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5730a824396df91900096254
Sumer
The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the Semitic Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga (cuneiform: 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), phonetically /uŋ saŋ giga/, literally meaning "the black-headed people", and to their land as ki-en-gi(-r) ...
What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?
{ "text": [ "southern" ], "answer_start": [ 609 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?\n\nThe term \"Sumerian\" is the common name given to the ancient n...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5a21ab358a6e4f001aa08e5c
Political_philosophy
The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached tha...
What did Plato mention people were a member of?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What did Plato mention people were a member of?\n\nThe early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Pla...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
570d80d7fed7b91900d461d9
United_States_Army
By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000. A number of incentives such as early retirement...
What operation began in January 1991?
{ "text": [ "Desert Storm" ], "answer_start": [ 490 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nBy 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacte...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5709a8ad200fba1400368222
Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census
The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was ...
How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?
{ "text": [ "by head of household" ], "answer_start": [ 160 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nHow were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?\n\nThe 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5acd2d8007355d001abf37f4
Aspirated_consonant
Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.
A two-way distinction in stops was called what?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nA two-way distinction in stops was called what?\n\nSome forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5a8c7aaafd22b3001a8d88ba
Textual_criticism
When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant m...
Identical documents that represent different text are called what?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Identical documents that represent different text are called what?\n\nWhen comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a si...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
571aa06610f8ca14003051e4
Umayyad_Caliphate
According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, A...
Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?
{ "text": [ "Abd Manaf ibn Qusai" ], "answer_start": [ 130 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?\n\nAccording to tradition, the Umayyad family (also know...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5ad025ea77cf76001a686bad
Late_Middle_Ages
In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of co...
Laws against what lending practice weren't addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nIn the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ee
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan ...
Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?
{ "text": [ "the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso" ], "answer_start": [ 373 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nMeanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as t...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
57270b515951b619008f852f
Capacitor
In DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system. Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are under-damped. The current and voltage reverse direction, forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance. The current and voltage will...
When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?
{ "text": [ "a voltage reversal" ], "answer_start": [ 587 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system. Voltage reversal is encou...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5ad0217377cf76001a686b19
Late_Middle_Ages
As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment amon...
In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur?\n\nAs the European population was severely reduced, lan...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a4e72b0755ab9001a10f453
Airport
An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway f...
What is an example of the area around a utility building?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What is an example of the area around a utility building?\n\nAn airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5a8dcededf8bba001a0f9c6b
Richard_Feynman
After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical phy...
Which college did Feynman always have a job in?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhich college did Feynman always have a job in?\n\nAfter the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572837da4b864d1900164772
God
In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed ...
Which belief is that God is the universe?
{ "text": [ "pantheism" ], "answer_start": [ 219 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Which belief is that God is the universe?\n\nIn theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, Go...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
570717a99e06ca38007e9406
Chihuahua_(state)
After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua. On July 8, 1865 Brincourt crossed the Nazas River in northern Durango, heading toward Chihuahua. On July 22 Brincourt crossed the banks of Río Florido into...
In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?
{ "text": [ "Coahuila and Durango" ], "answer_start": [ 57 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nAfter running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed2
Alps
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms ...
What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?
{ "text": [ "feudalism" ], "answer_start": [ 240 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nChristianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The F...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
572963dcaf94a219006aa36b
New_Haven,_Connecticut
New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way...
What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?
{ "text": [ "large deep harbor" ], "answer_start": [ 51 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?\n\nNew Haven's best-known geographic features are it...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
57270b64708984140094d905
Nutrition
Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodological differences...
Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?
{ "text": [ "nutrition literacy" ], "answer_start": [ 749 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?\n\nAnother study examining the hea...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5732a189d6dcfa19001e8a45
Geological_history_of_Earth
During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the Nort...
Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?
{ "text": [ "Sevier and Laramide" ], "answer_start": [ 386 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nDuring the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, alth...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5a81b61731013a001a334db6
Group_(mathematics)
In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar exampl...
What do entities lose when handled in abstract algebra?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5730bc458ab72b1400f9c746
Sumer
Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for a...
What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?
{ "text": [ "Commercial credit and agricultural consumer" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?\n\nCommercial credit and agricultural consumer loans wer...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad2b709d7d075001a42a01d
Northwestern_University
Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law s...
What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Eight Conference?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Eight Conference?\n\nNorthwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
572504be0a492a19004356b9
Freemasonry
The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been is...
When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?
{ "text": [ "28 April 1738" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the R...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56e168ebe3433e1400422ec6
Universal_Studios
Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to bui...
How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?
{ "text": [ "$5.7 billion" ], "answer_start": [ 200 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nMatsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5a39ee9e2f14dd001ac7265a
Mammal
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental ...
Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nMolecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of the...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5ad179eb645df0001a2d1dc9
Queen_Victoria
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities ...
What company ruled none of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What company ruled none of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion?\n\nAfter the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5ad177db645df0001a2d1d55
Military_history_of_the_United_States
After just 100 hours of ground combat, and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control, US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities. Some US politicians were disappointed by this move, believing Bush should ha...
Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Southern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Southern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?\n\nAfter just 100 hours of ground co...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
57340ab4d058e614000b6863
Portugal
In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary ...
For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?
{ "text": [ "austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant" ], "answer_start": [ 287 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5727b1b72ca10214002d940b
Sichuan
In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as ...
What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?
{ "text": [ "The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate" ], "answer_start": [ 449 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?\n\nIn th...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
57327cb4e99e3014001e67e4
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which...
What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?
{ "text": [ "weather research aircraft" ], "answer_start": [ 288 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?\n\nSoviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a \"spy-plane\"...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
570718ed9e06ca38007e9424
Chihuahua_(state)
But the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerr...
Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?
{ "text": [ "Ángel Trías" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nBut the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. Ángel Trías le...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5ad24658d7d075001a428aee
Spectre_(2015_film)
Prior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the...
Spectre received mostly positive reviews prior to its release in what country?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nPrior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out o...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5a4d33057a6c4c001a2bbc37
Web_browser
Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.
What did Mosaic gain after it was released by Microsoft?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nMicrosoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser wa...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5727fc492ca10214002d9ab4
St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1...
Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?
{ "text": [ "St. John's" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?\n\nSt. John's is one of the oldest settlements i...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad41708604f3c001a400367
Charleston,_South_Carolina
Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is loca...
Charleston isn't located on what harbor?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nCharleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the princi...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
57320a23b9d445190005e760
Economy_of_Greece
After fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the highest budget deficit and government debt-to-GDP ratios in the EU. After several upward revisions, the 2009 budget deficit is now estimated at 15.7% of GDP. This, combined with rapid...
What percentage of GDP was the budget deficit of Greece in 2009?
{ "text": [ "15.7%" ], "answer_start": [ 281 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nAfter fourteen consecutive years of economic growth, Greece went into recession in 2008. By the end of 2009, the Greek economy faced the h...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
572929766aef051400154b04
Planck_constant
The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest i...
Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?
{ "text": [ "Max Planck" ], "answer_start": [ 625 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nThe black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad37d3d604f3c001a3fe40e
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, P...
What body consisted of the House of Lords and the House of Majesty;s government?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nStrict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which serv...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
56f96f969e9bad19000a0909
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.
The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?
{ "text": [ "HM Armed Forces" ], "answer_start": [ 252 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?\n\nThe current Chief of the Defence Staff, the p...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
57295fc51d04691400779345
Palermo
As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sar...
How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?
{ "text": [ "Theodoric supported Roman culture and government" ], "answer_start": [ 498 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?\n\nAs the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the contr...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5acff5ca77cf76001a686633
Republic_of_the_Congo
The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo wa...
When did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhen did the Congo lose its independence from colonial rule?\n\nThe region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, wh...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a7a086317ab25001a8a0234
Law_of_the_United_States
Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally, crimes can result in incarceration, but torts (see below) cannot. The majori...
What is an example of a tort?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nCriminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they ar...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad3d580604f3c001a3ff2d2
Yale_University
Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Ma...
What was Porter's reason for approving the research university?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nExpansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
572fac0904bcaa1900d76bb6
Modern_history
In Latin America in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country's upper class to support coup d'états to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat. This was further fueled by Cuban and United...
What did all countries restore in the 1990's
{ "text": [ "their democracies." ], "answer_start": [ 717 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn Latin America in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5a26f814c93d92001a400398
Post-punk
The scope of the term "post-punk" has been subject to controversy. While some critics, such as AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, have employed the term "post-punk" to denote "a more adventurous and arty form of punk", others have suggested it pertains to a set of artistic sensibilities and approaches rather than any ...
What did Nicholas Lezard say post-punk was more of?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What did Nicholas Lezard say post-punk was more of?\n\nThe scope of the term \"post-punk\" has been subject to controversy. Wh...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
570ac9296d058f19001830f7
Aircraft_carrier
The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carri...
What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?
{ "text": [ "HMS Argus" ], "answer_start": [ 82 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?\n\nThe development of flattop vess...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5729e5501d0469140077965d
Energy
Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener...
Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?
{ "text": [ "kinetic" ], "answer_start": [ 61 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nSome types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5727a226ff5b5019007d916a
Alsace
Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL....
Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?
{ "text": [ "Roman Catholic" ], "answer_start": [ 35 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nMost of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant c...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5726a1575951b619008f7843
Edmund_Burke
On 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a "history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne", its length being eighty quarto sheets (640 pages), nearly 400,000 words. It was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. Burke completed the wo...
When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?
{ "text": [ "25 February 1757" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?\n\nOn 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5726bf80f1498d1400e8ea1c
Napoleon
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being capt...
When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?
{ "text": [ "Austria" ], "answer_start": [ 484 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?\n\nIn the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
56df12ec3277331400b4d953
Warsaw_Pact
The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all ...
How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?
{ "text": [ "eight" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?\n\nThe eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e7
Beyoncé
Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, "to live life, to be inspired by things again". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyoncé's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of Ch...
Who suggested the hiatus for Beyoncé?
{ "text": [ "her mother" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nBeyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to liv...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
57097a0bed30961900e841ce
Copper
Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the...
What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?
{ "text": [ "35–55 kg" ], "answer_start": [ 443 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nLike aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
570a6f236d058f1900182e57
Emotion
For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associa...
How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?
{ "text": [ "six" ], "answer_start": [ 638 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nFor more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
56e031db231d4119001abfb8
Comics
Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slig...
What was seen as "infantile" in the United States?
{ "text": [ "comics" ], "answer_start": [ 67 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nFollowing the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5a5933933e1742001a15d00b
Genome
Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequen...
What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nBoth the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlatio...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
573444c0879d6814001ca44a
Tucson,_Arizona
To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainabl...
What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?
{ "text": [ "Avra Valley aquifer" ], "answer_start": [ 322 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?\n\nTo prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conserva...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
57265d27708984140094c3a4
Film_speed
Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed t...
What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?
{ "text": [ "prohibitively time consuming to process" ], "answer_start": [ 451 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?\n\nDigital cameras have far surpassed film in terms ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
56f7c49eaef2371900625bdb
Szlachta
During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg M...
When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status.
{ "text": [ "1772 to 1795" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. \n\nDuring the Partitions of Poland fr...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5ace3fcc32bba1001ae4a075
Sony_Music_Entertainment
In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music.
In 2014, Sony Music closed which office?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing to move distribution of SME in the Phili...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56d8d5babfea0914004b7736
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay
Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standi...
What color was the chartered plane?
{ "text": [ "red and yellow" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What color was the chartered plane?\n\nInternationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airb...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
572962eb1d0469140077937f
Green
Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-...
Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for "green" which are derived from words for what?
{ "text": [ "fresh, sprouting vegetation" ], "answer_start": [ 131 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nThus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for \"green\" which are d...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5ad421a7604f3c001a400779
Houston
The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States. Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in a...
Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Movie District?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nThe Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
570db4b716d0071400510d13
Eritrea
Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative a...
What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??
{ "text": [ "foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation" ], "answer_start": [ 562 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??\n\nFollowing the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5a8ca048fd22b3001a8d8c15
Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a ...
What city was Henige originally from?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nColin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse migh...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572a8ebc34ae481900deab8b
Philadelphia
The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of economic act...
How many Fortune 500 companies call Philadelpia home?
{ "text": [ "seven" ], "answer_start": [ 357 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educati...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5a70ba6d8abb0b001a67611d
Xbox_360
While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling s...
Where did the Xbox sell exceptionally well?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nWhile the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citati...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5731cca5e17f3d1400422409
Steven_Spielberg
Spielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is his production relationship with Kathleen Kennedy who has served as producer on all his major films from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to the recent Lincoln. For cinematography, Allen Daviau...
Which film did Kathleen Kennedy first work with Spielberg on?
{ "text": [ "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" ], "answer_start": [ 238 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nSpielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
57359e82e853931400426a66
Kathmandu
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated t...
Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?
{ "text": [ "Licchavis" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?\n\nThe Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the K...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
56db3c93e7c41114004b4f77
American_Idol
Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released "Beautiful Life" as his coronation single while Beckham released "Champion". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called "Forcefield".
Who won this season of Idol?
{ "text": [ "Nick Fradiani" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Who won this season of Idol?\n\nNick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5ad3f47e604f3c001a3ff94b
Westminster_Abbey
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]
When was the Lady Chapel subtracted?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: When was the Lady Chapel subtracted?\n\nHenry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed V...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5711205bb654c5140001fb8a
Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation whi...
Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?
{ "text": [ "strict licensing requirements" ], "answer_start": [ 58 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nNintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. Th...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
572607cd89a1e219009ac15a
Incandescent_light_bulb
Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba...
What is the purpose of white-balancing?
{ "text": [ "to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors" ], "answer_start": [ 346 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nAlthough inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, sinc...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
56d0007f234ae51400d9c244
Solar_energy
Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,0...
By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?
{ "text": [ "16th-century Arab alchemists" ], "answer_start": [ 116 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?\n\nSolar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5acf7ed677cf76001a684fb0
Somerset
Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981. The population density is 1.4 persons per hectare, which can be compared to 2.07 persons per hectare for the South West region. Within the county, population densi...
What is the people per hectare in the least populated county in the UK?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nPopulation growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Counci...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
570c62e8fed7b91900d45975
John,_King_of_England
Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playin...
Where did John hold a council in January 1215?
{ "text": [ "London" ], "answer_start": [ 147 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nWithin a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John h...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572833d43acd2414000df6de
Federalism
The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta...
How did the federal war end?
{ "text": [ "with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: How did the federal war end? \n\nThe Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad357ad604f3c001a3fde07
Elizabeth_II
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocra...
In what year did Elizabeth's paternal grandmother Mary die?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nElizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
573112cae6313a140071cbf1
Light-emitting_diode
By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to am...
How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?
{ "text": [ "By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells" ], "answer_start": [ 193 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?\n\nBy the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5726dbef5951b619008f8037
Utrecht
About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively ...
What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face
{ "text": [ "About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare" ], "answer_start": [ 527 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat Socio economic problems does Utrecht face \n\nAbout 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the popula...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
572f8a4904bcaa1900d76a6c
Pain
Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-b...
Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to?
{ "text": [ "the insular cortex" ], "answer_start": [ 430 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? \n\nSpinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5727e149ff5b5019007d976b
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union
On November 13, 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna, the Kyiv University student club Hromada, and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit ("Green World") and Noosfera, to focus on ecological issues. From November 14–18, 15...
What did people gather to observe on December 10th?
{ "text": [ "International Human Rights Day" ], "answer_start": [ 644 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nOn November 13, 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage org...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56f7489aaef2371900625aba
Treaty
In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.
Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?
{ "text": [ "In practice" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nAlthough withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?\n\nIn practice, because of sovere...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5709ab89200fba1400368249
United_States_dollar
Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the ...
What color was predominantly used?
{ "text": [ "green" ], "answer_start": [ 27 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What color was predominantly used?\n\nThough still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distingui...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5acfc07077cf76001a685c8d
Federalism
Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New...
When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Muslims?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhen was the earliest source of political federalism according to Muslims?\n\nSome Christians argue that the earliest source of political...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
570df7fc0b85d914000d7c3b
Adolescence
Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' hom...
What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?
{ "text": [ "video games" ], "answer_start": [ 714 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nBecause exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and telev...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
57280ae14b864d19001642d4
Northwestern_University
Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club sports. The women's lacrosse team won five consecutive NCAA national championships between 2005 and 2009, went undefeated in 2005 and 2009, added more NCAA championships in 2011 and 2012, giving them 7 NCAA champ...
How many consecutive NCAA championships did the women's larcrosse team win between 2005 and 2009?
{ "text": [ "five" ], "answer_start": [ 146 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nNorthwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club spo...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
570c5881b3d812140066d16b
John,_King_of_England
This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – "anger and ill-will" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasur...
John had to additional ability to do what?
{ "text": [ "cripple his vassals" ], "answer_start": [ 694 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThis trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malev...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5ad13603645df0001a2d118a
Renewable_energy_commercialization
Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China...
What country has been decreasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat country has been decreasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?\n\nSome countries are elimin...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad21446d7d075001a428382
Quran
The Quran describes itself as "the discernment" (al-furqān), "the mother book" (umm al-kitāb), "the guide" (huda), "the wisdom" (hikmah), "the remembrance" (dhikr) and "the revelation" (tanzīl; something sent down, signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place). Another term is al-kitāb (The Bo...
What term is used in the Quran to indicate future revelations?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe Quran describes itself as \"the discernment\" (al-furqān), \"the mother book\" (umm al-kitāb), \"the guide\" (huda), \"the wisdom\" (h...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
573245eeb9d445190005e974
Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decid...
What does the title of elder not signify?
{ "text": [ "a formal clergy-laity division" ], "answer_start": [ 695 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What does the title of elder not signify?\n\nEach congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial s...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae7
Ottoman_Empire
Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic ra...
Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?
{ "text": [ "the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire" ], "answer_start": [ 302 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nExamples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5acd1a1a07355d001abf34fd
British_Isles
The oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old. During the Silurian period the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global ...
How far below sea level is Ben Nevis?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' How far below sea level is Ben Nevis?\n\nThe oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572fcc0f04bcaa1900d76d49
Roman_Republic
The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. ...
In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?
{ "text": [ "477 BC" ], "answer_start": [ 687 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbou...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5728cff2ff5b5019007da716
Paris
France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the ad...
Where does the Constitutional Council meet?
{ "text": [ "Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal" ], "answer_start": [ 584 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nFrance's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews crimi...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
570def080b85d914000d7bff
Adolescence
Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. How...
During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?
{ "text": [ "synaptic pruning" ], "answer_start": [ 193 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nOver the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the br...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
572988531d04691400779515
Glass
Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instant...
Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what?
{ "text": [ "a solid" ], "answer_start": [ 129 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nAlthough the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5ad23316d7d075001a42878e
Quran
Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led...
Which city doesn't correspond to Asim's recitation of the Quran?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nVocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The f...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
56f86358aef2371900626038
Southampton
Southampton became a spa town in 1740. It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.
Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw Southampton become popular for sea bathing?
{ "text": [ "1760s" ], "answer_start": [ 96 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nDespite not having a good beach, what decade saw Southampton become popular for sea bathing?\n\nSouthampton became a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc9
Carnival
Tarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks ...
What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?
{ "text": [ "elegance" ], "answer_start": [ 425 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nTarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends wit...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.