id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0637 | Near_East | It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near E... | What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in? | {
"text": [
"the Ottoman Porte"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
56f8dea89e9bad19000a0638 | Near_East | It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near E... | What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean? | {
"text": [
"permits from the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
636
]
} |
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd1158 | Near_East | Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman... | What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms? | {
"text": [
"North Africa west of Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd1159 | Near_East | Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman... | Where were the piratical kingdoms from? | {
"text": [
"Barbary Coast"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115a | Near_East | Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman... | Why was Iran included in the collection of regions? | {
"text": [
"because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115b | Near_East | Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman... | What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s? | {
"text": [
"the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
56f8dfe39b226e1400dd115c | Near_East | Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century. Formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman... | The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East" | {
"text": [
"of the sick man of Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116c | Near_East | The geographical terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They ap... | The terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what? | {
"text": [
"the opposites of far and near"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116d | Near_East | The geographical terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They ap... | When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals? | {
"text": [
"the mid-19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
56f8e0bc9b226e1400dd116e | Near_East | The geographical terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans, fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They ap... | The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what? | {
"text": [
"the near or far east of a field, village or shire."
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56f8e1749b226e1400dd1172 | Near_East | There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. U... | Who used the terms near Gaul? | {
"text": [
"The Romans"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
56f8e1749b226e1400dd1173 | Near_East | There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. U... | The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B? | {
"text": [
"the Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56f8e1749b226e1400dd1174 | Near_East | There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. U... | Usually the terms were given when referencing what? | {
"text": [
"a geographic feature"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0684 | Near_East | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | What divided Asia on a similar basis? | {
"text": [
"Ptolemy's Geography"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0685 | Near_East | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where? | {
"text": [
"In the north"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0686 | Near_East | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | "India on this side of the Ganges" is located where? | {
"text": [
"To the south"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0687 | Near_East | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | "Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where? | {
"text": [
"In the north"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0688 | Near_East | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | Where did Asia begin? | {
"text": [
"on the coast of Anatolia"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ac | Near_East | By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English ... | When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima? | {
"text": [
"1670"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ad | Near_East | By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English ... | What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become? | {
"text": [
"the East Indies"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06ae | Near_East | By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English ... | China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what? | {
"text": [
"\"the East Indies\""
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06af | Near_East | By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English ... | What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"? | {
"text": [
"\"east\""
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
56f8e48f9e9bad19000a06b0 | Near_East | By the time of John Seller's Atlas Maritima of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the East Indies" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English ... | What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map? | {
"text": [
"1590"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c0 | Near_East | Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened t... | Where was Elizabeth I from? | {
"text": [
"England"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c1 | Near_East | Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened t... | What was Elizabeth primarily interested in? | {
"text": [
"trade with the east"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c2 | Near_East | Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened t... | Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with? | {
"text": [
"English merchants"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c3 | Near_East | Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened t... | What was the goal of the first trading companies? | {
"text": [
"obtain trading concessions by treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
56f8e5f29e9bad19000a06c4 | Near_East | Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened t... | What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies? | {
"text": [
"The East India Company"
],
"answer_start": [
787
]
} |
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d4 | Near_East | It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the form... | What has pleased western historians? | {
"text": [
"to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d5 | Near_East | It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the form... | What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"The borders"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d6 | Near_East | It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the form... | What was the Ottoman Empire created from? | {
"text": [
"the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d7 | Near_East | It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the form... | How did the last Roman emperor die? | {
"text": [
"fighting hand-to-hand in the streets"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
56f8e6d39e9bad19000a06d8 | Near_East | It has pleased western historians to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the form... | Where was the Roman emperor's capital? | {
"text": [
"Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06e8 | Near_East | The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek... | The populations did not accept what? | {
"text": [
"Turkish rule"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06e9 | Near_East | The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek... | The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? | {
"text": [
"1688"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06ea | Near_East | The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek... | What created Serbia? | {
"text": [
"the Serbian Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06eb | Near_East | The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek... | When was the Serbian Revolution? | {
"text": [
"1815–1833"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06ec | Near_East | The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek... | When was the Greek War of Independence? | {
"text": [
"1821–1832"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f2 | Near_East | In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually,... | When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"1853"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f3 | Near_East | In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually,... | When was the Crimean War? | {
"text": [
"1853–1856"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f4 | Near_East | In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually,... | During the Crimean War who did the British and French support? | {
"text": [
"the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f5 | Near_East | In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually,... | What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War? | {
"text": [
"the incursions of the Russian Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
56f8e8659e9bad19000a06f6 | Near_East | In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually,... | The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region? | {
"text": [
"the Balkan region"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b0 | Near_East | Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indi... | Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? | {
"text": [
"1855"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b1 | Near_East | Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indi... | What brought a change in vocabulary? | {
"text": [
"The Crimean War"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b2 | Near_East | Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indi... | The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who? | {
"text": [
"the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b3 | Near_East | Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indi... | Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power? | {
"text": [
"the British government"
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
} |
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b4 | Near_East | Until about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indi... | What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary? | {
"text": [
"the British Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
891
]
} |
56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11ba | Near_East | In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resou... | When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age? | {
"text": [
"1855"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11bb | Near_East | In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resou... | Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Taylor Meadows"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11bc | Near_East | In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resou... | What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to? | {
"text": [
"the suggestion by another interpreter"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c0 | Near_East | Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general publi... | What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary? | {
"text": [
"the letter to the Times"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c1 | Near_East | Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general publi... | What was said must represent usage by that administration? | {
"text": [
"Meadows' terminology"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c2 | Near_East | Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general publi... | Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration? | {
"text": [
"Duke of Wellington"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c6 | Near_East | "Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separat... | What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles? | {
"text": [
"\"Near East\""
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c7 | Near_East | "Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separat... | What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates? | {
"text": [
"\"the Nearer East,\""
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c8 | Near_East | "Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separat... | There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"text": [
"the Biblical lands"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c9 | Near_East | "Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separat... | What did the Christians see the country as? | {
"text": [
"the land of the Old and New Testaments"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11ca | Near_East | "Near East" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: "the Nearer East," reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of "nearer" and "farther." They undoubtedly saw a need to separat... | How did the scholars attempt their definition? | {
"text": [
"on the basis of archaeology"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fc | Near_East | For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making: | When was the London Review? | {
"text": [
"1861"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fd | Near_East | For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making: | Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what? | {
"text": [
"The London Review of 1861"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fe | Near_East | For example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making: | Who wrote The London Review of 1861? | {
"text": [
"(Telford and Barber"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0702 | Near_East | The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans. | What region was explicitly excluded? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0703 | Near_East | The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans. | What region has no mention? | {
"text": [
"the Balkans"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0704 | Near_East | The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans. | Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what? | {
"text": [
"regions in their inventory"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f8ecd49e9bad19000a0708 | Near_East | Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for th... | What does Hogarth say in detail? | {
"text": [
"where and why"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56f8ecd49e9bad19000a0709 | Near_East | Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for th... | Hogarth makes no mention of what? | {
"text": [
"the classics"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
56f8ecd49e9bad19000a070a | Near_East | Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for th... | How is Hogarth's analysis? | {
"text": [
"geopolitical"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d0 | Near_East | In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the... | When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute? | {
"text": [
"the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d1 | Near_East | In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the... | The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes? | {
"text": [
"English-speaking public"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d2 | Near_East | In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the... | What was the cause of the onus? | {
"text": [
"the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d3 | Near_East | In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the... | What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians? | {
"text": [
"they were Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d4 | Near_East | In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the... | When was Robert Hickens' book wrote? | {
"text": [
"1913)"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072a | Near_East | The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, ... | Reports from who made the change evident? | {
"text": [
"influential British travellers"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072b | Near_East | The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, ... | Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894 | {
"text": [
"the Far East"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072c | Near_East | The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, ... | What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East? | {
"text": [
"The Peoples and Politics of the Far East"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072d | Near_East | The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, ... | What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out? | {
"text": [
"1895"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073b | Near_East | The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbaria... | Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book? | {
"text": [
"New York"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073c | Near_East | The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbaria... | When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book? | {
"text": [
"June, 1896"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073d | Near_East | The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbaria... | What magazine did Norman publish his work in? | {
"text": [
"Scribner's Magazine"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073e | Near_East | The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbaria... | Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states? | {
"text": [
"The Russians"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
} |
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073f | Near_East | The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbaria... | Who did Norman say "turned her back"? | {
"text": [
"England"
],
"answer_start": [
949
]
} |
56f8f0819e9bad19000a0745 | Near_East | Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, R... | What does Norman mean in the article when saying "Near East"? | {
"text": [
"the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
56f8f0819e9bad19000a0746 | Near_East | Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, R... | What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to? | {
"text": [
"just \"the east.\""
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
56f8f0819e9bad19000a0747 | Near_East | Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, R... | "The East" refers to what? | {
"text": [
"The rest of the Ottoman domain"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074b | Near_East | If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the oth... | What was William Miller's life span? | {
"text": [
"1864–1945"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074c | Near_East | If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the oth... | What was William Miller an expert on? | {
"text": [
"the Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074d | Near_East | If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the oth... | So to speak, what did William Miller do? | {
"text": [
"signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074e | Near_East | If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the oth... | Where did Miller attend school? | {
"text": [
"Oxford"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} |
56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075d | Near_East | These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances... | Miller's words were considered what? | {
"text": [
"fighting words"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075e | Near_East | These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances... | It was considered Europe needed what country? | {
"text": [
"Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075f | Near_East | These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances... | What was Miller citing? | {
"text": [
"the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e4 | Near_East | If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), wh... | The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country? | {
"text": [
"Austro-Hungarian Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e5 | Near_East | If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), wh... | Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire? | {
"text": [
"the German Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e6 | Near_East | If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), wh... | Who did the British Empire side with? | {
"text": [
"the Russian Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e7 | Near_East | If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), wh... | The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what? | {
"text": [
"World War I"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e8 | Near_East | If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), wh... | By what year were three empires gone? | {
"text": [
"1918"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076d | Near_East | By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question," Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the... | What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East? | {
"text": [
"1916"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076e | Near_East | By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question," Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the... | Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization? | {
"text": [
"Arnold J. Toynbee"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076f | Near_East | By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question," Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the... | Arnold J Toynbee believed what? | {
"text": [
"Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
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