off deaf peoples deafness. as far as we know, no deaf people occupy high positions in these corporations or clinics. few, if any, deaf people are directly benefiting from the implant windfall. the implant industry is profiting directly from deaf childrens deafnessand what is it doing to improve the overall quality of deaf peoples lives? to some of us, this is an ethical issue. ask any culturally - deaf person how s / he feels about this, and youre bound to get a vehement answer. why do you object to giving implants to deaf children? we dont feel that cochlear implants are good for born - deaf children. why? it confuses them. it aggravates sensory confusion. instead of being able to focus on language acquisition, theyre being forced to focus on auditory therapy. they should be encouraged to develop a strong foundation in visual language first before embarking on a speech - and - hearing regimen. learning should utilize our strongest senses, not our weakest one. deaf people are primarily visual learners, not auditory learners. our feeling is that you cant force a born -
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language first before embarking on a speech - and - hearing regimen. learning should utilize our strongest senses, not our weakest one. deaf people are primarily visual learners, not auditory learners. our feeling is that you cant force a born - deaf child to comprehend sounds any more than you can force a blind child to see colors. the sounds theyre getting from the implant are not natural sounds, theyre electronic sounds. even if theyre responding to the sounds of a water faucet or a passing train, how " natural " are these sounds? they have to be trained to interpret these electronic sounds as speech, etcetera, dont they? isnt some hearing better than nothing? isnt artificial hearing better than no hearing at all? it depends on the " nothing, " doesnt it? if you envision deaf children as existing in a tragically isolated " world of silence, " of course youll want to end that isolation through medical intervention. thats the compassionate thing to do. but if you recognize that deaf people already have a language and a community, and that this can be made immediately accessible to deaf children, then you may change your mind : " oh, maybe its not necessary to compel these children to undergo head surgery to have full and rewarding lives, after all. " shouldnt all deaf children be able to enjoy the world of sound? yes, we agree that its good to expose deaf children to the world of soundbut not at the expense of their literacy! they should acquire a solid foundation in visual language first and foremost, and then literacy skills ( reading and writing ). arent a number of born - deaf or early - deafened children getting remarkable, even miraculous, results from their implants? its impossible to deny the glowing tones of the testimonials weve read. still, we find these claims difficult to believe, because this is exactly what the audiometrics industry was claiming about hearing aids for deaf kidsthat they would enable children to attain natural or near - natural oral - language acquisition, thereby eliminating the " deafness problem. " weve had a couple of generations of deaf children growing up with these " miraculous " aids, and we fail to see what " miraculous " effect theyve had on the acquisition of speech and literacy. we dont believe that electronic stimulation can be a " miraculous " substitute for natural hearing. well, you may note, so the 24 - channel implant enables a wider and more natural range of sounds to be decoded than
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acquisition of speech and literacy. we dont believe that electronic stimulation can be a " miraculous " substitute for natural hearing. well, you may note, so the 24 - channel implant enables a wider and more natural range of sounds to be decoded than was possible with hearing aids? too bad we cant take loaner models home and sample them before committing ourselves to the purchase! wont the implant prevent illiteracy in deaf children? one thing that wed like to emphasize, and which we feel is getting overlooked in this cochlear - implant slugfest, is the crucial importance of teaching deaf children how to read and write. as you may already know, most everyone agrees that we have a really big illiteracy and substandard - literacy problem in the deaf community. no one agrees about the cause. alumni of oral / aural programs often have the same kind of problems stereotypically linked to those from schools for the deaf. so we dont think that asl is to blame for our illiteracy problem. it is crucially important for deaf kids to learn to read and write competently. the earlier they acquire these skills, and the more highly they develop them, the more academically and socially successful theyll be, and theyll enjoy more rewarding careers and happier personal lives. we have shared this view with teachers, parents, and students alike. in our outreach efforts, weve encouraged deaf teens to practice and improve their literacy skills, and to make reading and writing part of their everyday livesan enjoyable part. all this sounds ridiculously obvious. but we feel that this vitally important issue is getting trampled and buried beneath the stampede of cochlear - implant controversy. proponents of cochlear implants claim that kids with implants are able to receive information aurally, as hearing kids effortlessly do... but are they really getting all the information? arent they missing something? is the implant really the " miracle fix " for deaf illiteracy? for decades, hearing aids were touted as the great " cure " for our plight. most, if not all, students attending schools and programs for the deaf were required to wear them. it was mandatory, even for the profoundly deaf. and how well have these aids improved deaf peoples literacy skills? not much, if at all. this intensive aural - rehabilitation regimen thats part of the childhood - cochlear - implant packageis this really going to help their literacy? as far as were concerned, the ability
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peoples literacy skills? not much, if at all. this intensive aural - rehabilitation regimen thats part of the childhood - cochlear - implant packageis this really going to help their literacy? as far as were concerned, the ability to read and write is far more important than the ability to speak clearly. ( how many deaf people can attain that degree of polish, and how many thousands of hours of speech therapy does it take? ) without a solid foundation in literacy, how can a person develop good speech and listening skills? this implant brouhaha ( give deaf kids bionic hearing so they can have better speech! ) has distracted us so badly that were in danger of losing sight of the priorities. and this is one thing that worries us : that children with implants are being categorically excluded from the advantages of visual language and visual learning. the implant has unleashed a new assault against asl and sign - based education. this is definitely not a good thing. as far as deaf children are concerned, audiometrics should not be at the top of our priorities. deaf children should learn how to read and write first. they need this far more than they need implants. reading and writing are far more important skills than speaking and listening. in the electronic - highway era, it has become increasingly important to know how to read well and how to communicate well through writing. using a computer keyboard to produce coherent, articulate written communications, or even searching the net, demands a high degree of literacy skill. the need for these skills has only increased, not lessened. among the hearing population, as youre surely aware, the level of literacy in the u. s. has declined precipitously during the past few decades, what with the incursion of television and video. deaf people with substandard literacy skills are already at a disadvantage in the fiercely competitive job market. wed like to see more abe classes for deaf adults, and a greater commitment to literacy in the schools serving deaf students. we dont think mainstreaming has been working out well for many deaf children. theyre just not getting an educationnot adequate, let alone equal. now we have an influx of deaf kids with implants coming into the public schools, the schools for the deaf, and the new oral schools. one deaf superintendent told me ( off the record ) that there were several deaf kids with implants in his school, and all of them had language delays. if the deaf community is losing the war against childhood cis, what
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and the new oral schools. one deaf superintendent told me ( off the record ) that there were several deaf kids with implants in his school, and all of them had language delays. if the deaf community is losing the war against childhood cis, what are some of the reasons? the audiological / oral lobby has far more money and commercial clout than the deaf lobby does. compare the annual operating budgets of the alexander graham bell association for the deaf and the nad, and youll see what we mean. ( if the asl advocates are such a ruthlessly powerful and influential faction, as our critics argue, why werent they able to prevent the fda from approving implants for deaf babies? ) imagine what schools and programs serving deaf children, teens, and adults could do with the money thats being spent on childhood cochlear implants $ 50, 000 apiece! federal monies spent by the national institutes of health to study language acquisition in youthful implantees could be more profitably used to improve deaf childrens literacy skills. are cis improving public attitudes towards deaf people? we fail to see how the implant boom is improving public attitudes towards deaf people or asl or the deaf community at all. indeed, we see signs of a backlash. its so ironicat a time when more and more hearing high - school and college students are enrolling in asl classes, and a number of scholars and laypeople are showing increased interest in and appreciation of deaf issues, theres a redoubled movement to close down the schools for the deaf, reroute all deaf children into mainstream public - school programs, and to " fix the problem " with implants. when oral / aural and sign - language programs are competing for governmental funding, which one is going to get it? whats the real motivation of those who oppose childhood implants? do deaf people oppose cis because they need to recruit deaf children to keep the signing community viable? opponents of the deaf community like to accuse deaf people of wanting to keep deaf children deaf to maintain a population base for the purpose of perpetuating deaf culture, or more explicitly, of artificially prolonging a dying and ghettoized subculture by recruiting as many deaf children as they can. according to this logic, they oppose the childhood ci because it diminishes the pool of potential recruits. this is an invidious accusation. our motivation is not to artificially prolong a dying and ghettoized subculture, as some of our critics would have it, or to
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childhood ci because it diminishes the pool of potential recruits. this is an invidious accusation. our motivation is not to artificially prolong a dying and ghettoized subculture, as some of our critics would have it, or to make sure that we have a sizable pool of young deaf culture recruits to sustain the deaf population, but the well - being of all deaf children and their families. our concern is for the welfare of deaf children. deaf adults, as you may know, have traditionally had an impassioned concern for deaf children. they are our brothers and sisters, in a sense, and who else speaks for them? certainly not hearing parents. only a deaf person can understand what its like to be deaf. and many deaf adults, especially those from oral / aural backgrounds, have personally experienced the pain of exclusion within their own families, missed connections, misconnections, and the terrible frustrations accruing from not being able to communicate or be understood. they understand the failings of oralism that the oralists have refused to acknowledge. this is what they wish to spare other deaf children. this is what theyve been trying to make parents understand. why should any more deaf children go through that ordeal? why should their parents spend enormous quantities of time and money to learn the hard way that theyve been bamboozled? a childs first human need is to communicate. that is the uncontestable first fact of life. before there can be literacy, there must be language, and to have access to language, you must have a means of communication. deaf people in the united states and canada have found that asl affords them an immediate means of communication and a source of enrichment and freedom. a means of liberation, if you will. this is something that neither the medical / audiological lobby nor the implant industry recognize. ( but why should they? when deaf children become asl users instead of consumers of expensive audiometrics, it cuts into their profit margins! ) we believe wholeheartedly that all deaf children have a right to free, full, unimpeded communication, to language, to literacy, and to the best possible education. we know that the reality is far short of the ideal. our task is never done. we dont advocate separatism ( being insular and exclusionary ), but establishing connections between the deaf and hearing communities. we seek to promote better understanding among the factions. ah, yes, factions. there is, after all, an ideological
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we dont advocate separatism ( being insular and exclusionary ), but establishing connections between the deaf and hearing communities. we seek to promote better understanding among the factions. ah, yes, factions. there is, after all, an ideological rift between the signing and oral factions, and we dont think that it will ever be resolved. however, as weve noticed, the division between " signing " deaf and " speaking " deaf isnt always that absolute. a number of deaf people from oral backgrounds learn to sign, have deaf friends, and participate in deaf - community activities. some deaf people hold multiple memberships in organizations that putatively represent oppositional aims : the nad, alda, bell association, and shhh. however, the attitudes of the medical / audiological sector havent changed much, if at all. they still dont recognize deaf people as a linguistic community ; they have no interest in sign language ; they continue to see deaf people as physically defective, as having hearing disabilities, as needing to be fixed, as consumers of their audiological prostheses. those who oppose them are merely obstructing biomedical progress and, like picketers on the sidewalks of the entryway, can be ignored. lets proceed with business as usual! whats been happening with the ci controversy on deafnotes? our company runs a bulletin - board website called deafnotes, which has a forum on cochlear implants. it has been the most frequently - posted and hotly - debated of all the topics on that site since it was launched in july 1999. hotter than the sign - versus - speech and the mainstreaming debates. the debate quickly began getting acrimonious, with parents who have chosen to give their deaf children implants posting threads like " cochlear implant success stories, " and verbally slugging it out with deaf people who feel that implants for deaf children are a form of child abuse. it has been a real headache for the moderators and us. we recall how it started. when a woman who had chosen to give her young deaf son an implant entered the debate, it had an explosive effect. we had to delete a batch of postings because the dialogue had degenerated into crude, juvenile mudslinging, name - calling, and insults. this was in explicit violation of the deafnotes rules of conduct. and that was just the beginning. its not just that these parents think their childrens progress is miraculous and want to tell the world about it
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and cussed at us. a few of them sent us obscene e - mails. they called us nazis. they accused us of censoring their free speech by suppressing their news about the miraculous progress their implanted kids have been making. in reality, we banned them because of their stubborn refusal to abide by the deafnotes rules. but arent the implant corporations interested in reaching out to your largely deaf readership? apparently not. in late 1997, after publishing a cover story containing an interview with sigrid cerf, we contacted the company that manufactured the implant she uses, and invited them to advertise in deaf life. we received no response. neither did we get a response from the other major ci company, which had been sending us frequent promotional releases and propaganda for years. neither of these corporations evinced the slightest interest in placing an ad in deaf life or a banner - ad in any of our websites. and yet, when we removed posts with promotional links, the implant evangelists cried foul. but dont kids with implants make miraculous progress? thats what the ci lobby and the implant evangelists would like the public to believe. were more apt to read about the " miracle stories " of deaf kids with implants because their parents have been actively publicizing and promoting implants, with the aid of the implant industry, which has one of the slickest propaganda campaigns weve ever seen. kids who start signing at an early age ( i. e., native asl users ) are relatively invisible in the mass media, since their parents arent engaging in the public promotion of asl. open up a womens magazine and youre bound to see a glowing testimonial by a happy mother about the joys of having a deaf child with an implant : " our miracle child. " but do you ever see an article about the delights of parenting an asl - using child? my proposal : parents of deaf kids should mount their own promotional campaign : " heres our miracle child! " we find it morally questionable, the way some of these parents parade their implanted children around to the media, show them off to legislators, have them testify before congress... more funding for cochlear - implant programs, please, and as long as youre at it, you can cut the budgets of those sign - language programs. we certainly dont need them. some of these implant evangelists exercise a form of denial. they claim that their children were born hearing, then
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and as long as youre at it, you can cut the budgets of those sign - language programs. we certainly dont need them. some of these implant evangelists exercise a form of denial. they claim that their children were born hearing, then became deaf, so by giving them implants, theyre restoring their childrens original hearing. can they prove their children were born hearing? can they really provide proof? or are they saying these things to justify their agenda? if deaf children can benefit from a ci, why deny them the opportunity? why consign them to a childhood of silence? the issue is not inflicting a " world of total silence " on deaf children but providing them with a rich, immediately accessible visual language and social life. deaf kids benefit from a signing environment. they dont need a ci to derive this benefit. arent parents who decide to give their deaf kids implants giving them more communication choices, instead of limiting them to signing alone? many parents who give their kids implants want them to use the oral / aural mode exclusivelyno signing allowed. parents who make the decision to give their children implants often say things like, " we wanted to give our child a choice. if jimmy wants to learn sign language later and be deaf and switch off the implant, thats fine with us. " but how is jimmy going to make a choice when he has no daily exposure to asl or deaf mentors? when hes getting exposed only to an auditory / oral approach? when hes enrolled in a program that discourages signing? when his attempts to communicate in sign are rebuffed or ignored? signing does not limit ones communication options. it is the communication option preferred by most deaf people who have been exposed to it. it is the most natural, comfortable, and enjoyable mode of communication for many of us. it is simply untrue that skilled signers ( i. e., those who claim asl as their first language ) become " lazy, " that they cannot develop good speech skills. signers typically develop better speech skills than those who use the oral / aural approach exclusively. unfortunately, there are a number of parents who are adamantly opposed to signing, and those who feel that signing is too difficult to learn, and that the ci approach is easier for everyone. they may be far more committed to the ci than to signing. if they feel this way, the child wont get exposure to good signing at home, and if s / hes in a strict
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and that the ci approach is easier for everyone. they may be far more committed to the ci than to signing. if they feel this way, the child wont get exposure to good signing at home, and if s / hes in a strict oral program, may not be allowed to use sign at all at school. that puts a psychological burden on the child. are implants a form of child abuse? thats what deaf culturalists claim. whats your view? the extreme culturally - deaf view is that cochlear implants are a form of child abuse, even genocideaccusations that anger parents and, moreover, would be exceptionally difficult to prove in court. we can understand why deaf people feel this way, why they feel that implants represent the latest of several organized attempts to wipe out deaf culture. to understand what seems to be an irrational, even reprehensible, opposition to biotechnological progress, you need to understand something about deaf history, the attitudes of the oralists, and the control they have wielded over the lives and destinies of deaf people. you need to understand alexander graham bells eugenicist views, his obsession with eradicating the " deaf variety of the human race, " his friendship with edward miner gallaudet, and the feud that ensued between them, which led to an ideological rift whose legacy was unhappy, even tragic : the turning of the tide of public opinion in favor of oralism and against signing, the upsurge of oral education with its concomitant suppression of signing, the methodical campaign to eradicate sign language, and the pathological view that still holds sway in the medical profession. e. m. gallaudet founded gallaudet university, which remained a bastion of signing, but the influence of the oralists pervaded that institution, too, although not as radically as it pervaded the schools for the deaf. at gallaudet, oralists were treated with deference. where oralism reigned ( and they had an iron grip on virtually all schools for the deaf for close to half - a - century at the least ), signing was proscribed, and the ban was enforced with varying degrees of rigor. you need to understand the terrible punishment meted out to deaf children in these schools for exercising that innate human urge, the need to communicate. and the inauguration of the shameful tradition of " oral failures, " and the low expectations that became part of the legacy of education of the deaf.
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give them what they needed. where signing was forbidden, they signed in secretin the dormitories, in the lavatories, in the toilets. they signed wherever and whenever they could. they signed at the risk of punishment. one favorite tactic of the oralists was to tie students hands behind their backs, secured to a chair, to prevent them from signing surreptitiously in class. at mealtimes, they were strictly supervised by hearing staffers ( to varying degrees ) to prevent signing among themselves. the suppression of sign did nothing to make the students happier and more well - adjusted. indeed, its common to read firsthand accounts in which deaf people, products of these repressive regimes, look back at their schooldays with anger, frustration, and grief. however, on - campus chapel services were typically conducted in sign, because it was far easier for the students to understand. so the organized churches, some of whose institutions played an important role in the oralist movement, nonetheless helped keep asl alive during what we call the dark age of oralism. students at rigorously oral programs still go through this kind of experience, to some degree. true, they dont punish the kids for signing, but signing is discouraged. where signing is banned, forbidden, or officially ignored, deaf students find ways to sign to each other. do students in oral schools still practice signing? how do they pick it up? what about kids with cis? in oral schools for the deaf, there is usually a clandestine asl subculture. they manage to pick it up, sometimes from signing adults on staff ( since there are at least a few deaf adults employed by oral schools, although rarely in the top echelons, and these supposedly oral - deaf adults sometimes know sign very well ), or theyll learn it from each other. there may be one student or a few who already have a background in signing, and these students will teach the others. the others pick it right up. clarke school for the deaf, the oldest bastion of oral / aural education in the u. s., had a long - standing and rigorous anti - sign policy for students. they were not allowed to use sign language in the classrooms or outside of itthe hallways, the dorms, anywhere within the boundaries of campus. students routinely disregarded this policy, but at their peril. those who were caught signing were disciplined. for the first offense, they received a teachers reprimand. if a reprimand didnt work,
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anywhere within the boundaries of campus. students routinely disregarded this policy, but at their peril. those who were caught signing were disciplined. for the first offense, they received a teachers reprimand. if a reprimand didnt work, they were sent to the principals office. if they were caught in the act again, the parents were summoned to the superintendents office. after nearly a century of trying to extirpate signing, the administration finally acknowledged the futility of its policy by decriminalizing it. although deaf kids were still not allowed to sign in class, they were at least allowed to sign freely outside of class without fear of punishment. we dont know what the current policies are at central institute for the deaf or st. josephs institute ( both in st. louis ), but wed wager that they too have their secret signing groups. and in the newly - opened schools for deaf children with implants, we wouldnt be at all surprised if the kids found a way to sign in secret, too. but its more difficult to do that in a day - school environment. its nigh - impossible to do in a mainstream environment where the deaf student may be the only deaf person in the school. traditionally, deaf children learned asl from each other, and learned it quickly. connecting with other deaf signers gave them a basis for communication and community. it undoubtedly saved their sanity, too. it enabled them to make sense of the environment they were in, the relentless bombardment of speech and speechreading they endured and tried to decode. without that connection, how does a deaf child thrive? the research of scholars like goldin - meadow and mylander have shown that deaf children, deprived of exposure to real sign languages, invent their own. we are concerned about the emotional and cognitive well - being of these young implantees in mainstreamed or strict - oral environments. some of them, of course, are receiving exposure to asl. but most, it seems, are not. what are the repercussions to their emotional health? wed like to see an objective, scholarly study on their progress. how is asl going to survive the ci onslaught? asl has survived all previous attempts by oralists to wipe it out, and it will survive the ci too. do kids with cochlear implants identify as deaf or hearing? very young deaf children who feel most comfortable in a sign - affirmative environment quickly develop a definite sense of self - identity as deaf. they dont
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will survive the ci too. do kids with cochlear implants identify as deaf or hearing? very young deaf children who feel most comfortable in a sign - affirmative environment quickly develop a definite sense of self - identity as deaf. they dont mind being seen as " different. " to them, being deaf is normal. they want to be accepted as they are. what sort of self - identity will these implanted kids have? will they consider themselves deaf or hearing? a question : whats special about being deaf if youre merely seen as a defective hearing person with bionic hearing? whats there to celebrate? we ourselves dont have the answers to these questions. only deaf people who have grown up with cis can answer them. some reject what they see as a " deaf - culture mentality. " others consider themselves deaf, and cherish their connection to the deaf community. will the deaf community survive the cochlear implant? wont implants ultimately render it obsolete? as long as there are deaf people, there will be sign language. deny deaf children access to sign, and theyll spontaneously create their own sign systems. put deaf people together, and the creation process is accelerated. prevent from learning it when theyre young, and they will go to it as soon as they have the opportunity. the deaf community has managed to survive all previous attempts, well - meaning and otherwise, to demolish it. we believe that it will survive this latest onslaught. it will survive because it fulfils the innate need of deaf people to seek out and communicate with others like themselves, those who truly understand how it feels and what it means to be deaf. will the implant destroy deaf culture? no, deaf culture will not die out. it will survive, and it will evolve. we already know that many young deaf people who have had oral / aural educations choose to learn sign language and join the community when they reach their teens or college age. if this is so, we anticipate that a large number of implantees will do likewise. no matter how assiduously their parents, clinicians, medical professionals, and the implant industry try to make the deaf community irrelevant and invisible, we believe that many of these deaf kids with implants will ultimately choose to connect with our community. the reason is fairly simple : deaf people like to be with other deaf people, and we have a richly expressive visual - kinetic language ( american sign language in this country and canada ), and the bond of shared perceptions and feelings
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connect with our community. the reason is fairly simple : deaf people like to be with other deaf people, and we have a richly expressive visual - kinetic language ( american sign language in this country and canada ), and the bond of shared perceptions and feelings. one of our challenges is to extend a warm welcome to deaf people with implants. we cannot afford to reject any deaf person simply because s / he has a ci. the deaf community, like any other community, contains its share of purists, elitists, and plain snobs. they do not represent all deaf people. we will do our best to accord " new arrivals " the warm welcome they deserve. if they want to join the deaf community, were here for them. whats so special about deaf culture? why should it be studied by hearing high - school and college students? why should people with cis care about it? hearing people have been teaching deaf people since deaf - ed began, of course. but we believe that deaf people also have much to teach hearing people about language, cognition, communication, coping, and the wonderful resilience of the human spirit. theyve transformed a devastating disability into a rich socio - linguistic culture. theyve created a vibrant language. theyve established a global community. that is cause for celebration. learning about deaf people enhances our understanding about what communication is about, the many varieties of language and approaches to learning, and also increases our understanding of how language is processed in the brain ( q. v. the ongoing research of klima and bellugi at the salk institute ). we already know how versatile and useful sign language is, and how babies can learn to communicate in sign before they can talk ( q. v. acredolo and goodwyns work on " baby signs " ), and how deaf people are developing a corpus of asl literature... theres a lot to be fascinated with. even the controversies are intriguing, for at the core lie the central questions about what it means to be human and to use language. deafness is a disability. arent opponents of cis denying their disability? all human beings have disabilities. what we do with our disabilitieshow we cope, how we respondis a reflection of our qualities as human beings. some of us have physical disabilitiesand some of us have attitudinal disabilities. prejudice, the refusal to accept human different - ness, is an attitudinal disability. some of the comments weve read from implant evangelists
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. some of us have physical disabilitiesand some of us have attitudinal disabilities. prejudice, the refusal to accept human different - ness, is an attitudinal disability. some of the comments weve read from implant evangelists and journalists are proof that the cochlear - implant trend has not improved public attitudes towards deaf people. indeed, it has caused a retrogressive backlash. culturally - deaf people have been struggling for centuries to have their languages recognized, and to gain acceptance as they are. the fact is that many disabled people have achieved greatly not despite their disabilities but because of their disabilities. that is a human paradox worth studying. and a good number of deaf people see their deafness not as a curse but as a gift. every day now, were faced with the task of combating a super - slick propaganda campaign mounted by a powerful and wealthy industry and aimed at parents who may be in a state of shock, who desperately want their children to be " normal, " but may have scant idea of what " normal " encompasses. to us, being deaf is normal, and to be deaf is to be whole. we do not live in a " silent world. " we live in the real one, the same world that hearing people live in. our lives are just as busy and full as those of hearing people. we may communicate differentlyusing a visual - kinectic instead of an aural / oral modebut we have hearts, minds, and capabilities like everyone elses. thats what we, as deaf people, want to make the hearing community understand. we dont see ourselves as needing " bionic ears " to give us entry into the world. were here, were whole, and we want to be accepted as we are. please take note of that. this site is to be considered " in progress. " we solicit input from deaf people who have firsthand experience with implants, negative and positive. we welcome your participation. for parents only | myths & facts | deaf can do all original material used in cochlearwar. com is the property of msm productions, ltd. and is protected by copyright. no material can be excerpted, paraphrased, or published in any form ( whether in print of electronically ) without the express written permission of the owner. ©2003 - 2012, msm productions, ltd.
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prescriptions for painkillers have reached completely outsized proportions in the nation and in missouri. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, “ enough prescription painkillers were prescribed in 2010 to medicate every american adult around - the - clock for a month. ” as every anesthesiologist knows, these drugs are potent respiratory depressants, so overdoses – intentional or not – can and do lead to death. these deaths have more than quadrupled in missouri during the past 10 years. the latest figures from the missouri department of health & senior services show nearly 900 deaths annually, compared to the low 200 ' s of a decade ago. from a public health standpoint, a 50 percent reduction in these deaths would save 450 lives, nearly six times more than are estimated to be saved by primary enforcement of seat belt laws. missouri ’ s rural counties have nearly twice the overdose rate of their urban counterparts. while the missouri society of anesthesiologists believes painkillers are indispensable for the management of pain when properly prescribed and used, much more can be done to reduce the improper prescription and use of these agents. a recent article in the wall street journal also highlights the impact “ pill mills ” and prescription drug abuse can have on neighboring states. the top recommendation of the cdc to reduce the abuse of painkillers is for every state to have a robust prescription drug monitoring program. these programs electronically track information about who is prescribed what drugs and at what location. state and federal laws already require this information to be provided in the prescription and dispensing processes. missouri is currently the only state in the country that has not passed legislation to enable a functioning monitoring program. “ doctor shoppers ” – those who claim to have a condition amenable to treatment by prescription painkillers and who go from one doctor ’ s office to the next seeking these drugs – are numerous in missouri. they are so common that a fellow physician told me that he expects more than half of the patients of any new physician ’ s office to be drug - seekers. having researched the signs and symptoms of their alleged conditions online, these drug - seekers tell very convincing stories to the doctor. at present, there is no way for a physician to know if his or her patient already has painkiller prescriptions. a key component to a robust monitoring program is the ability of a doctor to see, in real time, if his patients have painkiller prescriptions from other doctors. in other states, this ability has been
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.437713
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published on friday, february 16, 2007 by reuters greenhouse gases hit new high, rise accelerates by alister doyle oslo - greenhouse gases widely blamed for causing global warming have jumped to record highs in the atmosphere, apparently stoked by rising emissions from asian industry, a researcher said on friday. " levels are at a new high, " said kim holmen, research director of the norwegian polar institute which oversees the zeppelin measuring station on the arctic archipelago of svalbard about 1, 200 km ( 750 miles ) from the north pole. he told reuters that concentrations of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas emitted largely by burning fossil fuels in power plants, factories and cars, had risen to 390 parts per million ( ppm ) from 388 a year ago. levels have hit peaks almost every year in recent decades, bolstering theories of warming, and are far above 270 ppm before the industrial revolution of the 18th century. climate scientists say the heat - trapping gas is blanketing the planet. holmen said the increase of 2 ppm from 2006 reflected an accelerating rise in recent years. " when i was young, scientists were talking about 1 ppm rise " every year, he said. " since 2000 it has been a very rapid rate. " " the large increases in release rates are definitely in the asian economies, " led by china, he said. china is opening coal - fired power plants at the rate of almost one a week. carbon dioxide concentrations peak just before the northern hemisphere spring, when plants start soaking up the gas as they grow. southern hemisphere seasons have less effect since there are fewer land masses - - and plants - - south of the equator. the zeppelin station is run in cooperation with stockholm university and is one of the main measuring points along with a station in hawaii. remoteness from industrial centers helps. scientists say the concentration of carbon dioxide, according to the modern records, is at its highest in the atmosphere in at least 650, 000 years. the world ' s top climate scientists said in a report on february 2 they were more than 90 percent certain that human activities, led by burning fossil fuels, were to blame for warming. that was up from 66 percent certainty in a previous report in 2001. the u. n. ' s intergovernmental panel on climate change said that temperature rises were set to accelerate and could gain by between 1. 1 and 6. 4 celsius ( 2. 0 - 11. 5 fahrenheit ) by 2100, bringing more floods, droughts and rising sea
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.440749
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by bernard verdcourt john hanning speke. during the famous journey of 1858 which resulted in the first european sighting of lake tanganyika by sir richard francis burton ( 1821 - 1890 ), his companion, capt. j. h. speke ( 1827 — 64 ), collected a few shells on its shores. one of the most fascinating problems of east african conchology was thus made known before almost any of the more ordinary molluscs of the area had been described. these found their way back to the british museum where s. d. woodward ( 1821 - 1863 ) remarked on their curious marine appearance. the incredible arguments which were to fill hundreds of articles and several books were soon to begin. was lake tanganyika an inland jurassic sea cut off and isolated with subsequent freshening of the water? e. a. smith, when describing more shells from the lake in 188i, drew attention to the possibility. the subsequent discovery of a jelly - fish in the lake by dr. bohm seemed to clinch the matter. later of course, freshwater jelly — fish were found in other lakes and rivers, and different theories ( which i touched on in my first presidential address ) came to prevail. woodward ’ s early perspicacious placing of the shells in the melaniidae is now known to be correct. later speke made the famous journey accompanied by capt. j. a. grant ( 1827 - 1892 ) during which the first collections of dried plants were brought back from the interior of east africa and one of the sources of the nile found ; that perennial problem which had vexed men since antiquity ( though i suspect some ancient egyptians probably penetrated far south ), was at least partially solved. volumes have been written about burton and speke, two men so different in character that it is difficult to see how they could have tolerated each other for a moment. burton was a romantic arabist who spoke some thirty languages, had translated the arabian nights and more recondite erotica, a strange mixture of fastidious scholar and debauched libertine, but one of the best informed and scholarly of victorian explorers. speke was a more conventional respectable young victorian. about all they had in common was toughness and a remarkable facility for learning languages. those who wish to read more about this fascinating pair will find an excellent account in alan moorehead ’ s ‘ the white nile ’. some very revealing remarks made by speke about burton in some of his letters to others are mentioned in an auction catalogue for the sale
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.444506
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to read more about this fascinating pair will find an excellent account in alan moorehead ’ s ‘ the white nile ’. some very revealing remarks made by speke about burton in some of his letters to others are mentioned in an auction catalogue for the sale of j. a. grant ’ s papers which is well worth reading ( see beneath ). speke and burton were to have wordy battles later in england and even now no one is quite certain that speke ’ s death was due to " accidental discharge of his own gun ", the verdict returned by the coroner ’ s jury – the faint possibility that he committed suicide just before he had agreed to meet and argue with burton on a public platform is perennially suggested and, if true, very sad because speke was right and burton wrong over the fact that lake victoria was a source of the nile. list of molluscs described from material collected by j. h. speke | iridina ( pleiodon ) spekii | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = pleiodon ( cameronia ) spekii ( woodward, 1859 ). holotype in bm 1818. 104. 22. 168 | | lithoglyphus zonatus | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = spekia zonata ( woodward, 1859 ). syntypes in bm 1822. 214. 171. 124 ( two specimens, one marked with black dot by connolly? selected as lectotype ). | | melania ( melanella ) nassa | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = lavigeria nassa ( woodward, 1859 ). syntypes in bm 18126. 96. 36. 199 ( two specimens, one not marked with black dot selected as lectotype ). | | unio burtoni | | woodward, 1859. | | tanzania, lake tanganyika. | | = grandidieria burtoni ( woodward, 1859 ). holotype in bm 18188. 8. 131. 52 ( also figured by sowerby, 1866, conch. icon. 16 unio species 251, pl. 47, fig 251 ). |
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.445363
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unwanted in the west presence of outlaws, indians, catholics delayed statehood for n. m., arizona this year marks the 100th anniversary of statehood for arizona and new mexico, but why did it take until 1912 for them to become states? amidst all the hoopla of centennial celebrations the actual history of statehood deserves a closer look. what it reveals is a pattern of racism and discrimination against native americans, hispanics and catholics. eastern politicians were not sure they wanted to dilute the body politic. for new mexico the long road to statehood included, according to new mexico state historian rick hendricks, " four constitutions and four referenda, some 15 congressional proposals, two enabling acts, six delegations to washington and 62 years " from territorial designation to new mexico ' s 47th star on the nation ' s flag. the new york times and harper ' s weekly railed against new mexico joining the union. explorers in the 19th century set the rhetorical pattern. americans sought the southwest ' s mineral wealth of gold, silver, coal and copper, but they weren ' t sure they wanted the outlawry of billy the kid and the infamous lincoln county war. santa fe was an exotic destination, and the rails of the atchison, topeka & santa fe railroad brought tourists west to see indian villages such as the pueblos of laguna, san ildefonso and acoma and then on to the grand canyon of arizona. but statehood? traveling in new mexico after the mexican war of 1846 - 48, the british writer george frederick ruxton complained about " the hostility of indians and the scarcity of water. " he described socorro as " a small, wretched place " where " the faces of the women were all stained with the fiery red juice of a plant called alegrita, from the forehead to the chin. this is for the purpose of protecting the skin from the effects of the sun, and preserving them in untanned beauty to be exposed in the fandangos " or evening dances. military men had a different perspective. e. h. bergmann, colonel of the new mexico volunteers, wrote in 1867 that northern new mexico " is beyond a doubt the best portion... and needs only an industrious white population to use the advantageous nature so generously afforded here. " what he meant was the development of minerals, forests and grasslands. david grey, writing in the newspaper chicago inter - ocean on july 4, 1875, after visiting northern new mexico, described men as " insolent and lazy. "
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.459503
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here. " what he meant was the development of minerals, forests and grasslands. david grey, writing in the newspaper chicago inter - ocean on july 4, 1875, after visiting northern new mexico, described men as " insolent and lazy. " he added that " the catholic priests wield an unbounded influence over these ignorant and half - civilized people, " though he believed everything would change when " the railroad, the school - house, ( and ) the steepled church reach the plazas of conejos, ojo caliente, rito and tierra amarilla. " writing in 1890, the itinerant methodist minister john l. dyer described new mexico as " the outside or fag - ends of an old latinized nation, that had been ridden over by romish priests, " yet he added " the mexicans are a kind, sympathetic people ( who ) will divide anything with even a stranger, especially in the rural parts. " california joined the union in 1850. nevada joined a decade later with colorado coming into the fold in 1876 and utah in 1890 after disclaiming mormon polygamy. but it was well into the 20th century before congress conferred statehood upon arizona and new mexico. the path was not easy, and it contained twists and turns that could have eliminated the four corners. arizona had been part of new mexico until 1863. seven years later an attempt was made to combine them into one state to be named lincoln, which would have included a part of southwestern colorado. in 1902 there was a proposal to combine both territories and admit them as a single state named montezuma. that failed. racism continued. the chicago tribune wrote that new mexico ' s population was " not american, but ' greasers, ' persons ignorant of our laws, manners, customs, language and institutions. " my hero teddy roosevelt visited albuquerque in 1903 and in a pageant in front of the alavarado hotel next to the santa fe railroad tracks, 46 girls represented each state in the union. the girl representing new mexico was not even on the platform. she stood on the steps " pleading tearfully for admission. " in 1906 congress passed a joint resolution combining arizona and new mexico into one state to be named arizona with its capital in santa fe. historian charles bennett explains, " new mexico voters approved this plan, knowing that arizona voters would kill it anyway, which they did. " finally in 1910 president william howard taft signed an " enabling act " for people of the territory to draft a state constitution. here it gets interesting. one
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.462004
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mexico voters approved this plan, knowing that arizona voters would kill it anyway, which they did. " finally in 1910 president william howard taft signed an " enabling act " for people of the territory to draft a state constitution. here it gets interesting. one - third of the delegates to the new mexico constitutional convention were hispanic. they had specific goals and achieved those ends in the state constitution. the 20, 000 - word constitution of 1910 had 130 sections and 22 articles. after decades of racism and pejorative comments about hispanic heritage, the hispanic delegates from northern new mexico insisted on article vii. historian francis levine explains the importance of the state ' s constitution because, " among its unique features was article vii, section 3, guaranteeing that the right of any citizen to vote, hold office, or sit on a jury would never be restricted or abridged on account of religion, race, language, or color, or the ability to speak, read, or write in english or spanish.... these important safeguards have kept new mexico unique and culturally rich. " for the first 20 years of statehood all laws were required to be published in spanish and english. spanish is an official language of the state, equal to english. those provisions might seem far - reaching and inclusive, but it was still a man ' s world. the new mexico constitution denied women the right to vote, excluded citizen initiatives, and maintained the old - fashioned election of u. s. senators by the state legislature, not by popular vote. this was the progressive era, but some reforms had yet to come to new mexico. the past also shaped the future. by 1912 the southwest ' s rich archaeological legacy of native american ruins and sites like chaco, bandelier and the gila cliff dwellings in new mexico ; and wupatki, casa grande and montezuma ' s castle in arizona inspired tourism and provided the united states with an indigenous heritage unequaled in europe. their prehistoric past helped propel arizona and new mexico into the union. so happy centennial birthday! it was a long slog to statehood, but thanks for being the 47th and 48th stars on our american flag. andrew gulliford is a professor of history and environmental studies at fort lewis college. he can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org.
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.471334
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what to do with our " detainees "? thirty years ago, american prisoners of war were being brutalized in north vietnam, and an outraged american government sought to shame their captors into respecting the geneva conventions. the treatment of americans never came close to being humane. but, as sen. john mccain ( r., ariz. ) has said of his pow ordeal : “ i ’ m certain we would have been a lot worse off if there had not been the geneva conventions around. ” that ’ s an important story to remember as americans debate whether the geneva conventions should be upheld in the treatment of prisoners from afghanistan. it reminds us that the issue is not about whether we sympathize with accused terrorists who probably don ’ t want our sympathy anyway. it is about protecting a set of rules that protect all people, including american servicemen and women taken captive in war. it is about preserving america ’ s right to complain when americans are mistreated overseas. to his credit, secretary of defense donald rumsfeld acknowledged last week that the conventions do apply to all of the prisoners at guantanamo bay, reversing earlier statements to the contrary. what do the conventions tell us about how these prisoners should be treated? the al - qaeda detainees probably are not entitled to formal pow status because they did not fight for a regular army, wear insignia that identified them as soldiers, or respect the rules of war. if so, they could be tried for war crimes or terrorist acts in the president ’ s proposed military commissions, as long as the trials respect due process. but the taliban detainees probably should be called pows. they fought for the regular armed forces of afghanistan. rumsfeld has suggested that this rule may not apply to the taliban because they weren ’ t internationally recognized as the government of afghanistan. but the geneva conventions don ’ t make that distinction. nor has the united states : in the korean war, for example, neither the united states nor the united nations recognized the communist government of china, but u. s. forces treated chinese prisoners as pows. if any of the detainees are pows, the geneva conventions oblige them to give only their name, rank and serial number. but that doesn ’ t mean the military can ’ t interrogate them about other things, including possible future attacks. and the united states can still prosecute them for war crimes in a military court martial. who determines whether they are pows or “ unlawful combatants, ” as the defense department has called them? rumsfeld cannot make that call himself
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.487313
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future attacks. and the united states can still prosecute them for war crimes in a military court martial. who determines whether they are pows or “ unlawful combatants, ” as the defense department has called them? rumsfeld cannot make that call himself. when there is any doubt about a prisoner ’ s status, the conventions require that they be considered pows until a “ competent tribunal ” decides otherwise, and so do u. s. military regulations. the defense department should respect its own rules by convening such tribunals without delay. whatever the prisoners ’ legal status, the geneva conventions entitle them to be treated humanely. in many respects, the military has taken this responsibility very seriously, while taking understandable steps to protect itself from dangerous prisoners. the main problem has been the confinement of prisoners in metal cages open to the elements – conditions americans would surely condemn if american prisoners were subjected to them overseas. for all the debate on this issue, the defense department has essentially acknowledged the conditions are inadequate by pointing out that the shelters are temporary, and promising to build permanent facilities. that effort needs to be accelerated. there is an easy way for the administration to settle the debate. the red cross is now inspecting the facilities in guantanamo and will be making its recommendations privately to the defense department. rumsfeld should release those recommendations, and he should pledge now to follow them. if the administration does that, it will clear up much of the controversy and confusion. it will be showing that nations can bring terrorists to justice without sinking to their level. and it will ensure that the next time american servicemen and women are imprisoned overseas, the geneva conventions will still be there to protect them. tom malinowski is washington advocacy director of human rights watch
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.491646
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the national register of historic places lists many properties significant for women ' s history. we take the opportunity of women ' s history month to highlight just some of the properties that exemplify the contributions of women to american history. new women ' s history properties featured national park units featured historic properties for women ' s history month : elizabeth c. quinlan house photograph courtesy of the minnesota state historic preservation office elizabeth c. quinlan house, minneapolis, minnesota the house was created for elizabeth c. quinlan, who was the co - founder of the young - quinlan company, which, in 1894, was the first woman ’ s ready - to - wear shop west of the mississippi river. her highly successful department store, innovative practices and entrepreneurial work led her to become a leader of national recognition in the apparel industry and a pioneering business woman. mt. airy ( grandma moses house ), augusta county, virginia grandma moses was a prominent painter who started creating pictures in the 1930s from her memories as a farm wife both in the virginia shenandoah valley and the new york hoosick valley. moses moved to the shenandoah valley in november of 1887, with her husband thomas solomon moses. mt. airy was the first house she and her husband owned in their married lives - - - they bought it for $ 6, 000 and lived there from january 1901 to september 1902. pennsylvania railroad depot and baggage room photograph courtesy of the dennison railroad depot museum pennsylvania railroad depot and baggage room, tuscarawas county, ohio " i was able to get only one sandwich for breakfast and the rest of the day i had nothing till we came to dennison, where a miracle happened. with people behind us we can do only one thing, and that is come out victorious. " the pennsylvania railroad depot and baggage room in dennison, ohio, was famous during world war ii for its canteen, where an estimated 1. 3 million american service men in the armed forces were served food and drinks on their way to training bases and disembarkation for distant fronts overseas. nearly 4, 000 local volunteers, primarily area women, staffed the canteen, and funds were collected to purchase food, coffee, and other supplies. the girl scouts 100 year anniversary : the juliette gordon low historic district consists of three individual properties in savannah, georgia : the wayne - gordon house / juliette gordon low birthplace, the andrew low house, and the carriage house and servants ' quarters for the andrew low house which became commonly known as the first girl scouts headquarters. anna hyatt huntington, georgetown
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.508377
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, georgia : the wayne - gordon house / juliette gordon low birthplace, the andrew low house, and the carriage house and servants ' quarters for the andrew low house which became commonly known as the first girl scouts headquarters. anna hyatt huntington, georgetown county, south carolina for women ’ s history month, the national register is showcasing two historic sites associated with the world famous woman sculptress anna hyatt huntington ( march 10, 1876 – october 4, 1973 ). atalaya, georgetown county, south carolina : atalaya was the winter home of world famous sculptor, anna hyatt huntington, and her philanthropist husband, archer milton huntington. in addition to being anna ' s husband, archer was also the designer of atalaya. brookgreen gardens, georgetown county, south carolina brookgreen gardens is known today as a botanical and sculpture garden. anna hyatt huntington was co - founder of brookgreen gardens and many of her sculptures are on display there. still pond historic district in kent county, maryland located at a crossroads surrounded by family farms, still pond served as a commercial hub and center of community life on maryland ' s upper eastern shore. on may 2, 1908 mary jane howard, annasandra " annie " maxwell, and eliza kelley made history as the first women in maryland to vote in an election. listed in the national register of historic places over 100 years later in august, 2009. mary and eliza freeman houses are significant as the last two houses to survive of " little liberia, " a settlement of free african americans in bridgeport, connecticut anna hyatt huntington photo taken peter a. juley & son repository : smithsonian institution o ' keeffe, georgia, home and studio : the home and studio of the artist georgia o ' keeffe ( 1887 - 1986 ) in abiquiu, new mexico ( approximately 50 miles northwest of santa fe ), is one of the most important artistic sites in the southwestern united states. mulberry plantation, kershaw county, south carolina : is the most important site associated with the writing of mary boykin chesnut ' s remarkable first hand account of southern society during the civil war. architecture of julia morgan : julia morgan was one of the nation ' s first prominent female architects. among the almost 800 buildings she designed are : hearst san simeon estate, san luis obispo county, california, berkeley women ' s city club, in alameda county, california, grandma prisbrey ' s bottle village, ventura county, california : built between 1956
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buildings she designed are : hearst san simeon estate, san luis obispo county, california, berkeley women ' s city club, in alameda county, california, grandma prisbrey ' s bottle village, ventura county, california : built between 1956 and 1965, bottle village is a 1 / 3 - acre unique folk art environment designed and erected by folk artist, tressa south, chesterfield county, virginia : designed by amaza lee meredith ( 1895 - 1984 ), one of the nation ' s few black female architects, the house is a significant landmark of african - american material culture and design. piney point coast guard light station : between 1776 and 1942, 141 women were officially appointed keepers of the light by the united states government. nineteen women served as keepers in the state of maryland on the chesapeake bay. rachel carson home : in silver spring, maryland, is significant as the place in which american biologist, naturalist, writer, and poet, rachel carson, wrote the highly acclaimed 1962 book, silent spring, which made her, more than any other person, the acknowledged advocate of the early ecology movement. cather properties in webster county, nebraska : willa cather captured the spirit of the pioneer era as perhaps no other american author. elizabeth jane colter buildings, coconino county, arizona : the hopi house, hermit ' s rest, the lookout studio and the desert view watchtower are not only the best and least altered, but some of the only remaining works of the master architect and interior designer mary elizabeth jane colter. angelus temple, los angeles county, california : is historically significant as the base of operations for aimee semple mcpherson, a pioneer in the field of radio marietta canty house : in hartford, connecticut, is primarily significant for its association with actress marietta canty ( 1905 - 1986 ), who received critical acclaim for her performances in theater, radio, motion pictures, and television as well as her political and david t. and nan wood honeyman house in multnomah county, oregon : nan wood honeyman ( 1881 - 1970 ) was a progressive local and national leader for the democratic party and of prohibition reform. clara barton national historic site in montgomery county, maryland : resting on a slight knoll in a quiet, shaded yard above the potomac river valley, a large, pale yellow, warehouse - like building stands as a memorial to the complicated personality and persistent character of clara barton, a pioneer in women ' s history. hotel metropolitan in mccracken county, kentucky : the hotel metropolitan,
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river valley, a large, pale yellow, warehouse - like building stands as a memorial to the complicated personality and persistent character of clara barton, a pioneer in women ' s history. hotel metropolitan in mccracken county, kentucky : the hotel metropolitan, the first hotel owned and operated by and for african americans in paducah, was constructed for a young black woman in 1909. turkey point lighthouse in cecil county, maryland : authorized by congress in 1831 with the tower and keeper ' s quarters built in 1833, was tended by more women keepers than any other lighthouse on the chesapeake bay. maggie l. walker national historic site in richmond, virginia : commemorates the life and work of an exceptional woman who became very active in the economic, social, and philanthropic life of richmond ' s african american community. loretta ensor, 1923 image courtesy of larry woodworth, ensor farmsite & museum ensor farm : in johnson county, kansas, is known for its historic association with loretta ensor ( 1904 - 1991 ) and her brother, marshall hamilton ensor ( 1899 - 1970 ), two of the most prominent radio amateurs who established one of the most complete amateur radio transmitting stations in america on their property during the early history of frank b. cooper elementary school : in the west delridge neighborhood of west seattle, washington, the frank b. cooper elementary school is historically associated with mrs. thelma fisher dewitty, who holds the distinction of being the first african american to teach within the seattle public school district. lowell national historical park in middlesex county, massachusetts : while there is no single birthplace of industry, lowell ' s planned textile mill city, in scale, technological innovation, and development of an urban working class, marked the beginning of the industrial transformation of america. eudora welty house, jackson, ms home of one of the most influential writers of the 20th century ellamae ellis league house, macon, ga self - designed residence of accomplished georgia architect ellamae ellis league woman ' s athletic club of san francisco, ca established by women in 1915 to improve themselves - - intellectually, physically and artistically eleanor roosevelt national historic site in dutchess county, new york : val - kill cottage, the simple, two - story stone building located within the roosevelt family property at hyde park, was the home of eleanor roosevelt ( 1884 - 1962 ) for the last 17 years of her life. patsy cline house, winchester, va home of 20th - century country music legend patsy cline matinicus rock and whitehead light stations, knox county, maine
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home of eleanor roosevelt ( 1884 - 1962 ) for the last 17 years of her life. patsy cline house, winchester, va home of 20th - century country music legend patsy cline matinicus rock and whitehead light stations, knox county, maine two lighthouses in maine tended by a 19th - century female keeper, abbie burgess grant west feliciana parish, la gardens designed by martha turnbull, amateur 19th - century landscape designer mary mcleod bethune council house national historic site in washington, dc : was significant as a center for the development of strategies and programs which advanced the interests of african american women and the black community. marjorie kinnan rawlings photo taken by carl van vechten, 1953 rawlings, marjorie kinnan, house and farm yard, cross creek, florida home of the journalist and author marjorie kinnan rawlings. aldrich, nathan c., house and resthaven chapel, catherine regina seabury used this property to benefit the female factory workers of boston. catt, carrie chapam house, briarcliff manor, new york the home of the famous suffragist of the same name between 1919 and 1928, during the time when she played a pivotal role in securing the nineteenth amendment giving women the right to vote in 1920. violet oakley studio, philadelphia, pennsylvania studio of the artist and muralist violet oakley. bonniebrook homestead, taney county, missouri rose o ' neill, artist and creator of the kewpie doll lived and worked on this estate. anna leialoha perry - fiske, 1939 photo courtesy of hawaii state historic preservation office and the anna ranch heritage center anna ranch, kamuela, hawaii find out about anna leialoha perry - fiske who saved her ranch, gave to charity, and won horseman ship contests. fisk, robert and elizabeth, house, helena, montana political, charitable, activist, and mother : elizabeth fisk was a leader in the early days of helena, montana. our itineraries are online guides tours to historic places listed in the national register, national parks and other historic places. each includes detailed maps, tourist information, location information, and color photographs. travel to historic places that tell the fascinating stories of women in various professions including educators, artists, inventors, business leaders, and philanthropists. teaching with historic places this program offers a series of award - winning lesson plans that use places listed in the national register to enliven the study of history, social studies, and geography. twhp has ready - to -
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and philanthropists. teaching with historic places this program offers a series of award - winning lesson plans that use places listed in the national register to enliven the study of history, social studies, and geography. twhp has ready - to - use lesson plans, available for free downloading, that examine important aspects of women ' s history. • navesink lighthouse and robbins reef lighthouse : lighting the way through new york bay • the old mormon fort : birthplace of las vegas, nevada • adeline hornbek and the homestead act : a colorado success story • back stairs at brucemore : life as servants in early 20th - century america • the battle of prairie grove : civilian recollections of the civil war • birthplace of john f. kennedy : home of the boy who would be president • chatham plantation : witness to the civil war • clara barton ' s house : home of the american red cross • first lady of the world : eleanor roosevelt at val - kill • from canterbury to little rock : • the struggle for educational equality for african americans • floyd bennett field : naval aviation ' s home in brooklyn • the m ' clintock house : a home to the women ' s rights movement • the penniman house : a whaling story • two american entrepreneurs : madam c. j. walker and j. c. penney women ' s history in the parks women ' s history month - national park service wide portal mary mcleod bethune council house national historic site maggie l. walker at maggie l. walker national historic site ( past feature ) clara barton at clara barton national historic site ( past feature ) mary j. colter properties at grand canyon national park ( past feature ) lowell national historical park ( past feature ) johnstown flood national memorial eleanor roosevelt national historic site ( past feature ) rosie the riveter - world war ii home front national historical park sewall - belmont house national historic site whitman mission national historic site women ' s rights national historical park women ' s history month - national park service wide portal women ' s history month : government wide portal eleanor roosevelt : american visionary this dynamic new website celebrates eleanor roosevelt, niece of president theodore roosevelt and the wife of president franklin d. roosevelt, eleanor helped transform the role of first lady and became a champion of domestic social reform, economic justice, and human rights. the website includes virtual tours of historic places associated with the former first lady, and numerous images of fascination museum objects. interpreting women ' s history in the national park service this publication focuses on what women ' s history is, the
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, and human rights. the website includes virtual tours of historic places associated with the former first lady, and numerous images of fascination museum objects. interpreting women ' s history in the national park service this publication focuses on what women ' s history is, the current status of women ' s history in the national parks, new ways for scholars of women ' s history and nps staff to work together, and the role of the national park service in the preservation, commemoration, and interpretation of the history of american women. national park service uniforms : breeches, blouses, and skirts 1918 - 1991 the national park service has, for most of its existence, been a male dominated organization. women ' s role in the service was never clearly defined until the 1960 ' s, at which time a victorian mentality prevailed, treating them as objects to be protected, instead of the ranger status to which they aspired. this on - line book tells the story of those women who fought to achieve their goal of equality with their male counterparts not only as rangers, but as rangers with the right to wear the appropriate attire to perform the job. national women ' s history project the national women ' s history project is a non - profit organization dedicated to recognizing and celebrating the diverse and historic accomplishments of women by providing information and educational material and programs. the goal of the nwhp is to " make history " accurate by recognizing and celebrating women ' s contributions through its current and future projects. national collaborative for women ' s history sites ncwhs supports and promotes the preservation and interpretation of sites and locales that bear witness to women ' s participation in american life. the collaborative makes women ' s contributions to history visible so that all women ' s experiences and potential are fully valued. national register information system since its inception in 1966, nearly 80, 000 properties have been listed in the national register. together these files hold information on more than 1. 4 million individual resources - - buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects - - and therefore provide a link to the country ' s heritage at the national, state, and local levels. search by name, location, agency, or theme to locate national register properties associated with women ' s history. library of congress : built in america ( habs / haer / hals ) the historic american buildings survey ( habs ), historic american engineering record ( haer ) and historic american landscapes survey ( hals ) collections document achievements in architecture, engineering, and design in the united states through a comprehensive range of building types and engineering
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about this lesson this lesson is based on the national register of historic places registration file, " port hudson battlefield " ( with photographs ), and other primary sources about the siege. it was made possible by the national park service ' s american battlefield protection program. the lesson written by gregg potts, site manager at the port hudson state commemorative area, and arthur w. bergeron, jr., historian at pamplin park civil war site in petersburg, virginia. twhp is sponsored, in part, by the cultural resources training initiative and parks as classrooms programs of the national park service. this lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into the classrooms across the country. where it fits into the curriculum topics : the lesson could be used in units on the civil war. students will strengthen their skills of observation, research, and analysis of primary sources. time period : late 19th century relevant united states history standards for grades 5 - 12 relevant curriculum standards for social studies find your state ' s social studies and history standards for grades pre - k - 12 objectives for students 1 ) to explain how the physical features of the area made port hudson strategically important for both sides. 2 ) to examine the particular characteristics of siege warfare and how it affected soldiers physically and mentally. 3 ) to determine if their own community has withstood monumental crises, and how it responded to such a situation. materials for students the materials listed below either can be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. the maps and images appear twice : in a low - resolution version with associated questions and alone in a larger, high - resolution version. 1 ) two maps showing the mississippi valley and port hudson ; 2 ) four readings about the siege, including several first - hand accounts from soldiers ; 3 ) five historic photographs made during the siege and after the surrender ; 4 ) one illustration of africanamerican troops at port hudson from harper ' s weekly ; visiting the site port hudson state commemorative area is located in east feliciana parish adjacent to the old town site of port hudson, louisiana. the main entrance is located on u. s. highway 61, approximately 15 miles north of baton rouge. port hudson state commemorative area is open from 9 : 00 a. m. to 5 : 00 p. m. year round, except new year ' s, thanksgiving, and christmas. for more information, contact the commemorative area manager, port hudson state commemorative area, 756 west plainsport hudson road, zachary,
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- enter a word for the dictionary definition. from the collaborative international dictionary of english v. 0. 48 : wind \ wind \ ( w [ i ^ ] nd, in poetry and singing often w [ imac ] nd ; 277 ), n. [ as. wind ; akin to os., ofries., d., & g. wind, ohg. wint, dan. & sw. vind, icel. vindr, goth winds, w. gwynt, l. ventus, skr. v [ = a ] ta ( cf. gr. ' ah ` ths a blast, gale, ' ah ^ nai to breathe hard, to blow, as the wind ) ; originally a p. pr. from the verb seen in skr. v [ = a ] to blow, akin to as. w [ = a ] wan, d. waaijen, g. wehen, ohg. w [ = a ] en, w [ = a ] jen, goth. waian. [ root ] 131. cf. air, ventail, ventilate, window, winnow. ] [ 1913 webster ] 1. air naturally in motion with any degree of velocity ; a current of air. [ 1913 webster ] except wind stands as never it stood, it is an ill wind that turns none to good. - - tusser. [ 1913 webster ] winds were soft, and woods were green. - - longfellow. [ 1913 webster ] 2. air artificially put in motion by any force or action ; as, the wind of a cannon ball ; the wind of a bellows. [ 1913 webster ] 3. breath modulated by the respiratory and vocal organs, or by an instrument. [ 1913 webster ] their instruments were various in their kind, some for the bow, and some for breathing wind. - - dryden. [ 1913 webster ] 4. power of respiration ; breath. [ 1913 webster ] if my wind were but long enough to say my prayers, i would repent. - - shak. [ 1913 webster ] 5. air or gas generated in the stomach or bowels ; flatulence ; as, to be troubled with wind. [ 1913 webster ] 6. air impregnated with an odor or scent. [ 1913 webster ] a pack of dogfish had him in the wind. - - swift. [ 1913 webster ] 7. a direction from which the wind may blow ; a point of
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6. air impregnated with an odor or scent. [ 1913 webster ] a pack of dogfish had him in the wind. - - swift. [ 1913 webster ] 7. a direction from which the wind may blow ; a point of the compass ; especially, one of the cardinal points, which are often called the four winds. [ 1913 webster ] come from the four winds, o breath, and breathe upon these slain. - - ezek. xxxvii. 9. [ 1913 webster ] note : this sense seems to have had its origin in the east. the hebrews gave to each of the four cardinal points the name of wind. [ 1913 webster ] 8. ( far. ) a disease of sheep, in which the intestines are distended with air, or rather affected with a violent inflammation. it occurs immediately after shearing. [ 1913 webster ] 9. mere breath or talk ; empty effort ; idle words. [ 1913 webster ] nor think thou with wind of airy threats to awe. - - milton. [ 1913 webster ] 10. ( zool. ) the dotterel. [ prov. eng. ] [ 1913 webster ] 11. ( boxing ) the region of the pit of the stomach, where a blow may paralyze the diaphragm and cause temporary loss of breath or other injury ; the mark. [ slang or cant ] [ webster 1913 suppl. ] note : wind is often used adjectively, or as the first part of compound words. [ 1913 webster ] all in the wind. ( naut. ) see under all, n. before the wind. ( naut. ) see under before. between wind and water ( naut. ), in that part of a ship ' s side or bottom which is frequently brought above water by the rolling of the ship, or fluctuation of the water ' s surface. hence, colloquially, ( as an injury to that part of a vessel, in an engagement, is particularly dangerous ) the vulnerable part or point of anything. cardinal winds. see under cardinal, a. down the wind. ( a ) in the direction of, and moving with, the wind ; as, birds fly swiftly down the wind. ( b ) decaying ; declining ; in a state of decay. [ obs. ] " he went down the wind still. " - - l ' estrange. in the wind ' s eye ( naut. ), directly toward the point from which
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early romans had a religious, yet fundamental understanding of medicine. deriving knowledge from the medical treatises and methods of the greeks, the etruscans, the egyptians, the persians and other conquered peoples, the romans came up with one of the best and most sophisticated medical systems of the ancient world. the science of medicine and the human body was evolving. many greek medical ideas were adopted by the romans and greek medicine had a huge influence on roman medicine. the first doctors to appear in rome were greek, captured as prisoners of war. greek doctors would later move to rome because they could make a good living there, or a better one than in the greek cities. the romans also conquered the city of alexandria, with its libraries and its universities. in ancient times, alexandria was an important centre for learning and its great library held countless volumes of information, many of which would have been on medicine. here, doctors were allowed to carry out dissections which led to the discovery of many important medical advances, such as the discovery that the brain sends messages to the body. greek medicine revolved heavily around the theory of the four humours and texts by hippocrates and his followers ( hippocratic writings ), who were all greek. these ideas and writings were also used in roman medicine. roman medicine also encompassed the spiritual beliefs of the greek. ancient roman medicine was a combination of physical techniques using various tools and holistic medicine using rituals and religious belief systems. many believed that diseases were brought on by the disfavor of the gods. they deeply believed that transcendental practices such as superstition, rituals, and a belief in spells would rid them of disease. since many diseases soon or later went away, they believed they had managed to please the gods by performing the correct religious and spiritual acts. religious cures were rare but magical treatment was commonly applied. fennel : it was thought to have calming properties. elecampane : used to help with digestion. sage : although it had little medicinal value, it had great religious value. garlic : beneficial for health, particularly of the heart. fenugreek : used in the treatment of pneumonia. silphium : used for a wide variety of ailments and conditionsnespecially for birth control. willow : used as an antiseptic the practice of reading livers was common in the roman world. after an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or
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willow : used as an antiseptic the practice of reading livers was common in the roman world. after an animal was sacrificed its liver was examined by a priest who would interpret the liver. looking at the liver, the priest would reveal good or bad omens from it. it was thought that the gods responses were communicated through the liver and other internal organs of a sacrificed animal. healing was sought after from religious temples. sacrifices were made to gods in particular asklepios ( see below ) in hopes of receiving healing. hospitals were originally built for the military. under gaius marius, the roman army became the world ' s best trained and disciplined force, and some of this rubbed off onto the medics too. the influence of superstitious quackery lessened and roman medicine took on a more practical approach. it was still a trial and error process, but the medics were more observant and carefully noted down any treatment that worked and this knowledge was passed on and could be successfully utilized by the next doctor. the fifteen - year civil war that directly following the assassination of julius caesar led to significant medical innovations. the war was fought between the best armies of the world and yielded such high levels of injury that the newly emerged emperor, augustus, formed a professional military medical corps. before this, doctors had fairly low status. august, realizing that they were key in an empire and especially an army, gave all physicians that joined his new army medical corps dignified titles, land grants, and special retirement benefits! for the next five hundred years, fueled by the motivations and opportunity for medical advancement supplied by the many battles, and supported by the powers that be, this serious group advanced the study and practice of medicine to a level not seen again until late in the nineteenth century. the first roman medical corps was formed by emperor augustus, and as he gave land grants, dignified titles, and special retirement gifts to the doctors, the profession lost its shoddy aspect and became respectable. it helped too that medical professionals hereafter were required to train at the new army medical school and could not practise unless they passed. this increased the success rates in treatments. ancient roman medicine was, surprisingly, incredibly similar to that of the late nineteenth century. like the modern medical practice, ancient roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists. all surgical tasks were only preformed by appropriate specialists. surgeons used practically the same tools as american doctors did only one hundred years ago
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roman medicine was split among different specialties, such as internists, ophthalmologists, and urologists. all surgical tasks were only preformed by appropriate specialists. surgeons used practically the same tools as american doctors did only one hundred years ago. an ancient roman doctoros tool kit ( shown in the four pictures to the right ) would include forceps, scalpels, catheters, and even arrow - extractors. similarly, ancient roman surgeons had a wide range of painkillers and sedatives to help in surgery, including extracts of opium poppies ( morphine ) and of henbane seeds ( scopolamine ). there is little doubt that the many folk remedies used throughout the roman empire were tested in battle by roman physicians on wounded and ailing soldiers, who sifted through and found the treatments and methods with the most useful effects. further, the bureaucracy of rome ensured that the treatments were recorded and taught in the medical school. the romans did not yet really understand how germs related to disease, but they did use many of the techniques that killed germs, techniques that were not reinvented until much later. for example, they boiled their tools before use and would not reuse the same tool on a patient before reboiling. wounds were washed with acetum, which is actually a better antiseptic than joseph lister ' s carbolic acid ( joseph lister rediscovered antiseptics in the 1860 ' s, based on louis pasteuros brand - new germ theory of disease ). in ancient rome, it was common knowledge that arteries and veins carried blood. all surgeons knew how to use tourniquets, arterial clamps, and ligatures to stem blood flow. they also used amputation to prevent deadly gangrene. over the years, roman war doctors also learned how to prevent many battlefield epidemics. they accomplished this by placing forts away from insect infested swamps. they also installed drains and sewers to transport sewage away from the men. similarly, they invented sophisticated permanent hospitals, with specialized rooms for different tasks, and with isolation of some patients from others to reduce the spread of disease. central heating and good ventilation also helped patients. in the case of the roman army, it is clear that it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered
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it was the wartime doctors that created most of the innovations because they were organized, they were distributed throughout the empire, they were careful about capturing and spreading any new information or technique that worked, and they were highly motivated by the great loss of life suffered by their soldiers during the many battles. roman doctors did not necessarily fare well. many doctors were freed greek slaves, hence the social standing of doctors was quite low. because cure rates were so low, many people were skeptical or even scornful of doctors. their skepticism is easily understood. roman literature contains much which tells us about the reactions of individuals to medicine and doctors. to listen to the roman authors is to hear tales of quackery at all levels of society. some doctors charged excessive prices for the most worthless medicines and drugs, and others in the craft attempt to deal with and treat diseases they obviously do not understand. there were no licensing boards and no formal requirements for entrance to the profession. anyone could call himself a doctor. if his methods were successful, he attracted more patients, if not, he found himself another profession. medical training consisted mostly of apprentice work. men trained as doctors by following around another doctor. rome had two types of physicians : those who served the general public whose reputation wasn ' t as prestigious. many were illiterate, quacks, charlatans, and usually cheated the poor and needy. unethical practices abounded. plutarch grumbled that practitioners used all sorts of questionable methods to gain patients, ranging from escorting the prospective patient home from bars to sharing dirty jokes with him. according to plutarch, " some medical quacks would do just about anything to acquire clients, from accompanying them to alcohol dens to telling them dirty jokes. still others were not above murdering their patients in cold blood for financial gain, for example, they might be paid and told to just ' put the patient out of his misery '. " roman medics studied medical texts by hippocrates, who came from the greek island of cos and is generally regarded as the father of medicine. actually, he was only one of a longstanding line of medical practitioners, but his personal popularity ensured that his treatises were saved by his followers while those written by his predecessors, which nobody saved, were lost to the coming ages. archaeological sites have produced many implements used in ancient roman surgery - some dating to 460 bc. this is the timeline hippocrates wrote the oath - a pledge still taken today by doctors to perform to their fullest ability.
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to the coming ages. archaeological sites have produced many implements used in ancient roman surgery - some dating to 460 bc. this is the timeline hippocrates wrote the oath - a pledge still taken today by doctors to perform to their fullest ability. the hippocratic oath is an oath historically taken by physicians, physician assistants ' and other healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine ethically and honestly. it is widely believed to have been written by hippocrates, often regarded as the father of western medicine, or by one of his students. the oath is written in ionic greek ( late 5th century bc ), and is usually included in the hippocratic corpus. classical scholar ludwig edelstein proposed that the oath was written by pythagoreans, a theory that has been questioned due to the lack of evidence for a school of pythagorean medicine. of historic and traditional value, the oath is considered a rite of passage for practitioners of medicine in many countries, although nowadays the modernized version of the text varies among them. the hippocratic oath ( orkos ) is one of the most widely known of greek medical texts. it requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards. besides the writings of hippocrates, other writers wrote on medical topics. there were medical practitioners whose writings were equally revered : galen ( ad 129 - ca. 200 or 216 ) of pergamon was a prominent ancient greek physician, whose theories dominated western medical science for well over a millennium. by the age of 20, he had served for four years in the local temple as a therapeutes ( " attendant " or " associate " ) of the god asclepius. although galen studied the human body, dissection of human corpses was against roman law, so instead he used pigs, apes, and other animals. galen moved to rome in 162. there he lectured, wrote extensively, and performed public demonstrations of his anatomical knowledge. he soon gained a reputation as an experienced physician, attracting to his practice a large number of clients. among them was the consul flavius boethius, who introduced him to the imperial court, where he became a physician to emperor marcus aurelius. despite being a member of the court, galen reputedly shunned latin, preferring to speak and write in his native greek, a tongue that was actually quite popular in rome. he would go on to treat roman luminaries such as lucius verus
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being a member of the court, galen reputedly shunned latin, preferring to speak and write in his native greek, a tongue that was actually quite popular in rome. he would go on to treat roman luminaries such as lucius verus, commodus, and septimius severus. however, in 166 galen returned to pergamon again, where he lived until he went back to rome for good in 169. pedanios dioscorides ( 65 a. d. ) pedanius dioscorides ( ca. 40 - ca. 90 ) was an ancient greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist from anazarbus, cilicia, asia minor, who practised in ancient rome during the time of nero. dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book de materia medica that is a precursor to all modern pharmacopeias, and is one of the most influential herbal books in history. soranus was a greek physician, born at ephesus, who lived during the reigns of trajan and hadrian ( ad 98 - 138 ). according to the suda, he practiced in alexandria and subsequently in rome. he was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as " methodists. " his treatise gynaecology is extant ( first published in 1838, later by v. rose, in 1882, with a 6th - century latin translation by muscio, a physician of the same school ). onbasius wrote an encyclopedia of medicine which was in a collection of 70 books around 325 ad scalpels, made of steel or bronze were used to make incisions. scalpels could be made of either steel, bronze, or a combination of the two metals - such as a steel blade and a bronze handle. a military hospital at baden has produced a large collection of medical tools. a stone mural of roman legion depicts a fellow solider helping another remove probably an arrow from his leg with a pair of pinchers. some soldiers were skilled in medical while still serving in the army. the negative realm of roman medicine started in its early history. ancient scalpels had almost the same form and function as their modern counterparts do today. the two long steel scalpels that make up the first and third columns of the accompanying image are examples of the most ordinary type of scalpel from antiquity. these long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited to making either deep or long cuts.
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third columns of the accompanying image are examples of the most ordinary type of scalpel from antiquity. these long scalpels could be used to make a variety of incisions, but they seem to be particularly suited to making either deep or long cuts. the four bronze scalpels which make up columns two and four are generally referred to as " bellied scalpels. " this variety of scalpel was another favorite of physicians in antiquity since the shape of its handle allowed more delicate and precise cuts to be made. hooks, long thin metal instruments were used as probes and the maneuvering small pieces of tissue more easily. hooks were another common instrument used regularly by greek and roman doctors. the hooks the ancient doctors used came in two basic varieties : sharp and blunt. both of these types of hooks are still used by modern surgeons ' for many of the same purposes for which the ancient doctors first used them. for instance, blunt hooks were primarily used as probes for dissection and for raising blood vessels. sharp hooks, like those pictured in the accompanying image, were used to hold and lift small pieces of tissue so that they could be extracted and to retract the edges of wounds. bone drills, looking like wine cork screws were used to remove diseased bone tissue from the skull and extract sizable foreign objects such as a weapon from a bone. bone forceps were used to extract small pieces of bone that would be otherwise difficult to remove with fingers. in the case of impaction of the foetal cranium, the head may be opened with a sharp instrument and the pieces of the skull removed with bone forceps. paul aigenita ( vi. xc ) wrote that in a depressed fracture of the skull fractured bone is to be removed in fragments, with the fingers if possible, if not, with a bone forceps. used for levering fractured bones into position and may have been used for levering out teeth. one of the most spectacular, if fearsome looking, roman medical instruments is the vaginal dilator or speculum ( dioptra ). it comprises a priapiscus with 2 ( or sometimes 3 or 4 ) dovetailing valves which are opened and closed by a handle with a screw mechanism, an arrangement that was still to be found in the specula of 18th - century europe. soranus is the first author who makes mention of the speculum specially made for the vagina. graeco - roman writers on gynecology and obstetrics frequently recommend its use in the diagnosis
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specula of 18th - century europe. soranus is the first author who makes mention of the speculum specially made for the vagina. graeco - roman writers on gynecology and obstetrics frequently recommend its use in the diagnosis and treatment of vaginal and uterine disorders, yet it is one of the rarest surviving medical instruments. specula are large and readily recognizable and should not have suffered the same degree of destruction as thin instruments, such as probes, scalpels and needles. as a source of bronze, however, they may have been more subject to recycling than the smaller instruments. the earliest mention of the rectal speculum is to be found in the treatise on fistula by hippocrates ( iii. 331 ) : " elaying the patient on his back and examining the ulcerated part of the bowel by means of the rectal speculum... " catheters, long metal tubes, like those we have today were used to help open up a blocked urinary tract infections. probes or curettes the scope of the cyathiscomele in medical art is evidently, like the flat spathomele, to act occasionally as a sound, but mainly to mix, measure and apply medicaments. some are adapted for use as curettes. the large numbers in which this instrument occurs would itself indicate that it was used for lay as well as medical purposes. greek god of medicine and healing asclepius ( center ) and hermes ( bending ) - also show as mercury ( far left ) hermes was the greek version of the roman god mercury. this goes to hermes trismegistus, alchemy, the emerald tablets of thoth, and the thoth - hermes of the greco - roman - egyptian period in the days of the great library at alexandria. when the roman army conquered greece they adopted many of their medicinal beliefs and ideas. asclepius is the god of medicine and healing in ancient greek religion. asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts ; his daughters are hygieia ( " hygiene ", the goddess / personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation ), iaso ( the goddess of recuperation from illness ), aceso ( the goddess of the healing process ). the cult of asclepios had spread across much of greece and numerous temples ( asclepieions ) had been built in his name. these asclepieions ( or asklepieions ) were
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the goddess of the healing process ). the cult of asclepios had spread across much of greece and numerous temples ( asclepieions ) had been built in his name. these asclepieions ( or asklepieions ) were places of healing. they contained baths, gardens and other facilities designed to improve people ' s health. people who were being treated in the asclepieions would sleep in front of a statue of the greek god in the hope that he would heal them in their sleep. though several accounts have been recovered, detailing the progress in health made by people admitted to the asclepieions, it is unlikely that they were based on fact ; they may simply have been used as propaganda. tiber island in rome was once the location of an ancient temple to aesculapius, the greek god of medicine and healing. accounts say that in 293 bc, there was a great plague in rome. upon consulting the sibyl, the roman senate decided to build a temple to aesculapius, the greek god of healing, and sent a delegation to epidauros to obtain a statue of the deity. they obtained a snake from a temple and put in on board their ship. it immediately curled itself around the ship ' s mast and this was deemed as a good sign by them. upon their return up the tiber river, the snake slithered off the ship and swam onto the island. they believed that this was a sign from aesculapius, a sign which meant that he wanted his temple to be built on that island. alphabetical index of all files crystalinks home page psychic reading with ellie 2012 the alchemy of time
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party politics. two - hundred years ago on july fourth, philadelphia threw a big bash to honor the ratification of the constitution ; but the parade planners had more in mind than just bells and whistles and fabulous floats. jeffrey st. john gives us first - person coverage of the parade - - and its political purposes. philadelphia, july 4, 1788 : a single sunrise cannon shot and the peeling of bells at christ church signaled the start of a lavish daylong ` ` procession ' ' through the cobblestone streets of this city to celebrate a dozen years of american independence and last month ' s ratification of the new constitution. the patriotic pageant also signaled the start of a federalist campaign to sweep the first national elections that are mandated by the document. federalist leaders concede that some of the same issues debated during the bitter 10 - month ratification struggle are likely to re - surface in the coming election campaign for control of the new government. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor the sound of the single cannon salute from the sloop rising sun, moored in the delaware river, had hardly faded away when 10 nearby ships ran up on their masts white pennants with the names, in gold letters, of the states that had ratified the constitution. exhausted mounted - express riders brought the news late last month that, in the north, new hampshire on june 21 had become the necessary ninth state to give the new constitution legal life. from the south came the news that powerful, populous, and all - important virginia on june 25 had by 10 votes become the 10th state to approve the document. ( without virginia ' s approval, gen. george washington, a resident of that state, could not be considered a nominee for president. ) philadelphia ' s federalists decided they would turn their planned july 4th celebration into the most elaborate and expensive public pageant ever - with one eye on luring the seat of the new national government away from new york city, and the other eye on the first federal elections for president, vice president, and the house and senate seats. james wilson, a pennsylvania signer of the declaration and the new constitution, told a capacity crowd gathered on the city green, renamed ` ` union green ' ' for the occasion, that the benefits expected to flow from the constitution would not become a reality unless each person regarded his vote as crucial in the forthcoming first federal elections. ` ` let no one say, ' ' mr. wilson, in his pronounced scots burr, told the sea of upturned faces, ` ` that he is but a
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unless each person regarded his vote as crucial in the forthcoming first federal elections. ` ` let no one say, ' ' mr. wilson, in his pronounced scots burr, told the sea of upturned faces, ` ` that he is but a single citizen ; and that his ticket will be one in the box. that one ticket may turn an election. ` ` in battle, every soldier should consider the public safety as dependent on his single arm. at an election, every citizen should consider the public happiness as depending on a single vote. ' ' the federalist election themes appear to have been contained in today ' s ` ` procession ' ' of 5, 000 marching participants, extending for a mile - and - a - half through the city which, according to organizers, took three - and - a - half hours to pass by viewers. an estimated 17, 000 spectators, half the population of this port city, lined the narrow city streets, stood at open windows, or watched from rooftops the horse - drawn floats that depicted the last dozen years of american history - from the declaration to the new constitution. the most spectacular float of the procession was the ` ` grand foederal edifice. ' ' drawn by 10 white horses, it stood 36 feet high, consisting of a domed building made of painted papier - m ^ ach ' e and supported by 13 corinthian columns. three remained incomplete to symbolize that new york, north carolina, and rhode island have not yet ratified the constitution.
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water has long been the most prized resource in los angeles. indeed, the city ’ s history and growth is inextricably linked to the development of infrastructure required to import water from the eastern sierra and other regions. while the los angeles river was the main water source for el pueblo de la reina de los angeles when it was founded in 1781, population growth outstripped the river ’ s ability to meet the city ’ s increasing thirst. enter william mulholland, the first superintendent of the new municipal water department. under his leadership, the city constructed the los angeles aqueduct, a five - year project completed in 1913 that brought water from the lush owens valley to semi - arid los angeles. much has been written about los angeles ’ s century long quest for water. it ’ s even been memorialized in roman polanski ’ s classic film chinatown – and yet, there are many stories and perspectives related to this important facet of local history that are not well known but equally deserving of attention. looking to fill that gap and provide a more nuanced perspective on this topic is a new self - guided, downloadable audio tour through owens valley, california called there it is — take it! produced by kim stringfellow, an artist / educator residing in joshua tree, california, this resource examines “ the controversial social, political and environmental history of the los angeles aqueduct. the tour illuminates various impacts this divisive water conveyance infrastructure has created within the owens valley over the last one hundred years of [ the ] aqueduct ’ s existence. ” the audio tour is currently available for download on the there it is — take it! web site. while i ’ ve listened to some of this fascinating online resource and highly recommend you do the same, i really look forward to experiencing it when i next travel along us route 395. if you ’ ll be heading to the mammoth lakes area this winter to enjoy the snow, this tour will provide you with a completely different perspective on the owens valley and the water you use everyday. in the meantime, if you ’ re able to travel to independence, ca tomorrow you can participate in a free listening party celebrating the launch of there it is — take it! hosted by the friends of the eastern california museum, this launch event will feature “ a panel discussion concerning past, present and future issues related to the los angeles aqueduct system and ladwp ’ s presence within the owens valley. ” the panel will include the following individuals, all of whom were interviewed for the audio tour project :
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parents with autistic first child face one in five risk of sibling developing disorder parents of a child with autism face a risk of almost one in five that their next child will also develop the disorder, say researchers. the risk is higher than previous estimates – and goes even higher if the second child is a boy. in families where there is more than one older sibling with autism, there is a one in three risk the next child will be affected, according to an international study published online in the journal pediatrics. risk : parents with an autistic child face a greater chance of having a second child with the condition a study has found ( picture posed by models ) the study of 664 children by researchers in the u. s., canada and israel is the largest ever into the risk of recurrence of autism among siblings. previous estimates put the risk at between 3 and 10 per cent that an infant with an older sibling with autism would also develop the disorder, which affects the ability to interact socially and communicate. but the new study found a ‘ substantially higher ’ risk rate of 18. 7 per cent on average. however, the risk rises to over 26 per cent if the second child is male – because the disorder is mostly found among boys – and over 32 per cent for infants with more than one older sibling with autism. sally ozonoff, professor of psychiatry and behavioural sciences at the mind institute at the university of california - davis, sacramento, who led the study, said : ‘ this is the largest study of the siblings of children with autism ever conducted. ‘ there is no previous study that identified a risk of recurrence that is this high. ’ autism, or autistic spectrum disorder ( asd ), including asperger ’ s syndrome, is an umbrella term for a range of developmental disorders that have a lifelong effect on someone ’ s ability to interact socially and communicate. around one child in every 100 – 80 per cent are male - has autism and genetic factors play a role in its development. researchers in the u. s., canada and israel, included 664 infants whose average age was eight months at the start of the study, and who were tested for autism when they reached three years. a total of 132 infants met the criteria for asd, with 26 per cent of boys compared with nine per cent of girls diagnosed in the study as a whole. the overall rate of autism among all study participants was 18. 7 per cent. in families with one older child with autism, or simplex families
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mental illness stigma information " the civil rights movement of this decade is mental health care quality and equality. " - - updated february 18, 2005 - - [ local news ( seattle ) ] [ national news ( usa ) ] [ advance directives ] the mission of this page is to provide links to news and information about stigma and discrimination related to mental illness and substance abuse. there is more to the perpetuation of stigma than just our attitudes and misconceptions. mental health care goes mainstream? there are institutional mechanisms that can help or hinder the process of reducing discrimination. just as antidiscrimination laws helped to change behavior and attitudes related to race and sexual identity, similar legal mechanisms can reduce discrimination related to mental illness and substance abuse. this page contains information, links and resources to help us all move towards a society that does not discriminate against those with mental illness or substance abuse disorders. to return to this page in the future, just bookmark it or type mentalhealthstigma. org in your web browser address box. reportedly, the first ever " therapy in america poll " has been completed. please see the links below for more information. resources for understanding antidiscrimination efforts. although we have done our best to provide a comprehensive list of links, we cannot guarantee that we have covered it all. if you wish to stay even more current about mental illness antidiscrimination efforts, we recommend using the google news search engine page. type into the search box the words " mental illness discrimination " or " substance abuse discrimination " or a similar search phrase. you will get a comprehensive list of the most current articles from a large number of publications. resources for understanding stigma and anti - stigma efforts. some well - known antidiscrimination efforts mental health parity in health insurance coverage is one effective way to help change discrimination. see our mental health parity page for comprehensive links to understanding and advocating for mental health parity in health insurance coverage. see the following resources for understanding and advocating for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003 which is stuck in committee in the u. s. senate and house of representatives. my recommendation is to get " pushy " with aarp and other leading organizations about older adult mental health. get aarp and others to advocate for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003. - older women ' s league. see their mental health advocacy pages at older americans mental health week. as the only
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mental health. get aarp and others to advocate for the medicare mental health modernization act of 2003 introduced in march and april of 2003. - older women ' s league. see their mental health advocacy pages at older americans mental health week. as the only national grassroots membership organization to focus solely on issues unique to women as they age, the older women ' s league ( owl ) strives to improve the status and quality of life for midlife and older women. owl is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that accomplishes its work through research, education, and advocacy activities conducted through a chapter network. now in its 23rd year, owl provides a strong and effective voice for the more than 58 million women age 40 and over in america. - older americans consumer mental health alliance. one of oacmha ' s primary missions is to decrease fear in older persons of mental health stigma by increasing public awareness and knowledge of the special mental health needs and problems of older persons, including alternative solutions and approaches to services and treatments needed by this population group. we have listed a large number of links to articles, reports, organizations, and individuals which should help you keep up to date on the latest information about assisting people to understand that mental illness is not something to be ashamed of, anymore than one should be ashamed of catching the flu or a cold. anti - stigma at its best! although we have done our best to provide a comprehensive list of links, we cannot guarantee that we have covered it all. if you wish to stay even more current about stigma and anti - stigma efforts, we recommend using the google news search engine page. type into the search box the words " mental health stigma " or " mental health anti - stigma " or a similar search phrase. you will get a comprehensive list of the most current articles from a large number of publications. well - known anti - stigma advocates with past or present mental illness famous people with mental illness many other famous writers, artists, broadcasters and business people who have spoken out to help reduce the stigma of mental illness include lawton chiles, bob boorstin, tom johnson, william styron, art buchwald, elizabeth wurtzel, mike wallace, tracy thompson, and kay jamison. links to stories about them or resources they have provided will be added to this page in the near future. - tipper gore. - terry bradshaw. - ricky williams. - carrie fisher. - george stephanopoulos ( also see, george stephanopolis featured at apf ' s annual conversations event at the 2004
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to this page in the near future. - tipper gore. - terry bradshaw. - ricky williams. - carrie fisher. - george stephanopoulos ( also see, george stephanopolis featured at apf ' s annual conversations event at the 2004 apa annual meeting. - frederick j. frese iii, ph. d. - marian fireman, m. d., james scibilia, m. d., suzanne vogel - scibilia, m. d., and beth baxter, m. d. - miss arizona, laura lawless. - ex - rep. lynn rivers ( d - ann arbor ). along with many other nationally known individuals, ms. rivers is a member of the university of michigan depression center national advisory board. - michelle clark, m. d and raymond reyes, m. d. amercian psychiatric association anti - stigma links american psychological association anti - stigma links the royal college of psychiatrists ( uk ) other resources for understanding stigma and anti - stigma efforts - student bmj ( the international medical students ' journal ) article posted april 2003 - - reducing the stigma of mental illness. - changing minds, the web site for the royal college of psychiatrists ' anti - stigma campaign started in 1998. poster - person, adam ant, signs his photo with " help kill the stigma, with love, adam ant 2003. " - every family in the land - - understanding prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness, the web site for the book that supports the royal college of psychiatrists ' " changing minds " anti - stigma campaign started in 1998. - survey finds general public poorly informed about psychiatrists at royal college of psychiatrists web site, dated november 2, 2001. - press release : workshops help young people challenge the stigma of mental illness at royal college of psychiatrists web site, dated april 1, 2003. - the roots of stigma - - subsection of 1999 surgeon general ' s report on mental health. - the center for mental health services - - discrimination & stigma resource center contains links to some of the latest news items related to stigma and to an anti - stigma poster. - the resource center to address discrimination and stigma. the resource center to address discrimination and stigma ( ads center ) helps people design, implement and operate programs that reduce discrimination and stigma associated with mental illnesses. with the most up - to - date research and information, the center helps individuals, organizations and governments counter such discrimination and stigma in the community, in the workplace, and in the media. - elimination of
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reduce discrimination and stigma associated with mental illnesses. with the most up - to - date research and information, the center helps individuals, organizations and governments counter such discrimination and stigma in the community, in the workplace, and in the media. - elimination of barriers initiative web site. over a three - year period, the ebi will test campaign models and public education materials in eight pilot states : california, florida, massachusetts, north carolina, ohio, pennsylvania, texas, and wisconsin. pending the evaluation, cmhs will distribute evidenced - based public education practices to states and communities nationwide. see also elimination of barriers initiative, a samsha news release. read wisconsin ' s news release regarding their participation in the initiative. - apa : stigma, insurance, and access to treatment and services emerge as top barriers to schizophrenics. - the national mental health awareness campaign is dedicated to reducing the stigma associated with mental illnesses. - carter center mental health programs. mrs. carter continues her advocacy efforts through the carter center ' s mental health program, founded in 1991. the program focuses on mental health policy issues with four strategic goals. - entertainment industries council, inc. ( eic ) web site. the entertainment industries council, inc. ( eic ) is a non - profit organization founded in 1983 by leaders in the entertainment industry to provide information, awareness and understanding of major health and social issues among the entertainment industries and to audiences at large ( click here for the eic page for mental health and suicide ). - indiana consortium for mental health services research. - chicago consortium for stigma research. the chicago consortium for stigma research ( ccsr ) is dedicated towards understanding the phenomenon of stigma, developing and testing models that explain why it occurs, and evaluating strategies that help to diminish its effects. - stigma fact sheets from the national mental health association. - " like minds, like mine " web site, an online information and resource center for the project to counter stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness based in new zealand. - the consumer movement with subsection on stigma, a page from online lessons about mental health written by david lukoff, ph. d. - newseek article dated june 16, 2003 - - stop pretending nothing ' s wrong - - it ' s hard for men to admit or even recognize their own depression. how to get help. - pr week magazine article posted september 23, 2002 - - media roundup : mental health : media ' s grasp of mental health is slow to develop. - the oregonian - - article
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or even recognize their own depression. how to get help. - pr week magazine article posted september 23, 2002 - - media roundup : mental health : media ' s grasp of mental health is slow to develop. - the oregonian - - article published may 19, 2003 - - steps to ease stigma. - dearshrink. com article posted march 17, 2002 - - what is normal? what is a mental disorder? the december 13, 1999 surgeon general ' s report on mental health ( " 1999 report " ), presented a vision for the future of mental health and promoted eight recommendations. however, the 1999 report did not suggest priorities. in dr. sterling ' s opinion, the controlling variable for the success of the seven other goals noted in the 1999 report is recommendation number two - - " overcome stigma. " the anti - stigma power of humor. stigma is not just an obstacle for people seeking consultation. among other things, stigma deters funding for research, it facilitates discriminatory attitudes with respect to workplace support, and it provides an underlying mindset that influences insurers to restrict coverage inappropriately. click here to read anti - stigma at its best!, an article written by dr. sterling, posted june 25, 2003. check the web site of stand up for mental health. stand up for mental health is a course that teaches stand - up comedy to people with mental illness. their acts look at the lighter side of taking meds, seeing counselors, getting diagnosed and surviving the mental health system. designed by david granirer, a counselor and a stand - up comic, stand up for mental health aims to reduce public stigma around mental illness and spread a message of hope and empowerment. nami stigma alerts! the most recent nami stigma alerts are available. nami media awards for 2003! " nami " is the national alliance for the mentally ill. stigmabusters are dedicated to helping us all realize that mental illness is not something to be demeaned, misrepresented or exploited. stigma alerts also include praise for accurate and respectful representations of mental illness and the mentally ill. if you would like to receive advance, e - mailed alerts from stigmabusters before they are posted on the nami web site, please go to stigma alerts and sign up. it is worth it! the national alliance for the mentally ill has announced its 2003 media awards. the nami 2003 media awards go to a very diverse group of movies, reporters and stories - - from the movie
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subdomain_quantum_metrology
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to stigma alerts and sign up. it is worth it! the national alliance for the mentally ill has announced its 2003 media awards. the nami 2003 media awards go to a very diverse group of movies, reporters and stories - - from the movie the hours to coverage of children ' s issues to reports about national football league players. 2002 nami media coverage. media - related news posted at the national alliance for the mentally ill ( nami ) includes the following : links to other media watcher web sites. human rights in mental health care. - the national alliance for mental illness stigma alerts page contains a list of recent alerts regarding films, television shows, advertising. it also features comments about good faith media representations regarding mental illness. sign up for e - mail alerts. - national stigma clearinghouse news of the week. since 1990 they have been watching the media and issuing alerts. - cinemania is a new site with essays on films and mental health : a cinematic history of 20th century stigma and the criminalization of mental illness. - dr. otto wahl ' s home page. otto wahl, ph. d, clinical psychology, is a nationally - recognized expert on the media and mental illness and has published a book entitled media madness : public images of mental illness. the following are links to some web sites and organizations that have focused on human rights, freedom, recovery, over - medication, and resilience issues. patient rights and patient survivors should always have a voice in the work of bringing about appropriate, scientifically valid and less intrusive mental health and chemical dependency treatment. thank you for stopping by! - the thomas szasz cybercenter for liberty and responsibility. this web site is dedicated to the life and work of thomas s. szasz, m. d. in it you will find information from friends and colleagues sharing similar points of view to those of thomas szasz on diverse topics ranging from psychiatry and law, to drugs and addiction, to psychotherapy and public policy. - mind freedom - " win human rights in the mental health system " is mind freedom ' s mission. - successful schizophrenia. successful schizophrenia is a web site dedicated to raising awareness of the constructs which currently and historically exist within the field of mental health. the training procedures in psychiatry, clinical psychology and allied fields brainwash practitioners into sustaining a dysfunctional system while expelling and discrediting those who think for themselves. our site is meant to provide critical information that is suppressed elsewhere, to allow for our visitors
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subdomain_quantum_metrology
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procedures in psychiatry, clinical psychology and allied fields brainwash practitioners into sustaining a dysfunctional system while expelling and discrediting those who think for themselves. our site is meant to provide critical information that is suppressed elsewhere, to allow for our visitors to connect with each other, and be reassured that you are not alone! - psychiatric drug facts by peter r. breggin, m. d. dr. breggin has been informing the professions, media and the public about the potential dangers of drugs, electroshock, psychosurgery, involuntary treatment, and the biological theories of psychiatry for over three decades. he is the author of dozens of scientific articles and more than fifteen professional books about psychiatric medication, the fda and drug approval process, the evaluation of clinical trials, and standards of care in psychiatry and related fields. - national association for rights protection and advocacy. narpa is dedicated to promoting those policies and pursuing those strategies that represent the preferred options of people who have been labeled mentally disabled. narpa is committed to advocating the abolishing of all forced treatment laws. narpa believes the recipients of mental health services are capable of and entitled to make their own choices, and they are, above all, equal citizens under the law. to the extent that the recipients and former recipients may need assistance to support or express or achieving their preferences, narpa is committed to promoting rights protection and advocacy which focuses upon both the right to choose and the specific choices of those who request assistance. therefore, narpa ' s fundamental mission is to help empower people who have been labeled mentally disabled so that they may learn to independently exercise their rights. - alternative mental health is a web site guide " to assist and promote non - harmful, alternative ( non - psychiatric ) methods and practitioners for helping the mentally disturbed. our purpose is to provide education and choice to the public in the matter of alternative mental health practices. our main concern is that the vast majority of people with severe mental symptoms have overlooked physical ailments. so our aim is to educate the public on this matter and recommend the medical problems be addressed as a matter of first priority. that is why we list in our directory doctors and practitioners who concentrate on medical and nutritional treatment of severe mental symptoms. " - best wishes, ron sterling m. d. ( seattle, washington, usa ) [ age of consent for medical treatment ] [ alcohol awareness month ] [ death penalty ] [ cut drug costs ] [ fundraising news ] [ hmo news ] [ drug policy ]
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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in 2006, a new class of medicine for type 2 diabetes was introduced to the u. s. market. called dpp - 4 inhibitors, these drugs work in a way that is different from any previous diabetes treatment. sitagliptin ( brand name januvia ) was the first drug in this class to be approved ; it can be used alone or in combination with other oral diabetes drugs. saxagliptin ( onglyza ), another dpp - 4 inhibitor, received approval in july 2009. at the turn of the 20th century, several different researchers were examining the role of the intestines and the pancreas in diabetes. research soon demonstrated, through experiments with animals and autopsies of people who had died of diabetes complications, that type 1 diabetes was caused by a problem with the pancreas. after extracts of the pancreas were shown to treat diabetes, a research team at the university of toronto ( frederick banting and charles best ) isolated insulin in 1921. further experiments went on to explore the relationship between the pancreas and the intestines. some of these demonstrated that intestinal extracts could lower blood glucose by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin. hormones from the intestines with this effect are called incretins. significant research on incretins was not conducted again until the 1960 ’ s, when researchers were faced with a puzzle : when people were given the same amount of glucose at different times by vein and by mouth, the amount of insulin produced was much greater when the glucose was given by mouth. the researchers concluded that the gastrointestinal tract was signaling the pancreas to produce insulin. the hunt was on for the exact chemicals involved in this process, and finally a hormone was isolated : gastric inhibitory polypeptide, or gip. a second hormone called glucagon - like polypeptide 1, or glp - 1, was later isolated. glp - 1 was found to have a profound effect on stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. it was also found to be active for a very short time in the blood. this is because it is broken down quickly by an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or dpp - 4. a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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<urn:uuid:005b61fc-ba27-462d-8f9b-5ad870a3bf79>
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a drug that could inhibit the action of dpp - 4 would extend the insulin - releasing effect of glp - 1. function in the body drugs that inhibit the action of dpp - 4 are intervening in a complex set of reactions that occur when food is eaten. in response to meals, specialized cells in the intestines called l cells secrete glp - 1. l cells are mainly found in the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine, and in the large intestine ( also known as the colon ). glp - 1 appears to be secreted, however, before food from a meal reaches these areas of the intestines. the l cells have receptors for a variety of hormones secreted by the digestive system, which helps them determine the type of nutrients that have been consumed and control the amount of glp - 1 they release. it is thought that hormonal signals from the upper intestine, as well as a chemical released by nerves in response to eating, stimulate the release of glp - 1. glp - 1 has several effects in the body other than stimulating the release of insulin. it also slows stomach emptying, inhibits the release of glucagon ( glucagon is a hormone that signals the liver to release glucose and is usually elevated in people with type 2 diabetes ), and enhances the survival and growth of pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin. it has been found in laboratory studies that animals treated with dpp - 4 inhibitors seem to have an increased number of pancreatic beta cells, indicating that these drugs may stimulate beta - cell growth ( most likely through the action of glp - 1 ). this effect has not yet been demonstrated in humans, but if confirmed, it means that dpp - 4 inhibitors could play a significant role in delaying and possibly reversing the progression of type 2 diabetes.
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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before we can start in with some new and interesting medical terms, you need to learn a few fundamentals of how medical terminology is constructed as a language. there are three basic parts to medical terms : a word root ( usually the middle of the word and its central meaning ), a prefix ( comes at the beginning and usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning ), and a suffix ( comes at the end and modifies the central meaning as to what or who is interacting with it or what is happening to it ). an example may make better sense. therm = heat hypothermia ( less heat ), thermometer ( measuring heat ) let ’ s look at a real medical term and take it apart. | myo = muscle | | card = heart | | itis = inflammation | don ’ t get blown away by that big, intimidating word! we haven ’ t introduced word roots yet. i just wanted to demonstrate the major parts of a medical term. let ’ s see how prefix and suffix changes can alter the meaning of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the root the same. | myocarditis | | = muscle layer of heart inflamed | | pericarditis | | = outer layer of heart inflamed | | endocarditis | | = inner layer of heart inflamed | | cardiologist | | = a physician specializing in the heart | | cardiomyopathy | | = damage to heart muscle layer | | cardiomegaly | | = enlargement of the heart | again, we haven ’ t introduced heart terms yet. these basics are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate how moving the parts around modifies the central meaning without changing the “ root ” ( cardio ).
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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<urn:uuid:4f5601ff-0b72-44e8-92d2-fce57bbbe57a>
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.601278
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sistrurus catenatus catenatus • mating : polygamous • peak breeding activity : april and may • gestation period : 2 - 4 months • young are born : late july through september • litter size : 3 - 19 ; 8 average • young : precocial and are on their own after birth • number of litters per year : 1 • migration patterns : year - round resident ; young go, on average, less than 0. 6 miles to establish their own territory. • feeding periods : early morning, late afternoon, or at night • typical foods : small mammals ( short - tailed shrew, meadow vole, deer and white - footed mice ), small snakes, small frogs, salamanders, toads, and young birds. • length : 20 - 30 inches • ohio status : endangered the eastern massasauga is a medium - sized, dark - colored, rattlesnake with 29 to 50 dark dorsal blotches on its gray or brownish gray body. there are three rows of smaller dark spots on each side of the body. the snake can be identified by its short ( two to three feet ), thick body. the head of this snake is thick and triangular, with black stripes. its belly is black and irregularly marked with white or yellowish spots. the pupils of its eyes are elliptical. the triangular head and elliptical eyes are two features used to help identify a venomous snake. the most distinguishable feature of this snake is the stubby rattle on the end of its tail. this feature is associated with all species of venomous snakes, with the exception of the copperhead, which is also native to ohio. habitat and habits throughout much of its range in the eastern united states, massasauga rattlesnakes are found in wet prairies, sedge meadows, and early successional fields. preferred wetland habitats are marshes and fens. they avoid open water and seem to prefer the cover of broad - leafed plants, emergents, and sedges. natural succession of woody vegetation is a leading cause of recent habitat deterioration throughout its range. intensive management to retard woody vegetation growth is necessary to maintain suitable habitat conditions. rattlesnakes hibernate singly or in small groups of two or three. by overwintering in moist soil, massasaugas are able to avoid lethally cold temperatures and reduce the risk of desiccation ( drying out ). reproduction and care of the young massasaugas are ovoviviparous (
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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<urn:uuid:34af3af4-230c-4738-be0b-bc0e5a0da006>
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.603874
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business research method basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. this would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. at the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. on the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. the terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. it refers to research motivated by a scientist ' s or person ' s curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems. business research method the series of essay 1 essay one basic research would basically refer to systematic study which is aimed at fuller knowledge or a deeper understanding of the essential aspects of phenomena as well as of observable facts. this would be done with no precise applications towards any processes or products in mind. at the same time basic research could possibly comprise activities with maybe broad applications in mind. on the other hand, applied research identifies a systematic study undertaken to obtain knowledge or understanding which is necessary in order to establish the possible means by which a known and exact need may be met. the terms fundamental or pure research have also been applied to basic research. it refers to research motivated by a scientist ' s or person ' s curiosity or keen interest in a scientific question. applied research may be thought of as intended to solve practical problems. basic research whether in business research or any other field has as its basic goal, to expand one ' s knowledge. basic questions such as, “ how can we increase production and save money at the same time ”, might be a question for business. if, we increase production, we also increase the cost of payroll by hiring additional production employees. “ how can this save money? ” curiosity lies at the heart of all business and it is this curiosity, which causes business to constantly ask questions that require research. today modern business uses research techniques and the latest technology to achieve these goals. basic research aims to enhance the understanding of problems that commonly occur across a range of organisations while an applied research is done with the intention of applying results to specific problems in the especially in business. one person has at any given time can defines his or her research goal, as an idea to investigate, and a question to answer. it is the type of question which determines the
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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<urn:uuid:a3030772-4fb8-4942-9f66-56b354c57408>
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the intention of applying results to specific problems in the especially in business. one person has at any given time can defines his or her research goal, as an idea to investigate, and a question to answer. it is the type of question which determines the nature of the research. applied research is solutions designed from basic research information, aimed at the solution of business problems within the company. the goal of applied research is change for the better, improvements in business management and practice aimed at improving the human condition. regardless of the type of business, applied research has as its goal in business to improve production, increase sales, control losses, restore efficiency and establish solid financial investment in the future. 2 basic research has understanding as only goal. basic research does only promise a contribution to question, not to anything else, but it can give the most unexpected applications. therefore as researcher, we can draw a borderline between basic and applied research by sorting questions into those with or without knowledge as to be achieved. as any business theory is based upon an idea or mental plan for creating a successful business, investigation into what others are doing and using what is known to discover new and better ways to solve the unknown answers in business is an ongoing process. using innovative technology and modern developmental processes paved the way for industry development in today ' s modern world. as conclusion, historically basic research has led to the application of basic research to improve and develop our modern world of business industries world wide. good concepts of basic or applied research in the context of business policy must be inspiring for the individual in any research group. reference c. c beri ( 2000 ) marketing research. ( 3rd ed. ). new delhi : tata mcgraw hill sekaran, u. ( 2000 ). research methods for business. new york : john wiley & sons, inc. tuckman, b. ( 1999 ). conducting educational research ( 5th ed. ). fort worth, tx : harcourt brace college publishers. 3 essay 2 the research process should be understood as one of ongoing planning, searching, discovery, reflection, synthesis, revision, and learning. according to sekaran. u ( 2001 ), research is a process of thoroughly studying and analyzing the situational factors surrounding a problem in order to seek out solutions to it. therefore research process is a systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. in the business world, research process includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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<urn:uuid:a3030772-4fb8-4942-9f66-56b354c57408>
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systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specified purpose. in the business world, research process includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and decision making. it can be in the form of marketing research, product research or swot analysis. the reasons and times at which the company or organization might consider performing research varies, but the general purpose of gaining intelligence for decision making remains constant throughout. there are plenty of little steps along the way of research process. each of those steps fits into one of the six major steps of the research process. they are : 1. identifying the problem this step is always the first of the research process. at this point, the problem will have been recognized by at least one level of management, and internal discussions will have taken place. sometimes, further definition of the issue or problem is needed. the most common tools are internal and external secondary research. secondary research intelligence consists of information that was collected for another purpose, but can be useful for other purposes. examples of internal secondary research for a marketing research consist of sales revenues, sales forecasts, customer demographics, purchase patterns, and other information that has been collected about the customer. often referred to as data mining, this information can be critical in diagnosing the problem for further exploration and should be leveraged when available and appropriate. the amount of internal secondary information that can be applied is typically limited. external secondary research is typically far more available. most external secondary information is produced via research conducted for other purposes, financial performance data, expert opinions and analysis, corporate executive interviews, legal proceedings, and competitive intelligence firms. 4 2. research approach once the problem is better defined, researcher can move onto developing the research approach, which will generally be around a defined set of objectives. any clear objectives will lend researcher to better marketing research approach development. developing the approach should consist of honestly assessing the research skills, understanding the environment and its influencing factors, developing an analysis model, and formulating hypotheses. 3. research design and strategy research design and strategy is the most encompassing of all steps in the research process, requiring the greatest amount of thought, time and expertise. since the intelligence eventually gained from the research is so closely related to the selected research design, this is the single most import step in the research process and the step most vulnerable to common marketing research errors. research design and strategy includes secondary information analysis, qualitative research, methodology selection, question measurement
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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<urn:uuid:a3030772-4fb8-4942-9f66-56b354c57408>
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2025-12-18T06:21:37.624195
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so closely related to the selected research design, this is the single most import step in the research process and the step most vulnerable to common marketing research errors. research design and strategy includes secondary information analysis, qualitative research, methodology selection, question measurement and scale selection, questionnaire design, sample design & size and determining data analysis to be used. 4. research data collection the research data collection ( often called survey fielding ) is the point at which the finalized survey instrument is used in gathering information among the chosen sample segments. there are a variety of data collection methodologies to consider. any research data collection typically begins with field testing the final questionnaire with a small portion of the sample taken to make sure it is gathering information correctly. then data collection can be fairly automatic throughout the remainder of the research data collection process. when quota groups and / or sample subgroups are being screened for, data collection will require more oversight, maintenance time and cost. regardless of the data collection methodology chosen, the data collection process often takes half of the total time needed to complete a research project. 5. survey data analysis any survey data analysis will depend on how the survey questionnaire was constructed. less complex survey data analysis can be handled with any of a number of office suite 5 tools, while more complex questionnaire data analysis requires dedicated research analysis programs. types of statistical survey data analysis that might be performed are simple frequency distributions, cross tab analysis, multiple regression ( driver analysis ), cluster analysis, factor analysis, perceptual mapping ( multidimensional scaling ), structural equation modeling and data mining. the more complex the needed level of statistical data analysis is, the more time and cost it will take to execute. 6. research reports any critical information and knowledge that comes from the research findings will be limited by how the research reports are presented to decision makers. once research information is collected and analyzed, present it in an organized manner to the decision makers of the business. the data gathered was created to help guide the business decisions, so it needs to be readily accessible and understandable to the decision makers. as conclusion, building a framework process for a research is very important. equally important is to establish links between research type of approach, theoretical framework, and process involve during research and results of a research finding. in addition, the proposed sequence or step in research process helps answer the question, whether the findings answer and justify the rationale or base for conducting the research which benefiting the company and the organization. 6 reference c. c beri ( 2000 )
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subdomain_quantum_metrology
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<urn:uuid:a3030772-4fb8-4942-9f66-56b354c57408>
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in addition, the proposed sequence or step in research process helps answer the question, whether the findings answer and justify the rationale or base for conducting the research which benefiting the company and the organization. 6 reference c. c beri ( 2000 ) marketing research. ( 3rd ed. ). new delhi : tata mcgraw hill hudson, w. & nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. sekaran, u. ( 2000 ). research methods for business. new york : john wiley & sons, inc. tuckman, b. ( 1999 ). conducting educational research ( 5th ed. ). fort worth, tx : harcourt brace college publishers. 7 essay 3 literature survey is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published and unpublished work from secondary sources data in the areas of specific interest to the researcher. for example, the library is a rich storage base for secondary data and researchers used to spend several weeks and sometimes months going through books, journals, newspapers, magazines, conference proceedings, doctoral dissertations, master ' s theses, government publications and financial reports to find information on their research topic. with computerized databases now readily available and accessible the literature search is much speedier and easier. the researcher could start the literature survey even as the information from the unstructured and structured interviews is being gathered. reviewing the literature on the topic area at this time helps the researcher to focus further interviews more meaningfully on certain aspects found to be important is the published studies even if these had not surfaced during the earlier questioning. so the literature survey is important for gathering the secondary data for the research which might be proved very helpful in the research. the literature survey can be conducted for several reasons. the literature survey can be in any area of the business. an in - depth interview is a qualitative research technique that allows person to person discussion. it can lead to increased insight into people ' s thoughts, feelings, and behavior on important issues. this type of interview is often unstructured and therefore permits the interviewer to encourage an informant ( or respondent ) to talk at length about the topic of interest. the in - depth interview uses a flexible interview approach. it aims to ask questions to explain the reasons underlying a problem or practice in a target group. it is the technique to gather ideas and to gather information. actually, both the literature survey and in - depth interview methods are contributing one another in term of developing a theoretical framework. theoretical framework visually tells
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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<urn:uuid:a3030772-4fb8-4942-9f66-56b354c57408>
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underlying a problem or practice in a target group. it is the technique to gather ideas and to gather information. actually, both the literature survey and in - depth interview methods are contributing one another in term of developing a theoretical framework. theoretical framework visually tells the big picture ( research ) of the study identifies literature review categories and directs research objectives. a typical theoretical framework with the help of both literature survey and in - depth interview approach provides a schematic description of relationships between and among independent, dependent, moderator, control, and extraneous variables so that a researcher can easily comprehend the theorized relationships. therefore, a theoretical framework is the conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the 8 relationships among the several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. in depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework but literature survey does completed the flows from the documentation of previous research in the problem by integrating logical beliefs with published research, taking into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing both the situation. the purpose of both in depth interview and literature survey is to ensure that no important variable that has in the past been found repeatedly to have had an impact on the problem is ignored. the variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labelled. it is possible that some of the critical variables are never brought out in the interviews, because the employees cannot articulate them or are unaware of their impact or because the variables seem so obvious to interviews that they are not specifically stated. if there are variables that are not identified during the interviews, but influence the problem critically then research done without considering them would be an exercise in futility. theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based on. as conclusion, the relationship between the literature survey and the in depth interview provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical framework. it is done through interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. reference creswell, j. w. ( 1998 ). qualitative inquiry and research design : choosing among five traditions. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications hart, c. ( 1998 ). doing a literature review : releasing the social science research imagination. thousand oaks, ca : sage publications hudson, w. & nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. reichardt, c. & rallis, s. ( 1994 ). the qualitative - quantitative debate :
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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<urn:uuid:a3030772-4fb8-4942-9f66-56b354c57408>
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& nurius, p. ( 1994 ). controversial issues in social work research. boston, ma : allyn and bacon. reichardt, c. & rallis, s. ( 1994 ). the qualitative - quantitative debate : new perspectives. san francisco, ca : jossey - bass publishers. singleton, r. a. & straits, b. c. ( 1999 ). approaches to social research. new york, ny : oxford university press. 9 question 4 basic method and research design issues mainly consist of 1. purpose the research design issues answers these two main questions : a ) how was the data collected or generated? b ) how was the data analyzed? in research, it is vital to know how the data was obtained because the method affects the results. for instance, if the researchers are investigating peoples ' perceptions of the efficiency of public administration in malaysia, they will need to obtain different results if they use a multiple choice questionnaire than through conducting series of interviews. knowing how the data was collected helps the researcher to evaluate the validity and reliability of the results, and the conclusions that can be drawn from it. in other words, it shows how the researchers obtained their results and explain how the result is obtained. often there are different methods that the researcher can use to investigate a research problem. the research methodology should make clear the reasons why the researcher chose a particular method or procedure. the researcher must be able and know that the data was collected or generated in a way that is consistent with accepted practice in the field of study. for example, if the researchers are using a questionnaire for example to investigating peoples ' perceptions the standard of public administration in malaysia, they need to know that it offered the respondents a reasonable range of answers to choose from such as ( a ) excellent, ( b ) very good or ( c ) good, it would obviously not be acceptable as it does not allow respondents to give negative answers. the basic research design must be appropriate to the objectives of the study. if the researcher performs a case study of one respondent in order to investigate users ' perceptions of the efficiency of public administration in malaysia, the method is obviously unsuited to the objectives. therefore the methodology should also discuss the problems that were anticipated and explain the steps taken to prevent them from occurring, and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was minimized. 2. common problems 10 there are commons problems or issues with a basic research design. they are a ) irrelevant detail b ) unnecessary explanation of basic procedures c )
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from occurring, and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was minimized. 2. common problems 10 there are commons problems or issues with a basic research design. they are a ) irrelevant detail b ) unnecessary explanation of basic procedures c ) problem blindness most of the researchers encounter some problems when collecting or generating the data from the context of study. it is advisable to do not ignore significant problems or pretend they did not occur. a study context can be in the form of physical setting, pretest sensitization, treatment conditions and subjects thoughts about the study. some time it can be some issue on how it is handled for example question on how the quality of instrument, question and data matching, independence of observations or person or people responsible of collecting the data. often sometime through recording on how the researchers overcame obstacles can form an interesting part of the methodology. it also means that the researchers can also give a rationale for certain decisions, plus a realistic view of using the methods of research chosen. 3. different types of research design there are different types of basic research designs. a good researcher must be able to choose the suitable research design to achieve the purpose of researching. it shows how the results were achieved through explanation of how data was collected or generated and explanation of how data was analyzed explanation of methodological problems and their solutions or effects the basic research designs consist of : a ) analysis analysis is classes of data are collected and studies conducted to discern patterns and formulate principles that might guide future action b ) case study case study provides the background, development, current conditions and environmental interactions of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded and analyzed for stages of patterns in relation to internal and external influences. c ) comparison 11 comparison happens when two or more existing situations are studied to determine their similarities and differences. d ) correlation - prediction correlation - prediction is a situation when statistically significant correlation coefficients between and among a number of factors are sought and interpreted. e ) evaluation evaluation is an act of research to determine whether a program or project followed the prescribed procedures and achieved the stated outcomes. f ) design - demonstration design - demonstration is a new system or programs are constructed, tested and evaluated g ) experiment an experiment is conducted when one or more variables are manipulated and the results analyzed. h ) survey - questionnaire survey - questionnaire is a tool to discover behaviors, beliefs and observations of specific groups are identified, reported and interpreted. i ) status status is a representative or selected sample of one or more phenomena
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and the results analyzed. h ) survey - questionnaire survey - questionnaire is a tool to discover behaviors, beliefs and observations of specific groups are identified, reported and interpreted. i ) status status is a representative or selected sample of one or more phenomena is examined to determine its special characteristics. j ) theory construction theory construction is an attempt to find or describe principles that explain how things work the way they do. k ) trend analysis trend analysis is a tool to predict or forecasting the future direction of events. 12 4. the authenticity of variables in a well - designed research, the researcher varies at least one independent variable to assess its effects on respondents ' behavior, assigns participants to the experimental conditions in a way that assures their initial equivalence, and controls extraneous variables that may influence the behavior of research. researchers may vary an independent variable through environmental, instructional, or invasive manipulations. to assure that their independent variables are strong enough to produce the hypothesized effects, researcher ’ s often pilot test their independent variables and use manipulation checks in the experiment itself. in addition to independent variables manipulated by the researcher, experiments sometimes include subject variables that reflect characteristics of the respondents. the logic of the experimental method requires that the various experimental and control groups be equivalent before the levels of the independent variable are introduced. initial equivalence of the various conditions is accomplished in one of three ways. in between - subjects designs, researchers use simple or matched randomly assignment. in within - subjects or repeated measures designs, all respondents serve in all experimental conditions, thereby ensuring their equivalence. within - subjects designs are more powerful and economical than between - subjects designs, but order effects and carryover effects are sometimes a problem. nothing other than the independent variable may differ systematically among conditions. when something other than the independent variable differs among conditions, confounding occurs, destroys the internal validity of the experiment and making it difficult, if not impossible, to draw conclusions about the effects of the independent variable. good researchers will try to minimize error variance. error variance is produced by unsystematic differences among participants within experimental conditions. although error variance does not undermine the validity of an experiment, it makes detecting effects of the independent variable more difficult. attempts to minimize the error variance in an experiment may lower the study ' s external validity the degree to which the results can be generalized. however, most experiments are designed to test hypotheses about the causes of behavior. if the hypotheses are supported, then they are not the particular results of the study are generalized.
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the degree to which the results can be generalized. however, most experiments are designed to test hypotheses about the causes of behavior. if the hypotheses are supported, then they are not the particular results of the study are generalized. any good researchers must be able to look for the purpose of each part of the methodology before deciding its usage or function. it can be rationale or reasons for doing 13 something, description or equipment used, purpose, application on how something is used, structure of the research or the order in which information will be given, assumption, and parameters or variables that are measured. a good research must be able to differentiate series of question such as where did subjects come from?, what kinds of samples?, how many of intended subjects actually supplied data?, were in final analysis? and how motivated were subjects?. through this then the researchers are be able to serve the basic issues of research design and the role of statistics in research with clear classification of variables, quantification of variables or scales of measurement and finally the validity of interpretations of research studies. as conclusion, a basic research design is a tool which assists the researcher in defining a research topic, by which describing the method by which the research topic will be explored and analyzing the sources which will be utilized. reference bridget somek and cathy lewin. ( 2006 ) research methods in the social sciences. london : sage publications david s. moore and george p. mccabe. ( 2006 ) introduction to the practice of statistics. new york : w. h. freeman and company gall, m. d., borg, w. r., gall, j. p. ( 2003 ). educational research : an introduction. ( 7th edition ). white plains, new york : longman. gilbert, n. ed. ( 1996 ) researching social life. new york : sage publications john w. creswell. ( 2003 ) research design : qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. london : sage publications miles, m. b. and a. m. huberman ( 1994 ) qualitative data analysis : an expanded sourcebook, new york : sage publications 14
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| uploaded : | | may 1, 2008 | | updated : | | march 29, 2010 | this is a tutorial on a plant that is in bloom beginning this mouth. i figured it would be a good idea to start off this new mouth with a plant from the desert that actually blooms flowers even in the hot desert sun. so having said that, today you will learn " how to draw a cactus ". this cactus happens to be the state flower of arizona. in 1901 the saguaro ’ s blossom was adopted as the official territorial flower, and in 1931, it was confirmed as the state flower. it has a thick, tall flute looking steam that is about 18 to 24 inches in diameter and can reach lengths of up to 40 feet high. not only does this desert cactus get big, it ages well too. the saguaro can age up to 200 years old before it dies out and becomes a shriveled up plant. this type of cactus resembles a long oversized pitch fork. the skin on the cactus is smooth and waxy which is odd because you would think that all cactuses have rough prickly surfaces but obviously that is totally not the case here. the trunk and stems are bold and sturdy, and they have sharp pointy spurs all over. now, i said in the beginning of this description of the saguaro cactus that the plant starts blooming from may - june. the flowers are thick, milky white clusters with yellow centers. the flower although it comes from a cactus, is characterized by having a waxy feel, but it is extremely fragrant in sent. toward the middle of the spring months, the saguaro will pollinate and later in the summer the flowers turn into reddish looking fruits that local arizona birds feast upon. what most people do not know is that this particular cactus happens to be the largest cactus in the usa now that is impressive. this tutorial on the arizona state flower will teach you " how to draw a cactus ", step by step. since this is an easy tutorial, you will have no problems understanding the easy to follow instructions. for those of you from arizona, this one is for you.
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acute bacterial sinusitis, chronic bacterial sinusitis, subacute bacterial sinusitis introduction to sinusitis : that runny nose and cough just won ’ t go away … perhaps your child has a sinus infection. sinusitis is a common problem in children. nevertheless, it is often over - diagnosed in children with green runny noses, and missed in children who really have a sinus infection! what is sinusitis? the sinuses are small empty caverns in the bony skull. they are lined by mucus membranes and connect with the nasal passages. some sinuses are present at birth ; others continue to grow and develop for the first 20 years of life. sinusitis is the name given when the lining of one or more of these sinuses is red, swollen, and tender, the opening is blocked, and the sinus is at least partially filled with fluid ( mucus and / or pus ). technically, every cold is also a case of viral sinusitis. however, when doctors use the term sinusitis they are usually referring to a bacterial infection in the sinuses. acute bacterial sinusitis has been present for less than three or four weeks ; subacute bacterial sinusitis has been present for up to about ten weeks ; and chronic bacterial sinusitis has been present for about ten weeks or more. the three may have different causes and treatments. who gets sinusitis? anyone can get a sinus infection. colds or nasal allergies are usually present first. sinus infections are also more common when there is exposure to cigarette smoke. children who have ear infections, ge reflux, cystic fibrosis, immune problems, deviated nasal septa, or poorly functioning cilia are more likely to develop sinus infections. asthma and sinus infections often go together. in addition, swimming, breathing cold dry air, or attending day care can predispose a child to sinusitis. boys get more sinus infections than girls. what are the symptoms of sinusitis? adults and adolescents with sinusitis will often have headaches or facial tenderness to make the diagnosis clear. these are much less common in younger children. instead, the symptoms are usually similar to a prolonged cold. the common cold usually lasts about seven days. within one to three days of the onset, the nasal secretions usually become thicker and perhaps yellow or green. this is a normal part of the common cold and not a reason for antibiotics. if a child has
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common cold usually lasts about seven days. within one to three days of the onset, the nasal secretions usually become thicker and perhaps yellow or green. this is a normal part of the common cold and not a reason for antibiotics. if a child has both a cough and nasal discharge that do not improve within 10 to 14 days, this may be acute bacterial sinusitis. the nasal discharge may be clear or colored. the cough is present during the day, but is often worse during naps or at bedtime. there may be a fever, sore throat from post - nasal drip, or bad breath. about half of the children also have ear infections ( caused by the same bacteria ). occasionally a child with severe acute bacterial sinusitis will have a headache, colored nasal discharge, high fever, and facial tenderness well before the normal 10 days typically used to diagnose sinusitis. in subacute and chronic sinusitis, the symptoms are often minimal, but include the ongoing cough and nasal discharge. is sinusitis contagious? in general, sinus infections are not contagious ( although there have been rare outbreaks associated with swimming together ). the colds that can lead to sinus infections are quite contagious. how long does sinusitis last? sinus infections often last for weeks or months without treatment. how is sinusitis diagnosed? the diagnosis is often made based on the history and physical examination. sometimes x - rays or ct scans are used to support the diagnosis. how is sinusitis treated? acute and subacute bacterial sinusitis is usually best treated with appropriate antibiotics at an appropriate dose for the appropriate amount of time ( usually 14 - 21 days ). the antibiotics are usually continued for at least 7 days after symptoms disappear. if symptoms worsen or do not improve, the antibiotic is usually changed early in the course. saline nose drops may thin the mucus and speed healing. decongestants may help symptoms, but usually do not speed healing. antihistamines may thicken the mucus and slow healing. chronic sinusitis treatment usually lasts three weeks or more. for this reason, it is wise to obtain a culture of the infected material before treatment. sometimes the infection is caused by fungus rather than bacteria. most children with chronic sinusitis ( and to a lesser extent, subacute sinusitis ) either have allergies or an ongoing irritant exposure, such as smoke or fumes. these should be identified and addressed
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than bacteria. most children with chronic sinusitis ( and to a lesser extent, subacute sinusitis ) either have allergies or an ongoing irritant exposure, such as smoke or fumes. these should be identified and addressed. how can sinusitis be prevented? breastfeeding lowers the risk of sinus infections. preventing sinus infections is possible. it involves the same proven measures outlined for preventing colds and ear infections. in addition, changing swimming habits may be helpful for older children ( avoiding jumping, diving, or swimming underwater – unless holding the nose or using nose plugs ). immunizations, especially to pneumococcus, haemophilus influenzae ( hib ), measles, and the flu, are particularly important for children prone to sinus infections. finally, identifying and properly addressing allergies and irritants is the key to reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of sinusitis. related a - to - z information : allergies ( allergic rhinitis ), asthma, common cold, cough, cystic fibrosis, ear infection, food allergies, gastroesophageal reflux, haemophilus influenzae ( h flu, hib ), hiv, influenza ( flu ), measles, nosebleeds ( epistaxis ), otitis media with effusion ( ome ), wheezing last reviewed : march 30, 2010
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dr mark nelson foot & ankle specialist proper footwear can reduce foot problems from ancient egyptian times down through the centuries, footwear has been designed to meet mankind ’ s real and perceived needs — protection, support, comfort, sturdiness, and stylishness. when a child begins to walk, shoes generally are not necessary, allowing an infant to go barefooted in doors, or to wear only a pair of socks, helps the foot grow normally and develop its muscles and strength, as well as the grasping ability of toes. women inflict more punishment on their feet in part from improper footwear that can bring about unnecessary foot problems. some of the problems result from high - heeled shoes ( generally defined as pumps with heels of more than two inches ). doctors of podiatric medicine believe such heels are medically unsound, and attribute postural and even safety problems to their use. the best shoes for men are good quality oxford styles, shoes ordinarily associated with wing - tip or cap toe designs. also suitable are slip - ons, dressy loafers, and low dress boots. | shoe fitting tips from the apma | | have your feet measured while you ’ re standing. | | always try on both shoes, and walk around the store. | | always buy for the larger foot ; feet are seldom precisely the same | don ’ t buy shoes that need a “ break - in ” period ; shoes should be | don ’ t rely on the size of your last pair of shoes. your feet do get larger, and lasts ( shoemakers ’ sizing molds ) also vary. | | shop for shoes later in the day ; feet tend to swell during the day, and it ’ s best to be fitted while they are in that state. | | be sure that shoes fit well — front, back, and sides — to distribute weight. it sounds elementary, but be sure the widest part of your foot corresponds to the widest part of the shoe. | | select a shoe with a leather upper, stiff heel counter, appropriate cushioning, and flexibility at the ball of the foot. | | buy shoes that don ’ t pinch your toes, either at the tips, or across the toe box. | | try on shoes while you ’ re wearing the same type of socks or stockings you expect to wear with the shoes. | | if you wear prescription orthotics — biomechanical inserts prescribed by a podiatric physician — you should take them along to shoe
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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<urn:uuid:a369fa1f-bb38-453b-a5b3-b81ee198f670>
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indigenous australia for dummies what is the dreaming? how many different indigenous tribes and languages once existed in australia? what is the purpose of a corroboree? what effect do the events of the past have on indigenous peoples today? indigenous australia for dummies answers these questions and countless others about the oldest race on earth. it explores indigenous life in australia before 1770, the impact of white settlement, the ongoing struggle by aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples to secure their human rights and equal treatment under the law, and much more. celebrating the contributions of indigenous people to contemporary australian culture, the book explores indigenous art, music, dance, literature, film, sport, and spirituality. it discusses the concept of modern indigenous identity and examines the ongoing challenges facing indigenous communities today, from health and housing to employment and education, land rights, and self - determination. - explores significant political momentssuch as paul keating ' s redfern speech and kevin rudd ' s apology, and more - profiles celebrated people and organisations in a variety of fields, from cathy freeman to albert namatjira to the bangarra dance theatre and the national aboriginal radio service - challenges common stereotypes about indigenous people and discusses current debates, such as a land rights and inequalities in health and education this book will enlighten readers of all backgrounds about the history, struggles and triumphs of the diverse, proud, and fascinating peoples that make up australia ' s indigenous communities. with a foreword by former pm malcolm fraser, indigenous australia for dummies is a must - read account of australia ' s first people. ' indigenous australia for dummies is an important contribution to the broad debate and to a better understanding of our past history. hopefully it will influence future events. ' former prime minister malcolm fraser
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