Split (2)

train · 130k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 1 25.7k	answers dict
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd106f	Alps	The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w...	When did the tourism industry begin?	{ "text": [ "the early 19th century" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1070	Alps	The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w...	When were large hotels built in the Alps?	{ "text": [ "during the Belle Époque" ], "answer_start": [ 203 ] }
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1071	Alps	The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w...	When were cog-railways built in the Alps?	{ "text": [ "early in the 20th century" ], "answer_start": [ 248 ] }
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1072	Alps	The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w...	When was the first figure skating championship held?	{ "text": [ "1882" ], "answer_start": [ 507 ] }
56f8d17c9b226e1400dd1073	Alps	The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, w...	Where was the first figure skating championship held?	{ "text": [ "St. Moritz" ], "answer_start": [ 562 ] }
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059a	Alps	In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu...	Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924?	{ "text": [ "Chamonix, France" ], "answer_start": [ 131 ] }
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059b	Alps	In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu...	Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928?	{ "text": [ "St. Moritz, Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 177 ] }
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059c	Alps	In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu...	Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936?	{ "text": [ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany" ], "answer_start": [ 234 ] }
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059d	Alps	In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu...	When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?	{ "text": [ "1930" ], "answer_start": [ 531 ] }
56f8d2919e9bad19000a059e	Alps	In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled bu...	When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France?	{ "text": [ "(1992)" ], "answer_start": [ 501 ] }
56f8d3179b226e1400dd1095	Alps	During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in F...	When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?	{ "text": [ "post-World War I" ], "answer_start": [ 11 ] }
56f8d3179b226e1400dd1096	Alps	During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in F...	When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?	{ "text": [ "the 1970s" ], "answer_start": [ 274 ] }
56f8d3179b226e1400dd1097	Alps	During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in F...	Where is Les Menuires located?	{ "text": [ "France" ], "answer_start": [ 319 ] }
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a5	Alps	The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ...	How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?	{ "text": [ "4,200 km (2,600 mi)" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a6	Alps	The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ...	How many vehicles use the roads?	{ "text": [ "6 million" ], "answer_start": [ 63 ] }
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a7	Alps	The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ...	Where are most of Europe's highest railways located?	{ "text": [ "Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 225 ] }
56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a8	Alps	The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ...	How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be?	{ "text": [ "57 km" ], "answer_start": [ 331 ] }
56f8d4209b226e1400dd10ad	Alps	Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terr...	Where is the village of Avoriaz located?	{ "text": [ "France" ], "answer_start": [ 49 ] }
56f8d4209b226e1400dd10ae	Alps	Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terr...	Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located?	{ "text": [ "Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 82 ] }
56f8d4209b226e1400dd10af	Alps	Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terr...	Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?	{ "text": [ "reasons of sustainability" ], "answer_start": [ 268 ] }
56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b3	Alps	The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within),...	When are many passes in the Alps closed?	{ "text": [ "winter" ], "answer_start": [ 254 ] }
56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b4	Alps	The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within),...	The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what?	{ "text": [ "motorways" ], "answer_start": [ 66 ] }
56f8d4ee9b226e1400dd10b5	Alps	The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within),...	What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?	{ "text": [ "mountain passes" ], "answer_start": [ 103 ] }
56f88b90aef2371900626166	Gene	A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g...	What is a gene?	{ "text": [ "a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product" ], "answer_start": [ 11 ] }
56f88b90aef2371900626167	Gene	A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g...	What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?	{ "text": [ "The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
56f88b90aef2371900626168	Gene	A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g...	What influence are most biological traits under?	{ "text": [ "polygenes (many different genes)" ], "answer_start": [ 293 ] }
56f88b90aef2371900626169	Gene	A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g...	What is one instantly visible genetic trait?	{ "text": [ "eye colour or number of limbs" ], "answer_start": [ 423 ] }
56f88b90aef237190062616a	Gene	A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different g...	What is one invisible genetic trait?	{ "text": [ "blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life" ], "answer_start": [ 480 ] }
56f88e06aef2371900626180	Gene	Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers...	What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?	{ "text": [ "different variants, known as alleles" ], "answer_start": [ 58 ] }
56f88e06aef2371900626181	Gene	Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers...	What do alleles do?	{ "text": [ "encode slightly different versions of a protein" ], "answer_start": [ 129 ] }
56f88e06aef2371900626182	Gene	Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers...	What do alleles cause?	{ "text": [ "different phenotype traits" ], "answer_start": [ 190 ] }
56f88e06aef2371900626183	Gene	Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers...	What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to?	{ "text": [ "having a different allele of the gene" ], "answer_start": [ 324 ] }
56f88e06aef2371900626184	Gene	Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers...	What causes genes to evolve?	{ "text": [ "natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles" ], "answer_start": [ 383 ] }
56f8935baef23719006261ce	Gene	The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ...	What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?	{ "text": [ "its coding regions" ], "answer_start": [ 145 ] }
56f8935baef23719006261cf	Gene	The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ...	What can coding regions be split into?	{ "text": [ "several exons" ], "answer_start": [ 202 ] }
56f8935baef23719006261d0	Gene	The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ...	What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?	{ "text": [ "RNA" ], "answer_start": [ 252 ] }
56f8935baef23719006261d1	Gene	The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ...	What are some gene products?	{ "text": [ "functional non-coding RNAs" ], "answer_start": [ 298 ] }
56f8935baef23719006261d2	Gene	The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding ...	What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?	{ "text": [ "any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product" ], "answer_start": [ 385 ] }
56f895849e9bad19000a0181	Gene	The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch...	Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?	{ "text": [ "Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
56f895849e9bad19000a0182	Gene	The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch...	If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent?	{ "text": [ "n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas" ], "answer_start": [ 289 ] }
56f895849e9bad19000a0183	Gene	The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch...	What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?	{ "text": [ "independent assortment" ], "answer_start": [ 705 ] }
56f895849e9bad19000a0184	Gene	The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch...	What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?	{ "text": [ "the distinction between dominant and recessive traits" ], "answer_start": [ 729 ] }
56f895849e9bad19000a0185	Gene	The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch...	What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?	{ "text": [ "discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics" ], "answer_start": [ 432 ] }
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019b	Gene	Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ...	What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?	{ "text": [ "one of blending inheritance" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019c	Gene	Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ...	Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?	{ "text": [ "Charles Darwin" ], "answer_start": [ 249 ] }
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019d	Gene	Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ...	What does the term gemmule describe?	{ "text": [ "hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction" ], "answer_start": [ 360 ] }
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019e	Gene	Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ...	What year was Mendel's work first published?	{ "text": [ "1866" ], "answer_start": [ 498 ] }
56f896ef9e9bad19000a019f	Gene	Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, ...	Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?	{ "text": [ "Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak" ], "answer_start": [ 564 ] }
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c77	Gene	The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.	What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from?	{ "text": [ "γένος (génos)" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c78	Gene	The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.	What does the ancient Greek word 'génos' mean?	{ "text": [ "\"race, offspring\"" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c79	Gene	The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.	What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'?	{ "text": [ "Wilhelm Johannsen" ], "answer_start": [ 151 ] }
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7a	Gene	The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.	What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909?	{ "text": [ "the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity" ], "answer_start": [ 181 ] }
56f8981f9b226e1400dd0c7b	Gene	The word gene is derived (via pangene) from the Ancient Greek word γένος (génos) meaning "race, offspring". Gene was coined in 1909 by Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen to describe the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, while the related word genetics was first used by William Bateson in 1905.	Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905?	{ "text": [ "William Bateson" ], "answer_start": [ 289 ] }
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c93	Gene	Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W...	What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?	{ "text": [ "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)" ], "answer_start": [ 87 ] }
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c94	Gene	Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W...	Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?	{ "text": [ "Rosalind Franklin" ], "answer_start": [ 253 ] }
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c95	Gene	Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W...	What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule?	{ "text": [ "James D. Watson and Francis Crick" ], "answer_start": [ 310 ] }
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c96	Gene	Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W...	What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?	{ "text": [ "reverse transcription in retroviruses" ], "answer_start": [ 736 ] }
56f8997b9b226e1400dd0c97	Gene	Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W...	What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?	{ "text": [ "molecular genetics" ], "answer_start": [ 836 ] }
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca7	Gene	In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab...	When was the first sequence of a gene determined?	{ "text": [ "In 1972" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca8	Gene	In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab...	What was the first gene to be sequenced?	{ "text": [ "the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
56f89b129b226e1400dd0ca9	Gene	In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab...	Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977?	{ "text": [ "Frederick Sanger" ], "answer_start": [ 233 ] }
56f89b129b226e1400dd0caa	Gene	In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab...	What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process?	{ "text": [ "improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool." ], "answer_start": [ 250 ] }
56f89b129b226e1400dd0cab	Gene	In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine lab...	What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?	{ "text": [ "the Human Genome Project" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c7	Gene	The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e...	In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?	{ "text": [ "the 1930s and 1940s" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c8	Gene	The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e...	What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?	{ "text": [ "the modern evolutionary synthesis" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01c9	Gene	The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e...	Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?	{ "text": [ "George C. Williams" ], "answer_start": [ 252 ] }
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01ca	Gene	The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e...	What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?	{ "text": [ "\"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.\"" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
56f89cb39e9bad19000a01cb	Gene	The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an e...	Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?	{ "text": [ "Richard Dawkins" ], "answer_start": [ 659 ] }
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01db	Gene	The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1	What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?	{ "text": [ "long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)" ], "answer_start": [ 60 ] }
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dc	Gene	The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1	What does DNA consist of?	{ "text": [ "a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits" ], "answer_start": [ 121 ] }
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01dd	Gene	The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1	What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?	{ "text": [ "a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)" ], "answer_start": [ 192 ] }
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01de	Gene	The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1	What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?	{ "text": [ "adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine" ], "answer_start": [ 275 ] }
56f89e2e9e9bad19000a01df	Gene	The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1	Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?	{ "text": [ "a phosphate group" ], "answer_start": [ 230 ] }
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ce9	Gene	Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo...	What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of?	{ "text": [ "phosphate-sugar" ], "answer_start": [ 78 ] }
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0cea	Gene	Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo...	What base pairs with thymine?	{ "text": [ "adenine" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ceb	Gene	Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo...	What base does guanine pair with?	{ "text": [ "cytosine" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0cec	Gene	Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo...	What causes the specificity of base pairing?	{ "text": [ "adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds" ], "answer_start": [ 274 ] }
56f89fc39b226e1400dd0ced	Gene	Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate-sugar backbone spiralling around the outside, and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine. The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bo...	Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix?	{ "text": [ "The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary" ], "answer_start": [ 381 ] }
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0207	Gene	Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ...	What causes the directionality of DNA strands?	{ "text": [ "the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0208	Gene	Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ...	What is known as the 3' end?	{ "text": [ "an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose" ], "answer_start": [ 137 ] }
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0209	Gene	Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ...	What is known as the 5' end?	{ "text": [ "an exposed phosphate group" ], "answer_start": [ 251 ] }
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a020a	Gene	Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ...	What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'→3' direction?	{ "text": [ "Nucleic acid synthesis" ], "answer_start": [ 361 ] }
56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a020b	Gene	Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ...	Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'→3' direction?	{ "text": [ "because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile" ], "answer_start": [ 460 ] }
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0211	Gene	The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically...	How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?	{ "text": [ "by transcribing the gene into RNA" ], "answer_start": [ 46 ] }
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0212	Gene	The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically...	What is RNA?	{ "text": [ "a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0213	Gene	The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically...	What base does RNA have in place of thymine?	{ "text": [ "the base uracil" ], "answer_start": [ 227 ] }
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0214	Gene	The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically...	What are codons?	{ "text": [ "a series of three-nucleotide sequences" ], "answer_start": [ 381 ] }
56f8a1fa9e9bad19000a0215	Gene	The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically...	What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?	{ "text": [ "The genetic code" ], "answer_start": [ 489 ] }
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0235	Gene	The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo...	What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?	{ "text": [ "its genome" ], "answer_start": [ 65 ] }
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0236	Gene	The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo...	What does a chromosome consist of?	{ "text": [ "a single, very long DNA helix" ], "answer_start": [ 150 ] }
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0237	Gene	The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo...	What is encoded on a chromosome?	{ "text": [ "thousands of genes" ], "answer_start": [ 189 ] }
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0238	Gene	The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo...	What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called?	{ "text": [ "its locus" ], "answer_start": [ 302 ] }
56f8a3099e9bad19000a0239	Gene	The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each lo...	What does each locus contain?	{ "text": [ "one allele of a gene" ], "answer_start": [ 333 ] }
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d29	Gene	The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h...	Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored?	{ "text": [ "on a set of large, linear chromosomes" ], "answer_start": [ 44 ] }
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2a	Gene	The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h...	Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what?	{ "text": [ "a nucleosome" ], "answer_start": [ 200 ] }
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2b	Gene	The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h...	What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate?	{ "text": [ "whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression" ], "answer_start": [ 395 ] }
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2c	Gene	The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h...	What are replication origins?	{ "text": [ "regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome" ], "answer_start": [ 752 ] }
56f8a4cf9b226e1400dd0d2d	Gene	The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the h...	Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what?	{ "text": [ "Telomeres" ], "answer_start": [ 833 ] }
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5b	Gene	Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ...	What are prokaryotes?	{ "text": [ "bacteria and archaea" ], "answer_start": [ 13 ] }
56f8a7409b226e1400dd0d5c	Gene	Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, ...	How do prokaryotes store their genomes?	{ "text": [ "on a single large, circular chromosome" ], "answer_start": [ 65 ] }

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