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Johns Hopkins Beast : 1960: The Hopkins Beast 1962-5 – Hopkins Beast Autonomous Robot Mod II APL Flashback: 1964 - "Ferdinand" the Mobile Automaton APL Flashback: 1965 - The "Hopkins Beast" Mobile Automaton |
LIFER/LADDER : LIFER/LADDER was one of the first database natural language processing systems. It was designed as a natural language interface to a database of information about US Navy ships. This system, as described in a paper by Hendrix (1978), used a semantic grammar to parse questions and query a distributed data... |
Lighthill report : Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey, commonly known as the Lighthill report, is a scholarly article by James Lighthill, published in Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium in 1973. It was compiled by Lighthill for the British Science Research Council as an evaluation of academic research in... |
Lighthill report : It was commissioned by the SRC in 1972 for Lighthill to "make a personal review of the subject [of AI]". Lighthill completed the report in July. The SRC discussed the report in September, and decided to publish it, together with some alternative points of view by Stuart Sutherland, Roger Needham, Chr... |
Lighthill report : While the report was supportive of research into the simulation of neurophysiological and psychological processes, it was "highly critical of basic research in foundational areas such as robotics and language processing". The report stated that AI researchers had failed to address the issue of combin... |
Lighthill report : AI winter ALPAC report |
Lighthill report : "Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey" James Lighthill: in Artificial Intelligence: a paper symposium, Science Research Council Other Freddy II Robot Resources Includes a link to the 90-minute 1973 "Controversy" debate from the Royal Academy of Lighthill vs. Michie, McCarthy and Gregory in respo... |
Lisp machine : Lisp machines are general-purpose computers designed to efficiently run Lisp as their main software and programming language, usually via hardware support. They are an example of a high-level language computer architecture. In a sense, they were the first commercial single-user workstations. Despite bein... |
Lisp machine : Initially the Lisp machines were designed as personal workstations for software development in Lisp. They were used by one person and offered no multi-user mode. The machines provided a large, black and white, bitmap display, keyboard and mouse, network adapter, local hard disks, more than 1 MB RAM, seri... |
Lisp machine : ICAD – example of knowledge-based engineering software originally developed on a Lisp machine that was useful enough to be then ported via Common Lisp to Unix Orphaned technology |
Lisp machine : Symbolics website Medley Bitsavers, PDF documents LMI documentation MIT CONS documentation MIT CADR documentation Lisp Machine Manual, Chinual "The Lisp Machine manual, 4th Edition, July 1981" "The Lisp Machine manual, 6th Edition, HTML/XSL version" "The Lisp Machine manual" Information and code for LMI ... |
Logic Theorist : Logic Theorist is a computer program written in 1956 by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw. It was the first program deliberately engineered to perform automated reasoning, and has been described as "the first artificial intelligence program". Logic Theorist proved 38 of the first 52 theore... |
Logic Theorist : In 1955, when Newell and Simon began to work on the Logic Theorist, the field of artificial intelligence did not yet exist. Even the term itself ("artificial intelligence") would not be coined until the following summer. Simon was a political scientist who had already produced classic work in the study... |
Logic Theorist : This is a brief presentation, based on. The logical theorist is a program that performs logical processes on logical expressions. |
Logic Theorist : Logic Theorist introduced several concepts that would be central to AI research: Reasoning as search Logic Theorist explored a search tree: the root was the initial hypothesis, each branch was a deduction based on the rules of logic. Somewhere in the tree was the goal: the proposition the program inten... |
Logic Theorist : Pamela McCorduck writes that the Logic Theorist was "proof positive that a machine could perform tasks heretofore considered intelligent, creative and uniquely human". And, as such, it represents a milestone in the development of artificial intelligence and our understanding of intelligence in general.... |
Logic Theorist : Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3., pp. 44–46. McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1, pp. 161–170. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter. (2021... |
Logic Theorist : Newell and Simon's RAND Corporation report on the Logic Theorist Full length version of Newell and Simon's RAND Corporation report on the Logic Theorist CMU Libraries: Human and Machine Minds Source code as PDF on Github |
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation : Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, originally the Microelectronics and Computer Consortium and widely seen by the acronym MCC, was the first, and at one time one of the largest, computer industry research and development consortia in the United S... |
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation : MCC did research and development in the following areas: [1] System Architecture and Design (optimise hardware and software design, provide for scalability and interoperability, allow rapid prototyping for improved time-to-market, and support the re-engineering of ... |
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation : The MCC was a response to the announcement of Japan's Fifth Generation Project, a large Japanese research project launched in 1982 aimed at producing a new kind of computer by 1991. The Japanese had formed similar industrial research consortia as early as 1956.[2] ... |
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation : While multiple technologies were transferred to member companies and government agencies in the final years, fourteen companies were spun out of MCC. Those spinoffs include: TeraVicta Technologies, Austin's first MEMS company; its focus was to develop microscopic s... |
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation : Cyc Sematech, a semiconductor-industry focused consortium, previously in Austin; moved to Albany, NY in 2010 |
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation : ^ Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, entry from The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. ^ David V. Gibson and Everett M. Rogers, R&D Collaborations On Trial, Harvard Business School Press, 1994, ISBN 0-87584-364-6, Introduction, p. 15. ^ David ... |
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation : Oral history interview with Laszlo A. Belady, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Discusses his tenure as vice president and program director of the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC); as chairman, CTO, and CEO of the Mitsubi... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI L... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : CSAIL's research activities are organized around a number of semi-autonomous research groups, each of which is headed by one or more professors or research scientists. These groups are divided up into seven general areas of research: Artificial intelligence ... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : Computing Research at MIT began with Vannevar Bush's research into a differential analyzer and Claude Shannon's electronic Boolean algebra in the 1930s, the wartime MIT Radiation Laboratory, the post-war Project Whirlwind and Research Laboratory of Electroni... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : From 1963 to 2004, Project MAC, LCS, the AI Lab, and CSAIL had their offices at 545 Technology Square, taking over more and more floors of the building over the years. In 2004, CSAIL moved to the new Ray and Maria Stata Center, which was built specifically t... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : The IMARA (from Swahili word for "power") group sponsors a variety of outreach programs that bridge the global digital divide. Its aim is to find and implement long-term, sustainable solutions which will increase the availability of educational technology an... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : (Including members and alumni of CSAIL's predecessor laboratories) MacArthur Fellows Tim Berners-Lee, Erik Demaine, Dina Katabi, Daniela L. Rus, Regina Barzilay, Peter Shor, Richard Stallman, and Joshua Tenenbaum Turing Award recipients Leonard M. Adleman, F... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : Directors of Project MAC Robert Fano, 1963–1968 J. C. R. Licklider, 1968–1971 Edward Fredkin, 1971–1974 Michael Dertouzos, 1974–1975 Directors of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Marvin Minsky, 1970–1972 Patrick Winston, 1972–1997 Rodney Brooks, 1997–2... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : CSAIL Alliances is the industry connection arm of MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). CSAIL Alliances offers companies programs to connect with the research, faculty, students, and startups of CSAIL by providing organizatio... |
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory : "A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory" (PDF)., Chious et al. — includes important information on the Incompatible Timesharing System Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work: a documentary film with and about Joseph Weizenba... |
Mycin : MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many ant... |
Mycin : MYCIN operated using a fairly simple inference engine and a knowledge base of ~600 rules by obtaining individual inferential facts identified by experts and encoding such facts as individual production rules. No other AI program at the time contained as much domain-specific knowledge clearly separated from its ... |
Mycin : An evaluation of MYCIN was conducted at the Stanford Medical School. The first phase of the evaluation consisted of 10 test cases of diverse origin, chosen by a physician who was not acquainted with MYCIN's methods or knowledge base. These cases were presented to 7 physicians and 1 senior medical student. 10 pr... |
Mycin : MYCIN was never actually used in practice. This wasn't because of any weakness in its performance. Some observers raised ethical and legal issues related to the use of computers in medicine, regarding the responsibility of the physicians in case the system gave wrong diagnosis. However, the greatest problem, an... |
Mycin : CADUCEUS (expert system) Internist-I Clinical decision support system XCON |
Mycin : Winston, Patrick Henry, ed. (1986). The AI business: the commercial uses of artifical intelligence (4. print ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Pr. ISBN 978-0-262-23117-6. |
Mycin : Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming, Chapter 16. Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project -(edited by Bruce G. Buchanan and Edward H. Shortlife; ebook version) TMYCIN, system based on MYCIN "Mycin Expert System: A Ruby Implementation" (at the We... |
PARRY : PARRY was an early example of a chatbot, implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby. |
PARRY : PARRY was written in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby, then at Stanford University. While ELIZA was a simulation of a Rogerian therapist, PARRY attempted to simulate a person with paranoid schizophrenia. The program implemented a crude model of the behavior of a person with paranoid schizophrenia based on con... |
PARRY : History of natural language processing |
PARRY : Boden, Margaret A. (2006), Mind As Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924144-6 Colby, K. M.; Hilf, F. D.; Weber, S.; Kraemer, H. (1972), "Turing-like indistinguishability tests for the validation of a computer simulation of paranoid processes", Artificial Intelligenc... |
PARRY : Parry's Source Code The original LISP code for Parry. |
Planner (programming language) : Planner (often seen in publications as "PLANNER" although it is not an acronym) is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969. First, subsets such as Micro-Planner and Pico-Planner were implemented, and then essentially the whole language was impl... |
Planner (programming language) : The two major paradigms for constructing semantic software systems were procedural and logical. The procedural paradigm was epitomized by Lisp which featured recursive procedures that operated on list structures. The logical paradigm was epitomized by uniform proof procedure resolution-... |
Planner (programming language) : Planner was invented for the purposes of the procedural embedding of knowledge and was a rejection of the resolution uniform proof procedure paradigm, which Converted everything to clausal form. Converting all information to clausal form is problematic because it hides the underlying st... |
Planner (programming language) : A subset called Micro-Planner was implemented by Gerry Sussman, Eugene Charniak and Terry Winograd and was used in Winograd's natural-language understanding program SHRDLU, Eugene Charniak's story understanding work, Thorne McCarty's work on legal reasoning, and some other projects. Thi... |
Planner (programming language) : Gerry Sussman, Eugene Charniak, Seymour Papert and Terry Winograd visited the University of Edinburgh in 1971, spreading the news about Micro-Planner and SHRDLU and casting doubt on the resolution uniform proof procedure approach that had been the mainstay of the Edinburgh Logicists. At... |
Planner (programming language) : Alain Colmerauer's and Philippe Roussel's 1992 account of the birth of Prolog at the Wayback Machine (archived July 27, 2003) |
Ratio Club : The Ratio Club was a small British informal dining club from 1949 to 1958 of young psychiatrists, psychologists, physiologists, mathematicians and engineers who met to discuss issues in cybernetics. |
Ratio Club : The idea of the club arose from a symposium on animal behaviour held in July 1949 by the Society of Experimental Biology in Cambridge. The club was founded by the neurologist John Bates, with other notable members such as W. Ross Ashby. The name Ratio was suggested by Albert Uttley, it being the Latin root... |
Ratio Club : Boden, Margaret (2006–2007), "Grey Walter's Anticipatory Tortoises", The Rutherford Journal, 2 Husbands, Phil; Holland, Owen (2008), The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics (PDF) |
Shakey the robot : Shakey the Robot was the first general-purpose mobile robot able to reason about its own actions. While other robots would have to be instructed on each individual step of completing a larger task, Shakey could analyze commands and break them down into basic chunks by itself. Due to its nature, the p... |
Shakey the robot : Shakey was developed from approximately 1966 through 1972 with Charles Rosen, Nils Nilsson and Peter Hart as project managers. Other major contributors included Alfred Brain, Sven Wahlstrom, Bertram Raphael, Richard Duda, Richard Fikes, Thomas Garvey, Helen Chan Wolf and Michael Wilber. The project w... |
Shakey the robot : The robot's programming was primarily done in LISP. The Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) planner it used was conceived as the main planning component for the software it utilized. As the first robot that was a logical, goal-based agent, Shakey experienced a limited world. A version... |
Shakey the robot : Physically, the robot was particularly tall, and had an antenna for a radio link, sonar range finders, a television camera, on-board processors, and collision detection sensors ("bump detectors"). The robot's tall stature and tendency to shake resulted in its name: We worked for a month trying to fin... |
Shakey the robot : The development of Shakey provided far-reaching impact on the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence, as well as computer science in general. Some of the more notable results include the development of the A* search algorithm, which is widely used in pathfinding and graph traversal, the proce... |
Shakey the robot : In 1969 the SRI published "SHAKEY: Experimentation in Robot Learning and Planning", a 24-minute video. The project then received media attention. This included an article in the New York Times on April 10, 1969. In 1970, Life referred to Shakey as the "first electronic person"; and in November 1970 N... |
Shakey the robot : Raphael, Bertram (1976). The Thinking Computer: Mind Inside Matter. Nilsson, Nils J.; SRI International; SRI International, eds. (1984). Shakey the robot, Technical note 323 (PDF). Technical note. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International.: CS1 maint: date and year (link) Russell, Stuart J; Norvig, Peter (20... |
Shakey the robot : SRI page on Shakey Archived 2013-07-02 at the Wayback Machine SRI educational film demonstrating Shakey LIFE Magazine article (Nov. 20, 1970) Peter Hart talk covering the history and legacy of the project at the Computer History Museum where Shakey is displayed (2015) |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : The Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver, known by its acronym STRIPS, is an automated planner developed by Richard Fikes and Nils Nilsson in 1971 at SRI International. The same name was later used to refer to the formal language of the inputs to this planner. This lan... |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : A STRIPS instance is composed of: An initial state; The specification of the goal states – situations that the planner is trying to reach; A set of actions. For each action, the following are included: preconditions (what must be established before the action is performed); ... |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : The above language is actually the propositional version of STRIPS; in practice, conditions are often about objects: for example, that the position of a robot can be modeled by a predicate A t , and A t ( r o o m 1 ) means that the robot is in Room1. In this case, actions ... |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : A monkey is at location A in a lab. There is a box in location C. The monkey wants the bananas that are hanging from the ceiling in location B, but it needs to move the box and climb onto it in order to reach them. Initial state: At(A), Level(low), BoxAt(C), BananasAt(B) Goa... |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : Deciding whether any plan exists for a propositional STRIPS instance is PSPACE-complete. Various restrictions can be enforced in order to decide if a plan exists in polynomial time or at least make it an NP-complete problem. |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : In the monkey and banana problem, the robot monkey has to execute a sequence of actions to reach the banana at the ceiling. A single action provides a small change in the game. To simplify the planning process, it make sense to invent an abstract action, which isn't availabl... |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : Action description language (ADL) Automated planning Hierarchical task network Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) Sussman anomaly |
Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver : C. Bäckström and B. Nebel (1995). Complexity results for SAS+ planning. Computational Intelligence, 11:625-656. T. Bylander (1991). Complexity results for planning. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'91), pages 274-... |
Strategic Computing Initiative : The United States government's Strategic Computing Initiative funded research into advanced computer hardware and artificial intelligence from 1983 to 1993. The initiative was designed to support various projects that were required to develop machine intelligence in a prescribed ten-yea... |
Strategic Computing Initiative : Although the program failed to meet its goal of high-level machine intelligence, it did meet some of its specific technical objectives, for example those of autonomous land navigation. The Autonomous Land Vehicle program and its sister Navlab project at Carnegie Mellon University, in pa... |
Strategic Computing Initiative : AI winter § Cutbacks at the Strategic Computing Initiative Advanced Simulation and Computing Program |
Strategic Computing Initiative : Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Roland, Alex; Shiman, Philip (2002). Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence, 1983-1993. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-18226-2... |
STUDENT : STUDENT is an early artificial intelligence program that solves algebra word problems. It is written in Lisp by Daniel G. Bobrow as his PhD thesis in 1964 (Bobrow 1964). It was designed to read and solve the kind of word problems found in high school algebra books. The program is often cited as an early accom... |
STUDENT : Within Project MAC at MIT, the STUDENT system was an early example of a question answering software, which uniquely involved natural language processing and symbolic programming. Other early attempts for solving algebra story problems were realized with 1960s hardware and software as well: for example, the Ph... |
STUDENT : Natural Language Input for a Computer Problem Solving System, Bobrow's PhD thesis. Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2, p. 19 Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Arti... |
Turing's Wager : Turing's Wager is a philosophical argument that claims it is impossible to infer or deduce a detailed mathematical model of the human brain within a reasonable timescale, and thus impossible in any practical sense. The argument was first given in 1950 by the computational theorist Alan Turing in his pa... |
Turing's Wager : It has been argued that modern neuroimaging techniques will allow researchers to create accurate simulations of the human mind within the 21st century (Kurzweil 2012; Markram 2012, Fildes 2009), thereby overcoming the wager. Others have argued that such claims are unjustified (Thwaites et al. 2017). |
Turing's Wager : The Turing Test attempts to define when a machine might be said to possess human intelligence, while Turing's Wager is an argument aiming to demonstrate that characterising the brain mathematically will take over a thousand years. While building an artificial intelligence and mapping the human brain ar... |
Turing's Wager : == References == |
Xcon : The R1 (internally called XCON, for eXpert CONfigurer) program was a production-rule-based system written in OPS5 by John P. McDermott of Carnegie Mellon University in 1978 to assist in the ordering of DEC's VAX computer systems by automatically selecting the computer system components based on the customer's re... |
Xcon : In developing the system, McDermott made use of experts from both DEC's PDP/11 and VAX computer systems groups. These experts sometimes even disagreed amongst themselves as to an optimal configuration. The resultant "sorting it out" had an additional benefit in terms of the quality of VAX systems delivered. XCON... |
Xcon : MYCIN |
Xcon : The AI Business: The commercial uses of artificial intelligence, ed. Patrick Winston and Karen A. Prendergast. ISBN 0-262-73077-4 |
Xcon : "Configuration with R1/XCon (1978)" "AAAI Classic Paper Award" "R1-SOAR: A Research Experiment in Computer Learning" |
Xinhua–Sogou AI news anchor : Xinhua News Agency and Sogou of China developed an artificial intelligence (AI) for news reporting purposes. The AI was unveiled in 2018. It is touted to be the "world's first AI news anchor". The AI was unveiled at the 2018 World Internet Conference in Wuzhen, Zhejiang, China. The AI devi... |
Xinhua–Sogou AI news anchor : Maia and Marco == References == |
Fuzzy logic : Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of v... |
Fuzzy logic : Classical logic only permits conclusions that are either true or false. However, there are also propositions with variable answers, which one might find when asking a group of people to identify a color. In such instances, the truth appears as the result of reasoning from inexact or partial knowledge in w... |
Fuzzy logic : Since the fuzzy system output is a consensus of all of the inputs and all of the rules, fuzzy logic systems can be well behaved when input values are not available or are not trustworthy. Weightings can be optionally added to each rule in the rulebase and weightings can be used to regulate the degree to w... |
Fuzzy logic : Fuzzy logic is used in control systems to allow experts to contribute vague rules such as "if you are close to the destination station and moving fast, increase the train's brake pressure"; these vague rules can then be numerically refined within the system. Many of the early successful applications of fu... |
Fuzzy logic : In mathematical logic, there are several formal systems of "fuzzy logic", most of which are in the family of t-norm fuzzy logics. |
Fuzzy logic : Compensatory fuzzy logic (CFL) is a branch of fuzzy logic with modified rules for conjunction and disjunction. When the truth value of one component of a conjunction or disjunction is increased or decreased, the other component is decreased or increased to compensate. This increase or decrease in truth va... |
Fuzzy logic : The IEEE 1855, the IEEE STANDARD 1855–2016, is about a specification language named Fuzzy Markup Language (FML) developed by the IEEE Standards Association. FML allows modelling a fuzzy logic system in a human-readable and hardware independent way. FML is based on eXtensible Markup Language (XML). The des... |
Fuzzy logic : IEC 1131-7 CD1 Archived 2021-03-04 at the Wayback Machine IEC 1131-7 CD1 PDF Fuzzy Logic – article at Scholarpedia Modeling With Words – article at Scholarpedia Fuzzy logic – article at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fuzzy Math – Beginner level introduction to Fuzzy Logic Fuzziness and exactness – Fu... |
Bates's chip : Bates's chip (also called a sloppy chip or fuzzy chip) is a theoretical chip proposed by MIT Media Lab's computer scientist Joseph Bates that would incorporate fuzzy logic to do calculations. The resulting calculations would be less accurate, though they would be performed significantly faster. == Refere... |
BL (logic) : In mathematical logic, basic fuzzy logic (or shortly BL), the logic of the continuous t-norms, is one of the t-norm fuzzy logics. It belongs to the broader class of substructural logics, or logics of residuated lattices; it extends the logic MTL of all left-continuous t-norms. |
BL (logic) : Like in other propositional t-norm fuzzy logics, algebraic semantics is predominantly used for BL, with three main classes of algebras with respect to which the logic is complete: General semantics, formed of all BL-algebras — that is, all algebras for which the logic is sound Linear semantics, formed of a... |
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