id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f7c511aef2371900625be5 | Szlachta | The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying: | What was the notion for all polish nobles? | {
"text": [
"social equals"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56f7c511aef2371900625be6 | Szlachta | The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying: | What ethnic saying is this traditional from? | {
"text": [
"Polish saying"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f7c511aef2371900625be7 | Szlachta | The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying: | Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles? | {
"text": [
"regardless of their financial status"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625beb | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | What german word does the term szlachta come from? | {
"text": [
"slahta"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bec | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | What does slahta mean? | {
"text": [
"\"(noble) family\""
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bed | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | What is the polish name for knight? | {
"text": [
"rycerz"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bee | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | German name for knight? | {
"text": [
"Ritter"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
56f7c5b0aef2371900625bef | Szlachta | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | Where does the word her derive from in german? | {
"text": [
"Erbe"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625bff | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from? | {
"text": [
"German \"schlachten\""
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c00 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What does schlachtan mean in german? | {
"text": [
"(\"to slaughter\" or \"to butcher\")"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c01 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What German word is also suggestive deriving from szlachta? | {
"text": [
"Schlacht"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c02 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | What does schlacht mean? | {
"text": [
"battle"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56f7c6e1aef2371900625c03 | Szlachta | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who? | {
"text": [
"legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c09 | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too? | {
"text": [
"magnates"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0a | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What is the singular version of magnates? | {
"text": [
"magnat"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0b | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What is another name referring polish nobles? | {
"text": [
"możny"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0c | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What is the plural version of mozny? | {
"text": [
"możni"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
56f7c779aef2371900625c0d | Szlachta | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | What other country besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found? | {
"text": [
"Lithuania"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c13 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth? | {
"text": [
"szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c14 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta? | {
"text": [
"formalized, hereditary"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c15 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | Who is referred to as nobilitas? | {
"text": [
"hereditary szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56f7cc5faef2371900625c16 | Szlachta | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | What is the legal status of nobilitas? | {
"text": [
"equivalent in legal status of the English nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1b | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | What simple word does the term szlachta translate too? | {
"text": [
"nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1c | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | What were the non noble land owners referred too as? | {
"text": [
"szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1d | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term? | {
"text": [
"by courtesy or error"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56f7ccffaef2371900625c1e | Szlachta | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | What does szlachta mainly denote? | {
"text": [
"old-Commonwealth nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17298 | Szlachta | In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding... | Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about? | {
"text": [
"included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56f7d060a6d7ea1400e17299 | Szlachta | In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding... | Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta? | {
"text": [
"szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c23 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | What ultimately determined nobility? | {
"text": [
"hereditary juridical status"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c24 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do? | {
"text": [
"to become tenants of the wealthier gentry."
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c25 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility? | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56f7d4f7aef2371900625c26 | Szlachta | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did? | {
"text": [
"retained all their constitutional prerogatives"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2b | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure? | {
"text": [
"obscure"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2c | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha? | {
"text": [
"odwieczna"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2d | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins? | {
"text": [
"descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2e | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta? | {
"text": [
"Alexander the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
56f7d6d8aef2371900625c2f | Szlachta | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | What was important and unique about regional leaders? | {
"text": [
"had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens"
],
"answer_start": [
662
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729d | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class? | {
"text": [
"Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729e | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | In this theory, what was the upper class? | {
"text": [
"was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e1729f | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHen did they find the polish kingdom? | {
"text": [
"about the fifth century."
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a0 | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | WHat caste system does the hindu society have? | {
"text": [
"military caste"
],
"answer_start": [
1284
]
} |
56f7d89aa6d7ea1400e172a1 | Szlachta | Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a ... | Who shares the same caste system as Hindu? | {
"text": [
"The szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
1255
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c35 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights? | {
"text": [
"documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c36 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices? | {
"text": [
"Middle Ages and in the early modern period"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c37 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | The polish anem and cry ritualized what? | {
"text": [
"the ius militare,"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56f7dbddaef2371900625c38 | Szlachta | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what? | {
"text": [
"define knightly status"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3d | Szlachta | Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance... | Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar? | {
"text": [
"Around the 14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f7e0aaaef2371900625c3e | Szlachta | Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance... | What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas? | {
"text": [
"defend the country"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c42 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What contributed to the long standing traditions? | {
"text": [
"geography"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c43 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was governing the polish tribes? | {
"text": [
"wiec"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c44 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was the wiec? | {
"text": [
"an assembly of free tribesmen"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c45 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern? | {
"text": [
"an elected prince"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56f7e340aef2371900625c46 | Szlachta | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | What was the governing position limited to? | {
"text": [
"elites"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4c | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What ruled over the tribes? | {
"text": [
"clans (ród)"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4d | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What did the clans people all have in common? | {
"text": [
"theoretically descending from a common ancestor"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4e | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What gave them a sense of solidarity? | {
"text": [
"related by blood or marriage"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c4f | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What were stronghold called? | {
"text": [
"grόd"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
56f7e518aef2371900625c50 | Szlachta | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | What was the territory occupied by a single tribe? | {
"text": [
"opole"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a7 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | WHo established an elite knightly retinue? | {
"text": [
"Mieszko I of Poland"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a8 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning? | {
"text": [
"(c. 935 – 25 May 992)"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172a9 | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in? | {
"text": [
"preserving the unity of his state"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
56f7e80ba6d7ea1400e172aa | Szlachta | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | Who also established this retinue as well? | {
"text": [
"Mieszko I's successors"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172b9 | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century? | {
"text": [
"rycerz"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172ba | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz? | {
"text": [
"knight"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bb | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What people did the rycerstwo class represent? | {
"text": [
"wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bc | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What positive did the szlachta class receive? | {
"text": [
"gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues."
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
56f7eae1a6d7ea1400e172bd | Szlachta | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility? | {
"text": [
"could serve as officials in state administration."
],
"answer_start": [
1005
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e172ff | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | WHen was the period of Division? | {
"text": [
"A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17300 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | What stemmed the period of division? | {
"text": [
"Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17301 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | What tribe was the prior social structure from? | {
"text": [
"Polish"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17302 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | WHen did the Piast dynasty appear? | {
"text": [
"850 A.D."
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
56f7f2eca6d7ea1400e17303 | Szlachta | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | Polish nation ruled by what dynasty? | {
"text": [
"Piast dynasty,"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625cce | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | What did some Mozni regard themselves with? | {
"text": [
"co-proprietors of Piast realms"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625ccf | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms? | {
"text": [
"attempted to deprive them of their independence"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f7f437aef2371900625cd0 | Szlachta | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority? | {
"text": [
"możni"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731b | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | WHat were nobles named in german language? | {
"text": [
"die beste leuten"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731c | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What were the nobles named in lithuanian? | {
"text": [
"ponai"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731d | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What were the higher nobility named? | {
"text": [
"kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731e | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | The kunigai were subordinate to who? | {
"text": [
"King of Lithuania."
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
56f7f502a6d7ea1400e1731f | Szlachta | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | What word is used to denominate nobility? | {
"text": [
"бояре"
],
"answer_start": [
725
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17325 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility? | {
"text": [
"Polish szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17326 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What did the polish szlachta become more of? | {
"text": [
"polonized"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17327 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox? | {
"text": [
"they were of Roman extraction"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17328 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility? | {
"text": [
"šlėkta"
],
"answer_start": [
851
]
} |
56f7f5fca6d7ea1400e17329 | Szlachta | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | Who forbid the use of the word slekta? | {
"text": [
"Lithuanian linguists"
],
"answer_start": [
896
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfc | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | WHo was first invloved in the polonization? | {
"text": [
"the highest members of the nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfd | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | Who imposed various sanction on the people? | {
"text": [
"Russian Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cfe | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians? | {
"text": [
"removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625cff | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What did the russian officials announce as a sanction? | {
"text": [
"\"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism\""
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
56f7f695aef2371900625d00 | Szlachta | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | What language was banned from printing on books? | {
"text": [
"Lithuanian language."
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d06 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards? | {
"text": [
"Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d07 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? | {
"text": [
"multicultural and multilingual"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d08 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania? | {
"text": [
"principalities of Halych and Volhynia"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
56f7f86faef2371900625d09 | Szlachta | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian? | {
"text": [
"intermarried"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17343 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles? | {
"text": [
"Polish and Lithuanian nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17344 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What social pressure was pressing down the people? | {
"text": [
"convert to Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17345 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. | {
"text": [
"Union of Brest"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
56f7f909a6d7ea1400e17346 | Szlachta | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | What year was the union of brest | {
"text": [
"1596"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d36 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what? | {
"text": [
"by monarch"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
56f7fd1faef2371900625d37 | Szlachta | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | What right was reversed by sijm? | {
"text": [
"ennoblement"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
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