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The province of Medio Campidano (Italian: provincia del Medio Campidano; Sardinian: provìntzia de su Campidanu de Mesu) is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. As of 2015, the province had a population of 100,141 inhabitants over an area of 1,517.34 square kilometres (585.85 sq mi), giving it a population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometre. It has two chief towns, Villacidro and Sanluri, with 14,245 and 8,543 inhabitants, respectively. It was established in 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. It contained 28 comuni (singular: comune) and the president of the province was Fulvio Tocco. Medio Campidano was suppressed as a province by a 2016 Regional Decree and war integrated into the newly founded province of South Sardinia. but was reinstalled in April 2021.
The province contains e.g. the Nuragic archaeological site Su Nuraxi in Barumini, which was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.
History
The formation of the province was announced in 2001 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia and it officially became a province in May 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. On 6 May 2012 the regional referendums of Sardinia took place regarding the abolition of certain provinces and a variety of other matters. The suggestion of reforming or abolishing certain provinces in Sardinia was approved by the Regional Council of Sardinia on 24 May 2012. Due to this, the province of Medio Campidano was ordered to form a new administrative body or be abolished on 1 March 2013, but this expiry date for constitutional changes was extended to 1 July 2013. It later formed a new administrative body.
Geography
The Province of Medio Campidano is on the west side of the Island of Sardinia, with a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. To the north is the Province of Oristano, to the east the Province of Cagliari and to the south, the Provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Cagliari. The total area of Medio Campidano is 1,516 square kilometres (585 sq mi), some 6.3% of the whole island. It is divided into 28 municipalities. The capitals are Sanluri in the east and Villacidro in the south. The environment is diverse, with mountains, hills, plains and coastline. The province is one of the least populated and most unspoilt areas of the island and has earned the name, the "Green Province".The mining industry began to develop in the province in the nineteenth century due to the large lead, copper and silver reserves, but the industry became uneconomical after World War II and all that now remains is the industrial heritage. In the more hilly districts, olives and grapes are grown and Sardinia is known for the breeding of sheep. The Campidano plain is used for cropping and produces rice, maize and sorghum.
Government
List of presidents of the province of Medio Campidano
References
External links
Media related to Province of Medio Campidano at Wikimedia Commons | shares border with | {
"answer_start": [
1866
],
"text": [
"Province of Cagliari"
]
} |
The province of Medio Campidano (Italian: provincia del Medio Campidano; Sardinian: provìntzia de su Campidanu de Mesu) is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. As of 2015, the province had a population of 100,141 inhabitants over an area of 1,517.34 square kilometres (585.85 sq mi), giving it a population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometre. It has two chief towns, Villacidro and Sanluri, with 14,245 and 8,543 inhabitants, respectively. It was established in 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. It contained 28 comuni (singular: comune) and the president of the province was Fulvio Tocco. Medio Campidano was suppressed as a province by a 2016 Regional Decree and war integrated into the newly founded province of South Sardinia. but was reinstalled in April 2021.
The province contains e.g. the Nuragic archaeological site Su Nuraxi in Barumini, which was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.
History
The formation of the province was announced in 2001 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia and it officially became a province in May 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. On 6 May 2012 the regional referendums of Sardinia took place regarding the abolition of certain provinces and a variety of other matters. The suggestion of reforming or abolishing certain provinces in Sardinia was approved by the Regional Council of Sardinia on 24 May 2012. Due to this, the province of Medio Campidano was ordered to form a new administrative body or be abolished on 1 March 2013, but this expiry date for constitutional changes was extended to 1 July 2013. It later formed a new administrative body.
Geography
The Province of Medio Campidano is on the west side of the Island of Sardinia, with a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. To the north is the Province of Oristano, to the east the Province of Cagliari and to the south, the Provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Cagliari. The total area of Medio Campidano is 1,516 square kilometres (585 sq mi), some 6.3% of the whole island. It is divided into 28 municipalities. The capitals are Sanluri in the east and Villacidro in the south. The environment is diverse, with mountains, hills, plains and coastline. The province is one of the least populated and most unspoilt areas of the island and has earned the name, the "Green Province".The mining industry began to develop in the province in the nineteenth century due to the large lead, copper and silver reserves, but the industry became uneconomical after World War II and all that now remains is the industrial heritage. In the more hilly districts, olives and grapes are grown and Sardinia is known for the breeding of sheep. The Campidano plain is used for cropping and produces rice, maize and sorghum.
Government
List of presidents of the province of Medio Campidano
References
External links
Media related to Province of Medio Campidano at Wikimedia Commons | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Sardinia"
]
} |
The province of Medio Campidano (Italian: provincia del Medio Campidano; Sardinian: provìntzia de su Campidanu de Mesu) is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. As of 2015, the province had a population of 100,141 inhabitants over an area of 1,517.34 square kilometres (585.85 sq mi), giving it a population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometre. It has two chief towns, Villacidro and Sanluri, with 14,245 and 8,543 inhabitants, respectively. It was established in 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. It contained 28 comuni (singular: comune) and the president of the province was Fulvio Tocco. Medio Campidano was suppressed as a province by a 2016 Regional Decree and war integrated into the newly founded province of South Sardinia. but was reinstalled in April 2021.
The province contains e.g. the Nuragic archaeological site Su Nuraxi in Barumini, which was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.
History
The formation of the province was announced in 2001 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia and it officially became a province in May 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. On 6 May 2012 the regional referendums of Sardinia took place regarding the abolition of certain provinces and a variety of other matters. The suggestion of reforming or abolishing certain provinces in Sardinia was approved by the Regional Council of Sardinia on 24 May 2012. Due to this, the province of Medio Campidano was ordered to form a new administrative body or be abolished on 1 March 2013, but this expiry date for constitutional changes was extended to 1 July 2013. It later formed a new administrative body.
Geography
The Province of Medio Campidano is on the west side of the Island of Sardinia, with a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. To the north is the Province of Oristano, to the east the Province of Cagliari and to the south, the Provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Cagliari. The total area of Medio Campidano is 1,516 square kilometres (585 sq mi), some 6.3% of the whole island. It is divided into 28 municipalities. The capitals are Sanluri in the east and Villacidro in the south. The environment is diverse, with mountains, hills, plains and coastline. The province is one of the least populated and most unspoilt areas of the island and has earned the name, the "Green Province".The mining industry began to develop in the province in the nineteenth century due to the large lead, copper and silver reserves, but the industry became uneconomical after World War II and all that now remains is the industrial heritage. In the more hilly districts, olives and grapes are grown and Sardinia is known for the breeding of sheep. The Campidano plain is used for cropping and produces rice, maize and sorghum.
Government
List of presidents of the province of Medio Campidano
References
External links
Media related to Province of Medio Campidano at Wikimedia Commons | contains the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"Villacidro"
]
} |
The province of Medio Campidano (Italian: provincia del Medio Campidano; Sardinian: provìntzia de su Campidanu de Mesu) is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. As of 2015, the province had a population of 100,141 inhabitants over an area of 1,517.34 square kilometres (585.85 sq mi), giving it a population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometre. It has two chief towns, Villacidro and Sanluri, with 14,245 and 8,543 inhabitants, respectively. It was established in 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. It contained 28 comuni (singular: comune) and the president of the province was Fulvio Tocco. Medio Campidano was suppressed as a province by a 2016 Regional Decree and war integrated into the newly founded province of South Sardinia. but was reinstalled in April 2021.
The province contains e.g. the Nuragic archaeological site Su Nuraxi in Barumini, which was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.
History
The formation of the province was announced in 2001 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia and it officially became a province in May 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. On 6 May 2012 the regional referendums of Sardinia took place regarding the abolition of certain provinces and a variety of other matters. The suggestion of reforming or abolishing certain provinces in Sardinia was approved by the Regional Council of Sardinia on 24 May 2012. Due to this, the province of Medio Campidano was ordered to form a new administrative body or be abolished on 1 March 2013, but this expiry date for constitutional changes was extended to 1 July 2013. It later formed a new administrative body.
Geography
The Province of Medio Campidano is on the west side of the Island of Sardinia, with a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. To the north is the Province of Oristano, to the east the Province of Cagliari and to the south, the Provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Cagliari. The total area of Medio Campidano is 1,516 square kilometres (585 sq mi), some 6.3% of the whole island. It is divided into 28 municipalities. The capitals are Sanluri in the east and Villacidro in the south. The environment is diverse, with mountains, hills, plains and coastline. The province is one of the least populated and most unspoilt areas of the island and has earned the name, the "Green Province".The mining industry began to develop in the province in the nineteenth century due to the large lead, copper and silver reserves, but the industry became uneconomical after World War II and all that now remains is the industrial heritage. In the more hilly districts, olives and grapes are grown and Sardinia is known for the breeding of sheep. The Campidano plain is used for cropping and produces rice, maize and sorghum.
Government
List of presidents of the province of Medio Campidano
References
External links
Media related to Province of Medio Campidano at Wikimedia Commons | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
1690
],
"text": [
"Province of Medio Campidano"
]
} |
The province of Medio Campidano (Italian: provincia del Medio Campidano; Sardinian: provìntzia de su Campidanu de Mesu) is a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. As of 2015, the province had a population of 100,141 inhabitants over an area of 1,517.34 square kilometres (585.85 sq mi), giving it a population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometre. It has two chief towns, Villacidro and Sanluri, with 14,245 and 8,543 inhabitants, respectively. It was established in 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. It contained 28 comuni (singular: comune) and the president of the province was Fulvio Tocco. Medio Campidano was suppressed as a province by a 2016 Regional Decree and war integrated into the newly founded province of South Sardinia. but was reinstalled in April 2021.
The province contains e.g. the Nuragic archaeological site Su Nuraxi in Barumini, which was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.
History
The formation of the province was announced in 2001 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia and it officially became a province in May 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. On 6 May 2012 the regional referendums of Sardinia took place regarding the abolition of certain provinces and a variety of other matters. The suggestion of reforming or abolishing certain provinces in Sardinia was approved by the Regional Council of Sardinia on 24 May 2012. Due to this, the province of Medio Campidano was ordered to form a new administrative body or be abolished on 1 March 2013, but this expiry date for constitutional changes was extended to 1 July 2013. It later formed a new administrative body.
Geography
The Province of Medio Campidano is on the west side of the Island of Sardinia, with a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. To the north is the Province of Oristano, to the east the Province of Cagliari and to the south, the Provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Cagliari. The total area of Medio Campidano is 1,516 square kilometres (585 sq mi), some 6.3% of the whole island. It is divided into 28 municipalities. The capitals are Sanluri in the east and Villacidro in the south. The environment is diverse, with mountains, hills, plains and coastline. The province is one of the least populated and most unspoilt areas of the island and has earned the name, the "Green Province".The mining industry began to develop in the province in the nineteenth century due to the large lead, copper and silver reserves, but the industry became uneconomical after World War II and all that now remains is the industrial heritage. In the more hilly districts, olives and grapes are grown and Sardinia is known for the breeding of sheep. The Campidano plain is used for cropping and produces rice, maize and sorghum.
Government
List of presidents of the province of Medio Campidano
References
External links
Media related to Province of Medio Campidano at Wikimedia Commons | Commons gallery | {
"answer_start": [
1690
],
"text": [
"Province of Medio Campidano"
]
} |
Gelechia resecta is a moth of the family Gelechiidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in South Africa.The wingspan is about 11 mm. The forewings are grey, sprinkled with whitish points and scattered blackish scales and with a black mark on the base of the costa, one along the base of the dorsum, and a small irregular spot between these. There is an irregular blotch of blackish suffusion in the disc at one-fourth. The stigmata are rather large, suffused, black, the plical near before the first discal, the second discal edged with white posteriorly, touching a blotch of blackish irroration (sprinkles) on the costa beyond the middle, and a small tornal spot. The hindwings are grey, thinly scaled in the disc and towards the base.
== References == | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gelechia"
]
} |
Gelechia resecta is a moth of the family Gelechiidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in South Africa.The wingspan is about 11 mm. The forewings are grey, sprinkled with whitish points and scattered blackish scales and with a black mark on the base of the costa, one along the base of the dorsum, and a small irregular spot between these. There is an irregular blotch of blackish suffusion in the disc at one-fourth. The stigmata are rather large, suffused, black, the plical near before the first discal, the second discal edged with white posteriorly, touching a blotch of blackish irroration (sprinkles) on the costa beyond the middle, and a small tornal spot. The hindwings are grey, thinly scaled in the disc and towards the base.
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gelechia resecta"
]
} |
Táborfalva is a village in Pest county, Hungary.
References
External links
Official website | country | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Hungary"
]
} |
Táborfalva is a village in Pest county, Hungary.
References
External links
Official website | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Táborfalva"
]
} |
Geoffrey Vivian Myburgh (30 December 1928 – 2 March 2010) was a South African Olympic sailor and one of the founders of the NSRI of which he became financial director, chairman and life governor.
Career
When Myburgh was a child, he always had a love of the sea, and started his sailing career from Kalk Bay on Spindrift, designed by Norman Ross of the RCYC. In 1951, he began sailing at ZVYC crewing with Joyce, Bongers and Burnwood. He sailed for RCYC on Sea Swallow, and competed 30 square metres in the event, in the Lipton Cup Challenge in 1952. He represented South Africa at the 1956 Olympic games in Melbourne and the FD worlds in 1958. He later competed in his Finn in Sweden and Finland. He helped with the construction of the first 20 Optimists at ZVYC in 1971, and introduced the Laser into the country in 1973 and sailed many world championships winning several master's trophies in the class. He later received the SA Sports Merit Award as a coach in 1977. He became an ISAF international judge in 1982, a status he continued throughout the rest of his life, and travelled the world in this regard. He was involved in the administration of various classes and was principal race officer and chairman of the organising committees for many major events, including Cork Week.
Death
On 2 March 2010, Myburgh died at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife Helen, three children, and five grandchildren.
References
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at SA Sailing
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Laser Class Association
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the Royal Cork Yacht Club
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Sailing Federation
Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Geoff Myburgh". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"South Africa"
]
} |
Geoffrey Vivian Myburgh (30 December 1928 – 2 March 2010) was a South African Olympic sailor and one of the founders of the NSRI of which he became financial director, chairman and life governor.
Career
When Myburgh was a child, he always had a love of the sea, and started his sailing career from Kalk Bay on Spindrift, designed by Norman Ross of the RCYC. In 1951, he began sailing at ZVYC crewing with Joyce, Bongers and Burnwood. He sailed for RCYC on Sea Swallow, and competed 30 square metres in the event, in the Lipton Cup Challenge in 1952. He represented South Africa at the 1956 Olympic games in Melbourne and the FD worlds in 1958. He later competed in his Finn in Sweden and Finland. He helped with the construction of the first 20 Optimists at ZVYC in 1971, and introduced the Laser into the country in 1973 and sailed many world championships winning several master's trophies in the class. He later received the SA Sports Merit Award as a coach in 1977. He became an ISAF international judge in 1982, a status he continued throughout the rest of his life, and travelled the world in this regard. He was involved in the administration of various classes and was principal race officer and chairman of the organising committees for many major events, including Cork Week.
Death
On 2 March 2010, Myburgh died at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife Helen, three children, and five grandchildren.
References
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at SA Sailing
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Laser Class Association
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the Royal Cork Yacht Club
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Sailing Federation
Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Geoff Myburgh". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"sailor"
]
} |
Geoffrey Vivian Myburgh (30 December 1928 – 2 March 2010) was a South African Olympic sailor and one of the founders of the NSRI of which he became financial director, chairman and life governor.
Career
When Myburgh was a child, he always had a love of the sea, and started his sailing career from Kalk Bay on Spindrift, designed by Norman Ross of the RCYC. In 1951, he began sailing at ZVYC crewing with Joyce, Bongers and Burnwood. He sailed for RCYC on Sea Swallow, and competed 30 square metres in the event, in the Lipton Cup Challenge in 1952. He represented South Africa at the 1956 Olympic games in Melbourne and the FD worlds in 1958. He later competed in his Finn in Sweden and Finland. He helped with the construction of the first 20 Optimists at ZVYC in 1971, and introduced the Laser into the country in 1973 and sailed many world championships winning several master's trophies in the class. He later received the SA Sports Merit Award as a coach in 1977. He became an ISAF international judge in 1982, a status he continued throughout the rest of his life, and travelled the world in this regard. He was involved in the administration of various classes and was principal race officer and chairman of the organising committees for many major events, including Cork Week.
Death
On 2 March 2010, Myburgh died at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife Helen, three children, and five grandchildren.
References
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at SA Sailing
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Laser Class Association
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the Royal Cork Yacht Club
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Sailing Federation
Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Geoff Myburgh". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. | sport | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"sailing"
]
} |
Geoffrey Vivian Myburgh (30 December 1928 – 2 March 2010) was a South African Olympic sailor and one of the founders of the NSRI of which he became financial director, chairman and life governor.
Career
When Myburgh was a child, he always had a love of the sea, and started his sailing career from Kalk Bay on Spindrift, designed by Norman Ross of the RCYC. In 1951, he began sailing at ZVYC crewing with Joyce, Bongers and Burnwood. He sailed for RCYC on Sea Swallow, and competed 30 square metres in the event, in the Lipton Cup Challenge in 1952. He represented South Africa at the 1956 Olympic games in Melbourne and the FD worlds in 1958. He later competed in his Finn in Sweden and Finland. He helped with the construction of the first 20 Optimists at ZVYC in 1971, and introduced the Laser into the country in 1973 and sailed many world championships winning several master's trophies in the class. He later received the SA Sports Merit Award as a coach in 1977. He became an ISAF international judge in 1982, a status he continued throughout the rest of his life, and travelled the world in this regard. He was involved in the administration of various classes and was principal race officer and chairman of the organising committees for many major events, including Cork Week.
Death
On 2 March 2010, Myburgh died at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife Helen, three children, and five grandchildren.
References
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at SA Sailing
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Laser Class Association
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the Royal Cork Yacht Club
Geoff Myburgh's obituary at the International Sailing Federation
Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Geoff Myburgh". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Geoff"
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Horace James may be:
Horace James (footballer) (born 1984), Jamaican footballer
Horace James (minister) (1818–1875), American clergyman who served with the Union Army and assisted freedmen
Horace James, a fictional character in Flash Forward | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"Jamaica"
]
} |
Horace James may be:
Horace James (footballer) (born 1984), Jamaican footballer
Horace James (minister) (1818–1875), American clergyman who served with the Union Army and assisted freedmen
Horace James, a fictional character in Flash Forward | family name | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"James"
]
} |
Horace James may be:
Horace James (footballer) (born 1984), Jamaican footballer
Horace James (minister) (1818–1875), American clergyman who served with the Union Army and assisted freedmen
Horace James, a fictional character in Flash Forward | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Horace"
]
} |
The Honor of the Press is a 1932 American Pre-Code crime film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Edward J. Nugent, Rita La Roy and Dorothy Gulliver. It was produced as a second feature for release by Mayfair Pictures. The film's sets were designed by the art director Paul Palmentola.
Synopsis
Corrupt Roger Bradley buys a newspaper in order to promote his own shady dealings and denigrate the work of the city's Police Commissioner. A cub reporter on the paper discovers that Bradley and one of the other reporters are both involved in major crime.
Cast
Edward J. Nugent as Daniel E. Greely, Cub Reporter
Rita La Roy as Daisy Tellem, Gossip Columnist
Dorothy Gulliver as June Bonner, the Girlfriend
Wheeler Oakman as Roger Bradley, Crooked Newspaper Owner
Russell Simpson as City Editor Dan Perkins
John Ince as Police Commissioner Drake
Charles K. French as Dodson (editorial writer)
Reginald Simpson as Larry Grayson (reporter)
Franklin Parker as Sorrell "Sorry" Simpson (photographer)
Franklyn Farnum as Mr. Sampson (publisher of The Herald)
References
Bibliography
Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each. McFarland & Company, 2005.
External links
The Honor of the Press at IMDb
The Honor of the Press is available for free download at the Internet Archive | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"film"
]
} |
The Honor of the Press is a 1932 American Pre-Code crime film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Edward J. Nugent, Rita La Roy and Dorothy Gulliver. It was produced as a second feature for release by Mayfair Pictures. The film's sets were designed by the art director Paul Palmentola.
Synopsis
Corrupt Roger Bradley buys a newspaper in order to promote his own shady dealings and denigrate the work of the city's Police Commissioner. A cub reporter on the paper discovers that Bradley and one of the other reporters are both involved in major crime.
Cast
Edward J. Nugent as Daniel E. Greely, Cub Reporter
Rita La Roy as Daisy Tellem, Gossip Columnist
Dorothy Gulliver as June Bonner, the Girlfriend
Wheeler Oakman as Roger Bradley, Crooked Newspaper Owner
Russell Simpson as City Editor Dan Perkins
John Ince as Police Commissioner Drake
Charles K. French as Dodson (editorial writer)
Reginald Simpson as Larry Grayson (reporter)
Franklin Parker as Sorrell "Sorry" Simpson (photographer)
Franklyn Farnum as Mr. Sampson (publisher of The Herald)
References
Bibliography
Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each. McFarland & Company, 2005.
External links
The Honor of the Press at IMDb
The Honor of the Press is available for free download at the Internet Archive | director | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"B. Reeves Eason"
]
} |
The Honor of the Press is a 1932 American Pre-Code crime film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Edward J. Nugent, Rita La Roy and Dorothy Gulliver. It was produced as a second feature for release by Mayfair Pictures. The film's sets were designed by the art director Paul Palmentola.
Synopsis
Corrupt Roger Bradley buys a newspaper in order to promote his own shady dealings and denigrate the work of the city's Police Commissioner. A cub reporter on the paper discovers that Bradley and one of the other reporters are both involved in major crime.
Cast
Edward J. Nugent as Daniel E. Greely, Cub Reporter
Rita La Roy as Daisy Tellem, Gossip Columnist
Dorothy Gulliver as June Bonner, the Girlfriend
Wheeler Oakman as Roger Bradley, Crooked Newspaper Owner
Russell Simpson as City Editor Dan Perkins
John Ince as Police Commissioner Drake
Charles K. French as Dodson (editorial writer)
Reginald Simpson as Larry Grayson (reporter)
Franklin Parker as Sorrell "Sorry" Simpson (photographer)
Franklyn Farnum as Mr. Sampson (publisher of The Herald)
References
Bibliography
Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each. McFarland & Company, 2005.
External links
The Honor of the Press at IMDb
The Honor of the Press is available for free download at the Internet Archive | genre | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"crime film"
]
} |
The Honor of the Press is a 1932 American Pre-Code crime film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Edward J. Nugent, Rita La Roy and Dorothy Gulliver. It was produced as a second feature for release by Mayfair Pictures. The film's sets were designed by the art director Paul Palmentola.
Synopsis
Corrupt Roger Bradley buys a newspaper in order to promote his own shady dealings and denigrate the work of the city's Police Commissioner. A cub reporter on the paper discovers that Bradley and one of the other reporters are both involved in major crime.
Cast
Edward J. Nugent as Daniel E. Greely, Cub Reporter
Rita La Roy as Daisy Tellem, Gossip Columnist
Dorothy Gulliver as June Bonner, the Girlfriend
Wheeler Oakman as Roger Bradley, Crooked Newspaper Owner
Russell Simpson as City Editor Dan Perkins
John Ince as Police Commissioner Drake
Charles K. French as Dodson (editorial writer)
Reginald Simpson as Larry Grayson (reporter)
Franklin Parker as Sorrell "Sorry" Simpson (photographer)
Franklyn Farnum as Mr. Sampson (publisher of The Herald)
References
Bibliography
Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each. McFarland & Company, 2005.
External links
The Honor of the Press at IMDb
The Honor of the Press is available for free download at the Internet Archive | title | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Honor of the Press"
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Ballinkillen is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Ballinkillin, County Carlow. The club had fielded Gaelic football teams as far back as 1890, however, since a reorganisation in 1957 the club is now primarily concerned with hurling.
Overview
Honours
Carlow Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1973, 2001
Carlow Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 1990
Carlow Junior Hurling Championship (6): 1971, 1998, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2020
Carlow Under-21 Hurling Championship (5): 1978, 1979, 1996, 2012, 2017
Carlow Minor Hurling Championship (4): 1999, 2000, 2001, 2009
Carlow Minor B Hurling Championship (2): 1989, 1991
Carlow U15 Division 2 Hurling Championship (1): 2022
Notable players
Pat English
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"County Carlow"
]
} |
Ballinkillen is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Ballinkillin, County Carlow. The club had fielded Gaelic football teams as far back as 1890, however, since a reorganisation in 1957 the club is now primarily concerned with hurling.
Overview
Honours
Carlow Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1973, 2001
Carlow Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 1990
Carlow Junior Hurling Championship (6): 1971, 1998, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2020
Carlow Under-21 Hurling Championship (5): 1978, 1979, 1996, 2012, 2017
Carlow Minor Hurling Championship (4): 1999, 2000, 2001, 2009
Carlow Minor B Hurling Championship (2): 1989, 1991
Carlow U15 Division 2 Hurling Championship (1): 2022
Notable players
Pat English
== References == | headquarters location | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"County Carlow"
]
} |
Ballinkillen is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Ballinkillin, County Carlow. The club had fielded Gaelic football teams as far back as 1890, however, since a reorganisation in 1957 the club is now primarily concerned with hurling.
Overview
Honours
Carlow Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1973, 2001
Carlow Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 1990
Carlow Junior Hurling Championship (6): 1971, 1998, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2020
Carlow Under-21 Hurling Championship (5): 1978, 1979, 1996, 2012, 2017
Carlow Minor Hurling Championship (4): 1999, 2000, 2001, 2009
Carlow Minor B Hurling Championship (2): 1989, 1991
Carlow U15 Division 2 Hurling Championship (1): 2022
Notable players
Pat English
== References == | sport | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"hurling"
]
} |
Abdul Hamid Sharaf School (or AHSS) is a private international, coeducational, non-parochial, K-12 day school serving the needs of a diverse group of students, international and local in Amman, Jordan. Founded in 1980 by Farid and Sue Dahdah, the school is named after the former prime minister Abdul Hamid Sharaf who had recently died at the time.The school offers the American system and the British system. The main language of instruction is English while Arabic is supplemented for other subjects.
Overview
Jordanian Senator Leila A. Sharaf presented the school with a sizable fund to establish its first library.Dr. Sue Dahdah and husband, engineer Farid Dahdah, founded the school in 1980. It was among the first of many modern, private, non-parochial schools to open in Amman, Jordan in the early eighties. Starting with 18 students in a small rented villa, the school soon outgrew the location and moved to its current premises in the summer of 1991. The school currently has capacity for 800 students in kindergarten through twelfth grades.The school is located in the affluent neighbourhood of Deir Ghbar in West Amman, not far from the American Embassy, the British Embassy and The French School. The easiest ways to reach the school are to exit from the airport highway or to come from the sixth circle.AHSS was reaccredited in spring 2019 by Cognia formerly known as North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement (NCA CASI) a division of AdvancED. Among the advantages of accreditation, graduates of the American high school program at AHSS can obtain equalization for their school diploma from the Jordanian Ministry of Education. Equalization is necessary for students who plan to do their college or university studies in Jordan. AHSS is an associate member of the Near East South Asia Council of Overseas Schools (NESA). Dr. Sue Dahdah has been a member since 1971 while AHSS has been since 1980. School representatives attend the annual administrators' and teachers' conferences organized by NESA throughout the Near Eastern and South Asian regions.Uniform is worn by grades one through seven, comprising navy blue pants or culottes, white shirts and turquoise or navy blue cardigans and pullovers. Neckties and scarves are worn for formal occasions. For physical education, white school T-shirt, shorts and training suit are worn. Uniform is not required for students in grades eight through twelve although a dress code is in effect.
Curriculum
The school teaches two curricula:
An American curriculum is taught which prepares students to write the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the Scholastic Aptitude Subject Tests (SAT II). This curriculum is aimed at the students who are from the United States and plan to return there for their post-secondary education. Although completion of the SAT stream and passing marks in the SAT and SAT II tests is recognized by Jordanian universities as proof of secondary education it is not looked favorably upon.
The International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) curriculum is also taught. This prepares students for the O-levels and A-levels exams which are internationally recognized as proof of secondary education. Passing marks in the O and A level exams are recognized as completion of secondary education by most Jordanian Universities. This stream is often chosen by students who plan to continue into post-secondary education outside of Jordan or in a Jordanian university which teaches in English.
See also
List of schools in Jordan
References
External links
School website | country | {
"answer_start": [
194
],
"text": [
"Jordan"
]
} |
Abdul Hamid Sharaf School (or AHSS) is a private international, coeducational, non-parochial, K-12 day school serving the needs of a diverse group of students, international and local in Amman, Jordan. Founded in 1980 by Farid and Sue Dahdah, the school is named after the former prime minister Abdul Hamid Sharaf who had recently died at the time.The school offers the American system and the British system. The main language of instruction is English while Arabic is supplemented for other subjects.
Overview
Jordanian Senator Leila A. Sharaf presented the school with a sizable fund to establish its first library.Dr. Sue Dahdah and husband, engineer Farid Dahdah, founded the school in 1980. It was among the first of many modern, private, non-parochial schools to open in Amman, Jordan in the early eighties. Starting with 18 students in a small rented villa, the school soon outgrew the location and moved to its current premises in the summer of 1991. The school currently has capacity for 800 students in kindergarten through twelfth grades.The school is located in the affluent neighbourhood of Deir Ghbar in West Amman, not far from the American Embassy, the British Embassy and The French School. The easiest ways to reach the school are to exit from the airport highway or to come from the sixth circle.AHSS was reaccredited in spring 2019 by Cognia formerly known as North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement (NCA CASI) a division of AdvancED. Among the advantages of accreditation, graduates of the American high school program at AHSS can obtain equalization for their school diploma from the Jordanian Ministry of Education. Equalization is necessary for students who plan to do their college or university studies in Jordan. AHSS is an associate member of the Near East South Asia Council of Overseas Schools (NESA). Dr. Sue Dahdah has been a member since 1971 while AHSS has been since 1980. School representatives attend the annual administrators' and teachers' conferences organized by NESA throughout the Near Eastern and South Asian regions.Uniform is worn by grades one through seven, comprising navy blue pants or culottes, white shirts and turquoise or navy blue cardigans and pullovers. Neckties and scarves are worn for formal occasions. For physical education, white school T-shirt, shorts and training suit are worn. Uniform is not required for students in grades eight through twelve although a dress code is in effect.
Curriculum
The school teaches two curricula:
An American curriculum is taught which prepares students to write the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the Scholastic Aptitude Subject Tests (SAT II). This curriculum is aimed at the students who are from the United States and plan to return there for their post-secondary education. Although completion of the SAT stream and passing marks in the SAT and SAT II tests is recognized by Jordanian universities as proof of secondary education it is not looked favorably upon.
The International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) curriculum is also taught. This prepares students for the O-levels and A-levels exams which are internationally recognized as proof of secondary education. Passing marks in the O and A level exams are recognized as completion of secondary education by most Jordanian Universities. This stream is often chosen by students who plan to continue into post-secondary education outside of Jordan or in a Jordanian university which teaches in English.
See also
List of schools in Jordan
References
External links
School website | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"school"
]
} |
Abdul Hamid Sharaf School (or AHSS) is a private international, coeducational, non-parochial, K-12 day school serving the needs of a diverse group of students, international and local in Amman, Jordan. Founded in 1980 by Farid and Sue Dahdah, the school is named after the former prime minister Abdul Hamid Sharaf who had recently died at the time.The school offers the American system and the British system. The main language of instruction is English while Arabic is supplemented for other subjects.
Overview
Jordanian Senator Leila A. Sharaf presented the school with a sizable fund to establish its first library.Dr. Sue Dahdah and husband, engineer Farid Dahdah, founded the school in 1980. It was among the first of many modern, private, non-parochial schools to open in Amman, Jordan in the early eighties. Starting with 18 students in a small rented villa, the school soon outgrew the location and moved to its current premises in the summer of 1991. The school currently has capacity for 800 students in kindergarten through twelfth grades.The school is located in the affluent neighbourhood of Deir Ghbar in West Amman, not far from the American Embassy, the British Embassy and The French School. The easiest ways to reach the school are to exit from the airport highway or to come from the sixth circle.AHSS was reaccredited in spring 2019 by Cognia formerly known as North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement (NCA CASI) a division of AdvancED. Among the advantages of accreditation, graduates of the American high school program at AHSS can obtain equalization for their school diploma from the Jordanian Ministry of Education. Equalization is necessary for students who plan to do their college or university studies in Jordan. AHSS is an associate member of the Near East South Asia Council of Overseas Schools (NESA). Dr. Sue Dahdah has been a member since 1971 while AHSS has been since 1980. School representatives attend the annual administrators' and teachers' conferences organized by NESA throughout the Near Eastern and South Asian regions.Uniform is worn by grades one through seven, comprising navy blue pants or culottes, white shirts and turquoise or navy blue cardigans and pullovers. Neckties and scarves are worn for formal occasions. For physical education, white school T-shirt, shorts and training suit are worn. Uniform is not required for students in grades eight through twelve although a dress code is in effect.
Curriculum
The school teaches two curricula:
An American curriculum is taught which prepares students to write the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the Scholastic Aptitude Subject Tests (SAT II). This curriculum is aimed at the students who are from the United States and plan to return there for their post-secondary education. Although completion of the SAT stream and passing marks in the SAT and SAT II tests is recognized by Jordanian universities as proof of secondary education it is not looked favorably upon.
The International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) curriculum is also taught. This prepares students for the O-levels and A-levels exams which are internationally recognized as proof of secondary education. Passing marks in the O and A level exams are recognized as completion of secondary education by most Jordanian Universities. This stream is often chosen by students who plan to continue into post-secondary education outside of Jordan or in a Jordanian university which teaches in English.
See also
List of schools in Jordan
References
External links
School website | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"Amman"
]
} |
Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | family name | {
"answer_start": [
10
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | work location | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | name in native language | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | place of birth | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | spouse | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | country of citizenship | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | position held | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | member of political party | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | occupation | {
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Ieuan Wyn Jones (born 22 May 1949) is a Welsh politician who was the Deputy First Minister in the Welsh Government from 2007 to 2011. He was the Member of the National Assembly for Wales for the Ynys Môn constituency from 1999 to 2013, and he was also leader of Plaid Cymru from 2000 to 2012. Jones served as Member of Parliament for Ynys Môn constituency from 1987 to 2001, when he retired to focus on his work in the Welsh Assembly. In 2007, Jones was named Wales' "Politician of the Year" by the BBC Wales am.pm programme. He resigned from the Welsh Assembly on 20 June 2013. In 2017 he unsuccessfully sought to return to the House of Commons for his former constituency.
Background and style
Family, education, and early career
Ieuan Wyn Jones was born in Denbigh, Wales, and is a Welsh speaker. He has lived in both north and south Wales. Jones's early education was at Pontardawe Grammar School and at Ysgol y Berwyn in Bala, Gwynedd. Jones's brother Rhisiart said "The time we spent living in Garnswllt (between Ammanford, in Carmarthenshire, and Pontarddulais, in Swansea) was a very happy time for us as a family," adding "Many people think that Ieuan is just a 'gog' but parts of south Wales are very close to his heart."In England Jones studied law at Liverpool Polytechnic where he secured an external London University law degree. He qualified as a solicitor in 1973 with second class honours in his solicitors’ finals. Rhisiart Jones said his brother loves to travel and that after college Ieuan "organised a 'rite of passage' trip across Europe in his Hillman Imp."He was married to Eirian Llwyd until her death in 2014. They had three children together. Jones's hobbies include studying local history, walking, and sports. Jones, a minister's son, is an elder in his local chapel and occasionally preaches. Before entering public service in 1987, Jones was a practising solicitor. Jones became a Member of the Eisteddfod's Gorsedd in 2001.
Personal style
Ieuan Wyn Jones is known as a keen negotiator and a "man of integrity, one who is reliable and 'a good listener'".
According to Lord Elis-Thomas, Jones assiduously "talks to each (Plaid Cymru assembly) group member individually" and "will ensure the [One Wales] government achieves what it says it will."Jones is generally seen as a pragmatist, steering a middle course between his party's (predominately southern) socialists and the language-inspired activists of the party's Anglesey and Gwynedd heartland.
Political life
Jones's main political interest is health and education policy. Jones has held a number of positions both in Plaid Cymru and as a UK Member of Parliament and Welsh Assembly Member. He was Plaid Cymru party chairman between 1980–1982 and 1990–1992.
UK Parliament 1987–2001
Jones campaigned for public office for the first time in Denbigh at the October 1974 general election, and stood again in 1979. At the 1987 general election, he won the Ynys Môn (Anglesey) seat. He continued to represent Ynys Môn until the 2001 general election, when he stood down to concentrate on the Welsh Assembly. While a Member of Parliament, he piloted a private member's bill to assist the hard of hearing in 1989 and was a member of the Welsh Affairs and Agriculture Select Committees. He was the joint chairman of the All-Party Older Persons Group and was appointed as a trustee of the Industry and Parliament Trust, a body promoting better understanding between parliamentarians and industrialists. He won an award as Politician of the Year from the Federation of Small Businesses.
Jones has been a governor of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, a body that assists in the development of democratic institutions in many parts of the world.
Jones stood down at the 2001 election to spend more time in the Assembly.
First Welsh Assembly 1999–2003
Jones was the Plaid Cymru campaign director during the first elections to the Welsh Assembly in 1999. The elections were seen as a breakthrough by the party, which gained seats in solid Labour areas such as in the Rhondda, Islwyn and Llanelli and achieved by far their highest share of the vote in any Wales-wide election, winning 17 of 60 seats in the Assembly. Plaid Cymru saw themselves as the natural beneficiary of devolution.
In 1999, Jones became the Assembly's first Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee chairman, a post he retained until February 2000.
Elected party president
He was elected President (Leader) of Plaid Cymru on 4 August 2000 with 77% of the vote over Helen Mary Jones and Jill Evans.Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Davies as Business Manager; Elin Jones as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development spokeswoman; Phil Williams as Economic Development spokesman; and Helen Mary Jones as Environment, Transport and Planning and Equal Opportunities spokeswoman. Jones described his cabinet as "strong... capable of taking on Labour in the Assembly as well as making a vital contribution in promoting a positive policy agenda."
Language Controversy
Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Gwynedd councillor Seimon Glyn voiced concern over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities. Though some Plaid Cymru colleagues said he had been taken out of context, Jones issued "strict instructions to Plaid Cymru party members that if they chose to speak on the same emotive issue in future, they should take care that their words were not misconstrued." Plaid Cymru refocused the argument back to one of locals being priced out of the housing market: nearly a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from out of that county. Jones's centrist policies may have been helped further by the formation of Welsh language pressure group Cymuned and the Independent Wales Party.
Llandudno party conference
At the Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002 in Llandudno, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on-parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East." Jones also criticized health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration"."[Plaid Cymru] has been doing its homework", wrote BBC Wales political reporter Simon Morris, and is "determined to produce a credible programme of public service reform".
Second Welsh Assembly 2003–2007
However, in the Assembly election of May 2003, Plaid Cymru lost five seats, and within a week there were accusations of a plot headed by Assembly Member Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvring for Jones's removal. But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement. However, Jones resigned as both party president and leader of the assembly group. He admits this was a particularly difficult period.But within three months he stood again for the position of assembly leader, having received support from both grassroots "all over Wales" and senior party members. The party was undergoing a reorganization and dividing its Cardiff Bay and Westminster responsibilities. This party constitutional change prompted new party elections. Jones was re-elected as Assembly group leader (he had been the party's Business Manager in the Assembly since May). In addition, when leader of the opposition he was also a member of the Assembly's European and External Affairs Committee and North Wales Regional Committee. Of early 2003 Jones said "it has been a remarkable journey for me personally and something that I have great pride in, in a sense, that I have been able to lead the party through a very difficult period.In 2006, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the University of Wales, Bangor. That summer Jones hiked through Wales on a "Wales Wide" tour from Ynys Môn to Swansea, where he attended the National Eisteddfod. Jones said his conversations with the people he met along the way helped create a manifesto better geared to the real needs of people.In February 2006, Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the leader of the party in the Assembly as its overall leader, with Jones taking the post once more. Additionally, the party unveiled a radical change of image, opting to use "Plaid" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" would remain the official title. The party's colours were changed to yellow from the traditional green and red, while the party logo was changed from the triban (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Welsh poppy (Meconopsis cambrica).
Third Welsh Assembly 2007–2011
Jones led Plaid Cymru through the Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007. Plaid Cymru increased its share of the vote to 22% and its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid Cymru's Mohammad Asghar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly, though on 9 December 2009 he left and joined the Conservatives.
Forming a government
Jones's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed when the Liberal Democrat leadership backed out of coalition talks. This "Rainbow Coalition" would have formed the first ever PC-led government. With the reappointment of Welsh Labour's Rhodri Morgan as First Minister, the Liberal Democrat general party membership demanded that their leadership restart negotiations with Plaid and the Conservatives. However, by now Jones had entered into coalition talks with Labour in an attempt to form a stable government with Plaid's AMs approving a deal with the Labour Party on 27 June 2007. Labour's special party conference on 6 July 2007 approved the coalition; Plaid Cymru's conference the next day sealed the arrangement.During the coalition negotiations, Jones pressed for full law-making powers for the Assembly, similar to the Scottish Parliament. A referendum on the issue was promised "as soon as practicable, at or before the end of the assembly term (in 2011)", with Welsh Labour committed to campaign for a "yes" vote. Other points Jones fought for included a first-time buyer's credit, a reconfiguration of the Welsh National Health Care service, and a 3% annual reduction in carbon emissions by 2011 in areas of devolved competence. The result of the negotiations was the One Wales agreement.Of Plaid Cymru's entering into government for the first time, Jones said, "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales," and "From today we will be sharing the responsibility of directly operating on behalf of the people of Wales. I am looking forward to the challenge."
Deputy First Minister of Wales
Ieuan Wyn Jones became Deputy First Minister of Wales on 11 July 2007. First Minister and Labour leader Rhodri Morgan was hospitalized days after the parties entered into coalition. Lord Elis-Thomas said of the situation, "I think [Jones] will be a very stable influence around the cabinet table in the difficult situation both parties are in now with the first minister's illness." The next day, Ieuan Wyn Jones, with the Queen, represented Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Third Battle of Ypres at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle, celebrated Welsh poet Hedd Wyn died along with thousands of other Welshmen.
Jones also represented Wales at the British-Irish Council held in Stormont on 16 July, where he said holding the council in the Stormont Parliament for the first time was "a historic occasion", and "The restoration of devolution was achieved as a result of the coming together, in a spirit of service to all the people of Northern Ireland, of two very distinct political traditions."On 19 July 2007 it was announced that Jones would also be Minister for the Economy and Transport.
Fourth Welsh Assembly 2011–2013
Jones led Plaid into the Welsh Assembly election of 5 May 2011. Plaid Cymru lost 4 seats and, with 11 seats, became the third largest party in the Assembly; behind Labour (30 seats) and the Conservatives (14). Jones announced on 13 May 2011, the day he ceased being Deputy First Minister, that he would resign as leader of Plaid Cymru within the first half of the Assembly term. Jones remained as an Assembly Member until his resignation on 20 June 2013, in order to take a post leading the new Menai Science Park.
2017 United Kingdom general election
In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Jones contested the seat of Ynys Môn when he was unsuccessful.
Books
Jones has published three books, Europe: the Challenge for Wales (1996); Y Llinyn Arian (1998), a biography of the Welsh nineteenth century publisher, Thomas Gee, and Jones' own autobiography O'r Cyrion i'r Canol (2021).
Membership
International Film And Television Research Center
International Film And Television Club Of Asian Academy of Film & Television
References
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ieuan Wyn Jones
Ieuan Wyn Jones' website | Commons category | {
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VII Dwór, read as Siódmy Dwór [ˈɕudmɨ ˈdvur] (meaning "Seventh Manor House"), is an administrative district (dzielnica) in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.
It borders Oliwa in the north and west, Strzyża in the east, Brętowo in the south and Wrzeszcz Górny in the south-east.
The 7th Polish Navy Hospital is located in VII Dwór.
During the German occupation in World War II, the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the present-day district of VII Dwór.
== References == | country | {
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VII Dwór, read as Siódmy Dwór [ˈɕudmɨ ˈdvur] (meaning "Seventh Manor House"), is an administrative district (dzielnica) in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.
It borders Oliwa in the north and west, Strzyża in the east, Brętowo in the south and Wrzeszcz Górny in the south-east.
The 7th Polish Navy Hospital is located in VII Dwór.
During the German occupation in World War II, the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the present-day district of VII Dwór.
== References == | instance of | {
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VII Dwór, read as Siódmy Dwór [ˈɕudmɨ ˈdvur] (meaning "Seventh Manor House"), is an administrative district (dzielnica) in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.
It borders Oliwa in the north and west, Strzyża in the east, Brętowo in the south and Wrzeszcz Górny in the south-east.
The 7th Polish Navy Hospital is located in VII Dwór.
During the German occupation in World War II, the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the present-day district of VII Dwór.
== References == | shares border with | {
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VII Dwór, read as Siódmy Dwór [ˈɕudmɨ ˈdvur] (meaning "Seventh Manor House"), is an administrative district (dzielnica) in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.
It borders Oliwa in the north and west, Strzyża in the east, Brętowo in the south and Wrzeszcz Górny in the south-east.
The 7th Polish Navy Hospital is located in VII Dwór.
During the German occupation in World War II, the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the present-day district of VII Dwór.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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VII Dwór, read as Siódmy Dwór [ˈɕudmɨ ˈdvur] (meaning "Seventh Manor House"), is an administrative district (dzielnica) in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.
It borders Oliwa in the north and west, Strzyża in the east, Brętowo in the south and Wrzeszcz Górny in the south-east.
The 7th Polish Navy Hospital is located in VII Dwór.
During the German occupation in World War II, the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the present-day district of VII Dwór.
== References == | Commons category | {
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VII Dwór, read as Siódmy Dwór [ˈɕudmɨ ˈdvur] (meaning "Seventh Manor House"), is an administrative district (dzielnica) in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.
It borders Oliwa in the north and west, Strzyża in the east, Brętowo in the south and Wrzeszcz Górny in the south-east.
The 7th Polish Navy Hospital is located in VII Dwór.
During the German occupation in World War II, the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the present-day district of VII Dwór.
== References == | official name | {
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VII Dwór, read as Siódmy Dwór [ˈɕudmɨ ˈdvur] (meaning "Seventh Manor House"), is an administrative district (dzielnica) in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.
It borders Oliwa in the north and west, Strzyża in the east, Brętowo in the south and Wrzeszcz Górny in the south-east.
The 7th Polish Navy Hospital is located in VII Dwór.
During the German occupation in World War II, the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the present-day district of VII Dwór.
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Geranium ibericum, commonly called Caucasian crane's-bill or (in North America) Iberian geranium or Caucasus geranium, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to Western Asia, including Turkey and the Caucasus, and is cultivated as a garden subject. It has a dense mounding habit, and violet colored flowers.
== References == | Burke Herbarium Image Collection ID | {
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Geranium ibericum, commonly called Caucasian crane's-bill or (in North America) Iberian geranium or Caucasus geranium, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to Western Asia, including Turkey and the Caucasus, and is cultivated as a garden subject. It has a dense mounding habit, and violet colored flowers.
== References == | taxon rank | {
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Geranium ibericum, commonly called Caucasian crane's-bill or (in North America) Iberian geranium or Caucasus geranium, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to Western Asia, including Turkey and the Caucasus, and is cultivated as a garden subject. It has a dense mounding habit, and violet colored flowers.
== References == | parent taxon | {
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Geranium ibericum, commonly called Caucasian crane's-bill or (in North America) Iberian geranium or Caucasus geranium, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to Western Asia, including Turkey and the Caucasus, and is cultivated as a garden subject. It has a dense mounding habit, and violet colored flowers.
== References == | taxon name | {
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Geranium ibericum, commonly called Caucasian crane's-bill or (in North America) Iberian geranium or Caucasus geranium, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to Western Asia, including Turkey and the Caucasus, and is cultivated as a garden subject. It has a dense mounding habit, and violet colored flowers.
== References == | Commons category | {
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Geranium ibericum, commonly called Caucasian crane's-bill or (in North America) Iberian geranium or Caucasus geranium, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Geraniaceae. It is native to Western Asia, including Turkey and the Caucasus, and is cultivated as a garden subject. It has a dense mounding habit, and violet colored flowers.
== References == | taxon common name | {
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Møme (born 28 July 1989 as Jérémy Souillart) is a French DJ from Nice. His most successful single was "Aloha", which charted at a peak of 10 in France. In October 2016, Møme was confirmed to play at the 31st edition of Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, NL.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Promotional Singles
== References == | place of birth | {
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Møme (born 28 July 1989 as Jérémy Souillart) is a French DJ from Nice. His most successful single was "Aloha", which charted at a peak of 10 in France. In October 2016, Møme was confirmed to play at the 31st edition of Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, NL.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Promotional Singles
== References == | country of citizenship | {
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Møme (born 28 July 1989 as Jérémy Souillart) is a French DJ from Nice. His most successful single was "Aloha", which charted at a peak of 10 in France. In October 2016, Møme was confirmed to play at the 31st edition of Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, NL.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Promotional Singles
== References == | Commons category | {
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Møme (born 28 July 1989 as Jérémy Souillart) is a French DJ from Nice. His most successful single was "Aloha", which charted at a peak of 10 in France. In October 2016, Møme was confirmed to play at the 31st edition of Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, NL.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Promotional Singles
== References == | given name | {
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27
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Møme (born 28 July 1989 as Jérémy Souillart) is a French DJ from Nice. His most successful single was "Aloha", which charted at a peak of 10 in France. In October 2016, Møme was confirmed to play at the 31st edition of Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, NL.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Promotional Singles
== References == | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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50
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"French"
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Anzur Umamudinovich Sadirov (Russian: Анзур Умамудинович Садиров; born 4 October 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.
Playing career
He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Dynamo Makhachkala on 28 March 2004 in a game against FC Lisma-Mordovia Saransk. He played 6 seasons in the FNL for Dynamo Makhachkala, FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Dynamo Bryansk and FC Volgar-Gazprom Astrakhan.
Personal life
His younger brother Artur Sadirov was also a professional footballer.
External links
Anzur Sadirov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) | country of citizenship | {
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29
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"Russia"
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Anzur Umamudinovich Sadirov (Russian: Анзур Умамудинович Садиров; born 4 October 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.
Playing career
He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Dynamo Makhachkala on 28 March 2004 in a game against FC Lisma-Mordovia Saransk. He played 6 seasons in the FNL for Dynamo Makhachkala, FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Dynamo Bryansk and FC Volgar-Gazprom Astrakhan.
Personal life
His younger brother Artur Sadirov was also a professional footballer.
External links
Anzur Sadirov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) | member of sports team | {
"answer_start": [
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"FC Baltika Kaliningrad"
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Anzur Umamudinovich Sadirov (Russian: Анзур Умамудинович Садиров; born 4 October 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.
Playing career
He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Dynamo Makhachkala on 28 March 2004 in a game against FC Lisma-Mordovia Saransk. He played 6 seasons in the FNL for Dynamo Makhachkala, FC Baltika Kaliningrad, FC Dynamo Bryansk and FC Volgar-Gazprom Astrakhan.
Personal life
His younger brother Artur Sadirov was also a professional footballer.
External links
Anzur Sadirov at FootballFacts.ru (in Russian) | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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The 2015 Batman Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Batman, Turkey from April 6 to April 12, 2015.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of March 23, 2015.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Altuğ Çelikbilek
Barış Ergüden
Barkın Yalçınkale
Anıl YükselThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Riccardo Ghedin
Aleksandre Metreveli
Lukas Mugevičius
Michael Venus
Champions
Singles
Dudi Sela def. Blaž Kavčič, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 6–3
Doubles
Aslan Karatsev / Yaraslav Shyla def. Mate Pavić / Michael Venus, 7–6(7–4), 4–6, [10–5] | country | {
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The 2015 Batman Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Batman, Turkey from April 6 to April 12, 2015.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of March 23, 2015.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Altuğ Çelikbilek
Barış Ergüden
Barkın Yalçınkale
Anıl YükselThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Riccardo Ghedin
Aleksandre Metreveli
Lukas Mugevičius
Michael Venus
Champions
Singles
Dudi Sela def. Blaž Kavčič, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 6–3
Doubles
Aslan Karatsev / Yaraslav Shyla def. Mate Pavić / Michael Venus, 7–6(7–4), 4–6, [10–5] | instance of | {
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The 2015 Batman Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Batman, Turkey from April 6 to April 12, 2015.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of March 23, 2015.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Altuğ Çelikbilek
Barış Ergüden
Barkın Yalçınkale
Anıl YükselThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Riccardo Ghedin
Aleksandre Metreveli
Lukas Mugevičius
Michael Venus
Champions
Singles
Dudi Sela def. Blaž Kavčič, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 6–3
Doubles
Aslan Karatsev / Yaraslav Shyla def. Mate Pavić / Michael Venus, 7–6(7–4), 4–6, [10–5] | edition number | {
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The 2015 Batman Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Batman, Turkey from April 6 to April 12, 2015.
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of March 23, 2015.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Altuğ Çelikbilek
Barış Ergüden
Barkın Yalçınkale
Anıl YükselThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Riccardo Ghedin
Aleksandre Metreveli
Lukas Mugevičius
Michael Venus
Champions
Singles
Dudi Sela def. Blaž Kavčič, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 6–3
Doubles
Aslan Karatsev / Yaraslav Shyla def. Mate Pavić / Michael Venus, 7–6(7–4), 4–6, [10–5] | sport | {
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Actinidiolide is a cat attractant.
== References == | Commons category | {
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Edward Dillingham Bangs (August 24, 1790 – April 1, 1838) was an American politician who served as the 6th Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1824 to 1836.
Early life
Bangs was born on August 24, 1790 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Hannah (Lynde) Bangs and Judge Edward Bangs.Bangs was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1819.
Family life
On April 12, 1824, Bangs married Mary Grosvenor of Pomfret, Connecticut.
== Notes == | place of birth | {
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Edward Dillingham Bangs (August 24, 1790 – April 1, 1838) was an American politician who served as the 6th Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1824 to 1836.
Early life
Bangs was born on August 24, 1790 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Hannah (Lynde) Bangs and Judge Edward Bangs.Bangs was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1819.
Family life
On April 12, 1824, Bangs married Mary Grosvenor of Pomfret, Connecticut.
== Notes == | occupation | {
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74
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"politician"
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Edward Dillingham Bangs (August 24, 1790 – April 1, 1838) was an American politician who served as the 6th Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1824 to 1836.
Early life
Bangs was born on August 24, 1790 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Hannah (Lynde) Bangs and Judge Edward Bangs.Bangs was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1819.
Family life
On April 12, 1824, Bangs married Mary Grosvenor of Pomfret, Connecticut.
== Notes == | member of | {
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328
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"text": [
"American Antiquarian Society"
]
} |
Edward Dillingham Bangs (August 24, 1790 – April 1, 1838) was an American politician who served as the 6th Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1824 to 1836.
Early life
Bangs was born on August 24, 1790 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Hannah (Lynde) Bangs and Judge Edward Bangs.Bangs was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1819.
Family life
On April 12, 1824, Bangs married Mary Grosvenor of Pomfret, Connecticut.
== Notes == | family name | {
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18
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"text": [
"Bangs"
]
} |
Edward Dillingham Bangs (August 24, 1790 – April 1, 1838) was an American politician who served as the 6th Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1824 to 1836.
Early life
Bangs was born on August 24, 1790 in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Hannah (Lynde) Bangs and Judge Edward Bangs.Bangs was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1819.
Family life
On April 12, 1824, Bangs married Mary Grosvenor of Pomfret, Connecticut.
== Notes == | given name | {
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0
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"text": [
"Edward"
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John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. national monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east-central Oregon. Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service, the park is known for its well-preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene, about 45 million years ago, and the late Miocene, about 5 million years ago. The monument consists of three geographically separate units: Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno.
The units cover a total of 13,944 acres (5,643 ha) of semi-desert shrublands, riparian zones, and colorful badlands. About 210,000 people visited the park in 2016 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District.
Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, the John Day basin was frequented by Sahaptin people who hunted, fished, and gathered roots and berries in the region. After road-building made the valley more accessible, settlers established farms, ranches, and a few small towns along the river and its tributaries. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the fossils in the region since 1864, when Thomas Condon, a missionary and amateur geologist, recognized their importance and made them known globally. Parts of the basin became a National Monument in 1975.
Averaging about 2,200 feet (670 m) in elevation, the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 °F (32 °C) to winter lows below freezing. The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora, ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on alluvial fans to cactus among rocks at higher elevations. Fauna include more than 50 species of resident and migratory birds. Large mammals like elk and smaller animals such as raccoons, coyotes, and voles frequent these units, which are also populated by a wide variety of reptiles, fish, butterflies, and other creatures adapted to particular niches of a mountainous semi-desert terrain.
Geography
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units—Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno—in the John Day River basin of east-central Oregon. Located in rugged terrain in the counties of Wheeler and Grant, the park units are characterized by hills, deep ravines, and eroded fossil-bearing rock formations. To the west lies the Cascade Range, to the south the Ochoco Mountains, and to the east the Blue Mountains. Elevations within the 13,944-acre (5,643 ha) park range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet (610 to 1,370 m).
The Clarno Unit, the westernmost of the three units, consists of 1,969 acres (797 ha) located 18 miles (29 km) west of Fossil along Oregon Route 218. The Painted Hills Unit, which lies about halfway between the other two, covers 3,132 acres (1,267 ha). It is situated about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Mitchell along Burnt Ranch Road, which intersects U.S. Route 26 west of Mitchell. These two units are entirely within Wheeler County. The remaining 8,843 acres (3,579 ha) of the park, the Sheep Rock Unit, are located along Oregon Route 19 and the John Day River upstream of the unincorporated community of Kimberly. This unit is mostly in Grant County; a small part extends into Wheeler County. The Sheep Rock Unit is further subdivided into the Mascall Formation Overlook, Picture Gorge, the James Cant Ranch Historic District, Cathedral Rock, Blue Basin, and the Foree Area. Some of these are separated from one another by farms, ranches, and other parcels of land that are not part of the park. The park headquarters and main visitor center, both in the Sheep Rock Unit, are 122 miles (196 km) northeast of Bend and 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Portland by highway. The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills, 45 miles (72 km); Painted Hills to Clarno, 75 miles (121 km), and Clarno to Sheep Rock, 81 miles (130 km).The John Day River, a tributary of the Columbia River, flows generally west from the Strawberry Mountains before reaching the national monument. It turns sharply north between the Mascall Formation Overlook and Kimberly, where the North Fork John Day River joins the main stem. Downstream of Kimberly, the river flows generally west to downstream of the unincorporated community of Twickenham, and generally north thereafter. Rock Creek enters the river at the north end of Picture Gorge. Bridge Creek passes through Mitchell, then north along the eastern edge of the Painted Hills Unit to meet the John Day downstream of Twickenham. Intermittent streams in the Clarno Unit empty into Pine Creek, which flows just beyond the south edge of the unit and enters the John Day upstream of the unincorporated community of Clarno.
History
Early inhabitants of north-central Oregon included Sahaptin-speaking people of the Umatilla, Wasco, and Warm Springs tribes as well as the Northern Paiutes, speakers of a Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean) language. All were hunter-gatherers competing for resources such as elk, huckleberries, and salmon. Researchers have identified 36 sites of related archeological interest, including rock shelters and cairns, in or adjacent to the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Most significant among the prehistoric sites are the Picture Gorge pictographs, consisting of six panels of rock art in the canyon at the south end of the Sheep Rock Unit. The art is of undetermined origin and age but is "centuries old".The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805. John Day, for whom the river is named, apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812. In 1829, Peter Skene Ogden, working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit. John Work, also of the HBC, visited this part of the river in 1831.In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail. Leaving drought, worn-out farms, and economic problems behind, they emigrated from states like Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon, especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state. After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin, a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon. Some established villages and engaged in subsistence farming and ranching near streams. Settlement was made more practical by a supply route from The Dalles on the Columbia River to gold mines at Canyon City in the upper John Day valley. By the late 1860s, the route became formalized as The Dalles Military Road, which passed along Bridge Creek and south of Sheep Rock. Clashes between natives and non-natives and the desire of the U.S. Government to populate the region with Euro-Americans led to the gradual removal of native residents to reservations, including three in north-central Oregon: Warm Springs, Burns Paiute, and Umatilla.
In 1864, a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the Crooked River region, south of the John Day basin. One of their leaders, Captain John M. Drake, collected some of these fossils for Thomas Condon, a missionary pastor and amateur geologist who lived in The Dalles. Recognizing the scientific importance of the fossils, Condon accompanied soldiers traveling through the region. He discovered rich fossil beds along Bridge Creek and near Sheep Rock in 1865. Condon's trips to the area and his public lectures and reports about his finds led to wide interest in the fossil beds among scientists such as Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences. One of them, paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh of Yale, accompanied Condon on a trip to the region in 1871. Condon's work led to his appointment in 1872 as Oregon's first state geologist and to international fame for the fossil beds. Specimens from the beds were sent to the Smithsonian Institution and other museums worldwide, and by 1900 more than 100 articles and books had been published about the John Day Fossil Beds. During the first half of the 20th century, scientists such as John C. Merriam, Ralph Chaney, Frank H. Knowlton, and Alonzo W. Hancock continued work in the fossil beds, including those discovered near Clarno in about 1890.Remote and arid, the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders. The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler, who built a cabin along the river in 1877. In 1881, Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area. His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts. In 1910, James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres (280 ha) from the Officer family. and converted it to a sheep ranch, which was eventually expanded to a sheep-and-cattle ranch of about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha).
Merriam, a University of California paleontologist who had led expeditions to the region in 1899 and 1900, encouraged the State of Oregon to protect the area. In the early 1930s the state began to buy land for state parks at Picture Gorge, the Painted Hills, and Clarno that later became part of the national monument. In 1951 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry established Camp Hancock, a field school for young students of geology, paleontology, and other sciences, on public lands surrounded by what would later become the Clarno Unit. In 1974 Congress authorized the National Park Service to establish the national monument, and President Gerald R. Ford signed the authorization. After the State of Oregon had completed the land transfer of the three state parks to the federal government, the monument was officially established on October 8, 1975.The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200-acre (81 ha) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984. After the monument opened in 1975, the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units. In 2005, the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, a $7.5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit, also opened in 2005. Among the center's offerings are displays of fossils, murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago, and views of the paleontology laboratory.In March 2011, the Park Service installed two webcams at the Sheep Rock Unit. Both transmit continuous real-time images; one shows the paleontology lab at the Condon Center and the other depicts Sheep Rock and nearby features. In June 2011, work was finished on a new ranger residence in the Painted Hills Unit that makes the unit almost carbon-neutral. Solar panels generate enough electricity to power the house as well as the ranger's electric vehicle, on loan from its manufacturer for a year. The project is part of ongoing efforts to make the whole park carbon-neutral.
Geology and paleontology
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province, which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, about 118 to 93 million years ago. Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks (exotic terranes) of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent, near the Idaho border. By the beginning of the Cenozoic era, 66 million years ago, the Blue Mountains province was uplifting (that is, was being pushed higher by tectonic forces), and the Pacific Ocean shoreline, formerly near Idaho, had shifted to the west.Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the Eocene deposited lavas accompanied by debris flows (lahars) atop the older rocks in the western part of the province. Containing fragments of shale, siltstone, conglomerates, and breccias, the debris flows entombed plants and animals caught in their paths; the remnants of these ancient flows comprise the rock formations exposed in the Clarno Unit. Preserved in the Clarno Nut Beds are fossils of tropical and subtropical nuts, fruits, roots, branches, and seeds. The Clarno Formation also contains bones, palm leaves longer than 24 inches (61 cm), avocado trees, and other subtropical plants from 50 million years ago, when the climate was warmer and wetter than it is in the 21st century. Large mammals that inhabited this region between 50 and 35 million years ago included browsers such as brontotheres and amynodonts, scavengers like the hyaenodonts, as well as Patriofelis and other predators. Eroded remnants of the Clarno stratovolcanoes, once the size of Mount Hood, are still visible near the monument, for example Black Butte, White Butte, and other buttes near Mitchell.After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided, they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west, in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range. The John Day volcanoes, as they are called, emitted large volumes of ash and dust, much of which settled in the John Day basin. As with the earlier Clarno debris flows, the rapid deposition of ash preserved the remains of plants and animals living in the region. Because ash and other debris fell during varied climatic and volcanic conditions and accumulated from many further eruptions extending into the early Miocene (about 20 million years ago), the sediment layers in the fossil beds vary in their chemical composition and color. Laid down on top of the Clarno Strata, the younger John Day Strata consist of several distinct groups of layers. The lowermost contains red ash such as that exposed in the Painted Hills Unit. The layer above it is mainly pea-green clay. On top of the pea-green layer are buff-colored layers. Fossils found in the John Day Strata include a wide variety of plants and more than 100 species of mammals, including dogs, cats, oreodonts, saber-toothed tigers, horses, camels, and rodents. The Blue Basin and the Sheep Rock unit contain many of these same fossils, as well as turtles, opossums, and large pigs. More than 60 plant species are fossilized in these strata, such as hydrangea, peas, hawthorn, and mulberry, as well as pines and many deciduous trees. One of the notable plant fossils is the Metasequoia (dawn redwood), a genus thought to have gone extinct worldwide until it was discovered alive in China in the early 20th century.After another period of erosion, a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt. Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago, more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified, the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles (1,700 km3) of lava. The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt, which rests above the John Day Strata.Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Formation, layers of stream-deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt. Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses, camels, rhinoceroses, bears, pronghorn, deer, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs, and sloths. These fauna thrived in the monument's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago. The fossils of oak, sycamore, maple, ginkgo, and elm trees reflect the area's cool climate during this time period.The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene, about 7 million years ago. The resulting stratum, the Rattlesnake Formation, lies on top of the Mascall and contains an ignimbrite. The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons, camels, rhinoceroses, the ancestors of dogs, lions, bears, and horses, and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time. Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver, Castor californicus, in North America. The beaver teeth, which are about 7 million years old, have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center.
The monument contains extensive deposits of well-preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years. Taken as a whole, the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene. In addition, analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology (the study of Earth's past climates) and the study of evolution.Paleontologists at the monument find, describe the location of, and collect fossil-bearing rocks from more than 700 sites. They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center, where the fossils are stabilized, separated from their rock matrix, and cleaned. The fossil specimens are then catalogued, indexed, stored in climate-controlled cabinets, and made available for research. In addition to preparing fossils, the paleontologists coordinate the monument's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center.
Climate
Average precipitation, limited by the rain shadow effects of the Cascade Range and the Ochoco Mountains, varies from 9 to 16 inches (230 to 410 mm) a year. In winter, much of the precipitation arrives as snow.Weather data for the city of Mitchell, near the Painted Hills Unit, show that July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 86 °F (30 °C) and an average low of 52 °F (11 °C). January is the coldest month, when highs average 42 °F (6 °C) and lows average 24 °F (−4 °C). The highest recorded temperature in Mitchell was 107 °F (42 °C) in 1972, and the lowest was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1983. May is generally the wettest month, when precipitation averages 1.65 inches (42 mm).
Biology
Flora
More than 80 soil types support a wide variety of flora within the monument. These soils stem from past and present geologic activity as well as ongoing additions of organic matter from life forms on or near the surface. Adapted to particular soil types and surface conditions, these plant communities range from riparian vegetation near the river to greasewood and saltgrass on the alluvial fans to plants such as hedgehog cactus in rocky outcrops at high elevation. Important to many of these communities is a black cryptobiotic crust that resists erosion, stores water, and fixes nitrogen used by the plants. The crust is composed of algae, lichens, mosses, fungi, and bacteria. Other areas of the monument have little or no flora. Volcanic tuffs and claystones that lack essential nutrients support few microorganisms and plants. Likewise, hard rock surfaces and steep slopes from which soils wash or blow away tend to remain bare.Native grasses thrive in many parts of the monument despite competition from medusahead rye, Dalmatian toadflax, cheatgrass, and other invasive species. Bunchgrasses in the park include basin wildrye, Idaho fescue, Thurber's needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and bottlebrush squirreltail, among others. Native grasses that form sod in parts of the monument include Sandberg's bluegrass and other bluegrass species. Reed canary grass, if mowed, also forms sod along stream banks.Limited by their need for water, trees such as willows, alders, and ponderosa pines are found only near the monument's streams or springs. Serviceberry bushes and shrubs like mountain mahogany are found in places where moisture collects near rock slides and ledges. Elsewhere long-rooted rabbitbrush has adapted to survive in dry areas. Other shrubs with adaptive properties include greasewood, sagebrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed, antelope bitterbrush, and purple sage. Western junipers, which have extensive root systems, thrive in the dry climate; in the absence of periodic fires they tend to displace grasses and sagebrush and to create relatively barren landscapes. The Park Service is considering controlled burning to limit the junipers and to create open areas for bunchgrasses that re-sprout from their roots after a fire.Wildflowers, which bloom mainly in the spring and early summer, include pincushions, golden bee plant, dwarf purple monkey flower, and sagebrush mariposa lily at the Painted Hills Unit. Munro's globemallow, lupines, yellow fritillary, hedgehog cactus, and Applegate's Indian paintbrush are commonly seen at the Clarno and Sheep Rock units.
Fauna
Birds are the animals most often seen in the monument. Included among the more than 50 species observed are red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, great horned owls, common nighthawks, and great blue herons. Geese nest in the park each summer, and flocks of sandhill cranes and swans pass overhead each year on their migratory flights. California quail, chukar partridges, and mourning doves are also common. Others seen near the Cant Ranch and the visitor center include rufous hummingbirds, Say's phoebe, yellow warblers, western meadowlarks, and American goldfinches. Visitors on trails may encounter canyon wrens, mountain bluebirds, mountain chickadees, black-billed magpies, and other birds.Large animals that frequent the park include elk, deer, cougar, and pronghorn. Beaver, otter, mink, and raccoons are found in or near the river. Coyotes, bats, and badgers are among the park's other mammals. Predators hunt smaller animals such as the rabbits, voles, mice, and shrews found in the park's grasslands and sagebrush-covered hills. Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit caves and crevices in the monument's rock formations. Bighorn sheep, wiped out in this region in the early 20th century, were reintroduced in the Foree Area of the Sheep Rock Unit in 2010.
Many habitats in the monument support populations of snakes and lizards. Southern alligator and western fence lizards are common; others that live here include short-horned and common side-blotched lizards and western skinks. Garter and gopher snakes and western yellow-bellied racers frequent floodplains and canyon bottoms. Rattlesnakes, though venomous, are shy and usually flee before being seen. The springs and seeps in the park contain isolated populations of western toads, American spadefoot toads, Pacific tree frogs, and long-toed salamanders.
A 2003–04 survey of the monument found 55 species of butterflies such as the common sootywing, orange sulphur, great spangled fritillary, and monarch. The monument's other insects have not been completely inventoried.The John Day River, which passes through the Sheep Rock Unit, is the longest undammed tributary of the Columbia River, although two Columbia River dams below the John Day River mouth impede migratory fish travel to some degree. Chinook salmon and steelhead pass through the monument on their way to and from upstream spawning beds and the Pacific Ocean. Species observed at the Sheep Rock Unit also include those able to tolerate warm summer river temperatures: bridgelip suckers, northern pikeminnow, redside shiners, and smallmouth bass. From October through June, when the water is cooler, Columbia River redband trout and sculpin are among species that move downriver through the park. The Park Service has removed or replaced irrigation diversions along the river or Rock Creek that formerly impeded fish movement, and it is restoring riparian vegetation such as black cottonwood trees that shade the water in summer and provide habitat for aquatic insects.
Activities
Entrance to the park and its visitor center, museums, and exhibits is free, and trails, overlooks, and picnic sites at all three units are open during daylight hours year-round. No food, lodging, or fuel is available in the park, and camping is not allowed. Hours of operation for the Cant Ranch and its cultural museum vary seasonally. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center is open every day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m except for federal holidays during the winter season from Veterans Day in November through Presidents' Day in February. Its amenities include a fossil museum, theater, education classroom, bookstore, restrooms, and drinking fountains. There is no cell phone or pay telephone service in the monument. Water taps at picnic areas are shut down in the colder months.The Sheep Rock Unit has eight trails ranging in length from 300 feet (91 m) at the Mascall Formation Overlook to 3 miles (4.8 km) at Blue Basin. Four trails of a quarter-mile to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long cross parts of the Painted Hills Unit. At the Clarno Unit, three separate quarter-mile trails begin at a parking lot along Oregon Route 218, below the face of the Clarno Palisades. Many of the trails have interpretive signs about the history, geology, and fossils of the region, and three trails—Story in Stone at the Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Cove and Leaf Hill at the Painted Hills Unit—are accessible by wheelchair. Visitors are asked to stay on the trails and off bare rock and hardpan to avoid damage to fossils and fragile soils.Ranger-led events at the monument have historically included indoor and outdoor talks, showings of an 18-minute orientation film, hikes in Blue Basin, Cant Ranch walking tours, and astronomy programs at the Painted Hills Unit. These events are free and most do not require reservations. Specific times for the activities are available from rangers at the monument. For students and teachers, the Park Service offers programs at the monument as well as fossil kits and other materials for classroom use.Pets are allowed in developed areas and along hiking trails but must be leashed or otherwise restrained. Horses are not allowed on hiking trails, in picnic areas, or on bare rock exposures in undeveloped areas of the monument. Digging, disturbing, or collecting any of the park's natural resources, including fossils, is prohibited. Fossil theft is an ongoing problem. No mountain biking is allowed on monument land, although the Malheur National Forest east of Dayville has biking trails. Fishing is legal from monument lands along the John Day River for anyone with an Oregon fishing license. Rafting on the John Day River is seasonally popular, although the favored runs begin at or downstream of Service Creek and do not pass through the monument. Risks to monument visitors include extremely hot summer temperatures and icy winter roads, two species of venomous rattlesnakes, two species of venomous spiders, ticks, scorpions, puncturevine, and poison ivy.
See also
List of fossil sites
List of national monuments of the United States
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. OCLC 4247365.
Knowlton, Frank H. (1902). Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 249508984.
External links
John Day Fossil Beds at The Oregon Encyclopedia
State of the Park Report – National Park Service, December 2013
Virtual tour of the monument – National Park Service, interactive
Webcams — real-time views of the Paleontology Lab and Sheep Rock
National Park Service: Wild Flowers at John Day Fossil Beds — illustrated (PDF). | instance of | {
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John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. national monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east-central Oregon. Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service, the park is known for its well-preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene, about 45 million years ago, and the late Miocene, about 5 million years ago. The monument consists of three geographically separate units: Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno.
The units cover a total of 13,944 acres (5,643 ha) of semi-desert shrublands, riparian zones, and colorful badlands. About 210,000 people visited the park in 2016 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District.
Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, the John Day basin was frequented by Sahaptin people who hunted, fished, and gathered roots and berries in the region. After road-building made the valley more accessible, settlers established farms, ranches, and a few small towns along the river and its tributaries. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the fossils in the region since 1864, when Thomas Condon, a missionary and amateur geologist, recognized their importance and made them known globally. Parts of the basin became a National Monument in 1975.
Averaging about 2,200 feet (670 m) in elevation, the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 °F (32 °C) to winter lows below freezing. The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora, ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on alluvial fans to cactus among rocks at higher elevations. Fauna include more than 50 species of resident and migratory birds. Large mammals like elk and smaller animals such as raccoons, coyotes, and voles frequent these units, which are also populated by a wide variety of reptiles, fish, butterflies, and other creatures adapted to particular niches of a mountainous semi-desert terrain.
Geography
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units—Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno—in the John Day River basin of east-central Oregon. Located in rugged terrain in the counties of Wheeler and Grant, the park units are characterized by hills, deep ravines, and eroded fossil-bearing rock formations. To the west lies the Cascade Range, to the south the Ochoco Mountains, and to the east the Blue Mountains. Elevations within the 13,944-acre (5,643 ha) park range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet (610 to 1,370 m).
The Clarno Unit, the westernmost of the three units, consists of 1,969 acres (797 ha) located 18 miles (29 km) west of Fossil along Oregon Route 218. The Painted Hills Unit, which lies about halfway between the other two, covers 3,132 acres (1,267 ha). It is situated about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Mitchell along Burnt Ranch Road, which intersects U.S. Route 26 west of Mitchell. These two units are entirely within Wheeler County. The remaining 8,843 acres (3,579 ha) of the park, the Sheep Rock Unit, are located along Oregon Route 19 and the John Day River upstream of the unincorporated community of Kimberly. This unit is mostly in Grant County; a small part extends into Wheeler County. The Sheep Rock Unit is further subdivided into the Mascall Formation Overlook, Picture Gorge, the James Cant Ranch Historic District, Cathedral Rock, Blue Basin, and the Foree Area. Some of these are separated from one another by farms, ranches, and other parcels of land that are not part of the park. The park headquarters and main visitor center, both in the Sheep Rock Unit, are 122 miles (196 km) northeast of Bend and 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Portland by highway. The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills, 45 miles (72 km); Painted Hills to Clarno, 75 miles (121 km), and Clarno to Sheep Rock, 81 miles (130 km).The John Day River, a tributary of the Columbia River, flows generally west from the Strawberry Mountains before reaching the national monument. It turns sharply north between the Mascall Formation Overlook and Kimberly, where the North Fork John Day River joins the main stem. Downstream of Kimberly, the river flows generally west to downstream of the unincorporated community of Twickenham, and generally north thereafter. Rock Creek enters the river at the north end of Picture Gorge. Bridge Creek passes through Mitchell, then north along the eastern edge of the Painted Hills Unit to meet the John Day downstream of Twickenham. Intermittent streams in the Clarno Unit empty into Pine Creek, which flows just beyond the south edge of the unit and enters the John Day upstream of the unincorporated community of Clarno.
History
Early inhabitants of north-central Oregon included Sahaptin-speaking people of the Umatilla, Wasco, and Warm Springs tribes as well as the Northern Paiutes, speakers of a Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean) language. All were hunter-gatherers competing for resources such as elk, huckleberries, and salmon. Researchers have identified 36 sites of related archeological interest, including rock shelters and cairns, in or adjacent to the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Most significant among the prehistoric sites are the Picture Gorge pictographs, consisting of six panels of rock art in the canyon at the south end of the Sheep Rock Unit. The art is of undetermined origin and age but is "centuries old".The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805. John Day, for whom the river is named, apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812. In 1829, Peter Skene Ogden, working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit. John Work, also of the HBC, visited this part of the river in 1831.In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail. Leaving drought, worn-out farms, and economic problems behind, they emigrated from states like Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon, especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state. After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin, a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon. Some established villages and engaged in subsistence farming and ranching near streams. Settlement was made more practical by a supply route from The Dalles on the Columbia River to gold mines at Canyon City in the upper John Day valley. By the late 1860s, the route became formalized as The Dalles Military Road, which passed along Bridge Creek and south of Sheep Rock. Clashes between natives and non-natives and the desire of the U.S. Government to populate the region with Euro-Americans led to the gradual removal of native residents to reservations, including three in north-central Oregon: Warm Springs, Burns Paiute, and Umatilla.
In 1864, a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the Crooked River region, south of the John Day basin. One of their leaders, Captain John M. Drake, collected some of these fossils for Thomas Condon, a missionary pastor and amateur geologist who lived in The Dalles. Recognizing the scientific importance of the fossils, Condon accompanied soldiers traveling through the region. He discovered rich fossil beds along Bridge Creek and near Sheep Rock in 1865. Condon's trips to the area and his public lectures and reports about his finds led to wide interest in the fossil beds among scientists such as Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences. One of them, paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh of Yale, accompanied Condon on a trip to the region in 1871. Condon's work led to his appointment in 1872 as Oregon's first state geologist and to international fame for the fossil beds. Specimens from the beds were sent to the Smithsonian Institution and other museums worldwide, and by 1900 more than 100 articles and books had been published about the John Day Fossil Beds. During the first half of the 20th century, scientists such as John C. Merriam, Ralph Chaney, Frank H. Knowlton, and Alonzo W. Hancock continued work in the fossil beds, including those discovered near Clarno in about 1890.Remote and arid, the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders. The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler, who built a cabin along the river in 1877. In 1881, Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area. His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts. In 1910, James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres (280 ha) from the Officer family. and converted it to a sheep ranch, which was eventually expanded to a sheep-and-cattle ranch of about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha).
Merriam, a University of California paleontologist who had led expeditions to the region in 1899 and 1900, encouraged the State of Oregon to protect the area. In the early 1930s the state began to buy land for state parks at Picture Gorge, the Painted Hills, and Clarno that later became part of the national monument. In 1951 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry established Camp Hancock, a field school for young students of geology, paleontology, and other sciences, on public lands surrounded by what would later become the Clarno Unit. In 1974 Congress authorized the National Park Service to establish the national monument, and President Gerald R. Ford signed the authorization. After the State of Oregon had completed the land transfer of the three state parks to the federal government, the monument was officially established on October 8, 1975.The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200-acre (81 ha) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984. After the monument opened in 1975, the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units. In 2005, the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, a $7.5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit, also opened in 2005. Among the center's offerings are displays of fossils, murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago, and views of the paleontology laboratory.In March 2011, the Park Service installed two webcams at the Sheep Rock Unit. Both transmit continuous real-time images; one shows the paleontology lab at the Condon Center and the other depicts Sheep Rock and nearby features. In June 2011, work was finished on a new ranger residence in the Painted Hills Unit that makes the unit almost carbon-neutral. Solar panels generate enough electricity to power the house as well as the ranger's electric vehicle, on loan from its manufacturer for a year. The project is part of ongoing efforts to make the whole park carbon-neutral.
Geology and paleontology
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province, which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, about 118 to 93 million years ago. Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks (exotic terranes) of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent, near the Idaho border. By the beginning of the Cenozoic era, 66 million years ago, the Blue Mountains province was uplifting (that is, was being pushed higher by tectonic forces), and the Pacific Ocean shoreline, formerly near Idaho, had shifted to the west.Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the Eocene deposited lavas accompanied by debris flows (lahars) atop the older rocks in the western part of the province. Containing fragments of shale, siltstone, conglomerates, and breccias, the debris flows entombed plants and animals caught in their paths; the remnants of these ancient flows comprise the rock formations exposed in the Clarno Unit. Preserved in the Clarno Nut Beds are fossils of tropical and subtropical nuts, fruits, roots, branches, and seeds. The Clarno Formation also contains bones, palm leaves longer than 24 inches (61 cm), avocado trees, and other subtropical plants from 50 million years ago, when the climate was warmer and wetter than it is in the 21st century. Large mammals that inhabited this region between 50 and 35 million years ago included browsers such as brontotheres and amynodonts, scavengers like the hyaenodonts, as well as Patriofelis and other predators. Eroded remnants of the Clarno stratovolcanoes, once the size of Mount Hood, are still visible near the monument, for example Black Butte, White Butte, and other buttes near Mitchell.After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided, they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west, in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range. The John Day volcanoes, as they are called, emitted large volumes of ash and dust, much of which settled in the John Day basin. As with the earlier Clarno debris flows, the rapid deposition of ash preserved the remains of plants and animals living in the region. Because ash and other debris fell during varied climatic and volcanic conditions and accumulated from many further eruptions extending into the early Miocene (about 20 million years ago), the sediment layers in the fossil beds vary in their chemical composition and color. Laid down on top of the Clarno Strata, the younger John Day Strata consist of several distinct groups of layers. The lowermost contains red ash such as that exposed in the Painted Hills Unit. The layer above it is mainly pea-green clay. On top of the pea-green layer are buff-colored layers. Fossils found in the John Day Strata include a wide variety of plants and more than 100 species of mammals, including dogs, cats, oreodonts, saber-toothed tigers, horses, camels, and rodents. The Blue Basin and the Sheep Rock unit contain many of these same fossils, as well as turtles, opossums, and large pigs. More than 60 plant species are fossilized in these strata, such as hydrangea, peas, hawthorn, and mulberry, as well as pines and many deciduous trees. One of the notable plant fossils is the Metasequoia (dawn redwood), a genus thought to have gone extinct worldwide until it was discovered alive in China in the early 20th century.After another period of erosion, a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt. Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago, more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified, the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles (1,700 km3) of lava. The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt, which rests above the John Day Strata.Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Formation, layers of stream-deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt. Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses, camels, rhinoceroses, bears, pronghorn, deer, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs, and sloths. These fauna thrived in the monument's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago. The fossils of oak, sycamore, maple, ginkgo, and elm trees reflect the area's cool climate during this time period.The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene, about 7 million years ago. The resulting stratum, the Rattlesnake Formation, lies on top of the Mascall and contains an ignimbrite. The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons, camels, rhinoceroses, the ancestors of dogs, lions, bears, and horses, and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time. Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver, Castor californicus, in North America. The beaver teeth, which are about 7 million years old, have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center.
The monument contains extensive deposits of well-preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years. Taken as a whole, the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene. In addition, analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology (the study of Earth's past climates) and the study of evolution.Paleontologists at the monument find, describe the location of, and collect fossil-bearing rocks from more than 700 sites. They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center, where the fossils are stabilized, separated from their rock matrix, and cleaned. The fossil specimens are then catalogued, indexed, stored in climate-controlled cabinets, and made available for research. In addition to preparing fossils, the paleontologists coordinate the monument's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center.
Climate
Average precipitation, limited by the rain shadow effects of the Cascade Range and the Ochoco Mountains, varies from 9 to 16 inches (230 to 410 mm) a year. In winter, much of the precipitation arrives as snow.Weather data for the city of Mitchell, near the Painted Hills Unit, show that July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 86 °F (30 °C) and an average low of 52 °F (11 °C). January is the coldest month, when highs average 42 °F (6 °C) and lows average 24 °F (−4 °C). The highest recorded temperature in Mitchell was 107 °F (42 °C) in 1972, and the lowest was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1983. May is generally the wettest month, when precipitation averages 1.65 inches (42 mm).
Biology
Flora
More than 80 soil types support a wide variety of flora within the monument. These soils stem from past and present geologic activity as well as ongoing additions of organic matter from life forms on or near the surface. Adapted to particular soil types and surface conditions, these plant communities range from riparian vegetation near the river to greasewood and saltgrass on the alluvial fans to plants such as hedgehog cactus in rocky outcrops at high elevation. Important to many of these communities is a black cryptobiotic crust that resists erosion, stores water, and fixes nitrogen used by the plants. The crust is composed of algae, lichens, mosses, fungi, and bacteria. Other areas of the monument have little or no flora. Volcanic tuffs and claystones that lack essential nutrients support few microorganisms and plants. Likewise, hard rock surfaces and steep slopes from which soils wash or blow away tend to remain bare.Native grasses thrive in many parts of the monument despite competition from medusahead rye, Dalmatian toadflax, cheatgrass, and other invasive species. Bunchgrasses in the park include basin wildrye, Idaho fescue, Thurber's needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and bottlebrush squirreltail, among others. Native grasses that form sod in parts of the monument include Sandberg's bluegrass and other bluegrass species. Reed canary grass, if mowed, also forms sod along stream banks.Limited by their need for water, trees such as willows, alders, and ponderosa pines are found only near the monument's streams or springs. Serviceberry bushes and shrubs like mountain mahogany are found in places where moisture collects near rock slides and ledges. Elsewhere long-rooted rabbitbrush has adapted to survive in dry areas. Other shrubs with adaptive properties include greasewood, sagebrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed, antelope bitterbrush, and purple sage. Western junipers, which have extensive root systems, thrive in the dry climate; in the absence of periodic fires they tend to displace grasses and sagebrush and to create relatively barren landscapes. The Park Service is considering controlled burning to limit the junipers and to create open areas for bunchgrasses that re-sprout from their roots after a fire.Wildflowers, which bloom mainly in the spring and early summer, include pincushions, golden bee plant, dwarf purple monkey flower, and sagebrush mariposa lily at the Painted Hills Unit. Munro's globemallow, lupines, yellow fritillary, hedgehog cactus, and Applegate's Indian paintbrush are commonly seen at the Clarno and Sheep Rock units.
Fauna
Birds are the animals most often seen in the monument. Included among the more than 50 species observed are red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, great horned owls, common nighthawks, and great blue herons. Geese nest in the park each summer, and flocks of sandhill cranes and swans pass overhead each year on their migratory flights. California quail, chukar partridges, and mourning doves are also common. Others seen near the Cant Ranch and the visitor center include rufous hummingbirds, Say's phoebe, yellow warblers, western meadowlarks, and American goldfinches. Visitors on trails may encounter canyon wrens, mountain bluebirds, mountain chickadees, black-billed magpies, and other birds.Large animals that frequent the park include elk, deer, cougar, and pronghorn. Beaver, otter, mink, and raccoons are found in or near the river. Coyotes, bats, and badgers are among the park's other mammals. Predators hunt smaller animals such as the rabbits, voles, mice, and shrews found in the park's grasslands and sagebrush-covered hills. Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit caves and crevices in the monument's rock formations. Bighorn sheep, wiped out in this region in the early 20th century, were reintroduced in the Foree Area of the Sheep Rock Unit in 2010.
Many habitats in the monument support populations of snakes and lizards. Southern alligator and western fence lizards are common; others that live here include short-horned and common side-blotched lizards and western skinks. Garter and gopher snakes and western yellow-bellied racers frequent floodplains and canyon bottoms. Rattlesnakes, though venomous, are shy and usually flee before being seen. The springs and seeps in the park contain isolated populations of western toads, American spadefoot toads, Pacific tree frogs, and long-toed salamanders.
A 2003–04 survey of the monument found 55 species of butterflies such as the common sootywing, orange sulphur, great spangled fritillary, and monarch. The monument's other insects have not been completely inventoried.The John Day River, which passes through the Sheep Rock Unit, is the longest undammed tributary of the Columbia River, although two Columbia River dams below the John Day River mouth impede migratory fish travel to some degree. Chinook salmon and steelhead pass through the monument on their way to and from upstream spawning beds and the Pacific Ocean. Species observed at the Sheep Rock Unit also include those able to tolerate warm summer river temperatures: bridgelip suckers, northern pikeminnow, redside shiners, and smallmouth bass. From October through June, when the water is cooler, Columbia River redband trout and sculpin are among species that move downriver through the park. The Park Service has removed or replaced irrigation diversions along the river or Rock Creek that formerly impeded fish movement, and it is restoring riparian vegetation such as black cottonwood trees that shade the water in summer and provide habitat for aquatic insects.
Activities
Entrance to the park and its visitor center, museums, and exhibits is free, and trails, overlooks, and picnic sites at all three units are open during daylight hours year-round. No food, lodging, or fuel is available in the park, and camping is not allowed. Hours of operation for the Cant Ranch and its cultural museum vary seasonally. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center is open every day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m except for federal holidays during the winter season from Veterans Day in November through Presidents' Day in February. Its amenities include a fossil museum, theater, education classroom, bookstore, restrooms, and drinking fountains. There is no cell phone or pay telephone service in the monument. Water taps at picnic areas are shut down in the colder months.The Sheep Rock Unit has eight trails ranging in length from 300 feet (91 m) at the Mascall Formation Overlook to 3 miles (4.8 km) at Blue Basin. Four trails of a quarter-mile to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long cross parts of the Painted Hills Unit. At the Clarno Unit, three separate quarter-mile trails begin at a parking lot along Oregon Route 218, below the face of the Clarno Palisades. Many of the trails have interpretive signs about the history, geology, and fossils of the region, and three trails—Story in Stone at the Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Cove and Leaf Hill at the Painted Hills Unit—are accessible by wheelchair. Visitors are asked to stay on the trails and off bare rock and hardpan to avoid damage to fossils and fragile soils.Ranger-led events at the monument have historically included indoor and outdoor talks, showings of an 18-minute orientation film, hikes in Blue Basin, Cant Ranch walking tours, and astronomy programs at the Painted Hills Unit. These events are free and most do not require reservations. Specific times for the activities are available from rangers at the monument. For students and teachers, the Park Service offers programs at the monument as well as fossil kits and other materials for classroom use.Pets are allowed in developed areas and along hiking trails but must be leashed or otherwise restrained. Horses are not allowed on hiking trails, in picnic areas, or on bare rock exposures in undeveloped areas of the monument. Digging, disturbing, or collecting any of the park's natural resources, including fossils, is prohibited. Fossil theft is an ongoing problem. No mountain biking is allowed on monument land, although the Malheur National Forest east of Dayville has biking trails. Fishing is legal from monument lands along the John Day River for anyone with an Oregon fishing license. Rafting on the John Day River is seasonally popular, although the favored runs begin at or downstream of Service Creek and do not pass through the monument. Risks to monument visitors include extremely hot summer temperatures and icy winter roads, two species of venomous rattlesnakes, two species of venomous spiders, ticks, scorpions, puncturevine, and poison ivy.
See also
List of fossil sites
List of national monuments of the United States
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. OCLC 4247365.
Knowlton, Frank H. (1902). Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 249508984.
External links
John Day Fossil Beds at The Oregon Encyclopedia
State of the Park Report – National Park Service, December 2013
Virtual tour of the monument – National Park Service, interactive
Webcams — real-time views of the Paleontology Lab and Sheep Rock
National Park Service: Wild Flowers at John Day Fossil Beds — illustrated (PDF). | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. national monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east-central Oregon. Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service, the park is known for its well-preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene, about 45 million years ago, and the late Miocene, about 5 million years ago. The monument consists of three geographically separate units: Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno.
The units cover a total of 13,944 acres (5,643 ha) of semi-desert shrublands, riparian zones, and colorful badlands. About 210,000 people visited the park in 2016 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District.
Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, the John Day basin was frequented by Sahaptin people who hunted, fished, and gathered roots and berries in the region. After road-building made the valley more accessible, settlers established farms, ranches, and a few small towns along the river and its tributaries. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the fossils in the region since 1864, when Thomas Condon, a missionary and amateur geologist, recognized their importance and made them known globally. Parts of the basin became a National Monument in 1975.
Averaging about 2,200 feet (670 m) in elevation, the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 °F (32 °C) to winter lows below freezing. The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora, ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on alluvial fans to cactus among rocks at higher elevations. Fauna include more than 50 species of resident and migratory birds. Large mammals like elk and smaller animals such as raccoons, coyotes, and voles frequent these units, which are also populated by a wide variety of reptiles, fish, butterflies, and other creatures adapted to particular niches of a mountainous semi-desert terrain.
Geography
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units—Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno—in the John Day River basin of east-central Oregon. Located in rugged terrain in the counties of Wheeler and Grant, the park units are characterized by hills, deep ravines, and eroded fossil-bearing rock formations. To the west lies the Cascade Range, to the south the Ochoco Mountains, and to the east the Blue Mountains. Elevations within the 13,944-acre (5,643 ha) park range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet (610 to 1,370 m).
The Clarno Unit, the westernmost of the three units, consists of 1,969 acres (797 ha) located 18 miles (29 km) west of Fossil along Oregon Route 218. The Painted Hills Unit, which lies about halfway between the other two, covers 3,132 acres (1,267 ha). It is situated about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Mitchell along Burnt Ranch Road, which intersects U.S. Route 26 west of Mitchell. These two units are entirely within Wheeler County. The remaining 8,843 acres (3,579 ha) of the park, the Sheep Rock Unit, are located along Oregon Route 19 and the John Day River upstream of the unincorporated community of Kimberly. This unit is mostly in Grant County; a small part extends into Wheeler County. The Sheep Rock Unit is further subdivided into the Mascall Formation Overlook, Picture Gorge, the James Cant Ranch Historic District, Cathedral Rock, Blue Basin, and the Foree Area. Some of these are separated from one another by farms, ranches, and other parcels of land that are not part of the park. The park headquarters and main visitor center, both in the Sheep Rock Unit, are 122 miles (196 km) northeast of Bend and 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Portland by highway. The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills, 45 miles (72 km); Painted Hills to Clarno, 75 miles (121 km), and Clarno to Sheep Rock, 81 miles (130 km).The John Day River, a tributary of the Columbia River, flows generally west from the Strawberry Mountains before reaching the national monument. It turns sharply north between the Mascall Formation Overlook and Kimberly, where the North Fork John Day River joins the main stem. Downstream of Kimberly, the river flows generally west to downstream of the unincorporated community of Twickenham, and generally north thereafter. Rock Creek enters the river at the north end of Picture Gorge. Bridge Creek passes through Mitchell, then north along the eastern edge of the Painted Hills Unit to meet the John Day downstream of Twickenham. Intermittent streams in the Clarno Unit empty into Pine Creek, which flows just beyond the south edge of the unit and enters the John Day upstream of the unincorporated community of Clarno.
History
Early inhabitants of north-central Oregon included Sahaptin-speaking people of the Umatilla, Wasco, and Warm Springs tribes as well as the Northern Paiutes, speakers of a Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean) language. All were hunter-gatherers competing for resources such as elk, huckleberries, and salmon. Researchers have identified 36 sites of related archeological interest, including rock shelters and cairns, in or adjacent to the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Most significant among the prehistoric sites are the Picture Gorge pictographs, consisting of six panels of rock art in the canyon at the south end of the Sheep Rock Unit. The art is of undetermined origin and age but is "centuries old".The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805. John Day, for whom the river is named, apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812. In 1829, Peter Skene Ogden, working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit. John Work, also of the HBC, visited this part of the river in 1831.In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail. Leaving drought, worn-out farms, and economic problems behind, they emigrated from states like Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon, especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state. After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin, a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon. Some established villages and engaged in subsistence farming and ranching near streams. Settlement was made more practical by a supply route from The Dalles on the Columbia River to gold mines at Canyon City in the upper John Day valley. By the late 1860s, the route became formalized as The Dalles Military Road, which passed along Bridge Creek and south of Sheep Rock. Clashes between natives and non-natives and the desire of the U.S. Government to populate the region with Euro-Americans led to the gradual removal of native residents to reservations, including three in north-central Oregon: Warm Springs, Burns Paiute, and Umatilla.
In 1864, a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the Crooked River region, south of the John Day basin. One of their leaders, Captain John M. Drake, collected some of these fossils for Thomas Condon, a missionary pastor and amateur geologist who lived in The Dalles. Recognizing the scientific importance of the fossils, Condon accompanied soldiers traveling through the region. He discovered rich fossil beds along Bridge Creek and near Sheep Rock in 1865. Condon's trips to the area and his public lectures and reports about his finds led to wide interest in the fossil beds among scientists such as Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences. One of them, paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh of Yale, accompanied Condon on a trip to the region in 1871. Condon's work led to his appointment in 1872 as Oregon's first state geologist and to international fame for the fossil beds. Specimens from the beds were sent to the Smithsonian Institution and other museums worldwide, and by 1900 more than 100 articles and books had been published about the John Day Fossil Beds. During the first half of the 20th century, scientists such as John C. Merriam, Ralph Chaney, Frank H. Knowlton, and Alonzo W. Hancock continued work in the fossil beds, including those discovered near Clarno in about 1890.Remote and arid, the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders. The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler, who built a cabin along the river in 1877. In 1881, Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area. His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts. In 1910, James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres (280 ha) from the Officer family. and converted it to a sheep ranch, which was eventually expanded to a sheep-and-cattle ranch of about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha).
Merriam, a University of California paleontologist who had led expeditions to the region in 1899 and 1900, encouraged the State of Oregon to protect the area. In the early 1930s the state began to buy land for state parks at Picture Gorge, the Painted Hills, and Clarno that later became part of the national monument. In 1951 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry established Camp Hancock, a field school for young students of geology, paleontology, and other sciences, on public lands surrounded by what would later become the Clarno Unit. In 1974 Congress authorized the National Park Service to establish the national monument, and President Gerald R. Ford signed the authorization. After the State of Oregon had completed the land transfer of the three state parks to the federal government, the monument was officially established on October 8, 1975.The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200-acre (81 ha) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984. After the monument opened in 1975, the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units. In 2005, the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, a $7.5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit, also opened in 2005. Among the center's offerings are displays of fossils, murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago, and views of the paleontology laboratory.In March 2011, the Park Service installed two webcams at the Sheep Rock Unit. Both transmit continuous real-time images; one shows the paleontology lab at the Condon Center and the other depicts Sheep Rock and nearby features. In June 2011, work was finished on a new ranger residence in the Painted Hills Unit that makes the unit almost carbon-neutral. Solar panels generate enough electricity to power the house as well as the ranger's electric vehicle, on loan from its manufacturer for a year. The project is part of ongoing efforts to make the whole park carbon-neutral.
Geology and paleontology
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province, which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, about 118 to 93 million years ago. Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks (exotic terranes) of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent, near the Idaho border. By the beginning of the Cenozoic era, 66 million years ago, the Blue Mountains province was uplifting (that is, was being pushed higher by tectonic forces), and the Pacific Ocean shoreline, formerly near Idaho, had shifted to the west.Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the Eocene deposited lavas accompanied by debris flows (lahars) atop the older rocks in the western part of the province. Containing fragments of shale, siltstone, conglomerates, and breccias, the debris flows entombed plants and animals caught in their paths; the remnants of these ancient flows comprise the rock formations exposed in the Clarno Unit. Preserved in the Clarno Nut Beds are fossils of tropical and subtropical nuts, fruits, roots, branches, and seeds. The Clarno Formation also contains bones, palm leaves longer than 24 inches (61 cm), avocado trees, and other subtropical plants from 50 million years ago, when the climate was warmer and wetter than it is in the 21st century. Large mammals that inhabited this region between 50 and 35 million years ago included browsers such as brontotheres and amynodonts, scavengers like the hyaenodonts, as well as Patriofelis and other predators. Eroded remnants of the Clarno stratovolcanoes, once the size of Mount Hood, are still visible near the monument, for example Black Butte, White Butte, and other buttes near Mitchell.After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided, they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west, in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range. The John Day volcanoes, as they are called, emitted large volumes of ash and dust, much of which settled in the John Day basin. As with the earlier Clarno debris flows, the rapid deposition of ash preserved the remains of plants and animals living in the region. Because ash and other debris fell during varied climatic and volcanic conditions and accumulated from many further eruptions extending into the early Miocene (about 20 million years ago), the sediment layers in the fossil beds vary in their chemical composition and color. Laid down on top of the Clarno Strata, the younger John Day Strata consist of several distinct groups of layers. The lowermost contains red ash such as that exposed in the Painted Hills Unit. The layer above it is mainly pea-green clay. On top of the pea-green layer are buff-colored layers. Fossils found in the John Day Strata include a wide variety of plants and more than 100 species of mammals, including dogs, cats, oreodonts, saber-toothed tigers, horses, camels, and rodents. The Blue Basin and the Sheep Rock unit contain many of these same fossils, as well as turtles, opossums, and large pigs. More than 60 plant species are fossilized in these strata, such as hydrangea, peas, hawthorn, and mulberry, as well as pines and many deciduous trees. One of the notable plant fossils is the Metasequoia (dawn redwood), a genus thought to have gone extinct worldwide until it was discovered alive in China in the early 20th century.After another period of erosion, a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt. Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago, more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified, the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles (1,700 km3) of lava. The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt, which rests above the John Day Strata.Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Formation, layers of stream-deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt. Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses, camels, rhinoceroses, bears, pronghorn, deer, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs, and sloths. These fauna thrived in the monument's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago. The fossils of oak, sycamore, maple, ginkgo, and elm trees reflect the area's cool climate during this time period.The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene, about 7 million years ago. The resulting stratum, the Rattlesnake Formation, lies on top of the Mascall and contains an ignimbrite. The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons, camels, rhinoceroses, the ancestors of dogs, lions, bears, and horses, and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time. Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver, Castor californicus, in North America. The beaver teeth, which are about 7 million years old, have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center.
The monument contains extensive deposits of well-preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years. Taken as a whole, the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene. In addition, analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology (the study of Earth's past climates) and the study of evolution.Paleontologists at the monument find, describe the location of, and collect fossil-bearing rocks from more than 700 sites. They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center, where the fossils are stabilized, separated from their rock matrix, and cleaned. The fossil specimens are then catalogued, indexed, stored in climate-controlled cabinets, and made available for research. In addition to preparing fossils, the paleontologists coordinate the monument's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center.
Climate
Average precipitation, limited by the rain shadow effects of the Cascade Range and the Ochoco Mountains, varies from 9 to 16 inches (230 to 410 mm) a year. In winter, much of the precipitation arrives as snow.Weather data for the city of Mitchell, near the Painted Hills Unit, show that July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 86 °F (30 °C) and an average low of 52 °F (11 °C). January is the coldest month, when highs average 42 °F (6 °C) and lows average 24 °F (−4 °C). The highest recorded temperature in Mitchell was 107 °F (42 °C) in 1972, and the lowest was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1983. May is generally the wettest month, when precipitation averages 1.65 inches (42 mm).
Biology
Flora
More than 80 soil types support a wide variety of flora within the monument. These soils stem from past and present geologic activity as well as ongoing additions of organic matter from life forms on or near the surface. Adapted to particular soil types and surface conditions, these plant communities range from riparian vegetation near the river to greasewood and saltgrass on the alluvial fans to plants such as hedgehog cactus in rocky outcrops at high elevation. Important to many of these communities is a black cryptobiotic crust that resists erosion, stores water, and fixes nitrogen used by the plants. The crust is composed of algae, lichens, mosses, fungi, and bacteria. Other areas of the monument have little or no flora. Volcanic tuffs and claystones that lack essential nutrients support few microorganisms and plants. Likewise, hard rock surfaces and steep slopes from which soils wash or blow away tend to remain bare.Native grasses thrive in many parts of the monument despite competition from medusahead rye, Dalmatian toadflax, cheatgrass, and other invasive species. Bunchgrasses in the park include basin wildrye, Idaho fescue, Thurber's needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and bottlebrush squirreltail, among others. Native grasses that form sod in parts of the monument include Sandberg's bluegrass and other bluegrass species. Reed canary grass, if mowed, also forms sod along stream banks.Limited by their need for water, trees such as willows, alders, and ponderosa pines are found only near the monument's streams or springs. Serviceberry bushes and shrubs like mountain mahogany are found in places where moisture collects near rock slides and ledges. Elsewhere long-rooted rabbitbrush has adapted to survive in dry areas. Other shrubs with adaptive properties include greasewood, sagebrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed, antelope bitterbrush, and purple sage. Western junipers, which have extensive root systems, thrive in the dry climate; in the absence of periodic fires they tend to displace grasses and sagebrush and to create relatively barren landscapes. The Park Service is considering controlled burning to limit the junipers and to create open areas for bunchgrasses that re-sprout from their roots after a fire.Wildflowers, which bloom mainly in the spring and early summer, include pincushions, golden bee plant, dwarf purple monkey flower, and sagebrush mariposa lily at the Painted Hills Unit. Munro's globemallow, lupines, yellow fritillary, hedgehog cactus, and Applegate's Indian paintbrush are commonly seen at the Clarno and Sheep Rock units.
Fauna
Birds are the animals most often seen in the monument. Included among the more than 50 species observed are red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, great horned owls, common nighthawks, and great blue herons. Geese nest in the park each summer, and flocks of sandhill cranes and swans pass overhead each year on their migratory flights. California quail, chukar partridges, and mourning doves are also common. Others seen near the Cant Ranch and the visitor center include rufous hummingbirds, Say's phoebe, yellow warblers, western meadowlarks, and American goldfinches. Visitors on trails may encounter canyon wrens, mountain bluebirds, mountain chickadees, black-billed magpies, and other birds.Large animals that frequent the park include elk, deer, cougar, and pronghorn. Beaver, otter, mink, and raccoons are found in or near the river. Coyotes, bats, and badgers are among the park's other mammals. Predators hunt smaller animals such as the rabbits, voles, mice, and shrews found in the park's grasslands and sagebrush-covered hills. Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit caves and crevices in the monument's rock formations. Bighorn sheep, wiped out in this region in the early 20th century, were reintroduced in the Foree Area of the Sheep Rock Unit in 2010.
Many habitats in the monument support populations of snakes and lizards. Southern alligator and western fence lizards are common; others that live here include short-horned and common side-blotched lizards and western skinks. Garter and gopher snakes and western yellow-bellied racers frequent floodplains and canyon bottoms. Rattlesnakes, though venomous, are shy and usually flee before being seen. The springs and seeps in the park contain isolated populations of western toads, American spadefoot toads, Pacific tree frogs, and long-toed salamanders.
A 2003–04 survey of the monument found 55 species of butterflies such as the common sootywing, orange sulphur, great spangled fritillary, and monarch. The monument's other insects have not been completely inventoried.The John Day River, which passes through the Sheep Rock Unit, is the longest undammed tributary of the Columbia River, although two Columbia River dams below the John Day River mouth impede migratory fish travel to some degree. Chinook salmon and steelhead pass through the monument on their way to and from upstream spawning beds and the Pacific Ocean. Species observed at the Sheep Rock Unit also include those able to tolerate warm summer river temperatures: bridgelip suckers, northern pikeminnow, redside shiners, and smallmouth bass. From October through June, when the water is cooler, Columbia River redband trout and sculpin are among species that move downriver through the park. The Park Service has removed or replaced irrigation diversions along the river or Rock Creek that formerly impeded fish movement, and it is restoring riparian vegetation such as black cottonwood trees that shade the water in summer and provide habitat for aquatic insects.
Activities
Entrance to the park and its visitor center, museums, and exhibits is free, and trails, overlooks, and picnic sites at all three units are open during daylight hours year-round. No food, lodging, or fuel is available in the park, and camping is not allowed. Hours of operation for the Cant Ranch and its cultural museum vary seasonally. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center is open every day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m except for federal holidays during the winter season from Veterans Day in November through Presidents' Day in February. Its amenities include a fossil museum, theater, education classroom, bookstore, restrooms, and drinking fountains. There is no cell phone or pay telephone service in the monument. Water taps at picnic areas are shut down in the colder months.The Sheep Rock Unit has eight trails ranging in length from 300 feet (91 m) at the Mascall Formation Overlook to 3 miles (4.8 km) at Blue Basin. Four trails of a quarter-mile to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long cross parts of the Painted Hills Unit. At the Clarno Unit, three separate quarter-mile trails begin at a parking lot along Oregon Route 218, below the face of the Clarno Palisades. Many of the trails have interpretive signs about the history, geology, and fossils of the region, and three trails—Story in Stone at the Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Cove and Leaf Hill at the Painted Hills Unit—are accessible by wheelchair. Visitors are asked to stay on the trails and off bare rock and hardpan to avoid damage to fossils and fragile soils.Ranger-led events at the monument have historically included indoor and outdoor talks, showings of an 18-minute orientation film, hikes in Blue Basin, Cant Ranch walking tours, and astronomy programs at the Painted Hills Unit. These events are free and most do not require reservations. Specific times for the activities are available from rangers at the monument. For students and teachers, the Park Service offers programs at the monument as well as fossil kits and other materials for classroom use.Pets are allowed in developed areas and along hiking trails but must be leashed or otherwise restrained. Horses are not allowed on hiking trails, in picnic areas, or on bare rock exposures in undeveloped areas of the monument. Digging, disturbing, or collecting any of the park's natural resources, including fossils, is prohibited. Fossil theft is an ongoing problem. No mountain biking is allowed on monument land, although the Malheur National Forest east of Dayville has biking trails. Fishing is legal from monument lands along the John Day River for anyone with an Oregon fishing license. Rafting on the John Day River is seasonally popular, although the favored runs begin at or downstream of Service Creek and do not pass through the monument. Risks to monument visitors include extremely hot summer temperatures and icy winter roads, two species of venomous rattlesnakes, two species of venomous spiders, ticks, scorpions, puncturevine, and poison ivy.
See also
List of fossil sites
List of national monuments of the United States
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. OCLC 4247365.
Knowlton, Frank H. (1902). Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 249508984.
External links
John Day Fossil Beds at The Oregon Encyclopedia
State of the Park Report – National Park Service, December 2013
Virtual tour of the monument – National Park Service, interactive
Webcams — real-time views of the Paleontology Lab and Sheep Rock
National Park Service: Wild Flowers at John Day Fossil Beds — illustrated (PDF). | operator | {
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John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is a U.S. national monument in Wheeler and Grant counties in east-central Oregon. Located within the John Day River basin and managed by the National Park Service, the park is known for its well-preserved layers of fossil plants and mammals that lived in the region between the late Eocene, about 45 million years ago, and the late Miocene, about 5 million years ago. The monument consists of three geographically separate units: Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno.
The units cover a total of 13,944 acres (5,643 ha) of semi-desert shrublands, riparian zones, and colorful badlands. About 210,000 people visited the park in 2016 to engage in outdoor recreation or to visit the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center or the James Cant Ranch Historic District.
Before the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, the John Day basin was frequented by Sahaptin people who hunted, fished, and gathered roots and berries in the region. After road-building made the valley more accessible, settlers established farms, ranches, and a few small towns along the river and its tributaries. Paleontologists have been unearthing and studying the fossils in the region since 1864, when Thomas Condon, a missionary and amateur geologist, recognized their importance and made them known globally. Parts of the basin became a National Monument in 1975.
Averaging about 2,200 feet (670 m) in elevation, the monument has a dry climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 90 °F (32 °C) to winter lows below freezing. The monument has more than 80 soil types that support a wide variety of flora, ranging from willow trees near the river to grasses on alluvial fans to cactus among rocks at higher elevations. Fauna include more than 50 species of resident and migratory birds. Large mammals like elk and smaller animals such as raccoons, coyotes, and voles frequent these units, which are also populated by a wide variety of reptiles, fish, butterflies, and other creatures adapted to particular niches of a mountainous semi-desert terrain.
Geography
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument consists of three widely separated units—Sheep Rock, Painted Hills, and Clarno—in the John Day River basin of east-central Oregon. Located in rugged terrain in the counties of Wheeler and Grant, the park units are characterized by hills, deep ravines, and eroded fossil-bearing rock formations. To the west lies the Cascade Range, to the south the Ochoco Mountains, and to the east the Blue Mountains. Elevations within the 13,944-acre (5,643 ha) park range from 2,000 to 4,500 feet (610 to 1,370 m).
The Clarno Unit, the westernmost of the three units, consists of 1,969 acres (797 ha) located 18 miles (29 km) west of Fossil along Oregon Route 218. The Painted Hills Unit, which lies about halfway between the other two, covers 3,132 acres (1,267 ha). It is situated about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Mitchell along Burnt Ranch Road, which intersects U.S. Route 26 west of Mitchell. These two units are entirely within Wheeler County. The remaining 8,843 acres (3,579 ha) of the park, the Sheep Rock Unit, are located along Oregon Route 19 and the John Day River upstream of the unincorporated community of Kimberly. This unit is mostly in Grant County; a small part extends into Wheeler County. The Sheep Rock Unit is further subdivided into the Mascall Formation Overlook, Picture Gorge, the James Cant Ranch Historic District, Cathedral Rock, Blue Basin, and the Foree Area. Some of these are separated from one another by farms, ranches, and other parcels of land that are not part of the park. The park headquarters and main visitor center, both in the Sheep Rock Unit, are 122 miles (196 km) northeast of Bend and 240 miles (390 km) southeast of Portland by highway. The shortest highway distances from unit to unit within the park are Sheep Rock to Painted Hills, 45 miles (72 km); Painted Hills to Clarno, 75 miles (121 km), and Clarno to Sheep Rock, 81 miles (130 km).The John Day River, a tributary of the Columbia River, flows generally west from the Strawberry Mountains before reaching the national monument. It turns sharply north between the Mascall Formation Overlook and Kimberly, where the North Fork John Day River joins the main stem. Downstream of Kimberly, the river flows generally west to downstream of the unincorporated community of Twickenham, and generally north thereafter. Rock Creek enters the river at the north end of Picture Gorge. Bridge Creek passes through Mitchell, then north along the eastern edge of the Painted Hills Unit to meet the John Day downstream of Twickenham. Intermittent streams in the Clarno Unit empty into Pine Creek, which flows just beyond the south edge of the unit and enters the John Day upstream of the unincorporated community of Clarno.
History
Early inhabitants of north-central Oregon included Sahaptin-speaking people of the Umatilla, Wasco, and Warm Springs tribes as well as the Northern Paiutes, speakers of a Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean) language. All were hunter-gatherers competing for resources such as elk, huckleberries, and salmon. Researchers have identified 36 sites of related archeological interest, including rock shelters and cairns, in or adjacent to the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Most significant among the prehistoric sites are the Picture Gorge pictographs, consisting of six panels of rock art in the canyon at the south end of the Sheep Rock Unit. The art is of undetermined origin and age but is "centuries old".The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805. John Day, for whom the river is named, apparently visited only its confluence with the Columbia in 1812. In 1829, Peter Skene Ogden, working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), led a company of explorers and fur trappers along the river through what would later become the Sheep Rock Unit. John Work, also of the HBC, visited this part of the river in 1831.In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail. Leaving drought, worn-out farms, and economic problems behind, they emigrated from states like Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon, especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state. After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin, a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon. Some established villages and engaged in subsistence farming and ranching near streams. Settlement was made more practical by a supply route from The Dalles on the Columbia River to gold mines at Canyon City in the upper John Day valley. By the late 1860s, the route became formalized as The Dalles Military Road, which passed along Bridge Creek and south of Sheep Rock. Clashes between natives and non-natives and the desire of the U.S. Government to populate the region with Euro-Americans led to the gradual removal of native residents to reservations, including three in north-central Oregon: Warm Springs, Burns Paiute, and Umatilla.
In 1864, a company of soldiers sent to protect mining camps from raids by Northern Paiutes discovered fossils in the Crooked River region, south of the John Day basin. One of their leaders, Captain John M. Drake, collected some of these fossils for Thomas Condon, a missionary pastor and amateur geologist who lived in The Dalles. Recognizing the scientific importance of the fossils, Condon accompanied soldiers traveling through the region. He discovered rich fossil beds along Bridge Creek and near Sheep Rock in 1865. Condon's trips to the area and his public lectures and reports about his finds led to wide interest in the fossil beds among scientists such as Edward Drinker Cope of the Academy of Natural Sciences. One of them, paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh of Yale, accompanied Condon on a trip to the region in 1871. Condon's work led to his appointment in 1872 as Oregon's first state geologist and to international fame for the fossil beds. Specimens from the beds were sent to the Smithsonian Institution and other museums worldwide, and by 1900 more than 100 articles and books had been published about the John Day Fossil Beds. During the first half of the 20th century, scientists such as John C. Merriam, Ralph Chaney, Frank H. Knowlton, and Alonzo W. Hancock continued work in the fossil beds, including those discovered near Clarno in about 1890.Remote and arid, the John Day basin near the fossil beds was slow to attract homesteaders. The first settler in what became the Sheep Rock Unit is thought to have been Frank Butler, who built a cabin along the river in 1877. In 1881, Eli Casey Officer began grazing sheep on a homestead claim in same general area. His son Floyd later lived there with his family and sometimes accompanied Condon on his fossil hunts. In 1910, James and Elizabeth Cant bought 700 acres (280 ha) from the Officer family. and converted it to a sheep ranch, which was eventually expanded to a sheep-and-cattle ranch of about 6,000 acres (2,400 ha).
Merriam, a University of California paleontologist who had led expeditions to the region in 1899 and 1900, encouraged the State of Oregon to protect the area. In the early 1930s the state began to buy land for state parks at Picture Gorge, the Painted Hills, and Clarno that later became part of the national monument. In 1951 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry established Camp Hancock, a field school for young students of geology, paleontology, and other sciences, on public lands surrounded by what would later become the Clarno Unit. In 1974 Congress authorized the National Park Service to establish the national monument, and President Gerald R. Ford signed the authorization. After the State of Oregon had completed the land transfer of the three state parks to the federal government, the monument was officially established on October 8, 1975.The Cant Ranch House and associated land and outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the 200-acre (81 ha) James Cant Ranch Historic District in 1984. After the monument opened in 1975, the ranch house served as headquarters for all three units. In 2005, the lower floor of the ranch house was opened to the public; it features exhibits about the cultural history of the region. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, a $7.5 million museum and visitor center at the Sheep Rock Unit, also opened in 2005. Among the center's offerings are displays of fossils, murals depicting life in the basin during eight geologic times ranging from about 45 million to about 5 million years ago, and views of the paleontology laboratory.In March 2011, the Park Service installed two webcams at the Sheep Rock Unit. Both transmit continuous real-time images; one shows the paleontology lab at the Condon Center and the other depicts Sheep Rock and nearby features. In June 2011, work was finished on a new ranger residence in the Painted Hills Unit that makes the unit almost carbon-neutral. Solar panels generate enough electricity to power the house as well as the ranger's electric vehicle, on loan from its manufacturer for a year. The project is part of ongoing efforts to make the whole park carbon-neutral.
Geology and paleontology
The John Day Fossil Beds National Monument lies within the Blue Mountains physiographic province, which originated during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, about 118 to 93 million years ago. Northeastern Oregon was assembled in large blocks (exotic terranes) of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic rock shifted by tectonic forces and accreted to what was then the western edge of the North American continent, near the Idaho border. By the beginning of the Cenozoic era, 66 million years ago, the Blue Mountains province was uplifting (that is, was being pushed higher by tectonic forces), and the Pacific Ocean shoreline, formerly near Idaho, had shifted to the west.Volcanic eruptions about 44 million years ago during the Eocene deposited lavas accompanied by debris flows (lahars) atop the older rocks in the western part of the province. Containing fragments of shale, siltstone, conglomerates, and breccias, the debris flows entombed plants and animals caught in their paths; the remnants of these ancient flows comprise the rock formations exposed in the Clarno Unit. Preserved in the Clarno Nut Beds are fossils of tropical and subtropical nuts, fruits, roots, branches, and seeds. The Clarno Formation also contains bones, palm leaves longer than 24 inches (61 cm), avocado trees, and other subtropical plants from 50 million years ago, when the climate was warmer and wetter than it is in the 21st century. Large mammals that inhabited this region between 50 and 35 million years ago included browsers such as brontotheres and amynodonts, scavengers like the hyaenodonts, as well as Patriofelis and other predators. Eroded remnants of the Clarno stratovolcanoes, once the size of Mount Hood, are still visible near the monument, for example Black Butte, White Butte, and other buttes near Mitchell.After the Clarno volcanoes had subsided, they were replaced about 36 million years ago by eruptions from volcanoes to the west, in the general vicinity of what would become the Cascade Range. The John Day volcanoes, as they are called, emitted large volumes of ash and dust, much of which settled in the John Day basin. As with the earlier Clarno debris flows, the rapid deposition of ash preserved the remains of plants and animals living in the region. Because ash and other debris fell during varied climatic and volcanic conditions and accumulated from many further eruptions extending into the early Miocene (about 20 million years ago), the sediment layers in the fossil beds vary in their chemical composition and color. Laid down on top of the Clarno Strata, the younger John Day Strata consist of several distinct groups of layers. The lowermost contains red ash such as that exposed in the Painted Hills Unit. The layer above it is mainly pea-green clay. On top of the pea-green layer are buff-colored layers. Fossils found in the John Day Strata include a wide variety of plants and more than 100 species of mammals, including dogs, cats, oreodonts, saber-toothed tigers, horses, camels, and rodents. The Blue Basin and the Sheep Rock unit contain many of these same fossils, as well as turtles, opossums, and large pigs. More than 60 plant species are fossilized in these strata, such as hydrangea, peas, hawthorn, and mulberry, as well as pines and many deciduous trees. One of the notable plant fossils is the Metasequoia (dawn redwood), a genus thought to have gone extinct worldwide until it was discovered alive in China in the early 20th century.After another period of erosion, a series of lava eruptions from fissures across northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and western Idaho inundated much of the Blue Mountain province with liquid basalt. Extruded in the middle Miocene between 17 and 12 million years ago, more than 40 separate flows contributing to the Columbia River Basalt Group have been identified, the largest of which involved up to 400 cubic miles (1,700 km3) of lava. The most prominent of these formations within the monument is the Picture Gorge Basalt, which rests above the John Day Strata.Subsequent ashfall from eruptions in the Cascade Range in the late Miocene contributed to the Mascall Formation, layers of stream-deposited volcanic tuffs laid atop the Picture Gorge Basalt. Preserved in the Mascall are fossils of animals such as horses, camels, rhinoceroses, bears, pronghorn, deer, weasels, raccoons, cats, dogs, and sloths. These fauna thrived in the monument's open woodland and savannah between 15 and 12 million years ago. The fossils of oak, sycamore, maple, ginkgo, and elm trees reflect the area's cool climate during this time period.The last major eruption occurred in the late Miocene, about 7 million years ago. The resulting stratum, the Rattlesnake Formation, lies on top of the Mascall and contains an ignimbrite. The Rattlesnake stratum has fossils of mastodons, camels, rhinoceroses, the ancestors of dogs, lions, bears, and horses, and others that grazed on the grasslands of the time. Two fossilized teeth found recently in the Rattlesnake stratum near Dayville are the earliest record of beaver, Castor californicus, in North America. The beaver teeth, which are about 7 million years old, have been scheduled for display at the Condon Center.
The monument contains extensive deposits of well-preserved fossils from various periods spanning more than 40 million years. Taken as a whole, the fossils present an unusually detailed view of plants and animals since the late Eocene. In addition, analysis of the John Day fossils has contributed to paleoclimatology (the study of Earth's past climates) and the study of evolution.Paleontologists at the monument find, describe the location of, and collect fossil-bearing rocks from more than 700 sites. They take them to the paleontology laboratory at the visitor center, where the fossils are stabilized, separated from their rock matrix, and cleaned. The fossil specimens are then catalogued, indexed, stored in climate-controlled cabinets, and made available for research. In addition to preparing fossils, the paleontologists coordinate the monument's basic research in paleobotany and other scientific areas and manage the fossil museum in the visitor center.
Climate
Average precipitation, limited by the rain shadow effects of the Cascade Range and the Ochoco Mountains, varies from 9 to 16 inches (230 to 410 mm) a year. In winter, much of the precipitation arrives as snow.Weather data for the city of Mitchell, near the Painted Hills Unit, show that July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 86 °F (30 °C) and an average low of 52 °F (11 °C). January is the coldest month, when highs average 42 °F (6 °C) and lows average 24 °F (−4 °C). The highest recorded temperature in Mitchell was 107 °F (42 °C) in 1972, and the lowest was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1983. May is generally the wettest month, when precipitation averages 1.65 inches (42 mm).
Biology
Flora
More than 80 soil types support a wide variety of flora within the monument. These soils stem from past and present geologic activity as well as ongoing additions of organic matter from life forms on or near the surface. Adapted to particular soil types and surface conditions, these plant communities range from riparian vegetation near the river to greasewood and saltgrass on the alluvial fans to plants such as hedgehog cactus in rocky outcrops at high elevation. Important to many of these communities is a black cryptobiotic crust that resists erosion, stores water, and fixes nitrogen used by the plants. The crust is composed of algae, lichens, mosses, fungi, and bacteria. Other areas of the monument have little or no flora. Volcanic tuffs and claystones that lack essential nutrients support few microorganisms and plants. Likewise, hard rock surfaces and steep slopes from which soils wash or blow away tend to remain bare.Native grasses thrive in many parts of the monument despite competition from medusahead rye, Dalmatian toadflax, cheatgrass, and other invasive species. Bunchgrasses in the park include basin wildrye, Idaho fescue, Thurber's needlegrass, Indian ricegrass, and bottlebrush squirreltail, among others. Native grasses that form sod in parts of the monument include Sandberg's bluegrass and other bluegrass species. Reed canary grass, if mowed, also forms sod along stream banks.Limited by their need for water, trees such as willows, alders, and ponderosa pines are found only near the monument's streams or springs. Serviceberry bushes and shrubs like mountain mahogany are found in places where moisture collects near rock slides and ledges. Elsewhere long-rooted rabbitbrush has adapted to survive in dry areas. Other shrubs with adaptive properties include greasewood, sagebrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed, antelope bitterbrush, and purple sage. Western junipers, which have extensive root systems, thrive in the dry climate; in the absence of periodic fires they tend to displace grasses and sagebrush and to create relatively barren landscapes. The Park Service is considering controlled burning to limit the junipers and to create open areas for bunchgrasses that re-sprout from their roots after a fire.Wildflowers, which bloom mainly in the spring and early summer, include pincushions, golden bee plant, dwarf purple monkey flower, and sagebrush mariposa lily at the Painted Hills Unit. Munro's globemallow, lupines, yellow fritillary, hedgehog cactus, and Applegate's Indian paintbrush are commonly seen at the Clarno and Sheep Rock units.
Fauna
Birds are the animals most often seen in the monument. Included among the more than 50 species observed are red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, great horned owls, common nighthawks, and great blue herons. Geese nest in the park each summer, and flocks of sandhill cranes and swans pass overhead each year on their migratory flights. California quail, chukar partridges, and mourning doves are also common. Others seen near the Cant Ranch and the visitor center include rufous hummingbirds, Say's phoebe, yellow warblers, western meadowlarks, and American goldfinches. Visitors on trails may encounter canyon wrens, mountain bluebirds, mountain chickadees, black-billed magpies, and other birds.Large animals that frequent the park include elk, deer, cougar, and pronghorn. Beaver, otter, mink, and raccoons are found in or near the river. Coyotes, bats, and badgers are among the park's other mammals. Predators hunt smaller animals such as the rabbits, voles, mice, and shrews found in the park's grasslands and sagebrush-covered hills. Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit caves and crevices in the monument's rock formations. Bighorn sheep, wiped out in this region in the early 20th century, were reintroduced in the Foree Area of the Sheep Rock Unit in 2010.
Many habitats in the monument support populations of snakes and lizards. Southern alligator and western fence lizards are common; others that live here include short-horned and common side-blotched lizards and western skinks. Garter and gopher snakes and western yellow-bellied racers frequent floodplains and canyon bottoms. Rattlesnakes, though venomous, are shy and usually flee before being seen. The springs and seeps in the park contain isolated populations of western toads, American spadefoot toads, Pacific tree frogs, and long-toed salamanders.
A 2003–04 survey of the monument found 55 species of butterflies such as the common sootywing, orange sulphur, great spangled fritillary, and monarch. The monument's other insects have not been completely inventoried.The John Day River, which passes through the Sheep Rock Unit, is the longest undammed tributary of the Columbia River, although two Columbia River dams below the John Day River mouth impede migratory fish travel to some degree. Chinook salmon and steelhead pass through the monument on their way to and from upstream spawning beds and the Pacific Ocean. Species observed at the Sheep Rock Unit also include those able to tolerate warm summer river temperatures: bridgelip suckers, northern pikeminnow, redside shiners, and smallmouth bass. From October through June, when the water is cooler, Columbia River redband trout and sculpin are among species that move downriver through the park. The Park Service has removed or replaced irrigation diversions along the river or Rock Creek that formerly impeded fish movement, and it is restoring riparian vegetation such as black cottonwood trees that shade the water in summer and provide habitat for aquatic insects.
Activities
Entrance to the park and its visitor center, museums, and exhibits is free, and trails, overlooks, and picnic sites at all three units are open during daylight hours year-round. No food, lodging, or fuel is available in the park, and camping is not allowed. Hours of operation for the Cant Ranch and its cultural museum vary seasonally. The Thomas Condon Paleontology Center is open every day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m except for federal holidays during the winter season from Veterans Day in November through Presidents' Day in February. Its amenities include a fossil museum, theater, education classroom, bookstore, restrooms, and drinking fountains. There is no cell phone or pay telephone service in the monument. Water taps at picnic areas are shut down in the colder months.The Sheep Rock Unit has eight trails ranging in length from 300 feet (91 m) at the Mascall Formation Overlook to 3 miles (4.8 km) at Blue Basin. Four trails of a quarter-mile to 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long cross parts of the Painted Hills Unit. At the Clarno Unit, three separate quarter-mile trails begin at a parking lot along Oregon Route 218, below the face of the Clarno Palisades. Many of the trails have interpretive signs about the history, geology, and fossils of the region, and three trails—Story in Stone at the Sheep Rock Unit, and Painted Cove and Leaf Hill at the Painted Hills Unit—are accessible by wheelchair. Visitors are asked to stay on the trails and off bare rock and hardpan to avoid damage to fossils and fragile soils.Ranger-led events at the monument have historically included indoor and outdoor talks, showings of an 18-minute orientation film, hikes in Blue Basin, Cant Ranch walking tours, and astronomy programs at the Painted Hills Unit. These events are free and most do not require reservations. Specific times for the activities are available from rangers at the monument. For students and teachers, the Park Service offers programs at the monument as well as fossil kits and other materials for classroom use.Pets are allowed in developed areas and along hiking trails but must be leashed or otherwise restrained. Horses are not allowed on hiking trails, in picnic areas, or on bare rock exposures in undeveloped areas of the monument. Digging, disturbing, or collecting any of the park's natural resources, including fossils, is prohibited. Fossil theft is an ongoing problem. No mountain biking is allowed on monument land, although the Malheur National Forest east of Dayville has biking trails. Fishing is legal from monument lands along the John Day River for anyone with an Oregon fishing license. Rafting on the John Day River is seasonally popular, although the favored runs begin at or downstream of Service Creek and do not pass through the monument. Risks to monument visitors include extremely hot summer temperatures and icy winter roads, two species of venomous rattlesnakes, two species of venomous spiders, ticks, scorpions, puncturevine, and poison ivy.
See also
List of fossil sites
List of national monuments of the United States
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Henderson, Charles W.; Winstanley, J. B. (1912). Bibliography of the Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, and Mineral Resources of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon. OCLC 4247365.
Knowlton, Frank H. (1902). Fossil Flora of the John Day Basin, Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. OCLC 249508984.
External links
John Day Fossil Beds at The Oregon Encyclopedia
State of the Park Report – National Park Service, December 2013
Virtual tour of the monument – National Park Service, interactive
Webcams — real-time views of the Paleontology Lab and Sheep Rock
National Park Service: Wild Flowers at John Day Fossil Beds — illustrated (PDF). | Commons category | {
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Saint Paul African Union Methodist Church is an historic structure located in the Navy Yard section of Washington, D.C., United States. It is the only congregation in the District of Columbia of the oldest incorporated, independent African- American denomination in the country. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.
History
The African Union Methodist Protestant Church congregation that became Saint Paul's began as a prayer group in 1900. The church was designed by R.C. Archer, Jr., the second licensed African American architect in Washington. It was his first church commission in the city. The Gothic Revival style building was completed in 1924. Saint Paul's is the only church that survives from a predominantly working-class African-American neighborhood in the Navy Yard area. It is also one of the area's last surviving buildings from the first part of the 20th century. In the 1940s, 700 units of public housing were built in the area. In the early 21st century, mixed-income townhomes have replaced the rest of the historic structures surrounding the church.
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Saint Paul African Union Methodist Church is an historic structure located in the Navy Yard section of Washington, D.C., United States. It is the only congregation in the District of Columbia of the oldest incorporated, independent African- American denomination in the country. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.
History
The African Union Methodist Protestant Church congregation that became Saint Paul's began as a prayer group in 1900. The church was designed by R.C. Archer, Jr., the second licensed African American architect in Washington. It was his first church commission in the city. The Gothic Revival style building was completed in 1924. Saint Paul's is the only church that survives from a predominantly working-class African-American neighborhood in the Navy Yard area. It is also one of the area's last surviving buildings from the first part of the 20th century. In the 1940s, 700 units of public housing were built in the area. In the early 21st century, mixed-income townhomes have replaced the rest of the historic structures surrounding the church.
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Sonic Seasonings is a studio double album by American keyboardist and composer Wendy Carlos, originally released under her birth name Walter Carlos, in 1972 by Columbia Records. The album features four ambient music tracks, each loosely based on one of the four seasons, combining various field recordings with sounds from a Moog synthesizer. It marks a departure from her previous two albums which featured synthesized renditions of pieces of classical music. The album reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. In 1998, it was remastered for CD with two previously unreleased tracks.
Production
Following the release of her second studio album The Well-Tempered Synthesizer in late 1969, the second featuring synthesized pieces of classical music, Carlos proceeded to change musical direction for her next album. Collaborating with friend and producer Rachel Elkind, the two sought to produce music that was "deliberately minimal" and had "a much longer span" than was typical of contemporary music at the time. The two decided on an album with four long tracks, each loosely based on each of the four seasons, partly constructed with improvised and composed passages. Various field recordings of nature are incorporated into the pieces, including wind on "Fall", bird song on "Spring", and insects on "Summer".
The album was recorded on a 3-M tape machine, which was restored with modern components in preparation for the album's 1998 remastering.
Release
Upon its release in 1972, Sonic Seasonings reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. Initially, Carlos wished for Columbia Records to release the album in the Compatible Discrete 4 Quadrophonic sound system, but the label refused to do so.
Legacy
Sonic Seasonings is widely regarded as the first new-age music album. It was released six years before Brian Eno coined the term "ambient music" with his release, Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1978).
Track listing
1998 CD reissue
East Side Digital reissued Sonic Seasonings in 1998 as a remastered two-CD set, containing the original album, one out-take track, and two previously unreleased compositions.
Personnel
Wendy Carlos – synthesizers, field recordings, design, mastering, engineering
Rachel Elkind – vocalise on "Winter", original package design, liner notes
Ed Lee – original package design
Ogata Kōrin – cover art
Jorma Puranen – tundra photograph
Annemarie Franklin – executive producer
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Sonic Seasonings is a studio double album by American keyboardist and composer Wendy Carlos, originally released under her birth name Walter Carlos, in 1972 by Columbia Records. The album features four ambient music tracks, each loosely based on one of the four seasons, combining various field recordings with sounds from a Moog synthesizer. It marks a departure from her previous two albums which featured synthesized renditions of pieces of classical music. The album reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. In 1998, it was remastered for CD with two previously unreleased tracks.
Production
Following the release of her second studio album The Well-Tempered Synthesizer in late 1969, the second featuring synthesized pieces of classical music, Carlos proceeded to change musical direction for her next album. Collaborating with friend and producer Rachel Elkind, the two sought to produce music that was "deliberately minimal" and had "a much longer span" than was typical of contemporary music at the time. The two decided on an album with four long tracks, each loosely based on each of the four seasons, partly constructed with improvised and composed passages. Various field recordings of nature are incorporated into the pieces, including wind on "Fall", bird song on "Spring", and insects on "Summer".
The album was recorded on a 3-M tape machine, which was restored with modern components in preparation for the album's 1998 remastering.
Release
Upon its release in 1972, Sonic Seasonings reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. Initially, Carlos wished for Columbia Records to release the album in the Compatible Discrete 4 Quadrophonic sound system, but the label refused to do so.
Legacy
Sonic Seasonings is widely regarded as the first new-age music album. It was released six years before Brian Eno coined the term "ambient music" with his release, Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1978).
Track listing
1998 CD reissue
East Side Digital reissued Sonic Seasonings in 1998 as a remastered two-CD set, containing the original album, one out-take track, and two previously unreleased compositions.
Personnel
Wendy Carlos – synthesizers, field recordings, design, mastering, engineering
Rachel Elkind – vocalise on "Winter", original package design, liner notes
Ed Lee – original package design
Ogata Kōrin – cover art
Jorma Puranen – tundra photograph
Annemarie Franklin – executive producer
== References == | genre | {
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} |
Sonic Seasonings is a studio double album by American keyboardist and composer Wendy Carlos, originally released under her birth name Walter Carlos, in 1972 by Columbia Records. The album features four ambient music tracks, each loosely based on one of the four seasons, combining various field recordings with sounds from a Moog synthesizer. It marks a departure from her previous two albums which featured synthesized renditions of pieces of classical music. The album reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. In 1998, it was remastered for CD with two previously unreleased tracks.
Production
Following the release of her second studio album The Well-Tempered Synthesizer in late 1969, the second featuring synthesized pieces of classical music, Carlos proceeded to change musical direction for her next album. Collaborating with friend and producer Rachel Elkind, the two sought to produce music that was "deliberately minimal" and had "a much longer span" than was typical of contemporary music at the time. The two decided on an album with four long tracks, each loosely based on each of the four seasons, partly constructed with improvised and composed passages. Various field recordings of nature are incorporated into the pieces, including wind on "Fall", bird song on "Spring", and insects on "Summer".
The album was recorded on a 3-M tape machine, which was restored with modern components in preparation for the album's 1998 remastering.
Release
Upon its release in 1972, Sonic Seasonings reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. Initially, Carlos wished for Columbia Records to release the album in the Compatible Discrete 4 Quadrophonic sound system, but the label refused to do so.
Legacy
Sonic Seasonings is widely regarded as the first new-age music album. It was released six years before Brian Eno coined the term "ambient music" with his release, Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1978).
Track listing
1998 CD reissue
East Side Digital reissued Sonic Seasonings in 1998 as a remastered two-CD set, containing the original album, one out-take track, and two previously unreleased compositions.
Personnel
Wendy Carlos – synthesizers, field recordings, design, mastering, engineering
Rachel Elkind – vocalise on "Winter", original package design, liner notes
Ed Lee – original package design
Ogata Kōrin – cover art
Jorma Puranen – tundra photograph
Annemarie Franklin – executive producer
== References == | follows | {
"answer_start": [
646
],
"text": [
"The Well-Tempered Synthesizer"
]
} |
Sonic Seasonings is a studio double album by American keyboardist and composer Wendy Carlos, originally released under her birth name Walter Carlos, in 1972 by Columbia Records. The album features four ambient music tracks, each loosely based on one of the four seasons, combining various field recordings with sounds from a Moog synthesizer. It marks a departure from her previous two albums which featured synthesized renditions of pieces of classical music. The album reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. In 1998, it was remastered for CD with two previously unreleased tracks.
Production
Following the release of her second studio album The Well-Tempered Synthesizer in late 1969, the second featuring synthesized pieces of classical music, Carlos proceeded to change musical direction for her next album. Collaborating with friend and producer Rachel Elkind, the two sought to produce music that was "deliberately minimal" and had "a much longer span" than was typical of contemporary music at the time. The two decided on an album with four long tracks, each loosely based on each of the four seasons, partly constructed with improvised and composed passages. Various field recordings of nature are incorporated into the pieces, including wind on "Fall", bird song on "Spring", and insects on "Summer".
The album was recorded on a 3-M tape machine, which was restored with modern components in preparation for the album's 1998 remastering.
Release
Upon its release in 1972, Sonic Seasonings reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. Initially, Carlos wished for Columbia Records to release the album in the Compatible Discrete 4 Quadrophonic sound system, but the label refused to do so.
Legacy
Sonic Seasonings is widely regarded as the first new-age music album. It was released six years before Brian Eno coined the term "ambient music" with his release, Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1978).
Track listing
1998 CD reissue
East Side Digital reissued Sonic Seasonings in 1998 as a remastered two-CD set, containing the original album, one out-take track, and two previously unreleased compositions.
Personnel
Wendy Carlos – synthesizers, field recordings, design, mastering, engineering
Rachel Elkind – vocalise on "Winter", original package design, liner notes
Ed Lee – original package design
Ogata Kōrin – cover art
Jorma Puranen – tundra photograph
Annemarie Franklin – executive producer
== References == | performer | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"Wendy Carlos"
]
} |
Sonic Seasonings is a studio double album by American keyboardist and composer Wendy Carlos, originally released under her birth name Walter Carlos, in 1972 by Columbia Records. The album features four ambient music tracks, each loosely based on one of the four seasons, combining various field recordings with sounds from a Moog synthesizer. It marks a departure from her previous two albums which featured synthesized renditions of pieces of classical music. The album reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. In 1998, it was remastered for CD with two previously unreleased tracks.
Production
Following the release of her second studio album The Well-Tempered Synthesizer in late 1969, the second featuring synthesized pieces of classical music, Carlos proceeded to change musical direction for her next album. Collaborating with friend and producer Rachel Elkind, the two sought to produce music that was "deliberately minimal" and had "a much longer span" than was typical of contemporary music at the time. The two decided on an album with four long tracks, each loosely based on each of the four seasons, partly constructed with improvised and composed passages. Various field recordings of nature are incorporated into the pieces, including wind on "Fall", bird song on "Spring", and insects on "Summer".
The album was recorded on a 3-M tape machine, which was restored with modern components in preparation for the album's 1998 remastering.
Release
Upon its release in 1972, Sonic Seasonings reached No. 168 on the US Billboard 200. Initially, Carlos wished for Columbia Records to release the album in the Compatible Discrete 4 Quadrophonic sound system, but the label refused to do so.
Legacy
Sonic Seasonings is widely regarded as the first new-age music album. It was released six years before Brian Eno coined the term "ambient music" with his release, Ambient 1: Music for Airports (1978).
Track listing
1998 CD reissue
East Side Digital reissued Sonic Seasonings in 1998 as a remastered two-CD set, containing the original album, one out-take track, and two previously unreleased compositions.
Personnel
Wendy Carlos – synthesizers, field recordings, design, mastering, engineering
Rachel Elkind – vocalise on "Winter", original package design, liner notes
Ed Lee – original package design
Ogata Kōrin – cover art
Jorma Puranen – tundra photograph
Annemarie Franklin – executive producer
== References == | record label | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"Columbia Records"
]
} |
Zeradina is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Vanikoridae.The species of this genus are found in New Zealand and Northern America.Species:
Zeradina aculeata Laws, 1939
Zeradina costellata (F.W.Hutton, 1885)
Zeradina esculenta Laws, 1944
Zeradina fedosovi Poppe, Tagaro & Goto, 2018
Zeradina jocelynae Finlay, 1930
Zeradina odhneri Powell, 1927
Zeradina ovata (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina parva Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
Zeradina plicifera (Nevill, 1863)
Zeradina producta (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina translucida Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
== References == | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
14
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"text": [
"genus"
]
} |
Zeradina is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Vanikoridae.The species of this genus are found in New Zealand and Northern America.Species:
Zeradina aculeata Laws, 1939
Zeradina costellata (F.W.Hutton, 1885)
Zeradina esculenta Laws, 1944
Zeradina fedosovi Poppe, Tagaro & Goto, 2018
Zeradina jocelynae Finlay, 1930
Zeradina odhneri Powell, 1927
Zeradina ovata (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina parva Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
Zeradina plicifera (Nevill, 1863)
Zeradina producta (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina translucida Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
== References == | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"Vanikoridae"
]
} |
Zeradina is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Vanikoridae.The species of this genus are found in New Zealand and Northern America.Species:
Zeradina aculeata Laws, 1939
Zeradina costellata (F.W.Hutton, 1885)
Zeradina esculenta Laws, 1944
Zeradina fedosovi Poppe, Tagaro & Goto, 2018
Zeradina jocelynae Finlay, 1930
Zeradina odhneri Powell, 1927
Zeradina ovata (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina parva Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
Zeradina plicifera (Nevill, 1863)
Zeradina producta (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina translucida Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
== References == | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Zeradina"
]
} |
Zeradina is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Vanikoridae.The species of this genus are found in New Zealand and Northern America.Species:
Zeradina aculeata Laws, 1939
Zeradina costellata (F.W.Hutton, 1885)
Zeradina esculenta Laws, 1944
Zeradina fedosovi Poppe, Tagaro & Goto, 2018
Zeradina jocelynae Finlay, 1930
Zeradina odhneri Powell, 1927
Zeradina ovata (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina parva Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
Zeradina plicifera (Nevill, 1863)
Zeradina producta (Odhner, 1924)
Zeradina translucida Poppe, Tagaro & Stahlschmidt, 2015
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Zeradina"
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The Guaymas Basin is a marginal rift basin, the largest such basin in the Gulf of California. It consists of two axial troughs (northern and southern).
The basin results from the activity of one of the several spreading centers in the Gulf. The basin is linked to the Carmen Fault to the south, and the Guaymas Fault to the north.
The Guaymas seafloor has high heat flow, hydrothermal plumes, and hydrocarbon seeps.
Features
Northern trough
Southern trough
Biology
Especially in the southern trough, the Guaymas Basin supports a unique and vibrant ecosystem. Heterotrophs consume organic matter rained down from the productive surface waters, while chemolithoautotrophs metabolize chemicals in the reduced hydrothermal fluid (often cycling these chemicals with syntrophic partners). Of note are the colonies of Riftia tubeworms, Beggiatoa and other microbial mats, and thermophilic microbes that can withstand hydrothermal temperatures (here up to __ °C).
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"rift"
]
} |
San Jose Maverick (later Maverick) was an underground newspaper published in San Jose, California monthly from Feb. 1969 to Fall 1970. A total of 16 issues were published, in a tabloid format. Connected with the Bay Area Revolutionary Union and its local faction headed by Stanford University English professor H. Bruce Franklin, the Maverick was labor-oriented, and printed some articles in Spanish. Bruce Franklin contributed a number of articles under the pseudonym "Will B. Outlaw", including one entitled "The AK-47 vs. the M-16: Why the Capitalist Gun Is Inferior". In its second year of publication the paper shortened its title to Maverick starting with the Feb. 1970 issue (vol. 2, no. 2).
See also
List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture
== Notes == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"newspaper"
]
} |
San Jose Maverick (later Maverick) was an underground newspaper published in San Jose, California monthly from Feb. 1969 to Fall 1970. A total of 16 issues were published, in a tabloid format. Connected with the Bay Area Revolutionary Union and its local faction headed by Stanford University English professor H. Bruce Franklin, the Maverick was labor-oriented, and printed some articles in Spanish. Bruce Franklin contributed a number of articles under the pseudonym "Will B. Outlaw", including one entitled "The AK-47 vs. the M-16: Why the Capitalist Gun Is Inferior". In its second year of publication the paper shortened its title to Maverick starting with the Feb. 1970 issue (vol. 2, no. 2).
See also
List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture
== Notes == | title | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"San Jose Maverick"
]
} |
Beaurivage is a town in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It was formed through the 2023 New Brunswick local governance reforms.
Geography
The town is situated on the Richibucto River where it discharges into the Northumberland Strait.
History
Beaurivage was incorporated on January 1, 2023 via the amalgamation of the former town of Richibucto and the former village of Saint-Louis de Kent as well as the concurrent annexation of adjacent unincorporated areas.
Economy
The downtown area, situated on the mouth of the river, has commercial fishing wharves, several restaurants, and local stores. The economy is dominated by lobster and deep sea fishing.
Attractions
St. Louis de Gonzague Roman Catholic Church was completed in 1965. Designed by Belanger and Roy of Moncton, it was inspired by the designs of the Spanish architect, Félix Candela.
Notable people
Kate McPhelim Cleary (1863–1905), novelist
Murray MacLaren (1861–1942), doctor, politician
George McLeod (1836–1905),
James D. Phinney (November 17, 1844 – ) lawyer, judge, politician
Henry Powell (1855–1930), politician
Louis Robichaud (1925–2005), former Premier of New Brunswick
Peter Veniot (1863–1926), former Premier of New Brunswick
Charles Wesley Weldon (1830–1896), lawyer, politician
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
List of municipalities in New Brunswick
== References == | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Beaurivage"
]
} |
Beaurivage is a town in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It was formed through the 2023 New Brunswick local governance reforms.
Geography
The town is situated on the Richibucto River where it discharges into the Northumberland Strait.
History
Beaurivage was incorporated on January 1, 2023 via the amalgamation of the former town of Richibucto and the former village of Saint-Louis de Kent as well as the concurrent annexation of adjacent unincorporated areas.
Economy
The downtown area, situated on the mouth of the river, has commercial fishing wharves, several restaurants, and local stores. The economy is dominated by lobster and deep sea fishing.
Attractions
St. Louis de Gonzague Roman Catholic Church was completed in 1965. Designed by Belanger and Roy of Moncton, it was inspired by the designs of the Spanish architect, Félix Candela.
Notable people
Kate McPhelim Cleary (1863–1905), novelist
Murray MacLaren (1861–1942), doctor, politician
George McLeod (1836–1905),
James D. Phinney (November 17, 1844 – ) lawyer, judge, politician
Henry Powell (1855–1930), politician
Louis Robichaud (1925–2005), former Premier of New Brunswick
Peter Veniot (1863–1926), former Premier of New Brunswick
Charles Wesley Weldon (1830–1896), lawyer, politician
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
List of municipalities in New Brunswick
== References == | has part(s) | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Richibucto"
]
} |
== Juneau Icefield Research Camp Facilities ==
The Juneau Icefield Research Program (JIRP) and its parent organization, the Foundation for Glacier and Environmental Research (FGER), maintains several research facilities around the expanse of the Juneau Icefield for the purpose of providing educational and expeditionary experience to students with training in Earth sciences, wilderness survival, and mountaineering skills. These camps are private facilities and are operated in accordance with a U.S. Forest Service Special Use Permit, which stipulates that the facilities can be used only for educational and research purposes by the Juneau Icefield Research Program. Thus all non-JIRP related visitation and use of these camps is prohibited.
Notes
FFGR/JIRP Research Facilities
USDA/Forest Service(USFS) Remote Campsites
The United States Forest Service(USFS) maintains several "Camps" around the expanse of the Icefield for recreational purposes. These are modest cabins that recreational hikers can reserve for overnight accommodations.
Notes
USFS Remote Cabins
See also
Geospatial Summary of the Juneau Icefield
Geospatial Summary of the High Peaks/Summits of the Juneau Icefield
USGS Historical Topographic Maps for the Juneau Icefield area
Juneau Icefield
List of glaciers and icefields
List of Boundary Peaks of the Alaska–British Columbia/Yukon border
References
US Department of Agriculture/Forest Service(DA)
Organizations/Club Newsletters/Blogs/Reports/etc(NW)
Other
Sources
Mapping Systems
Caltopo Mapping System(CT)
USGS National Map Viewer System(NM) | location | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"Juneau Icefield"
]
} |
A Dream in Pink (Chinese: 粉红色的梦/粉紅色的夢; pinyin: Fěn hóng sè de mèng), also known as Pink Dream, is a 1932 Chinese silent film and an early film by director Cai Chusheng. A melodrama, the film's pointed critique of the decadent urban lifestyle was nevertheless met with criticism by Shanghai's progressives, who regarded the film itself as decadent and excessively influenced by American cinema, particularly the film's numerous scenes of Shanghai's dance halls. Today the film is generally regarded as Cai's last film before his turn towards more overtly leftist films.It is sometimes translated as A Dream in Pink. An extant print of the film is maintained by the China Film Archives. An English translation of the film, from the Chinese Film Classics Project, is available on YouTube.
Plot
A Dream in Pink tells the story of a young novelist who is supported by a loving and hard-working wife. The novelist, however, is drawn to the decadent life of a socialite who introduces him to the dance halls that dot Shanghai. As the film progresses, the novelist soon learns of the emptiness of this urban existence and rejects it as a "pink dream." He takes up with a socialite, who ends up draining his finances and being a bad step-mother to his daughter. The cast-off wife, who moves to the countryside, hears of his financial distress and pens a gut-wrenching novel, which she submits to a publisher under his name. When the novelist, after receiving a windfall, learns of the truth, he seeks out and is reconciled with his wife, and their daughter sings a song to celebrate the reunion.
Notes
References
Zhang, Zhen. An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896-1937. University of Chicago Press (2005). ISBN 0-226-98238-6.
External links
A Dream in Pink (1932) with English subtitles, and plot synopsis, at the Chinese Film Classics Project, University of British Columbia.
Pink Dream at IMDb
Pink Dream at the Chinese Movie Database | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"film"
]
} |
A Dream in Pink (Chinese: 粉红色的梦/粉紅色的夢; pinyin: Fěn hóng sè de mèng), also known as Pink Dream, is a 1932 Chinese silent film and an early film by director Cai Chusheng. A melodrama, the film's pointed critique of the decadent urban lifestyle was nevertheless met with criticism by Shanghai's progressives, who regarded the film itself as decadent and excessively influenced by American cinema, particularly the film's numerous scenes of Shanghai's dance halls. Today the film is generally regarded as Cai's last film before his turn towards more overtly leftist films.It is sometimes translated as A Dream in Pink. An extant print of the film is maintained by the China Film Archives. An English translation of the film, from the Chinese Film Classics Project, is available on YouTube.
Plot
A Dream in Pink tells the story of a young novelist who is supported by a loving and hard-working wife. The novelist, however, is drawn to the decadent life of a socialite who introduces him to the dance halls that dot Shanghai. As the film progresses, the novelist soon learns of the emptiness of this urban existence and rejects it as a "pink dream." He takes up with a socialite, who ends up draining his finances and being a bad step-mother to his daughter. The cast-off wife, who moves to the countryside, hears of his financial distress and pens a gut-wrenching novel, which she submits to a publisher under his name. When the novelist, after receiving a windfall, learns of the truth, he seeks out and is reconciled with his wife, and their daughter sings a song to celebrate the reunion.
Notes
References
Zhang, Zhen. An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896-1937. University of Chicago Press (2005). ISBN 0-226-98238-6.
External links
A Dream in Pink (1932) with English subtitles, and plot synopsis, at the Chinese Film Classics Project, University of British Columbia.
Pink Dream at IMDb
Pink Dream at the Chinese Movie Database | director | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"Cai Chusheng"
]
} |
A Dream in Pink (Chinese: 粉红色的梦/粉紅色的夢; pinyin: Fěn hóng sè de mèng), also known as Pink Dream, is a 1932 Chinese silent film and an early film by director Cai Chusheng. A melodrama, the film's pointed critique of the decadent urban lifestyle was nevertheless met with criticism by Shanghai's progressives, who regarded the film itself as decadent and excessively influenced by American cinema, particularly the film's numerous scenes of Shanghai's dance halls. Today the film is generally regarded as Cai's last film before his turn towards more overtly leftist films.It is sometimes translated as A Dream in Pink. An extant print of the film is maintained by the China Film Archives. An English translation of the film, from the Chinese Film Classics Project, is available on YouTube.
Plot
A Dream in Pink tells the story of a young novelist who is supported by a loving and hard-working wife. The novelist, however, is drawn to the decadent life of a socialite who introduces him to the dance halls that dot Shanghai. As the film progresses, the novelist soon learns of the emptiness of this urban existence and rejects it as a "pink dream." He takes up with a socialite, who ends up draining his finances and being a bad step-mother to his daughter. The cast-off wife, who moves to the countryside, hears of his financial distress and pens a gut-wrenching novel, which she submits to a publisher under his name. When the novelist, after receiving a windfall, learns of the truth, he seeks out and is reconciled with his wife, and their daughter sings a song to celebrate the reunion.
Notes
References
Zhang, Zhen. An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896-1937. University of Chicago Press (2005). ISBN 0-226-98238-6.
External links
A Dream in Pink (1932) with English subtitles, and plot synopsis, at the Chinese Film Classics Project, University of British Columbia.
Pink Dream at IMDb
Pink Dream at the Chinese Movie Database | genre | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"silent film"
]
} |
A Dream in Pink (Chinese: 粉红色的梦/粉紅色的夢; pinyin: Fěn hóng sè de mèng), also known as Pink Dream, is a 1932 Chinese silent film and an early film by director Cai Chusheng. A melodrama, the film's pointed critique of the decadent urban lifestyle was nevertheless met with criticism by Shanghai's progressives, who regarded the film itself as decadent and excessively influenced by American cinema, particularly the film's numerous scenes of Shanghai's dance halls. Today the film is generally regarded as Cai's last film before his turn towards more overtly leftist films.It is sometimes translated as A Dream in Pink. An extant print of the film is maintained by the China Film Archives. An English translation of the film, from the Chinese Film Classics Project, is available on YouTube.
Plot
A Dream in Pink tells the story of a young novelist who is supported by a loving and hard-working wife. The novelist, however, is drawn to the decadent life of a socialite who introduces him to the dance halls that dot Shanghai. As the film progresses, the novelist soon learns of the emptiness of this urban existence and rejects it as a "pink dream." He takes up with a socialite, who ends up draining his finances and being a bad step-mother to his daughter. The cast-off wife, who moves to the countryside, hears of his financial distress and pens a gut-wrenching novel, which she submits to a publisher under his name. When the novelist, after receiving a windfall, learns of the truth, he seeks out and is reconciled with his wife, and their daughter sings a song to celebrate the reunion.
Notes
References
Zhang, Zhen. An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896-1937. University of Chicago Press (2005). ISBN 0-226-98238-6.
External links
A Dream in Pink (1932) with English subtitles, and plot synopsis, at the Chinese Film Classics Project, University of British Columbia.
Pink Dream at IMDb
Pink Dream at the Chinese Movie Database | narrative location | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"Shanghai"
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} |
Mind Warp was Patrick Cowley's third and final studio album. Composed in 1982, it is in the uptempo Hi-NRG dance music style.
Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Patrick Cowley
"Tech-No-Logical World" - 7:43
"Invasion" - 6:44
"They Came at Night" - 6:12
"Mind Warp" - 6:36
"Primitive World" - 3:01
"Mutant Man" - 5:23
"Goin' Home" - 5:36
"Invasion" (Remix) - 6:21
"Mind Warp" (Remix) - 7:57
"Goin' Home" (Remix) - 8:37
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Instrumental) - 7:28
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Radio Edit) - 3:36Tracks 8-12 are CD bonus tracks
Personnel
Patrick Cowley - all instruments, arrangements
Jo-Carol Block, Lauren Carter, Paul Parker - vocals
Erica Buffett, J. Forrest Knight, Jeff Mehl, Jim Saunders, Jo-Carol Block, John Hedges, Lauren Carter, Mary Buffett, Michael Bailey, Nicole Buffett, Peter Buffett, Stacey Sudduth - vocal chants ("Primitive World")
James "Tip" Wirrick - guitar
David Frazier - additional percussionTechnicalMarty Blecman - Associate Producer
Leslie Ann Jones, Maureen Droney - Engineering
Gordon Lyon - Second Engineer
Ken Kessie - Mixing
Robert L. Missbach - Recording
José Rodriguez - Mastering
Jim Saunders - Cover, Label, Sleeve
David Wellers - Lithography
Leland Dale Saunders - Moon Photos
== References == | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"album"
]
} |
Mind Warp was Patrick Cowley's third and final studio album. Composed in 1982, it is in the uptempo Hi-NRG dance music style.
Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Patrick Cowley
"Tech-No-Logical World" - 7:43
"Invasion" - 6:44
"They Came at Night" - 6:12
"Mind Warp" - 6:36
"Primitive World" - 3:01
"Mutant Man" - 5:23
"Goin' Home" - 5:36
"Invasion" (Remix) - 6:21
"Mind Warp" (Remix) - 7:57
"Goin' Home" (Remix) - 8:37
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Instrumental) - 7:28
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Radio Edit) - 3:36Tracks 8-12 are CD bonus tracks
Personnel
Patrick Cowley - all instruments, arrangements
Jo-Carol Block, Lauren Carter, Paul Parker - vocals
Erica Buffett, J. Forrest Knight, Jeff Mehl, Jim Saunders, Jo-Carol Block, John Hedges, Lauren Carter, Mary Buffett, Michael Bailey, Nicole Buffett, Peter Buffett, Stacey Sudduth - vocal chants ("Primitive World")
James "Tip" Wirrick - guitar
David Frazier - additional percussionTechnicalMarty Blecman - Associate Producer
Leslie Ann Jones, Maureen Droney - Engineering
Gordon Lyon - Second Engineer
Ken Kessie - Mixing
Robert L. Missbach - Recording
José Rodriguez - Mastering
Jim Saunders - Cover, Label, Sleeve
David Wellers - Lithography
Leland Dale Saunders - Moon Photos
== References == | genre | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"Hi-NRG"
]
} |
Mind Warp was Patrick Cowley's third and final studio album. Composed in 1982, it is in the uptempo Hi-NRG dance music style.
Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Patrick Cowley
"Tech-No-Logical World" - 7:43
"Invasion" - 6:44
"They Came at Night" - 6:12
"Mind Warp" - 6:36
"Primitive World" - 3:01
"Mutant Man" - 5:23
"Goin' Home" - 5:36
"Invasion" (Remix) - 6:21
"Mind Warp" (Remix) - 7:57
"Goin' Home" (Remix) - 8:37
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Instrumental) - 7:28
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Radio Edit) - 3:36Tracks 8-12 are CD bonus tracks
Personnel
Patrick Cowley - all instruments, arrangements
Jo-Carol Block, Lauren Carter, Paul Parker - vocals
Erica Buffett, J. Forrest Knight, Jeff Mehl, Jim Saunders, Jo-Carol Block, John Hedges, Lauren Carter, Mary Buffett, Michael Bailey, Nicole Buffett, Peter Buffett, Stacey Sudduth - vocal chants ("Primitive World")
James "Tip" Wirrick - guitar
David Frazier - additional percussionTechnicalMarty Blecman - Associate Producer
Leslie Ann Jones, Maureen Droney - Engineering
Gordon Lyon - Second Engineer
Ken Kessie - Mixing
Robert L. Missbach - Recording
José Rodriguez - Mastering
Jim Saunders - Cover, Label, Sleeve
David Wellers - Lithography
Leland Dale Saunders - Moon Photos
== References == | producer | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Patrick Cowley"
]
} |
Mind Warp was Patrick Cowley's third and final studio album. Composed in 1982, it is in the uptempo Hi-NRG dance music style.
Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Patrick Cowley
"Tech-No-Logical World" - 7:43
"Invasion" - 6:44
"They Came at Night" - 6:12
"Mind Warp" - 6:36
"Primitive World" - 3:01
"Mutant Man" - 5:23
"Goin' Home" - 5:36
"Invasion" (Remix) - 6:21
"Mind Warp" (Remix) - 7:57
"Goin' Home" (Remix) - 8:37
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Instrumental) - 7:28
"Tech-No-Logical World" (Radio Edit) - 3:36Tracks 8-12 are CD bonus tracks
Personnel
Patrick Cowley - all instruments, arrangements
Jo-Carol Block, Lauren Carter, Paul Parker - vocals
Erica Buffett, J. Forrest Knight, Jeff Mehl, Jim Saunders, Jo-Carol Block, John Hedges, Lauren Carter, Mary Buffett, Michael Bailey, Nicole Buffett, Peter Buffett, Stacey Sudduth - vocal chants ("Primitive World")
James "Tip" Wirrick - guitar
David Frazier - additional percussionTechnicalMarty Blecman - Associate Producer
Leslie Ann Jones, Maureen Droney - Engineering
Gordon Lyon - Second Engineer
Ken Kessie - Mixing
Robert L. Missbach - Recording
José Rodriguez - Mastering
Jim Saunders - Cover, Label, Sleeve
David Wellers - Lithography
Leland Dale Saunders - Moon Photos
== References == | performer | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Patrick Cowley"
]
} |
The 1916 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1916 college football season. In its first season under head coach George Little, Miami compiled a 7–0–1 record (6–0–1 against conference opponents), shut out six of eight opponents, and won the OAC championship.The season was part of a 27-game unbeaten streak that began in November 1915 and ended in October 1919.
Schedule
== References == | head coach | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"George Little"
]
} |
The 1916 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1916 college football season. In its first season under head coach George Little, Miami compiled a 7–0–1 record (6–0–1 against conference opponents), shut out six of eight opponents, and won the OAC championship.The season was part of a 27-game unbeaten streak that began in November 1915 and ended in October 1919.
Schedule
== References == | sport | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"American football"
]
} |
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