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56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e7f
Alps
In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one pla...
Who was Otzi the Iceman?
{ "text": [ "a mummy of a neolithic body" ], "answer_start": [ 8 ] }
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e80
Alps
In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one pla...
When was Otzi the Iceman found?
{ "text": [ "In 1991" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e81
Alps
In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one pla...
Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?
{ "text": [ "the Similaun glacier" ], "answer_start": [ 91 ] }
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea1
Alps
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t...
When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland?
{ "text": [ "between 1000 to 1500 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea2
Alps
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t...
The Raetians lived in what region?
{ "text": [ "the eastern regions" ], "answer_start": [ 84 ] }
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea3
Alps
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t...
The Helvetii occupied which region?
{ "text": [ "the west" ], "answer_start": [ 111 ] }
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea4
Alps
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t...
What did the Celtic tribes mine?
{ "text": [ "salt" ], "answer_start": [ 259 ] }
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea5
Alps
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of t...
Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?
{ "text": [ "The Celts" ], "answer_start": [ 533 ] }
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eab
Alps
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or...
When was the Second Punic War?
{ "text": [ "218 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 31 ] }
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eac
Alps
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or...
Who was the Carthaginian general?
{ "text": [ "Hannibal" ], "answer_start": [ 64 ] }
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0ead
Alps
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or...
What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?
{ "text": [ "roads" ], "answer_start": [ 375 ] }
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eae
Alps
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or...
What can still be found on the mountain passes?
{ "text": [ "Roman road markers" ], "answer_start": [ 490 ] }
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a7
Alps
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem...
What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?
{ "text": [ "The Roman expansion" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a8
Alps
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem...
When were the Allobrogi defeated?
{ "text": [ "in 121 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 56 ] }
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a9
Alps
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem...
When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?
{ "text": [ "58 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 96 ] }
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03aa
Alps
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlem...
What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?
{ "text": [ "Germanic tribes" ], "answer_start": [ 564 ] }
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed1
Alps
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ...
Who established Christianity in the region?
{ "text": [ "Romans" ], "answer_start": [ 50 ] }
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed2
Alps
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ...
What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?
{ "text": [ "feudalism" ], "answer_start": [ 240 ] }
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed3
Alps
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ...
What area still has intricate frescoes?
{ "text": [ "Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy" ], "answer_start": [ 334 ] }
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed4
Alps
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ...
What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?
{ "text": [ "Château de Chillon" ], "answer_start": [ 476 ] }
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f01
Alps
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ...
Much of the medieval period was a time of what?
{ "text": [ "power struggles" ], "answer_start": [ 42 ] }
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f02
Alps
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ...
Where were the Visconti from?
{ "text": [ "northern Italy" ], "answer_start": [ 130 ] }
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f03
Alps
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ...
What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?
{ "text": [ "the House of Habsburg" ], "answer_start": [ 149 ] }
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f04
Alps
Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter ...
What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century?
{ "text": [ "Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 533 ] }
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f13
Alps
During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.
What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?
{ "text": [ "the Napoleonic Wars" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f14
Alps
During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.
Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?
{ "text": [ "Napoleon" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f15
Alps
During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.
When was the Helvetic Republic established?
{ "text": [ "1798" ], "answer_start": [ 155 ] }
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f16
Alps
During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.
Where was the Helvetic Republic established?
{ "text": [ "Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 200 ] }
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2d
Alps
After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo...
When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?
{ "text": [ "After the fall of Napoléon" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2e
Alps
After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo...
Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?
{ "text": [ "Savoy" ], "answer_start": [ 113 ] }
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2f
Alps
After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo...
Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?
{ "text": [ "to protect the major alpine passes" ], "answer_start": [ 185 ] }
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f30
Alps
After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lo...
Who ordered the construction of a paved road?
{ "text": [ "Napoléon Bonaparte" ], "answer_start": [ 415 ] }
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3d
Alps
In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians...
What became tourist destinations during the 19th century?
{ "text": [ "the monasteries built in the high Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 21 ] }
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3e
Alps
In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians...
Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau?
{ "text": [ "The Benedictines" ], "answer_start": [ 166 ] }
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3f
Alps
In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians...
Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken?
{ "text": [ "the Augustinians" ], "answer_start": [ 304 ] }
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f40
Alps
In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians...
When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built?
{ "text": [ "the 9th or 10th centuries" ], "answer_start": [ 434 ] }
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f4f
Alps
Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak...
How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?
{ "text": [ "50,000 years" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f50
Alps
Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak...
What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?
{ "text": [ "the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people" ], "answer_start": [ 176 ] }
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f51
Alps
Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak...
What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?
{ "text": [ "Seven bear skulls" ], "answer_start": [ 227 ] }
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f52
Alps
Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peak...
People blindfolded themselves to cross what?
{ "text": [ "Alpine passes" ], "answer_start": [ 606 ] }
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f71
Alps
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit...
Where was Charles VII from?
{ "text": [ "France" ], "answer_start": [ 15 ] }
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f72
Alps
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit...
What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?
{ "text": [ "climb Mont Aiguille" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f73
Alps
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit...
What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?
{ "text": [ "a bronze triptych of three crosses" ], "answer_start": [ 138 ] }
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f74
Alps
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit...
When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?
{ "text": [ "1492" ], "answer_start": [ 248 ] }
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f75
Alps
Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit...
When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?
{ "text": [ "18th century" ], "answer_start": [ 689 ] }
56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0474
Alps
Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Tw...
Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?
{ "text": [ "Conrad Gessner" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0475
Alps
Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Tw...
Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?
{ "text": [ "Geneva" ], "answer_start": [ 516 ] }
56f8c57f9e9bad19000a0476
Alps
Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Tw...
Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?
{ "text": [ "Saussure" ], "answer_start": [ 827 ] }
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0484
Alps
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d...
Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?
{ "text": [ "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0485
Alps
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d...
Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?
{ "text": [ "Albrecht von Haller" ], "answer_start": [ 277 ] }
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0486
Alps
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d...
When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?
{ "text": [ "After the end of the Napoleonic Wars" ], "answer_start": [ 638 ] }
56f8c60f9e9bad19000a0487
Alps
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that d...
What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?
{ "text": [ "the sublime effects of monumental nature" ], "answer_start": [ 785 ] }
56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0f9f
Alps
In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, c...
Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?
{ "text": [ "Geneva" ], "answer_start": [ 70 ] }
56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0fa0
Alps
In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, c...
What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?
{ "text": [ "Mont Blanc" ], "answer_start": [ 183 ] }
56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0fa1
Alps
In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, c...
When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?
{ "text": [ "the mid-19th century" ], "answer_start": [ 675 ] }
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fab
Alps
Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob...
Where was Adolf Hitler born?
{ "text": [ "Austrian" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fac
Alps
Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob...
What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with?
{ "text": [ "the Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 68 ] }
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fad
Alps
Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob...
Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?
{ "text": [ "the Obersalzberg region" ], "answer_start": [ 116 ] }
56f8c72c9b226e1400dd0fae
Alps
Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Ob...
When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?
{ "text": [ "1923" ], "answer_start": [ 201 ] }
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc7
Alps
By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t...
By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?
{ "text": [ "the Third Reich" ], "answer_start": [ 8 ] }
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc8
Alps
By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t...
What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?
{ "text": [ "Austria" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fc9
Alps
By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t...
What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?
{ "text": [ "Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 196 ] }
56f8c7c89b226e1400dd0fca
Alps
By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows t...
Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?
{ "text": [ "The Swiss commanders" ], "answer_start": [ 468 ] }
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04be
Alps
Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h...
Who were trained for the war?
{ "text": [ "Ski troops" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04bf
Alps
Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h...
Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?
{ "text": [ "Italy" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04c0
Alps
Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h...
Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?
{ "text": [ "Austria" ], "answer_start": [ 293 ] }
56f8c8379e9bad19000a04c1
Alps
Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had h...
Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?
{ "text": [ "The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area" ], "answer_start": [ 364 ] }
56f8c9319e9bad19000a04da
Alps
The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be...
What is the population of the Alpine region?
{ "text": [ "14 million" ], "answer_start": [ 32 ] }
56f8c9319e9bad19000a04db
Alps
The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be...
What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?
{ "text": [ "manufacturing and service jobs" ], "answer_start": [ 158 ] }
56f8c9319e9bad19000a04dc
Alps
The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be...
Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?
{ "text": [ "Alpine culture" ], "answer_start": [ 334 ] }
56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0ffd
Alps
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.
Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?
{ "text": [ "Alpine culture" ], "answer_start": [ 12 ] }
56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0ffe
Alps
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.
When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?
{ "text": [ "the medieval period" ], "answer_start": [ 46 ] }
56f8c9cd9b226e1400dd0fff
Alps
Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.
What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?
{ "text": [ "carpentry" ], "answer_start": [ 205 ] }
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd102f
Alps
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w...
What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?
{ "text": [ "Farming" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1030
Alps
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w...
What made farming less dominant in the 20th century?
{ "text": [ "tourism" ], "answer_start": [ 129 ] }
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1031
Alps
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w...
Why is pasture land limited?
{ "text": [ "because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 175 ] }
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1032
Alps
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w...
When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
{ "text": [ "mid-June" ], "answer_start": [ 233 ] }
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a0538
Alps
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th...
What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
{ "text": [ "Cheesemaking" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a0539
Alps
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th...
How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
{ "text": [ "up to 45 kg (100 lb)" ], "answer_start": [ 124 ] }
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053a
Alps
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th...
What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
{ "text": [ "Haymaking" ], "answer_start": [ 374 ] }
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053b
Alps
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th...
How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
{ "text": [ "twice" ], "answer_start": [ 605 ] }
56f8cdb69e9bad19000a053c
Alps
Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th...
When is Carnival celebrated?
{ "text": [ "before Lent" ], "answer_start": [ 906 ] }
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a0548
Alps
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober...
What do people in high villages build their homes according to?
{ "text": [ "medieval designs that withstand cold winters" ], "answer_start": [ 61 ] }
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a0549
Alps
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober...
What is the area of the home heated by a stove called?
{ "text": [ "the stube" ], "answer_start": [ 161 ] }
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054a
Alps
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober...
The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?
{ "text": [ "the Bernese Oberland" ], "answer_start": [ 304 ] }
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054b
Alps
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober...
Which direction do Chalets often face?
{ "text": [ "south or downhill" ], "answer_start": [ 345 ] }
56f8ceb29e9bad19000a054c
Alps
In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Ober...
What are Chalets built of?
{ "text": [ "solid wood" ], "answer_start": [ 381 ] }
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0564
Alps
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat...
The food is passed from the kitchen to where?
{ "text": [ "the stube" ], "answer_start": [ 35 ] }
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0565
Alps
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat...
Where is the dining room table placed?
{ "text": [ "the stube" ], "answer_start": [ 35 ] }
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0566
Alps
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat...
Traditionally, what are meals served on?
{ "text": [ "carved wooden plates" ], "answer_start": [ 257 ] }
56f8cf5e9e9bad19000a0567
Alps
Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborat...
How is furniture traditionally carved?
{ "text": [ "elaborately" ], "answer_start": [ 312 ] }
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105b
Alps
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing...
What are roofs traditionally constructed from?
{ "text": [ "Alpine rocks" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105c
Alps
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing...
Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found??
{ "text": [ "the higher parts of the valleys" ], "answer_start": [ 133 ] }
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105d
Alps
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing...
The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much?
{ "text": [ "40%" ], "answer_start": [ 307 ] }
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105e
Alps
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing...
How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?
{ "text": [ "19" ], "answer_start": [ 710 ] }
56f8d0689b226e1400dd105f
Alps
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing...
What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland?
{ "text": [ "Romansh" ], "answer_start": [ 987 ] }
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0592
Alps
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i...
What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world?
{ "text": [ "the Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 11 ] }
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0593
Alps
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i...
Where is Saalbach located?
{ "text": [ "Austria" ], "answer_start": [ 141 ] }
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0594
Alps
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i...
How many people visit the Alps every year?
{ "text": [ "over 120 million" ], "answer_start": [ 275 ] }
56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0595
Alps
At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i...
What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?
{ "text": [ "tourism" ], "answer_start": [ 308 ] }