Split (2)

train · 130k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 1 25.7k	answers dict
56f827e6aef2371900625e5c	Alps	This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb "hill"; "Albania" ...	Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language?	{ "text": [ "Scotland" ], "answer_start": [ 645 ] }
56f84664aef2371900625f7b	Alps	It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.	What words are likely to have common origins?	{ "text": [ "alb (\"white\") and albus" ], "answer_start": [ 31 ] }
56f84664aef2371900625f7c	Alps	It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.	Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?	{ "text": [ "the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow." ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
56f84664aef2371900625f7d	Alps	It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.	Alb can also mean what?	{ "text": [ "white" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
56f87461aef23719006260a3	Alps	In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mounta...	The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages?	{ "text": [ "a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks" ], "answer_start": [ 62 ] }
56f87461aef23719006260a4	Alps	In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mounta...	What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?	{ "text": [ "An alp" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
56f87461aef23719006260a5	Alps	In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mounta...	Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?	{ "text": [ "German speaking regions" ], "answer_start": [ 466 ] }
56f87461aef23719006260a6	Alps	In modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mounta...	Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?	{ "text": [ "French speaking regions" ], "answer_start": [ 523 ] }
56f8752baef23719006260b6	Alps	The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Gre...	What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?	{ "text": [ "The Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8752baef23719006260b7	Alps	The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Gre...	What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?	{ "text": [ "2.5 km (1.6 mi)" ], "answer_start": [ 197 ] }
56f8752baef23719006260b8	Alps	The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Gre...	How far does the Alps range stretch?	{ "text": [ "the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 239 ] }
56f8752baef23719006260b9	Alps	The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Gre...	Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what?	{ "text": [ "alpine territory" ], "answer_start": [ 809 ] }
56f875e9a6d7ea1400e17679	Alps	The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the...	The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?	{ "text": [ "the glacial trough of the Rhone valley" ], "answer_start": [ 47 ] }
56f875e9a6d7ea1400e1767a	Alps	The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the...	Where are the peaks smaller in the range?	{ "text": [ "the easterly portion" ], "answer_start": [ 231 ] }
56f875e9a6d7ea1400e1767b	Alps	The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the...	The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range?	{ "text": [ "northern" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
56f876bda6d7ea1400e17689	Alps	The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splüge...	What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?	{ "text": [ "The variances in nomenclature" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f876bda6d7ea1400e1768a	Alps	The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splüge...	Who came up with the general classification?	{ "text": [ "geologist Stefan Schmid" ], "answer_start": [ 280 ] }
56f876bda6d7ea1400e1768b	Alps	The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splüge...	Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?	{ "text": [ "Splügen Pass" ], "answer_start": [ 314 ] }
56f87739aef23719006260c4	Alps	The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively	The highest peak of the Western Alps is where?	{ "text": [ "Mont Blanc" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
56f87739aef23719006260c5	Alps	The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively	How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc?	{ "text": [ "4,810 m" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
56f87739aef23719006260c6	Alps	The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively	The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?	{ "text": [ "Piz Bernina" ], "answer_start": [ 113 ] }
56f87739aef23719006260c7	Alps	The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively	How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina	{ "text": [ "4,049 metres" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
56f8782aaef23719006260d6	Alps	Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known pe...	Where are the French Prealps located?	{ "text": [ "France" ], "answer_start": [ 108 ] }
56f8782aaef23719006260d7	Alps	Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known pe...	What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?	{ "text": [ "the Jura Mountains" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
56f8782aaef23719006260d8	Alps	Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known pe...	What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?	{ "text": [ "The secondary chain of the Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 165 ] }
56f8782aaef23719006260d9	Alps	Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known pe...	What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?	{ "text": [ "the line of the main chain" ], "answer_start": [ 519 ] }
56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b3	Alps	The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were establish...	What have been crossed for war and commerce?	{ "text": [ "The Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b4	Alps	The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were establish...	What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?	{ "text": [ "hospices" ], "answer_start": [ 297 ] }
56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b5	Alps	The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were establish...	Where were hospices established?	{ "text": [ "the summits of many of the main passes" ], "answer_start": [ 346 ] }
56f878f1a6d7ea1400e176b6	Alps	The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were establish...	What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?	{ "text": [ "Col de l'Iseran" ], "answer_start": [ 420 ] }
56f87b15aef23719006260e8	Alps	Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built ther...	What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?	{ "text": [ "the Brenner Pass" ], "answer_start": [ 38 ] }
56f87b15aef23719006260e9	Alps	Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built ther...	How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route?	{ "text": [ "since the 14th century" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
56f87b15aef23719006260ea	Alps	Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built ther...	The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation?	{ "text": [ "985 m (3,232 ft)" ], "answer_start": [ 198 ] }
56f87b15aef23719006260eb	Alps	Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built ther...	Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops?	{ "text": [ "Napoleon Bonaparte" ], "answer_start": [ 670 ] }
56f87b15aef23719006260ec	Alps	Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built ther...	Where is the highest point in the alps located?	{ "text": [ "col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)" ], "answer_start": [ 1251 ] }
56f87c08aef23719006260f2	Alps	Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became w...	Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps	{ "text": [ "naturalists" ], "answer_start": [ 50 ] }
56f87c08aef23719006260f3	Alps	Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became w...	When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?	{ "text": [ "the 18th century" ], "answer_start": [ 112 ] }
56f87c08aef23719006260f4	Alps	Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became w...	What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains?	{ "text": [ "theory of geosynclines" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
56f87c08aef23719006260f5	Alps	Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became w...	What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century?	{ "text": [ "the theory of plate tectonics" ], "answer_start": [ 282 ] }
56f87d46aef23719006260fa	Alps	The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during th...	When did the formation of the alps began?	{ "text": [ "about 300 million years ago" ], "answer_start": [ 82 ] }
56f87d46aef23719006260fb	Alps	The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during th...	What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?	{ "text": [ "a single tectonic plate" ], "answer_start": [ 173 ] }
56f87d46aef23719006260fc	Alps	The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during th...	When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?	{ "text": [ "the Mesozoic Era" ], "answer_start": [ 235 ] }
56f87d46aef23719006260fd	Alps	The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during th...	The Tethys sea developed during what period of time?	{ "text": [ "Jurassic Period" ], "answer_start": [ 322 ] }
56f87d46aef23719006260fe	Alps	The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during th...	The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time?	{ "text": [ "the late Cretaceous Period" ], "answer_start": [ 737 ] }
56f8821eaef237190062613c	Alps	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure?	{ "text": [ "marine sedimentary rocks" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
56f8821eaef237190062613d	Alps	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?	{ "text": [ "As the rising peaks underwent erosion" ], "answer_start": [ 160 ] }
56f8821eaef237190062613e	Alps	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?	{ "text": [ "Coarse sediments" ], "answer_start": [ 358 ] }
56f8821eaef237190062613f	Alps	Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger napp...	Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?	{ "text": [ "flysch" ], "answer_start": [ 562 ] }
56f883c2aef2371900626144	Alps	The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are sub...	What caused the development of the Jura Mountains?	{ "text": [ "a late-stage orogeny" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
56f883c2aef2371900626145	Alps	The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are sub...	What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?	{ "text": [ "A series of tectonic events" ], "answer_start": [ 185 ] }
56f883c2aef2371900626146	Alps	The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are sub...	What is another word for rock composition?	{ "text": [ "lithology" ], "answer_start": [ 341 ] }
56f883c2aef2371900626147	Alps	The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are sub...	What geological subdivision is located in the north?	{ "text": [ "Helveticum" ], "answer_start": [ 534 ] }
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e1770f	Alps	According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in th...	What is Stefan Schmid's profession?	{ "text": [ "geologist" ], "answer_start": [ 13 ] }
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17710	Alps	According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in th...	What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era	{ "text": [ "a metamorphic event" ], "answer_start": [ 73 ] }
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17711	Alps	According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in th...	When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?	{ "text": [ "the Cretaceous Period" ], "answer_start": [ 164 ] }
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17712	Alps	According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in th...	The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?	{ "text": [ "nappe formations" ], "answer_start": [ 230 ] }
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17713	Alps	According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in th...	When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?	{ "text": [ "Cretaceous" ], "answer_start": [ 322 ] }
56f8868baef2371900626160	Alps	Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively ...	What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in?	{ "text": [ "Houillière zone" ], "answer_start": [ 51 ] }
56f8868baef2371900626161	Alps	Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively ...	What are more common in the Western Alps?	{ "text": [ "High \"massifs\"" ], "answer_start": [ 134 ] }
56f8868baef2371900626162	Alps	Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively ...	When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?	{ "text": [ "Eastern Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 288 ] }
56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772d	Alps	In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the o...	Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?	{ "text": [ "the structure of the Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 16 ] }
56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772e	Alps	In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the o...	What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure?	{ "text": [ "continental Europe" ], "answer_start": [ 153 ] }
56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772f	Alps	In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the o...	Where are the top of the nappes derived from?	{ "text": [ "the African plate" ], "answer_start": [ 264 ] }
56f88857a6d7ea1400e17730	Alps	In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the o...	What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?	{ "text": [ "The Matterhorn" ], "answer_start": [ 283 ] }
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e1773f	Alps	The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonna...	What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?	{ "text": [ "folded and fractured" ], "answer_start": [ 55 ] }
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17740	Alps	The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonna...	Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?	{ "text": [ "layers of rock from the various orogenies" ], "answer_start": [ 351 ] }
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17741	Alps	The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonna...	What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?	{ "text": [ "steep vertical peaks" ], "answer_start": [ 133 ] }
56f88bb0aef2371900626170	Alps	The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-t...	What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?	{ "text": [ "Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
56f88bb0aef2371900626171	Alps	The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-t...	What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?	{ "text": [ "subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives" ], "answer_start": [ 200 ] }
56f88bb0aef2371900626172	Alps	The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-t...	The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?	{ "text": [ "500 m (1,640 ft)" ], "answer_start": [ 346 ] }
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774d	Alps	While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com...	When was Mont Blanc first climbed?	{ "text": [ "1786" ], "answer_start": [ 38 ] }
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774e	Alps	While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com...	When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?	{ "text": [ "first half of the 19th century" ], "answer_start": [ 104 ] }
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774f	Alps	While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com...	When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?	{ "text": [ "1865" ], "answer_start": [ 168 ] }
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17750	Alps	While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com...	What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?	{ "text": [ "the end of the golden age of alpinism" ], "answer_start": [ 180 ] }
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17751	Alps	While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He com...	Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?	{ "text": [ "Karl Blodig" ], "answer_start": [ 219 ] }
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17757	Alps	The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa...	When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent?	{ "text": [ "1788" ], "answer_start": [ 43 ] }
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17758	Alps	The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa...	When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?	{ "text": [ "1819" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17759	Alps	The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa...	When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks?	{ "text": [ "the mid-1850s" ], "answer_start": [ 85 ] }
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775a	Alps	The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa...	What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?	{ "text": [ "1865" ], "answer_start": [ 245 ] }
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775b	Alps	The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north fa...	When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed?	{ "text": [ "1938" ], "answer_start": [ 281 ] }
56f88f71aef237190062619e	Alps	The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo...	What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years?	{ "text": [ "minerals" ], "answer_start": [ 25 ] }
56f88f71aef237190062619f	Alps	The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo...	What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?	{ "text": [ "copper" ], "answer_start": [ 160 ] }
56f88f71aef23719006261a0	Alps	The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo...	What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?	{ "text": [ "gold" ], "answer_start": [ 191 ] }
56f88f71aef23719006261a1	Alps	The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo...	What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?	{ "text": [ "high-quality iron ore" ], "answer_start": [ 259 ] }
56f88f71aef23719006261a2	Alps	The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo...	The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?	{ "text": [ "Slovenia" ], "answer_start": [ 426 ] }
56f89035aef23719006261a8	Alps	Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu...	How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected?	{ "text": [ "hundreds of years" ], "answer_start": [ 52 ] }
56f89035aef23719006261a9	Alps	Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu...	When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified?	{ "text": [ "the 18th century" ], "answer_start": [ 101 ] }
56f89035aef23719006261aa	Alps	Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu...	Who studied the shapes of crystals?	{ "text": [ "Leonhard Euler" ], "answer_start": [ 119 ] }
56f89035aef23719006261ab	Alps	Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu...	By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?	{ "text": [ "crystal hunting" ], "answer_start": [ 190 ] }
56f89035aef23719006261ac	Alps	Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and docu...	Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?	{ "text": [ "David Friedrich Wiser" ], "answer_start": [ 236 ] }
56f8928baef23719006261bc	Alps	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?	{ "text": [ "Miocene Epoch" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
56f8928baef23719006261bd	Alps	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	What was the cause of the severe erosion?	{ "text": [ "glaciation" ], "answer_start": [ 71 ] }
56f8928baef23719006261be	Alps	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?	{ "text": [ "Louis Agassiz" ], "answer_start": [ 137 ] }
56f8928baef23719006261bf	Alps	In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed orig...	What was Louis Agassiz also known as?	{ "text": [ "the \"father of the ice-age concept\"" ], "answer_start": [ 407 ] }
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777d	Alps	Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to t...	Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?	{ "text": [ "the Unteraar Glacier" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777e	Alps	Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to t...	Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year?	{ "text": [ "100 m (328 ft)" ], "answer_start": [ 103 ] }
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777f	Alps	Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to t...	The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part?	{ "text": [ "the middle" ], "answer_start": [ 144 ] }
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c53	Alps	Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the ...	What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages?	{ "text": [ "The Inn valley" ], "answer_start": [ 120 ] }
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c54	Alps	Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the ...	What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley	{ "text": [ "Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age" ], "answer_start": [ 253 ] }
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c55	Alps	Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the ...	The top of the Inn Valley consists of what?	{ "text": [ "erosion from earlier ice ages" ], "answer_start": [ 367 ] }

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