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Yale shooting problem : The Yale shooting problem is a conundrum or scenario in formal situational logic on which early logical solutions to the frame problem fail. The name of this problem comes from a scenario proposed by its inventors, Steve Hanks and Drew McDermott, working at Yale University when they proposed it.... |
Yale shooting problem : Circumscription (logic) Frame problem Situation calculus |
Yale shooting problem : M. Gelfond and V. Lifschitz (1993). Representing action and change by logic programs. Journal of Logic Programming, 17:301–322. S. Hanks and D. McDermott (1987). Nonmonotonic logic and temporal projection. Artificial Intelligence, 33(3):379–412. J. McCarthy (1986). Applications of circumscriptio... |
History of artificial intelligence : The history of artificial intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories, and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The study of logic and formal reasoning from antiquity to the present led directly to the invention of... |
History of artificial intelligence : The earliest research into thinking machines was inspired by a confluence of ideas that became prevalent in the late 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s. Recent research in neurology had shown that the brain was an electrical network of neurons that fired in all-or-nothing pulses. Norbert... |
History of artificial intelligence : The programs developed in the years after the Dartmouth Workshop were, to most people, simply "astonishing": computers were solving algebra word problems, proving theorems in geometry and learning to speak English. Few at the time would have believed that such "intelligent" behavior... |
History of artificial intelligence : In the 1970s, AI was subject to critiques and financial setbacks. AI researchers had failed to appreciate the difficulty of the problems they faced. Their tremendous optimism had raised public expectations impossibly high, and when the promised results failed to materialize, funding... |
History of artificial intelligence : In the 1980s, a form of AI program called "expert systems" was adopted by corporations around the world and knowledge became the focus of mainstream AI research. Governments provided substantial funding, such as Japan's fifth generation computer project and the U.S. Strategic Comput... |
History of artificial intelligence : Although symbolic knowledge representation and logical reasoning produced useful applications in the 80s and received massive amounts of funding, it was still unable to solve problems in perception, robotics, learning and common sense. A small number of scientists and engineers bega... |
History of artificial intelligence : The business community's fascination with AI rose and fell in the 1980s in the classic pattern of an economic bubble. As dozens of companies failed, the perception in the business world was that the technology was not viable. The damage to AI's reputation would last into the 21st ce... |
History of artificial intelligence : In the first decades of the 21st century, access to large amounts of data (known as "big data"), cheaper and faster computers and advanced machine learning techniques were successfully applied to many problems throughout the economy. A turning point was the success of deep learning ... |
History of artificial intelligence : The AI boom started with the initial development of key architectures and algorithms such as the transformer architecture in 2017, leading to the scaling and development of large language models exhibiting human-like traits of knowledge, attention and creativity. The new AI era bega... |
History of artificial intelligence : History of artificial neural networks History of knowledge representation and reasoning History of natural language processing Outline of artificial intelligence Progress in artificial intelligence Timeline of artificial intelligence Timeline of machine learning |
Timeline of artificial intelligence : This is a timeline of artificial intelligence, sometimes alternatively called synthetic intelligence. |
Timeline of artificial intelligence : Timeline of machine translation Timeline of machine learning |
Timeline of artificial intelligence : Buchanan, Bruce G. (2005), "A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" (PDF), AI Magazine, pp. 53–60, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007, retrieved 30 August 2007 Christian, Brian (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Nor... |
Timeline of artificial intelligence : Berlinski, David (2000), The Advent of the Algorithm, Harcourt Books Brooks, Rodney (1990), "Elephants Don't Play Chess" (PDF), Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 6 (1–2): 3–15, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.588.7539, doi:10.1016/S0921-8890(05)80025-9, retrieved 30 August 2007 Darrach, Brad (20 N... |
Timeline of artificial intelligence : "The history of artificial intelligence: Complete AI timeline", Enterprise AI, TechTarget, 16 August 2023 "Brief History (timeline)", AI Topics, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence |
Advice taker : The advice taker was a hypothetical computer program, proposed by John McCarthy in his 1959 paper "Programs with Common Sense". It was probably the first proposal to use logic to represent information in a computer and not just as the subject matter of another program. It may also have been the first pap... |
Age of artificial intelligence : The Age of Artificial Intelligence, also known as the AI Era or the Cognitive Age, is a historical period characterized by the rapid development and widespread integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies across various aspects of society, economy, and daily life. Artificial... |
Age of artificial intelligence : The foundations for the Age of Artificial Intelligence were laid during the latter part of the 20th century and the early 2000s. Key developments included advancements in computer science, neural network models, data storage, the Internet, and optical networking, enabling rapid data tra... |
Age of artificial intelligence : Machine learning Deep learning Big data Internet of Things (IoT) Quantum computing Ethics of artificial intelligence Digital transformation == References == |
AI boom : The AI boom is an ongoing period of rapid progress in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) that started in the late 2010s before gaining international prominence in late 2022 with the public release of ChatGPT. Examples include large language models and generative AI applications developed by OpenAI as w... |
AI boom : In 2012, a University of Toronto research team used artificial neural networks and deep learning techniques to lower the error rate below 25% for the first time during the ImageNet challenge for object recognition in computer vision. The event catalyzed the AI boom later that decade, when many alumni of the I... |
AI boom : Inaccuracy, cybersecurity and intellectual property infringement are considered to be the main risks associated with the boom, although not many actively attempt to mitigate the risk. Large language models have been criticized for reproducing biases inherited from their training data, including discriminatory... |
AI boom : AI winter, a period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research AI effect History of artificial intelligence History of artificial neural networks Hype cycle Progress in artificial intelligence Regulation of artificial intelligence Technological singularity |
AI boom : Chen, Caiwei (March 26, 2025). "China built hundreds of AI data centers to catch the AI boom. Now many stand unused". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved March 27, 2025. Heath, Alex (December 5, 2024). Why investors don’t mind that AI is a money pit. The Verge. Retrieved March 16, 2025. |
AI@50 : AI@50, formally known as the "Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years" (July 13–15, 2006), was a conference organized by James Moor, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Dartmouth workshop which effectively inaugurated the history of artificial intelligence. Five of the original ... |
AI@50 : James Moor, conference Director, Introduction Carol Folt and Barry Scherr, Welcome Carey Heckman, Tonypandy and the Origins of Science |
AI@50 : Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years. Official conference Web site. James Moor. The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next Fifty Years. AI Magazine 27:4 [2006]: 87–91. ISSN 0738-4602. Official conference report, with photos; freely available online PDF. Pete... |
Alvey : The Alvey Programme was a British government sponsored research programme in information technology that ran from 1984 to 1990. The programme was a reaction to the Japanese Fifth Generation project, which aimed to create a computer using massively parallel computing/processing. The programme was not focused on ... |
Alvey : During the early 1980s, Japan invited the United Kingdom to become a part of the Fifth Generation Project. In October 1981, a Department of Industry mission to Japan consisting of academics, civil servants and business representatives explored collaboration opportunities and attended the Fifth Generation confer... |
Alvey : Brian Oakley and Kenneth Owen, Alvey: Britain's Strategic Computing Initiative, MIT Press, 1990. ISBN 0-262-15038-7 Chris Rigatuso, Takeshi Tachi, Dennis Sysvester & Mark Soper, Collaboration between Firms in Information Technology, Berkeley, EE 290X Group G. Richard Tyler, The Daily Telegraph, Feb 9th 2010. [1... |
History of artificial life : Humans have considered and tried to create non-biological life for at least 3,000 years. As seen in tales ranging from Pygmalion to Frankenstein, humanity has long been intrigued by the concept of artificial life. |
History of artificial life : The earliest examples of artificial life involve sophisticated automata constructed using pneumatics, mechanics, and/or hydraulics. The first automata were conceived during the third and second centuries BC and these were demonstrated by the theorems of Hero of Alexandria, which included so... |
History of artificial life : One of the earliest thinkers of the modern age to postulate the potentials of artificial life, separate from artificial intelligence, was math and computer prodigy John von Neumann. At the Hixon Symposium, hosted by Linus Pauling in Pasadena, California in the late 1940s, von Neumann delive... |
History of artificial life : Philosophy scholar Arthur Burks, who had worked with von Neumann (and indeed, organized his papers after Neumann's death), headed the Logic of Computers Group at the University of Michigan. He brought the overlooked views of 19th century American thinker Charles Sanders Peirce into the mode... |
History of artificial life : On the ecological front, research regarding the evolution of animal cooperative behavior (started by W. D. Hamilton in the 1960s resulting in theories of kin selection, reciprocity, multilevel selection and cultural group selection) was re-introduced via artificial life by Peter Turchin and... |
History of artificial life : Automaton Clanking replicator Cellular automaton Quantum artificial life |
History of artificial life : Aguilar, W., Santamaría-Bonfil, G., Froese, T., and Gershenson, C. (2014). The past, present, and future of artificial life. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 1(8). https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2014.00008 |
Artificial Intelligence Cold War : The Artificial Intelligence Cold War (AI Cold War) is a narrative in which geopolitical tensions between the United States of America (USA) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) lead to a Second Cold War waged in the area of artificial intelligence technology rather than in the are... |
Artificial Intelligence Cold War : The term AI Cold War first appeared in 2018 in an article in Wired magazine by Nicholas Thompson and Ian Bremmer. The two authors trace the emergence of the AI Cold War narrative to 2017, when China published its AI Development Plan, which included a strategy aimed at becoming the glo... |
Artificial Intelligence Cold War : Politico contributed to reinforcing the AI Cold War narrative. In 2020, the paper argued that because of the increasing AI capabilities of China, the US and other democratic countries have to create an alliance to stay ahead of China. Former Google chief executive Eric Schmidt, togeth... |
Artificial Intelligence Cold War : China–United States trade war Kondratiev wave CHIPS and Science Act European Chips Act Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence Partnership on AI AI nationalism == References == |
Conceptual dependency theory : Conceptual dependency theory is a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems. Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence. This model was extensively used by Schank's students at Yale U... |
Conceptual dependency theory : Augmented transition network Conceptual space Scripts (artificial intelligence) |
Conceptual dependency theory : Lytinen, S.L. (1992) "Conceptual Dependency and its Descendants" Computers, Mathematics, and Applications 23(2-5):51-73 |
Darwin among the Machines : "Darwin among the Machines" is a letter to the editor published in The Press newspaper on 13 June 1863 in Christchurch, New Zealand. The title, which was chosen by the author, references the work of Charles Darwin. Written by Samuel Butler but signed Cellarius, the letter raised the possibil... |
Darwin among the Machines : Butler developed this and subsequent articles into The Book of the Machines, three chapters of Erewhon, published anonymously in 1872. The Erewhonian society Butler envisioned had long ago undergone a revolution that destroyed most mechanical inventions. The narrator of the story finds a boo... |
Darwin among the Machines : George Dyson applies Butler's original premise to the artificial life and intelligence of Alan Turing in Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (1998) ISBN 0-7382-0030-1, to suggest that the internet is a living, sentient being. Dyson's main claim is that the evoluti... |
Darwin among the Machines : The theme of humanity at war or otherwise in conflict with machines is found in a number of later science fiction creative works: The Evitable Conflict – Isaac Asimov (1950) The Invisible Boy – Metro-Goldwyn Mayer (1957) Colossus: The Forbin Project – Dennis Feltham Jones (1966) / Stanley Ch... |
Darwin among the Machines : All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace (TV series) Artificial intelligence Butlerian Jihad, a fictional historical event originally introduced in Frank Herbert's Dune novels, whose name has often been interpreted as a reference to Butler Man-Computer Symbiosis Neo-Luddism OpenAI Techno... |
Darwin among the Machines : Correspondence to The Press: Darwin Among the Machines – Saturday, June 13, 1863 (photocopy of 1st page of the original newspaper article) Darwin Among the Machines (published posthumously in The Notebooks of Samuel Butler in 1917, with slight variations from the original article in The Pres... |
Darwin among the Machines : "Darwin among the Machines": A Review and Commentary "Machina sapiens and Human Morality" "What Can I, Robot, Do With That?" |
Dendral : Dendral was a project in artificial intelligence (AI) of the 1960s, and the computer software expert system that it produced. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen: help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecu... |
Dendral : Heuristic Dendral is a program that uses mass spectra or other experimental data together with a knowledge base of chemistry to produce a set of possible chemical structures that may be responsible for producing the data. A mass spectrum of a compound is produced by a mass spectrometer, and is used to determi... |
Dendral : Meta-Dendral is a machine learning system that receives the set of possible chemical structures and corresponding mass spectra as input, and proposes a set of rules of mass spectrometry that correlate structural features with processes that produce the mass spectrum. These rules would be fed back to Heuristic... |
Dendral : A heuristic is a rule of thumb, an algorithm that does not guarantee a solution, but reduces the number of possible solutions by discarding unlikely and irrelevant solutions. The use of heuristics to solve problems is called "heuristics programming", and was used in Dendral to allow it to replicate in machine... |
Dendral : During the mid 20th century, the question "can machines think?" became intriguing and popular among scientists, primarily to add humanistic characteristics to machine behavior. John McCarthy, who was one of the prime researchers of this field, termed this concept of machine intelligence as "artificial intelli... |
Dendral : Berk, A A. LISP: the Language of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1985. 1-25. Lederberg, Joshua. An Instrumentation Crisis in Biology. Stanford University Medical School. Palo Alto, 1963. Lederberg, Joshua. How Dendral Was Conceived and Born. ACM Symposium on the History of Me... |
ELIZA : ELIZA is an early natural language processing computer program developed from 1964 to 1967 at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum. Created to explore communication between humans and machines, ELIZA simulated conversation by using a pattern matching and substitution methodology that gave users an illusion of understanding... |
ELIZA : Joseph Weizenbaum's ELIZA, running the DOCTOR script, created a conversational interaction somewhat similar to what might take place in the office of "a [non-directive] psychotherapist in an initial psychiatric interview" and to "demonstrate that the communication between man and machine was superficial". While... |
ELIZA : Weizenbaum originally wrote ELIZA in MAD-SLIP for CTSS on an IBM 7094 as a program to make natural-language conversation possible with a computer. To accomplish this, Weizenbaum identified five "fundamental technical problems" for ELIZA to overcome: the identification of key words, the discovery of a minimal co... |
ELIZA : Lay responses to ELIZA were disturbing to Weizenbaum and motivated him to write his book Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, in which he explains the limits of computers, as he wants to make clear his opinion that the anthropomorphic views of computers are just a reduction of human be... |
ELIZA : In 1969, George Lucas and Walter Murch incorporated an Eliza-like dialogue interface in their screenplay for the feature film THX-1138. Inhabitants of the underground future world of THX, when stressed, would retreat to "confession booths" and initiate a one-sided Eliza-formula conversation with a Jesus-faced c... |
ELIZA : McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 |
ELIZA : ELIZAGEN - Weizenbaum's original code for ELIZA Collection of several source code versions at GitHub dialogues with colorful personalities of early AI at the Wayback Machine (archived January 20, 2013), a collection of dialogues between ELIZA and various conversants, such as a company vice president and PARRY (... |
Fifth Generation Computer Systems : The Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS; Japanese: 第五世代コンピュータ, romanized: daigosedai konpyūta) was a 10-year initiative launched in 1982 by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to develop computers based on massively parallel computing and logic programming... |
Fifth Generation Computer Systems : In the late 1960s until the early 1970s, there was much talk about "generations" of computer hardware, then usually organized into three generations First generation: Thermionic vacuum tubes. Mid-1940s. IBM pioneered the arrangement of vacuum tubes in pluggable modules. The IBM 650 w... |
Fifth Generation Computer Systems : The aim was to build parallel computers for artificial intelligence applications using concurrent logic programming. The project imagined an "epoch-making" computer with supercomputer-like performance running on top of large databases (as opposed to a traditional filesystem) using a ... |
Fifth Generation Computer Systems : After having influenced the consumer electronics field during the 1970s and the automotive world during the 1980s, the Japanese had developed a strong reputation. The launch of the FGCS project spread the belief that parallel computing was the future of all performance gains, produci... |
Fifth Generation Computer Systems : Moto-Oka, Tohru, ed. (1982). Fifth Generation Computer Systems (1 ed.). North Holland. doi:10.1016/c2009-0-14415-x. ISBN 978-0-444-86440-6. Feigenbaum, Edward A.; McCorduck, Pamela (1987). The fifth generation: artificial intelligence and Japan's computer challenge to the world (4th ... |
Fifth Generation Computer Systems : FGCS Museum - contains a large archive of nearly all of the output of the FGCS project, including technical reports, technical memoranda, hardware specifications, and software. Details about 5th Generation Computer - How the Computer System evolved. |
Fred the Webmate : Fred the Webmate was a chatterbot created in 1998 for the defunct e-zine Word Magazine. It was inspired by an early computer program ELIZA, which attempted to mimic human conversation by use of a script. The chatterbot was accessible on www.c404.tv/word/fred/index.html. Visitors to the chatterbot enc... |
Fred the Webmate : October 1999, archived page of Fred the Webmate on Internet Archive Wayback Machine |
Freddy II : Freddy (1969–1971) and Freddy II (1973–1976) were experimental robots built in the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception (later Department of Artificial Intelligence, now part of the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh). |
Freddy II : Technical innovations involving Freddy were at the forefront of the 70s robotics field. Freddy was one of the earliest robots to integrate vision, manipulation and intelligent systems as well as having versatility in the system and ease in retraining and reprogramming for new tasks. The idea of moving the t... |
Freddy II : In the mid 1970s there was controversy about the utility of pursuing a general purpose robotics programme in both the USA and the UK. A BBC TV programme in 1973, referred to as the "Lighthill Debate", pitched James Lighthill, who had written a critical report for the science and engineering research funding... |
Freddy II : Freddy Mark I (1969–1971) was an experimental prototype, with 3 degrees-of-freedom created by a rotating platform driven by a pair of independent wheels. The other main components were a video camera and bump sensors connected to a computer. The computer moved the platform so that the camera could see and t... |
Freddy II : Edinburgh's Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute page on Freddy for more information. Freddy II Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine A video (167 Mb WMV) from 1973 of Freddy II in action assembling a model car and ship simultaneously. Harry Barrow is the narrator. Pat Ambler, Harry Barrow,... |
FreeHAL : FreeHAL was a volunteer computing project to build a self-learning chatbot. This project is no longer active. Originally, the program was called JEliza referring to the chatbot ELIZA by Joseph Weizenbaum. The J stood for Java because JEliza has first been programmed in Java. In May 2008, the program has been ... |
FreeHAL : In 2008, the program won the first prize in the category "Most Popular" at the Chatterbox Challenge, a yearly competition between different similar chatbots. |
FreeHAL : There was an article about FreeHAL in the Linux Magazine, Issue 97 from December 2008. In the German magazine com!, the program was on the CD/DVD and in the list of the Top-10-Open-Source programs of the month. |
FreeHAL : Website archive Linux-Magazine Issue 97, p. 94f com! Magazine, Issues 4/08 and 5/08 (in German) |
General Problem Solver : General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. In contrast to the former Logic Theorist project, the GPS works with means–ends analysis. |
General Problem Solver : Any problem that can be expressed as a set of well-formed formulas (WFFs) or Horn clauses, and that constitutes a directed graph with one or more sources (that is, hypotheses) and sinks (that is, desired conclusions), can be solved, in principle, by GPS. Proofs in the predicate logic and Euclid... |
General Problem Solver : Newell, A.; Shaw, J.C.; Simon, H.A. (1959). Report on a general problem-solving program. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing. pp. 256–264. Newell, A. (1963). A Guide to the General Problem-Solver Program GPS-2-2. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. Tech... |
Information Processing Language : Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language created by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert A. Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology about 1956. Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system progra... |
Information Processing Language : An IPL computer has: A set of symbols. All symbols are addresses, and name cells. Unlike symbols in later languages, symbols consist of a character followed by a number, and are written H1, A29, 9–7, 9–100. Cell names beginning with a letter are regional, and are absolute addresses. Ce... |
Information Processing Language : IPL was first utilized to demonstrate that the theorems in Principia Mathematica which were proven laboriously by hand, by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, could in fact be proven by computation. According to Simon's autobiography Models of My Life, this application was ori... |
Information Processing Language : IPL arguably introduced several programming language features: List manipulation—but only lists of atoms, not general lists Property lists—but only when attached to other lists Higher-order functions—while assembly programming had always allowed computing with the addresses of function... |
Information Processing Language : Carson, Daniel F.; Robinson, George A. (May 1966). Gyro II, A Macro-Defined System for List Processing (Report). Applied Mathematics Division, Argonne National Laboratories. ANL-7149. Cowell, W. R.; Reed, M. C. (October 1965). A Checker-Playing Program for the IPL-VC Computer (Report).... |
Information Processing Language : Newell, Allen; Shaw, J. C. (1957). "Programming the Logic Theory Machine". Papers Presented at the February 26–28, 1957, Western Joint Computer Conference: Techniques for Reliability. IRE-AIEE-ACM '57 (Western). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 230–240. doi:10.1145/1455567.1455... |
Information Processing Language : Allen Newell, "Biographical Memoirs", National Academy of Sciences (includes a short section on IPL) IPL documents from BitSavers Influence of IPL on LISP |
Intelligent Robotics Group : Intelligent Robotics Group (IRG) is a division of the Ames Research Center at Moffett Federal Airfield in California's Silicon Valley. |
Intelligent Robotics Group : The 2009 Director of the Intelligent Robotics Group Terry Fong stated in an interview that: IRG conducts applied research in a wide range of areas, including computer vision, geospatial data systems, human–robot interaction, interactive 3-D visualization and robot software architecture. In ... |
Intelligent Robotics Group : Artificial intelligence Computer programming |
Intelligent Robotics Group : gigapan of the IRG By:Rich Gibson (Rich) on October 29, 2008 (system developed by Carnegie Mellon University) interactive internal view of laboratory at IRG retrieved 19:47(GMT) (in situ)24.10.2011 Pool Vacuum Robot - Cordless Robotic Pool Cleaner Kristen Stubbs and Illah Nourbakhsh "An Ana... |
Johns Hopkins Beast : The Johns Hopkins Beast was a mobile automaton, an early pre-robot, built in the 1960s at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The machine had a rudimentary intelligence and the ability to survive on its own. As it wandered through the white halls of the laboratory, it would se... |
Johns Hopkins Beast : Moravec, Hans (1988). Mind Children. Harvard University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780674576162. Watson, David; Scheidt, David (2005). "Autonomous Systems" (PDF). Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest. 26 (4): 368–376. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-19. |
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