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Fay and Wu's H : Hartl, Daniel L.; Clark, Andrew G. (2007). Principles of Population Genetics (4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0878933082. |
Fay and Wu's H : Computational tools: DNAsp (Windows) Variscan (Mac OS X, Linux, Windows) PopGenome R package (Mac OS X, Linux, Windows) |
Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm : In statistical genetics, Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm (or Felsenstein's tree-peeling algorithm), attributed to Joseph Felsenstein, is an algorithm for efficiently computing the likelihood of an evolutionary tree from nucleic acid sequence data. The algorithm is often used ... |
Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm : The likelihood of a tree T is, by definition, the probability of observing certain data D ( D being a nucleotide sequence alignment for example i.e. a succession of n DNA site s ) given the tree. It is often written : P ( D | T ) . Here is an example of an evolutionary tree ... |
FISIM : FISIM stands for Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured. In the System of National Accounts it is an estimate of the value of the services provided by financial intermediaries, such as banks, for which no explicit charges are made; instead these services are paid for as part of the margin between... |
Folded-t and half-t distributions : In statistics, the folded-t and half-t distributions are derived from Student's t-distribution by taking the absolute values of variates. This is analogous to the folded-normal and the half-normal statistical distributions being derived from the normal distribution. |
Folded-t and half-t distributions : The folded non-standardized t distribution is the distribution of the absolute value of the non-standardized t distribution with ν degrees of freedom; its probability density function is given by: g ( x ) = Γ ( ν + 1 2 ) Γ ( ν 2 ) ν π σ 2 ( for x ≥ 0 ) \right)\right)\left\lbrace \l... |
Folded-t and half-t distributions : Folded-t and half-t generalize the folded normal and half-normal distributions by allowing for finite degrees-of-freedom (the normal analogues constitute the limiting cases of infinite degrees-of-freedom). Since the Cauchy distribution constitutes the special case of a Student-t dist... |
Folded-t and half-t distributions : Folded normal distribution Half-normal distribution Modified half-normal distribution Half-logistic distribution |
Folded-t and half-t distributions : Psarakis, S.; Panaretos, J. (1990). "The folded t distribution". Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods. 19 (7): 2717–2734. doi:10.1080/03610929008830342. S2CID 121332770. Gelman, A. (2006). "Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models". Bayesian Ana... |
Folded-t and half-t distributions : Functions to evaluate half-t distributions are available in several R packages, e.g. [1] [2] [3]. |
Forking paths problem : The garden of forking paths is a problem in frequentist hypothesis testing through which researchers can unintentionally produce false positives for a tested hypothesis, through leaving themselves too many degrees of freedom. In contrast to fishing expeditions such as data dredging where only ex... |
Forking paths problem : Exploring a forking decision-tree while analyzing data was at one point grouped with the multiple comparisons problem as an example of poor statistical method. However Gelman and Loken demonstrated that this can happen implicitly by researchers aware of best practices who only make a single comp... |
Forking paths problem : A multiverse analysis is an approach that acknowledges the multitude of analytical paths available when analyzing data. The concept is inspired by the metaphorical "garden of forking paths," which represents the multitude of potential analyses that could be conducted on a single dataset. In a mu... |
Forking paths problem : Statistical hypothesis testing Researcher degrees of freedom == References == |
Formation matrix : In statistics and information theory, the expected formation matrix of a likelihood function L ( θ ) is the matrix inverse of the Fisher information matrix of L ( θ ) , while the observed formation matrix of L ( θ ) is the inverse of the observed information matrix of L ( θ ) . Currently, no nota... |
Formation matrix : Fisher information Shannon entropy |
Formation matrix : Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E., Cox, D.R. (1989), Asymptotic Techniques for Use in Statistics, Chapman and Hall, London. ISBN 0-412-31400-2 Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E., Cox, D.R., (1994). Inference and Asymptotics. Chapman & Hall, London. P. McCullagh, "Tensor Methods in Statistics", Monographs on Statistics an... |
Freedman–Diaconis rule : In statistics, the Freedman–Diaconis rule can be used to select the width of the bins to be used in a histogram. It is named after David A. Freedman and Persi Diaconis. For a set of empirical measurements sampled from some probability distribution, the Freedman–Diaconis rule is designed to appr... |
Freedman–Diaconis rule : With the factor 2 replaced by approximately 2.59, the Freedman–Diaconis rule asymptotically matches Scott's Rule for data sampled from a normal distribution. Another approach is to use Sturges's rule: use a bin width so that there are about 1 + log 2 n n non-empty bins, however this approach ... |
Freedman's paradox : In statistical analysis, Freedman's paradox, named after David Freedman, is a problem in model selection whereby predictor variables with no relationship to the dependent variable can pass tests of significance – both individually via a t-test, and jointly via an F-test for the significance of the ... |
Function approximation : In general, a function approximation problem asks us to select a function among a well-defined class that closely matches ("approximates") a target function in a task-specific way. The need for function approximations arises in many branches of applied mathematics, and computer science in parti... |
Function approximation : Approximation theory Fitness approximation Kriging Least squares (function approximation) Radial basis function network |
G*Power : G*Power is a free-to use software used to calculate statistical power. The program offers the ability to calculate power for a wide variety of statistical tests including t-tests, F-tests, and chi-square-tests, among others. Additionally, the user must determine which of the many contexts this test is being u... |
G*Power : Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. (2009). Statistical power an... |
G*Power : G*Power homepage |
Geary's C : Geary's C is a measure of spatial autocorrelation that attempts to determine if observations of the same variable are spatially autocorrelated globally (rather than at the neighborhood level). Spatial autocorrelation is more complex than autocorrelation because the correlation is multi-dimensional and bi-di... |
Geary's C : Geary's C is defined as C = ( N − 1 ) ∑ i ∑ j w i j ( x i − x j ) 2 2 S 0 ∑ i ( x i − x ¯ ) 2 \sum _w_(x_-x_)^\sum _(x_-)^ where N is the number of spatial units indexed by i and j ; x is the variable of interest; x ¯ is the mean of x ; w i j is the i t h row of the spatial weights matrix W with ze... |
Geary's C : Like Moran's I, Geary's C can be decomposed into a sum of Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) statistics. LISA statistics can be used to find local clusters through significance testing, though because a large number of tests must be performed (one per sampling area) this approach suffers from th... |
Generalized iterative scaling : In statistics, generalized iterative scaling (GIS) and improved iterative scaling (IIS) are two early algorithms used to fit log-linear models, notably multinomial logistic regression (MaxEnt) classifiers and extensions of it such as MaxEnt Markov models and conditional random fields. Th... |
Generalized iterative scaling : Expectation-maximization == References == |
Generalized multidimensional scaling : Generalized multidimensional scaling (GMDS) is an extension of metric multidimensional scaling, in which the target space is non-Euclidean. When the dissimilarities are distances on a surface and the target space is another surface, GMDS allows finding the minimum-distortion embed... |
Generalized multidimensional scaling : Bronstein AM, Bronstein MM, Kimmel R (January 2006). "Generalized multidimensional scaling: a framework for isometry-invariant partial surface matching". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (5): 1168–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508601103. PMC 1360551. PMID 16432211. |
Generalized variance : The generalized variance is a scalar value which generalizes variance for multivariate random variables. It was introduced by Samuel S. Wilks. The generalized variance is defined as the determinant of the covariance matrix, det ( Σ ) . It can be shown to be related to the multidimensional scatte... |
Generalized Wiener process : In statistics, a generalized Wiener process (named after Norbert Wiener) is a continuous time random walk with drift and random jumps at every point in time. Formally: a ( x , t ) d t + b ( x , t ) η d t where a and b are deterministic functions, t is a continuous index for time, x is a se... |
Government Statistical Service : The Government Statistical Service (GSS) is the community of all civil servants in the United Kingdom who work in the collection, production and communication of official statistics. It includes not only statisticians, but also economists, social researchers, IT professionals, and secre... |
Government Statistical Service : The GSS was formed in 1968, in response to a series of recommendations made by Claus Moser, director of the Central Statistical Office, who recognised that 'society was going through radical changes, and social and economic policy was being made on incorrect and out of date statistics. ... |
Government Statistical Service : GSS website GSS homepage on gov.uk GSS overview on ONS website |
Greenhouse–Geisser correction : The Greenhouse–Geisser correction ε ^ is a statistical method of adjusting for lack of sphericity in a repeated measures ANOVA. The correction functions as both an estimate of epsilon (sphericity) and a correction for lack of sphericity. The correction was proposed by Samuel Greenhouse ... |
Greenhouse–Geisser correction : Mauchly's sphericity test Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) == References == |
Gross reproduction rate : The gross reproduction rate (GRR) is the average number of daughters a woman would have if she survived all of her childbearing years, which is roughly to the age of 45, subject to the age-specific fertility rate and sex ratio at birth throughout that period. This rate is a measure of replacem... |
Gross reproduction rate : G R R = Σ A S F R f ′ × 5 \times 5 *Note that we did not multiply by 1,000 because the results for individual women not per 1,000 women. |
Gross reproduction rate : Net reproduction rate Sub-replacement fertility Total fertility rate == References == |
Group family : In probability theory, especially as it is used in statistics, a group family of probability distributions is one obtained by subjecting a random variable with a fixed distribution to a suitable transformation, such as a location–scale family, or otherwise one of probability distributions acted upon by a... |
Group family : A group family can be generated by subjecting a random variable with a fixed distribution to some suitable transformations. Different types of group families are as follows : |
Group family : The transformation applied to the random variable must satisfy the properties of closure under composition and inversion. == References == |
Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education : The Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) are a framework for statistics education in grades Pre-K–12 published by the American Statistical Association (ASA) in 2007. The foundations for this framework are the Princi... |
Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education : The GAISE document provides a two-dimensional framework, specifying four components used in statistical problem solving (formulating questions, collecting data, analyzing data, and interpreting results) and three levels of conceptual understanding thro... |
Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education : The GAISE College Report begins by synthesizing the history and current understanding of introductory statistics courses and then lists goals for students based on statistical literacy. Six recommendations for introductory statistics courses are given,... |
Hampel test : Hampel test (also known as Hampel identifier, Hampel method) - a statistical test used to detect outliers in a data set. == References == |
Hellin's law : Hellin's law, also called Hellin-Zeleny's law, is an empirical observation in demography that the approximate rate of multiple births is one n-tuple birth per 89n-1 singleton births: twin births occur about once per 89 singleton births, triplets about once per 892, quadruplets about once per 893, and so ... |
Hellin's law : Throughout the 1800s, demographics registers were becoming more common in Europe, which generated data sets in different administrative regions. There was interest in twin research, and many demographers began studying patterns in birth rates. Analysis by Veit in 1855 of a Prussian data set covering 1826... |
Hellin's law : Fellman, Johan; Eriksson Aldur W (Apr 2009). "Statistical analyses of Hellin's law". Twin Research and Human Genetics. 12 (2). Australia: 191–200. doi:10.1375/twin.12.2.191. ISSN 1832-4274. PMID 19335191. Fellman, Johan; Eriksson Aldur W (Apr 2009). "On the history of Hellin's law". Twin Research and Hum... |
Helmert–Wolf blocking : The Helmert–Wolf blocking (HWB) is a least squares solution method for the solution of a sparse block system of linear equations. It was first reported by F. R. Helmert for use in geodesy problems in 1880; H. Wolf (1910–1994) published his direct semianalytic solution in 1978. It is based on ord... |
Helmert–Wolf blocking : The HWB solution is very fast to compute but it is optimal only if observational errors do not correlate between the data blocks. The generalized canonical correlation analysis (gCCA) is the statistical method of choice for making those harmful cross-covariances vanish. This may, however, become... |
Helmert–Wolf blocking : The HWB method is critical to satellite geodesy and similar large problems. The HWB method can be extended to fast Kalman filtering (FKF) by augmenting its linear regression equation system to take into account information from numerical forecasts, physical constraints and other ancillary data s... |
Helmert–Wolf blocking : Block matrix == Notes == |
Hidden semi-Markov model : A hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) is a statistical model with the same structure as a hidden Markov model except that the unobservable process is semi-Markov rather than Markov. This means that the probability of there being a change in the hidden state depends on the amount of time that has ... |
Hidden semi-Markov model : Shun-Zheng Yu, "Hidden Semi-Markov Models: Theory, Algorithms and Applications", 1st Edition, 208 pages, Publisher: Elsevier, Nov. 2015 ISBN 978-0128027677. |
Hidden semi-Markov model : Chiappa, Silvia (2014), "Explicit-duration Markov switching models" (PDF), Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, 7 (6): 803–886, arXiv:1909.05800, doi:10.1561/2200000054, S2CID 51858970. Guédon, Y. (2003), "Estimating hidden semi-Markov chains from discrete sequences" (PDF), Journal of ... |
Hidden semi-Markov model : Shun-Zheng Yu, HSMM – Online bibliography and Matlab source code |
Higher-order statistics : In statistics, the term higher-order statistics (HOS) refers to functions which use the third or higher power of a sample, as opposed to more conventional techniques of lower-order statistics, which use constant, linear, and quadratic terms (zeroth, first, and second powers). The third and hig... |
Higher-order statistics : http://www.maths.leeds.ac.uk/Applied/news.dir/issue2/hos_intro.html Archived 2007-01-26 at the Wayback Machine https://web.archive.org/web/20061125033107/http://lpce.cnrs-orleans.fr/~ddwit/lalonde/lalonde_presentations/horbury2.pdf http://www.ics.uci.edu/~welling/publications/papers/RobCum-ais... |
Hilsenhoff Biotic Index : The Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) is a quantitative method of evaluating the abundance of arthropod fauna in stream ecosystems as a measurement of estimating water quality based on the predetermined pollution tolerances of the observed taxa. This biotic index was created by William Hilsenhoff ... |
Hilsenhoff Biotic Index : The collection sample should contain 100+ arthropods. A tolerance value of 0 to 10 is assigned to each arthropod species (or genera) based on its known prevalence in stream habitats with varying states of detritus contamination. A highly tolerant species would receive a value of 10, while a sp... |
Hockey stick graph : A hockey stick graph or hockey stick curve is a graph, or curve shape, that resembles an ice hockey stick, in that it turns sharply from a nearly flat "blade" to a long "handle". In economics, marketing, and dose–response relationships, a hockey stick graph is one in which the "blade" is near zero ... |
Hockey stick graph : Hockey stick graph (global temperature) == References == |
Hoeffding's independence test : In statistics, Hoeffding's test of independence, named after Wassily Hoeffding, is a test based on the population measure of deviation from independence H = ∫ ( F 12 − F 1 F 2 ) 2 d F 12 -F_F_)^\,dF_ where F 12 is the joint distribution function of two random variables, and F 1 and F 2... |
Hoeffding's independence test : Correlation Kendall's tau Spearman's rank correlation coefficient Distance correlation |
Hoeffding's independence test : Wassily Hoeffding, A non-parametric test of independence, Annals of Mathematical Statistics 19: 293–325, 1948. (JSTOR) Hollander and Wolfe, Non-parametric statistical methods (Section 8.7), 1999. Wiley. |
Housing Market Area : In the United Kingdom a Housing Market Area (HMA) is a statistical area where patterns of demand for housing are observed. These are influenced by commuting patterns, internal migration and house prices. HMAs reflect the fact that people may live in one local authority area but commute to another ... |
Human dynamics : Human dynamics refer to a branch of complex systems research in statistical physics such as the movement of crowds and queues and other systems of complex human interactions including statistical modelling of human networks, including interactions over communications networks. |
Human dynamics : Human Dynamics as a branch of statistical physics: Its main goal is to understand human behavior using methods originally developed in statistical physics. Research in this area started to gain momentum in 2005 after the publication of A.-L. Barabási's seminal paper The origin of bursts and heavy tails... |
Human dynamics : The term Human Dynamics or Human Dynamics as Personality Dynamics has also been used to describe a framework for understanding people and is applied in a technique aimed at education and team building. It is pioneered by Sandra Seagal and David Horne. It is a study of the ways in which we process infor... |
Human dynamics : Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Understanding Human Dynamics Human Dynamics at Notre Dame |
ICivil : iCivil is a CRVS (civil registration and vital statistics) system used in Burkina Faso since August 2015. It sequentially allows the declaration, recording, and addition of civil status certificates (birth, marriage, divorce) in a central place. It is not needed to travel far to register a birth or to obtain a... |
Identity line : In a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, with x representing the abscissa and y the ordinate, the identity line or line of equality is the y = x line. The line, sometimes called the 1:1 line, has a slope of 1. When the abscissa and ordinate are on the same scale, the identity line forms a 45° ang... |
Impartial culture : Impartial culture (IC) or the culture of indifference is a probabilistic model used in social choice theory for analyzing ranked voting method rules. The model is understood to be unrealistic, and not a good representation of real-world voting behavior, however, it is useful for mathematical compari... |
Impartial culture : This model assumes that each voter's ranking is randomly selected from a uniform distribution. If these are chosen by n voters, there are thus m ! n possible elections ("preference profiles".) |
Impartial culture : This reduces the set of possible elections by eliminating those that are equivalent if the voter identities are unknown. For example, the two-candidate, three-voter election is equivalent to the election where the second and third voters swap votes: , and so all variations on this set of votes are ... |
Impartial culture : This reduces the set of possible elections further, by eliminating those that are equivalent if the candidate identities are unknown. For example, the two-candidate, three-voter election is equivalent to the election where the two candidates are swapped: . == References == |
Index (statistics) : In statistics and research design, an index is a composite statistic – a measure of changes in a representative group of individual data points, or in other words, a compound measure that aggregates multiple indicators. Indices – also known as indexes and composite indicators – summarize and rank s... |
Index (statistics) : Index (economics) Scale (social sciences) == References == |
Individual participant data : Individual participant data (also known as individual patient data, often abbreviated IPD) is raw data from individual participants, and is often used in the context of meta-analysis. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has stated that sharing of deidentified ind... |
Individual participant data : In an IPD meta-analysis, patient-level data from multiple studies or settings are combined to address a certain research question. IPD meta-analyses tend to be common for large-scale and international projects, and they are less limited than aggregate data (AD) meta-analyses in terms of th... |
Individual participant data : Individual participant data meta-analysis information at the Cochrane website |
InfoQ : Information quality (InfoQ) is the potential of a data set to achieve a specific (scientific or practical) goal using a given empirical analysis method. |
InfoQ : Formally, the definition is InfoQ = U(X,f|g) where X is the data, f the analysis method, g the goal and U the utility function. InfoQ is different from data quality and analysis quality, but is dependent on these components and on the relationship between them. InfoQ has been applied in a wide range of domains ... |
Information source (mathematics) : In mathematics, an information source is a sequence of random variables ranging over a finite alphabet Γ, having a stationary distribution. The uncertainty, or entropy rate, of an information source is defined as H = lim n → ∞ H ( X n | X 0 , X 1 , … , X n − 1 ) \=\lim _H(X_|X_,X_,\... |
Information source (mathematics) : Markov information source Asymptotic equipartition property |
Information source (mathematics) : Robert B. Ash, Information Theory, (1965) Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-66521-6 |
Innovation (signal processing) : In time series analysis (or forecasting) — as conducted in statistics, signal processing, and many other fields — the innovation is the difference between the observed value of a variable at time t and the optimal forecast of that value based on information available prior to time t. If... |
Innovation (signal processing) : Kalman filter Filtering problem (stochastic processes) Errors and residuals in statistics Innovation butterfly == References == |
Institute of Statistics (Albania) : The Institute of Statistics (Albanian: Instituti i Statistikave – INSTAT) is an independent public legal entity tasked with producing official statistics in the Republic of Albania. INSTAT is organized at the central level, with regional statistical offices at the local level that op... |
Institute of Statistics (Albania) : The statistical service in the Republic of Albania is carried out by the Institute of Statistics. In 1924, a statistical office was created that kept various economic records at the Ministry of Public Works and Agriculture. The activity of this office was limited to agricultural inve... |
Institute of Statistics (Albania) : Demographics of Albania List of national and international statistical services Eurostat == References == |
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal) : The Instituto Nacional de Estatística or INE (Portuguese for 'National Institute for Statistics') is the government office for national statistics of Portugal. In the English language it is also branded as Statistics Portugal. The INE is one of the components of the Portug... |
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal) : INE is installed in an Art Deco building, designed specifically to serve as its headquarters by architect Porfírio Pardal Monteiro in 1931. The building started to be being built in 1932, being inaugurated in 1935. Being a landmark of the early 20th century Portuguese mode... |
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal) : Office for National Statistics Eurostat Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Cape Verde) Instituto Nacional de Estatística (São Tomé and Príncipe) |
Intercensal estimate : In demographics, an intercensal estimate is an estimate of population between official census dates with both of the census counts being known. Some nations produce regular intercensal estimates while others do not. Intercensal estimates can be less or more informative than official census figure... |
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