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Two-way finite automaton : The concept of 2DFAs was in 1997 generalized to quantum computing by John Watrous's "On the Power of 2-Way Quantum Finite State Automata", in which he demonstrates that these machines can recognize nonregular languages and so are more powerful than DFAs. |
Two-way finite automaton : A pushdown automaton that is allowed to move either way on its input tape is called two-way pushdown automaton (2PDA); it has been studied by Hartmanis, Lewis, and Stearns (1965). Aho, Hopcroft, Ullman (1968) and Cook (1971) characterized the class of languages recognizable by deterministic (... |
Unambiguous finite automaton : In automata theory, an unambiguous finite automaton (UFA) is a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) such that each word has at most one accepting path. Each deterministic finite automaton (DFA) is an UFA, but not vice versa. DFA, UFA, and NFA recognize exactly the same class of formal ... |
Unambiguous finite automaton : An NFA is represented formally by a 5-tuple, A = ( Q , Σ , Δ , q 0 , F ) ,F) . An UFA is an NFA such that, for each word w = a 1 a 2 . . . a n a_...a_ , there exists at most one sequence of states r 0 , r 1 , . . . , r n ,r_,...,r_ , in Q with the following conditions: r 0 = q 0 =q_ ; r ... |
Unambiguous finite automaton : Let L be the set of words over the alphabet whose nth last letter is an a . The figures show a DFA and a UFA accepting this language for n=2. The minimal DFA accepting L has 2n states, one for each subset of . There is an UFA of n + 1 states which accepts L : it guesses the nth last... |
Unambiguous finite automaton : Three PSPACE-hard problems for general NFA belong to PTIME for DFA and are now considered. |
Unambiguous finite automaton : For a nondeterministic finite automaton A with n states and an m letter alphabet, it is decidable in time O ( n 2 m ) m) whether A is unambiguous. |
Unambiguous finite automaton : Given a UFA A and an integer n, one can count in polynomial time the number of words of size n that are accepted by A. This can be done by a simple dynamic programming algorithm: for every state q of A and i ∈ , compute the number of words of size n-i having a run starting at q and endi... |
Unambiguous finite automaton : Mathematical proofs that every UFA for a language needs a certain number of states were pioneered by Schmidt. Leung proved that a DFA equivalent to an n -state UFA requires 2 n states in the worst case, and that a UFA equivalent to a finitely ambiguous n -state NFA requires 2 n − 1 -1 ... |
Unambiguous finite automaton : Christof Löding, Unambiguous Finite Automata, Developments in Language Theory, (2013) pp. 29–30 (Slides) |
Weighted automaton : In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a weighted automaton or weighted finite-state machine is a generalization of a finite-state machine in which the edges have weights, for example real numbers or integers. Finite-state machines are only capable of answering decision problem... |
Weighted automaton : A commutative semiring (or rig) is a set R equipped with two distinguished elements 0 ≠ 1 and addition and multiplication operations ⊕ and ⊗ such that ⊕ is commutative and associative with identity 0 , ⊗ is commutative and associative with identity 1 , ⊗ distributes over ⊕ , and 0 is an ab... |
Weighted automaton : Since Δ is a set of transitions, weighted automata allow multiple transitions (or paths) on a single input string. Therefore a weighted automaton can be considered analogous to a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA). As is the case with NFAs, restrictions of weighted automata are considered tha... |
Weighted automaton : The requirement that there is a zero element for ⊕ is sometimes omitted; in this case the machine defines a partial function from Σ ∗ to R rather than a total function. It is possible to extend the definition to allow epsilon transitions ( q , ϵ , w , q ′ ) , where ϵ is the empty string. In th... |
Corpus linguistics : Corpus linguistics is an empirical method for the study of language by way of a text corpus (plural corpora). Corpora are balanced, often stratified collections of authentic, "real world", text of speech or writing that aim to represent a given linguistic variety. Today, corpora are generally machi... |
Corpus linguistics : Some of the earliest efforts at grammatical description were based at least in part on corpora of particular religious or cultural significance. For example, Prātiśākhya literature described the sound patterns of Sanskrit as found in the Vedas, and Pāṇini's grammar of classical Sanskrit was based a... |
Corpus linguistics : Corpus linguistics has generated a number of research methods, which attempt to trace a path from data to theory. Wallis and Nelson (2001) first introduced what they called the 3A perspective: Annotation, Abstraction and Analysis. Annotation consists of the application of a scheme to texts. Annotat... |
Corpus linguistics : A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English Collocation Collostructional analysis Concordance (Key Word in Context) Keyword (linguistics) Linguistic Data Consortium List of text corpora Machine translation Natural Language Toolkit Pattern grammar Search engines: they access the "web corpus" Semantic... |
Corpus linguistics : Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English |
Ancient text corpora : Ancient text corpora are the entire collection of texts from the period of ancient history, defined in this article as the period from the beginning of writing up to 300 AD. These corpora are important for the study of literature, history, linguistics, and other fields, and are a fundamental comp... |
Ancient text corpora : Two types of ancient texts are known to modern scholars – those that have only survived in younger manuscripts, but whose great age is undisputed (this applies to the bulk of the Chinese, Brahmi, Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Avestan tradition), and those known from original inscriptions, papyri and o... |
Ancient text corpora : Historic preservation and maintaining ancient text corpora presents several challenges, including issues with preservation, translation, and digitization. Many ancient texts have been lost over time, and those that survive may be damaged or fragmented. Translating ancient languages and scripts re... |
Ancient text corpora : The field of corpus linguistics studies language as expressed in text corpora. This includes the analysis of word frequency, collocations, grammar, and semantics. Ancient text corpora provide a valuable resource for corpus linguistics research, enabling scholars to explore the evolution of langua... |
Ancient text corpora : List of languages by first written account List of text corpora List of oldest documents Ancient literature |
Ancient text corpora : Peust, Carsten (2000). "Über ägyptische Lexikographie. 1: Zum Ptolemaic Lexikon von Penelope Wilson; 2: Versuch eines quantitativen Vergleichs der Textkorpora antiker Sprachen". Lingua Aegyptia 7 (PDF). pp. 245–260. Streck, Michael P. (2010). "Großes Fach Altorientalistik. Der Umfang des keilschr... |
Bibliotheca Polyglotta : The Bibliotheca Polyglotta is a Norwegian database for Multilingualism project, lingua franca and science per global history at the University of Oslo. The aim of the project is according to pages is "producing a web corpus of Buddhist texts for using in multilingual lexicography. More generall... |
Bibliotheca Polyglotta : Om databasen på UiOs nettsider Bibliotheca Polyglotta |
Co-occurrence : In linguistics, co-occurrence or cooccurrence is an above-chance frequency of ordered occurrence of two adjacent terms in a text corpus. Co-occurrence in this linguistic sense can be interpreted as an indicator of semantic proximity or an idiomatic expression. Corpus linguistics and its statistic analys... |
Co-occurrence : Distributional hypothesis Statistical semantics Idiom (language structure) Co-occurrence matrix Co-occurrence networks Similarity measure Dice coefficient |
Co-occurrence : Bordag, Stefan (2008). "A Comparison of Co-occurrence and Similarity Measures as Simulations of Context". pp. 52–63. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.471.5863. |
Collocation : In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a series of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, a collocation is a type of compositional phraseme, meaning that it can be understood from the words that make it up. This contrasts with an idiom, where the meaning... |
Collocation : Collocations are partly or fully fixed expressions that become established through repeated context-dependent use. Such terms as crystal clear, middle management, nuclear family, and cosmetic surgery are examples of collocated pairs of words. Collocations can be in a syntactic relation (such as verb–objec... |
Collocation : In 1933, Harold Palmer's Second Interim Report on English Collocations highlighted the importance of collocation as a key to producing natural-sounding language, for anyone learning a foreign language. Thus from the 1940s onwards, information about recurrent word combinations became a standard feature of ... |
Collocation : Student's t-test can be used to determine whether the occurrence of a collocation in a corpus is statistically significant. For a bigram w 1 w 2 w_ , let P ( w 1 ) = # w 1 N )= be the unconditional probability of occurrence of w 1 in a corpus with size N , and let P ( w 2 ) = # w 2 N )= be the unconditi... |
Collocation : Ozdic Collocation Dictionary A Small System Storing Spanish Collocations (Igor A. Bolshakov & Sabino Miranda-Jiménez) Morphological characterization of collocations and semantic relationships in Spanish (Sabino Miranda-Jiménez & Igor A. Bolshakov) Example of collocations for the word "Surgery" at wordasso... |
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language : A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language is a descriptive grammar of English written by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. It was first published by Longman in 1985. In 1991, it was called "The greatest of contemporary grammars, b... |
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language : In 1988, Rodney Huddleston published a very critical review. He wrote:[T]here are some respects in which it is seriously flawed and disappointing. A number of quite basic categories and concepts do not seem to have been thought through with sufficient care; this results... |
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language : Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English Cambridge Grammar of the English Language == Notes == |
Corpus language : A corpus language, or Trümmersprache, is a language that has no living speakers but for which numerous records produced by its native speakers survive. Examples of corpus languages are Ancient Greek, Latin, the Egyptian language, Old English and Elamite. Some corpus languages, such as Ancient Greek an... |
Corpus language : Endangered language Language death |
Corpus manager : A corpus manager (corpus browser or corpus query system) is a tool for multilingual corpus analysis, which allows effective searching in corpora. A corpus manager usually represents a complex tool that allows one to perform searches for language forms or sequences. It may provide information about the ... |
Corpus manager : BNCweb – a web-based interface for the British National Corpus CQPweb - a web-based interface for the study of a large variety of corpora including the Spoken BNC2014 BYU-BNC – a website that allows searches of the British National Corpora and others created at Brigham Young University Coma – a tool ex... |
Corpus-assisted discourse studies : Corpus-assisted discourse studies (abbr.: CADS) is related historically and methodologically to the discipline of corpus linguistics. The principal endeavor of corpus-assisted discourse studies is the investigation, and comparison of features of particular discourse types, integratin... |
Corpus-assisted discourse studies : Corpus-assisted discourse studies aim to uncover non-obvious meaning, that is, meaning which might not be readily available to naked-eye perusal. Much of what carries meaning in texts is not open to direct observation: “you cannot understand the world just by looking at it” (Stubbs [... |
Corpus-assisted discourse studies : In German-speaking countries: Pioneering work in corpus-based discourse analysis was conducted in Europe, in particular by Hardt-Mautner/Mautner (1995, 2000) and Stubbs (1996, 2001). CADS and other types of corpus-based discourse analysis are inspired by this important early work. In... |
Corpus-assisted discourse studies : Traditional corpus linguistics has, quite naturally, tended to privilege the quantitative approach. In the drive to produce more authentic dictionaries and grammars of a language, it has been characterised by the compilation of some very large corpora of heterogeneric discourse types... |
Corpus-assisted discourse studies : Researchers in Italy have developed CADS as a specific type of corpus-based discourse analysis, creating a standard set of methods: 'A basic, standard methodology in CADS may resemble the following:' Step 1: Decide upon the research question; Step 2: Choose, compile or edit an approp... |
Corpus-assisted discourse studies : Studies that bring together corpus linguistics and discourse analysis include the following: How ideas about groups of people and race are constructed and disseminated through repeated language use (Krishnamurthy 1996). A study of German loan words in English and their connection to ... |
Corpus-assisted discourse studies : Baker, P. (2006) Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum. Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., Khosravinik, M., Krzyzanowski, M., McEnery, T. & Wodak, R. (2008) A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses o... |
Extended affix grammar : In computer science, extended affix grammars (EAGs) are a formal grammar formalism for describing the context free and context sensitive syntax of language, both natural language and programming languages. EAGs are a member of the family of two-level grammars; more specifically, a restriction o... |
Extended affix grammar : Affix grammar Corpus linguistics |
Extended affix grammar : Informal introduction to the Extended Affix Grammar formalism and its compiler, by Marc Seutter, University of Nijmegen EAG project website, University of Nijmegen public announcement of the EAG software release, in comp.compilers, by Marc Seutter, 1993 |
FrameNet : FrameNet is a group of online lexical databases based upon the theory of meaning known as Frame semantics, developed by linguist Charles J. Fillmore. The project's fundamental notion is simple: most words' meanings may be best understood in terms of a semantic frame, which is a description of a certain kind ... |
FrameNet : FrameNet has proven to be useful in a number of computational applications, because computers need additional knowledge in order to recognize that "John sold a car to Mary" and "Mary bought a car from John" describe essentially the same situation, despite using two quite different verbs, different prepositio... |
FrameNet : BabelNet: a multilingual semantic network integrating FrameNet PropBank WordNet Null instantiation Frame language UBY: a database of 10 resources including FrameNet |
FrameNet : FrameNet home page Chinese FrameNet Danish FrameNet German FrameNet Japanese FrameNet Korean FrameNet Polish FrameNet Portuguese FrameNet (Brazil) Spanish FrameNet Swedish FrameNet |
General Internet Corpus of Russian : General Internet Corpus of Russian (GICR) is a corpus of Russian internet texts that has been accessible on request through an online query interface since 2013. The corpus includes rich text materials from the blogosphere, social networks, major news sources and literary magazines. |
General Internet Corpus of Russian : The project has the status of an educational and scientific one, and many tasks of computational linguistics are solved by independent researchers and research groups with the materials obtained by GICR. While other corpus projects of Russian are focused on fiction and edited texts,... |
General Internet Corpus of Russian : Corpus size for the summer 2016 is 19.8 billion tokens, of which 49% are from VKontakte, 40% are from LiveJournal, another 4% - from Mail.ru Blogs and News, and 2% - from Russian Magazine Hall. The sources collected in news segment are: RIA Novosti, Regnum, Lenta.ru, Rosbalt. Texts ... |
General Internet Corpus of Russian : Currently the interface of GICR is in beta stage, so access to the search in the corpora is provided and is free, but is available for researchers on request. |
General Internet Corpus of Russian : Text corpus Corpus linguistics Russian National Corpus Internet linguistics |
General Internet Corpus of Russian : Belikov V., Kopylov N., Piperski A., Selegey V., Sharoff S., (2013), Big and diverse is beautiful: A large corpus of Russian to study linguistic variation. In Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC-8). Lagutin M. B., Katinskaya A. Y., Selegey V. P., Sharoff S., Sorokin A. A. (2015) Automatic C... |
Global Language Monitor : The Global Language Monitor (GLM) is a company based in Austin, Texas, that analyzes trends in the English language. |
Global Language Monitor : Founded in Silicon Valley in 2003 by Paul J.J. Payack, the GLM describes its role as "a media analytics company that documents, analyzes and tracks cultural trends in language the world over, with a particular emphasis upon International and Global English". In April 2008, GLM moved its headqu... |
Hapax legomenon : In corpus linguistics, a hapax legomenon ( also or ; pl. hapax legomena; sometimes abbreviated to hapax, plural hapaxes) is a word or an expression that occurs only once within a context: either in the written record of an entire language, in the works of an author, or in a single text. The term is so... |
Hapax legomenon : Hapax legomena in ancient texts are usually difficult to decipher, since it is easier to infer meaning from multiple contexts than from just one. For example, many of the remaining undeciphered Mayan glyphs are hapax legomena, and Biblical (particularly Hebrew; see § Hebrew) hapax legomena sometimes p... |
Hapax legomenon : In the fields of computational linguistics and natural language processing (NLP), esp. corpus linguistics and machine-learned NLP, it is common to disregard hapax legomena (and sometimes other infrequent words), as they are likely to have little value for computational techniques. This disregard has t... |
Hapax legomenon : The following are some examples of hapax legomena in languages or corpora. |
Hapax legomenon : The avant-garde filmmaker Hollis Frampton made a series of seven films from 1971 to 1972 titled Hapax Legomena I: Nostalgia to Hapax Legomena VII: Special Effects. Hapax legomenon as a term became briefly prominent in Britain following the 2014–15 University Challenge Final, after videos went viral of... |
Hapax legomenon : Googlewhack – Contest to find a Google Search query that returns a single result Nonce word – Lexeme created for a single occasion Protologism – New word that has not yet been independently published Word list |
Hapax legomenon : Open source Java software for text analysis and calculating hapax ratio (JHapax) (archive) |
International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English : The International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME) is an international group of linguists and data scientists working in corpus linguistics to digitise English texts. The organisation was founded in Oslo, Norway in 1977 as the Intern... |
International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English : Leech, Geoffrey and Stig Johansson. 2009. "The coming of ICAME," ICAME Journal 33: 5-20. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/35628/ Leech, Geoffrey. 2013. "The Development of ICAME and the Brown Family of Corpora." |
Keyword (linguistics) : In corpus linguistics a key word is a word which occurs in a text more often than we would expect to occur by chance alone. Key words are calculated by carrying out a statistical test (e.g., loglinear or chi-squared) which compares the word frequencies in a text against their expected frequencie... |
Keyword (linguistics) : In politics, sociology and critical discourse analysis, the key reference for keywords was Raymond Williams (1976), but Williams was resolutely Marxist, and Critical Discourse Analysis has tended to perpetuate this political meaning of the term: keywords are part of ideologies and studying them ... |
Keyword (linguistics) : Keywords are identified by software that compares a word-list of the text with a word-list based on a larger reference corpus. Software such as e.g. WordSmith, lists keywords and phrases and allows plotting their occurrence as they appear in texts. |
Keyword (linguistics) : Transition (linguistics) |
Keyword (linguistics) : Cassin, Barbara (2014). Dictionary of Untranslatables. Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691138701.: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Scott, Mike; Tribble, Chris (2006). Textual patterns: key words and corpus analysis in language education (PDF). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John ... |
Keyword (linguistics) : Understanding the role of text length, sample size and vocabulary size in determining text coverage, by Kiyomi Chujo and Masao Utiyama Frequency Level Checker Archived 2010-08-06 at the Wayback Machine |
Korpusomat : Korpusomat - a tool for creating and searching electronic language corpora, created at the Institute of Computer Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Korpusomat is a fourth generation corpus tool. It is a web application, which eliminates the need to store data sets on the user's own computer. The co... |
Korpusomat : Official website |
Language and Computers : Language and Computers: Studies in Practical Linguistics (ISSN 0921-5034) is a book series on corpus linguistics and related areas. As studies in linguistics, volumes in the series have, by definition, their foundations in linguistic theory; however, they are not concerned with theory for theor... |
Language and Computers : Christian Mair Charles F. Meyer |
Language and Computers : Volumes include: # 77. English Corpus Linguistics: Variation in Time, Space and Genre. Selected papers from ICAME 32., Edited by Gisle Andersen and Kristin Bech. ISBN 978-90-420-3679-6 E-ISBN 978-94-012-0940-3 # 76. English Corpus Linguistics: Crossing Paths., Edited by Merja Kytö. ISBN 978-90-... |
Language and Computers : Language and Computers on the publisher's website |
Law and Corpus Linguistics : Law and corpus linguistics (LCL) is an academic sub-discipline that uses large databases of examples of language usage equipped with tools designed by linguists called corpora to better get at the meaning of words and phrases in legal texts (statutes, constitutions, contracts, etc.). Thus, ... |
Law and Corpus Linguistics : A 2005 law review article by Lawrence Solan noted in passing that corpus linguistics had potential for its application to interpreting legal texts. But the first systematic exploration and advocacy of applying the tools and methodologies of corpus linguistics to legal interpretive questions... |
Lingua Libre : Lingua Libre is an online collaborative project and tool by the Wikimédia France association, which aims to build a collaborative, multilingual, audiovisual speech corpus under a free license. It mostly consists of a rapid recording online service which allows the user to chain hundreds of recordings. Co... |
Lingua Libre : Lingua Libre enables the recording of words, phrases or sentences of any language, oral (audio recording) or signed (video recording). Words are presented to the speaker in the form of a list, created on the spot, in advance, or by reusing an existing Wikimedia category. The speaker simply reads the word... |
Lingua Libre : Lingua Libre was initiated on January 23, 2015 and has had three successive versions: |
Lingua Libre : In the first two years of the project's launch, approximately 10,000 recordings were made. The transition to v.2 was accompanied by a sharp increase in the contributions. The number of recordings multiplied by 10 in less than a year, exceeding the 100,000 threshold in May 2019. These recordings were made... |
Lingua Libre : Forvo Common Voice Tatoeba Spreadthesign (sign languages project) |
Lingua Libre : Official website ""Lingua Libre", émission spéciale Francophonie". Radio France Internationale (in French) (published 2017-03-22). 22 March 2017. Retrieved 2020-12-02. |
Linguistic Data Consortium : The Linguistic Data Consortium is an open consortium of universities, companies and government research laboratories. It creates, collects and distributes speech and text databases, lexicons, and other resources for linguistics research and development purposes. The University of Pennsylvan... |
Linguistic Data Consortium : Corpus linguistics Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) – project coordinating over a dozen linguistics databases; hosted by the Max Planck Institute (Germany) Language Grid – a platform for language resources, operated by NPO Language Grid Association, primarily active in Asia Machine trans... |
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English : Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (LGSWE) is a descriptive grammar of English written by Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, first published by Longman in 1999. It is an authoritative description of modern English, ... |
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English : Görlach, M.: "Review of D. Biber, S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad and E. Finegan, Longman grammar of spoken and written English (Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999)", Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 25/2, 2000, pp. 257–260. Hirst, G.: "Review of 'The Longman Gramm... |
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English : A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English : D. Biber, S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad and E. Finegan: Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999. D. Biber, S. Conrad, G. Leech: Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Harlow: Pearson Education, 2002 (ISBN 97805822... |
Ōno's lexical law : Ōno's lexical law, or simply Ōno's law, is a statistical law for the varying rate that four word classes that appear in the lexicon of classical Japanese literary works. The law was discovered by Japanese linguist Susumu Ōno and published in 1956. |
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