id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0773 | Near_East | From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other change... | What was able to rise from the death of the Near East? | {
"text": [
"new nations"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0774 | Near_East | From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other change... | What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East? | {
"text": [
"the Republic of Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0775 | Near_East | From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other change... | How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves? | {
"text": [
"with the west"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0776 | Near_East | From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other change... | Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey? | {
"text": [
"Mustafa Kemal"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0777 | Near_East | From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other change... | Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer? | {
"text": [
"Mustafa Kemal"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077d | Near_East | The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of... | When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective? | {
"text": [
"the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077e | Near_East | The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of... | The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context? | {
"text": [
"archaeology"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077f | Near_East | The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of... | Where did the "Far East" derive from? | {
"text": [
"Ptolemy's \"India Beyond the Ganges.\""
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a0780 | Near_East | The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of... | Where did the Ottoman Empire end? | {
"text": [
"the eastern border of Iraq"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a0781 | Near_East | The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of... | Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"? | {
"text": [
"because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1202 | Near_East | The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of ... | Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin? | {
"text": [
"in British and American diplomatic circles"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1203 | Near_East | The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of ... | What was Iran known as to the west? | {
"text": [
"Persia"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1204 | Near_East | The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of ... | When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish "The Problem of the Middle East"? | {
"text": [
"1900"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1205 | Near_East | The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of ... | What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish? | {
"text": [
"The Problem of the Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1206 | Near_East | The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of ... | The problem of the Middle East was published by who? | {
"text": [
"Thomas Edward Gordon"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0787 | Near_East | The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on. | What threat caused Gordon to publish his article? | {
"text": [
"resumption of work on a railway"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0788 | Near_East | The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on. | Who was a diplomat and military officer? | {
"text": [
"Gordon"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0789 | Near_East | The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on. | Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications? | {
"text": [
"Gordon"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078d | Near_East | A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902: | Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles? | {
"text": [
"Alfred Thayer Mahan"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078e | Near_East | A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902: | What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about? | {
"text": [
"the naval vulnerability of the trade routes"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078f | Near_East | A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902: | When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes? | {
"text": [
"1902"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120c | Near_East | Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen. | Who did not connect with the soldier? | {
"text": [
"the sailor"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120d | Near_East | Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen. | What did Mahan believe he was innovating? | {
"text": [
"the term Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120e | Near_East | Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen. | What had already been there to be seen? | {
"text": [
"the term Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0793 | Near_East | Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region cons... | The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period? | {
"text": [
"the period following World War I"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0794 | Near_East | Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region cons... | Who was the colonial officer killed in China? | {
"text": [
"Bertram Lenox Simpson"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0795 | Near_East | Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region cons... | Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'? | {
"text": [
"Bertram Lenox Simpson"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0796 | Near_East | Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region cons... | What was Simpson's pen-name? | {
"text": [
"Weale"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079b | Near_East | The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whit... | What is the basis of Simpson's unity? | {
"text": [
"color and colonial subjection"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079c | Near_East | The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whit... | The great whites were appearing as late as what time? | {
"text": [
"the 1920s"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079d | Near_East | The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whit... | In whose works were the great whites appearing? | {
"text": [
"James Henry Breasted"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079e | Near_East | The basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was "the great white race", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white race. The great whit... | What was mainly of interest in America? | {
"text": [
"A red wavelength"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1212 | Near_East | These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire. | These regions were occupied by who? | {
"text": [
"the brown men"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1213 | Near_East | These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire. | Where where the yellow? | {
"text": [
"the Far East"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1214 | Near_East | These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire. | Where were the black? | {
"text": [
"Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1215 | Near_East | These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire. | When did Kenya become independent? | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1216 | Near_East | These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire. | The color issue was not settled until when? | {
"text": [
"Kenya became independent"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121c | Near_East | This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf ... | The Ottomans were portrayed as what? | {
"text": [
"the slavers"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121d | Near_East | This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf ... | Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers? | {
"text": [
"Charles George Gordon"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121e | Near_East | This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf ... | What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between? | {
"text": [
"assignments living among the poor and donating his salary"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121f | Near_East | This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf ... | When did he win Ottoman confidence? | {
"text": [
"as a junior officer in the Crimean War"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
} |
56f8fab19b226e1400dd1220 | Near_East | This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf ... | What did he become in his later career? | {
"text": [
"a high official in the Ottoman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
709
]
} |
56f8fb439b226e1400dd1226 | Near_East | The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. T... | When did the term "Near and Middle East" hold stage? | {
"text": [
"a few years before World War I"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56f8fb439b226e1400dd1227 | Near_East | The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. T... | What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view? | {
"text": [
"The term \"Near and Middle East,\""
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8fb439b226e1400dd1228 | Near_East | The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. T... | When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria? | {
"text": [
"1916"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
56f8fb439b226e1400dd1229 | Near_East | The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. T... | Who were the 40th Pathans? | {
"text": [
"(troops of British India"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
56f8fb439b226e1400dd122a | Near_East | The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. T... | In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered? | {
"text": [
"\"the Middle East."
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
56f8fba19b226e1400dd1230 | Near_East | Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition. | What prevailed with the disgrace of "Near East"? | {
"text": [
"\"Middle East\""
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
56f8fba19b226e1400dd1231 | Near_East | Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition. | What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department? | {
"text": [
"Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56f8fba19b226e1400dd1232 | Near_East | Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition. | What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles? | {
"text": [
"Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56f8fc749e9bad19000a07a3 | Near_East | Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but litt... | What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound? | {
"text": [
"sentiment of unity"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
56f8fc749e9bad19000a07a4 | Near_East | Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but litt... | What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound? | {
"text": [
"racial and colonial definitions"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56f8fc749e9bad19000a07a5 | Near_East | Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but litt... | What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered? | {
"text": [
"no longer considered ideologically sound"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1236 | Near_East | In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although v... | When were terms such as "Near East", "Far East", and "Middle East" relegated to the experts? | {
"text": [
"the 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1237 | Near_East | In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although v... | Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from? | {
"text": [
"the new field of political science"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1238 | Near_East | In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although v... | Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into? | {
"text": [
"the shadow of international relations"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
56f8fdaa9b226e1400dd1239 | Near_East | In the 20th century after decades of intense warfare and political turmoil terms such as "Near East", "Far East" and "Middle East" were relegated to the experts, especially in the new field of political science. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programs. Archaeology on the international scene, although v... | What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century? | {
"text": [
"independent republics"
],
"answer_start": [
628
]
} |
56f8fe559b226e1400dd123e | Near_East | The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned t... | What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East? | {
"text": [
"The United States"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8fe559b226e1400dd123f | Near_East | The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned t... | What has the state department been most influential in promulgating? | {
"text": [
"the Near Eastern regional system"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
56f8fe559b226e1400dd1240 | Near_East | The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned t... | Who has abandoned the term Near East? | {
"text": [
"The countries of the former empires of the 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56f8fedd9e9bad19000a07a9 | Near_East | The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is... | The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what? | {
"text": [
"the United States Department of State"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56f8fedd9e9bad19000a07aa | Near_East | The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is... | What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East? | {
"text": [
"The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8fedd9e9bad19000a07ab | Near_East | The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is... | Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what? | {
"text": [
"statecraft"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
56f8ff3d9b226e1400dd1244 | Near_East | Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and mi... | Who works closely with the definition of the Near East? | {
"text": [
"the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
56f8ff3d9b226e1400dd1245 | Near_East | Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and mi... | What is NESA? | {
"text": [
"an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56f8ff3d9b226e1400dd1246 | Near_East | Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and mi... | What does NESA Teach? | {
"text": [
"It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
56f8ff969b226e1400dd124a | Near_East | The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are i... | What is WINEP? | {
"text": [
"The Washington Institute for Near East Policy"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8ff969b226e1400dd124b | Near_East | The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are i... | What is WINEPS target countries as? | {
"text": [
"the Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
56f8ff969b226e1400dd124c | Near_East | The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are i... | How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa? | {
"text": [
"under \"North Africa.\""
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
56f8ffed9b226e1400dd1250 | Near_East | The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separa... | What does LoC stand for? | {
"text": [
"The Library of Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f8ffed9b226e1400dd1251 | Near_East | The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separa... | What is the Library of Congress? | {
"text": [
"an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
56f8ffed9b226e1400dd1252 | Near_East | The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separa... | The Library of Congress is under whose supervision? | {
"text": [
"the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
56f900f69e9bad19000a07af | Near_East | The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNE... | Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations? | {
"text": [
"The United Nations"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f900f69e9bad19000a07b0 | Near_East | The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNE... | Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region? | {
"text": [
"UNICEF"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
56f900f69e9bad19000a07b1 | Near_East | The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNE... | The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what? | {
"text": [
"the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
56f900f69e9bad19000a07b2 | Near_East | The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNE... | The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what? | {
"text": [
"the Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} |
56f901629e9bad19000a07b7 | Near_East | The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its oper... | What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government? | {
"text": [
"The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f901629e9bad19000a07b8 | Near_East | The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its oper... | The CIA appears to have what? | {
"text": [
"multiple leadership"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
56f901629e9bad19000a07b9 | Near_East | The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its oper... | Who appoints the director of the CIA? | {
"text": [
"the president"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
56f901629e9bad19000a07ba | Near_East | The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its oper... | Who oversees the operations of the CIA? | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
56f902439e9bad19000a07bf | Near_East | Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "suppor... | The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what? | {
"text": [
"The World Factbook"
],
"answer_start": [
668
]
} |
56f902439e9bad19000a07c0 | Near_East | Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "suppor... | What does NESA stand for? | {
"text": [
"Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
56f902439e9bad19000a07c1 | Near_East | Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "suppor... | Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?" | {
"text": [
"(NESA)"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56f902ac9e9bad19000a07c5 | Near_East | The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, wh... | What does USAID stand for? | {
"text": [
"U.S. Agency for International Development"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56f902ac9e9bad19000a07c6 | Near_East | The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, wh... | What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called? | {
"text": [
"USAID"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56f902ac9e9bad19000a07c7 | Near_East | The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, wh... | What term does USAID not use? | {
"text": [
"the term Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
56f903139e9bad19000a07cb | Near_East | The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic. | The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what? | {
"text": [
"a Middle East and North Africa region"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
56f903139e9bad19000a07cc | Near_East | The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic. | What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize? | {
"text": [
"Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56f903139e9bad19000a07cd | Near_East | The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic. | What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea? | {
"text": [
"Their original Middle East"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
56f903a79e9bad19000a07d1 | Near_East | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Midd... | What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct? | {
"text": [
"\"bilateral relationships\""
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
56f903a79e9bad19000a07d2 | Near_East | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Midd... | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term? | {
"text": [
"Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
56f903a79e9bad19000a07d3 | Near_East | The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Midd... | The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic? | {
"text": [
"Republic of Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
56f9040d9e9bad19000a07d7 | Near_East | The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Cr... | What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history? | {
"text": [
"The Ancient Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56f9040d9e9bad19000a07d8 | Near_East | The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Cr... | The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what? | {
"text": [
"the Ancient Near East"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
56f9040d9e9bad19000a07d9 | Near_East | The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Cr... | What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called? | {
"text": [
"Fertile Crescent"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56f904a39e9bad19000a07dd | Near_East | Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edit... | James Bennett Pritchard wrote what? | {
"text": [
"Texts relating to the Old Testament"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
56f904a39e9bad19000a07de | Near_East | Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edit... | When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook? | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
56f904a39e9bad19000a07df | Near_East | Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edit... | Who was a British archaeologist? | {
"text": [
"Leonard Woolley"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
56f904a39e9bad19000a07e0 | Near_East | Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edit... | Who excavated ancient Ur? | {
"text": [
"Leonard Woolley"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
56f9052e9e9bad19000a07e5 | Near_East | Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are ... | What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? | {
"text": [
"library and museum collections"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
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