| --- |
| license: mit |
| language: |
| - en |
| - de |
| - fr |
| - it |
| - es |
| - pt |
| - hy |
| - ka |
| - ne |
| - sr |
| - zh |
| - fil |
| - nl |
| pretty_name: "LEGEX Inference Results: 4 Systems, 6 Runs on 19 Jurisdictions" |
| size_categories: |
| - 1K<n<10K |
| task_categories: |
| - text-classification |
| - token-classification |
| tags: |
| - legal |
| - benchmark |
| - llm-evaluation |
| - information-extraction |
| - inference-outputs |
| dataset_info: |
| - config_name: harvey |
| features: |
| - name: case_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: link |
| dtype: string |
| - name: legal_subject_judgement |
| dtype: string |
| - name: trial_start_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: trial_end_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_loosing_share |
| dtype: string |
| - name: court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiffs_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendants_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendant_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model |
| dtype: string |
| - name: inference_date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: error |
| dtype: string |
| - name: comment |
| dtype: string |
| - name: original_input |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: harvey_2 |
| features: |
| - name: case_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: link |
| dtype: string |
| - name: legal_subject_judgement |
| dtype: string |
| - name: trial_start_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: trial_end_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_loosing_share |
| dtype: string |
| - name: court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiffs_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendants_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendant_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model |
| dtype: string |
| - name: inference_date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: error |
| dtype: string |
| - name: comment |
| dtype: string |
| - name: original_input |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: gemini |
| features: |
| - name: case_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: link |
| dtype: string |
| - name: legal_subject_judgement |
| dtype: string |
| - name: trial_start_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: trial_end_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_loosing_share |
| dtype: string |
| - name: court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiffs_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendants_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendant_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model |
| dtype: string |
| - name: inference_date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: error |
| dtype: string |
| - name: comment |
| dtype: string |
| - name: original_input |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: gpt |
| features: |
| - name: case_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: link |
| dtype: string |
| - name: legal_subject_judgement |
| dtype: string |
| - name: trial_start_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: trial_end_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_loosing_share |
| dtype: string |
| - name: court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiffs_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendants_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendant_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model |
| dtype: string |
| - name: inference_date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: error |
| dtype: string |
| - name: comment |
| dtype: string |
| - name: original_input |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: legora_1 |
| features: |
| - name: case_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: link |
| dtype: string |
| - name: legal_subject_judgement |
| dtype: string |
| - name: trial_start_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: trial_end_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_loosing_share |
| dtype: string |
| - name: court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiffs_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendants_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendant_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model |
| dtype: string |
| - name: inference_date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: error |
| dtype: string |
| - name: comment |
| dtype: string |
| - name: original_input |
| dtype: string |
| - config_name: legora_2 |
| features: |
| - name: case_id |
| dtype: string |
| - name: link |
| dtype: string |
| - name: legal_subject_judgement |
| dtype: string |
| - name: trial_start_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: trial_end_date |
| dtype: date32 |
| - name: dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_dispute_value_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_loosing_share |
| dtype: string |
| - name: court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_court_cost_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: Currency_party_compensation_awarded_nominal |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiffs_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendants_all_count |
| dtype: string |
| - name: plaintiff_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: defendant_no1_ISIC1_industry_category |
| dtype: string |
| - name: model |
| dtype: string |
| - name: inference_date |
| dtype: string |
| - name: error |
| dtype: string |
| - name: comment |
| dtype: string |
| - name: original_input |
| dtype: string |
| configs: |
| - config_name: harvey |
| data_files: |
| - split: armenia |
| path: data/am/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: australia |
| path: data/au/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: belgium |
| path: data/be/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: brazil |
| path: data/br/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: france |
| path: data/fr/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: georgia |
| path: data/ge/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: germany |
| path: data/de/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: hong_kong |
| path: data/hk/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: india |
| path: data/in/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: nepal |
| path: data/np/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: new_zealand |
| path: data/nz/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: philippines |
| path: data/ph/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: serbia |
| path: data/rs/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: singapore |
| path: data/sg/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: spain |
| path: data/es/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: switzerland |
| path: data/ch/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: taiwan |
| path: data/tw/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: united_kingdom |
| path: data/uk/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - split: united_states |
| path: data/us/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| - config_name: harvey_2 |
| data_files: |
| - split: armenia |
| path: data/am/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: australia |
| path: data/au/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: belgium |
| path: data/be/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: brazil |
| path: data/br/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: france |
| path: data/fr/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: georgia |
| path: data/ge/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: germany |
| path: data/de/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: hong_kong |
| path: data/hk/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: india |
| path: data/in/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: nepal |
| path: data/np/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: new_zealand |
| path: data/nz/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: philippines |
| path: data/ph/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: serbia |
| path: data/rs/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: singapore |
| path: data/sg/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: spain |
| path: data/es/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: switzerland |
| path: data/ch/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: taiwan |
| path: data/tw/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: united_kingdom |
| path: data/uk/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - split: united_states |
| path: data/us/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| - config_name: gemini |
| data_files: |
| - split: armenia |
| path: data/am/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: australia |
| path: data/au/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: belgium |
| path: data/be/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: brazil |
| path: data/br/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: france |
| path: data/fr/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: georgia |
| path: data/ge/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: germany |
| path: data/de/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: hong_kong |
| path: data/hk/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: india |
| path: data/in/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: nepal |
| path: data/np/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: new_zealand |
| path: data/nz/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: philippines |
| path: data/ph/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: serbia |
| path: data/rs/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: singapore |
| path: data/sg/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: spain |
| path: data/es/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: switzerland |
| path: data/ch/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: taiwan |
| path: data/tw/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: united_kingdom |
| path: data/uk/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - split: united_states |
| path: data/us/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| - config_name: gpt |
| data_files: |
| - split: armenia |
| path: data/am/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: australia |
| path: data/au/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: belgium |
| path: data/be/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: brazil |
| path: data/br/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: france |
| path: data/fr/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: georgia |
| path: data/ge/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: germany |
| path: data/de/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: hong_kong |
| path: data/hk/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: india |
| path: data/in/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: nepal |
| path: data/np/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: new_zealand |
| path: data/nz/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: philippines |
| path: data/ph/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: serbia |
| path: data/rs/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: singapore |
| path: data/sg/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: spain |
| path: data/es/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: switzerland |
| path: data/ch/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: taiwan |
| path: data/tw/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: united_kingdom |
| path: data/uk/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - split: united_states |
| path: data/us/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| - config_name: legora_1 |
| data_files: |
| - split: armenia |
| path: data/am/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: australia |
| path: data/au/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: belgium |
| path: data/be/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: brazil |
| path: data/br/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: france |
| path: data/fr/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: georgia |
| path: data/ge/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: germany |
| path: data/de/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: hong_kong |
| path: data/hk/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: india |
| path: data/in/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: nepal |
| path: data/np/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: new_zealand |
| path: data/nz/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: philippines |
| path: data/ph/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: serbia |
| path: data/rs/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: singapore |
| path: data/sg/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: spain |
| path: data/es/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: switzerland |
| path: data/ch/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: taiwan |
| path: data/tw/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: united_kingdom |
| path: data/uk/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - split: united_states |
| path: data/us/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| - config_name: legora_2 |
| data_files: |
| - split: armenia |
| path: data/am/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: australia |
| path: data/au/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: belgium |
| path: data/be/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: brazil |
| path: data/br/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: france |
| path: data/fr/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: georgia |
| path: data/ge/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: germany |
| path: data/de/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: hong_kong |
| path: data/hk/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: india |
| path: data/in/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: nepal |
| path: data/np/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: new_zealand |
| path: data/nz/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: philippines |
| path: data/ph/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: serbia |
| path: data/rs/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: singapore |
| path: data/sg/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: spain |
| path: data/es/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: switzerland |
| path: data/ch/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: taiwan |
| path: data/tw/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: united_kingdom |
| path: data/uk/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| - split: united_states |
| path: data/us/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| --- |
| |
| # LEGEX Inference Results |
|
|
| System outputs for the LEGEX benchmark, six review-table extraction |
| runs (four systems; Harvey and Legora twice each) on the case packets of |
| all 19 jurisdictions: |
|
|
| `am, au, be, br, ch, de, es, fr, ge, hk, in, np, nz, ph, rs, sg, tw, uk, us` |
|
|
| ## The systems |
|
|
| | Abbreviation | `model` field value | Notes | |
| |--------------|---|---| |
| | `harvey` | `harvey` | Harvey Vault Review, a commercial review-table product. Outputs exported from the production system on **2026-05-18** and **2026-06-30** (each record's `inference_date` says which export it came from) — the run reported in the paper. The per-column prompts as configured for each export are in [`prompts/prompts_harvey.jsonl`](prompts/prompts_harvey.jsonl). Harvey is a deployed product that changes over time, so these results are a dated snapshot. | |
| | `harvey_2` | `harvey-2` | A second, independent Harvey Vault Review run, exported **2026-08-05**, with the prompts re-entered from the same rulebook (and rephrased by the platform on entry — see [`prompts/prompts_harvey_2.jsonl`](prompts/prompts_harvey_2.jsonl)). Released for robustness comparisons across time and prompt variants; not part of the paper's reported numbers. | |
| | `gemini` | `gemini/gemini-3.1-flash-lite` | Schema-constrained pipeline via the Gemini API. | |
| | `gpt` | `gpt-5.4-mini` | Schema-constrained pipeline via the OpenAI API. | |
| | `legora_1` | `legora-1` | Legora Tabular Review, a commercial review-table product. Exported from the production system on **2026-08-01**; the export contained the full question set twice, i.e. two independent runs — this is the first (left) column group, the run reported in the paper. The per-column prompts as run are in [`prompts/prompts_legora_1.jsonl`](prompts/prompts_legora_1.jsonl). Like Harvey, a dated snapshot of a deployed product. | |
| | `legora_2` | `legora-2` | The second (right) column group of the same 2026-08-01 Legora export — an independent run with independently re-entered per-column prompts, see [`prompts/prompts_legora_2.jsonl`](prompts/prompts_legora_2.jsonl). Released for robustness comparisons across prompt variants. | |
|
|
| The `gemini` and `gpt` pipelines received the identical single system prompt |
| (`v3`, see the [code repo](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legexbenchmark/code)). |
| Harvey and Legora take one prompt per review-table column, so the same rules |
| were entered per column; the platforms' workflow assistants rephrase prompts |
| on entry, and the as-run column prompts therefore differ in wording between |
| runs. The as-run prompts of every Harvey and Legora run are shipped verbatim |
| in `prompts/` (Harvey's 18 May set is also reproduced in the paper appendix). |
| All runs encode the same 14-field schema (see the |
| [goldensets repo](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legexbenchmark/goldensets) |
| for the schema definition). |
|
|
| ## File layout |
|
|
| ``` |
| data/<cc>/inference_harvey.jsonl |
| data/<cc>/inference_harvey_2.jsonl |
| data/<cc>/inference_gemini.jsonl |
| data/<cc>/inference_gpt.jsonl |
| data/<cc>/inference_legora_1.jsonl |
| data/<cc>/inference_legora_2.jsonl |
| prompts/prompts_harvey.jsonl |
| prompts/prompts_harvey_2.jsonl |
| prompts/prompts_legora_1.jsonl |
| prompts/prompts_legora_2.jsonl |
| ``` |
|
|
| The `prompts/` files hold the per-column prompts as run, one record per |
| (run, field): `model`, `inference_date`, `field`, `prompt`. |
|
|
|
|
| ### Record schema |
|
|
| Each record corresponds to one (judgment, system) pair: |
|
|
| | Key | Type | Description | |
| |---|---|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| | `case_id` | string | Identifier matching the goldenset `case_id`. | |
| | `link` | string \| null | URL to the original judgment. | |
| | `legal_subject_judgement` … `defendant_no1_ISIC1_industry_category` | string \| null | The 14 extracted fields, same schema as the goldensets. All values are strings (numbers as digit strings) so every column is single-typed, this fixes the `ArrowInvalid` load failure of the first CSV release. | |
| | `model` | string | Model identifier emitted by the inference pipeline (see table above). | |
| | `inference_date` | string | The date the producing run was executed/exported (e.g. `2026-08-01` for both Legora runs; `2026-05-18`/`2026-06-30` for Harvey), so run variants remain traceable per record. | |
| | `error` | string \| null | Non-empty only if the model call failed for that case. | |
| | `comment` | string \| null | Human-readable note listing every value changed during cleaning; `null` when the record needed no change. | |
| | `original_input` | string | JSON object mapping each cleaned field to its 1:1 pre-cleaning value; `"{}"` when nothing changed. | |
|
|
| See [goldensets](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legexbenchmark/goldensets) for a description of the data columns. |
|
|
| ## Cleaning |
|
|
| Long-form refusals ("…the date is not stated … N/A") and prose/citations by the model |
| not following instructions were removed or standardized via a two-step, human-reviewed pipeline |
| (`legex-refusals-scan` > review > `legex-refusals-apply`, see the |
| [code repo](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legexbenchmark/code)). Every |
| change is recorded per record in `comment` / `original_input`, so the raw |
| model output can always be reconstructed. |
|
|
| ## Coverage and known limitations |
|
|
| - Only 15 of Spain's 129 annotated judgments have Harvey output (the ingest of |
| the remaining case packets failed before the 2026-06-30 export and was not |
| re-run); evaluation counts each system only on the judgments it actually |
| produced output for, and reports per-system denominators. |
| - Hong Kong `case_id`s that were shared by two different documents (one CFA |
| case number covering e.g. a substantive judgment and a costs ruling) are |
| disambiguated with the source document id, e.g. `FACV12/2022-DIS154422`, |
| matching the goldensets release. |
|
|
| - Inference ran on the full sampled case packets (up to 130 cases per |
| jurisdiction), so files can contain more cases than the goldenset has |
| expert-reviewed rows. Evaluation joins on `case_id` against the goldenset. |
| - Some Harvey exports are partial: `es` has 15 rows, `np` 108, `ph` 115, |
| `hk` 116, `rs` 126, `au` 128, `de` 129, all other files have 130. The |
| `harvey_2` run shares most of these gaps: `es` 15, `hk` 102, `ph` 115, |
| `rs` 126, `de` 129, all other files 130. |
| - Legora returned empty review tables for Armenia (`am`), Georgia (`ge`), and |
| most Nepalese (`np`) judgments — the rows exist but their fields are empty |
| (Legora appears not to support non-Latin scripts). Evaluation counts each |
| system only on the judgments it actually answered. Legora `hk` files have |
| 116 rows. |
| - For Switzerland, `gemini` and `gpt` emit `case_id`s with different |
| separators than the goldenset (e.g. `4A_426/2024` vs `4A-426-2024`), join |
| after normalising separators. |
| - A few files contain duplicate `case_id` rows. |
|
|
| ## Loading |
|
|
| ```python |
| import pandas as pd |
| |
| # One (jurisdiction, system) pair |
| df = pd.read_json( |
| "hf://datasets/legexbenchmark/inference-results/data/us/inference_gpt.jsonl", |
| lines=True, |
| ) |
| ``` |
|
|
| or with the `datasets` library (one config per system): |
|
|
| ```python |
| from datasets import load_dataset |
| |
| ds = load_dataset("legexbenchmark/inference-results", "harvey", split="switzerland") |
| ds = load_dataset("legexbenchmark/inference-results", "gpt", split="united_states") |
| ds = load_dataset("legexbenchmark/inference-results", "legora_1", split="switzerland") |
| ``` |
|
|
| To compare against the gold annotations, join on `case_id` after loading the |
| matching split from |
| [`legexbenchmark/goldensets`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legexbenchmark/goldensets). |
|
|
|
|
| ## License |
|
|
| MIT. |
|
|
