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Ōno's lexical law : The law states that, for the nine literary works under consideration (one work is in two editions, hence ten manuscripts total), the percentage of words in each of the four given word classes vary simultaneously linearly, between the most noun-heavy Man'yōshū and the most verb-heavy Tale of Genji. T... |
Ōno's lexical law : Obtain the rates of usage for four word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adjectival noun for Man'yōshū and Genji Monogatari. Plot the rates of the four word classes for the Man'yōshū on the y-axis. Then plot the rates for the Genji Monogatari on a vertical line to the right. Connecting the two... |
Ōno's lexical law : Let the rates of noun usage in the lexicon of 3 arbitrary literary works A, B, and C be X 0 , x , X 1 ,x,X_ , respectively. With rates Y 0 , y , Y 1 ,y,Y_ for usage of another word class of the same 3 literatures, respectively, then 3 points, ( X 0 , Y 0 ) , ( x , y ) , ( X 1 , Y 1 ) ,Y_),(x,y),(X_,... |
Parallel text : A parallel text is a text placed alongside its translation or translations. Parallel text alignment is the identification of the corresponding sentences in both halves of the parallel text. The Loeb Classical Library and the Clay Sanskrit Library are two examples of dual-language series of texts. Refere... |
Parallel text : Parallel corpora can be classified into four main categories: A parallel corpus contains translations of the same document in two or more languages, aligned at least at the sentence level. These tend to be rarer than less-comparable corpora. A noisy parallel corpus contains bilingual sentences that are ... |
Parallel text : Large corpora used as training sets for machine translation algorithms are usually extracted from large bodies of similar sources, such as databases of news articles written in the first and second languages describing similar events. However, extracted fragments may be noisy, with extra elements insert... |
Parallel text : In the field of translation studies a bitext is a merged document composed of both source- and target-language versions of a given text. Bitexts are generated by a piece of software called an alignment tool, or a bitext tool, which automatically aligns the original and translated versions of the same te... |
Parallel text : Bilingual inscription Computer-assisted reviewing Example-based machine translation Natural language processing Polyglot (book) Ruby character Statistical machine translation |
Semantic prosody : Semantic prosody, also discourse prosody, describes the way in which certain seemingly neutral words can be perceived with positive or negative associations through frequent occurrences with particular collocations. Coined in analogy to linguistic prosody, popularised by Bill Louw. An example given b... |
Semantic prosody : If a word with a strong negative semantic prosody (e.g. onslaught) co-occurs with a positive word (e.g. hospitality) instead of an expected negative word (e.g. an onslaught of hospitality), a range of effects are possible as a result of such a collocational clash: irony, expression of a subtle hidden... |
Semantic prosody : There are debates about whether the regular co-occurrence of a particular word with positive/negative words results in that word acquiring a positive or negative connotation. Clear counter-examples include words with positive connotations that regularly co-occur with negative words, for example ease,... |
Semantic prosody : Coherence (linguistics) Discourse analysis Corpus linguistics |
Semantic prosody : Bednarek, M. (2008). Semantic preference and semantic prosody re-examined. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 4(2): 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1515/CLLT.2008.006 Hunston, S. (2007). Semantic prosody revisited. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 12(2): 249-268. Louw, Bill (1993) Irony ... |
Speech corpus : A speech corpus (or spoken corpus) is a database of speech audio files and text transcriptions. In speech technology, speech corpora are used, among other things, to create acoustic models (which can then be used with a speech recognition or speaker identification engine). In linguistics, spoken corpora... |
Speech corpus : Arabic Speech Corpus Common Voice EXMARaLDA Lingua Libre, an online libre tool List of children's speech corpora Non-native speech database Praat Spoken English Corpus The BABEL Speech Corpus TIMIT Transcriber Transcription (linguistics) |
Speech corpus : Edwards, Jane / Lampert, Martin (eds.) (1992): Talking Data – Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. Leech, Geoffrey / Myers, Greg / Thomas, Jenny (eds.) (1995): Spoken English on Computer: Transcription, Markup and Application. Harlow: Longman. |
Speech corpus : Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English Buckeye Corpus The Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech The KEC -- The Karl Eberhards Corpus of spontaneously spoken southern German in dialogues - audio and articulatory recordings Spoken Language Corpora at the Research Center on Multilingualism The S... |
Survey of English Usage : The Survey of English Usage was the first research centre in Europe to carry out research with corpora. The Survey is based in the Department of English Language and Literature at University College London. |
Survey of English Usage : The Survey of English Usage was founded as the Survey of Spoken English at Durham University in 1959 by Randolph Quirk, moving with him to University College London in 1960. Many well-known linguists have spent time doing research at the Survey, including Bas Aarts, Valerie Adams, John Algeo, ... |
Text corpus : In linguistics and natural language processing, a corpus (pl.: corpora) or text corpus is a dataset, consisting of natively digital and older, digitalized, language resources, either annotated or unannotated. Annotated, they have been used in corpus linguistics for statistical hypothesis testing, checking... |
Text corpus : A corpus may contain texts in a single language (monolingual corpus) or text data in multiple languages (multilingual corpus). In order to make the corpora more useful for doing linguistic research, they are often subjected to a process known as annotation. An example of annotating a corpus is part-of-spe... |
Text corpus : Corpora are the main knowledge base in corpus linguistics. Other notable areas of application include: Language technology, natural language processing, computational linguistics The analysis and processing of various types of corpora are also the subject of much work in computational linguistics, speech ... |
Text corpus : Concordance Corpus linguistics Culturomics Distributional–relational database Linguistic Data Consortium Natural language processing Natural Language Toolkit Parallel text Speech corpus Translation memory Treebank Zipf's law |
Text corpus : ACL SIGLEX Resource Links: Text Corpora Archived 2013-08-13 at the Wayback Machine Developing Linguistic Corpora: a Guide to Good Practice Free samples (not free), web-based corpora (45-425 million words each): American (COCA, COHA, TIME), British (BNC), Spanish, Portuguese Intercorp Building synchronous ... |
Treebank : In linguistics, a treebank is a parsed text corpus that annotates syntactic or semantic sentence structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized computational linguistics, which benefitted from large-scale empirical data. |
Treebank : The term treebank was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech in the 1980s, by analogy to other repositories such as a seedbank or bloodbank. This is because both syntactic and semantic structure are commonly represented compositionally as a tree structure. The term parsed corpus is often used interchangeably with... |
Treebank : Treebanks are often created on top of a corpus that has already been annotated with part-of-speech tags. In turn, treebanks are sometimes enhanced with semantic or other linguistic information. Treebanks can be created completely manually, where linguists annotate each sentence with syntactic structure, or s... |
Treebank : From a computational linguistics perspective, treebanks have been used to engineer state-of-the-art natural language processing systems such as part-of-speech taggers, parsers, semantic analyzers and machine translation systems. Most computational systems utilize gold-standard treebank data. However, an auto... |
Treebank : A semantic treebank is a collection of natural language sentences annotated with a meaning representation. These resources use a formal representation of each sentence's semantic structure. Semantic treebanks vary in the depth of their semantic representation. A notable example of deep semantic annotation is... |
Treebank : Many syntactic treebanks have been developed for a wide variety of languages: To facilitate the further researches between multilingual tasks, some researchers discussed the universal annotation scheme for cross-languages. In this way, people try to utilize or merge the advantages of different treebanks corp... |
Treebank : One of the key ways to extract evidence from a treebank is through search tools. Search tools for parsed corpora typically depend on the annotation scheme that was applied to the corpus. User interfaces range in sophistication from expression-based query systems aimed at computer programmers to full explorat... |
Treebank : Text corpus Phrase structure grammar Dependency grammar Parsing Part-of-speech tagging == References == |
Word sketch : A word sketch is a one-page, automatic, corpus-derived summary of a word’s grammatical and collocational behaviour. Word sketches were first introduced by the British corpus linguist Adam Kilgarriff and exploited within the Sketch Engine corpus management system. They are an extension of the general collo... |
Word sketch : A word sketch triple is a triple consisting of headword, grammatical relation, collocation (e.g. man, modifier, young). Considering an underlying text corpus, a word sketch quintuple is a quintuple consisting of headword, grammatical relation, collocation, position of headword in the corpus, position of c... |
Word sketch : Word Sketch – word collocations in Sketch Engine User Manual |
WordNet : WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words that links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms. The synonyms are grouped into synsets with short definitions and usage examples. It can thus be seen as a combination and extension of a dictionary and thesaur... |
WordNet : WordNet was first created in 1985, in English only, in the Cognitive Science Laboratory of Princeton University under the direction of psychology professor George Armitage Miller. It was later directed by Christiane Fellbaum. The project was initially funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and later als... |
WordNet : The database contains 155,327 words organized in 175,979 synsets for a total of 207,016 word-sense pairs; in compressed form, it is about 12 megabytes in size. It includes the lexical categories nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs but ignores prepositions, determiners and other function words. Words from the... |
WordNet : Both nouns and verbs are organized into hierarchies, defined by hypernym or IS A relationships. For instance, one sense of the word dog is found following hypernym hierarchy; the words at the same level represent synset members. Each set of synonyms has a unique index. At the top level, these hierarchies are ... |
WordNet : The initial goal of the WordNet project was to build a lexical database that would be consistent with theories of human semantic memory developed in the late 1960s. Psychological experiments indicated that speakers organized their knowledge of concepts in an economic, hierarchical fashion. Retrieval time requ... |
WordNet : WordNet is sometimes called an ontology, a persistent claim that its creators do not make. The hypernym/hyponym relationships among the noun synsets can be interpreted as specialization relations among conceptual categories. In other words, WordNet can be interpreted and used as a lexical ontology in the comp... |
WordNet : The most widely discussed limitation of WordNet (and related resources like ImageNet) is that some of the semantic relations are more suited to concrete concepts than to abstract concepts. For example, it is easy to create hyponyms/hypernym relationships to capture that a "conifer" is a type of "tree", a "tre... |
WordNet : WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval, automatic text classification, automatic text summarization, machine translation and even automatic crossword puzzle generation. A common use of WordNet is to determine the simila... |
WordNet : Princeton maintains a list of related projects that includes links to some of the widely used application programming interfaces available for accessing WordNet using various programming languages and environments. |
WordNet : WordNet is connected to several databases of the Semantic Web. WordNet is also commonly reused via mappings between the WordNet synsets and the categories from ontologies. Most often, only the top-level categories of WordNet are mapped. |
WordNet : WordNet Database is distributed as a dictionary package (usually a single file) for the following software: Babylon GoldenDict Lingoes LexSemantic : Digital Platform for publishing reference works (dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.). Includes WordnetPlus. |
WordNet : Lexical Markup Framework Machine-readable dictionary Synonym Ring Taxonomy |
WordNet : Official website "Malayalam WordNet". Computer Science. Cochin University of Science & Technology. Pilato, Maria. "Adjectives, Intensifiers, Negations (AIN) Thesaurus". Italian Sentiment. |
WordSmith (software) : WordSmith Tools is a software package primarily for linguists, in particular for work in the field of corpus linguistics. It is a collection of modules for searching patterns in a language. The software handles many languages. |
WordSmith (software) : The program suite was developed by the British linguist Mike Scott at the University of Liverpool and released as version 1.0 in 1996. It was based on MicroConcord co-developed by Mike Scott and Tim Johns, published by Oxford University Press in 1993. Versions 1.0 through 4.0 were sold exclusivel... |
WordSmith (software) : The core areas of the software package includes three modules: Concord is used to create concordances, so all the hits from a search within a previously defined body text. WordList lists all the Words or on word forms that are included in the selected corpus and statistical data are different fro... |
WordSmith (software) : lists many articles, books, chapters which have used WordSmith. Comparing corpora with WordSmith tools: how large must the reference corpus be? Tony Berber-Sardinha Proceedings WCC '00 Proceedings of the workshop on Comparing corpora - Volume 9 Pages 7–13 Teacher Training Curriculum Policies in B... |
WordSmith (software) : Software website Step-by-step Guide to WordSmith Tools 7.0 REVIEW OF MONOCONC PRO AND WORDSMITH TOOLS Language Learning & Technology Vol. 5, No. 3, May 2001, pp. 32–36 |
Zipf–Mandelbrot law : In probability theory and statistics, the Zipf–Mandelbrot law is a discrete probability distribution. Also known as the Pareto–Zipf law, it is a power-law distribution on ranked data, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who suggested a simpler distribution called Zipf's law, and the mat... |
Zipf–Mandelbrot law : The distribution of words ranked by their frequency in a random text corpus is approximated by a power-law distribution, known as Zipf's law. If one plots the frequency rank of words contained in a moderately sized corpus of text data versus the number of occurrences or actual frequencies, one obt... |
Zipf–Mandelbrot law : Mandelbrot, Benoît (1965). "Information Theory and Psycholinguistics". In B. B. Wolman and E. Nagel (ed.). Scientific psychology. Basic Books. Reprinted as Mandelbrot, Benoît (1968) [1965]. "Information Theory and Psycholinguistics". In R. C. Oldfield and J. C. Marchall (ed.). Language. Penguin Bo... |
Zipf–Mandelbrot law : Z. K. Silagadze: Citations and the Zipf–Mandelbrot's law NIST: Zipf's law W. Li's References on Zipf's law Gelbukh & Sidorov, 2001: Zipf and Heaps Laws’ Coefficients Depend on Language C++ Library for generating random Zipf–Mandelbrot deviates. |
Zipf's law : Zipf's law (; German pronunciation: [tsɪpf]) is an empirical law stating that when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order, the value of the n-th entry is often approximately inversely proportional to n. The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text... |
Zipf's law : In 1913, the German physicist Felix Auerbach observed an inverse proportionality between the population sizes of cities, and their ranks when sorted by decreasing order of that variable. Zipf's law had been discovered before Zipf, first by the French stenographer Jean-Baptiste Estoup in 1916, and also by G... |
Zipf's law : Formally, the Zipf distribution on N elements assigns to the element of rank k (counting from 1) the probability: f ( k ; N ) = \ \ ,&\ \ 1\leq k\leq N~,\\\\~~0~~,&\ \ k<1\ \ N<k~.\end where HN is a normalization constant: The Nth harmonic number: H N ≡ ∑ k = 1 N 1 k . \equiv \sum _^~. The distribution is ... |
Zipf's law : Empirically, a data set can be tested to see whether Zipf's law applies by checking the goodness of fit of an empirical distribution to the hypothesized power law distribution with a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and then comparing the (log) likelihood ratio of the power law distribution to alternative distribu... |
Zipf's law : Although Zipf's Law holds for most natural languages, and even certain artificial ones such as Esperanto and Toki Pona, the reason is still not well understood. Recent reviews of generative processes for Zipf's law include Mitzenmacher, "A Brief History of Generative Models for Power Law and Lognormal Dist... |
Zipf's law : A generalization of Zipf's law is the Zipf–Mandelbrot law, proposed by Benoit Mandelbrot, whose frequencies are: f ( k ; N , q , s ) = 1 C 1 ( k + q ) s . \ ~. The constant C is the Hurwitz zeta function evaluated at s. Zipfian distributions can be obtained from Pareto distributions by an exchange of varia... |
Zipf's law : 1% rule (Internet culture) – Hypothesis that more people will lurk in a virtual community than will participatePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Benford's law – Observation that in many real-life datasets, the leading digit is likely to be small Bradford's law – Pattern of references ... |
Zipf's law : Gelbukh, Alexander; Sidorov, Grigori (2001). "Zipf and Heaps Laws' Coefficients Depend on Language". Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2004. pp. 332–335. doi:10.1007/3-540-44686-9_33. ISBN 978-3-540-41687-6. Kali, Raja (15 September 2003). "T... |
Zipf's law : Strogatz, Steven (29 May 2009). "Guest Column: Math and the City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2009.—An article on Zipf's law applied to city populations Seeing Around Corners (Artificial societies turn up Zipf's law) PlanetMath article on Zipf's la... |
Dicta (organization) : Dicta, The Center for Text Analysis is an Israeli non-profit organization focused on research and education in the field of computational linguistics and its application to the Hebrew language, including the religious literature across generations. The organization provides tools that utilize art... |
Fable Studio : Fable Studio is a startup media company founded in January 2018 by Edward Saatchi and Pete Billington. It specializes in virtual reality media, and is using generative AI to develop a simulated reality titled the Simulation, and a streaming platform called Showrunner that can generate custom episodes. |
LocAI : LocAI Ltd. is an AI and technology services company specializing in artificial intelligence, founded in Abu Dhabi, UAE. The company was established in June 2023 by Mohammad Abu Sheikh and Hasan Abu Sheikh. In November 2023, LocAI completed an initial round of investment, raising US$150 million. |
LocAI : LocAI focuses on creating artificial intelligence technologies for specific regional challenges faced by businesses in the UAE and GCC region. The company is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, UAE. As of August 2024, LocAI employs approximately 150 people. Mohammad Abu Sheikh is founder and CEO and Hasan Abu Sheikh is... |
LocAI : Official website == References == |
Replika : Replika is a generative AI chatbot app released in November 2017. The chatbot is trained by having the user answer a series of questions to create a specific neural network. The chatbot operates on a freemium pricing strategy, with roughly 25% of its user base paying an annual subscription fee. Many users hav... |
Replika : Eugenia Kuyda, Russian-born journalist, established Replika while working at Luka, a tech company she had co-founded at the startup accelerator Y Combinator around 2012. Luka's primary product was a chatbot that made restaurant recommendations. According to Kuyda's origin story for Replika, a friend of hers d... |
Replika : Users react to Replika in many ways. The free-tier offers Replika as a "friend", with paid premium tiers offering Replika as a "partner", "spouse", "sibling" or "mentor". Of its paying userbase, 60% of users said they had a romantic relationship with the chatbot; and Replika has been noted for generating resp... |
Replika : A team of researchers from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa found that Replika's design conformed to the practices of attachment theory, causing increased emotional attachment among users. Replika gives praise to users in such a way as to encourage more interaction. A researcher from Queen's University at K... |
Replika : In a 2023 privacy evaluation of mental health apps, the Mozilla Foundation criticized Replika as "one of the worst apps Mozilla has ever reviewed. It's plagued by weak password requirements, sharing of personal data with advertisers, and recording of personal photos, videos, and voice and text messages consum... |
Replika : In 2023, Replika was cited in a court case in the United Kingdom, where Jaswant Singh Chail had been arrested at Windsor Castle on Christmas Day in 2021 after scaling the walls carrying a loaded crossbow and announcing to police that "I am here to kill the Queen". Chail had begun to use Replika in early Decem... |
Replika : Artificial human companion Bondee Boyfriend Maker Chatbot ChatGPT Character.ai SimSimi |
Replika : Official website |
1999 (Charli XCX and Troye Sivan song) : "1999" is a song by English singer Charli XCX and Australian singer Troye Sivan, released as the lead single from the former's third studio album Charli on 5 October 2018. The single cover was inspired by the 1999 film The Matrix. It follows several singles released earlier in 2... |
1999 (Charli XCX and Troye Sivan song) : The cover art references the 1999 film The Matrix, with Sivan dressed as Neo, wearing dark sunglasses, a black overcoat, and dyed black hair against a bright green background. Charli XCX, who is dressed as Trinity, flanks him. Billboard also noted its similarity to Aaliyah in th... |
1999 (Charli XCX and Troye Sivan song) : Charli XCX and Sivan tweeted lyrics from "1999" addressed to each other on Twitter before sharing the cover art and title of the song. |
1999 (Charli XCX and Troye Sivan song) : The music video was released on 11 October 2018, and features Sivan and Charli XCX in various homages to 1990s pop culture, including the iMac G3 and Steve Jobs, Spice Girls, Britney Spears and Justin Timberlake, New Radicals, Eminem, the Nokia 3310, Rose McGowan and Marilyn Man... |
1999 (Charli XCX and Troye Sivan song) : Digital download "1999" – 3:09 Digital download — Stripped version "1999" (Stripped) – 3:21 Digital download — The Knocks Remix "1999" (The Knocks Remix) – 3:41 Digital download – Remixes "1999" (Alphalove remix) – 3:55 "1999" (Easyfun remix) – 3:12 "1999" (Michael Calfan remix)... |
1999 (Charli XCX and Troye Sivan song) : In September 2021, Vengaboys released a cover version of the song, which was retitled "1999 (I Wanna Go Back)" and came with a deepfake-style video which saw the cover stars from various 1990s albums lip-syncing to the song and the band put into the Friends title sequence with t... |
Another Body : Another Body is a 2023 documentary film, directed, written, and produced by Sophie Compton and Reuben Hamlyn. It follows a college student who seeks justice after finding deepfake pornography of herself online. It had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 11, 2023, where it won the Special Ju... |
Another Body : A college student seeks justice after finding deepfake pornography of herself online. |
Another Body : As opposed to traditional documentaries where actors are used to recreate scenes, Another Body deepfaked the subjects in order to protect their identities, while preserving their emotions. Compton said, "It was really important to us that everything we anonymized was just like it happened and we only cha... |
Another Body : The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 11, 2023, where it won the Special Jury Award for Innovation in Storytelling. It also screened at Hot Docs International Film Festival on April 28, 2023. In August 2023, Utopia acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film, to co-distribute t... |
Another Body : On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 33 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's consensus reads: "Eye-opening and infuriating in equal measure, Another Body is a timely documentary that delves into a disturbing issue of growing concern." Metacrit... |
Another Body : Another Body at IMDb |
Audio deepfake : Audio deepfake technology, also referred to as voice cloning or deepfake audio, is an application of artificial intelligence designed to generate speech that convincingly mimics specific individuals, often synthesizing phrases or sentences they have never spoken. Initially developed with the intent to ... |
Audio deepfake : Audio deepfakes, referred to as audio manipulations beginning in the early 2020s, are becoming widely accessible using simple mobile devices or personal computers. These tools have also been used to spread misinformation using audio. This has led to cybersecurity concerns among the global public about ... |
Audio deepfake : Audio deepfakes can be divided into three different categories: |
Audio deepfake : The audio deepfake detection task determines whether the given speech audio is real or fake. Recently, this has become a hot topic in the forensic research community, trying to keep up with the rapid evolution of counterfeiting techniques. In general, deepfake detection methods can be divided into two ... |
Audio deepfake : The audio deepfake is a very recent field of research. For this reason, there are many possibilities for development and improvement, as well as possible threats that adopting this technology can bring to our daily lives. The most important ones are listed below. |
Audio deepfake : == References == |
The Capture (TV series) : The Capture is a British mystery thriller television series created, written and directed by Ben Chanan, and starring Holliday Grainger, Callum Turner, Laura Haddock, Ben Miles, Cavan Clerkin, Paul Ritter, and Ron Perlman. The series premiered on BBC One on 3 September 2019, and received posit... |
The Capture (TV series) : In series one, after being acquitted of a war crime in Afghanistan, former British army Lance Corporal Shaun Emery finds himself accused of kidnapping and murdering his barrister Hannah Roberts, backed by CCTV evidence. While Emery works to clear his name, fast-tracked Detective Inspector Rach... |
The Capture (TV series) : The Capture at BBC Online The Capture at IMDb The Capture at epguides.com |
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