text stringlengths 0 7.84M | meta dict |
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Lack of evidence of systemic inflammatory rheumatic disorders in symptomatic women with breast implants.
Breast implants containing silicone have been used for approximately 30 years for breast augmentation or reconstruction. In general, the implants have been well tolerated and reports have indicated a high degree of patient satisfaction. Nonetheless, there have been anecdotal reports of patients with musculoskeletal complaints that have been attributed to silicone breast implants. To investigate this further, we prospectively examined 70 women with silicone breast implants who had complaints that they or their referring physicians thought were related to their implants. On clinical examination, the majority of the patients had fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, or soft-tissue rheumatism. One patient had rheumatoid arthritis, which predated her implants, and one had Sjõgren's syndrome. Because many of our patients had myalgic symptoms, we further evaluated these patients by measuring circulating levels of soluble factors including interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor, which have been previously found to be elevated in patients with inflammatory diseases. We found that the levels of these molecules in women with silicone breast implants were not different from those seen in normal subjects and were significantly less than those seen when examining chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. In summary, our clinical and laboratory evaluation of symptomatic breast implant patients argues against an association of silicone breast implants with a distinctive rheumatic disease or a systemic inflammatory disorder. Given these findings and the clinical picture, it is our impression that most symptomatic women with silicone breast implants have well-delineated noninflammatory musculoskeletal syndromes. Moreover, these data fail to support the concept that their symptoms are due to a systemic inflammatory response related to their implants. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
WiFi Headache
New research has refuted ideas that individuals who grew up with cats are at larger risk of psychological illness. Study why preservatives and additives in food like high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are bad on your health as well as find out how to avoid it in your weight loss program. Our section on mental health has info on where to go for help and support, and what you can do to take care of good psychological health. Topics introduced include health as a human right, universal health care, and primary health care.
All adults aged forty-74 should be supplied an NHS Health Test every 5 years, which incorporates an assessment of your diabetes threat. America lives in a continuing Yellow Alert standing or worse, while different nations in the world undergo day by day assaults from terrorists. Schooling is a superb device for managing and even preventing illness and damage by serving to the affected person and family perceive the risk elements of community health points and the right way to cut back them. The CDC estimates that 25 p.c of people ages sixty five and older reside with diabetes, a major senior health risk.
In the event of excess mucous buildup there are two elements that must be taken care of and rapidly: Your current health state of affairs needs to be gotten underneath management, and it needs to be discovered why things went so drastically improper, so that a distinct set of preventative measures will be put in place to cease it from occurring again.
Once this has been established the abuser can then use the strong evidence of an official analysis and prescribed treatment to prove that they were telling the reality about their sufferer all alongside, when if truth be told they are clearly the one who has psychological health issues and probably wants medicine or professional help.
This text appears to be like at some global features of health issues, such as the affect of poverty and inequality, the nature of patent rules on the WTO, pharmaceutical company interests, in addition to some global health initiatives and the changing nature of the global health issues being faced. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Effects of haptic supplementation on postural stability in unilateral vestibular loss patients.
The effects of haptic supplementation on postural stability during upright standing with vision were investigated in 11 unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) patients and compared to 12 age-marched controls. All the participants were instructed to grip a fixed or mobile stick. In the mobile conditions, the lower extremity of the stick was in contact with a slippery or a rough surface. Postural stability was assessed by the root mean square (RMS) and the velocity of the center of foot pressure (CoP) displacements in both antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions. Results showed that RMS was larger in UVL patients than in aged-matched participants in AP direction. However, in the mobile stick conditions, only the rough surface improved postural stability. In addition, RMS was more sensitive to haptic supplementation than CoP velocity. The present study confirms the importance of haptic information in the multi-sensory (re) weighting process underlying postural control in UVL patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Jake Ellenberger isn’t done yet. There was a moment on Saturday night in Nashville when Ellenberger was lying on the canvas, taking what seemed like an extraordinarily long time to come back into consciousness after a vicious elbow from Mike Perry put him out, where it felt like a possible end. But days later, Ellenberger is back in California after a quick stop to visit friends and family in Omaha.
And he’s already well into the digestion phase of how things played out at UFC Fight Night 108 in Tennessee, and where things kind of skidded off the rails.
“It’s tough,” he told MMA Fighting. “I was having a conversation with a good friend of mine a couple of nights ago, and it was like, man, I’ve fought some really good guys. And I’ve come up short, or had a tough fight. For me, this fight, this was probably the best I’ve ever felt. Like pre-fight, warm-up, everything was on. I felt great. Because I’ve had fights where I wasn’t warmed up, or I didn’t feel good, or the first round came too quick.
“In the first round, I even felt good. I was like, let’s get this in the second round, let’s get it to the third, because I knew as the fight went on I could start to explore my transitions, more takedowns, that sort of thing. But it’s one of those things where you wake up and you’re like, fuuuck. It’s definitely a hard pill to swallow.”
The soft-spoken 32-year old Ellenberger has been fighting for a dozen years, going back to 2005. He has stood across from a veritable who’s who in the welterweight division, and he has dished out his share of punishing knockouts. He’s also been on the receiving end of a few. His last two fights have ended in a KO and a TKO (against Jorge Masvidal). He was knocked out by Stephen Thompson via a head kick in 2015, and via TKO by Robbie Lawler a year before that. Overall, he has lost seven of his last nine fights, which has kicked up plenty of conversation.
Yet sprinkled in there is the “Juggernaut,” the man who submitted Josh Koscheck and finished Matt Brown with a body kick and flash leather. It’s those performances that have kept fans who’d like him to retire at bay.
“Win or lose, whether you get your hand raised or not, the sun rises the next morning,” Ellenberger said. “It’s really not as different as you think. People play so much into that, that egocentric kind of build-up — and I mean, it’s an egocentric sport, and I understand it — you can’t pay too much attention to it one way or the other. It’s like playing a very volatile market. You put your life savings in how you feel man, you’re going to wake up very disappointed.”
Still, the Perry knockout will likely be discussed come year’s end for best KO of 2017. Ellenberger took the elbow flush, the latest toll exacted on him in a line of many brutal tolls. It was a scary moment for his friends and family who watched him receive medical attention in the cage, as well as his fans.
Remarkably, Ellenberger says he is okay.
“That was a big thing too, even with my family and just everyone, where they’re saying it’s just scary [to see],” he said. “But yeah, I feel fine. I went to the hospital and got checked out and got a PT scan, got checked out. I mean, trust me, it’s one of those things where you’ve got to ask the hard questions. But everything looked good, everything looked fine. There was nothing that he was worried about. And of course that was my biggest concern, health and stuff. But there was nothing serious.”
One of those vocal with his opinion about Ellenberger perhaps overstaying his time in the Octagon was his opponent, Mike Perry, who said on Monday’s edition of The MMA Hour that it might be time for him to “hang up the gloves.”
On that front, Ellenberger was careful not to read too much into it.
“I’m a mature guy, emotionally mature as well,” he said. “I don’t pay any attention [to what he says]. This sport, that’s the beauty of this sport. The better guy does not always win. That’s the reality. I’ve beaten some really good guys. I’ve got wins over guys I probably shouldn’t have. I have over 50 fights. And just a guy like that…it’s hard because there’s no reason for me to waste my time disrespecting him. He did his job. It is what it is. It’s a hard pill that I have to swallow.
“But for him to make dumb and idiotic comments, it’s like bro — you’ve made some bad decisions in the past. Let’s not become somebody who should speak for when another fighter should be done. That’s in the past.”
Just days removed from the knockout, Ellenberger says he has no immediate plans to retire. Yet he was pensive, too, saying that he can ultimately read the writing on the wall, even if his desire to compete is stronger than it’s ever been.
“I do [plan on going on],” he said. “I think at the end of the day, everyone’s their own person and they’ve got to decide when they’re done. And I’m not dumb. I know what time it is. I know it’s getting closer to the end of my career. I’m not 22 anymore. I know that time is coming closer, but it’s definitely not it. I would definitely like to finish on a high note.
“I had a buddy ask, ‘do you wake up with that fire,’ and I go, man I can’t even articulate how much fire I have inside of me. The [Nashville] doctor told me we can’t work out, and we can’t get our blood pressure high, we’ve got to give it a week or two — and it’s hard man. I can’t even describe the fire inside of me. I love it. I love competing. I do know my time is limited, but I would not say this is the end yet.”
For a guy who has fought everyone from Carlos Condit to Rory MacDonald, Ellenberger says he still has a few names out there that he’d like to face. One name in particular is Donald Cerrone, though he admits situationally it may not be the right time.
But he’s not done. He knows people are telling him he should be, and that his star is down — just as he says he knows the fickle nature of MMA fandom, which bobs in accordance to wins and losses.
“I don’t really pay that much attention to [calls for my retirement],” he said. “I mean, before the fight, after the fight, I tune it all out. It’s crazy how bad people will turn their back on you. It’s like, one minute you’re the best, you’re the man. The next, you’re done. It’s such a fair weather sport. It’s more comical than anything. It doesn’t bother me, and I don’t take it personal. People show you their colors. It’s a fake fan sport, I feel like.
“But towards [that retirement stuff], I’ve seen guys go through some hell for sure, but come on.” | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
How to set margin of ImageView using code, not xml
I want to add an unknown number of ImageView views to my layout with margin. In XML, I can use layout_margin like this:
<ImageView android:layout_margin="5dip" android:src="@drawable/image" />
There is ImageView.setPadding(), but no ImageView.setMargin(). I think it's along the lines of ImageView.setLayoutParams(LayoutParams), but not sure what to feed into that.
Does anyone know?
A:
android.view.ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams has a method setMargins(left, top, right, bottom). Direct subclasses are: FrameLayout.LayoutParams, LinearLayout.LayoutParams and RelativeLayout.LayoutParams.
Using e.g. LinearLayout:
LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp = new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(LinearLayout.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT, LinearLayout.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
lp.setMargins(left, top, right, bottom);
imageView.setLayoutParams(lp);
MarginLayoutParams
This sets the margins in pixels. To scale it use
context.getResources().getDisplayMetrics().density
DisplayMetrics
A:
image = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.imageID);
MarginLayoutParams marginParams = new MarginLayoutParams(image.getLayoutParams());
marginParams.setMargins(left_margin, top_margin, right_margin, bottom_margin);
RelativeLayout.LayoutParams layoutParams = new RelativeLayout.LayoutParams(marginParams);
image.setLayoutParams(layoutParams);
A:
All the above examples will actually REPLACE any params already present for the View, which may not be desired. The below code will just extend the existing params, without replacing them:
ImageView myImage = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.image_view);
MarginLayoutParams marginParams = (MarginLayoutParams) image.getLayoutParams();
marginParams.setMargins(left, top, right, bottom);
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
The present invention relates generally to articulated chairs and, more particularly, to an articulated chair operable to move between a generally upright patient entry/exit position and a reclined patient examination and treatment position.
Articulated examination and treatment chairs are used to position a patient to a variety of different positions which may be selected in accordance with the particular procedure being performed and with reference to the preferences of the particular operator or doctor. For dental procedures, by way of example, the chair may be moved between a generally upright patient entry/exit position and a reclined patient examination and treatment position.
The chair has a seat section and a back section that provide a comfortable support surface for the patient throughout movement of the chair. Arm rests are provided on opposite sides of the chair to support the patient""s arms as the chair is moved through the various positions. To provide patient comfort, the arm rests must move or tilt to accommodate the change in position of the patient as the patient moves through the various positions. To accomplish this need, arm rests have either been connected for pivotal movement with the seat section or the arm rests are pivotally connected to the back section through a rotatable shaft and linkages.
In the generally upright patient entry/exit position of known examination and treatment chairs, the arm rests obstruct the patient""s entry into or exit from the chair. Therefore, the arm rests are constructed either to be temporarily removed or to pivot out of the way to allow patient to enter or exit the chair. Either of these solutions has a tendency to be cumbersome, especially for handicapped and elderly patients.
Therefore, there is a need for an chair that improves patient entry or exit while providing comfort to the patient during movement of the chair between entry/exit and examination and treatment positions.
The present invention overcomes the foregoing and other shortcomings and drawbacks of examination and treatment chairs heretofore known. While the invention will be described in connection with certain embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention includes all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
An examination and treatment chair in accordance with the principles of the present invention is operable to move between a generally upright patient entry/exit position and a reclined patient examination and treatment position. The chair includes a chair support for supporting a seat section and back section of the chair. The back section is mounted for pivotal movement relative to the chair support between a generally upright position and a reclined position. A pair of arm rests are rigidly connected to the back section for movement with the back section between the generally upright position and the reclined position.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the arm rests are automatically positioned to allow a patient unobstructed entry into or exit from the chair when the back section is moved to the generally upright position. The arm rests are automatically positioned to support the patient""s arms when the back rest is moved to the reclined position.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the back section includes a back frame and a back cushion supported on the back frame. The arm rests may be integrally formed with the back frame such as by a unitary casting of the back frame and the arm rests or, alternatively, the arm rests may be rigidly connected to the back frame. The back frame and foam cushion are dished so that the arm rests and the dished or contoured back section comfortably cradle the patient in a natural, relaxed position to maximize patient comfort and reduce patient anxiety.
The chair of the present invention provides a patient with unobstructed entry into or exit from the chair in the generally upright patient entry/exit position and a natural, relaxed and comfortable support in the reclined patient and treatment position. The foam cushion provides patient comfort in the lumbar region of the patient""s back and forces the patient""s shoulders back, which naturally elevates the patient""s chin and puts the patient in a good working position.
The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention shall be made apparent from the accompanying drawings and the description thereof. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy of ADHD children's performance, self-evaluations, persistence, and attributions on a cognitive task.
The effects of 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate (MPH) and expectancy regarding medication on the performance and task persistence of 60 boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were investigated. In a balanced-placebo design, boys in 4 groups (received placebo/drug crossed with told placebo/drug) completed the task in success and failure conditions. Medication improved participants' task persistence following failure. Participants' task performance was not affected by whether they thought they had received medication or placebo. Children made internal attributions for success and made external attributions for failure, regardless of medication or expectancy. These findings confirm previous reports that it is the pharmacological activity of MPH that affects ADHD children's self-evaluations and persistence. The results contradict anecdotal reports that MPH causes dysfunctional attributions and confirm previous studies showing that medication does not produce adverse effects on the causal attributions of children with ADHD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Jimmy Joe has been driving a school bus, and creating music with the kids to make the ride fun and entertaining, since 1998. His wife Chrissie wrote her very first songs when her son Kieran was born and continues to write children's songs, even though Kieran is now a grumpy teen-ager. For over seven years they dreamed of making a children's CD together. The recording became a reality in 2016 after a successful crowdsourcing campaign. They are thrilled to be sharing these songs with the world, to the delight of children (and adults) everywhere. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Disordered expression of HOX genes in human non-small cell lung cancer.
We hypothesized that the disordered tissue architecture in cancer results from the cells executing the program designed during ontogeny in a spatio-temporally inappropriate manner. HOX genes are known as master regulators of embryonic morphogenesis, and encode transcription factors which regulate the transcription of the downstream genes to realize the program of body plan. In this study, we quantified the expression levels of 39 HOX genes in 41 human non-small cell lung cancer (non-SCLC) and non-cancerous lung tissues by a comprehensive analysis system based on the real-time RT-PCR method. We found that the expression levels of HOXA1, A5, A10 and C6 in squamous cell carcinoma tissues (and HOXA5 and A10 in adenocarcinoma tissues) were significantly higher than those in the non-cancerous tissues. Comparison of HOX gene expressions between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma tissues showed higher expressions of HOXA1, D9, D10 and D11 in squamous cell carcinoma tissues than in adenocarcinoma tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that HOXA5 and A10 proteins were localized in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma tissues. These results suggest that the disordered patterns of HOX gene expressions were involved not only in the development of non-SCLC but also in the histologically aberrant diversity such as adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Have you ever received an invitation from your friends to play Candy Crush or Candy Crush Saga?
Candy Crush is a “puzzle adventure” where you “switch and match your way through hundreds of levels.” (king.com)
I have and still get invitations to play this game. At first I tried to be annoyed, as tradition expects, but I couldn’t be for long because these requests came from my very good friends and family. I also realized that I do much the same thing. I may not have shared Candy Crush or similar games, but I have shared other things that I’ve enjoyed and valued — often urging others to take a look and try them out. Such as, for example, books.
Besides that, I was curious. Not about Candy Crush itself, but about whether I could play a different game; one that wasn’t about taking a break or switching off from everyday chores (as I do when reading fiction or playing board games, and on a rare occasion some simple online ones), but could I have as much fun (or perhaps even more) as people do playing games, with the various projects I wanted to pursue?
Yes, I was contemplating gamification — even before I knew what it meant.
Sometime later I discovered that when you gamify your life you extract “the fun and addicting elements found in games” (Yu-kai Chou).
That was exactly what I wanted! I wanted to make progress with activities I was passionate about, and make time for them. We all allow ourselves a bit of time to play, don’t we? So why not combine the projects I was excited about with the fun elements of a game? Could I play at “writing a book?"
At the same time, I wondered if I could make the tasks I thought I didn’t enjoy but had to do (like applying for a new passport or cleaning and tidying our house), if not enjoyable, then at least a little bit fun by gamifying them.
It’s now been more than two years since I started a continuous gamification of my life. I’ve learned a lot along the way, including the fact that in addition to gamification there are other essential skills and approaches that can help make life, and what it brings along the way, fun and doable.
These discoveries, and the reactions of people to the experiences I’ve shared with them, have motivated me to write a book, and to follow a friend’s advice to turn it into a crowd-funding project.
Why this project is unique:
This book is not about gamifying just one activity and bringing elements of games into parts of our lives. It is about bringing game design, and the fun connected with it, to all areas of our lives, as well as gamifying project, time, and life-management.
The book will also have an emphasis on game design. By understanding how games and gamification frameworks function, you will be able to create your own, or use and combine the models of others to create multiple fun project designs of your own.
As a byproduct it will help you take your attention off what you want to avoid, or don’t like, and instead focus on what you want to achieve. And to do so in a continuously gameful manner.
How it is different to other books on gamification:
There are many brilliant books on gamification, some of them written by scholars and gamification pioneers. This book does not compete with them.
This book will complement them. It will add to the existing literature because gamification is not considered on its own here — it is supported by two other vital approaches, which result in the following skills when applied:
the ability to be here, to live in the moment, and
the ability to identify the next smallest step to be taken, which is an integral part of kaizen, “a Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement of working practices, personal efficiency, etc.” (oxforddictionaries.com)
By combining living in the moment, kaizen, and gamification to manage your projects — and your life — this book will be the first of its kind, enabling you to turn any activity into a fun, effortless, and successful game.
And there is another difference: I am not a gamer. That is, I rarely play games. I play board games from time to time with my family, and of all the online games, I only play Minesweeper, and even that less than a handful of times a year.
The most popular books on gamification are written by gamers who are also game designers, often of video games. I am neither a gamer nor a game designer. I last played a video game probably twenty years ago, and I don’t feel compelled to play one anytime soon. I would play if someone invited me, but only to enjoy their company, rather than from a keenness to play games. And even upon the repeated requests mentioned above, I’ve never wanted to play Candy Crush, although I do enjoy its bright colors and cheerful design, occasionally stopping to watch my son playing it.
So this book also has a unique perspective. It is written by someone with no great passion for games themselves, but who is keen to play games and have fun with everything else there is to do: both things to get excited about, and those one might find tedious.
How you can help me shape my book:
The book will show how various activities can be gamified and my lessons learned from them. So far, the notes I’ve made and articles I’ve written have concentrated on the projects from my gamified life as a writer, consultant, business owner, mother, wife, daughter, sister, aunt, and friend. So far I’ve addressed and plan to address writing, dealing with edits and feedback from someone else, self-editing, editing and revising someone else’s work, household, attending to family matters, structuring and managing a project, learning languages, helping a child gamify and complete his homework assignment, and more.
You as a reader can help me by identifying other topics to address, providing more ideas for gamification using the approach shown in the book (which in the spirit of Candy Crush I’ve started to think of as “Project Crush”).
About the author:
Victoria Ichizli-Bartels is a writer and specialist in business development, information technology, semiconductor physics, and electronic engineering. She is the founder of Optimist Writer, a writing, publishing and consulting business. She grew up in Moldova, lived in Germany for twelve years, and now lives in Aalborg, Denmark, with her husband and two children. Since 2015 Victoria has published an array of books, both fiction and non-fiction. Before that she authored a Ph.D. thesis and many other scientific and technical publications.
Victoria published her first book on gamification in 2016 (even before she’d heard of the concept), entitled 5 Minute Perseverance Game: Play Daily for a Month and Become the Ultimate Procrastination Breaker. The book was judged “outstanding" in all categories and received a remarkable review in the 25th Annual Writer’s Digest Self-Published Book Awards, 2017. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
export class KeyboardControls {
constructor(visualizer, bindings) {
this.visualizer = visualizer;
this.keyState = {};
this.keyBindings = bindings;
this.el = null;
this._onKeyUp = null;
this._onKeyDown = null;
}
attach(el) {
if (!el) el = document.body;
this.el = el;
// Make element focusable
el.querySelector("canvas").setAttribute("tabindex", 0);
this._onKeyUp = (e) => {
if (document.activeElement.tagName == "INPUT") return;
if (typeof this.keyBindings[e.code] !== "undefined") {
const event = this.keyBindings[e.code];
if (typeof event === "function") {
event();
}
else {
this.keyState[event] = false;
if (!this.visualizer.isPlaying() &&
Object.values(this.keyState).every((v) => !v)) {
}
}
e.preventDefault();
}
};
this._onKeyDown = (e) => {
if (document.activeElement.tagName == "INPUT") return;
if (typeof this.keyBindings[e.code] !== "undefined") {
const event = this.keyBindings[e.code];
if (typeof event !== "function") {
this.keyState[event] = true;
if (!this.visualizer.isPlaying()) {
// Run the Pixi event loop while keys are down
this.visualizer.application.start();
}
}
e.preventDefault();
}
};
el.addEventListener("keyup", this._onKeyUp);
el.addEventListener("keydown", this._onKeyDown);
}
destroy() {
this.el.removeEventListener("keyup", this._onKeyUp);
this.el.removeEventListener("keydown", this._onKeyDown);
this.visualizer = null;
}
handleKeys(dt) {
dt *= this.visualizer.timeStep * this.visualizer.scrubSpeed * 50;
if (this.keyState["scrubBackwards"]) {
this.visualizer.pause();
this.visualizer.advanceTime(-dt);
this.visualizer.render();
}
else if (this.keyState["scrubForwards"]) {
this.visualizer.pause();
this.visualizer.advanceTime(dt);
this.visualizer.render(dt);
}
if (this.keyState["panUp"]) {
this.visualizer.camera.panBy(0, 1);
}
else if (this.keyState["panDown"]) {
this.visualizer.camera.panBy(0, -1);
}
if (this.keyState["panLeft"]) {
this.visualizer.camera.panBy(1, 0);
}
else if (this.keyState["panRight"]) {
this.visualizer.camera.panBy(-1, 0);
}
if (this.keyState["zoomIn"]) {
this.visualizer.camera.zoomBy(0.5, 0.5, dt);
}
else if (this.keyState["zoomOut"]) {
this.visualizer.camera.zoomBy(0.5, 0.5, -dt);
}
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Q:
why AJAX redirects to the new page in PHP
I have a form:
<form class="searchForm">
<div class="box_style_1">
<h4><?= Yii::t("common", "Age"); ?></h4>
<?
echo '<b class="badge">3</b> ' . Slider::widget([
'name'=>'age',
'value'=>'250,650',
'sliderColor'=>Slider::TYPE_GREY,
'pluginOptions'=>[
'min'=>3,
'max'=>21,
'step'=>1,
'range'=>true
],
]) . ' <b class="badge">21</b>';
?>
<br /><br />
<input type="submit" value="Search" class="searchByAge"/>
<br /><br />
</div>
</form>
And want to show the result in console.log:
$('.searchByAge').on('click', function(e){
e.preventDefault();
var range = $('.form-control').val();
var min = range.split(',')[0];
var max = range.split(',')[1];
//alert(min+' '+max);
$.ajax({
type: 'POST',
url: '/age/'+min+'/'+max,
data: $('.searchForm').serialize(),
success: function (data) {
console.log(data);
},
error: function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorMessage) {
console.log(errorMessage); // Optional
}
});
})
and that's my AJAX code. But when I click on Search button it redirects me to the new page and nothing in the console log. I do not know what is wrong in my code.
I return a JSON from the '/age/min_age/max_age' page, but the result shows in the new page.
How can I fix this problem?
A:
change code to below. change input type submit to button
<input type="button" value="Search" class="searchByAge"/>
also wrap your code in $(document).ready();
Make sure to add jQuery library from correct path.
$(document).ready(function(){
$('.searchByAge').on('click', function(e){
e.preventDefault();
var range = $('.form-control').val();
var min = range.split(',')[0];
var max = range.split(',')[1];
//alert(min+' '+max);
$.ajax({
type: 'POST',
url: '/age/'+min+'/'+max,
data: $('.searchForm').serialize(),
success: function (data) {
console.log(data);
},
error: function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorMessage) {
console.log(errorMessage); // Optional
}
});
});
});
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Infections in the immunocompromised rheumatologic patient.
Immunocompromised patients with rheumatic diseases have an increased risk of infections. A major risk factor for infection seems to be the immunosuppressive therapy used. Newer therapies for RA may lead to increased rates of infection by opportunistic pathogens such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Because disease manifestation may mimic signs and symptoms of infection, prompt diagnosis may be difficult. Familiarity with the likely infections and their causes should aid in obtaining the appropriate culture specimens. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Social network diagram. Credit: Daniel Tenerife/Wikipedia
(Phys.org)—A pair of researchers has found when people add someone new to their "friends" list, each is more distant than those in the inner circle. In their paper published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, Michael Harré and Mikhail Prokopenko, both with The University of Sydney in Australia, describe test data they analyzed covering both hunter-gatherer societies and people living in modern conditions, what they found and what it might mean for people moving forward using virtual social networks.
Prior research has shown, the researchers note, that humans are only capable of maintaining a certain number of people in their social world, currently, the upper limit appears to be 132 people. But, not all of those people are directly connected to any one individual, it all happens through links. Harré and Prokopenko suggest the upper limit on the number of direct friends for most people is about five. The upper limits appear to be based on biology, they note—as the human brain developed, people were living together in small groups that lived as hunter-gatherers. That led to the development of links, which are direct connections between two people, generally two people that have some type of emotional attachment. To form a larger group, it isn't necessary for every person in that group to form a connection with everyone else, all it takes is for a network of connections to exist.
In primitive terms, the researchers explain, that would mean that not all of the people in a small hunting party would necessarily have to be friends, instead, each would have to be friends with just one or two of the people in the group. They have calculated that to have a social circle of 132 people, each person would only have to have a link with just five people. They also have found that the number of links a person has can be related to group size, as the group grows, more links are needed to maintain cohesiveness. As it grows to 15, for example, there will exist on average 3 links per person; in groups of 45, the number of links would grow to 3 or 4.
The researchers also suggest that their findings help explain how modern societies have come to deal with networking—by forming hierarchies. In such groups, people don't have to know hardly anyone to be a part of the overall group, instead, the group is made functional by leaders.
Explore further The social lives of the elderly mirror how they grow older
More information: Michael S. Harré et al. The social brain: scale-invariant layering of Erdős–Rényi networks in small-scale human societies, Journal of The Royal Society Interface (2016). Michael S. Harré et al. The social brain: scale-invariant layering of Erdős–Rényi networks in small-scale human societies,(2016). DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0044 Abstract
The cognitive ability to form social links that can bind individuals together into large cooperative groups for safety and resource sharing was a key development in human evolutionary and social history. The 'social brain hypothesis' argues that the size of these social groups is based on a neurologically constrained capacity for maintaining long-term stable relationships. No model to date has been able to combine a specific socio-cognitive mechanism with the discrete scale invariance observed in ethnographic studies. We show that these properties result in nested layers of self-organizing Erdős–Rényi networks formed by each individual's ability to maintain only a small number of social links. Each set of links plays a specific role in the formation of different social groups. The scale invariance in our model is distinct from previous 'scale-free networks' studied using much larger social groups; here, the scale invariance is in the relationship between group sizes, rather than in the link degree distribution. We also compare our model with a dominance-based hierarchy and conclude that humans were probably egalitarian in hunter–gatherer-like societies, maintaining an average maximum of four or five social links connecting all members in a largest social network of around 132 people. Journal information: Journal of the Royal Society Interface
© 2016 Phys.org | {
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John Ruppert's striking composite photos of Icelandic terrain on display at Grimaldis Gallery
C. Grimaldis Gallery
C. Grimaldis Gallery
Tim Smith, The Baltimore Sun
For most of John Ruppert's career, metal sculpture has been a major focus, but he has added photography to his pursuits lately. Some of the results can be sampled and savored in an exhibit at C. Grimaldis Gallery titled "The Iceland Project."
The Massachusetts-born artist, who has a studio in Druid Hill, was one of the first winners of the $25,000 Baker Prize in 2009. He has been a faculty member at the University of Maryland, College Park, since 1987 and chair of its art department for the past 15 years.
Ruppert spent a month in Iceland and took a large number of shots that he subsequently fused to create "multiple image composites" of the stark, often sculptural terrain. The manipulative process is evident not just in the strangely colored skies, but also in subtle nuances that reveal themselves on closer inspection.
In a few of the works, the presence of human culture can be barely detected — a low fence winding through a desolate hilltop, for example, in "Laki Ridge," a work that jolts with its avocado green sky.
Another such jolt is delivered by "Black Lake, Orange Sky/Kleifarvatn." This 40-by-40-inch print is 95 percent sky; at the bottom of the print, the placid lake creates a striking horizon line.
Ruppert has spoken of choosing "turbulent" hues for the skies as a way to suggest how things might have looked when Iceland was formed. And since that North Atlantic country remains very much geologically alive, the vibrancy in such photos becomes all the more telling.
Even in pieces without surprising celestial hues, there are unusual elements to be found. A horizontal view of a sea wall takes on the quality of a bold abstract canvas, with rock edges where brusque brush strokes would be. A vertical image of a waterfall is separated into sections, like a splice of movie film, and seems to roll like one, too.
One of the most impressive works, "Hekla," is a long panoramic view (20x1091/2 inches) that captures Iceland's most active volcano in the distance with rolling, lunar-like hills in the foreground.
A bank of white clouds hovers around the peak, complementing the blankets of snow running along the mountainside. But not everything in the sky seems naturally cumulus. It looks as if bits of snow have peeled off the earth and floated up to meet the clouds.
Another compelling composite, "Inside Crater/Laki," is a landscape in rich colors and shades. There's a painterly aspect to this — think late-Monet — right down to the bits of blurring where different photos have been gently meshed.
Ruppert's methods can be more upfront. In "Glacier Crevasse/Svinafellsjokull," the beautifully composed image of weather-beaten snowpacks and bits of earth suddenly gains an extra edge when you spot the serrated side of a photo used to create one side of a hill.
The digital manipulation in these works does not make them less real, but, in a way, more personal. You sense an artist trying to encompass not just everything he saw in this wildly interesting place, but everything he felt, everything he wanted to grasp.
A few of the pieces that were in the exhibit when it opened are in Florida with the Grimaldis booth at the Art Miami fair, but are due back next week. Even without them, "The Iceland Project" provides an absorbing journey. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.
Introduction
============
Ganglion cysts are soft tissue masses that arise from the joint capsule and tendons which are commonly seen on the dorsal side of the hand and wrist \[[@REF1]\]. One of the treatment options is surgical excision \[[@REF2]\]. Surgery is usually performed with local anesthesia infiltration in sedated-unsedated patients or under general anesthesia.
In recent years, ultrasound (US) guidance has made distal peripheral nerve blocks of the upper extremity technically safe and feasible options to achieve anesthesia for hand and wrist surgery \[[@REF3]\]. Nowadays, US-guided regional blocks should be the first choice for such surgical procedures where the possible risks of general anesthesia and the necessity of clear airways are considered \[[@REF4]\]. US-guided nerve blocks have many advantages, such as the avoidance of nerve damage, with a clear definition of nerves from the surrounding structures, control of the distribution of local anesthetics, visualization of needle position, faster block onset time, improved block qualities, and a reduction in the volumes of local anesthetics \[[@REF5]-[@REF6]\]. The success rate of regional anesthesia has increased when performed under ultrasound guidance. Ultrasound identifies nerves easily, which cannot be defined by surface anatomic landmarks and alternative sites can be determined by scanning the nerve along its route \[[@REF6]-[@REF7]\].
Forearm blocks may especially be useful for minor surgeries of the hand. However, background data are limited regarding the performance of a peripheral nerve blockade at the level of the upper arm for hand surgery. There is also a lack of reports about the optimal sites for needle insertion regarding US-guided radial nerve blocks. Most studies about median, ulnar, and radial nerves present these blocks as rescue techniques for a failed or incomplete proximal (infraclavicular, axillary, interscalene, or supraclavicular) upper extremity block \[[@REF4],[@REF8]-[@REF11]\].
The mid-humeral region enables anesthesiologists to selectively administer local anesthetics to different nerves and block the four main nerves of the upper extremity separately \[[@REF12]\]. This technique may have advantages over proximally performed approaches, such as the avoidance of needle trauma to central structures, decreased motor blockade, and smaller amounts of local anesthetic drugs used to achieve anesthesia for a narrower area \[[@REF4]\].
In this case report, we present three cases of US-guided radial nerve blocks performed at the mid-humeral region. Efficient surgical anesthesia was achieved for ganglion cyst excision at the hand dorsum using the minimal dose of local anesthesia. We discuss the potential indications and advantages of a US-guided radial nerve block at the mid-humeral region for patients undergoing hand surgery.
Case presentation
=================
Written informed consent has been obtained from all patients for the anesthetic/surgical procedures and for the publication of this case report. All patients underwent the excision of ganglion cysts at the dorsum of the hand (Figure [1](#FIG1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#FIG1}
Standard monitorization (electrocardiogram, blood pressure, pulse oximetry) was applied at the block room. An intravenous cannula was placed and infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution was started. The patients were sedated by administering 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam and 0.5 µg/kg of fentanyl intravenously. After sedation, the position of the arm was set at the 90 degrees abduction of the arm and 90 degrees of the forearm on the surgery table. The ultrasound probe was placed transversally at the mid-humeral region, on the posterolateral aspect of the arm. The needle was entered from the lateral side of the arm in the medial direction within the plane of the ultrasound beam (Figure [2](#FIG2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#FIG2}
The block area was sterilized with iodine solution and the US transducer was covered with a sterile cap. We performed needle insertion at the mid-humeral region, which is located midway between the anterior process of the acromion and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, as described by Foxall et al. \[[@REF6]\]. The radial nerve could be visualized easily by locating the ultrasound probe on the posterolateral aspect of the arm at this level. A 13 MHz linear transducer was used (LOGIQ P5®, General Electric, USA). The radial nerve was visualized as an oval, heterogeneous structure that consisted of hypoechoic and hyperechoic structures, which represent the nerve fascicles and connective tissue. Using the in-plane technique, a 22 Ga 8 cm echogenic needle (Stimuplex® Ultra 360® Braun, Melsungen, Germany) was introduced into the mid-humeral region, aiming to enter the fascial plane next to the radial nerve. After the localization of the needle tip on the radial nerve, 0.15 ml/kg of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected. The distribution of the local anesthetic drug and the tip of the needle was visualized in real time during the procedure, aiming to spread around the nerve (Figure [3](#FIG3){ref-type="fig"}).
{#FIG3}
We did not use a nerve stimulator, as the nerve was clearly identified under ultrasound guidance. The patients were followed up with pinprick tests after the blocks for loss of sensation. The incisions were within the sensory dermatomal innervation area of the radial nerve (Figure [4](#FIG4){ref-type="fig"}).
{#FIG4}
Case 1
A 33-year-old female patient presented with complaints of swelling and pain in the dorsum of the right hand. She had a 2x2 cm mass and a soft cystic lesion, which was diagnosed as a ganglion cyst at the dorsum of the hand (Figure [1](#FIG1){ref-type="fig"}). Past medical history was unremarkable with American Society Anesthesiology (ASA) classification I. Surgical history examination revealed two cesarian-section operations. Ten milliliters of local anesthetic (bupivacaine 0.5%) was administered to encircle the radial nerve without entering the humeral side. Surgical anesthesia was achieved at the 25th minute after local anesthetic administration. A mild motor block was observed, as the patient could move her hand parallel to gravity. The patient was cooperative and reported minor discomfort during the excision of the cyst from its base where it originated, but there was no need for additional analgesic drugs during the surgery. There were no symptoms of cardiovascular, respiratory, or central nervous system side-effects. The surgery proceeded uneventfully and lasted about 20 minutes. The block was considered successful without the necessitation of conversion to general anesthesia.
Case 2
A 28-year-old female patient with complaints of swelling in the wrist dorsum of the right hand. The patient\'s medical and surgical history was unremarkable and evaluated as ASA I class. Fifteen milliliters of local anesthesia (10 ml bupivacaine 0.5 % and 5 ml lidocaine 2%) was administered around the radial nerve under ultrasound guidance. The block procedure was uneventful. The patient was cooperative during the operation and did not report pain at the beginning of the surgery. During the excision of the cyst from its base, the patient complained of discomfort. Fentanyl 50 µg intravenous was administered and 3 milliliters of 2% prilocaine was infiltrated to the surgical area. The surgery lasted 30 minutes, uneventfully. The block was considered successful without the need for conversion to general anesthesia.
Case 3
A 24-year-old male patient with a complaint of swelling at the wrist dorsum of the right hand was diagnosed with a ganglion cyst. The patient was evaluated as ASA I class with no remarkable medical and surgical history. After identifying the radial nerve under ultrasound guidance, 10 milliliters of 0.5% bupivacaine was administered. There were no symptoms of side effects during the block procedure. The patient reported minor discomfort, which was resolved with the administration of 50 µg intravenous fentanyl and infiltration of 3 milliliters 2% prilocaine into the surgical area. The surgical procedure was completed in 30 minutes without any complications. The block was considered successful, with no need of conversion to general anesthesia.
Discussion
==========
In this case report, a US-guided radial nerve block was applied from the mid-humeral level, which allowed sufficient surgical anesthesia for the excision of the ganglion cyst from the dorsal side of the hand. The course of the radial nerve in the distal part of the upper arm has a great variety \[[@REF13]\]. The radial nerve passes obliquely across the back of the humerus between the lateral and medial heads of the triceps. It enters the anterior compartment from the deltoid tuberosity to the lateral epicondyle and passes between the brachioradialis and brachialis muscles \[[@REF6]\]. It usually divides approximately 2-3 cm proximal to the elbow. The radial nerve can be easily visualized as a single structure 5 cm proximal to the elbow lateral to the humerus and curves posterior at about 15 cm proximal from the medial epicondyle \[[@REF7],[@REF13]\]. The nerve could be scanned at this level and can be found slightly posterolateral. The deep branch is sometimes difficult to visualize by ultrasound \[[@REF14]\]. The superficial radial nerve is cutaneous, whereas the deep branch forms the posterior interosseous nerve and mainly supplies motor function. The deep branch also supplies sensation to the interosseous membrane, the periosteum of the radius and ulna, and the extensor surfaces of the carpal joints \[[@REF6]\].
At the mid-humeral level, the four main nerves are anatomically well-separated. This allows for the selective administration of local anesthetics on both the radial and the musculocutaneous nerves with the ulnar and median nerves \[[@REF12]\]. Before its division into two terminal branches, a mid-humeral radial nerve block would produce more widespread anesthesia of the wrist and can be used for anesthesia in a wider variety of surgery \[[@REF6]\]. Foxall et al. reported the ease of identification of the radial nerve at the distal third level of the arm \[[@REF6]\]. We could easily visualize the radial nerve at the mid-humeral level just posterior to the humerus as a single, separate, and bright hyperechoic, oval-shaped structure. When it is slightly scanned to distally closer to the elbow, it becomes more distant to the humerus and can be blocked at this level, before it travels into the intermuscular septum.
Reports about ultrasound-guided radial nerve blocks in the literature are rare and limited to very few anecdotal reports. These reports are limited to performance in emergency departments to provide analgesia for the reduction of distal radius fractures \[[@REF15]-[@REF18]\]. Blocking the radial nerve at the mid-humeral region has the advantage of blocking the motor function that the radial nerve innervates as well, which may be preferable in many operations. However, in certain operations, such as tendon repair, preservation of motor function may be desired intraoperatively. The maintenance of motor function is an important advantage of distal nerve blocks over proximal blocks. A more distal nerve block may be preferred to block the sensory function of the nerve. Also, a differential infraclavicular block (by using a low-dose local anesthetic) may be performed in such cases.
The general advantages of distal peripheral nerve blocks could be expressed as: Distal approaches to upper extremity blocks need a lower amount of local anesthetic drugs with a blockade of a specific area. These approaches also avoid the risk of inadvertent puncture to critical structures, such as pleura or big vessels, which may occur when a proximal block is applied \[[@REF3],[@REF5]\]. Distal peripheral nerve blocks allow the preservation of proximal muscle function of the upper limb and patients may be discharged earlier from the hospital \[[@REF19]\]. These blocks may be suitable in patients where local anesthetic infiltration is contraindicated, such as in cases of infection or suspected malignancy. The surgical site anatomy is preserved and may provide for better operating conditions by not causing tissue distortion with infiltrated local anesthetic \[[@REF4]\]. Selective blockade of the specific nerve may shorten the time for anesthetic administration \[[@REF4]\]. The disadvantages are that distal nerve blocks would not prevent tourniquet pain. Peripheral nerve blocks may not always be sufficient for all surgical procedures on the forearm that involve wider surgical areas \[[@REF3]\]. Among our cases, two cases needed additional local anesthetic infiltration during the surgery. This may be due to a wider surgical dissection that exceeded beyond the analgesic area of radial nerve block. A proximal, brachial plexus block is an alternative for operations of the hand in which larger surgical areas involve multiple peripheral nerve sensory dermatomes.
Conclusions
===========
Our experience with an ultrasound-guided mid-humeral radial nerve blockade suggests that this block provides successful surgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for the excision of dorsal-side ganglion cysts of the hand when applied from the mid-humeral region. This regional anesthesia technique may be a feasible and more comfortable alternative to general anesthesia for patients undergoing hand surgery. A mid-humeral radial nerve block has the advantage of requiring a lower amount of local anesthetic drug and less motor block of the arm, which is favorable for outpatient settings.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Consent was obtained by all participants in this study
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
External vs endoscopic approach for inverted papilloma of the sino-nasal cavities: a retrospective study of 136 cases.
Endoscopic removal, with or without external technique, can be performed in a majority of inverted papilloma cases. This method has subsequent recurrence rates that are comparable to those of more aggressive external techniques and it is more cost efficient with less morbidity. To analyze the clinical outcomes of our 21-year experience (1986-2006) in treating inverted papillomas using different treatment modalities. The patients were divided into a conventional surgery group (CSG) and an endoscopic surgery group (ESG) and were staged according to the system developed by Krouse. A retrospective assessment was performed. The recurrence rates were 4.3% in ESG and 9.5% in CSG. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rates according to the treatment modality used and the Krouse stage in the two groups. Mean operation time was 72.93+/-18.51 min in the ESG and 112.02+/-56.52 min in the CSG. Mean period of hospital stay was 4.66+/-1.75 days in the ESG and 9.54+/-4.79 days in the CSG. The complication rate was 3.2% in the ESG and 33.3% in the CSG. There was a significant difference in the operation time, length of hospital stay, and complication rate in the two groups. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
export function union<T>(...sets: Set<T>[]): Set<T> {
const result = new Set<T>()
for (const set of sets) {
for (const item of set) {
result.add(item)
}
}
return result
}
export function intersection<T>(set: Set<T>, ...sets: Set<T>[]): Set<T> {
const result = new Set<T>()
top: for (const item of set) {
for (const other of sets) {
if (!other.has(item))
continue top
}
result.add(item)
}
return result
}
export function difference<T>(set: Set<T>, ...sets: Set<T>[]): Set<T> {
const result = new Set<T>(set)
for (const item of union(...sets)) {
result.delete(item)
}
return result
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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TOKYO — Nissan said on Wednesday that it expected its annual profit to be much lower than expected, a fresh blow to a company reeling from the arrest of its former top executive Carlos Ghosn.
The automaker told investors that its operating profit for the 2018 fiscal year, which ended in March, was expected to be 45 percent lower than the previous year, at 318 billion yen ($2.8 billion).
It was Nissan’s second downward revision in two months, highlighting the difficulties it faces as it moves past the fall of Mr. Ghosn, a corporate titan who was called in to right the company when it teetered on the brink of bankruptcy in the late 1990s.
Nissan said that weak sales in the United States, its largest market, and other regions had caused half of the slide in earnings, and that expenses related to extended warranties on vehicles sold in America had accounted for the other half. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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HMS Arrow
Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Arrow, after the projectile:
, a 20-gun sloop launched in 1796 that the French frigates and captured near Gibraltar on 4 February 1805; she sank the same day
, a 14-gun cutter launched at Deptford Dockyard on 7 September 1805, and converted to a breakwater in May 1815. Broken up in May 1828.
, a 10-gun cutter launched at Portsmouth on 14 March 1823 and broken up in January 1852.
, a 477-ton wooden screw dispatch vessel launched at Leamouth on 26 June 1854 and sold on 19 May 1862.
, an Ant-class iron gunboat launched at Greenwich on 22 April 1871 and sold on 1 March 1922.
, launched 1929, was an destroyer that served in World War II and was damaged beyond repair in Algiers harbour in 1944 when an ammunition ship exploded. The hulk was broken up in May 1949.
, launched 1974, was a Type 21 frigate that served in the Falklands War. She was sold to Pakistan in 1994 and renamed .
The Royal Australian Navy had a 146-ton patrol boat . Launched on 17 February 1968, it was wrecked on 25 December 1974 at Darwin, Australia during Cyclone Tracy.
Battle honours
Ships named Arrow have earned the following battle honours:
Copehagen, 1801
Cape Tenez, 1805
San Sebastian, 1813
Crimea, 1854−55
Norway, 1940
Atlantic, 1940−43
North Sea, 1942
Libya, 1942
Malta Convoys, 1942
Sicily, 1943
Falkland Islands, 1982
References
Category:Royal Navy ship names | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Translations
Muhsin Khan
Pickthall
Yusuf Ali
Quran Project
Do you not see [i.e., know] that to Allāh prostrates whoever is in the heavens and whoever is on the earth and the sun, the moon, the stars, the mountains, the trees, the moving creatures and many of the people? But upon many the punishment has been justified. And he whom Allāh humiliates – for him there is no bestower of honour. Indeed, Allāh does what He wills.
Muhsin Khan
See you not that to Allah prostrates whoever is in the heavens and whoever is on the earth, and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and the mountains, and the trees, and Ad-Dawab (moving living creatures, beasts, etc.), and many of mankind? But there are many (men) on whom the punishment is justified. And whomsoever Allah disgraces, none can honour him. Verily! Allah does what He wills.
Pickthall
Hast thou not seen that unto Allah payeth adoration whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is in the earth, and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and the hills, and the trees, and the beasts, and many of mankind, while there are many unto whom the doom is justly due. He whom Allah scorneth, there is none to give him honour. Lo! Allah doeth what He will.
Yusuf Ali
Seest thou not that to Allah bow down in worship all things that are in the heavens and on earth,- the sun, the moon, the stars; the hills, the trees, the animals; and a great number among mankind? But a great number are (also) such as are fit for Punishment: and such as Allah shall disgrace,- None can raise to honour: for Allah carries out all that He wills.
1.
Lessons/Guidance/Reflections/Gems
When we reflect on this verse we find countless creatures, some of which we know and some we do not; and we glance at an infinite number of worlds, many of which we do not begin to know; as also an endless variety of mountains, trees and beasts that live on earth, man’s abode. All these, without exception, join a single procession that prostrates itself in humble submission to God, addressing its worship, in perfect harmony, to Him alone. And out of all these creatures, man alone has a special case, as people diverge: “a great number of human beings [bow down in worship], but a great number also will inevitably have to suffer punishment,” because of their rejection of the truth. Thus, man stands out on his own, unique in that great, harmonious procession.
The verse concludes with a statement making clear that whoever deserves punishment will inevitably be humbled and disgraced: “He whom God shall disgrace will have none who could bestow honour on him.” How could such a person be honoured when all honour and respect are granted by God. In other words, anyone who submits to any being other than God Almighty, to whom the entire universe willingly submits, will be disgraced.
6.
Frequency of the word
7.
Period of Revelation
As this Surah contains the characteristics of both the Makkan and the Madīnan Surahs the commentators have differed as to its period of revelation but in the light of its style and themes we are of the opinion that a part of it (v. 1-24) was sent down in the last stage of the Makkan life of the Prophet a little before migration and the rest (v. 25-78) during the first stage of his Madinah life. That is why this Surah combines the characteristics of both the Makkan and the Madinah Surahs.
According to Ibn Abbas, Mujahid, Qatadah and other great commentators, v. 39 is the first verse that grants the Muslims permission to wage war. Collections of hadith and books on the life of the Prophet confirm that after this permission actual preparations for war were started and the first expedition was sent to the coast of the Red Sea in Safar 2 A.H. which is known as the Expedition of Waddan or Al-Abwa. | {
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Details
Heavy duty gate handle that is an excellent choice for all your gates needs. Large plastic handle keeps you safe from shock. Strong internal spring will keep great tension on the wire or tape you use to make the gate. This is just slightly different from the 665300 handle as it was made by a different manufacturer and it has a rounded hook and a little bit longer metal shaft at the other end. The picture is the same as the 665300 but the handle is a bit different. Same high quality but at a slightly lower price.
Plated means that the metal parts of the handle are zinc plated (coated in zinc) to help reduce oxidation | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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/*
* Copyright 2010-2020 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
* You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* A copy of the License is located at
*
* http://aws.amazon.com/apache2.0
*
* or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed
* on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either
* express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing
* permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
package com.amazonaws.services.rekognition.model.transform;
import com.amazonaws.services.rekognition.model.*;
import com.amazonaws.transform.SimpleTypeJsonUnmarshallers.*;
import com.amazonaws.transform.*;
import com.amazonaws.util.json.AwsJsonReader;
/**
* JSON unmarshaller for POJO Emotion
*/
class EmotionJsonUnmarshaller implements Unmarshaller<Emotion, JsonUnmarshallerContext> {
public Emotion unmarshall(JsonUnmarshallerContext context) throws Exception {
AwsJsonReader reader = context.getReader();
if (!reader.isContainer()) {
reader.skipValue();
return null;
}
Emotion emotion = new Emotion();
reader.beginObject();
while (reader.hasNext()) {
String name = reader.nextName();
if (name.equals("Type")) {
emotion.setType(StringJsonUnmarshaller.getInstance()
.unmarshall(context));
} else if (name.equals("Confidence")) {
emotion.setConfidence(FloatJsonUnmarshaller.getInstance()
.unmarshall(context));
} else {
reader.skipValue();
}
}
reader.endObject();
return emotion;
}
private static EmotionJsonUnmarshaller instance;
public static EmotionJsonUnmarshaller getInstance() {
if (instance == null)
instance = new EmotionJsonUnmarshaller();
return instance;
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
698 F.2d 1221
Moorev.Union Mut. Life Ins. Co.
80-1633
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sixth Circuit
2/5/82
1
E.D.Mich.
AFFIRMED
| {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} |
---
abstract: 'We present here, for the first time, a 2D study of the overshoot convective mechanism in nova outbursts for a wide range of possible compositions of the layer underlying the accreted envelope. Previous surveys studied this mechanism only for solar composition matter accreted on top of carbon oxygen (C-O) white dwarfs. Since, during the runaway, mixing with carbon enhances the hydrogen burning rates dramatically, one should question whether significant enrichment of the ejecta is possible also for other underlying compositions (He, O, Ne, Mg), predicted by stellar evolution models. We simulated several non-carbon cases and found significant amounts of those underlying materials in the ejected hydrogen layer. Despite large differences in rates, time scales and energetics between the cases, our results show that the convective dredge up mechanism predicts significant enrichment in all our non-carbon cases, including helium enrichment in recurrent novae. The results are consistent with observations.'
date: Released 2012 June 28
title: 'Convective overshoot mixing in Nova outbursts - The dependence on the composition of the underlying white dwarf'
---
\[firstpage\]
convection-hydrodynamics,binaries:close-novae,stars:abundances
Introduction {#intro}
============
Almost all classical and recurrent novae for which reliable abundance determinations exist show enrichment (relative to solar composition) in heavy elements and/or helium. It is now widely accepted that the source for such enrichment is dredge up of matter from the underlying white dwarf to the accreted envelope. A few mechanisms for such mixing were proposed to explain the observations : Mixing by a diffusion layer, for which diffusion during the accretion phase builds a layer of mixed abundances ([@pk84; @kp85; @IfMc91; @IfMc92; @FuI92]); Mixing by shear instability induced by differential rotation during the accretion phase [@Du77; @kt78; @Macd83; @lt87; @ks87; @ks89]; Mixing by shear gravity waves breaking on the white dwarf surface in which a resonant interaction between large-scale shear flows in the accreted envelope and gravity waves in the white dwarf’s core can induce mixing of heavy elements into the envelope [@Rosner01; @alex02; @Alex2D] and finally - Mixing by overshoot of the convective flow during the runaway itself [@woo86; @saf92; @sha94; @gl95; @glt97; @Ker2D; @Ker3D; @glt2007; @Cas2010; @Cas2011a; @Cas2011b].
In this work we focus on the last of these mechanisms that proved efficient for C-O white dwarfs. Mixing of carbon from the underlying layer significantly enhances the hydrogen burning rate. The enhanced burning rate drives higher convective fluxes, inducing more mixing [@gl95; @glt97; @glt2007; @Cas2010; @Cas2011a; @Cas2011b]. Therefore, the fact that the underlying layer is rich in C is a critical feature of all the overshoot convective models that have been analyzed up to this work. According to the theory of stellar evolution for single stars, we expect the composition of the underlying white dwarf to be C-O for masses in the range $0.5-1.1 M\sun$ and ONe(Mg) for more massive white dwarfs [@GpGb01; @dom02; @Gb02]. Observations show enrichment in helium, CNO, Ne, Mg and heavier elements [@sst86; @Gehrz98; @Gehrz08; @Ili02]. For recurrent novae, helium enrichment can achieve levels of $40-50\%$ [@web1987; @anu2000; @diaz2010]. High helium abundances can simply be explained as the ashes of hydrogen burning during the runaway [@Hernanz2008], but one can not exclude the possibility that the source of He enrichment is dredge up from an underlying helium layer. We therefore found it essential to study nova outbursts for which the composition of the underlying layer is different from C-O. The models studied here extend the work we publish in the past. As a first step we study here the runaway of the accreted hydrogen layer on top of a single white dwarf, changing only its composition. Having a fixed mass and radius we can compare the timescales, convective flow, energetics and dredge up in the different cases. A more comprehensive study which varies the white dwarf’s mass with compositions is left to future work (CO, ONe(Mg) or He rich).
The present study is limited to 2D axially symmetric configurations. The well known differences between 2D and 3D unstable flows can yield uncertainties of few percents on our results, but can not change the general trends, as previous studies showed reasonable agreement between 2D and 3D simulations with regard to integral quantities, although larger differences persist in the local structure ( [@Cas2011b]). We therefore regard our present results as a good starting point to more elaborated 3D simulations. In the next section we describe the tools and the setup of the simulations. In subsequent sections we describe the results for each initial composition and then summarize our conclusions.
Tools and initial configurations {#tools}
================================
All the 2D simulations presented in this work start from a 1D hydrostatic configurations, consisting of a $1.147 M\sun$ CO core with an outer layer of $~10^{-4}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ composed of CO, ONe(mg) or helium, according to the studied case as we explained in the introduction. The original core was built as a hydrostatic CO politrop that cooled by evolution to the desired central temperature ($2\times10^7 {\rm K}$). The 1D model evolves using Lagrangian coordinates and does not include any prescription for mixing at the bottom of the envelope. The core accretes matter with solar abundance and the accreted matter is compressed and heated. Once the maximal temperature at the base of the accreted envelope reaches a temperature of $9\times10^7 {\rm K}$, the whole accreted envelope $3.4\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ and most of the underlying zone $4.7\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ , are mapped onto a 2D grid, and the simulations continue to runaway and beyond using the 2D hydro code VULCAN-2D [@liv93]. This total mass of $8.1\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ is refered as the total computed envelope mass. Using same radial zoning in the 1D grid and in its 2D counterpart, the models preserve hydrostatic equilibrium, accurate to better than one part in ten thousand. Since the configurations are unstable, non radial velocity components develop very quickly from the small round-off errors of the code, without introducing any artificial initial perturbation.
Further computational details of the 2D simulations are as follows. The inner boundary is fixed, with assumed zero inward luminosity. The outer boundary follows the expansion of the envelope taking advantage of the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) semi-Lagrangian option of the VULCAN code whereas the burning regions of the grid at the base of the hydrogen rich envelope are purely Eulerian. More details are presented in Glasner et al. (2005, 2007). The flexibility of the ALE grid enables us to model the burning zones at the bottom of the hydrogen rich envelope with very delicate zones in spite of the post-runaway radial expansion of the outer layers. The typical computational cell at the base of the envelope, where most of the burning takes place, is a rectangular cell with dimensions of about $ 1.4 km \times 1.4 km $ . Reflecting boundary conditions are imposed at the lateral boundaries of the grid. Gravity is taken into account as a point source with the mass of the core, and the self gravity of the envelope is ignored. The reaction network includes 15 elements essential for the hydrogen burning in the CNO cycle, it includes the isotopes: H, He, He Be, B, C, C, N, N, N, O, O, O , O and F.
Results
=======
In order to compare with 1D models and with previous studies we present here five basic configurations:
1\) The outburst of the 1D original model without any overshoot mixing.
2\) An up to date model with an underlying C-O layer.
3\) A model with a Helium underlying layer.
4\) A model with an underlying O(Ne) layer.
5\) A toy model with underlying Mg.
This model demonstrates the effects of possible mixing of hydrogen with $^{24}$Mg on the runaway. (In a realistic model the amounts of Mg in the core are expected to be a few percents ([@GpGb01; @siess06]), but higher amounts can be found in the very outer layers of the core ([@berro94] ).
The computed models are listed in Table \[tab:models\]. In the next sections we present the energetics and mixing results for each of the models in the present survey.
Model $Underlying$ $T_{max}$ $Q_{max}$ $remarks$
------- -------------- ----------- ------------ ----------------------------------------
m12 - $2.05 $ $ 4.0 $ 1D
m12ad CO $2.45 $ $ 1000.0 $ -
m12ag He $ - $ $ - $ -
m12dg He $ - $ $ - $ $T_{base}=1.5\times10^8 K$
m12al O $ - $ $ - $ -
m12bl O $ - $ $ - $ $T_{base}=1.05\times10^8 K$
m12cl O $ - $ $ - $ $T_{base}=1.125\times10^8 K$
m12dl O $2.15 $ $ 82.4 $ $T_{base}=1.22\times10^8 K$
m12kk O $ - $ $ - $ Mg rates
m12jj O $2.46 $ $1000.0 $ Mg rates+ $T_{base}=1.125\times10^8 K$
: Parameters of the Simulated Initial Configurations[]{data-label="tab:models"}
$T_{max}$; maximal achieved temperature \[$10^8$ Kelvin\]. $Q_{max}$; maximal achieved energy generation rate \[$ 10^{42} erg/sec$\]
The 1D original model
---------------------
The initial (original) model, composed of a $1.147 M\sun$ degenerate core, accretes hydrogen rich envelope at the rate of $1.0 \times 10^{-10} {\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}/year$. When the temperature at the base of the accreted envelope reaches $9\times10^7 {\rm K}$ the accreted mass is $3.4\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$. We define this time as t=0, exceptional test cases are commented in Table \[tab:models\]. Convection sets in for the original model a few days earlier, at $t=-10^6 sec$, when the base temperature is $3\times10^7 {\rm K}$. The 1D convective model assumes no overshoot mixing; therefore, convection has an effect only on the heat transport and abundances within the convective zone. Without the overshoot mixing burning rates are not enhanced by overshoot convective mixing of CO rich matter. As a reference for the 2D simulations, we evolved the 1D model all through the runaway phase. The time to reach the maximal energy production rate is about $ 2400 sec $, the maximal achieved temperature is $2.05\times10^8 K$, the maximal achieved burning rate is $4.0\times10^{42} erg/sec$ and the total nuclear energy generated up to the maximum production rate (integrated over time) is $0.77\times10^{46} erg $.
The C-O underlying layer
------------------------
We summarize here the main results of the underlying C-O case (computed already in [@glt2007] and repeated here), which is the most energetic case. A comparison of the history of the burning rate (Fig. \[co\]) with Figure 3 in [@glt2007] confirms that our current numerical results agree with those of our earlier publication. In this figure (Fig. \[co\]) we also present the amount of mixing at various stages of the runaway. The main effects of the convective underlying dredge up are:
- The convective cells are small at early stages with moderate velocities of a few times $ 10^{6} $ cm/sec. As the energy generation rate increases during the runaway, the convective cells merge and become almost circular. The size of the cells is comparable to the height of the entire envelope, i.e. a few pressure scale heights. The velocity magnitude within these cells, when the burning approaches the peak of the runaway, is a few times $ 10^{7} $ cm/sec.
- The shear convective flow is followed by efficient mixing of C-O matter from the core to the accreted solar abundant envelope. The amount of C-O enrichment increases as the burning becomes more violent and the total amount of mixing is above $30\%$ (Fig. \[co\]).
- Mixing induces an enhanced burning rate, relative to the non mixing 1D case, by more than an order of magnitude. The maximum rate grows from $ 4.0\times10^{42} erg/sec $ to $ 1000.0\times 10^{42} erg/sec $. The enhanced rates raise the burning temperature and shorten the time required to reach the maximal burning rate. The maximal achieved temperature increases from $ 2.05\times 10^8 K$ to $ 2.45\times 10^8 K$ and the rise time to maximum burning decreases from $ 2440 sec $ to $ 140 sec $. The total energy production rates of the 1D and the 2D simulations are given in Fig. \[co\]. The enhanced burning rate in the 2D case will give rise, at later stages of the outburst, to an increase in the kinetic energy of the ejecta. Unfortunately, since the hydro solver time step is restricted by the Courant condition we can not run the 2D models through to the coasting phase. A consideration of the integrated released energy at the moment of maximal burning rate reveals that the burning energy grows from $ 0.77\times 10^{46} erg$ in the 1D model to $ 1.45\times 10^{46} erg$ in the 2D model, a factor of 2.
Another interesting feature of the 2D C-O simulations is the appearance of fluctuations, observed during the initial stages of the runaway (Fig. \[co\]). Such fluctuations are not observed in the 1D model. The fluctuations are a consequence of the mixing of the hot burning envelope matter with the cold underlying white dwarf matter. The mixing has two effects. The first is cooling as we mix hot matter with cold matter. The second is heating by the enhancement of the reaction rate. It is apparent that in this case, after a small transient, the heating by enhanced reaction rates becomes dominant and the runaway takes place on a short timescale. For other underlying compositions the effect is a bit more complicated. We discuss this issue in the next subsections.
The Helium underlying layer
---------------------------
{width="84mm"}
\[Qhelium\]
The helium enrichment, observed in recurrent nova (without enrichment by heavier isotopes) and in other classical nova was mentioned in the past as an obstacle to the underlying convective overshoot mechanism ([@lt87]). Helium is the most abundant end product of the hydrogen burning in nova outbursts and it does not enhance the hydrogen burning in any way. In recurrent novae, helium may be accumulated upon the surface of the white dwarfs. If so, can the dredge-up mechanism lead to the observed helium enrichment ? We examine this question using the case m12ag in Table \[tab:models\]. Energetically, as expected, the model follows exactly the 1D model (Fig. \[Qhelium\]). The slow rise of the burning rate in this case makes the 2D simulation too expensive. To overcome this problem we artificially ’jump in time’ by jumping to another helium model at a later stage of the runaway, in which the 1D temperature is $1.22\times10^8 {\rm K}$. The rise time of this model is much shorter, and by adjusting its time axis to that of the 1D model the two curves in Fig. \[Qhelium\] may be seen to coincide. The fluctuations of the 2D curve are absent in its 1D counterpart, both because the latter has no convection and because the 1D simulation is performed using implicit algorithm with much larger time steps. The precise way in which the 2D evolution agrees with the 1D evolution increases our confidence in the validity of the 2D simulations.
The convective flow is indeed moderate but overshoot mixing is observed at a certain level (Fig. \[Xhelium\]). In the first (slower) phase (m12ag in Table \[tab:models\]) the level of mixing is small, converging to about $10\%$. In the later (faster) phase (m12dg in Table \[tab:models\]) the mixing rate increases in step with the increasing burning rate and the higher velocities in the convective cells. However, as the rates are still low relative to the C-O case, the added amount of mixing is again about $10\%$, summing up to a total amount of about $20\%$. Since we begin with matter of solar composition, the total He mass fraction at the end of the second phase exceeds $40 \%$.
The color maps of the absolute value of the velocity in the 2D models at different times along the development of the runaway are presented in Fig. \[fig:flow-he\]. In the first slower phase (model m12ag Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is low and grows mildly with time. The convective velocities are converging to a value of a few $ 10^{6} $ cm/sec and the cell size is only a bit larger than a scale height. In the second (faster) phase (model m12dg Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is somewhat higher and is seen to grow with time. The convective velocities are increasing with time up to a value of about $1.5\times10^{7} $ cm/sec. The convective cells in the radial direction converge with time to an extended structure of a few scale heights.
The ONe(Mg) underlying layer
----------------------------
The rate of proton capture by oxygen is much slower and less energetic than the capture by carbon but it still has an enhancing effect relative to the 1D model without mixing (Fig. \[Qoxygen\]). This can be well overstood once we notice that for the initial temperature of the 2D model i.e. $ 9.0\times 10^7 K$ the energy generation rate by proton capture by oxygen is more than three orders of magnitude lower than the energy generation rate by carbon capture (Fig. \[fig:Qcapture\]). We can also observe that the energy generation rate for capture by oxygen stays much smaller than the energy generation rate for capture by carbon for the entire range of temperature relevant to nova outbursts. For this range, we also notice that the capture by Ne is lower by an order of magnitude than the capture rate by O. Being interested only in the energetics, convective flow and mixing by dredge up, we choose to seperate varibles and study the case of a pure O underlying layer as a test case (ignoring any possible Mg that is predicted by evolutionary codes).
We computed the model for an integrated time of 300 seconds (about one million time steps). The trend is very clear and we can extrapolate and predict a runaway a bit earlier and more energetic than the 1D case. Again, we could not continue that 2D simulation further due to the very low burning rates and a small hydrodynamical time step. As before, we computed three different phases, where each of them starts from a different 1D model along its evolution. The maximal 1D temperatures at the base of the burning shell, when mapped to the 2D grid, are : $ 1.05\times 10^8 K$, $ 1.125\times 10^8 K$ and $ 1.22\times 10^8 K$ respectively (Table \[tab:models\]). All three phases start with a transient related to the buildup of the convective flow. In Fig. \[Qoxygen\] we shifted the curves of burning rates in time in a way that permits a continuous line to be drawn. Along this continuous line, evolution proceeds faster towards a runaway than the 1D burning rate, also shown in Fig. \[Qoxygen\].
![Log of the total energy production rate for all the oxygen models compared to the 1D model and to the CO model. The models with initial temperature higher than the default temperature of $ 9\times10^7 K $ were shifted in time in order to produce a smooth continuous line.[]{data-label="Qoxygen"}](v-q-oxygen-new.eps){width="84mm"}
![Log of the energy generation rate for proton capture on: C, O, Ne, and Mg, the rate is calculated for $\rho=1000.0$ gr/cc.[]{data-label="fig:Qcapture"}](Qcapture.eps){width="84mm"}
We computed the last phase, with an initial base temperature of $ 1.22\times 10^8 K$ , for 350 sec until it reached a maximum. The maximal achieved temperature is $ 2.15\times 10^8 K$ and the maximal achieved burning rate is $ 82.4\times 10^{42} erg/sec $. As expected, this case lies somewhere between the 1D case and the C-O model. The convective flow resembles the C-O case, a significant feature being the strong correlation between the burning rate and the convective velocities. Most importantly for the case of an underlying oxygen layer, dredge up of substantial amounts of matter from the core into the envelope occurs in all our simulations. The trends are about the same as for the C-O models (Fig. \[Xoxygen\]). The correlation of the amount of mixing with the intensity of the burning is easily observable.
Approximate models for Mg underlying layer {#mgreac}
------------------------------------------
Nova outbursts on massive ONe(Mg) white dwarfs are expected to be energetic fast nova [@sst86; @Gehrz98; @Gehrz08; @Ili02]. The problem we face is whether, in absence of the enhancement by C, the overshoot mixing mechanism can generate such energetic outbursts by mixing the solar abundance accreted matter with the underlying ONe(Mg) core. Based upon examination of the energy generation rate of proton capture reactions $(p,\gamma)$ on C, O, Ne , and Mg the results shown in Fig. \[fig:Qcapture\] make it evident that only Mg can compete with C in the range of temperatures relevant to nova runaways. Therefore, in spite of the fact that the abundance of Mg in the core sums up to only a few percent ([@GpGb01; @siess06]), the high capture rate might compensate for the low abundances and play an important role in the runaway. Furthermore, previous studies show that in the outer parts of the core, the parts important for our study, Mg is more abundant and can represent up to about $25 \%$ ([@berro94]). Restricting ourselves to the reaction network that includes only 15 elements we assume, as a demonstration, an artificial case of a homogeneous underlying layer with only one isotope (Mg). For this homogeneous layer model we replaced the energy generation rate of proton capture by O with the values of proton capture by Mg Fig. \[fig:Qcapture\]. To check our simplified network, we present in Fig. \[fig:Mg-rates\] the rates computed by a 216 elements network and our modified 15 elements rates, both for a mixture of $90\%$ solar matter with $10\%$ Mg. The difference is much smaller than the difference inside the big network between this mixture and a mixture of $90\%$ solar matter with $10\%$ C-O core matter. Therefore our simplified network is a good approximation regarding energy production rates.
![Log of the total energy production rate for $\rho=1000.0$ gr/cc of a mixture that contains $90\%$ solar matter mixed with $10\%$ of Mg. Red:15 elements net used for the 2D model; Blue: The rates given by a full net of 216 elements. The Black line gives the rates of $90\%$ solar matter mixed with $10\%$ of CO core matter (see text). []{data-label="fig:Mg-rates"}](Mg-rates.eps){width="84mm"}
The crossing of the curves in Fig. \[fig:Mg-rates\] reveals a striking and very important feature - at temperatures less than $1.3\times10^{8}$K a mixture of $10\%$ carbon and $90\%$ solar compostion burns roughly ten times faster than a mixture of $10\%$ magnesium with the same solar composition gas. Above that temperature the rates exchange places and magnesium enhancement dominates C-O enhancement. This emphasizes the importance of a proper treatment of the effects of the $^{24}$Mg abundance in explosive burning on ONe(Mg) white dwarfs. In a future work, we intend to study more realistic models with the inclusion of a detailed reaction network.
In Fig. \[Qmagnesium\] we present the total burning rates in our toy model, together with the rates of previous models.
As can be expected, the enhancement of the burning in this toy model, relative to the 1D model, is indeed observed. However, the development of the runaway although faster than in the underlying O model is still much slower than the rise time of the C-O model. This result is easily overstood via the discussion above, as the initial burning temperature in the model is only ( $9\times10^7 {\rm K}$). At that temperature, the energy generation rate for proton capture on Mg is lower by almost three orders of magnitude relative to the energy generation rate by proton capture on C. The rates are about the same when the temperature is $1.3\times10^8 {\rm K}$ and from there on the magnesium capture rate is much higher. In order to demonstrate that this is indeed the case we calculated another 2D magnesium model in which the initial maximal 1D temperature was $1.125\times10^8 {\rm K}$. The rise time of this model is very short, even shorter than the rise time of the C-O model. One should regard those two simulations as two phases of one process - slow and fast. The maximal achieved temperature is $ 2.45\times 10^8$K and the maximal achieved burning rate is $ 1000.0\times 10^{42} erg/sec $, similar to the C-O case.
![Log of the total energy production rate for all the magnesium models compared to the CO model the 1D model and the oxygen model. The model with initial temperature higher than the default temperature of $ 9\times10^7 K $ is not shifted in time (see text). []{data-label="Qmagnesium"}](v-q-magnesium.eps){width="84mm"}
In order to better understand the convective flow for the case with underlying Mg we generated color maps of the absolute value of the velocity (speed) in the 2D models at different times along the development of the runaway (Fig. \[fig:flow-mg\]). The two Mg cases show extremely different behavior. In the first case (model m12kk Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is low and it grows mildly with time. The convective velocities are converging to a value of a few $ 10^{6} $ cm/sec and the cell size is only a bit bigger than a scale height. In the second case (model m12jj Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is high and it grows rapidly with time. The convective velocities are increasing with time up to a value of a few $10^{7} $ cm/sec. The convective cells in the radial direction converge to a structure of a few scale heights.
In accordance with our previous cases, the magnesium toy model dredge up substantial amounts of matter from the core to the envelope. There is a one to one correlation with the convective velocities. The amount of mixing at the slow initial stages (model m12kk) are small and tend to converge to a few percents. The amount of mixing at the late fast stages grows rapidly with time (Fig. \[Xmagnesium\]). We present here only the general trend detailed results will be presented in a forthcoming study.
conclusions {#conclu}
===========
We present here, for the first time, detailed 2D modeling of nova eruptions for a range of possible compositions beneath the accreted hydrogen layer. The main conclusion to be drawn from this study is that **[significant enrichment (around $30 \%$) of the ejected layer, by the convective drege-up mechanism, is a common feature of the entire set of models, regardless of the composition of the accreting white dwarf]{} . On the other hand, the burning rates and therefore the time scales of the runaway depend strongly on the composition of the underlying layers. There is also a one to one correlation between the burning rate, the velocities in the convective flow, and the amount of temporal mixing. Therefore, second order differences in the final enrichment are expected to depend on the underlying composition. Specific results for each case are as follows :**
a\) Since the energy generation rate for the capture of protons by C is high for the entire temperature range prevailing both in the ignition of the runaway and during the runaway itself, the underlying carbon layer accelerates the ignition and gives rise to C-O enrichment in the range of the observed amounts.
b\) For the densities and temperatures prevailing in nova outbursts helium is an inert isotope. Therefore, it does not play any role in the enhancement of the runaway. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that once the bottom of the envelope is convective, the shear flow induces substantial amounts of mixing with the underlying helium. The eruption in those cases is milder, with a lower burning rate. For recurrent nova, where the timescales are too short for the diffusion process to play a significant role, the observed helium enrichment favor the underlying convection mechanism as the dominant mixing mechanism. Future work dealing with more realistic core masses (1.35-1.4 solar masses) for recurrent novae will give better quantitative predictions that will enable us to confront our results with observational data.
c\) The energy generation rate for the capture of a proton by O is much lower than that of the capture by C for the entire temperature range prevailing in the ignition of the runaway and during the runaway itself. Underlying oxygen, whenever it is present, is thus expected to make only a minor contribution to the enhancement of the runaway. As a result the time scale of the runaway in this case is much larger than that of the C-O case. Still, the final enrichment of the ejecta is above $40 \% $, (Fig. \[Xoxygen\]). The energy generation rate by the capture of a proton by Ne is even lower than that of capture rate by O. We therefore expect Ne to make again only a minor contribution to the enhancement of the runaway, but with substantial mixing.
d\) Nova outbursts on massive ONe(Mg) white dwarfs are expected to be energetic fast nova. In this survey we show that for the range of temperatures relevant for the nova runaway the only isotope that can compete with the C as a source for burning enhancement by overshoot mixing is Mg. From our demonstrating toy model, we can speculate that even small amounts of Mg present at the high stages of the runaway can substantially enhance the burning rate, leading to a faster runaway with a significant amount of mixing. The relationship between the amount of Mg in the ONe(Mg) core, the steepness of the runaway, and the amount of mixing in this case are left to future studies.
Acknowledgments
===============
We thank the referee for his comments which helped us in clarifying our arguments in the revised version of the paper. Ami Glasner, wants to thank the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Chicago for the kind hospitality during his visit to Chicago, where part of this work was done. This work is supported in part at the University of Chicago by the National Science Foundation under Grant PHY 02-16783 for the Frontier Center “Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics” (JINA), and in part at the Argonne National Laboratory by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics, under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.
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\[lastpage\]
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/* TEMPLATE GENERATED TESTCASE FILE
Filename: CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53a.c
Label Definition File: CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805.string.label.xml
Template File: sources-sink-53a.tmpl.c
*/
/*
* @description
* CWE: 122 Heap Based Buffer Overflow
* BadSource: Allocate using malloc() and set data pointer to a small buffer
* GoodSource: Allocate using malloc() and set data pointer to a large buffer
* Sink: snprintf
* BadSink : Copy string to data using snprintf
* Flow Variant: 53 Data flow: data passed as an argument from one function through two others to a fourth; all four functions are in different source files
*
* */
#include "std_testcase.h"
#include <wchar.h>
#ifdef _WIN32
#define SNPRINTF _snwprintf
#else
#define SNPRINTF snprintf
#endif
#ifndef OMITBAD
/* bad function declaration */
void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_badSink(wchar_t * data);
void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_bad()
{
wchar_t * data;
data = NULL;
/* FLAW: Allocate and point data to a small buffer that is smaller than the large buffer used in the sinks */
data = (wchar_t *)malloc(50*sizeof(wchar_t));
data[0] = L'\0'; /* null terminate */
CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_badSink(data);
}
#endif /* OMITBAD */
#ifndef OMITGOOD
/* good function declaration */
void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_goodG2BSink(wchar_t * data);
/* goodG2B uses the GoodSource with the BadSink */
static void goodG2B()
{
wchar_t * data;
data = NULL;
/* FIX: Allocate and point data to a large buffer that is at least as large as the large buffer used in the sink */
data = (wchar_t *)malloc(100*sizeof(wchar_t));
data[0] = L'\0'; /* null terminate */
CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_goodG2BSink(data);
}
void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_good()
{
goodG2B();
}
#endif /* OMITGOOD */
/* Below is the main(). It is only used when building this testcase on
* its own for testing or for building a binary to use in testing binary
* analysis tools. It is not used when compiling all the testcases as one
* application, which is how source code analysis tools are tested.
*/
#ifdef INCLUDEMAIN
int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
/* seed randomness */
srand( (unsigned)time(NULL) );
#ifndef OMITGOOD
printLine("Calling good()...");
CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_good();
printLine("Finished good()");
#endif /* OMITGOOD */
#ifndef OMITBAD
printLine("Calling bad()...");
CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_bad();
printLine("Finished bad()");
#endif /* OMITBAD */
return 0;
}
#endif
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"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
One of the most vexing questions in African-American history is whether free African Americans themselves owned slaves. The short answer to this question, as you might suspect, is yes, of course; some free black people in this country bought and sold other black people, and did so at least since 1654, continuing to do so right through the Civil War. For me, the really fascinating questions about black slave-owning are how many black “masters” were involved, how many slaves did they own and why did they own slaves?
The answers to these questions are complex, and historians have been arguing for some time over whether free blacks purchased family members as slaves in order to protect them—motivated, on the one hand, by benevolence and philanthropy, as historian Carter G. Woodson put it, or whether, on the other hand, they purchased other black people “as an act of exploitation,” primarily to exploit their free labor for profit, just as white slave owners did. The evidence shows that, unfortunately, both things are true. {snip}
In a fascinating essay reviewing this controversy, R. Halliburton shows that free black people have owned slaves “in each of the thirteen original states and later in every state that countenanced slavery,” at least since Anthony Johnson and his wife Mary went to court in Virginia in 1654 to obtain the services of their indentured servant, a black man, John Castor, for life.
And for a time, free black people could even “own” the services of white indentured servants in Virginia as well. Free blacks owned slaves in Boston by 1724 and in Connecticut by 1783; by 1790, 48 black people in Maryland owned 143 slaves. One particularly notorious black Maryland farmer named Nat Butler “regularly purchased and sold Negroes for the Southern trade,” Halliburton wrote.
Perhaps the most insidious or desperate attempt to defend the right of black people to own slaves was the statement made on the eve of the Civil War by a group of free people of color in New Orleans, offering their services to the Confederacy, in part because they were fearful for their own enslavement: “The free colored population [native] of Louisiana … own slaves, and they are dearly attached to their native land … and they are ready to shed their blood for her defense. They have no sympathy for abolitionism; no love for the North, but they have plenty for Louisiana … They will fight for her in 1861 as they fought [to defend New Orleans from the British] in 1814-1815.”
These guys were, to put it bluntly, opportunists par excellence: As Noah Andre Trudeau and James G. Hollandsworth Jr. explain, once the war broke out, some of these same black men formed 14 companies of a militia composed of 440 men and were organized by the governor in May 1861 into “the Native Guards, Louisiana,” swearing to fight to defend the Confederacy. Although given no combat role, the Guards—reaching a peak of 1,000 volunteers—became the first Civil War unit to appoint black officers.
When New Orleans fell in late April 1862 to the Union, about 10 percent of these men, not missing a beat, now formed the Native Guard/Corps d’Afrique to defend the Union. {snip}
{snip}
So what do the actual numbers of black slave owners and their slaves tell us? In 1830, the year most carefully studied by Carter G. Woodson, about 13.7 percent (319,599) of the black population was free. Of these, 3,776 free Negroes owned 12,907 slaves, out of a total of 2,009,043 slaves owned in the entire United States, so the numbers of slaves owned by black people over all was quite small by comparison with the number owned by white people. {snip}
{snip} So why did these free black people own these slaves?
It is reasonable to assume that the 42 percent of the free black slave owners who owned just one slave probably owned a family member to protect that person, as did many of the other black slave owners who owned only slightly larger numbers of slaves. {snip}
{sni}
{snip} Halliburton concludes, after examining the evidence, that “it would be a serious mistake to automatically assume that free blacks owned their spouse or children only for benevolent purposes.” {snip} In other words, most black slave owners probably owned family members to protect them, but far too many turned to slavery to exploit the labor of other black people for profit.
{snip}
If we were compiling a “Rogues Gallery of Black History,” the following free black slaveholders would be in it:
John Carruthers Stanly—born a slave in Craven County, N.C., the son of an Igbo mother and her master, John Wright Stanly—became an extraordinarily successful barber and speculator in real estate in New Bern. As Loren Schweninger points out in Black Property Owners in the South, 1790-1915, by the early 1820s, Stanly owned three plantations and 163 slaves, and even hired three white overseers to manage his property! He fathered six children with a slave woman named Kitty, and he eventually freed them. Stanly lost his estate when a loan for $14,962 he had co-signed with his white half brother, John, came due. After his brother’s stroke, the loan was Stanly’s sole responsibility, and he was unable to pay it.
{snip}
Antoine Dubuclet and his wife Claire Pollard owned more than 70 slaves in Iberville Parish when they married. According to Thomas Clarkin, by 1864, in the midst of the Civil War, they owned 100 slaves, worth $94,700. During Reconstruction, he became the state’s first black treasurer, serving between 1868 and 1878.
Andrew Durnford was a sugar planter and a physician who owned the St. Rosalie plantation, 33 miles south of New Orleans. In the late 1820s, David O. Whitten tells us, he paid $7,000 for seven male slaves, five females and two children. He traveled all the way to Virginia in the 1830s and purchased 24 more. Eventually, he would own 77 slaves. When a fellow Creole slave owner liberated 85 of his slaves and shipped them off to Liberia, Durnford commented that he couldn’t do that, because “self interest is too strongly rooted in the bosom of all that breathes the American atmosphere.”
{snip}
Most of us will find the news that some black people bought and sold other black people for profit quite distressing, as well we should. But given the long history of class divisions in the black community, which Martin R. Delany as early as the 1850s described as “a nation within a nation,” and given the role of African elites in the long history of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, perhaps we should not be surprised that we can find examples throughout black history of just about every sort of human behavior, from the most noble to the most heinous, that we find in any other people’s history.
The good news, scholars agree, is that by 1860 the number of free blacks owning slaves had markedly decreased from 1830. In fact, Loren Schweninger concludes that by the eve of the Civil War, “the phenomenon of free blacks owning slaves had nearly disappeared” in the Upper South, even if it had not in places such as Louisiana in the Lower South. {snip}
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Owning a black slave is useless. It took three of them to do the work of one person. The biggest mistake in world history: bringing Africans to the western hempishere.
AutomaticSlim
Agreed.
And we’ve been paying for that mistake it ever since.
Like an albatross around our necks.
Jedi Mind Tricks
And to think the only thing they’d know is the jungle if the White man, and the Arab never took them out of it.
YngveKlezmer
Exactly. Cannibalism is practiced to this very day in the Congo. We will never take the jungle out of them. As Jared Taylor so candidly observed after Hurricane Katrina, the jungle returns very quickly in our absence.
Participated would be a better word. Where there is money to be made, you will find them.
Formerly_Known_as_Whiteplight
Uh no; some Jews took part, naturally, as they were the most involved ethnic group in merchandizing in Western Europe since Roman times. They sure taught the Dutch how to do it, and it was the Dutch that brought the first slaves to the American Colonies when New York was still New Amsterdam. The Dutch were the first and first most successful non-Jewish international traders, founding and settling South Africa because it was on their route to India and points East. But the funniest thing about this article is the idea that we ought to be surprised that blacks sold blacks. Whites have sold whites, Chinese sold Chinese, etc. This idea of projecting PC attitude retrospectively is about as nonobjective and unscholarly possible.
MarkLuger
I have a list of 15 slave ships owned by Jews. I also have a dvd of Professor Tony Martin explaining how Dutch jews ran the slave trade. Before they got involved with black slaves; jews kidnapped white girls from Europe and sold them to the Middle East. What is the obsession with black slaves? The slaves lived longer than the orphans yanks placed in coal mines and textile mills until 1900; and the slaves were better off than people in Africa are right now. Thanks for the email; have you seen David duke’s website? How about http://www.theneworder.org
Katherine McChesney
According to my brother-in-law from Holland, the Dutch originated the black slave trade.
MarkLuger
According to professor Tony Martin from Boston college Dutch Jews ran the black slave trade. Did you know there are over 300,000 girls used as sex slaves in America right now. The sex slave industry starts in Hollywood and Las Vegas and operates in the biggest cities in Amercia. I have alist of 15 slave ships owned by jews, would you like to see it?
Formerly_Known_as_Whiteplight
I have a list of even more white Europeans who not only had slave ships, but in earlier days sold other white Europeans to North Africans; it’s called “well known history,” opposed to your cadre of David Duke’s mythologizing obsession with Jews and Israel.
MarkLuger
David Duke did not bankrupt this nation; DD did not run Hollywood for the last 50 years like your heroes the smoes; Adolf Hitler did more for this world than all the smoes in the last 2000 combined.
Daisy
You have an obsession with mythologizing jews and Israel.
HamletsGhost
Dutch Jews.
Formerly_Known_as_Whiteplight
I have Dutch friends, too. They said the Jews were only financiers at first because only Jews had the money because Christians were forbidden to handle money early on and the Jews had always been traders. These David Duke guys manufacture phoney data without missing a beat. I have several books on the history of slave trade that tell the story, quite different from David Duke and his minions.
HamletsGhost
I’m not a minion of David Duke, but if he speaks the truth, you should pay more attention to him than to your Dutch friends.
Is it phoney to note that the first synagogue in the United States was founded not in New York, but in Newport, R.I., a major port for the trianglular slave-sugar-rum trade?
The fact that so many people reflexively jump to the Jews’ defense even without hearing the charge evokes the same reactions of people who vehemently insist that Jews don’t control Hollywood, although spending 5 minutes watching the credits roll after every flick should make that question a no-brainer.
In the 90s, a British journalist by the name of Cash noted exactly that, and the flurry of threats disguised as criticism wrought an apology and an admission from him that yes, the Emperor’s new clothes are indeed magnificent.
Le Gaulois
You’re absolutely correct and Duke’s data is actually well documented and backed up by Jewish sources in most cases. Incidentally, he has easily exposed the well known FACT that the Jews indeed control Hollywood by simply quoting Joel Stein who bragged all about it in his L.A Times column:
If it walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, looks like a duck, guess what ?
Daisy
Try reading An Empire of Their Own; How the Jews Invented Hollywood if you’re interested in the history of it.
A Gentile
While there are Jews involved, they are NOT at the top of the pyramid, so to speak.
Jews back in Jesus’ time said “We have no king but Caesar.” Today it’s “we have no king but the pope.” Seriously.
The Vatican has long had a policy of anti-Semitism (even HITLER admitted this). Jews are just a front. Sadly so many are willing to sell out. Why do you think the Rothschilds are known as the pope’s bankers?
What better way to stir up fury against the Jews (thus setting the stage for the Great Tribulation, known as JACOB’S Trouble) than to make them your scapegoats?
HamletsGhost
Seriously? What Jews proclaim they have “no king but the pope”. Can you even name one?
Seriously you need to put away the Jeeboo juice. Seriously.
saxonsun
Ah, and it’s also the other way around: Many condemn the Jews because they hate them for being Jews.
HamletsGhost
Spoken like a true gliberal. I suppose you condemn blacks because you hate them for being black.
Daisy
The jews, the Lobby, and their minions manufacture phoney data without missing a beat. Neither side of the conflict you’re commenting on is innocent of this.
“According to my brother-in-law from Holland, the Dutch originated the black slave trade.”
If that verifiable or is that just the prevailing white self-hatred confession taught in the schools there from early childhood?
saxonsun
The first slave ship to come here was a Dutch slaver in 1619; that’s been my understanding.
Dyrewulf
That is not true. The blacks in Africa that captured and sold other blacks were muslims.
josh
Dont forget the jews
YngveKlezmer
The lyrics of the song “Jet to Jet”, by the 80’s metal band Alcatrazz, express it best: “Black man’s burden is well on his shoulders, keeps him well in his place. 200 pounds worth of N*&^*r weight, it smacks him in the face. There’s no way he should stand for this”–Graham Bonnett, an Englishman, was the lyricist, telling the truth about Black-White race relations in this great song. We have been laboring under the burden of their laziness, ineptitude, and sociopathy for far too long, and we Whites are the ones bearing an albatross.
guest
We could fix this mistake if we ever make up our minds to do it.
MikeS
More like a shock collar on each of our necks that is activated by a button issued by the NAACP to all blacks upon birth.
StillModerated
Africans: the cement overshoes of civilization.
fakeemail
Again, the cheap labor.
saxonsun
Cheap labor? They don’t work that much.
MBlanc46
The work of Robert Fogel at least puts your claim in serious doubt.
Sherman_McCoy
“Time on the Cross” was an interesting book, though I don’t see why if it’s claims that blacks were as valuable chattel relatively well treated and worked less than did Northern industrial workers are violently objected to, should be seen as more believable than his widely accepted claim of black productivity.
In any case, it appears that blacks WERE obviously more useful as slaves than they are as welfare parasites and murderous, rapacious thugs.
josh
A Univ of Chicago economist,with a Nobel in his pants, GaryBecker,claims that the back slaves ate a better diet than the white immigrants up North.The slaves were well treated. The Latin American slaves,OTOH,OY VEY!!!!!
MBlanc46
Also, “Without Consent or Contract”, c. 1990, which is a smoother read than “TotC”.
YngveKlezmer
Biggest mistake indeed. Slackin’ is what they do best. Our type of work ethic is just not in their temperament. Even the well educated ones have the same desire to slack off as much as possible. Take a White supervisor out of the equation, especially, and next to nothing is accomplished, regardless of the task at hand.
LastBastionOfHope
I always wonder what the reaction of our forefathers would be if they could see that blacks now hold whites hostage in their own country. They would probably be absolutely shocked and reinstate slavery.
josh
As everyone here knows by now,slaves were often easily procured by offering payment in desired goods to the African chiefs,who would gladly sell off their own subjects. I think something similar is happening RIGHT NOW. I call it The Grand Bargain. Its simple. The black leadership knows immigration is a disaster fior blacks.Yet they happily-even slavishly,heh heh– go along. Obama is crazy for immigration. He knows damn well that a huge segment of the black populace is literally finished. their is no place for them. NONE. They will live in EBT depravity forever,devolving into a nation of Shitaviouses. Yet blacks go along and say NOTHING,as long as they get theirs.
saxonsun
This is why we keep black males in prison as long as possible. Can you imagine the nightmare if they were on our streets?
refocus
Was it not the King of England and those support that institution who forced the slaves into the new world?
Did the Founders; Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, try to get rid of slavery but could not as the monied interests would not support manumission and repatriation along with the revolution?
Northerner
Whether or not that’s actually true, the more important part to slave owners was that they didn’t have to pay them.
slaves were never needed
That is exactly why African slavery was such a major misguided mistake from the gitgo in the newly opened western hemisphere and total economic insanity not to mention the massive costs and upkeep that bankrupted 50% of large plantations. Hired help paid wages and sharecropping was by far a more eco superior system. Obviously slavery was also a white labor force killer and a major reason non-elite whites lived in such rural poverty in the south as opposed to the north where industrialization jobs were plentiful
It was a bad system and never needed. The major blame goes on the African tribal chiefs who not only cashed in off slavery to the west but killed 2 birds with one stones by cleansing their rejects and undesirables.
saxonsun
And no one speaks about the poor white problem in this country and how released slaves greatly contributed to it.
jay11
You’ll NEVER see this information taught in a class on ‘Afro-American Studies’.
MBlanc46
It’s in many of the standard works on slavery, e.g., Stampp and Genovese. The only people don’t know it are those who don’t look for it.
panjoomby
blacks must’ve been better behaved back then – b/c who on god’s green earth would want to own one today? yuck.
YngveKlezmer
I doubt it. On those farms where a White family only had several Blacks on hand as slaves, the same thing happened as happens now. When one, or just a few Blacks are amongst a large number of Whites, and we vastly outnumber them, the strength of our European culture positively influences them, and their behavior improves.
It is like when you have one or two Blacks in a room with 10 Whites. Those Blacks start to act a lot more White because our culture is the dominant force. Remove 8 of those Whites, though, and replace them with 8 Blacks in the same room, and those Blacks that had acted so nicely around us beginning acting like the other Blacks, and Black culture prevails. The Whites end up leaving the room by choice, and primitve Black culture returns.
Tom Iron
Everything with them is an imitation. When, as you say, they’re acting right, it’s only because they’re outnumbered, not because of any in depth concept of proper behavior.
Jss
Well what makes blacks owning slaves less terrible then Whites owning slaves is blacks at least weren’t racist against there slaves. It’s like when blacks rape and murder Whites. It’s not as bad as what happened to Tanya Brawley and Traybon because at least when Blacks are killing and raping us it isn’t racist.
pcmustgo
Blacks always break out this apples and oranges argument when I mention islamic enslavement of blacks…. “Well, at least the muslims didn’t force them to lose their culture…” Really?
Whatever, Jss, the point is don’t blame us all when 99% of us aren’t descended from slave owners.
Maybe you could spend some time learning about different European cultures- Germans, French, Italians, Spaniards, Norwegians, Russians, Polish…
We’re not just “white”.
I won’t hold my breath
JDInSanDiego
The muslims castrated them. How’s that for preserving their culture?
ladyL
I don’t know what your race/ethnicity is, but as a Descendant of African American Slaves I say that this is not true. If anyone of a race commits a crime against someone of another race and their motives are based on that person being different it is racism. For a Black person to treat a White person ( or one that “appears” to be so) with ignorance and disrespect it is NO different when it is done to them. This a lie that is bought and sold and adds to “the white man owes me all he has and ever will have simply because my people were brought here on a ship, made to work 16 hour days in the hot sun for free, beaten and hung…….” This is not correct behavior. I nor my husband were raised to act this way and nor will my children. I apologize if you were treated badly by people of my race.
Tom Iron
Well, slavery had its day. But that day is long over. What would anyone want a black for a slave for nowadays? They can’t do any productive work in this society that exists today. They’re just here hanging out and carrying on until we finally get tired of putting up with their antics and finally get rid of them, one way or another.
Luca
Actually, slavery is alive and well in that wonderful continent of Africa. They like to tout that Africa is known as the birthplace of Man, but it seems it’s the birthplace of slavery too. They always forget to mention that.
Nathanwartooth
It’s also still useful there because they aren’t out of the stone age yet.
The more advanced the civilization the less use they have for slaves.
Katherine McChesney
NOT out of Africa. Don’t fall for their story that ‘Yacov’ separated us from the blacks because we were ‘crazy’. This ‘Out of Africa’ lie/myth promotes all their believes that they are the superior race. Their grandiosity knows no bounds.
TeutonicKnight67
…and the birthplace of AIDS.
StillModerated
And ebola virus.
ultimate penal colony
Africa was the birthplace of slavery not man but there are plenty of dead ape skulls that evolutionist atheists refer to as early first humans that is total BS unless they were from the original single human race who washed down there from Mesopotamia during the great flood 4500 yrs ago according to the ancient jew Book. Africa was nothing more than the original ultimate penal colony for wild animals and the wild Ham race similar to penal colonies in Australia where the worse criminals were dropped off permanently by the British Empire. Maybe they got the idea from the Torah.
The US military uses Guantanamo Naval base in south Cuba as its proxy penal colony for muslim nutbags but needs to begin sending its own convicted urban criminal murdering thugs there to save billions who would quickly become meek lmice plus cure any fag activity or risk beheadment using sharp objects. If they thought bringing back the death penalty would help prevent capital crime in America they never tried Gitgo.
Katherine McChesney
I think blacks are just like children, immature, lazy by nature, like to play, demanding, attracted to junk, excitable, mean-spirited when they don’t get their way, manipulative, insecure…well, you get the picture. They’re stuck in a permanent childhood.
Torshammar
Yes. They lack control of their own emotions. They act on impulse. They are like children. And we keep paying for them. Let’s stop doing that permanently and live together as Whites. As one without the other.
joegoofinoff
Yes, I’m reading a book published in 1901 written by a black guy entitled, “The American Negro,” authors name, William Hannibal Thomas. If he lived today, he’d be right there with Mr. Taylor. His condemnation of black behavior is total. There was never a Klansman who ever said anything more harsh than this black man about black people. Also, he condemns to the high heavens those Whites (liberals of his time) who think they were helping blacks but in reality are hurting them worse than the worst racist.
“From the experience of all ages and nations, I believe, that the work done by free men comes cheaper in the end than the work performed by slaves. Whatever work he does, beyond what is sufficient to purchase his own maintenance, can be squeezed out of him by violence only, and not by any interest of his own.”
MBlanc46
That’s probably not the case when the work is cotton culture on the gang system.
MBlanc46
Or sugar production in Louisiana.
Nathanwartooth
Why have slaves when you can import millions of non natives to drive down the labor costs? Oh the people here wont work for 2 dollars an hour? Time to offshore or import people.
Luca
A surprisingly honest piece from Prof Gates, who was most famously dishonest and wrong when dealing with the Cambridge police in 2009. Of course it became much more dishonest when the Idiot in Chief announced that the Cambridge police “acted stupidly”.
In this piece Gates asserts that some blacks bought family members as an at of benevolence to free them and this is true; some did. But what would have been nice and a bit more balanced is if he also had stated that far more white abolishionists and religious organizations, did this and on a far greater scale.
Most of the blacks who owned slaves, especially in Louisiana, were not altogether black per se but mulatto, quadroon or further miscegenated. African Americans are very conscious of skin tone and percentage of white blood and the lighter ones have frequently felt superior to their darker brethren. Turns out blacks are racist toward other (darker) blacks too.
AutomaticSlim
Not so sure I would refer to him as a professor.
I wouldn’t give much credit to anyone whose field of “expertise” ends in the word “studies”.
MBlanc46
His PhD is in English literature from Cambridge.
AutomaticSlim
Perhaps, but his wikipedia page states that he was a lecturer in “afro-american studies” at Yale and Duke prior to joining Harvard as a “professor of English”. And then if you scroll down to the books he has written, you will notice that none of them have anything to do with English Literature, but rather are the typical black-studies kind of garbage you would expect from a guy like this. Books with titles such as “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man”.
Katherine McChesney
and he probably promotes Afrocentrism.
MBlanc46
His earlier books were lit crit, focusing on Afro-American literature. He’s become something of a public figure and television celebrity and his more recent work has been directed at the more general audience. His PhD is a real one (his first book is basically his dissertation), he’s a real scholar, and not an Afro-Centrist.
AutomaticSlim
All of the titles I saw had something to do with blacks, in one way or another.
He even had a book with the word “monkey” in the title.
Is he an actual PhD, or like so many “Professors”, Black and White, “Ph.D. (cand)?” To me, the title “Professor” refers to a professor who does not have a doctorate.
fred
He be studyin’ dat ole willy shakespeare? To be oh not to be,dass da question!!
Sherman_McCoy
To be fair, he doesn’t look to be much more than a quarter black. though the victim mentality is obviously strong in him.
Luca
I had to deal with a fool like him at work who accused me of not dealing fairly with blacks. This guy looked Egyptian but had an English name, he must have been 1/16th black; he was probably Creole.. I told him I didn’t even know he was black. I guess I neglected to give him special treatment. You know that ol’ one drop rule, they’ll wear that race card out even if they can only claim 1/16th of it.
torshammar
I’ve experienced the same on numerous occasions. Let’s put an end to it.
Luca
He should have studied law. That Cambridge cop was right to call him outside and he was wrong to rant and rave. No one ever mentions this, but if a cop thinks someone broke into your home and you are the homeowner, you could have a perp hiding in the closet or somewhere else, so it’s wise to ask the homeowner to come outside while the cops search the home. Someone should have mentioned this to him and the Kenyan, but then it would have shattered the narrative the media was trying to portray.
And I am still promulgating the theory that Gates planned this in advance because he wanted an incident with a cop. That’s because he wanted the publicity, as he was becoming yesterday’s news in the universe of black studies talking heads. He just never expected actually to be arrested.
AutomaticSlim
That’s a very reasonable theory given all the hoaxes these “black studies” types undertake on college campuses.
Also reasonable considering that blacks have a world class reputation for engaging in cheap stunts and theater in order to get people to pay attention to them.
Luca
Al except Rev. Al Sharptongue, he is a true man of principle and morals. (gag)
Daisy
From the start I thought that it was intentional but I never considered ‘planned.’ I assumed the Obama presidency profoundly disconcerted africanistas; no longer could they exploit black victimology. Plus, it was so displacing in terms of attention, glory, power and so I sensed, given the timing particularly, intent to provoke. If he planned it, though, he would have needed to get arrested to actually make news.
I don’t think he necessarily needed to be arrested, but he wanted and in fact needed to be accosted. From then, open trap, and there would come running the Boston media and soon after the national media.
pcmustgo
ditto in caribbean, mulatto elite
YngveKlezmer
Because they know that White genes mean better intellect and behavior, and this is why Black men who are climbing the socioeconomic ladder love to miscegenate with White women. We Whites should all be repulsed by this, as the White party involved in miscegenation is literally throwing their heritage in the garbage. The result will not only not be in the likeness of the White parent, but will surely have an inferior intellect to what would be possible with a racially pure White child. Even if the White parent is not the sharpest tool in the shed, the roll of the dice of genetics means that the odds are against the Mulatto having a stronger intellect. This is why miscegenation used to be against the law, and still should be.
Nathanwartooth
Well to be fair the subtext of the article was that many Blacks bought slaves to help people but Whites did not.
You can’t hide the past but you can change how it is presented.
Daisy
Gates says it would be ‘fair to assume’ that 43% of the black slaveholders bought family members as that was the percentage of black owners having one or just a few slaves. I don’t know that asserting that all of that 43% were benevolent is justified; many whites owned just one or a couple slaves. “If you love someone, set them free.” If these black owners really loved their slaves they wouldn’t have ‘owned’ them but would have simply freed them. He also makes another sketchy conclusion, asserting that it was an act of progress that fewer blacks owned slaves over time, but it seems obvious this may have been due to whites increasingly refusing to sell to them as the Civil War loomed.
sbuffalonative
This article is why Mr. Gates is persona non-grata in the black community. Sometimes he tells the truth and blacks appreciate only the truths that fit their black-and-white agenda.
In other words, most black slave owners probably owned family members to protect them, but far too many turned to slavery to exploit the labor of other black people for profit.
So blacks exploited black labor for their own benefit. This isn’t shocking. What’s surprising is how blacks have managed to keep this quiet for this long.
Blacks have been enslaving blacks for centuries. They’re still doing it today. In some black nations, it’s not even questioned.
YngveKlezmer
Mr. Gates is either lying, or expressing self-serving bias with this. I am inclined to believe that he is engaging in the former. Blacks do not have the same reverence for the truth that we do, and education does not change this in them.
sbuffalonative
When it comes to black history which places blacks an unfavorable light, blacks turn to the idea of ‘nuanced’ history.
It works like this:
While whites are evil incarnate, blacks can be forgiven and excused for their past sins because their are always reasons for their actions. Blacks are, by nature, good and kind people who have been forced to do bad things because ‘the (blue eyed) devil made them do it’.
This is nothing more than Mr. Gates’ attempt to blunt an historical fact that portrays blacks in a bad light
anarchyst
“Nuanced” history also applies to those of the “tribe” that STILL make excuses for their “invention”–communism. They still state that communism is viable “if properly applied”. Communism eventually “turned” on its “inventors . . .
StillModerated
Whenever I talk philosophy with a “freed slave” I always get Marx and Engels. A clever black man is usually a college indoctrinated parrot.
Pelagian
This proves that slavery has/had nothing to do with racism?
Next argument, please ….
shawnmer
What it “proves” is that it wasn’t an exclusively white sin, even here at ground zero for supposed white evil, pre-Civil War America. You know, you’d almost think that, to your mind, the “racism” you want to morally preen over was a greater misdeed than the slavery itself.
MBlanc46
“What it “proves” is that it wasn’t an exclusively white sin”.
Well said.
Jss
You are taking a simplistic view of slavery. While black on black slavery was unfortunate it was less relevant in the historical context because only White on black slavery was racist and White racism is the only thing past or present that is wrong in the world. Do you think what happened to Shannon Newsom was as bad as what happened to Crystal whatever from the duke lacrosse case? If you do you are a racist, white supremacist, neo nazi Klansman.
You see if you stop looking through the post neo colonial, social pan optical, social dialectic of patriarchal economic matrix’s you will see that anytime blacks do something wrong its just a construct of White oppression. So in the name of racial justice and healing we racist Whites need to pay all blacks on the planet reparations for black on black slavery.
I swear hear in Brooklyn, we attract a lot of these sociologist types who move into black neighborhoods and then whine about other whites moving in and gentrifying them.
Many whites have a “Dancing with Wolves”, “I’m here to Rescue the Blacks/Oppressed Non-White People martyr complex”.
YngveKlezmer
If we pay them back for slavery, than we are paying them back for former injustices committed. If we pay them back for injustices, the right and just thing would be for them to pay us back for the injustices committed against us. This would mean that they owe millions of us for having worked harder than we need to at our jobs while Black co-workers slack off and are not punished due to their race, and they owe millions of us for bullying us just for being White in school, and for acting of savage violence committed against us just because we are White.
A prime example is the present conditions in South Africa. Whites are the victims of a genocide campaign. Should not every BLack who has hurt a killed a White in that country be required to pay reparations to that WHite, or to their family??
libertarian 1234
These people live, breath, sleep and eat slavery and racism 24/7 to the exclusion, ALMOST, of everything else. And everything they do wrong, everything they fail in, every pathology within their group, is blamed on these two things…..perpetrated by whitey of course.
They do as they do, because they’re basically arrogant and have a delusionally inflated image of themselves, so they need to blame their failures on something besides their own incompetence.
The only other alternative they have is to admit they can’t cut it in a first world society, and they’re not about to admit that. Besides the perks they get from the radicals on the left and their status as privileged subjects of the empire are too good to give up.
Notice that this Gates, or Farrakhan, or Jesse or Al, or Tavist Smiley, or Cornel West or Michael Dyson, et al, never mention that blacks in other societies outside of the US, whose ancestors were never slaves, don’t do any better than US blacks.
I’m wondering what kind of excuses they would give in response to that? It would be interesting to hear, if for no other reason than to get a good laugh.
These people live, breathe, sleep and eat slavery and racism 24/7 to the exclusion, ALMOST, of everything else.
Me to NAACP executive: “Look at this. I have a time machine. I’m going to get into it, go back in time, and totally stop black slavery.”
NAACP to me: “Noooooooo! Don’t do that! I’m making too good of a living!” As he takes a baseball bat to my flex capacitor.
pcmustgo
They’re also (dangerously) dumb enough to believe all their afro-centrist and left-wing fairy tales.
Luis
Even the Bantus playing professional sports and getting paid millions of dollars to do it, never lose that “slave” and ‘plantation” mentality. Never.
Case in point: During the last NBA lockout, Commissioner David Stern was accused of acting like he was holding Bantus down on the plantation.
Such simple people getting paid at the very least hundreds of thousands of dollars if not millions, when there is absolutely nothing else that they could be doing which gives them a minimum salary which puts them clearly in the Top 1% of income earners (and usually more)…then the big bad commissioner locks them out…what else are they to think? Don’t expect their wee little brains to grok first world nuances about organized labor disputes.
YngveKlezmer
Actually, Blacks in their native Africa have a far worse standard of living than they do in our country. Even Blacks in Detroit or Gary are far better off than they would be in Africa. Gates, Tavis Smiley, Farrakhan, Obama, and all of the rest of the high profile Blacks who play these race games know this. They are race hustlers, and are willful in what they are doing. Their intent is to steal as much as they can from our European societies,
Ross Kardon
Muhammed Ali said this about American slavery “I’m glad my ancestors were on that boat!”
KevinPhillipsBong
“I’m wondering what kind of excuses they would give in response to that? It would be interesting to hear, if for no other reason than to get a good laugh.”
I can tell you what they’d say. They’d say its because Africans cannot repay the billions in loans made to them by Western nations, therefore modern Africans are living in a sort of continental debtor’s prison. How can the poor starving sub-Saharans attain first world status when they start out so far in debt? In other words, they’d say its whitey’s fault.
guest
This info will never make it in the “revisioned” history books. Those who try to distort history aim to keep it anti-white, and they won’t want this info about black slave-owners come to light. They want us to be blind and deceived into believing what they want us to see as factual and to never question them.
pcmustgo
This is why I want CONTROL OF THE HISTORY BOOKS ARE CHILDREN ARE TAUGHT WITH as number one priority for Tea Party people and people concerned about the plight of Euro-Americans. This is the number one issue to seize on. We have millions of people being brainwashed to hate whites.
AutomaticSlim
I do not mind so much that they hate me.
My problem is that way too many of my kind do not accept the reality of the situation.
MBlanc46
I don’t know whether Stampp and Genovese count as “revisioned” but you’ll find it there.
Paleoconn
White countries were the first ones to abolish slavery. Only 2% of Whites owned slaves in the USA. Many Whites were indentured servants or slaves or serfs through history. See Jim Goad’s Redneck Manifesto and another book he references They Were White And They Were Slaves.
The Cherokee also owned black slaves.
Also, 95% of trans-Atlantic slave trade was not for the USA. And finally black slaves traders pleaded with England to not abolish slavery in the early 1800s.
But keep believing what they teach in school that all Whites owned all the blacks as slaves, and no blacks were slave-owners and no Whites were slaves.
eduard
They were white and they were slaves – written by Michael Hoffman II, and well worth reading.
pcmustgo
That’s why I want our number cause and goal to be to create a movement to get textbook writers and teachers to embrace and teach what you just said. You forgot the 1,000 year muslim slave trade part though…And the african tribal slavers enslaving other tribes. And that it still exists there.
Paleoconn
Agreed, and the fact that slavery among these peoples go on to this very day, but do-gooder liberals like to moralize on White man’s past transgressions rather than focus on the evil present in the here and now. It is why we will continue to hear about how bad Apartheid was (even though millions of black Africans moved there under the Apartheid regime), but we won’t hear a peep about the shithole the country is degenerating to each day under bantu rule.
Again, like I mentioned, attempting to save face after his anti-white, racist personal attack against that innocent white cop.
The__Bobster
Freed slaves had a great rate of slave ownership than did Whites.
And the lead rabble rouser on the Amistad, Cinque, became a slave trader himself.
Snowhitey
And Henry Louis Gates has also admitted on “The Root” website that it was only 378,000 Africans that were brought to what is now the United States as slaves. Liberals refuse to believe this and state it was anywhere from several million to as many as 20 million over several centuries. I believe South America received more than North American, far more. You see, the figure 378,000, which turned into about 42,000,000 today, just doesn’t seem as horrific so they change it without any consequences.
Our history is not distorted by the revisionists, it is completely and totally changed.
pcmustgo
Gates has been writing these articles almost as an apology to white folk after the gates-gate incident where he falsely accused a cop of racism. Throwing us a bone, atoning, at least to save public face.
He wrote another great article a bit after that about how the myth blacks push about “africans not knowing how cruel the slave trade was to their fellow africans” as joke given that the children of African chiefs would ride aboard these ships to get an education in europe. And not in the cargo section, like the rest of the slaves. And they had to have seen the poor treatment.
Gates does this as if to say, “I’m not a Black Racist after all!”
But I guess whites have to be happy anytime Blacks “throw us a bone”. They’re never very fair minded to the rest of the time.
MBlanc46
I don’t know which liberals you’re talking about, but c. 400,000 is the generally accepted figure in the literature on the subject.
Snowhitey
No one mentioned literature although I am quite confident there are thousands of books that distort the actual figures. Here’s a good place to start. The liberal website “The Stranger.”
“During the period of slavery the slave population in the slave states was around 25%. According to shipping records in London over 12 million slaves passed through London on their way to america until slavery was outlawed in
England in 1810. London was only one of several major ports of “export”. France outlawed it earlier in 1789, the USA not until after the Civil War, free labor was good for business. The total number of slaves imported into the US has been reliably estimated as being around 20 to 30 million during the approximate 300 years we had slavery.”
The way blacks breed, we’d have about 300,000,000 of them in this country alone. Although it often seems there are that many.
The Internet is filled with comments like this one. Time to take off the paper bag.
MBlanc46
I tend to read real books rather than Internet sites. The information is very much better. I’m talking about the major researchers researchers of the last fifty years such as Stampp, Fogel, and Genovese. You mention “thousands of books that distort the actual figure”, but you don’t give a single citation.
MikeofAges
The United States banned the importation of slaves in 1808. Maybe 60,000 were imported illegally between then and 1860. Maybe about 250,000 imported during the first 20 years under the constitution. About 400,000 between 1600 and the 1787.
The rest went elsewhere in the Americas, to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies primarily.
sbuffalonative
This is why Gates is hated by blacks.
While he tries to frame historical issues in terms of black suffering, he does try to stick with factual data; ie. the true number of blacks slaves was lower than blacks want to believe and blacks did own slaves.
He was vilified by blacks for his PBS series, Wonders of the African worldhttp://www.pbs.org/wonders/ because he interviewed African descendants involved in the slave trade. He tried to get them to apologies but they wouldn’t.
He gave a lecture that was broadcast on c-span and after he was almost lynched by the angry black mob.
YngveKlezmer
Of course they owned other Blacks as slaves, and of course their motivations were not altruistic, as Sharpton, Jackson, and Farrakhan would love for us White follks to believe. The primary reason Blacks became slaves was that Africa was, and still is, in a constant state of tribal warfare. When the European ships first arrived in the African ports, Europeans were offered African slaves for sale. These slaves had been held in bondage by rival African tribes in interior areas, and had been treated far worse by their fellow Africans than they would be by their White purchasers.
In comparison, in fact, White Southerners were downright humane in their treatment of their slaves when compared to treatment at the hands of their fellow Africans. In keeping with their European cultural heritage, White Southerners, by and large, treated Blacks as people, fed them well and made sure they had good living quarters, and only expected what was reasonable, that their slaves would be good workers.
Interviews of former Black slaves, done around 1900, in fact, reflected that at least 70% of then former slaves had nothing but good memories of their White masters. They had been fed and clothed well, and treated with respect and kindness. Many, in fact, chose not to leave the White families they had worked for after the Emancipation Proclamation freed them, because they had had a good life in slave days, and obviously feared having to make their own way in the world.
How much better a testimony could one ask for to the benevolence of European Americans?? We racial realists who have been around Blacks know their temperament, and how difficult they are. My suspicion is that, most often, the White slave master was far too kind to his Black slaves, and that the slaves tended to slack off as much as possible, and were actually a burden on the farming operation. When slaves were beaten, most likely it was the case of a good man who lost his temper, and for good reason. Work simply had not been done despite a first rate meal, massive amounts of food or goods had been stolen, a Wife or Daughter had been harassed or even sexually violated, etc.
In the case of the Black slave masters mentioned in this article, my suspicion is that true slavery was probably the rule with their slavery, with daily beatings, a rudimentary diet, sexual slavery of the young women, etc. After all, this has always been, and always will be the way society operates in Africa. In Liberia, where most former American slaves lived upon resettlement in Africa after Emancipation Proclamation, slavery was shamefully brutal, not even comparable to the good old American South.
Athling
One can imagine the fun had blacks been in a position to own whites as slaves.
Bill Dietyl
Somehow I dont think Whites would have been treated very well. The women would have been sexual toys and the men used for target practise.
Northerner
Blacks may have had black slaves, and African leaders may have been involved in the slave trade sending blacks to America… but at the end of the day, the degree / magnitude of interracial slavery by white slave owners of blacks is the only thing people care about. The kicker is that this isn’t ancient history; It happened in a time when clear records were kept and is close enough to the present that people still remember.
When England merchant banker Rothchilde came up with the idea to finance slavery he knew it was not needed and a terrible economic idea and a death knell to the entire western hemisphere but saw an opportunity to scam elite landowners looking for cheap labor while charging as high as 50,000 in todays prices for each slave from Africa. Noone knows what tribal chiefs sold them off for who were usually their captives in warfare or rejects of the tribes, but it was probably very little. Clearly there was a mass sales market over 250 yrs that European nations bought these rejects off the chieftains involving tens of millions as tribal leaders purged and cleansed their African continent of their undesirables and hocked them off to plague the western nations creating a boondoggle of immense size that has only gotten worse and allowed the introduction of the scavenger Marx and his peasant tool Lincoln who never attended a day of school or college in his life and posed as a fake lawyer only after being discharged from the Mex American war by US Military Academy grads Gen Robert E Lee and Gen Jefferson Davis after only a few months going AWOL in cowardly fashion in 1848. Lincoln then went to Springfield IL to try his hand at politics since politics and religion are the last refuge of the scoundrel. America was doomed.
Thor Bonham
So they actually should be paying themselves reparations, eh ?
5Sardonicus
Of course, blacks owned slaves in the ante-bellum South. Blacks were complicit in the slave trade in Africa, which couldn’t exist without their cooperation. I suspect that slavery is still practiced in some African backwaters. Whites are foolish to feel guilty for historical slavery. Particularly, as it was universally practiced and was eliminated by Europeans before most other countries.
Daisy
Whites don’t feel internal guilt so much as they are shamed by the powers-that-be for not feeling it.
bigone4u
I doubt that even one in a hundred college students knows that blacks owned and still own slaves. Spread this info around and cite the source of the original article, which appears to be a pro-black website. If you cite Amren as the source, you will be dismissed by many liberals.
sbuffalonative
Yes, always use original source material. In this case, The Roots article by [black] academic Henry Louis Gates Jr.
If you cite AR, they’ll dismiss your arguments as racist. If you cite a black author, then they have to debate you.
donkey butt arrogant Gates
Gates is a jackass arrogant pos who thinks he is above the law and should have been arrested and thrown in jail by the cops for disorderly conduct and impersonating a human being. Their biggest problem is arrogance and cockiness these days. What a joke they are.
Of course they owned slaves. They are lying hypocrites if they say otherwise. Indians were big time slave owners too especially the Cherokee tribes.
the real root
Did black people own slaves by Root? The real “root” was white slave traders bought tens of millions of black slaves off African tribal chiefs. Where did Gates mention that? And thank G-d for white slave traders as otherwise there would not be a single black in the west had it not been for them and the slave owning chiefs selling their rejects.
josh
I wonder,do black pimps own white hookers to “exploit” them or to protect them?
Katherine McChesney
To disgrace them.
Daisy
Good point.
Free Travel For blacks
WE DO OWE BLACKS FOR BRINGING THEM HERE:
We need to do the right thing.
We need to offer EVERY black who feels mistreated in America a FREE one way ticket back to Africa along with $25,000 cash money.
All they need to do to qualify is Renounce Their U.S. Citizenship which they do not seem to appriciate and sign documents that they will never return to the USA, with very serious consequences if they do, not free housing, health care and welfare like we give our “South of The Border invaders (sic) but serious time on a Chain Gang before Deportation.
At $25,000 each we will be coming our billions of dollars ahead.
Few people know it costs $50,000 a year to keep a black incarcerated in prison.
Dede Anderson
You Do Realize That You are also Not native to America. Hence the Word Native Americans or The Indigenous People of America. Just as Africans were brought here, So were Europeans although most came. Which would mean Technically You do not OWN or have any rights to America, only the Native/Indigenous People that were here way before Columbus So Called Discovered it, Would have the so Called rights to America. So if your giving out tickets to Africa, Give yourself one as well and head back to Europe.
HamletsGhost
This information will remain buried like all other instances of blacks’ true nature, because it doesn’t fit the bill of “Blacks good, whites bad” that young people have drummed into their heads daily.
I read about blacks’ ownership of slaves a long time ago and also heard the excuse that they did it to “protect” their family members from whites. But on closer inspection, it doesn’t really hold up. If slaves were freed legally, they could enjoy the same legal protection that their equally free family members already enjoyed. What law worked for one would also protect the other.
More likely is the fact that by owning their family, blacks could more easily control them. Looking at black family dynamics today, there seems to be a surfeit of controlling behavior, jealousy, and physical abuse. What better way for a black man to keep his woman from leaving him and his children obedient than to legally own them and have the right to whip them or sell them if they got too “uppity”.
There was a book published on this subject in the early 1990s, before it became so political, or at least as tainted as the subject is now called “Black Masters.” I kick myself for not getting a copy back then.
MarkLuger
Who cares if black guys had to work and live with black women 100’s of years ago/? My race dropped napalm on Dresden for no reason, does anyone cry about that?? All we hear is waaaa, I’s had to work and libs wif a black woman, waaaa.
My feeling is that the whole history of slavery is one that is very problematic to understand or right about.
Think about it this way…100 years from now, if there are still people around to document our times, they will no doubt see that many black people were in prison. And they will wonder…those people were so racist, so evil, so cruel, so barbaric as to have these enormous prisons, and people kept in them! And they will have museums where people will go and you and the kids can take a picture where you are “behind bars” or something like that.
But of course, from our perspective, we know the truth. We lock up rapists and murderers and drug dealers! And black people happen to be those things!
It’s like when you hear about lynchings, and everybody today, in our “enlightened” age thinks it was horrific and those poor blacks and those evil southerners, etc. But many of those lynchings were for criminal, violent activity! The townspeople were actually just protecting themselves, keeping themselves safe.
It’s sort of the same with slavery. No doubt many aspects of it were bad. But, also, alot of those blacks had it much better than they would have had it belonging to some tribe in Africa.
Ross Kardon
Why did free blacks own slaves? To work in their fields, plantations, mines, factories, workshops, and other purposes, just like any white slave owner.
How would the public, both blacks and whites, react if a mainstream movie, or prime time TV mini-series about American slavery were made, in which the “massa” himself is a free black man? For example, I remember back in 1977, the release of the TV mini-series “Roots” caused serious racial problems. It was not until recently, I learned that “Roots” was plagiarized by Alex Haley from the Harold Courtlander novel “The African”.
Of course, most people do not study history on their own like I do for a hobby, and are very prone to believing about history what they have learned in school, see in movies, and on TV dramas, which is often historically inaccurate.
It was black Africans themselves who originated the black slave trade. Simply put, one tribe would raid the village of an enemy tribe and sell the people they caught to white merchant ship captains off the coast of Africa. After 1808, slave trading from the United States was technically illegal, but there were still slave smuggling ships from the United States up until the Civil War, because of the money to be made.
Unfortunately, slavery is still going on today, Now it is called, human trafficking. Organizations like Free the Slaves, and other human rights groups, are modern-day abolitionists who are now fighting it. But this makes me wonder, what if a benefit fundraiser to fight human trafficking was held at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, NYC?
slavery a bad economic system
Africans were the original slave owners. Sneaky tribal chief con artists sold tens of millions of their rejects most who were captives or inferiors in the tribe. Otherwise they would have been cannibalized. Foolish white slaves trader merchants sucked into the gimmick shipped them west and of course the western elite were gullible to fall for this trick when slaves were needed like a hole in the head and the worst of economy systems. These white Shem race Europeans could have enslaved the migrant Asian mongoloid Japheth race who had crossed over the Bering ice bridge 1000 yrs earlier but were tricked into going to Africa and buying the Ham servant race as they were called in the Torah’s Genesis. It was a heb Rothchilde trick.
Since his parents were missionarys to Japan where he got hooked on the yellow mongoloid pagans Amren’s Taylor was obviously a rebel like all offspring of these types. The preachers daughter or son was always the wild child when unchained. This is why he rejects any white man religion controvery discussion and protects so called hebs who have a disconnect with WMR although missionary’s all have a superiority complex when it comes to their belief system.. In the end slavery was the worst eco system and opened the door to Marx and his tool Lincoln. The rest is bloody history and inferior genetics.
G. Carter Woodson is such a BSer on this point. To “own” someone as a matter of “benevolence” toward your kinfolk. Pure crap! If one were “benevolent” one would buy and then immediately release and free forever (“emancipate”) one’s family member. The fact that the kept them as slaves long enough to have them listed on a decennial census puts the lie to that. Black americans bought and sold slaves for the same reasons black africans always have: to make money! Black in Haiti keep slaves to this very day for the same reason: they are cheap exploitable labor. Google “restavek”.
Sherman_McCoy
If blacks were treated as they deserve, in terms of criminal prosecutions, television depictions, report of their inferior IQ’s, the real reasons they cannot keep up with whites in school, then I would not hate them nearly as much as I do. The denial of reality is what turns people into extremists, not fair treatment.
ladyL
I am interested to know examples of the treatment blacks deserve. I am also interested as to why. Thank you!
gates is a pos
Gates is one useless lying arrogant pos who unquestionably came from one of the worst rejected inferior lines in Africa who were the first to be sold and board the western bound ship by tribal chiefs snickering and trying to hold back their laughter while signing a big relief to have his kind purged completely. Clearly Gates was the original Kunte Kinte but not the Hollywood fiction and only a wimpy runt bed wetter.
guest
Did blacks own black slaves 150+ years ago? YES.
Do blacks own black slaves in the United States, right now, today? ALSO YES!
When visiting Louisiana years ago I took a tour of an old plantation and was surprised to find out that the slave owner was a brown skinned woman. She was Creole, which is a mixture of African, Indian, and European, in some cases. If you ask ten Louisianans what a Creole is, you will get ten different answers. In either case, Laura looks Indian. Some of the family members are of French descent, so apparently they were not against intermarriage between the races.
Well,
I’ll be darned. Black people exploiting other Buh-lacks. Hey, wait a minute.
Aren’t 99% of pimps and heroin dealers in and to the Schwartz menschen Black?
Oh, honky Whitey made me do it, somehow connected with slavery and past
exploitation.
Patrick Boyle
Slavery of course was a universal economic strategy. It is not just restricted to humans much less just whites. Social insects also raid other colonies and steal slaves. Human slavery began probably with the neolithic revolution. Hunter-gatherers can’t take slaves out on hunting parties but slaves are valuable as soon as you invent agriculture.
So the black activist Gates chooses to state that blacks owned slaves in the US, implying that they only did so because they were imbeded in a white slave culture. But blacks also had slavery back in Africa. They probably got slavery later than Europeans because they got agriculture later.
Gates wants to associate whiteness with slave owning but it is more true to say that whiteness is associated with ending slavery. Gates is a bigot.
Pelagian
Is there a good history of slavery going back to biblical times that offers a defense of 19th century American slavery? Or at least a good contextualization of it? I want to read-up. Thanks.
slavery was a bad mistake
Slavery was a catastrophic mistake and needed like a hole in the head. Did the slave traders and slave buyers really and truly think this whole thing out before they jumped into it head first getting suckered by the tribal chiefs getting rid of their rejects conning them off on the white man who paid as much as 50,000 in todays dollars for every single slave to do incredibly easy soft labor 8-12 months out of the year picking cotten or cleaning house while getting everything paid for and the biggest part getting out of that god awful wretched hellhole jungle 3rd world existence?
Clearly they were happy to get away from the stench of the jungle otherwise they would have all returned to that wretched hellhole Africa in 1821 with Liberia or in 1865 or other times.
Blacks in America need to get on ther hands and knees and kiss the feet of the white elite for taking out of hellish African savage misery and bringing them into the light and same for the Europeans who colonized the African jungles and upgraded their lives.
No wonder the free slaves in 1865 showed their affection and eternal appreciation keeping the last names of their former owners and even gong to work for them for wages. They certainly never returned to Africa where they were not wanted.
Dont believe all the revisionist lies about abuse of slaves as they were treated with respect and dignity otherwise not a single reparation lawsuit was ever filed by an ex-slave and they still carry the surnames of their master to this day in 2013. Why do they give the tribal chiefs a free pass who sold them off and of course they owned slaves.
Ever heard of white slavery? White slaves built and maintained Europe for thousands of years. That should have never ended. Whites never needed black slaves for anything. It was the worst of the worst economic systems and opened the door for satanic Marx. Had blacks remained in Africa they would be happy. Ignorance is bliss.
MikeofAges
Nobody want to remember that human beings once lived in the real world. You ate what you grew, raised, gathered or hunted. Or didn’t eat at all. Anything you had that was made was made by someone you could see with your own eyes, or at someone like the people you could see in your daily world. People want to believe things that are not real because they want to live in a mental world which is not real, but want to believe that it is real. If you want to believe in a false present and false future, then you need a false past to go with it. If people wanted to live in the real world, they’d be yelling for job, any reasonable job, and a paycheck at the end of the week. Then, again, in the world today, maybe it makes more sense to yell for a bigger handout. Worldwide, the economic system seems incapable of creating jobs.
Johnwharl
I’ll like to own a few white people.
Ella
You never hear about slavery of White Europeans along the Barbary Coast (North Africa). Sex slave trade for White women does not leave enough shock to these PC scholars. White males were shipped off to the quarries if captured through raids. So-called scholars claim it’s not racism since Whites only have the power to oppress non-Whites. They must assume that all Europeans were rich from stolen wealth.
saxonsun
Yes, the Arabs took about a million whites into slavery–they devastated many parts of Europe. You never hear about it. Also, whites were considered stupid by the Arabs and less valuable. Talk about racism.
candidhandle
Forgive me, but here are the facts: afroids, negroid sub saharan africans by any name, were,
pay attention, LIVE STOCK, not members of civilized society. negroes sold negroes, and played on the morality of whites to create a parasite on the body social, the afroid negro.
Lincoln wanted to send them back to africa, but the militant blackoids murdered him,
and now the beastial negro is polluting the body politic. may obama and his ilk reap what they sow. the gated communties will be happy hunting grounds for the underclass that voted the demons in office. ha, the last laugh will be so sweet. 7 shots for a drunk affirmative action hire means 8 shots missed and the elite will have their asses in a bind. have to use pencils to fight with. ha.
American Patriot
Lets not forget that the vast bulk of the slave catchers & sellers in Africa were African……and that slavery when finally stamped out in Africa by the Brits returned full force after 1960 once the White Man put his burden of civilizing the uncivilisable down. BTW, slavery has never left the areas ruled by moslems.
gates tells the truth for once
Shhh .. keep it quiet ok? Tribal chiefs who sold off all the slaves to the white man owned a billion slaves too and still do …
Joseph
If these benevolent black slave owners kept black slaves “to protect that person”, what would prevent them from emancipating them voluntarily even if they stayed with the family.
This is the usual noise from the left; “If we do it it is not the same”.
Alexandra
Isn’t this the guy that had the beer summit with Obama?
Fed Up
I would like to recommend a few good books for AmRen people to read: >”48 Liberal Lies about American History” by Larry Schweikart. “The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Civil War” by H. W. Crocker III. Also “Death By Liberalism”, by J. R. Dunn. These books, as a number of others in this genre will certainly open your mind and refocus your thinking.
(No, I am not selling them, nor have a financial interest — I am just tired of the liberal lying we get from all directions in today’s politically correct [NOT] world!)
Fed Up
What neither liberals nor Blacks will admit: Slavery would have ended by the beginning of the 20th Century. If only for the simple reason slavery stacked the deck against Whites who did not own slaves of their own. Because a White worker could not compete effectively wage-wise against a slave doing the same job.
saxonsun
He had an article–can’t remember where–that castigated blacks for refusing to see the truth about their precious ancestors selling them.
JD
Read the book , the politically incorrect guide to the south and why it will rise again, The author makes a lot of good points on slavery. Such as, the first person to ever legally own a slave in America was a black man named Anthony Johnson, some of the largest slave owners were blacks, whites did not mistreat their slaves, just like they dont mistreat there property today. They were only whipped or hung if they had commited a crime, just like they do still today, in Africa.
lugnut
Freed black slaves mostly in La and the north had to pay to buy their relatives and others from white slave owners. Many people mistakenly assume black people owned slaves, because they found their names on bills of sale. Just because their names of people whose freedom they purchased were found on bills of sale, doesn’t mean they were slave owners, or they treated them as slaves.. Where do you think all these “black slave owners” would live anyway? There were only 135 free black people in the entire south at different times and they were mostly the offspring of their owners, their white fathers. Most were freed by their white fathers leading up to the civil war. Many wills would states, if they died, their mixed children would be freed. Blacks couldn’t own anything in the south during slavery. It wasn’t until after around 1880 before blacks could have the land left to them by their white fathers. I may be among the few who actually spent many hours talking to a former slave and i learned through her the real truth. She was one of them.
lugnut
Oh, this is a kluxer confederate revisionist article. Your forefathers brought slaves here, because there couldn’t do the jobs themselves. Everything you have, even today, slaves did that, slaves built the foundation of this country and without my ancestors, you’d still be dirt poor. And the fact is, your ancestors were child molesters. When i did my DNA and African American research, nearly all of the little black girls were around the age of 13 when they gave birth to the owner’s babies. That means, the owners started messing with them earlier than 13. The average age of bed wenches ( just an excuse to get a small child in their beds) was from 8 to 13 years old. By the end of the civil war, most of what was the black slaves, had white in them. Some southern heritage huh?
jtrose
As a slave owner once said,’ I got more out of my ex slave paying him, then I did when I own him” | {
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} |
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Nicholas GRANT, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 99-12052, 99-13303.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
July 10, 2001.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (Nos. 98-00198-CR-T-26C
and 93-00083-CR-T-26B), William J. Castagna, Judge.
Before CARNES and RONEY, Circuit Judges, and ALAIMO*, District Judge.
CARNES, Circuit Judge:
Nicholas Grant appeals his convictions for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and
marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, use of a firearm during a drug-trafficking crime, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(c), and failure to appear, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(1). These questions are
presented: whether Grant's appeal on the conspiracy and firearms charges was timely; whether there was
sufficient evidence to convict him on the failure to appear and the conspiracy charges; and whether
statements of an alleged co-conspirator exculpating Grant were inconsistent statements admissible for
purposes of impeachment pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 806. We answer all three questions "yes."
The affirmative answer to the third one requires that we reverse Grant's conviction on the conspiracy and use
of a firearm charges.
I. BACKGROUND
A. FACTS
In early 1993, United States Customs Service Special Agent Louis Mozas met with Deosie Wilson
and discussed Wilson's plan to have Mozas smuggle 2000 pounds of marijuana from Jamaica into the United
States, which Wilson would then sell. Jamaican police seized the marijuana which was to be smuggled in,
however, so the transaction was not consummated.
Mozas next advised Wilson that Mozas would be smuggling one hundred kilograms of cocaine from
Columbia, for which he would be paid 18,000 pounds of marijuana. Wilson agreed to market that marijuana
*
Honorable Anthony A. Alaimo, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Georgia, sitting by
designation.
for Mozas. Upon inspection, Wilson deemed the marijuana to be of poor quality, but set out to market it
anyway. Mozas also advised Wilson that he had 15 kilograms of cocaine, and Wilson agreed to assist in
selling it.
Wilson departed for Jamaica on March 12, 1993, and returned to Tampa on March 18, 1993. Mozas
picked up Wilson at the Tampa airport and took him to an undercover residence in Homosassa, Florida. In
connection with his planned purchase of the cocaine from Mozas, Wilson advised Mozas that $100,000 had
been transferred into Wilson's bank account and that the funds would be available the next day. On March
19, 1993, Mozas accompanied Wilson to a bank in Homosassa, Florida and was present when Wilson
obtained a cashier's check for $100,000. Mozas and Wilson then returned to the undercover residence.
Later that same afternoon, Mozas dropped Wilson off at the same bank. Wilson remained inside the
bank for between one to five minutes before leaving with the occupants of a waiting Nissan Pathfinder.
Undercover agents followed the Pathfinder, which drove by the undercover residence and then to a restaurant.
A short while later, Wilson and Grant were observed leaving the restaurant and entering the Pathfinder. The
agents followed the Pathfinder as it returned to the undercover residence, where Wilson was dropped off.
The agents then followed the Pathfinder as it returned to the restaurant.
Wilson arrived at the undercover residence carrying a bundle underneath his shirt. The agreement
between Mozas and Wilson provided that Wilson would purchase 10 kilograms of cocaine from Wilson at
$15,000 per kilogram, or $150,000 total. Wilson went into a bedroom at the residence and, upon his return,
produced a vinyl pouch containing $50,000 in United States currency.
Mozas then instructed Detective Michael Joyner to bring the cocaine to the residence. Joyner brought
the cocaine and Wilson showed him the $100,000 cashier's check and $50,000 cash. Wilson told Mozas that
Grant was in Homosassa Springs, but that Grant did not want to meet anyone. Wilson then put down
$15,000, left with one kilogram of cocaine, and was arrested immediately thereafter. Wilson was talking on
a cell phone at the time of his arrest and the person to whom he was speaking was exclaiming "police, police,
police."
Within one minute of being informed that Wilson had been arrested, the undercover agents observing
the Pathfinder saw Grant and his brother quickly run from the restaurant and depart in the Pathfinder. Grant
drove slowly by the location where Wilson was being arrested and then fled the area at approximately 80
miles per hour. After a brief chase, Grant was arrested and a search of the Pathfinder revealed two loaded
semi-automatic pistols, one in the glove compartment and another in a duffle bag on the floor in front of the
back seat, and an open briefcase containing $11,208.
After his arrest, Grant told Customs Special Agent Phillip Aston that while he was in Jamaica Wilson
had contacted him about participating in a marijuana transaction. Grant did not, however, mention anything
about a cocaine transaction. Grant also told Aston that on March 18, 1993, he had traveled from Jamaica to
Miami with approximately $16,000 in cash. Grant had a passport bearing his photograph and name which
documented that he had left Jamaica on March 18, 1993. Grant admitted to Aston that he had been speaking
to Wilson on the telephone before Grant had run from the restaurant, but claimed that he and his brother had
decided that they did not want to participate in Wilson's transaction anymore and had decided to leave.
Grant was released on bond on March 26, 1993. Four days later, he was indicted on one count of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Grant pleaded not
guilty at his arraignment. The United States requested a show cause hearing for revocation of Grant's bond
on the grounds that he had failed to comply with the conditions of his release. The magistrate judge
scheduled a show cause hearing for May 17, 1993. On May 4, 1993, the clerk's office sent notice of that
scheduled hearing to Grant. After Grant failed to appear for the show cause hearing, a warrant was issued
for his arrest.
On February 16, 1998, a detective assigned to a Customs task force arrested Grant at the Miami
International Airport. At the time of his arrest, Grant possessed two Jamaican driver's licenses—both bearing
his photograph, but one in his name and one in the name of Rory Roberts. Grant was advised of his rights
and agreed to be interviewed. During that interview, Grant stated that there was a fugitive warrant issued for
his arrest and that he needed to use a different name to avoid arrest and prosecution in the United States. He
explained to the detective that the fugitive warrant was the result of an arrest that had occurred in Tampa on
a charge of attempting to purchase cocaine from undercover Customs agents and that he failed to appear in
court and had fled to Jamaica in order to avoid prosecution on that charge.
B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A superseding indictment was returned on March 19, 1998 charging Grant with one count of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and
one count of use of a firearm during a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Grant was
convicted by a jury on both counts on May 19, 1998.
On May 14, 1998 Grant was indicted for failing to appear at the May 17, 1993 show cause hearing,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(1). After a bench trial, Grant was convicted of that charge on October
7, 1998.
At a consolidated sentencing hearing on June 18, 1999, Grant was sentenced to imprisonment for 145
months for the conspiracy conviction, 60 months for the firearms conviction, and 6 months for the failure to
appear conviction, all sentences to run consecutively. Grant filed a motion for a new trial and a renewed
motion for judgment of acquittal, both of which were denied. Grant appeals his convictions on several
grounds. Among other things, he argues that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions on the
failure to appear and the conspiracy charges. Grant also argues that evidence which would have impeached
testimony elicited from Wilson at trial was improperly excluded, in violation of Federal Rule of Evidence
806.1
II. DISCUSSION
A. THE JURISDICTIONAL QUESTION
As a threshold matter, we must decide whether Grant's appeal of the conspiracy and firearms charges
is timely. After Grant's consolidated sentencing hearing, the district court entered one judgment as to both
cases. The judgment bore the district court case numbers for the conspiracy and firearms charges (93-83-CR-
T-26B) and for the failure to appear charges (98-198-CR-T-26C). The judgment was entered on June 24,
1999 as to case number 98-198-CR-T-26C, and on June 28, 1999 as to case number 93-83-CR-T-26B.
On June 28, 1999, Grant filed a notice of appeal which stated that he was appealing "the Judgment
and Committment [sic] entered in this action on June 18, 1999."2 The notice of appeal, however, bore only
one case number, 98-198-CR-T-26C (the failure to appear case).
On August 31, 1999, Grant filed a second notice of appeal bearing case number 93-83-CR-T-26B
(the 1993 drug case), along with a "motion to submit an out-of-time appeal," which indicated that case
number 93-83-CR-T-26B had been inadvertently omitted from the first notice of appeal due to a clerical error.
On October 1, 1999, the district court granted the motion to file out of time.
"The timely filing of a notice of appeal is a mandatory prerequisite to the exercise of appellate
1
Because of our holding on this issue, we need not decide the other issues Grant raises in his appeal,
including Brady violations and an Apprendi challenge to his sentencing.
2
Although the district court judge signed the judgment on June 22, 1999, the judgment states that the
date of imposition of sentence is June 18, 1999, which was the date that the sentence was orally
pronounced. Cf. United States v. Morrison, 204 F.3d 1091, 1093-94 (11th Cir.2000) ("imposition of
sentence" in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(c) means the oral pronouncement of it, not the time
the written judgment is entered).
jurisdiction." United States v. Ward, 696 F.2d 1315, 1317 (11th Cir.1983) (citations omitted). Pursuant to
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b)(1)(A), a defendant in a criminal case must file a notice of appeal
within 10 days after the entry of the judgment. Grant's second notice of appeal, regarding the 1993 drug case,
was not filed within this 10 day window.
Rule 4(b) authorizes a 30 day extension upon a finding by the district court that the failure to file
within the original period resulted from "excusable neglect." Fed. R.App. P. 4(b)(4). Grant's second notice
of appeal, however, was filed on August 31, 1999, more than 30 days late, and therefore does not fall within
the Rule 4(b)(4) window, either.
Nonetheless, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c)(4) provides that "[a]n appeal must not be
dismissed for informality of form or title of the notice of appeal." The advisory committee notes to that Rule
state that "so long as the function of notice is met by the filing of a paper indicating an intention to appeal,
the substance of the rule has been complied with." Fed. R.App. P. 3 advisory committee note. Further, "the
[R]ule makes it clear that dismissal of an appeal should not occur when it is otherwise clear from the notice
that the party intended to appeal." Id.; see also Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248-49, 112 S.Ct. 678, 682,
116 L.Ed.2d 678 (1992) ("If a document filed within the time specified by Rule 4 gives the notice required
by Rule 3, it is effective as a notice of appeal.").
Although Grant's first notice of appeal only references case number 98-198-CR-T-26C, it also states
that he appeals "from the Judgment and Committment [sic] entered in this action on June 18, 1999." As we
have mentioned, a consolidated sentencing hearing on both cases was held in the district court, and there was
only one judgment and commitment order entered for both cases. That leads us to conclude that a timely
notice of appeal was filed from the single judgment and commitment order, even though that notice of appeal
mentioned only one of the two case numbers. We hold that Grant's first notice of appeal indicates an intent
to appeal both cases and that we do have jurisdiction. See Cobb v. Lewis, 488 F.2d 41, 44 (5th Cir.1974)
("Courts of appeals have discretion, when the interests of substantive justice require it, to disregard
irregularities in the form or procedure for filing a notice of appeal."), abrogated on other grounds, Kotam
Elects., Inc. v. JBL Consumer Prods., Inc., 93 F.3d 724 (11th Cir.1996).
B. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE TO CONVICT ON THE FAILURE TO APPEAR CHARGE
Grant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for failure to appear in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(1), because there was no direct evidence that he received notice of the May
17, 1993 hearing on the order to show cause. He suggests that we conduct a de novo review of the evidence.
We cannot try the case de novo but instead must sustain the verdict if there is substantial evidence
to support it. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942). In deciding
whether there was, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and give the
government the benefit of all reasonable inferences and credibility choices. Id.; United States v. Middleton,
690 F.2d 820, 827 (11th Cir.1982).
The evidence shows without dispute that the clerk's office sent Grant notice of a hearing on an order
to show cause concerning modification or revocation of his bond, which was scheduled for May 17, 1993,
and that Grant did not appear at that hearing. He was arrested almost five years later, and at the time of his
arrest he was using an alias. He also told the arresting detective that he had skipped bond and fled the country
in order to avoid prosecution. He admitted to the detective that he knew there was a warrant issued for his
arrest and said that he had been using a false name to avoid arrest. He specifically said that he had failed to
appear in court. That is more than sufficient evidence to support the conviction.
C. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO CONVICT ON THE CONSPIRACY CHARGE
Next, Grant contends that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he knowingly agreed to
join or participate in a conspiracy with Wilson to possess and distribute cocaine and marijuana.3 He argues
that his presence and association with Wilson, coupled with evidence of flight, is insufficient to sustain his
conspiracy conviction.
In order to establish the existence of a drug conspiracy between Grant and Wilson, the government
must prove that there was an agreement between the two of them to violate the narcotics laws. See United
States v. Farris, 77 F.3d 391, 394 (11th Cir.1996); United States v. Blasco, 702 F.2d 1315, 1330 (11th
Cir.1983). The existence of a conspiracy can be established by either direct evidence or circumstantial
evidence, such as inferences drawn from conduct. Farris, 77 F.3d at 394; Blasco, 702 F.2d 1330.
The evidence supporting Grant's involvement in the conspiracy, viewed in the light most favorable
to the conviction, is as follows. Grant traveled from Jamaica to Florida on March 18, 1993, the same day that
Wilson traveled from Jamaica to Florida to conduct the cocaine transaction and one day before the transaction
occurred. Grant then met Wilson at a bank, they left the bank together, and they drove by the residence where
3
Grant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction on the firearms
charge.
the cocaine transaction was to occur. Grant and Wilson then went to a restaurant, and after a short while
Grant drove Wilson, who now possessed $50,000 in currency, to the residence of the undercover agent. At
that residence, Wilson took delivery of one kilogram of cocaine and left after telling the agent that he was
going to deliver the cocaine to the buyer. At the time of Wilson's arrest, almost immediately after his
departure from the residence, he was on the telephone with Grant. Following his arrest, Grant admitted to
the agent that while he was in Jamaica he had been contacted by Wilson to come to the United States to
participate in a marijuana transaction. Grant was arrested after a high-speed flight from the area following
Wilson's arrest, and there were loaded weapons and a large amount of cash in the vehicle. Grant later fled
the country in order to avoid prosecution.
Based on this evidence, a reasonable jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt, as the jury in this
case did, that Grant was guilty of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana. See
Farris, 77 F.3d at 394-95.
D. THE RULE 806 ISSUE
At trial, the government used as evidence against Grant statements that had been made by
co-conspirator Wilson during the course of the conspiracy. Those statements were admitted under Federal
Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E), which allows co-conspirator statements to be admitted as substantive evidence
against a defendant. Agent Mozas testified extensively regarding statements Wilson had made to him during
the course of the conspiracy while Mozas was acting undercover. Those statements involved: (1) Wilson's
plans to import marijuana into the United States; (2) Wilson's claims that he had a partner in Jamaica who
was his neighbor; (3) Wilson's comments that he had buyers who would assist him in distributing marijuana
and cocaine; and (4) Wilson's intent, after purchasing one kilogram of cocaine from the undercover agent,
to take the cocaine to his partner for testing and evaluation.
The statements of Wilson that Mozas testified about on direct examination did not directly mention
Grant, but on cross-examination when asked whether Grant was ever present during any of the transactions
between the undercover agents and Wilson, Mozas testified that Wilson had told him Grant was in Homosassa
Springs and did not want to meet with anyone.
Grant attempted to impeach the Wilson conspiracy statements that had been put into evidence through
Mozas' testimony by introducing an affidavit which an attorney for Grant had obtained from Wilson in
Jamaica. The affidavit was executed after the conspiracy ended and following Wilson's deportation to that
country. The affidavit contained Wilson's sworn statements: that Grant had no knowledge of Wilson's
actions in consummating the drug deal with the agents; that Wilson had falsely told the undercover agents
he had a partner because Wilson did not want them to think he was acting alone; that Wilson had asked Grant
to meet him in Tampa to loan him money; that none of the $50,000 in cash Wilson possessed came from
Grant; and that Wilson had lied to the undercover agents about Grant not wanting to meet with anyone
because Wilson was carrying a large amount of cash and wanted the undercover agents (whom he believed
to be criminals) to think he had a partner. The district court refused to admit any of Wilson's affidavit
statements, however, finding that they were not inconsistent, as required by Rule 806, with the statements
of Wilson admitted through Mozas' testimony.
Federal Rule of Evidence 806 provides, in relevant part:
When a hearsay statement, or a statement defined in Rule 801(d)(2)(C), (D), or (E), has been
admitted in evidence, the credibility of the declarant may be attacked, and if attacked may be
supported, by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if declarant had testified
as a witness. Evidence of a statement or conduct by the declarant at any time, inconsistent with the
declarant's hearsay statement, is not subject to any requirement that the declarant may have been
afforded an opportunity to deny or explain.
Fed.R.Evid. 806.
The government's principal argument mirrors the district court's reasoning that none of the statements
in Wilson's affidavit are inconsistent with or contradictory to Wilson's conspiracy statements which were
admitted through Mozas' testimony. The government points out that none of Wilson's conspiracy statements
which were admitted at trial specifically identify Grant as Wilson's partner or as the source of any money used
in the transaction. The only testimony that specifically identifies Grant, which was that Wilson had told the
agents Grant was in Homosassa Springs and did not want to meet anyone, was elicited by Grant on
cross-examination of Wilson and was not, the government contends, contradicted by anything in Wilson's
affidavit.
The government's conception of inconsistency is too narrow. Although Grant was specifically
identified by Mozas only during cross-examination, his testimony in its entirety did circumstantially link
Grant to the conspiracy. At the very least, it indicated that Wilson had a co-conspirator. The government
attempted to avoid Rule 806 by carefully ensuring that Mozas, in testifying about Wilson's statements during
the conspiracy, never specifically identified Grant as Wilson's co-conspirator, at least on direct examination,
and then presenting other evidence indicating that Grant was Wilson's co-conspirator.4 Wilson's statements
in the proffered affidavit, however, indicate that he had no co-conspirator and, further, that Grant had no
involvement in Wilson's drug transactions.
The Rule 806 test is not whether the inconsistent statements relate to the identity of co-conspirators;
that's not what the Rule says. Instead, it says that "any" evidence is admissible "which would be admissible
... if [the] declarant had testified as a witness" from the stand. Fed.R.Evid. 806. If Wilson had been called
as a witness and testified, for example, that he was taking the cocaine he was buying to his partner to test and
evaluate it, his affidavit statements indicating that he had lied to the agents when he told them he had a partner
would surely be admissible. Likewise, if Wilson had testified and during cross-examination had said that
Grant did not want to meet with anyone, his affidavit statement that he had lied about that would be
admissible to impeach him. The test is whether the out-of-court statements would have been admissible for
impeachment purposes had the co-conspirator statements been delivered from the witness stand by the
co-conspirator himself, not as hearsay about what he said during the conspiracy but as contemporaneous
in-court statements.
The government's position in this case echos its unsuccessful argument in United States v. Wali, 860
F.2d 588 (3d Cir.1988), which involved a remarkably similar Rule 806 issue. That case involved Abdul
Wali's conviction on charges of conspiracy to import Schedule I controlled substances in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 846 & 963. Wali, 860 F.2d at 589. An undercover DEA agent testified at Wali's trial as to
statements made during the conspiracy by a drug kingpin, Stanley Karl Esser, which implicated a person
named "Hadji" as the source of narcotics. Id. The district court, however, denied Wali's attempt to impeach
Esser's credibility by admitting inconsistent statements Esser had made to the undercover DEA Agent and
to Dutch authorities which exonerated Wali. Id. at 589-90.
On appeal, the government argued that Esser's exculpatory statements were not inconsistent and
therefore not admissible pursuant to Rule 806, because in his inculpatory co-conspirator statements "Esser
4
That other evidence included the fact that Grant traveled from Jamaica to Florida on the same day
that Wilson did, met Wilson at a bank and left with him, and they drove by the undercover residence
together. Grant and Wilson also went to a restaurant together, before Grant drove Wilson, who possessed
$50,000 in cash, to the undercover residence. At the time of his arrest, Wilson was on the telephone with
Grant, and Grant admitted that while he was in Jamaica Wilson had contacted him to come to the United
States to participate in a marijuana transaction. Grant was also arrested after a high-speed flight shortly
after Wilson's arrest in a vehicle containing two firearms and a large amount of cash. Grant later fled the
country to avoid prosecution.
never stated that Abdul Wali was either the source of his narcotics or the 'Hadji' who supplied him." Id. at
591. The government claimed that Wali's identity as the "Hadji" who supplied the narcotics was established
only circumstantially through evidence other than the co-conspirator statements. Id. The Third Circuit
rejected that argument, holding that although Esser's co-conspirator statements never specifically identified
Wali as the "Hadji" who was the source of his narcotics, the government had used those statements to prove
the existence of a conspiracy to import drugs, thereby inculpating Wali. Id.
The Third Circuit's analysis in Wali is sound and fits snugly onto our facts. The government used
Wilson's co-conspirator statements to help establish the existence of a conspiracy to distribute cocaine and
marijuana, which is one of the elements of the crime charged against Grant. The statements in Wilson's
affidavit were inconsistent with the existence of any conspiracy at all, and for that reason were inconsistent
with his co-conspirator statements.
The government's first fallback argument is that even if the co-conspirator statements of Wilson
admitted at trial were inconsistent with the affidavit statements, the affidavit is inadmissible under Federal
Rule of Evidence 4035 because its probative value is outweighed by its prejudicial effect. That is not the
ground upon which the district court excluded the evidence. Nonetheless, the government maintains that the
affidavit evidence would be unfairly prejudicial because the statements, if believed, would provide Grant with
a complete defense, rather than merely impeaching Wilson's co-conspirator statements admitted through
Mozas.
Rule 403 is an "extraordinary remedy," United States v. Utter, 97 F.3d 509, 514-15 (11th Cir.1996)
(citation omitted), whose "major function ... is limited to excluding matter of scant or cumulative probative
force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect," United States v. Cross, 928 F.2d 1030,
1048 (11th Cir.1991) (internal quotation omitted). The Rule carries a "strong presumption in favor of
admissibility." United States v. Church, 955 F.2d 688, 703 (11th Cir.1992). Wilson's inculpatory
co-conspirator statements were important pieces of evidence in the government's case. The impeaching
statements in the affidavit would serve to cast doubt on Wilson's credibility and would have significant
5
Federal Rule of Evidence 403 provides, in relevant part:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice ...
Fed.R.Evid. 403.
probative value for that purpose. Whatever prejudice to the government that might occur from admitting the
affidavit statements could not substantially outweigh their probative value, anymore than it could if those
affidavit statements had been admitted for impeachment following live testimony of Wilson to the same effect
as his co-conspirator statements. The evidence of the affidavit statements could do no more than impeach
and could not provide "a complete defense" if the government requested the limiting instruction to which it
would have been entitled. See Weeks v. Angelone, 528 U.S. 225, 234, 120 S.Ct. 727, 733, 145 L.Ed.2d 727
(2000) ("A jury is presumed to follow its instructions.").
The government's second fallback argument is that Wilson's affidavit statements were properly
excluded from evidence because they were particularly unreliable, even though that was not the basis of the
district court's ruling. The government points out that Wilson continued to inculpate Grant in the conspiracy
after his arrest and before a federal grand jury, and only gave statements exculpating Grant after he had been
deported to Jamaica and was no longer subject to prosecution for perjury.6 The government maintains that
because the statements in the affidavit were so unreliable, admitting them would not have affected the
outcome of the trial—sort of a harmless error argument.
The government's argument on this point is more than a little inconsistent with its Rule 403 argument
that the affidavit statements were terribly prejudicial to its case. Putting that inconsistency aside, however,
Rule 806 made the statements admissible for impeachment purposes, and the point of admitting inconsistent
statements to impeach is not to show that they are true, but to aid the jury in deciding whether the witness is
credible; the usual argument of the party doing the impeaching is that the inconsistent statements show the
witness is too unreliable to be believed on important matters. See United States v. Graham, 858 F.2d 986,
990 n. 5 (5th Cir.1988) ("[T]he hallmark of an inconsistent statement offered to impeach a witness's testimony
is that the statement is not hearsay within the meaning of the term, i.e., it is not offered for the truth of the
matter asserted, see Fed.R.Evid. 801(c); rather, it is offered only to establish that the witness has said both
6
Federal Rule of Evidence 806 provides that if the credibility of the declarant is attacked, it may be
supported by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if he testified as a witness. We
have no occasion to express a view upon whether the other out-of-court statements of Wilson, such as his
grand jury testimony, will be admissible once his affidavit statements come into evidence.
Likewise, we do not have occasion to decide at this time whether, by giving affidavit
statements as Wilson did in this case, a co-conspirator waives his privilege against
self-incrimination. Nor do we express any view on whether, if the government attempts to
depose the co-conspirator affiant or call him to the stand, and he refuses to answer questions on
the subject matter addressed in his affidavit statements, those statements must be stricken.
'x' and 'not x' and is therefore unreliable."). Given all the circumstances of this case, that strategy might well
have worked to undermine the probative effect of Wilson's co-conspirator statements to such an extent that
the verdict on the conspiracy charge would have been different. For that reason, we reverse Grant's
conviction on that charge.
As to Grant's conviction for using a firearm during a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c), the conspiracy was the only drug trafficking crime that the indictment alleged as that essential
element of the firearms charge. Accordingly, the exclusion of the affidavit statements also requires reversal
of Grant's conviction on the firearms charge.
III. CONCLUSION
There was sufficient evidence to support Grant's conviction for failure to appear and we AFFIRM
his conviction on that charge. We do have jurisdiction over Grant's appeal of the conspiracy and firearms
charges, and there was sufficient evidence to support Grant's conviction on those charges. However, the
district court erroneously excluded Wilson's statements contained in his affidavit and, accordingly, we
REVERSE the judgment of conviction and sentence for both the conspiracy and firearms charges, and
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
| {
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MK Arena
It first opened in 2014 for the National Badminton Championships and has since hosted everything from exhibitions to car launches.
Milton Keynes is an easy to access part of the country, located centrally between Birmingham and London, with over 18 million people within an hours drive. The Arena is built into the Stadium MK, a 30,500 seat stadium, which is the home of the MK Dons Football Club and the 304 bedroom DoubleTree by Hilton Milton Keynes. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Loredana Radu nu se remarca doar prin plagiatul care o leaga de Gabriel Oprea si Victor Ponta, ambii suspecti de plagiat. Radu a fost si reprezentantul legal al celebrei firme Dalli Exim SRL, infiintata de fostul sot al Elenei Udrea, Dorin Cocos. Tot avocata Radu este cea care s-a ocupat de iregistrarea USL la tribunal.
O alta lucrare de doctorat coordonata de profesorul universitar Gabriel Oprea, suspecta a fi plagiata, este cea a lui Neculai Ontanu, primar al Sectorului 2 si secretar general al UNPR, subiect prezentat in exclusivitate de Hotnews in data de 11 august.
a) Dacă „se preiau pagini întregi fără a se folosi ghilimele şi fără să se facă trimitere către autor” plagiatul este argumentat prin lipsa delimitării volumului preluării.
b) Dacă „se preiau paragrafe ad litteram fără a fi folosite ghilimele, dar la final se pune nota de subsol. Precizez că aceste paragrafe nu sunt însoţite şi de o analiză critică” plagiatul este argumentat în mod multiplu. Cum delimitarea explicită a preluării reprezintă o condiţie esenţială pentru identificarea contribuţiei reale a oricărui autor, absenţa delimitării nu este o simplă scăpare ci în contextul preluării dintr-o anumită operă, a unui anumit autor, a unui anumit volum, se prezumă o intenţie bine motivată. Chiar dacă se fac preluării Legea dreptului de autor precizează că volumul preluării este cât se poate de redus şi textul preluat trebuie tratat în mod explicit de cel care face preluarea.
c) Dacă „se preiau pagini întregi fără a se folosi ghilimele, însă din loc în loc, anumite paragrafe au trimitere prin nota de subsol către autor” se constată că: c1) plagiatul apare fiindcă se preiau pagini adică volume semnificative din opera autentică; c2) fiecare preluare, fiecare paragraf preluat este o contribuţie a autorului operei autentice. Cel care preia trebuie să semnaleze cititorului ce a preluat (volumul, paragraful, textul cuprins între ghilimele) şi de la cine a preluat. Precizarea întâmplătoare a numelui autorului autentic sau cuprinderea numelui acestuia într-o listă de bibliografie nu este suficientă pentru a identifica în mod explicit contribuţia fiecăruia dintre autori.
pagini intregi din teza de doctorat a lui Gabriel Oprea erau identice cu pasaje din alte lucrari fara utilizarea ghilimelelor
paragrafele identice cuvant cu cuvant erau marcate cu note de subsol, insa si acestea erau preluate din alte carti
lucrarile din care s-a copiat cel mai frecvent erau ale prof. univ. dr. Ion Neagu, coordonatorul de doctorat a lui Gabriel Oprea si prof. univ. dr. Nicolae Volonciu, membru in comisia de sustinere a doctoratului lui Gabriel Oprea
multi autori pe care ii indica in notele de subsol nu au fost inclusi in bibliografia lucrarii, insa acesti autori erau mentionati in textele originale
ordinea in care au fost aranjate subcapitolele din lucrarea doctorala a lui Gabriel Oprea este identica cu ordinea subcapitolelor din tratatul coordonatorului sau, prof. univ. Ion Neagu.
| {
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WARREN ELLIS is a graphic novelist and author of the NYT best-selling novel GUN MACHINE. His graphic novel GLOBAL FREQUENCY is being developed for television by Jerry Bruckheimer and FOX. He is the writer of the graphic novel RED, adapted into the film starring Bruce Willis and Helen Mirren. His next book is NORMAL from FSG.
28. The Maiden
Published May 20, 2011 by Warren Ellis
Listen to what the ghosts are telling you.
A man called James Douglas gave the Maiden, an early form of guillotine, to the court of Mary Queen Of Scots in the 1500s. Legend has it that he was also the first person to be executed with it.
As a rule, Western societies tend to need people like you to give the concepts behind digital cities to them. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[The effects of cognitive behavioral anger management program on self-consciousness and anger in Korean military man].
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cognitive behavioral anger management intervention in order to increase self-consciousness and decrease anger among Korean military men. A quasi-experimental design was used for this study. Ninety two soldiers were screened for unhealthy anger expression using a questionnaire. Among them, 26 soldiers who showed unhealthy anger expression were selected for this study. They were matched by rank and assigned to either a treatment or control group. The treatment group received the intervention three consecutive times, once a week and for 120 minutes per session. Participants were assessed before and after the intervention for anger (the State-Trait Anger Scale) and self-consciousness (Self-consciousness Scale). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi- square-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcox on signed rank test. There was no statistically significant decrease in anger or increase in self-consciousness between the two groups following treatment. However, there was a significant increase in private self-consciousness in the treatment group after the intervention(p=.006). The cognitive behavioral anger management program improves private self-consciousness in soldiers. However, Additional research is needed to explore whether long-term intervention is more effective for anger control in the military setting. The findings from this study suggest that more attention should be given to mental health care for Korean soldiers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Stars With Tax Problems
California tax authorities said Anderson owes $524,241 in personal income taxes. The Franchise Tax Board included the “Baywatch” star on a list of the state’s 500 biggest income-tax delinquents posted Friday. A call to Anderson’s tax attorney, Robert Leonard, wasn’t immediately returned.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images
According to E! Online, Richie owes the federal government $1.1 million in unpaid taxes and that a lien has been issued warning that the singers’ assets may be seized if he doesn’t pay up in a timely manner. A message seeking comments from Richie’s publicist wasn’t immediately returned Saturday.
Stars With Rax Problems
Photo by Christopher Polk/Getty Images
“Girls Gone Wild” founder, Joe Francis owes $794,000 in taxes. Francis also spent 10 months in jail in 2007 for tax evasion. The plea deal also required him to make restitution.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Moses Robinson/Getty Images for Gospel Music Association
“This Is How We Do It” singer Montell Jordan insists he’s no deadbeat taxpayer — telling TMZ, he’s already paid his $617,000 tax bill … the money just hasn’t made its way into the pockets of the IRS … yet.
TMZ broke the story, the IRS filed a Federal Tax Lien against Jordan recently, claiming the singer still owes $617,987.06 in back taxes from 1999-2001.
But it’s not so cut and dry. Montell tells TMZ he paid the debt years ago by selling his music catalog, but the money’s been sitting frozen in an account administered by the U.S. Trustee Program, a division of the Department of Justice that oversees bankruptcy cases.
Montell filed for bankruptcy in 2004 and says he’s still disputing some of the IRS penalties he’s incurred. He expects the money to be released to the IRS in a few weeks when he settles negotiations over the penalties, at which point the case will be closed.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Theo Wargo/Getty Images for Heart Truth
NEW YORK (CBS SF/AP) – Records show supermodel Christie Brinkley owes $531,000 in back taxes, and the IRS has filed a lien against her.
The Daily News of New York reports that the tax lien was filed Nov. 21 on a mansion in Bridgehampton on New York’s Long Island, where she lives.
A spokeswoman for Brinkley says the star was surprised to hear the lien had been filed.
Spokeswoman Claire Mercuri says: “Christie Brinkley … has instructed her team to resolve the matter immediately.”
Brinkley says in a statement the lien was a “result of an error” and pledges it will be paid in full by Wednesday, December 6th.
Brinkley says she regrets not paying more attention to her accounting. She says she’s been focused on her parents, who are dealing with “serious health issues.”
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Larry Busacca/Getty Images for Overture Films
Actor Wesley Snipes, seen at the premiere of “Brooklyn’s Finest” in New York on March 2, 2010, was sentenced to three years in prison in 2008 for failing to file Federal income tax returns. Free while appealing the conviction, he has yet to serve time.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo credit should read Scott Nelson/AFP/Getty Images
Richard Hatch, the very first winner of CBS’ “Survivor” reality TV show, spent several years in prison after being convicted by a Rhode Island jury of evading taxes on his “Survivor” winnings, other appearance fees and rentals from property he owns.
Stars With Tax Problems
Scott Nelson/AFP/Getty Images
Paul Hogan in “Crocodile Dundee,” was prevented from leaving his native Australia for two weeks this summer over a long-simmering tax problem that still is to be resolved.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images
Pete Rose, pictured at a book signing Jan. 8, 2004, in Ridgewood, N.J., spent five months in jail in the 1990s for failure to report income he received from selling autographs and memorabilia, and from horse racing winnings.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Paul Hawthorne/Getty Images
Hotel magnate Leona Helmsley, seen April 27, 2004 in New York, was convicted of tax evasion in 1989 and spent 18 months in prison. When she died in 2007, she left behind an estate of $4 billion, part of which went to her dog.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Michael Loccisano/Getty Images
Actor Sean Connery is in hot water in Spain over the sale of a beach home. On Oct. 15, 2010, the 80-year-old actor claimed his age and ill health prevented him from attending a hearing at which Spanish magistrates are investigating allegations of tax evasion and money-laundering involving the sale of the Costa del Sol property.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Rick Diamond/Getty Images
Willie Nelson, pictured at the Glastonbury Festival on June 25, 2010, was told by the IRS in 1990 that he owed $32 million in back taxes, penalties and interest. He paid it off in three years by selling most of his assets, borrowing from friends and turning over to the IRS all proceeds from his next album “The IRS Tapes: Who’ll Buy My Memories:?” He later sued his management team.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Andrew H. Walker/Getty Images
In August of 2010, the IRS reportedly filed a tax lien against British model Naomi Campbell, claiming she owes $63,487 for taxes assessed in 2009.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images
Singer Marc Anthony, accused of failing to file tax returns for five years, agreed to pay $2.5 million in back taxes, interest and penalties in 2007. He blamed the failure on his financial management team, which included his own brother.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Ben Pruchnie/Getty Images
Singer and former Haitian presidential candidate Wyclef Jean, pictured here on Aug. 19, 2010, owes the IRS $2.1 million, according to The Smoking Gun, which claims the government filed tax liens against Jean for income not reported in 2006, 2007 and 2008.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Taylor Hill/Getty Images
Oscar-winning actor Nicolas Cage has sold off some of his homes in an effort to pay taxes he owes the U.S. Government. Cage has blamed his tax problems on a former business manager against whom he has filed a filed a $20 million civil lawsuit.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Jamie Squire/Getty Images
Race car driver Helio Castroneves, seen winning the IndyCar Series’ Grand Prix of Sonoma auto race,Aug. 24, 2008. The fall 2007 winner of “Dancing With The Stars” was acquitted last year of charges that he used offshore accounts to avoid paying taxes on the income he earned from a $15 million Penske licensing deal.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Jason Merritt/Getty Images
Actor Chris Tucker allegedly owes a boatload of money to the IRS: more than $11 million in unpaid taxes, according to a celebrity website. According to TMZ, officials at the Internal Revenue Service filed documents with the Los Angeles County Recorder’s Office stating Tucker owes $11,571,909.26 in federal tax debts for the years 2001, 2002 and 2004 through 2006. It’s not the first time the Rush Hour star had issues with the IRS. TMZ previously reported that Tucker had a $3.5 million lien filed against him by California state tax authorities in 2009.
Stars With Tax Problems
Photo by Larry Busacca/Getty Images for Overture Films
Rapper Ja Rule admitted Tuesday that he failed to pay taxes on more than $3 million in income, pleading guilty to tax evasion in federal court in New Jersey. The platinum-selling rapper earned the money between 2004 and 2006 while he lived in Saddle River, an upscale community in northern New Jersey. | {
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An investigation of penetration depth control using parallel opposed ultrasound arrays and a scanning reflector.
A theoretical study of penetration depth control in superficial hyperthermia utilizing parallel opposed linear ultrasound arrays and a double-faced (V-shaped) scanning reflector is presented. This is a dual array system (DAS), where one array operates at a low frequency and the other at a high frequency (1 and 5 MHz, respectively in this study). The arrays are positioned facing each other and both are aimed at a double-faced scanning reflector which distributes the energy over the scanned surface. Each reflecting surface is angled at 45 degrees with respect to the sound propagation direction so that both beams are deflected in the same direction toward the treatment volume. The system was designed to be compatible for combined operation with a medical linear accelerator for the delivery of simultaneous thermoradiotherapy. It is demonstrated that by varying the excitation magnitude of one array relative to the other, it is possible to control the magnitude of absorbed energy as a function of depth, and thus improved control of the heating pattern in all three spatial dimensions is obtained. This improvement is demonstrated with bio-heat transfer simulations which show how penetration depth control translates into control of temperature distributions. The simulations also show that the DAS is able to produce more uniform temperature distributions in highly perfused tissue. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Understanding Islam Series
Understanding Islam Series will be happening at Redlands Peace Academy starting Tuesday April 10th at 7pm. Please come and learn about your Muslim co-worker/neighbor/pharmacist and possibly your physician | {
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UPDATE, 6:40 AM with more information: American history just got a little sexier for 20,000 New York City high school students. A $1.46 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation will provide the NYC Department of Education with 20,000 $70 tickets to Lin-Manuel Miranda’s SRO rap-rooted Broadway musical about Founding Father Alexander Hamilton. The tickets will then be distributed to kids at the “Ham4Ham” lottery rate of $10, according to the participants, the other $60 paid for by the grant.
Hamilton producer Jeffrey Seller, author-composer-lyricist-star Miranda, Rockefeller Foundation president Judith Rodin, NYC Department of Education chancellor Carmen Fariña and Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History executive director Lesley Herrmann created the partnership as a way of integrating the show into classroom studies, they said Tuesday morning. The Rockefeller Foundation grant technically goes to Gilder Lehrman, which will develop ancillary materials for the program and oversee distribution of tickets.
The program, launching with the performance on April 13, 2016, will bring students to select matinees and include talk-backs with the cast as well as classroom prep. Although other programs have emerged in recent years to bring New York City students to Broadway shows at heavily discounted rates or for free, this initiative is taking on the added — and possibly controversial — responsibility of presenting a Broadway show as history lesson. Hamilton is based on Ron Chernow’s celebrated biography of the immigrant Founder, who became the first Secretary of the Treasury under President George Washington. After a sold-out run last season at the Public Theater, the musical transferred over the summer to the Richard Rodgers Theatre.
With advance ticket sales of some $40 million and most performances sold out well into the future, it has become the biggest phenomenon in years. It’s also — not incidentally and not inappropriately — minting money, regularly grossing well over its gross potential, attributable to the sale of premium-price tickets. The Rockefeller-funded program represents a kind of modest giveback, in which the show’s producers are making tickets available to an otherwise excluded audience while also being paid about half the face value of the tickets.
“Our goal is to ensure that all students have a shot to see Hamilton and use its words, music and staging to further their enjoyment of American History, music and drama,” said Seller, sampling a key phrase from the show.
“The Rockefeller Foundation recognizes Hamilton as a groundbreaking work of genius and everyone should have the opportunity to see it, regardless of their resources,” said Rodin. “This is doubly true of students who are finding their passions and deciding on career paths. Works like this don’t come around very often, and when they do we must make every effort to maximize their reach. We are making a small down payment towards inspiring the next generation of historians, artists, singers and musicians, and it’s one that fits squarely within our goal of expanding opportunities to achieve positive impact.”
Miranda added that, “It is a dream come true to have a program like this exist in connection to Hamilton. I can’t wait to perform for a theater full of students who are learning about our Founding Fathers in class and seeing how it still relates to their own lives on stage. They will see Hamilton’s story, and I’m hopeful that the stories it will inspire in them, will change our lives in ways we can’t even anticipate.”
The first group of participating high schools will be selected by the New York City Department of Education and will include schools across the five boroughs with large numbers of students eligible for free/reduced lunch. The Gilder Lehrman Institute will develop the educational programming for students and teachers.
A “Hamilton Study & Performance Guide” will include an online portal for students and teachers, and printed classroom materials that will offer students a creative platform for developing and producing their own original performances of poetry, rap, songs, scenes and other art expressions.
“Social studies has always been my passion, and this partnership will be transformational for New York City kids,” said Fariña. “This musical will ignite curiosity and give teachers and students the opportunity to experience American History in a unique way while connecting to the class curriculum and will cultivate a deep love of learning. I’m thrilled by this partnership and grateful to Mr. Seller, The Rockefeller Foundation and the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History for enriching our students’ with this incredible work of art.” | {
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Does matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry allow analysis of carbohydrate heterogeneity in glycoproteins? A study of natural human interferon-gamma.
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a dimeric, secretory glycoprotein produced by T-lymphocytes. The glycan micro-heterogeneity of natural human IFN-gamma was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS) combined with glycosidase digestion. The glycan structures at the two potential glycosylation sites, asparagine 25 and 97, differ in composition and heterogeneity. The glycan at Asn 25 consists of a mixture of hybrid structures and fucosylated complex bi-, tri- and tetra-antennary structures, whereas the glycan at Asn 97 is more heterogeneous and consists of a mixture of high mannose structures, hybrid structures and unfucosylated complex bi- and tri-antennary structures. The contribution to the observed glycan heterogeneity by prompt and metastable fragmentation was evaluated by treatments with different exoglycosidases and by comparison of linear, reflected and delayed extraction MALDI/TOF mass spectra. Heterogeneity observed with the matrices alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone was compared. Most of the heterogeneity can be attributed to native structure diversity and only to a minor extent to mass spectrometric fragmentation such as fragmentational loss of sialic acid residues. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Poisoning of sheep by seeds of Crotalaria retusa: acquired resistance by continuous administration of low doses.
Seeds of Crotalaria retusa containing 6.84% (dry weight) of monocrotaline (MCT) were administered experimentally to sheep. Three sheep that received 136.8mg MCT/kg bw daily for 70 days had no clinical signs. Five out of six sheep ingesting single doses of 205.2 and 273.6mg MCT/kg bw died with acute (three sheep) or chronic intoxication (two sheep). Acute intoxicated sheep had periacinar liver necrosis and chronic intoxicated sheep liver fibrosis and megalocytosis. Another three sheep had no clinical signs after the ingestion of 20 daily doses of 136.8mg MCT/kg, followed by seven doses of 273.6mg MCT/kg, and one single dose of 342mg MCT/kg. These experiments demonstrated that sheep are susceptible to acute intoxication by MCT being intoxicated by a single oral dose of approximately 205.2mg/kg. In contrast, they develop strong resistance to MCT after the daily ingestion of non lethal doses (136.8mg/kg). It is suggested that chronic poisoning does not occur by the repeated ingestion of non acutely toxic doses, but probably by the ingestion of single toxic doses. It is also suggested that sheep do not become intoxicated with the ingestion of C. retusa in the vegetative non-seeding stage. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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All relevant data are within the the paper and its Supporting Information file.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
There is strong evidence that insufficient physical activity (PA) is associated with increased risk of developing lifestyle-related diseases and premature death \[[@pone.0175190.ref001]\]. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not consistently defined, but includes: overweight, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in various combinations \[[@pone.0175190.ref002]\]. The presence of MetS carries a high risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes \[[@pone.0175190.ref003]\]. Importantly, MetS is also associated with physical inactivity, further aggravating the risk of cardiovascular events \[[@pone.0175190.ref004]\].
The definition of PA is "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure" and can be categorized as e.g. a household, occupational, leisure time, and sporting activity \[[@pone.0175190.ref005]\]. Exercise is PA with the objective to improve or maintain physical fitness components and is categorized in terms of the type, frequency, duration, intensity, and purpose \[[@pone.0175190.ref006]\]. The internationally recommended minimum level of PA \[[@pone.0175190.ref007]\] is moderate-intensity aerobic PA 150 min per week or, alternatively, vigorous-intensity aerobic PA 75 min per week, which has been associated with a clinically relevant risk reduction. Additional health benefits can be achieved by increased PA, above the national recommendation levels \[[@pone.0175190.ref008]\].
Despite the evidence-based positive effects of regular PA on health, implementing PA as an integrated method of treatment in health care remains a major challenge \[[@pone.0175190.ref009]\]. The Swedish National Board of Health's guidelines for disease prevention methods recommend the use of individual-based dialogue, written information, training diaries, a pedometer, and structured follow-up when the patient's PA level is insufficient \[[@pone.0175190.ref010]\]. An example of such a treatment strategy is physical activity on prescription (PAP), which is individually tailored for each patient and prescribed for preventive and therapeutic purposes as a first-line treatment.
Meta-analyses of international PAP studies show varying results, with small to medium positive intervention effects when comparing increased PA levels with usual care. However, there is uncertainty due to the lack of high quality studies and further research is needed with more homogenized, comparable PAP interventions, longer follow-up, and objective measures of outcome \[[@pone.0175190.ref011], [@pone.0175190.ref012]\]. Swedish lifestyle interventions, including PAP, has shown to be cost-effective \[[@pone.0175190.ref013], [@pone.0175190.ref014]\] and the Swedish PAP intervention method had positive effects on PA levels, body composition, cardio metabolic risk factors, and health related quality of life (HRQOL) \[[@pone.0175190.ref015], [@pone.0175190.ref016]\]. Although scientific evidence has resulted in clinical treatment guidelines \[[@pone.0175190.ref010]\] and there are some evaluated Swedish PAP studies \[[@pone.0175190.ref015]--[@pone.0175190.ref018]\], PA is still underutilized as a treatment strategy in Swedish health care \[[@pone.0175190.ref019], [@pone.0175190.ref020]\]. There is still a lack of knowledge about PAP interventions suitable for different patient groups to improve their PA level and health outcomes. Further studies are needed evaluating clinical feasible PAP strategies on a large sample \[[@pone.0175190.ref021]--[@pone.0175190.ref023]\].
In primary care in the city of Gothenburg, health care centers have implemented PAP-treatment, individualized for patients with metabolic risk factors, with the purpose of increasing the PA level and health benefits. This specific model of PAP-treatment in daily clinical work has not been evaluated and may add new insights on how the extent of the intervention affects the PA level and health status.
The aim of this observational study was to explore the association between PAP-treatment and the PA level of patients with metabolic risk factors and the relationship between changes in the PA level and health outcomes, including metabolic risk factors and HRQOL at the 6-month follow-up.
Methods {#sec002}
=======
Study design {#sec003}
------------
This is a prospective, longitudinal observational study with a 6-month follow-up of PAP-treatment in a daily clinical primary care practice. The present study is part of an ongoing study with a 5 year follow-up.
Study population {#sec004}
----------------
The study population included 444 patients, aged 27--85 years. The patients were selected as a convenience sample from 15 primary health care centers in Gothenburg center/west. The patients agreed with their health care provider to participate in the study before they were prescribed PA and were included prospectively from 2010 to 2014. The population of central/western Gothenburg is 220 000 and has a higher socio-economic status compared with Gothenburg overall \[[@pone.0175190.ref024]\]. The inclusion criteria were: physically inactive, having at least one component of MetS present, and receiving PAP-treatment. The patients also had to understand the Swedish language to fill in the questionnaires.
Intervention {#sec005}
------------
The patient was informed of the possibility to receive treatment with PAP by written information in the waiting room and orally by their caregiver. All authorized personnel were educated on the effects of PA according to the *Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of disease* (FYSS) \[[@pone.0175190.ref025]\] and the concept of the Swedish PAP model. Authorized personnel, mainly nurses, at the health care centers prescribed PA to the patients. The PAP included a dialogue with the patient, based on the principles of motivational interviewing (MI) \[[@pone.0175190.ref026]\]. Each patient's previous and current level of PA and their preferences for different kinds of PAs were elucidated. Furthermore, the patient's motivation, self-efficacy, and readiness to change PA behaviour were evaluated. This information served as the basis for the selection of the type and volume of the PA. The volume of the chosen PA was determined using the FYSS reference book, and the most suitable activity was prescribed at the appropriate relative intensity using the Borg's rate of perceived exertion scale \[[@pone.0175190.ref027]\] as well as duration and frequency. To help the patient to choose a suitable PA, a registry of the local supply of PA's was presented. It was possible to recommend two different types of PA in the PAP. This resulted, for each patient, in an individually tailored PA recommendation planned in dialogue with the patient and followed by a structured follow-up. The patients were offered individually adjusted support during the 6 month intervention period, either by revisits or telephone contacts.
Measurements {#sec006}
------------
The measurements described below were conducted when PA was first prescribed as well as at the 6-month follow-up.
### PA level {#sec007}
The PA level was the primary outcome and four questionnaires were used due to the known complexity of PA assessments. 1. Self-assessment was according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and American Heart Association (AHA) public health recommendations. The patient responded to two PA questions (ACSM/AHA questionnaire), where 30 min of moderate-intensity PA per day resulted in 1 point and 20 min of more vigorous-intensity PA per day resulted in 1.7 point during each specific day of the week. A value of \<5 points indicated an inadequate PA level \[[@pone.0175190.ref028]\]. 2. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed the level of PA during the last 7 days. This instrument is extensively tested and translated into Swedish and can assess vigorous- and moderate-intensity PA, walking, and sitting time \[[@pone.0175190.ref029], [@pone.0175190.ref030]\]. 3. The Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) assessed leisure time PA during the past year at four different levels, from sedentary/physically inactive to vigorous physically active \[[@pone.0175190.ref031]\]. The levels have been validated against e.g. metabolic risk factors \[[@pone.0175190.ref032], [@pone.0175190.ref033]\] and the SGPALS has been published in an updated Swedish form \[[@pone.0175190.ref034]\]. 4. A six-grade PA scale, which is a further development of the SGPALS (Frändin/Grimby), was used and includes household activities \[[@pone.0175190.ref035]\]. This scale correlates with physical performance and self-assessed fitness and is used to classify PA among the elderly \[[@pone.0175190.ref036]\].
### Anthropometrics {#sec008}
Body weight was measured with light clothing and without shoes to the nearest 0.1 kg using an electric scale (Carl Lidén AFW D300, Jönköping, Sweden). Body height was measured in an upright position without shoes to the nearest 0.5 cm using a scale fixed to the wall (Personmått PEM 136, Hultafors, Sweden), and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Waist circumference (WC), to the nearest 0.5 cm, was measured in a standing exhaled position, with a measuring-tape (Kirchner Wilhelm, Aspberg, Germany) placed on the patient's skin between the lower rib and the iliac crest.
### Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP, DBP) {#sec009}
The SBP and DBP were measured in mmHg according to guidelines \[[@pone.0175190.ref037]\] after 5 min rest with the patient seated with a blood pressure sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-907, Kyoto, Japan) attached to the right upper arm at the level of the heart.
### Blood samples {#sec010}
Blood samples were used to measure (in mmol/l) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) after an overnight fast, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Values were analyzed according to the European Accreditation system \[[@pone.0175190.ref038]\].
### The cut-off values of MetS components {#sec011}
Cut-off values were according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) classification and were: WC \>88 cm for women, \>102 cm for men; BP ≥130/85 mm Hg; FPG ≥6.1 mmol/l; TG ≥1.7 mmol/l; or HDL \<1.3 mmol/l for women, \<1.0 mmol/l for men \[[@pone.0175190.ref039]\].
### Health related quality of life {#sec012}
The HRQOL was assessed with the Swedish version of the Short Form 36 (SF-36 Standard Swedish Version 1.0), which includes 36 questions \[[@pone.0175190.ref040]\]. It generates eight health concepts: physical functioning (PF), role physical functioning (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social function (SF), role emotional functioning (RE), and mental health (MH). The health concepts were converted to 0--100 points, where higher values represented a better HRQOL. The different health concepts of the SF-36 were also grouped into a physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS). The SF-36 has shown good to excellent internal consistency and reliability and was validated in a representative sample of the Swedish population \[[@pone.0175190.ref040]\].
### Readiness to change the PA level {#sec013}
The readiness to change the PA level was measured at baseline using three questions estimated on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS): How prepared are you? How important is it to you? How confident are you to succeed (self-efficacy)? The questions were derived from MI and behaviour change counseling, according to Rollninck et al. \[[@pone.0175190.ref041], [@pone.0175190.ref042]\], where higher values on the VAS indicated increased readiness to change.
### Support from the PAP-responsible nurse {#sec014}
The support from the nurse responsible for the PAP was assessed at the 6-month follow-up by questioning the patient about the frequency of visits at the health care center.
Statistical analysis {#sec015}
====================
Interval and ratio data are presented as the mean (m) and the dispersion as a standard deviation (SD) or 95% confidence interval (CI). Nominal and ordinal data were presented as the median (md) and minimum---maximum (min---max). A per-protocol analysis was used and differences between baseline and the 6-month follow-up, within the group, were analyzed using the paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon sign-rank test, based on the data level. Subgroup analyses between women *vs*. men and the completed group *vs*. dropout group were performed using the independent sample t-test or Mann Whitney U-test. A standardized measure of effect size (*d*) in the within-subject comparisons ($Cohen^{\prime}s\,~d_{z} \times \sqrt{2}$) was reported to quantify the degree of differentiation in values between baseline and the 6-month follow-up. The effect size was considered small when *d* = 0.2--0.3, as medium when *d* = 0.5, and as large when *d* = 0.8 \[[@pone.0175190.ref043]\].
In regression analysis, both multivariate and univariate methods were used to evaluate associations between changes in the PA level and changes in health outcomes, when adjusting for potential confounders. The predictor of interest was change in PA level, calculated as a Delta (Δ)-value (6-month value minus baseline value), and the PA level at baseline, age, sex, social situation, economy, education, and smoking were examined as potential confounders. The outcomes could be classified into two clusters. The first cluster contained Δ-values of the metabolic risk factors (BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, FPG, TG, Chol, HDL, LDL) and the second cluster contained Δ-values of self-reported health, using the SF-36 HRQOL (PF, RP, BP, GH, VT, SF, RE, MH, PCS, MCS).
Univariate multiple linear regression was used to check whether or not a change in PA was significantly correlated with the nineteen independent variables, one at a time, when all the potential confounders were considered.
Multivariate linear regression was then used to test if changes in PA were significantly associated with the two clusters (change in metabolic risk factors and change in self-rated health) and not just the specific variables in the clusters. The significance was tested using a regression-based MANOVA and test-statistic for Pillai's trace. Assumptions of normality, linearity, and outliers were checked using residual plots. All data in regression analysis were analyzed using SPSS for Windows, version 23 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA). A *p*-value \<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The patient's contact frequency with the PAP-responsible nurse was categorized in 1--2, 3--5, 6--10, 11--20, and ≥21 contacts. All statistical analyses, except the regression analysis, were calculated in SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp. in Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at *p* ≤0.05.
Ethical aspects {#sec016}
===============
The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (Dnr 678--14).
Results {#sec017}
=======
Study population {#sec018}
----------------
Of the 444 included individuals, 368 completed the 6 months of follow-up. The dropout rate was 17% ([Fig 1](#pone.0175190.g001){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone.0175190.g001}
Baseline characteristics {#sec019}
------------------------
The mean age of the study population was 57 years, with 56% female. Overweight/obesity was present in 91%, hypertension in 78%, and 58% had hyperlipidemia ([Table 1](#pone.0175190.t001){ref-type="table"}). Two components of MetS, WC (\>88 cm for women, \>102 cm for men) and BP (≥130/85 mm Hg) were present in 72% and WC (\>88 cm for women, \>102 cm for men) and TG (≥1.7 mmol/l) in 53%. At baseline, 61% were taking medications for components of MetS, including 54% for hypertension and 22% for hyperlipidemia. The PA level was estimated to be low, using all four PA instruments. A total of 36% of subjects were sedentary according to SGPALS, 80% reported PA equivalent to a 30 min brisk walk three times per week or less and 47% reported ≤1 time per week, according to the ACSM/AHA questionnaire ([Table 2](#pone.0175190.t002){ref-type="table"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t001
###### Baseline characteristics of the follow-up and dropout group.
{#pone.0175190.t001g}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable[^a^](#t001fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} Follow-up\ Dropout\ *p* value[^b^](#t001fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}
(n = 368) (n = 76)
------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------
**Age**---years 57.4 (10.9) 57.6 (13.1) 0.955
**Sex** **0.011**
Female 198 (53.8) 53 (69.7)
Male 170 (46.2) 23 (30.3)
**Nationality** 0.915
Sweden 312 (86.0) 62 (84.9)
Other 51 (14.0) 11 (15.1)
**Social situation** 0.144
Single 135 (37.9) 35 (48.6)
Married/ cohabit 205 (57.6) 33 (45.8)
Other 16 (4.5) 4 (5.6)
**Economy**---perceived 0.467
Good 213 (59.3) 36 (50.7)
Neither nor 107 (29.8) 19 (26.8)
Bad 39 (10.9) 16 (22.5)
**Education** 0.117
Elementary grade 69 (19.2) 14 (19.4)
Upper secondary school 131 (36.4) 36 (50)
University college 160 (44.4) 22 (30.6)
**Tobacco** 0.871
Smokers 34 (9.5) 10 (13.9)
Non-smokers 229 (63.8) 41 (56.9)
Ex-smokers 96 (26.7) 21 (29.2)
**Part of metabolic syndrome**
Overweight/Obesity 333 (90.5) 71 (93.4) 0.245
Hyperglycemia 144 (39.1) 30 (39.5) 0.672
Hypertension 293 (79.6) 53 (69.7) 0.117
Hyperlipidemia 212 (57.6) 41 (53.9) 0.801
Other diagnosis
Mental health, depression 52 (14.1) 13 (17.1) 0.446
Musculoskeletal disorders 58 (15.8) 19 (25) **0.040**
Other 155 (42.1) 38 (50) 0.172
**Drug treatment**
Overweight/Obesity 1 (0.3) 1 (1.3) 0.207
Hyperglycemia 46 (12.5) 13 (17.1) 0.246
Hypertension 196 (53.3) 40 (52.6) 0.901
Hyperlipidemia 77 (20.9) 17 (22.4) 0.694
Other drug treatment
Mental health, depression 52 (14.1) 12 (15.8) 0.642
Musculoskeletal disorders 49 (13.3) 11 (14.5) 0.723
Other 132 (35.9) 35 (46.1) 0.064
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
^a^ Age data are given as mean (standard deviation) and data for other variables are given as number (percentage).
^b^ Difference between follow-up and dropout group. *P*-value for age was determined by an independent samples *t*-test and all the other characteristics were determined by Mann-Whitney U-test.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t002
###### Baseline characteristics in anthropometrics, metabolic risk factors, physical activity level and health related quality of life---Follow-up and dropout group.
{#pone.0175190.t002g}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable[^a^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} Follow-up\ Dropout\ *p* value[^b^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
(n = 368) (n = 76)
------------------------------------------------ -------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------------
BMI, kg/m^2^ 32.0 (5.2) 33.0 (5.8) 0.104
Waist circumference, cm 107.9 (13.1) 109.2 (13.5) 0.423
Blood pressure, mm/Hg:
Systolic 137.3 (17.4) 135.8 (19.3) 0.515
Diastolic 82.7 (10.2) 79.6 (9.9) **0.017**
Metabolic components, mmol/l:
Fasting plasma glucose 6.3 (1.9) 6.3 (1.8) 0.894
Triglycerides 1.7 (1.0) 1.8 (0.9) 0.597
Cholesterol 5.6 (1.2) 5.6 (1.2) 0.949
HDL 1.4 (0.4) 1.4 (0.6) 0.549
LDL 3.6 (1.1) 3.6 (1.0) 0.734
Physical activity level, score:
ACSM/AHA questionnaire 1.7 (1.5) 1.7 (1.4) 0.975
HRQOL SF-36, score:
Physical functioning 81.1 (18.3) 70.4 (24.1) **0.001**
Role limitation, physical 69.9 (37.3) 58.1 (42.1) **0.030**
Bodily pain 67.0 (26.7) 55.1 (28.1) **0.001**
General health 60.5 (20.4) 53.5 (20.1) **0.009**
Vitality 52.4 (23.2) 44.7 (23.6) **0.010**
Social function 78.9 (25.2) 68.8 (29.2) **0.007**
Role limitation, emotional 72.9 (39.0) 58.6 (45.2) **0.015**
Mental health 72.1 (19.9) 65.8 (21.9) **0.016**
Physical component summary 45.7 (9.9) 41.4 (10.8) **0.001**
Mental component summary 44.4 (13.1) 40.0 (14.6) **0.012**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BMI, body mass index; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey.
^a^ Data are given as mean (standard deviation).
^b^ Difference between follow-up and dropout group. *P*-value for the variables was determined by an independent samples *t*-test.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
A higher proportion of women and musculoskeletal disorders and a lower level of SF-36 HRQOL were seen in the dropout group (Tables [1](#pone.0175190.t001){ref-type="table"} and [2](#pone.0175190.t002){ref-type="table"}). There was a significantly lower SF-36 value, not presented in table, for BP (*p* = 0.048) among women compared with men in the dropout group. A lower DBP was also present in the dropout group ([Table 2](#pone.0175190.t002){ref-type="table"}).
In a subgroup analysis between men and women, inferior values were seen in metabolic health (DBP, FPG, TG, Chol, HDL) for men and in HRQOL (PF, BP, SF, RE, MH, PCS) for women at baseline ([Table 3](#pone.0175190.t003){ref-type="table"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t003
###### Baseline characteristics in anthropometrics, metabolic risk factors, physical activity level and health related quality of life---Men and women.
{#pone.0175190.t003g}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable[^a^](#t003fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} Men\ Women\ *p* value[^b^](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
(n = 193) (n = 251)
------------------------------------------------ -------------- -------------- -------------------------------------------------
BMI, kg/m^2^ 32.2 (5.0) 32.1 (5.6) 0.788
Waist circumference, cm 113 (12.4) 104 (12.5) **\<0.001**
Blood pressure, mm/Hg:
Systolic 137.4 (17.1) 136.7 (18.2) 0.668
Diastolic 83.5 (10.9) 81.1 (9.4) **0.016**
Metabolic components, mmol/l:
Fasting plasma glucose 6.6 (2.2) 6.0 (1.5) **0.003**
Triglycerides 2.0 (1.2) 1.5 (0.7) **\<0.001**
Cholesterol 5.4 (1.2) 5.7 (1.2) **0.004**
HDL 1.2 (0.4) 1.6 (0.5) **\<0.001**
LDL 3.5 (1.0) 3.7 (1.1) 0.168
Physical activity level, score:
ACSM/AHA questionnaire 1.8 (1.5) 1.7 (1.5) 0.403
HRQOL SF-36, score:
Physical functioning 83.2 (17.5) 76.3 (20.9) **\<0.001**
Role limitation, physical 71.5 (36.2) 65.1 (39.8) 0.087
Bodily pain 69.2 (26.5) 61.7 (27.4) **0.005**
General health 59.4 (19.5) 59.2 (21.4) 0.911
Vitality 52.5 (23.2) 50.0 (23.6) 0.275
Social function 80.0 (24.4) 75.0 (27.3) **0.049**
Role limitation, emotional 76.0 (36.8) 66.2 (42.6) **0.011**
Mental health 73.2 (19.2) 69.3 (21.0) **0.049**
Physical component summary 46.2 (9.6) 44.0 (10.5) **0.035**
Mental component summary 45.0 (12.4) 42.7 (14.2) 0.071
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BMI, body mass index; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey.
^a^ Data are given as mean (standard deviation).
^b^ Difference between men and women. *P*-value for the variables was determined by an independent samples *t*-test.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
The three questions regarding the readiness to change PA levels were: How prepared? (mean 81.4 mm, SD 17.7 mm), How important? (mean 83.9 mm, SD 17.9 mm), and How confident? (self-efficacy) (mean 64.3 mm, SD 23.9 mm). A subgroup analyses between the completed group *vs*. dropout group showed significantly lower values for the dropout group regarding confidence to succeed (65.9 mm *v* 56.3 mm, 95% CI: 2.7--16.6, *p* = 0.007).
Six-month follow-up {#sec020}
-------------------
Statistically significant positive changes were reached using all four PA instruments ([Table 4](#pone.0175190.t004){ref-type="table"}). The most commonly prescribed PA modality overall was moderate intensity walking, 30--44 min, 2--5 times/week. At the 6-month follow-up, 270 patients (73%, *d-value* = 1.17) in the study group had increased their PA level, measured with the ACSM/AHA questionnaire and a total of 153 patients (42%) had improved their PA from inadequate to sufficient, according to the public health recommendations of the ACSM/AHA. There were also significant improvements in BMI, WC, SBP, FPG, TG, Chol, and LDL with small *d*-values except for women's WC reaching a medium *d*-value at the 6-month follow-up. The SF-36 showed a significant increase in 6 of 8 health concepts: RP, GH, VT, SF, RE, and MH and in the physical and mental component summary with small *d*-values ([Table 5](#pone.0175190.t005){ref-type="table"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t004
###### Descriptive statistics and differences for physical activity level at baseline and 6-months follow-up.
{#pone.0175190.t004g}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable\ Baseline 6-months follow up Mean difference\ 95% CI *p* value
(n) (6-months---baseline)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------------- ----------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------------------
ACSM/AHA questionnaire, score (361)[^a^](#t004fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.75 (1.55) 4.57 (3.29) 2.8 (3.4) 2.5;3.2 **\<0.001**[^c^](#t004fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
IPAQ 1--3, score (236)[^b^](#t004fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 1 (1--2) 2 (1--2) \- \- **\<0.001**[^d^](#t004fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
IPAQ 1--3, category, No (%)
• Low 222 (62.4) 130 (47.3) \- \-
• Moderate 134 (37.6) 145 (52.7) \- \-
• High 0 0 \- \-
SGPALS 1--4, score (337)[^b^](#t004fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 2 (1--3) 2 (1--3) \- \- **\<0.001**[^d^](#t004fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
SGPALS 1--4, category, No (%)
• 1 158 (36.5) 66 (19.2) \- \-
• 2 268 (61.9) 223 (65.1) \- \-
• 3 7 (1.6) 54 (15.7) \- \-
• 4 0 0 \- \-
Frändin/Grimby 1--6, score (338)[^b^](#t004fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 3 (1--5) 3 (1--6) \- \- **\<0.001**[^d^](#t004fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Frändin/Grimby 1--6, category, No (%)
• 1 31 (7.1) 7 (2.0) \- \-
• 2 75 (17.3) 41 (12.0) \- \-
• 3 243 (56.0) 169 (49.1) \- \-
• 4 81 (18.7) 107 (31.1) \- \-
• 5 4 (0.9) 17 (4.9) \- \-
• 6 0 3 (0.9) \- \-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CI, confidence intervals; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; IPAQ; International Physical Activity Questionnaire
^a^Values are given as mean (standard deviation).
^b^Values are given as median (minimum-maximum).
^c^*P* values were determined by a paired samples *t*-test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up.
^d^*P* values were determined by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t005
###### Descriptive statistics and differences for anthropometric-, metabolic characteristics and health related quality of life at baseline and 6-month follow-up.
{#pone.0175190.t005g}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable[^a^](#t005fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}\ Baseline 6-months follow up Mean difference\ 95% CI *p* value[^b^](#t005fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Cohen's *d*[^c^](#t005fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
(n) (6-month---baseline)
------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------------- ---------------------- ----------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
BMI, kg/m^2^ (353) 32.0 (5.2) 31.7 (5.4) -0.3 (1.7) -0.5;-0.1 **0.001** 0.25
Waist circumference, cm (352) 107.8 (13.2) 106.2 (13.9) -1.7 (5.8) -2.3;-1.1 **\<0.001** 0.41
• female (187) 103.4 (12.2) 101.4 (13.2) -2.1 (5.9) -2.9;-1.2 **\<0.001** 0.50
• male (165) 112.8 (12.6) 111.6 (12.6) -1.3 (5.6) -2.1;-0.4 **0.005** 0.32
Blood pressure, mm/Hg:
Systolic (358) 137.5 (17.3) 133.9 (16.2) -3.6 (16.4) -5.3;-1.9 **\<0.001** 0.31
Diastolic (358) 82.8 (10.1) 82.5 (9.3) -0.4 (9.9) -1.4;0.6 0.466 0.05
Metabolic components, mmol/l:
Fasting plasma glucose (352) 6.26 (1.92) 6.01 (1.44) -0.3 (1.2) -0.4;-0.1 **\<0.001** 0.29
Triglycerides (355) 1.69 (0.99) 1.59 (0.88) -0.1 (0.8) -0.2;0.0 **0.016** 0.18
Cholesterol (358) 5.57 (1.21) 5.39 (1.16) -0.2 (0.9) -0.3;-0.1 **\<0.001** 0.27
HDL (357) 1.41 (0.45) 1.43 (0.45) 0.0 (0.3) 0.0;0.1 0.196 0.10
LDL (353) 3.63 (1.06) 3.52 (1.03) -0.1 (0.8) -0.2;0.0 **0.009** 0.20
HRQOL SF-36, score:
Physical functioning (335) 81.3 (18.1) 81.8 (19.1) 0.4 (14.1) -1.1;2.0 0.558 0.04
Role limitation, physical (323) 70.0 (37.4) 77.4 (33.3) 7.4 (39.7) 3.1;11,8 **0.001** 0.26
Bodily pain (334) 67.3 (26.6) 69.6 (27.2) 2.3 (22.9) -0.2;4.7 0.069 0.14
General health (335) 60.7 (20.2) 64.2 (20.8) 3.6 (14.4) 2.0;5.1 **\<0.001** 0.35
Vitality (333) 52.6 (23.1) 58.3 (21.6) 5.7 (19.4) 3.6;7.8 **\<0.001** 0.42
Social function (334) 79.2 (25.2) 83.6 (21.8) 4.4 (24.6) 1.8;7.1 **0.001** 0.26
Role limitation, emotional (324) 73.4 (38.8) 77.8 (36.2) 4.4 (39.0) 0.2;8.7 **0.042** 0.16
Mental health (333) 72.2 (19.8) 74.3 (18.8) 2.2 (16.3) 0.4;3.9 **0.017**[^b^](#t005fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.19
Physical component summary (318) 45.8 (9.9) 46.8 (9.9) 1.0 (8.0) 0.1;1.9 **0.029** 0.17
Mental component summary (318) 44.6 (13.2) 46.6 (11.8) 2.0 (10.9) 0.8;3.2 **0.001** 0.19
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CI, confidence intervals; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey.
^a^Values are given as mean (standard deviation).
^b^*P* values were determined by a paired samples *t*-test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up.
^c^Effect size in within-subjects comparisons ($\text{Cohen's }d_{\text{z}}\, \times \sqrt{2}\, = \text{Cohen's }d$) was measured quantifying the degree of differentiation in values between baseline and 6-months follow-up.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
A multivariate regression analysis showed positive significant associations between changes in the PA level and the health outcomes of metabolic risk factors (Pillai's Trace = 0.063, *p* = 0.032) and SF-36 HRQOL (Pillai's Trace = 0.095, *p*\<0.001) at the 6-month follow-up. Univariate linear regression analysis showed positive significant associations between changes in the PA level and the BMI ([Table 6](#pone.0175190.t006){ref-type="table"}), and the SF-36: RP, BP, GH, VT, SF, MH, PCS, and MCS ([Table 7](#pone.0175190.t007){ref-type="table"}). The univariate regression models could only partially explain how the changes in the PA level were related to metabolic risk factor outcomes (R^2^-values 0.03--0.05) and health concepts in the SF-36 (R^2^-values 0.03--0.12).
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t006
###### Results for univariate linear regression analysis investigating the association between change in PA and metabolic risk factors at 6-month follow-up[^a^](#t006fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}.
{#pone.0175190.t006g}
Dependent variable Independent variable β 95% CI *p* value
----------------------------------- ---------------------- -------- --------------- -----------
Δ BMI, kg/m^2^ Δ Change PA -0.069 -0.128;-0.010 **0.022**
Δ Waist circumference, cm Δ Change PA -0.124 -0.340;0.091 0.256
Δ Blood pressure systolic, mm/Hg Δ Change PA 0.489 -0.108;1.086 0.108
Δ Blood pressure diastolic, mm/Hg Δ Change PA 0.277 -0.083;0.637 0.131
Δ Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.035 -0.076;0.006 0.097
Δ Triglycerides, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.013 -0.039;0.014 0.341
Δ Cholesterol, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.025 -0.059;0.008 0.135
Δ HDL, mmol/l Δ Change PA 0.001 -0.007;0.009 0.739
Δ LDL, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.012 -0.042;0.017 0.410
PA, physical activity according to ACSM/AHA questionnaire; β, change in value; CI, confidence intervals; Δ, the difference between 6-month value and start value; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.
^a^Adjusted for PA level at baseline, age, sex, social situation, economy, education and smoking.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t007
###### Results for univariate linear regression analysis investigating the association between change in PA and health related quality of life (SF-36) at 6-month follow-up[^a^](#t007fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}.
{#pone.0175190.t007g}
Dependent variable Independent variable β 95% CI *p* value
------------------------------ ---------------------- ------- -------------- -------------
HRQOL SF-36, score:
Δ Physical functioning Δ Change PA 0.432 -0.077;0.941 0.096
Δ Role limitation, physical Δ Change PA 1.713 0.289;3.138 **0.019**
Δ Bodily pain Δ Change PA 1.184 0.380;1.988 **0.004**
Δ General health Δ Change PA 0.785 0.265;1.306 **0.003**
Δ Vitality Δ Change PA 1.702 1.017;2.388 **\<0.001**
Δ Social function Δ Change PA 1.435 -0.561;2.309 **0.001**
Δ Role limitation, emotional Δ Change PA 1.004 -0.449;2.456 0.175
Δ Mental health Δ Change PA 1.171 0.576;1.765 **\<0.001**
Δ Physical component summary Δ Change PA 0.338 0.048;0.628 **0.022**
Δ Mental component summary Δ Change PA 0.659 0.265;1.053 **0.001**
PA, physical activity according to ACSM/AHA questionnaire; β, change in value; CI, confidence intervals; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; Δ, the difference between 6-month value and start value.
^a^Adjusted for PA level at baseline, age, sex, social situation, economy, education and smoking.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
In a within subgroup analysis between men and women, there were improved metabolic risk factor values for both men (6 of 9 measured parameters) and women (5 of 9) at the 6-month follow-up. Increased HRQOL values were seen in 2 of 10 health concepts among men and 7 of 10 among women ([Table 8](#pone.0175190.t008){ref-type="table"}). In a between group analysis, not presented in table, women increased their PA level more than men.
10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t008
###### Descriptive statistics and differences for anthropometric-, metabolic characteristics, physical activity level and health related quality of life at baseline and 6-month follow-up---Men and women.
{#pone.0175190.t008g}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable[^a^](#t008fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}\ Men Women
(n; men/women)
------------------------------------------------- ------- ------------- ------------- ------- ------------- -------------
BMI, kg/m^2^ (164/189) -0.18 -0.43;0.06 0.139 -0.39 -0.64;-0.14 **0.002**
Waist circumference, cm (165/187) -1.26 -2.12;-0.39 **0.005** -2.09 -2.94;-1.23 **\<0.001**
Blood pressure, mm/Hg:
Systolic (166/192) -3.38 -5.74;-1.01 **0.005** -3.76 -6.21;-1.29 **0.003**
Diastolic (166/192) -0.04 -1.59;1.51 0.957 -0.68 -2.08;0.72 0.342
Metabolic components, mmol/l:
Fasting plasma glucose (161/191) -0.36 -0.56;-0.14 **0.001** -0.17 -0.33;-0.01 **0.032**
Triglycerides (163/192) -0.18 -0.33;0.02 **0.020** -0.03 -0.10;0.04 0.417
Cholesterol (163/195) -0.23 -0.37;-0.07 **0.003** -0.14 -0.27;-0.01 **0.039**
HDL (164/193) 0.02 -0.03;0.07 0.464 0.02 -0.01;0.05 0.213
LDL (161/192) -0.17 -0.30;-0.03 **0.017** -0.08 -0.20;0.04 0.184
Physical activity level, score:
ACSM/AHA questionnaire (168/193) 2.44 1.97;2.91 **\<0.001** 3.16 2.63;3.68 **\<0.001**
HRQOL SF-36, score:
Physical functioning (153/182) -1.2 -3.53;1.05 0.286 1.9 -0.14;3.89 0.068
Role limitation, physical (148/175) 6.2 -0.02;12.41 0.051 8.5 2.4;14.64 **0.007**
Bodily pain (152/182) 2.8 -0.71;6.31 0.117 1.8 -1.62;5.32 0.294
General health (153/182) 3.2 0.98;5.51 **0.005** 3.8 1.72;5.99 **\<0.001**
Vitality (152/181) 6.2 3.70;8.71 **\<0.001** 5.3 2.10;8.58 **0.001**
Social function (153/181) 2.5 -1.11;6.18 0.172 6.1 2.27;9.88 **0.002**
Role limitation, emotional (146/178) 0.2 -5.62;6.08 0.939 7.9 1.76;13.97 **0.012**
Mental health (152/181) 0.2 -2.32;2.67 0.888 3.8 1.35;6.28 **0.003**
Physical component summary (144/174) 1.0 -0.29;2.27 0.128 1.0 -0.25;2.22 0.117
Mental component summary (144/174) 0.9 -0.81;2.53 0.311 3.0 1.28;4.72 **0.001**
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CI, confidence intervals; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; IPAQ; International Physical Activity Questionnaire; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey.
^a^Values are given as mean.
^b^*P* values were determined by a paired samples *t*-test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up.
Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05.
During the first 6 month period, excluding the start visit, 80% of the patients received PAP support from caregivers 1--2 times, either through visits at the health care center or by telephone contact ([Fig 2](#pone.0175190.g002){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone.0175190.g002}
Discussion {#sec021}
==========
The main results of this study were the improvements in PA level, metabolic risk factors, and self-reported quality of life at the 6 month follow-up of PAP-treatment in primary health care for 27--85 year olds, having at least one component of MetS. Multivariate regression analysis also showed positive significant associations between changes in the PA level and health outcomes, similar to previous studies \[[@pone.0175190.ref044], [@pone.0175190.ref045]\].
To explore the association between PAP-treatment and the PA level, four self-reported questionnaires were used and all showed significant increments in the PA level. The difference measured with the ACSM/AHA questionnaire had a *d* value (*d* = 1.17) that indicated a large effect size. The finding that several PA instruments showed positive changes increases the dependability of the overall result and may be important since the concept of PA is contextualized, complex and difficult to measure \[[@pone.0175190.ref046]\]. Two previous meta-analyses \[[@pone.0175190.ref011], [@pone.0175190.ref012]\] regarding the clinical effects of PAP-interventions also demonstrated difficulties with measuring PA due to heterogeneity in the quality and nature of the studies. In addition, several of the included studies had a fixed short-time intervention (10--12 weeks) \[[@pone.0175190.ref047]--[@pone.0175190.ref050]\] and were linked to predetermined activities, e.g. leisure center-based or community walk programs \[[@pone.0175190.ref048]--[@pone.0175190.ref051]\], and not individualized to the needs and opinions of the patients. There was also uncertainty about the customized structured support and follow-up during the intervention. The lack of patient-related individualization of the PAP-intervention may have influenced the outcome. This present study was a totally individualized intervention and the PAP-treatment consisted of individual-based dialogue with the patient, an individually tailored recommendation of PA, and customized, structured support over 6 months. The majority of the patients chose a PA to be carried out, on their own, in everyday life near their residential area or workplace. The majority of the patients received PAP support 1--2 times during the 6 month period; thus, the effort made by the primary health care workers was small and the cost was relatively low \[[@pone.0175190.ref052]\].
The present study showed significant improvements in the majority of metabolic risk factors, measured at the 6-month follow-up and positive associations between changes in the PA level and metabolic health outcomes. Previous PAP studies have shown some, but varied outcomes regarding metabolic risk factors \[[@pone.0175190.ref047], [@pone.0175190.ref049], [@pone.0175190.ref050]\] in within group analyses, but often non-significant effects in the between group analysis. Though, Kallings et al. \[[@pone.0175190.ref015]\], in a Swedish PAP study among elderly subjects, showed an increase in metabolic health in both within- and between group analyses with patient-individualized PAP-intervention versus usual care. In this study, the results were even more obvious with regard to the effects on metabolic risk factors and may strengthen the individualization perspective of the PAP-treatment. The relatively small effect sizes regarding changes in metabolic parameters can be explained by the existing dose-response relationship between PA level and health outcomes \[[@pone.0175190.ref044], [@pone.0175190.ref045]\]. In this study, 42% of the patients reached the public health recommendations and the most commonly prescribed exertion was moderate intensity. A more extensive increase in PA level among the patients not reaching the public health recommendations or PA on a vigorous-intensity level possibly would have increased the effect size.
Even HRQOL, measured with the SF-36, was significantly improved for 8 of 10 health concepts with a small effect size (*d*) and five of the concepts considered clinically relevant \[[@pone.0175190.ref053]\]. Small differences on the SF-36 health survey (i.e. 3- to 5-points) are considered clinically important even if the effect size is estimated as small \[[@pone.0175190.ref054], [@pone.0175190.ref055]\]. Importantly, the improvements in our study were associated with changes in the PA level. Several previous PAP studies found improvements in quality of life \[[@pone.0175190.ref017], [@pone.0175190.ref047], [@pone.0175190.ref049], [@pone.0175190.ref051], [@pone.0175190.ref056]--[@pone.0175190.ref058]\]. However, the studies that used the SF-36 reported smaller numbers of improved health concepts, with the exception of two Swedish studies showing significant positive changes in the majority of health concepts at 6 months \[[@pone.0175190.ref059]\] and 2 years follow-up \[[@pone.0175190.ref060]\]. This study found similar changes in HRQOL, although the inclusion criteria were different. However, the amount of PAP support is only reported in the present study, where 80% of the patients received support from caregivers 1--2 times during the 6 month period.
Although univariate regression models showed positive significant associations, they could not explain all the changes in health outcomes. An increased PA level explained 3--5% of the metabolic health effects and 3--12% of the health effects in the HRQOL SF-36. However, the role of PA is difficult and complex to measure and not fully clarified due to its multifactorial effects. The relatively low correlation between changes in physical fitness and metabolic risk factors has been discussed due to exercise-induced improvements in body composition, e.g. reduced abdominal visceral fat, per se, has positive effects on the metabolic risk profile \[[@pone.0175190.ref061]\].
There were some differences in baseline characteristics between those who could be followed up at 6 months and the dropout group. The most interesting findings were that women with an additional musculoskeletal diagnosis and lower self-reported quality of life (BP *p* = 0.048), were more frequent in the dropout group. This might give an indication that some patients are in need of more enhanced support to increase their PA level or would benefit from a period of rehabilitation before or in combination with a PAP intervention.
There were some differences between men and women, within the study group, with inferior values in metabolic variables for men and HRQOL for women at baseline. At the 6 month follow-up, the women had increased their PA and HRQOL values more than men; whereas, the improvements in metabolic parameters were similar between the groups. In contrast, previous studies of lifestyle interventions have shown that men were more likely to increase their PA level \[[@pone.0175190.ref062], [@pone.0175190.ref063]\]. The most common recommendation for PAP was for PA to be carried out in everyday life (e.g. taking walks) near the subject's residential area or workplace, a recommendation which may be suitable for many women. These gender-related differences should be considered when individualizing the intervention and support for the patient. Various subgroup analyses are needed to explore the possible needs for the patient to succeed when making this behavioral change.
Limitations {#sec022}
-----------
The dropout rate was 17% between baseline and the 6-month follow-up, and this may be normal in this type of study \[[@pone.0175190.ref059], [@pone.0175190.ref064]\]. Importantly, the present study was a "daily clinical work" survey with ordinary primary health care patients visiting their local health care center where the personnel had no extra time to manage this part of their duties. A per-protocol analysis was used where the drop-out group was excluded from the analysis between the baseline and 6-month follow-up, a method that increases the risk of bias. Although, when using an intention to treat analysis (ITT) that includes the dropout group, there would be a risk of attributing characteristics to the patients in the dropout group that they did not have. The ITT analysis has been criticized for potentially leading to a biased treatment effect \[[@pone.0175190.ref065], [@pone.0175190.ref066]\].
This survey was an observational, follow-up study in daily clinical practice without any control group. The lack of a control group complicates the interpretation of estimating the effects of the PAP-intervention on the increased PA level and positive health effects. However, the results in this study are comparable to other studies evaluating intervention groups in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) \[[@pone.0175190.ref015], [@pone.0175190.ref064]\] and two Swedish PAP studies without a control group that reported increased PA levels \[[@pone.0175190.ref016], [@pone.0175190.ref059]\]. Notably, a review assessing the impact of RCTs versus an observational study design revealed no differences in effect estimates (pooled ratio of odds ratios of 1.08) \[[@pone.0175190.ref067]\]. In addition, there are limitations of RCTs due to the possible lack of external validity resulting in non-appropriate evidence on which clinical decisions are based \[[@pone.0175190.ref068], [@pone.0175190.ref069]\].
An observational study design requires caution concerning bias that can undermine the internal validity \[[@pone.0175190.ref070]\]. The study population was non-consecutively included. No data were collected for patients with the same inclusion criteria who visited the health care centers and were not included in the study. It is not possible to estimate how many patients, in total, were candidates for treatment with PAP. The risk of selection bias increases when including patients more willing to change their PA level. The patients estimated high values for how prepared they were and how important it was to increase their PA level, but lower values for the confidence (self-efficacy) to succeed. The dropout group had even lower values for self-efficacy (*p* = 0.007), which is predictive for exercise adherence and compliance in both the adoption and maintenance of PA among adults \[[@pone.0175190.ref071], [@pone.0175190.ref072]\]. The PAP-treatment method is patient-centered and dependent on the patient's attitude to change living habits and the health care professional's ability to evaluate what stage of change the patient is in. The PAP method probably has the most potential for patients in contemplation or preparation stages \[[@pone.0175190.ref073]\].
Using multiple measurements to assess the outcomes may incur a risk for type I errors. However, multiple predefined outcomes in this study were needed to indicate several effects and they seem to be justified without the need for adjustment \[[@pone.0175190.ref074]\]. Measuring PA seems to be a complex issue with methodological problems due to the diversified designs of several studies \[[@pone.0175190.ref075]\]. Using self-reported questionnaires may increase the risk of recall or social desirability bias, but is both practical and valid \[[@pone.0175190.ref064]\]. In this study, we used four self-reported instruments, and all showed similar results.
Conclusions {#sec023}
===========
This observational study indicated that an individual-based PAP-treatment has the potential to change people's PA behavior with improved metabolic risk factors and self-reported quality of life at the 6-month follow-up. The PAP-treatment proved to work in daily clinical primary care with educated, authorized personnel, structured routines, and readily available information for both patients and workers. If implemented widely, PAP-treatment has the potential to become an important method and may result in major health benefits for physically inactive, sedentary patients with a minimum effort from healthcare professionals. However, further research about the outcome of PAP-treatment strategies is needed regarding individualized, well-defined interventions and long term follow-up in RCTs.
Supporting information {#sec024}
======================
###### Source data file.
(XLSX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the PAP-responsible co-workers at Närhälsan Askim HCC, Capio HCC Axess, Carlanderska HCC, Närhälsan Frölunda HCC, Närhälsan Gibraltargatan HCC, Närhälsan Högsbo HCC, Johannesvården HCC, Närhälsan Kungshöjd HCC, Närhälsan Kungssten HCC, Närhälsan Majorna HCC, Närhälsan Masthugget HCC, Närhälsan Opaltorget HCC, Närhälsan Slottsskogen HCC, Närhälsan Styrsö HCC and Västerleden HCC for skilful assistance in this study. Helpful advice on study modeling and clinical planning were provided by Gunilla Sigurdsdotter, Carin Häggström and Britt-Marie Finbom Forsgren. The authors would like to thank Irja Burhöi, Susy Caraza Rivera and Sara Gustavsson for technical assistance with data processing and statistical analyzes.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: **Conceptualization:** SL LH ÅC.**Data curation:** SL ÅC.**Formal analysis:** SL ÅC MEHL MB LH.**Investigation:** SL ÅC.**Methodology:** SL LH ÅC MB.**Project administration:** SL.**Resources:** SL ÅC.**Software:** SL ÅC.**Validation:** SL ÅC MB MEHL LH.**Writing -- original draft:** SL ÅC MB MEHL LH.**Writing -- review & editing:** SL ÅC MB MEHL LH.
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Section 91H of the NSW Crimes Act makes it an offence to possess, produce or disseminate child abuse material.
The offence carries a maximum penalty of 10 years imprisonment in the District Court or 2 years in the Local Court.
‘Child abuse material’ is material that depicts or describes, in a way that reasonable persons would regard as being offensive:
a child victim of torture,
a child apparently engaged in sexual activity or a sexual pose, or in the presence of another engaged in sexual activity or a sexual pose, or
a child’s genitalia.
Pleading Not Guilty
If you don’t agree with the allegations, it is important for your lawyer to fight for the case to be dropped as early as possible.
This can be achieved by:
Obtaining any statements and materials that support your case,
Writing and advising the prosecution of any inconsistencies or other weaknesses in the case against you,
Advising that the material cannot be described as child abuse material because it is not contrary to accepted moral standards, or that the material is for a literary, artistic, educational, journalistic, medical, legal or scientific purposes,
Advising that you have a valid defence, and
Pressing for the withdrawal of the case.
If the prosecution refuses, your criminal lawyer should be experienced at winning child abuse material cases similar to yours.
Defences
Your lawyer can advise you if any of the following defences apply:
Innocent Possession, Production or Dissemination
It a defence if you did not know, and could not be reasonably expected to have known, that you possessed, produced or disseminated the material.
Removing the Material
It is a defence if you got rid of the material as soon as you became aware it was there.
Classified Material
It is a defence if the material was given a rating such as M, MA or R.
Public Benefit and Law Enforcement
It is a defence if the material was possessed, produced or disseminated for the benefit of the public.
Conduct is for the public benefit if necessary for the enforcement of laws or administration of justice.
Approved Research
It is a defence if approval was obtained from the Attorney General and he material did not go beyond that approval.
Duress
This is when you are forced to possess, produce or disseminate child abuse material under a threat of physical violence or death.
Pleading Guilty
If you wish to plead guilty to a child abuse material charge, any of the following penalties may apply:
Non Conviction Order
This means that you are guilty but the court does not impose a criminal conviction upon you.
The court will look a range of matters when deciding whether to grant a ‘section 10 dismissal or conditional release order’ – including the incident itself, the lead-up to the incident, your general character and your personal circumstances.
Good behaviour bond
This means that you cannot commit any further offences for the duration of the bond.
The bond may have additional conditions, such as seeing a Community Corrections officer and complying with their directions.
Community service order
This means that you must undertake a specific number of hours of unpaid work over a 12 month period.
The maximum is 500 hours.
Community service orders are not available to all defendants or for all ‘sex offences’.
Your lawyer will be able to advise whether community service is available to you.
Intensive correction order
This means that you come under the supervision of the Department of Corrections and are required to undertake 32 hours of community service work per month.
You may also be required to undertake rehabilitation programs, attend conferences and be subjected to urinalysis and monitoring.
Intensive correction orders can last up to 2 years.
Intensive correction orders are not available to all defendants or for all ‘sex offences’.
Your lawyer will be able to advise whether an intensive correction order is available to you.
Home detention
This means that you must generally stay at home for the duration of your sentence, subject to exclusions such as approved work or attending medical appointments or counselling.
Home detention orders can last up to 18 months.
Home detention orders are not available to all defendants or for all ‘sex offences’.
Your lawyer will be able to advise whether home detention is available to you.
Suspended sentence
This is when you are sentenced to a period of imprisonment, but are not actually sent to prison as long you comply with any conditions and do not commit any further offences.
Suspended sentences can last up to 2 years.
Full time prison
This is when you are sent to gaol.
Full time imprisonment can only be imposed if no other alternative is appropriate in the circumstances.
Call our experienced criminal lawyers today for a free first appointment where we can discuss your child abuse material case and advise you of the best way forward. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
In vitro assessment of anticryptosporidial efficacy and cytotoxicity of adenosine analogues using a SYBR Green real-time PCR method.
The aims of this study were to provide a cost-effective and valuable method for evaluating drug efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum using a quantitative SYBR Green real-time PCR (qPCR) and to assess the efficacy of adenosine analogues as drug templates. C. parvum HNJ-1 strain growing in human ileocaecal adenocarcinoma cells was employed as an in vitro culture system. To normalize the DNA extraction efficiency, a specific plasmid was added to each sample before DNA purification; the genomic DNA of infected cells was quantified by qPCR using specific primers to confirm drug efficacy and cytotoxicity. To determine the mechanism of action, enzymatic inhibition analyses were conducted using C. parvum S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (CpSAHH) recombinant protein. The dose-dependent growth inhibition of C. parvum was confirmed; 50% effective concentrations of neplanocin A (NPA) and 2-fluoroadenosine (2FA) were 139 μM and 0.842 μM, respectively. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed that the 50% growth inhibition concentration of 2FA was 1.18 μM; NPA did not exhibit any cytotoxicity up to 200 μM. The screening system revealed the specific but marginal efficacy of NPA and showed 2FA to be cytotoxic. Recombinant CpSAHH inhibition analyses showed that NPA competitively inhibited CpSAHH activity (K(i )= 0.395 μM), whereas 2FA did not. This novel qPCR system confirmed not only drug efficacy against C. parvum but also cytotoxicity to host cells. Moreover, since the SYBR Green method is cost effective, it could therefore be used in a wide variety of clinical and research-oriented applications of Cryptosporidium analysis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
---
abstract: 'We analyze heat and charge transport through a single-level quantum dot coupled to two BCS superconductors at different temperatures to first order in the tunnel coupling. In order to describe the system theoretically, we extend a real-time diagrammatic technique that allows us to capture the interplay between superconducting correlations, strong Coulomb interactions and nonequilibrium physics. We find that a thermoelectric effect can arise due to the superconducting proximity effect on the dot. In the nonlinear regime, the thermoelectric current can also flow at the particle-hole symmetric point due to a level renormalization caused by virtual tunneling between the dot and the leads. The heat current through the quantum dot is sensitive to the superconducting phase difference. In the nonlinear regime, the system can act as a thermal diode.'
author:
- Mathias Kamp
- Björn Sothmann
title: 'Phase-dependent heat and charge transport through superconductor-quantum dot hybrids'
---
\[sec:intro\]Introduction
=========================
Understanding, manipulating and managing heat flows at the nanoscale is of crucial importance for modern electronics where Joule heating constitutes a major nuisance in the operation of computer chips. Heat transport can occur via electrons [@giazotto_opportunities_2006], phonons [@li_colloquium:_2012] and photons [@meschke_single-mode_2006; @ronzani_tunable_2018]. A promising direction to achieve control over thermal transport by electrons is phase-coherent caloritronics [@martinez-perez_coherent_2014; @fornieri_towards_2017] in superconducting circuits. Phase-coherent caloritronics is based on the observation that not only the charge current depends on the phase difference across the junction via the Josephson effect [@josephson_possible_1962] but that also the heat current is sensitive to the phase difference [@maki_entropy_1965; @maki_entropy_1966; @guttman_phase-dependent_1997; @guttman_thermoelectric_1997; @guttman_interference_1998; @zhao_phase_2003; @zhao_heat_2004]. The phase-dependent contribution to the heat current arises from Andreev like processes where an incident electronlike quasiparticle above the superconducting gap is reflected as a holelike quasi particle and vice versa.
Recently, phase-coherent heat transport in superconducting circuits has been observed experimentally [@giazotto_josephson_2012]. The possibility to control heat currents via magnetic fields has led to a number of proposals for phase-coherent caloritronic devices such as heat interferometers [@giazotto_phase-controlled_2012; @martinez-perez_fully_2013] and diffractors [@giazotto_coherent_2013; @guarcello_coherent_2016], thermal rectifiers [@giazotto_thermal_2013; @martinez-perez_efficient_2013; @fornieri_normal_2014; @fornieri_electronic_2015], transistors [@giazotto_proposal_2014; @fornieri_negative_2016], switches [@sothmann_high-efficiency_2017] and circulators [@hwang_phase-coherent_2018], thermometers [@giazotto_ferromagnetic-insulator-based_2015; @guarcello_non-linear_2018] as well as heat engines [@marchegiani_self-oscillating_2016; @hofer_autonomous_2016; @vischi_coherent_2018] and refrigerators [@solinas_microwave_2016; @marchegiani_-chip_2017]. Experimentally, heat interferometers [@giazotto_josephson_2012; @fornieri_nanoscale_2016; @fornieri_0_2017], the quantum diffraction of heat [@martinez-perez_quantum_2014], thermal diodes [@martinez-perez_rectification_2015] and a thermal router [@timossi_phase-tunable_2018] have been realized so far. Apart from potential applications in caloritronic and thermal logic [@paolucci_phase-tunable_2018], phase-coherent heat transport can also serve as a diagnostic tool that allows one, e.g., to probe the existence of topological Andreev bound states [@sothmann_fingerprint_2016].
![\[fig:model\]Schematic sketch of our setup. A single-level quantum dot is tunnel coupled to two superconducting electrodes at temperatures $T_\text{L}$ and $T_\text{R}$.](Systemsetup.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
So far, the theoretical and experimental investigation of phase-coherent heat transport has been restricted to systems such as tunnel barriers and point contacts where the effects of electron-electron interactions can be neglected. While such setups already offer a lot of interesting physics, this raises the question of how Coulomb interactions can affect phase-dependent heat currents. In this paper, we address this important question by analyzing phase-coherent heat and charge transport through a thermally biased hybrid structure consisting of a strongly interacting single-level quantum dot tunnel coupled to superconducting electrodes, cf. Fig. \[fig:model\].
Superconductor-quantum dot hybrids have received a lot of attention, see Ref. [@de_franceschi_hybrid_2010] and [@martin-rodero_josephson_2011] for recent reviews on experiments and theory, respectively. In particular, there are investigations of the Josephson effect through quantum dots [@van_dam_supercurrent_2006; @jarillo-herrero_quantum_2006; @jorgensen_critical_2007; @baba_superconducting_2015; @szombati_josephson_2016; @probst_signatures_2016], multiple Andreev reflections [@levy_yeyati_resonant_1997; @buitelaar_multiple_2003; @cuevas_full_2003; @nilsson_supercurrent_2011; @rentrop_nonequilibrium_2014; @hwang_hybrid_2016], the interplay between superconducting correlations and the Kondo effect [@clerk_loss_2000; @buitelaar_quantum_2002; @avishai_superconductor-quantum_2003; @eichler_even-odd_2007; @lopez_josephson_2007; @karrasch_josephson_2008], the generation of unconventional superconducting correlations in quantum dots [@sothmann_unconventional_2014; @kashuba_majorana_2017; @weiss_odd-triplet_2017; @hwang_odd-frequency_2017], Cooper pair splitting [@recher_andreev_2001; @hofstetter_cooper_2009; @herrmann_carbon_2010; @hofstetter_finite-bias_2011; @das_high-efficiency_2012; @schindele_near-unity_2012] and the generation of Majorana fermions [@leijnse_parity_2012; @sothmann_fractional_2013; @fulga_adaptive_2013; @deng_majorana_2016]. Thermoelectric effects in superconductor-quantum dot hybrids have been studied in the absence of Coulomb interactions [@kleeorin_large_2016]. Here, we use a superconductor-quantum dot hybrid as a playground to investigate the interplay between superconductivity, strong Coulomb interactions and thermal nonequilibrium. Compared to tunnel junctions, quantum dots offer additional tunability of their level position by gate voltages. We extend a real-time diagrammatic approach [@konig_zero-bias_1996; @konig_resonant_1996; @schoeller_transport_1997; @konig_quantum_1999; @governale_real-time_2008; @governale_erratum:_2008] to describe thermally-driven transport which allows us to treat Coulomb interactions exactly and to perform a systematic expansion in the tunnel coupling between the dot and the superconducting leads. It allows for a treatment of superconducting correlations induced on the dot via the proximity effect and captures renormalization effects due to virtual tunneling which affect transport already in lowest order of perturbation theory. We evaluate charge and heat currents both in linear and nonlinear response. In particular, we find a thermoelectric effect in the vicinity of the particle-hole symmetric point which arises from the proximity effect. Furthermore, our device can act as an efficient thermal diode in nonlinear response.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. \[sec:model\], we introduce the model of our setup. The real-time diagrammatic transport theory used to investigate transport is introduced in Sec. \[sec:method\]. We present the results of our analysis in Sec. \[ssec:linear\] for the linear and in Sec. \[ssec:nonlinear\] for the nonlinear transport regime. Conclusions are drawn in Sec. \[sec:conclusion\].
\[sec:model\]Model
==================
We consider a single-level quantum dot weakly tunnel coupled to two conventional superconducting electrodes. Both superconductors are kept at the same chemical potential $\mu=0$ but at different temperatures $T_\text{L}$ and $T_\text{R}$ resulting in a nonequilibrium situation. The system is described by the total Hamiltonian $$H=\sum_{\eta=\text{L,R}}\left(H_\eta+H_{\text{tun},\eta}\right)+H_\text{dot},$$ where $\eta$ denotes the left (L) and right (R) superconductor. The superconducting leads are characterized by the mean-field BCS Hamiltonian $$\label{eq:BCS}
H_\eta=\sum_{{\mathbf{k}}\sigma} \varepsilon_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}} a^\dagger_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma} a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}+\Delta_\eta e^{i\phi_\eta }\sum_{{\mathbf{k}}}a_{\eta -{\mathbf{k}}{\uparrow}}a_{\eta {\mathbf{k}}{\downarrow}}+\text{H.c.},$$ where $a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}^\dagger$ ($a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}$) denotes the creation (annihilation) operator of an electron with momentum ${\mathbf{k}}$, spin $\sigma$ and kinetic energy $\varepsilon_{\eta {\mathbf{k}}}$ in lead $\eta$. The second term on the right-hand side of Eq. describes the BCS pair interaction on a mean-field level. The two superconducting order parameters are characterized by their absolute value $\Delta_\eta$ and their phase $\phi_\eta$. The temperature dependence of $\Delta_\eta$ is determined by the solution of the self-consistency equation for the order parameter which can be found only numerically. However, it can be approximated with an accuracy of better than 2% by $$\Delta_\eta(T_\eta)=\Delta_{0} \tanh \left(1.74 \sqrt{\frac{T_{c}}{T_\eta}-1}\right),$$ in the whole temperature range from 0 to the critical temperature $T_{c}$. The latter is connected to the superconducting order parameter at zero temperature via ${k_\text{B}}T_{c}\approx 0.568 \Delta_{0}$.
The single-level quantum dot is described by the Hamiltonian $$H_\text{dot}=\sum_\sigma \varepsilon c_\sigma^\dagger c_\sigma+U c_{\uparrow}^\dagger c_{\uparrow}c_{\downarrow}^\dagger c_{\downarrow}.$$ While the first term describes the energy of the dot level $\varepsilon$ that can be tuned by applying a gate voltage, the second term denotes the Coulomb interaction that has to be supplied in order to occupy the dot with two electrons at the same time. We remark that the dot spectrum is particle-hole symmetric at $\varepsilon=-U/2$. For later convenience, we introduce the detuning $\delta=2\varepsilon+U$ from the particle-hole symmetric point.
The tunneling Hamiltonian which couples the dot to the superconducting leads is given by $$H_\text{tun}=\sum_{\eta {\mathbf{k}}\sigma}t_\eta a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}^\dagger c_\sigma+\text{H.c.}$$ Here, $t_\eta$ denotes a tunnel matrix element which we assume to be energy and momentum independent. It is connected to the tunnel coupling strength $\Gamma_\eta=2\pi|t_\eta|^2\rho_\eta$ where $\rho_\eta$ denotes the density of states of lead $\eta$ in the normal state.
\[sec:method\]Real-time diagrammatic transport theory
=====================================================
In order to describe transport through the quantum-dot setup, we make use of a real-time diagrammatic technique [@konig_zero-bias_1996; @konig_resonant_1996; @schoeller_transport_1997; @konig_quantum_1999] for systems with superconducting leads with a finite gap [@governale_real-time_2008; @governale_erratum:_2008]. It allows us to treat nonequilibrium physics, superconducting correlations and strong Coulomb interactions exactly while performing a systematic expansion in the dot-lead couplings. In the following, we are going to extend this diagrammatic framework to allow for the calculation of thermally-driven charge and heat currents through quantum dot-superconductor hybrids on equal footing.
The central idea of the diagrammatic approach is to integrate out the noninteracting leads and to describe the remaining quantum dot system by its reduced density matrix. The reduced density matrix $\rho_\text{red}$ has matrix elements $P^{\chi_1}_{\chi_2}={\langle \chi_1|}\rho_\text{red}{|\chi_2\rangle}$. For the system under investigation, the nonvanishing density matrix elements are given by the probability to find the quantum dot empty, $P_0$, occupied with a single electron with spin $\sigma$, $P_\sigma$, or doubly occupied, $P_d$. Furthermore, the coupling to the superconductors gives rise to finite off-diagonal density matrix elements $P^d_0$ and $P^0_d$ that describe the coherent superposition of the dot being empty and occupied with two electrons. The generation of these coherent superpositions is a hallmark of the superconducting proximity effect on the quantum dot.
The time evolution of the reduced density matrix is given by the generalized master equation which in the stationary limit reads $$0=-i(E_{\chi_1}-E_{\chi_2})P^{\chi_1}_{\chi_2}+\sum_{\chi_1'\chi_2'}W^{\chi_1\chi_1'}_{\chi_2\chi_2'}P^{\chi_1'}_{\chi_2'},$$ where $E_\chi$ is the energy of the many-body dot state $\chi$. The first term describes the coherent evolution of the dot states. The second term arises due to the dissipative coupling to the superconductors. The generalized transition rates $W^{\chi_1\chi_1'}_{\chi_2\chi_2'}$ are obtained from irreducible self-energy diagrams of the dot propagator on the Keldysh contour [@governale_real-time_2008; @governale_erratum:_2008], cf. also Appendix \[app:RTD\] for a detailed explanation of the connection between diagrams and physical processes. By expanding both the density matrix elements as well as the generalized transition rates up to first order in the tunnel couplings, we find that the coherent superpositions $P^0_d$ and $P^d_0$ are finite to lowest order in $\Gamma_\eta$ only if the empty and doubly occupied dot states are nearly degenerate, $\delta\lesssim\Gamma_\eta$ [@sothmann_influence_2010]. For this reason, we are going to restrict ourselves to the analysis of transport in the vicinity of the particle-hole symmetric point to first order in the tunnel coupling in the following.
The generalized master equation can be brought into a physically intuitive form by introducing the probabilities to find the dot occupied with an even and odd number of electrons, $${\mathbf{P}}=\left(\begin{array}{c} P_\text{e}\\P_\text{o} \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c} P_0+P_d \\ P_{\uparrow}+P_{\downarrow}\end{array}\right),$$ as well as a pseudospin degree of freedom that characterizes the coherences between empty and doubly occupied dot and, thus, the superconducting proximity effect on the quantum dot $$\begin{aligned}
I_x&=\frac{P^0_d+P^d_0}{2},\\
I_y&=i\frac{P^0_d-P^d_0}{2},\\
I_z&=\frac{P_0-P_d}{2}.\end{aligned}$$
The generalized master equation can be decomposed into one set of equations that arises from the time evolution of the dot occupations and another set due to the pseudospin. The former is given by $$\label{eq:MEP}
0
=\sum_\eta \left[\left(\begin{array}{cc} -Z^-_\eta & Z^+_\eta \\ Z^-_\eta & -Z^+_\eta \end{array}\right){\mathbf{P}}
+
\left(\begin{array}{c} 4X^-_\eta \\ -4X^-_\eta \end{array}\right){\mathbf{I}}\cdot {\mathbf{n}}_\eta\right],$$ where $$X^\pm_\eta=\pm\frac{\Gamma_\eta}{\hbar}\frac{\Delta_\eta \Theta(U/2-\Delta_\eta)}{\sqrt{(U/2)^2-\Delta_\eta^2}}f_\eta(\pm U/2),$$ $$Z^\pm_\eta=\frac{\Gamma_\eta}{\hbar}\frac{U\Theta(U/2-\Delta_\eta)}{\sqrt{(U/2)^2-\Delta_\eta^2}}f_\eta(\pm U/2),$$ with the Fermi function $f_\eta(\omega)=[\exp(\omega/({k_\text{B}T}_\eta))+1]^{-1}$. ${\mathbf{n}}_\eta=(\cos\phi_\eta,\sin\phi_\eta,0)$ denotes a unit vector whose direction is determined by the phase of the superconducting order parameters. Interestingly, in Eq. the dot occupations are coupled to the pseudospin degree of freedom. This is in direct analogy to the case of a quantum dot weakly coupled to ferromagnetic electrodes where the dot occupations are linked to the spin accumulation in the dot [@konig_interaction-driven_2003; @braun_theory_2004]. The second set of equations is given by a Bloch-type equation for the pseudospin, $$ 0
=\left(\frac{d{\mathbf{I}}}{dt}\right)_\text{acc}-\frac{{\mathbf{I}}}{\tau_\text{rel}}+{\mathbf{I}}\times{\mathbf{B}}.$$ The first term, $$\left(\frac{d{\mathbf{I}}}{dt}\right)_\text{acc}=\sum_\eta \left(X^-_\eta P_\text{e}+X^+_\eta P_\text{o}\right){\mathbf{n}}_\eta,$$ describes the accumulation of pseudospin on the dot due to tunneling in and out of electrons. The second term characterizes the relaxation of the pseudospin due to electron tunneling on a time scale given by $\tau_\text{rel}^{-1}=\sum_\eta Z^-_\eta$. Finally, the last term gives rise to a precession of the pseudospin in an effective exchange field, $${\mathbf{B}}=B_\text{L}{\mathbf{n}}_\text{L}+B_\text{R}{\mathbf{n}}_\text{R}+\delta {\mathbf{e}}_z,$$ which arises from virtual charge fluctuations on the dot as well as from a detuning away from the particle-hole symmetric point. The exchange field contribution from the two leads is given by $$\label{eq:Bex}
B_\eta=\frac{2\Gamma_\eta}{\pi\hbar}\int'd\omega\frac{\Delta_\eta\Theta(|\omega|-\Delta_\eta)}{\sqrt{\omega^2-\Delta_\eta^2}}\frac{f_\eta(\omega)}{\omega+U/2}\operatorname{sign}\omega,$$ where the prime indicates the principal value. The integral can be solved analytically as an infinite sum over Matsubara frequencies, see Appendix \[app:Bex\] for details. The interplay of pseudospin accumulation, pseudospin relaxation and pseudospin precession in the exchange field leads to a nontrivial pseudospin dynamics on the dot which acts back on the dot occupations via Eq. . It is this nontrivial pseudospin behavior that gives rise to interesting transport properties of the system under investigation.
The charge on the quantum dot is related to the $z$ component of the pseudospin via $Q_\text{dot}=e(1-2I_z)$. This allows us to connect the time evolution of $I_z$ directly to the charge current flowing between the dot and lead $\eta$ via $$\label{eq:Ic}
I^e_\eta=-2e(Z_\eta^-I_z-I_xB_{\eta,y}+I_yB_{\eta,x}).$$ We remark that the real-time diagrammatic approach conserves charge currents automatically. Therefore, we define $I^e=I^e_\text{L}=-I^e_\text{R}$ in the following. In analogy to the charge, we can relate the average dot energy to the probability to find the dot with an odd occupation, $E_\text{dot}=-UP_\text{o}/2$, to derive for the heat current between the dot and lead $\eta$ $$I^h_\eta=-\frac{U}{2}\left(Z^+_\eta P_\text{o}-Z^-_\eta P_\text{e}+4X^-_\eta {\mathbf{I}}\cdot{\mathbf{n}}_\eta\right).$$ We remark that in the absence of any bias voltage there is no Joule heating and, hence, heat and energy currents are equal to each other. This implies that heat currents are conserved such that we can define $I^h=I^h_\text{L}=-I^h_\text{R}$.
\[sec:results\]Results
======================
In this section, we are going to analyze the charge and heat currents flowing through the system in response to an applied temperature bias. We will first focus on the linear-response regime and then turn to a discussion of nonlinear transport.
\[ssec:linear\]Linear response
------------------------------
For the sake of concreteness, we consider a symmetric quantum-dot setup. To this end, we define the temperatures of the superconducting leads as $T_\eta=T+\Delta T_\eta$ with the reference temperature $T$ and the temperature bias $\Delta T_\text{L}=-\Delta T_\text{R}\equiv \Delta T/2$. The tunnel couplings are chosen equal, $\Gamma_\text{L}=\Gamma_\text{R} \equiv\Gamma/2$. Furthermore, we assume that the two superconducting order parameters have the same absolute value, $\Delta_\text{L}(T)=\Delta_\text{R}(T)=\Delta$, and set their phases as $\phi_\text{L}=-\phi_\text{R}\equiv\phi/2$.
To zeroth order in $\Delta T$, i.e., in thermal equilibrium the occupation probabilities of the dot are given by Boltzman factors $P_\chi^{(0)}\propto e^{-E_\chi/{k_\text{B}T}}$. At the same time, the pseudospin accumulation on the dot vanishes exactly. In consequence, there is no charge and heat current flowing through the system. Since we consider only tunnel events that are first order in the tunnel coupling, there is no supercurrent through the quantum dot [@governale_real-time_2008]. The latter would manifest itself as a phase-dependent equilibrium contribution to the charge current. It requires, however, the coherent transfer of Cooper pairs through the dot and, hence, higher order tunnel processes.
![\[fig:Iclin\]Linear-response charge current $I^e$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters are $U=4{k_\text{B}T}$ and $\Delta=1.75{k_\text{B}T}$.](Icharge_lin_phi.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:Iclin\]Linear-response charge current $I^e$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters are $U=4{k_\text{B}T}$ and $\Delta=1.75{k_\text{B}T}$.](Icharge_lin_delta.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"}
A finite temperature bias $\Delta T$ generates a finite pseudospin accumulation on the dot. To first order in $\Delta T$ the accumulation is along the direction ${\mathbf{n}}_\text{L}-{\mathbf{n}}_\text{R}$, i.e., a finite pseudospin component $I^{(1)}_y$ is generated due to nonequilibrium tunneling of electrons. The magnitude of the pseudospin accumulation is limited by the pseudospin relaxation term $-{\mathbf{I}}/\tau_\text{rel}$. In addition, the effective exchange field ${\mathbf{B}}$ gives rise to a precession of the accumulated pseudospin and leads to finite pseudospin components $I^{(1)}_x$ and $I^{(1)}_z$. According to Eq. , the pseudospin accumulation leads to a finite charge current given by $$\label{eq:Ielin}
I^e=-e\frac{2B_0 X_1^-Z_0^-\sin^2\frac{\phi}{2}}{Z_0^-\frac{\delta}{\hbar}+2[(Z_0^-)^2+B_0^2\cos^2\frac{\phi}{2}]\tan\beta}\frac{\Delta T}{T}.$$ Here, we introduced the expansions $$\begin{aligned}
X^\pm_\eta&=X^\pm_0+X^\pm_1\frac{\Delta T_\eta}{T}+\mathcal O(\Delta T_\eta^2),\\
Z^\pm_\eta&=Z^\pm_0+Z^\pm_1\frac{\Delta T_\eta}{T}+\mathcal O(\Delta T_\eta^2),\\
B_\eta&=B_0+B_1\frac{\Delta T_\eta}{T}+\mathcal O(\Delta T_\eta^2),\end{aligned}$$ as well as the angle $\beta=\arctan (I^{(1)}_y/I^{(1)}_x)$ which can be written as $$\tan\beta=\frac{2\hbar}{\delta Z^-_0}\left[(Z_0^-)^2-4(X_0^-)^2\cos^2\frac{\phi}{2}\right].$$ The thermoelectric charge current Eq. arises in the vicinity of the particle-hole symmetric point. It relies crucially on the superconducting proximity effect and the resulting pseudospin accumulation on the dot because the Fermi functions in the generalized transition rates $W^{\chi_1\chi_1'}_{\chi_2\chi_2'}$ are evaluated at the particle-hole symmetric point $\delta=0$ and, therefore, do not lead to any thermoelectric effect. It is, thus, the pseudospin accumulation that introduces a nontrivial $\delta$ dependence into the master equation via the effective exchange field ${\mathbf{B}}$. In consequence, the thermoelectric current vanishes for $\Delta\to0$, i.e., in the absence of superconductivity in the leads.
In Fig. \[fig:Iclin\] (a), the charge current is shown as a function of the phase difference $\phi$. At zero phase difference, the charge current vanishes independently of the detuning $\delta$ because there is no pseudospin accumulation on the quantum dot. In contrast, at $\phi=\pi$ the charge current becomes maximal due to the strong pseudospin accumulation on the dot. Figure \[fig:Iclin\] (b) shows the charge current as a function of the detuning $\delta$. For $\delta=0$ the charge current vanishes due to particle-hole symmetry. For positive (negative) values of the detuning the charge current takes positive (negative) values indicating electron (hole) transport. The maximal current occurs for a phase difference of $\phi=\pi$ and detuning $\delta=\pm2\hbar Z^-_0$ and takes the value $I^e=-(e B_0 X_1^-\Delta T)/(2Z_0^- T)$. The maximum current is exponentially suppressed in $U/({k_\text{B}T})$ due to the requirement of thermally excited quasiparticles. At the same time, it is *not* enhanced by the divergence of the superconducting density of states close to the gap. For large detunings, the strong exchange field along the $z$ direction averages out the pseudospin accumulation along the $x$ and $y$ direction. As a consequence, the charge current tends to zero.
![\[fig:Ihline\]Linear-response heat current $I^h$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters as in Fig. \[fig:Iclin\].](Iheat_lin_phi.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:Ihline\]Linear-response heat current $I^h$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters as in Fig. \[fig:Iclin\].](Iheat_lin_delta.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"}
The heat current driven by a finite temperature bias $\Delta T$ is given by $$I^h=-\frac{U}{2}\left(Z^+_1+4I^{(1)}_yX_0^-\sin\frac{\phi}{2}\right)\frac{\Delta T}{T}.$$ It consists of two contributions. The first one is independent of the phase difference $\phi$ and depends only on the tunnel coupling $\Gamma$, the Coulomb interaction $U$ and the superconducting order parameter $\Delta$. In contrast, the second contributions is sensitive to the phase difference $\phi$ and, thus, gives rise to a phase-coherent flow of heat which arises from the superconducting proximity effect on the dot. In consequence, it vanishes in the limit $\Delta\to0$. Interestingly, the phase-dependent part of the heat current is proportional to $I^{(1)}_y$, i.e., it provides in principle direct information about the pseudospin accumulation on the dot. We remark that just like the charge current the heat current is also exponentially suppressed in $U/{k_\text{B}T}$. At the same time, however, it is enhanced by the increased superconducting density of states close to the gap. Hence, for the system heat currents in units of $\Gamma U/\hbar$ tend to be much larger than charge currents in units of $e\Gamma/\hbar$.
The phase dependence of the heat current is shown in Fig. \[fig:Ihline\](a). At $\phi=0$, the heat current is maximal and takes the value $I^h=-UZ_1^+ \Delta T/(2T)$. The minimal heat current occurs at $\phi=\pi$ since $X^0_-$ is negative while the pseudospin accumulation $I^{(1)}_y$ is positive. This $\phi$ dependence of the thermal conductance differs from that of a tunneling Josephson junction which exhibits a maximum of the thermal conductance at $\phi=\pi$ [@maki_entropy_1965; @maki_entropy_1966]. It rather resembles the phase-dependent thermal conductance of a transparent or topological Josephson junction which also has a minimum at $\phi=\pi$ [@zhao_phase_2003; @zhao_heat_2004; @sothmann_fingerprint_2016]. The ratio between the minimal and maximal heat current is given by $1-4\Delta^2/U^2$, i.e., it can be maximized by tuning the superconducting gap via the average temperature to be close to the Coulomb energy $U$. At the same time, this is also the regime where the relative modulation of the heat current becomes largest.
The $\delta$ dependence of the heat current is depicted in Fig. \[fig:Ihline\](b). The largest modulation of the heat current occurs for $\delta=0$. In this case, the exchange field component along the $z$ axis vanishes which would otherwise reduce $I^{(1)}_y$ and thus the modulation amplitude. For the same reason, the modulation of the thermal conductance is strongly suppressed for large detunings $\delta\gg\Gamma$.
\[ssec:nonlinear\]Nonlinear response
------------------------------------
![\[fig:Icnonlinear\]Charge current $I^e$ in units of $10^{-3}e\Gamma/\hbar$ as a function of phase difference $\phi$ and detuning $\delta$. The red line indicates a vanishing charge current. Parameters are $\Delta_0=2.32{k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $U=5{k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $\Gamma_\text{R}=4\Gamma_\text{L}$ and $T_\text{R}=T_\text{L}/2$.](Icharge_nonlin.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
We now turn to a discussion of transport in the nonlinear regime where a large temperature bias is applied across the system. The resulting charge current is shown as a function of phase difference and detuning in Fig. \[fig:Icnonlinear\]. Interestingly, for a phase difference $\phi\neq 0,\pi$, there is a finite charge current at the particle-hole symmetric point $\delta=0$.
This finite thermoelectric effect can be understood as follows. If the dot is empty (doubly occupied), electrons can virtually tunnel on (off) the dot and back. These virtual tunneling events give rise to a renormalization of the dot level energies which is captured by the real-time diagrammatic technique. Importantly, in the presence of Coulomb interactions, the renormalization is different for the empty and doubly occupied state and, thus, can break particle-hole symmetry effectively. Hence, similarly to charge transport in quantum-dot spin valves [@konig_interaction-driven_2003; @braun_theory_2004; @hell_spin_2015], thermoelectric effects in superconductor-quantum dot hybrids constitute an important case where interaction-induced renormalization effects have a drastic impact on transport properties. Using Eq. the condition for a vanishing current can be cast into the compact form $$\frac{Z^-_\text{L}}{Z^-_\text{R}}=\frac{B_\text{L}\sin\left(\varphi-\frac{\phi}{2}\right)}{B_\text{R}\sin\left(\varphi+\frac{\phi}{2}\right)},$$ where $\varphi$ denotes the $\delta$-dependent angle between the pseudospin and the $x$ axis. It illustrates the interplay between pseudospin relaxation and precession that influences the nonlinear charge current in a nontrivial way and is indicated by the red line in Fig. \[fig:Icnonlinear\].
The nonlinear heat current behaves qualitatively similar to the linear-response case, i.e., it exhibits a minimum at phase difference $\phi=\pi$ and detuning $\delta=0$. We remark that the amplitude of the heat current oscillation is reduced in the nonlinear regime because the heat current at $\phi=\pi$ increases stronger with the temperature bias than the heat current at $\phi=0$.
![\[fig:heatdiode\]Nonlinear heat current as a function of the asymmetry $a$. Parameters are $\Delta_0=2.32 {k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $U=4.64{k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $\delta=10\Gamma$ and $T_\text{R}=0.1T_\text{L}$.](Iheat_asym.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
In the nonlinear regime, an asymmetric quantum-dot setup with $\Gamma_\text{L}\neq\Gamma_\text{R}$ can act as a thermal diode where the heat currents in the forward and backward direction are different. To discuss this effect in more detail, we introduce the asymmetry of tunnel couplings as $a=(\Gamma_\text{L}-\Gamma_\text{R})/(\Gamma_\text{L}+\Gamma_\text{R})$. The heat current in the forward direction is given by $I^h(a)$ while in the backward direction it is given by $I^h(-a)$. This definition is equivalent to denoting the forward (backward) direction as the one for which $T_\text{L}>T_\text{R}$ ($T_\text{L}<T_\text{R}$) at fixed tunnel couplings as long as $\Delta_{0,\text{L}}=\Delta_{0,\text{R}}$.
Figure \[fig:heatdiode\] shows the nonlinear heat current as a function of the asymmetry parameter $a$. For negative values of $a$, the heat current increases with $a$ while for positive values of $a$ it has a pronounced maximum. This nontrivial dependence on $a$ is most pronounced when the Coulomb energy is slightly larger than the superconducting gap. Since the heat current is not an even function of $a$, the system can rectify heat with a large heat current in the forward direction and a small heat current in the backward direction. For the chosen parameters we find that rectification efficiencies $I^h(a)/I^h(-a)\approx50$ can be achieved at the maximum forward heat current.
In order to understand the mechanism behind the thermal rectification, let us first consider the case of a single-level quantum dot coupled to two normal metal electrodes. At the particle-hole symmetric point, the heat current depends on the tunnel couplings via $\Gamma_\text{L}\Gamma_\text{R}/(\Gamma_\text{L}+\Gamma_\text{R})$. Hence, the heat current is an even function of the asymmetry $a$, $I^h(+a)=I^h(-a)$, such that thermal rectification does not occur.
For the superconducting system, the dependence of the heat current on the tunnel barriers is modified by the BCS density of states and is given by $$\frac{\Gamma_\text{L}\Gamma_\text{R}}{\Gamma_\text{L}\sqrt{U^2-4\Delta_\text{R}^2}+\Gamma_\text{R}\sqrt{U^2-4\Delta_\text{L}^2}}.$$ Hence, due to the temperature dependence of the superconducting gap the heat current exhibits a nontrivial dependence on the asymmetry $a$ which forms the basis of the heat rectification mechanism. In addition, the coherent pseudospin dynamics of the dot can enhance the thermal diode effect for a finite phase difference $\phi$. As can be seen in Fig. \[fig:heatdiode\] it can increase the rectification efficiency by nearly a factor of 4 if the tunnel coupling asymmetry is adjusted to maximize the heat current in the forward direction. We remark that the enhancement of the rectification efficiency comes at the price of a slightly reduced heat current in the forward direction compared to the case $\phi=0$.
\[sec:conclusion\]Conclusions
=============================
We have analyzed thermally-driven transport through a superconductor-quantum dot hybrid in the sequential tunneling regime. We find that in linear response a finite thermoelectric effect can be generated close to the particle-hole symmetric point due to the superconducting proximity effect on the dot. In addition, there is a phase-dependent heat current through the quantum dot which in linear response is sensitive to the pseudospin accumulation in the dot, i.e., it provides direct access to information about the proximity effect on the dot. In nonlinear response, an interaction-induced level renormalization due to virtual tunneling gives rise to a finite thermoelectric response at the particle-hole symmetric point. Furthermore, the system can act as a thermal diode which is based on the temperature-dependence of the superconducting gap as well as the superconducting proximity effect.
Finally, we comment on potential experimental realizations of our proposal. For superconducting electrodes based on Al, the zero-temperature gap is given by , while the critical temperature is . Hence, the device should be operated at temperatures around while the Coulomb interaction should be of the order of . Assuming furthermore tunnel couplings of the order of , we estimate charge currents of the order of and heat currents of the order of which are both within the reach of present experimental technology [@fornieri_nanoscale_2016; @timossi_phase-tunable_2018; @dutta_thermal_2017].
We thank Fred Hucht for valuable discussions and Stephan Weiss and Sun-Yong Hwang for feedback on the manuscript. We acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Innovation NRW via the “Programm zur Förderung der Rückkehr des hochqualifizierten Forschungsnachwuchses aus dem Ausland”. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF PHY-1748958.
\[app:RTD\]Real-time diagrammatics
==================================
![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-1.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"} ![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-2.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"} ![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-3.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"} ![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-4.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"}
In this Appendix, we discuss the connection between real-time diagrams and the underlying physical processes. For a details on the diagrammatic theory for superconducting systems we refer the reader to Ref. [@governale_erratum:_2008].
Real-time diagrams consist of horizontal lines describing the forward and backward propagation of the quantum dot along the Keldysh contour. Dots on the Keldysh contour correspond to tunneling vertices where an electron is created (annihilated) on the dot and annihilated (created) in one of the superconductors. When we integrate out the noninteracting lead degrees of freedom, pairs of tunneling vertices get connected by tunneling lines. In superconducting systems, two different types of tunneling lines arise (i) normal lines which connect a vertex that creates an electron on the dot with a vertex that annihilates a dot electron and (ii) anomalous lines where two vertices that both annihilate (create) a dot electron are connected. The anomalous lines arise because the BCS Hamiltonian is diagonalized by Bogoliubov quasipartices which are superpositions of electrons and holes. Physically, they describe Andreev reflection processes where two electrons on the dot are created (annihilated) while a Cooper pair in the superconductor is annihilated (created).
Let us now focus on first order diagrams as depicted in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\]. Diagrams such as the one in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](a) describe the transition between two diagonal density matrix elements. They correspond to the usual transition rates that are obtained via Fermi’s golden rule in conventional rate equation approaches. Diagrams such as shown in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](b) yield the diagonal elements of the rate matrix. While in rate equation approaches they are typically set by hand to be $W_{\chi,\chi}^{\chi,\chi}=-\sum_{\chi'\neq\chi}W_{\chi',\chi}^{\chi',\chi}$ in order to ensure the conservation of probability, they appear naturally in the diagrammatic framework and, thus, provide an additional consistency check of the results.
In superconducting systems, additional diagrams involving anomalous tunneling lines such as the ones depicted in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](c) and (d) appear. They give rise to finite off-diagonal density matrix elements describing coherent superpositions of the dot being empty and doubly occupied and, hence, capture the superconducting proximity effect on the quantum dot. We emphasize that the proximity effect occurs already in first order in the tunnel coupling via these diagrams as they give rise to the coherent transfer of a Cooper pair between the dot and the superconductor. However, the proximity effect on the dot does not give rise to a supercurrent through the system in first order. A finite supercurrent relies on the coherent coupling between the two superconducting leads which for our setup can occur only in second- and higher-order processes. This is different in the case of a simple superconducting tunnel junctions where a finite supercurrent occurs already in first order [@josephson_possible_1962]. Diagrams such as Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](d) give rise to a level renormalization of the empty and doubly occupied state relative to each other and, thus, contribute to the exchange field in Eq. .
\[app:Bex\]Exchange field integral
==================================
The integral appearing in the expression for the exchange field can be solved analytically by performing the substitution $\omega\operatorname{sign}\omega=\Delta\cosh\alpha$. Subsequently, the residue theorem can be applied to the rectangle with corner points $(-R,R,R+2\pi i, -R+2\pi i)$ and taking the limit $R\to\infty$. While the contribution from the vertical edges vanishes, the top and bottom edge yield identical contributions. This allows us to express the exchange field integral as the infinite sum
$$B_\eta=\sum_{n=0}^\infty8\Gamma_\eta {k_\text{B}T}_\eta\frac{U}{[4(2n+1)^2\pi^2{k_\text{B}T}_\eta^2+U^2]}\frac{\Delta_\eta}{\sqrt{(2n+1)\pi^2{k_\text{B}T}_\eta^2+\Delta_\eta^2}}.$$
For our numerical results, we have evaluated the sum by taking into account the first 10.000 summands.
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December 02, 2015
THE HEART OF ENGLISH FOOTBALL
What is it with logos and rebrands? They cause such unnecessary stress. Some poor, pleasant bloke with a beard and a massive pair of headphones quietly arranges a few artwork files, adds some copy and reveals it to the world – it triggers the default seven day hysteria zone of anger, debate and piss-taking in social media.
At first glance it appeared that the English Defence League had re-branded under the leadership of Michael Dawson and Stephen Warnock, but having put that to bed, there is a lot to be intrigued by the move. Now that the hysteria window has closed, I think it’s time to give the lads at Futurebrand a break.
The English domestic game is in rude financial health, and the EFL should take great pride in developing a league with the fourth largest attendance in the world. There is talk in the press release about global identity, stakeholders, focus groups, having meetings with Johnstone’s Paints about it – but the heart of it is the opening quote.
"The new EFL name rightly emphasises the central role our clubs play at the heart of English professional football,” says Shaun Harvey. Quite right too.
We like leaving our houses and watching football in the fresh air with our own eyes. Can we do it at Rochdale on a Tuesday night? Unequivocally yes. Football clubs are at the heart of local communities, supported by local people. There is pride, a shared identity, a warmth from simply being together in the English Football League that is to be cherished. The heart of English professional football is a lovely, and accurate turn of phrase.
Of course though, it’s hard not to discuss the English Football League without bringing the Barclays Premier League into the fold. As a Queens Park Rangers fan, I feel highly qualified to comment on the club’s relationship with both.
Here we have a club with a fanbase essentially stretching in a thin strip from Ladbroke Grove to Heathrow, and a crowd of 18,000. Fans of the club are at their happiest when the team is passing the ball, playing attacking attractive football, the players are smiling and the shirt has a clear, broad blue hoop. That is it. With that approach they won the Championship in 2011, and that strip of West London smiled. A local joyful experience that had nationwide moment in the sun.
Yet the promised-land is the global multinational Barclays Premier League, where clubs are owned by oligarchs, sovereign funds and betting firms that happen to be located in Leicester or Stoke. As those clubs become global commodities, they risk a fraying of ties between fans and communities, something the Premier League are acutely aware of.
The more money gets made selling shirts in Malaysia, the more disingenuous the ‘clubs in the community’ initiatives can appear. Without depth and graft, they have all the faux-empathy of a community pinboard in your local, global conglomerate, Starbucks.
Roughly 35 chairmen will use the phrase “take our rightful place in the Barclays Premier League,” in their programme notes; mistakenly thinking fans only care about success. We want to win. We want to be on Match of the Day each weekend. It’s nice to have the grandeur and the status. But it is not as important as the shared identity and love of the club, wherever it finds itself.
But you can’t fall deeply in love without the highs and lows. The heart of English football pumping vigorously through the English Football League makes all of football’s vital organs function better – so flat caps off to them, and good luck. | {
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FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS October 9, 2008
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
KEVIN SANCHEZ,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 08-2018
(D.C. No. 1:06-CV-01121-WJ-CG)
TOM HAVEL, Administrator, (D. N.M.)
San Juan County Detention Center;
MYA DONALDSON, Administrator,
Medical Department San Juan County
Detention Center,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, PORFILIO, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff appellant Kevin Sanchez filed a complaint in district court under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that he received negligent medical treatment while he
was incarcerated in the San Juan County New Mexico Detention Center. The
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
district court adopted the findings and proposed disposition of the magistrate
judge and granted summary judgment to defendants based on grounds of both
claim and issue preclusion, and plaintiff appeals. “On account of [plaintiff’s] pro
se status, we liberally construe his filings, but hold him to the same rules of
procedure as other litigants.” Davis v. Kan. Dep’t of Corrs., 507 F.3d 1246, 1247
n.1 (10th Cir. 2007). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and, after our
de novo review of the grant of summary judgment, Simms v. Okla. ex rel. Dep’t of
Mental Health & Substance Abuse Servs., 165 F.3d 1321, 1326 (10th Cir. 1999),
we affirm.
In May 2006, plaintiff brought a state-court action against defendant Havel
and Correctional Healthcare Management alleging false imprisonment and
medical negligence. Because plaintiff’s claims were barred by the applicable
statute of limitations, the state court dismissed all of his claims with prejudice.
Sanchez v. Havel, No. CV-06-562-3 (N.M. 11th Judicial Dist. Ct. filed Nov. 7,
2006) (Sanchez I). Plaintiff then filed the instant action in federal court making
substantially the same allegations regarding medical negligence that he did in
state court but including Mya Donaldson as an additional defendant.
With regard to the claims against defendant Havel, the district court
correctly concluded that the doctrine of claim preclusion barred plaintiff’s attempt
to relitigate the issues he raised in Sanchez I. It also correctly determined that
issue preclusion similarly barred the claims against defendant Donaldson. We
-2-
therefore affirm the judgment of the district court for substantially the reasons
stated by that court.
Plaintiff’s argument that the district court erred in failing to order
defendants to produce pertinent medical records is unavailing because plaintiff
cannot proceed with this action in the first instance. Further, there is no factual
support for plaintiff’s charge that the court was biased against him because of his
inmate status or because he was not a state or city employee. Plaintiff’s charge in
his “closeing [sic] statement and facts” that certain individuals conspired to
intercept his outgoing legal mail was not included in the complaint and thus not
before the district court. As such, it will not be considered on appeal. Walker v.
Mather (In re Walker), 959 F.2d 894, 896 (10th Cir. 1992).
To the extent plaintiff asserts error in the court’s denial of his motion to
reopen the case, construed as a Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) motion, we find no abuse of
discretion in that decision. See Butler v. Kempthorne, 532 F.3d 1108, 1110
(10th Cir. 2008). Plaintiff’s motion for judgment in his favor is DENIED.
Plaintiff’s motion for leave to proceed on appeal without prepayment of costs or
fees is GRANTED. Plaintiff is reminded of his obligation to continue making
partial payments pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b) until the filing fee is paid in
full.
-3-
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
-4-
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Maybe the absolute sewer that is Washington DC needs to be dug up and gotten rid of so we can start all over again
Incredible response to my piece on Podesta and naked teen “art photos”
(To read about Jon’s mega-collection, Exit From The Matrix,click here.) I’ll get to the incredible response in a minute, but first the necessary bit of background. Yesterday, I wrote a piece about John Podesta’s brother, Tony, also a major Democrat political mover and shaker in Washington. A high-powered art collector as well, Tony had photos of naked teenagers on the walls of a bedroom in his house. As the Washington Post reported in 2004:
“‘At political events [at Tony’s home], there’s an inevitable awkwardness’, former Clinton administration official Sally Katzen said at a Women’s Campaign Fund dinner at the Podestas’ home this summer.“The art is an ice-breaker. It puts people at ease’.” “Not always. Folks attending a house tour in the Lake Barcroft neighborhood in Falls Church earlier this year got an eyeful when they walked into a bedroom at the Podesta residence hung with multiple color pictures by Katy Grannan, a photographer known for documentary-style pictures of naked teenagers in their parents’ suburban homes.” “‘They were horrified’, Heather [Tony’s wife] recalls, a grin spreading across her face.” Then, yesterday, I wrote: “Does anyone stop to ask how permission was obtained to shoot those photos in the first place? And then to print them, sell them, show them publicly? The parents of the children gave their consent? The kids gave their consent? On what basis does anyone allow teenagers to make that kind of decision for themselves—or think that teenagers have the capacity to make such a decision? Technically, the whole operation may fall within the law (although I don’t see how), but on every other level it’s insane. And it’s child endangerment.” “And a major political operative in Washington, Tony Podesta, sees no problem with it. He has the photos on his walls at home. He displays them for his Washington insider pals and donors. They may blush, but they look. And none of them raises a public objection. They keep their mouths shut, because this is Tony Podesta, and he’s a power player.”
Now we come to the incredible response. After posting the article yesterday, I emailed a person I believed could provide solid advice on the issues I raised. Could anyone be prosecuted for the naked teenager photos? Wasn’t this a crime? How could it not be a crime? And this person, who does very good work on many fronts, gave me a terse answer: “Why bother? What’s the point?” The answer was meant to indicate this was a minor blip on the radar, hardly worth dealing with. And I was overreaching to make it into a story. What?? I want to emphasize: this person I emailed yesterday is extremely bright and extremely active in working for actual justice in places many other people wouldn’t dare go. And the response was: “Why bother? What’s the point?” Oh, I don’t know, maybe the point is photos of naked teenagers on walls for anyone to see, when those kids don’t have the capacity or the right to make those decisions, and when their demented immoral parents are making those decisions for them, blithely, with happy grins on their faces, is hideous and grotesque and it’s unbelievable that no one spoke out at the time and no one thought to prosecute the parents or the photographer or the dealer that represents the photographer…
Maybe that’s the point. Maybe the absolute sewer that is Washington DC needs to be dug up and gotten rid of so we can start all over again. Maybe that’s the point. Maybe the rich little scum who walked by those photos and never said a word and were afraid of the power player who displayed them on a bedroom wall in his house were culpable, and maybe they reflect a prevalent perverse attitude that keeps anything good from happening in the political landscape of our time. Maybe that’s it. Maybe that’s the point. Maybe the fear is the point. Fear of believing in something that challenges the people in power who are out for destruction, who revel in destruction, who delight in turning life into death. Maybe that’s the point. Take any of these points. Take them all. They’re all falling below the radar, and they all need to be raised back up to a level where people can look at them again and decide whether to SAY SOMETHING BECAUSE THEY SEE SOMETHING. “Hi, nice to see you again. It’s a wonderful party, isn’t it? Say, I’m launching a new project. I’ll be doing a series of photos, art photos, of naked teenagers from the suburbs. So, ha-ha, I can’t just go door to door and call on people cold and ask them for permission. I was wondering if you knew anyone…” “Why sure. Sounds like an exciting project. Who do we know, darling? How about Bob and Marjorie? They live right up the hill near the club. They’d be interested. They have daughter, Jennifer. She’s fourteen. She’s actually quite beautiful. Stop panting, darling! My husband, he’s such a kidder…”
SHOW DISQUS COMMENTS | {
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Bollywood Fashion Focus at IIFA
Many Bollywood stars are set to prowl the catwalk at the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) Fashion Extravaganza in Bangkok on June 7th.
Vidya Balan will promote Sabyasachi’s fashion line whilst Kareena Kapoor will front the designs of Manish Malhotra. Ayesha Takia, Aftab Shivdasani, and Riteish Deshmukh co-stars in the movie De Taali will be seen in the creations of Vikram Phadnis and Priyanka Chopra and Harman Baweja, who next will be seen in Love Story 2050 will model for Rohit Bal.
Shriya Saran and Shweta Bharadwaj, along with Zayed Khan and Vivek Oberoi from Mission Instanbul will also be promoting the movie on the ramp. Plus the cast of the upcoming Acid Factory will strut their stuff as well.
Proceeds of the event will go to the IIFA foundation, a charity set up by the academy to support families of the film industry workers who are facing difficulties.
The IIFA will also be launching IIFA Bling at the event. This is a new fashion line produced in association with BIBA, which will have clothes designed in the style worn by the stars in Bollywood movies. “The brand is a wonderful way for movie fans to experience stardom. While IIFA is providing a platform, BIBA is providing a distribution network,” said Sabas Joseph, the Director of Wizcraft International Entertainment Ltd. (the organisers of IIFA). | {
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Q:
Only one field appears after converting .shp to raster to .asc, in QGIS
I am a beginner in the GIS world. I tried to convert the .shp map to the raster .asc map. I did Raster-> Conversion-> Rasterize then as shown below there are only 1 of 4 fields appears. So I cannot convert the map based on the field that I want.
A:
You can only use a numeric field.
What is the type of the other fields?
| {
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[Course of diabetic retinopathy and metabolic control with subcutaneous insulin infusion pump: 18-month study].
The effect of a good metabolic control in the natural history of diabetic retinopathy is discussed because, although the onset and the incidence are closely related to a bad metabolic control, there is no improvement related to a good control; progression having been reported with the good metabolic controls. 7 patients subjected to a strict control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion were compared with a group of 10 patients with a good conventional treatment in an 18 month study. The best metabolic control of the first group was obtained at 9, 12, 15 and 18 months (p less than 0,05). The evolution of retinopathy in this group did not change with the treatment and there was no proof of progression with the use of continuous subcutaneous infusion. Further follow-up evaluation is necessary to confirm this affirmation. | {
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Updating a previous report, Indianapolis Colts TE Brandon D. Williams (head) has been released from the hospital after being diagnosed with a concussion. He suffered the injury during the team's Week 15 contest. | {
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The present invention relates to a light scanning device.
Light scanning devices are known as a device for writing and reading information by scanning a light beam. In one type of such a light scanning device, a light beam emitted from a light source is focused as a linear image, and a rotating polygon mirror has a reflecting surface positioned near the linearly focused image for deflecting the light beam at a constant angular velocity. The deflected light beam is focused as a beam spot on a surface by a focusing lens system for scanning the surface.
FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings illustrates a conventional light scanning device of the type described. A light beam emitted from a light source 1 is focused as a linear image near a reflecting surface 4 of a rotating polygon mirror 3 by a first focusing optical system 2. The light beam reflected by the rotating polygon mirror 3 is deflected at a constant angular velocity upon rotation of the rotating polygon mirror 3. The deflected light beam is then focused as a beam spot on a surface 7 by a second focusing optical system comprising lenses 5, 6 for scanning the surface 7.
The light scanning device employing a rotating multi-faceted polygon, however, suffers from the problem of a facet error. That is, the mirror facets of the polygon may not lie parallel to the axis of rotation of the polygon mirror. One known method of solving this problem is to use an anamorphic optical system as the second focusing optical system disposed between the rotating polygon and the surface to be scanned, and to position the reflecting position on the rotating polygon and the scanning surface in conjugate relationship with respect to an auxiliary scanning direction (vertical direction in FIG. 3). In FIG. 3, the second focusing optical system couples the reflecting position on the rotating polygon 3 and the scanned surface 7 in substantilly conjugate relationship as viewed in the auxiliary scanning direction. Therefore, even if a mirror facet 4 of the rotating polygon suffers from a deviant orientation as represented by 4', the focused position on the scanned surface 7 is not virtually moved in the auxiliary scanning direction by the second focusing optical system. The facet error is corrected in this manner.
When the polygon mirror 3 rotates, the reflecting surface or facet 4 rotates about an axis 3A, and there is developed an optical path length change (sag) between the first focusing optical system 2 and the reflecting surface 4. Therefore, a positional deviation .DELTA.X is produced between the position P of the focused linear image and the reflecting surface 4, and hence the position P' of a conjugate image of the linear image generated by the second focusing optical system or f.theta. lens system is deviated from the scanned surface 7 by .DELTA.'X.
The amount of deviation .DELTA.'X is given as .DELTA.'X=.beta..sup.2 .multidot..DELTA.X where .beta. is the lateral magnification of the lens system, as is well known.
Where the angle formed in the light deflecting plane between the optical axis of the lenses and the principal ray of the deflected light beam is expressed by .theta., the relationship between .theta. and .DELTA.X is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.
The curves in FIG. 5 are plotted with an angle .alpha. (which is the angle between the principal ray of the light beam applied to the rotating polygon and the optical axis of the second focusing optical system) being 90.degree. and the radius R of a circle inscribed in the rotating polygon 3 being used as a parameter. In FIG. 6, the curves are plotted with the radius R of the inscribed circle being 40 mm and the angle .alpha. being used as a parameter.
As can be seen from FIGS. 5 and 6, .DELTA.X is greater as the radius R of the inscribed circle is greater and the angle .alpha. is smaller.
The relative positional deviation between the linear image and the reflecting surface upon rotation of the reflecting surface is developed two-dimensionally in the light deflecting plane and is asymmetrically moved with respect to the lens optical axis.
Therefore, with the light scanning device as shown in FIG. 2, it is necessary that the curvature of field in each of the main and auxiliary scanning directions of the second focusing optical system be well corrected. As described above, the positional deviation .DELTA.X is produced by the sag. Since the configuration of a rotating polygon, or optimum conditions thereof, i.e., the number of reflecting surfaces or facets and the position of the axis of rotation thereof, are determined by the radius of a light beam applied and the angle of incidence to the second focusing optical system, the sag is also determined as one of the characteristics of the rotating polygon. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 59-147316 discloses a known light scanning device of the kind described above. However, the problem of curvature of field developed by sag has not sufficiently been studied in the disclosed light scanning device. | {
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Jürgen Klopp explained why Daniel Sturridge was not risked at Tottenham Hotspur on Saturday as the manager assessed a frustrating week of injuries for his strikers.
The No.15 was absent from the squad at White Hart Lane as the German began his Liverpool tenure with a 0-0 draw against the Londoners in the Barclays Premier League.
With Christian Benteke and Danny Ings also sidelined with injury, Divock Origi started up front in the capital and came closest when he headed onto the crossbar.
Klopp said after the game: “We had a bad week with injuries. The best news is it’s not a serious thing with Daniel. But in a week like this with two ACL, we could not risk it.
“Daniel had a one-on-one situation with Jordon Ibe in training; I didn’t see it but after he said he had a little pain in a muscle.
“We made a diagnosis and screened him to be sure – we can see a little bit of swelling but nothing really serious. So we have to see. I hope he’s ready to play on Thursday.”
The manager continued: “When I came here and thought about Liverpool, I thought ‘four strikers of this quality – cool’. Now I have one.
“That’s not the best situation at this moment, but I like Divock. And young [Jerome] Sinclair was on the bench and was close to coming in.
“Our club works 24 hours to help the players come back. Danny Ings of course needs time; Benteke doesn’t need the same time, he’ll be back next week.
“The best situation is when all the players are 100 per cent but it doesn’t happen so often.” | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Oklahoma boasts almost 50 wineries, which might surprise many wine enthusiasts. Sixteen of those will be featured at Wines of the West, where guests can sample some of the best of Oklahoma in one of its most unique settings. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Is there a method in the LinkedIn Rest API to see what companies a person is following?
Using the Linkedin Rest API, it's possible to pull a bunch of fields from their profile, but I can't find a method that would pull the companies that they're following. Does one exist?
A:
In general, the fields available for LinkedIn profiles can be retrieved using the /v1/people endpoint, depicted here: https://developer-programs.linkedin.com/documents/profile-api
But unfortunately there is no option to get the companies a user follows.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Q:
Utilising LibVLC MediaPlayer.Event.EndReached to reset MediaPlayer when playback finishes
I'm in the process of writing an Android app activity that houses a LibVLC MediaPlayer implementation. The MediaPlayer works fine for the most part, however upon video conclusion, the MediaPlayer will become unresponsive. From my research, it looks like this could be because the Media is getting unset upon MediaPlayer.Event.EndReached firing (vajehu).
I've been keeping an eye on MediaPlayer.getPlaybackState() and can see that the MediaPlayer object is sitting in the "Ended" state when playback concludes, as expected.
I can go ahead and release my MediaPlayer and re-create it when MediaPlayer.Event.EndReached is fired, but am unsure if this is a good course of action. I am hoping to have the MediaPlayer move back to the beginning of the video and await user input to commence playback again.
(In case it's pertinent - I'm utilising MrMaffen's vlc-android-sdk).
A:
I've since discovered a neat and tidy (and more importantly efficient!) solution for this;
Upon MediaPlayer.Event.EndReached firing I:
Call MediaPlayer.setMedia(media) to reload the Media object
Reset a few UI elements relating to my MediaPlayer
Finally I set the MediaPlayer position to the start of the Media object with MediaPlayer.setTime(0)
Side note: since LibVLC's MediaPlayer.setTime(Long position) method doesn't have an effect unless the MediaPlayer.isPlaying(), I needed to write a small wrapper method to asynchronously:
MediaPlayer.play() and wait for MediaPlayer.isPlaying()
Then MediaPlayer.setTime(0)
Finally MediaPlayer.pause()
A much simpler solution than I expected, though I hope this helps anyone who might be scratching their head whilst working on the same type of project.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2011 Eric Niebler
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
==============================================================================*/
#if !defined(BOOST_FUSION_ACCUMULATE_FWD_HPP_INCLUDED)
#define BOOST_FUSION_ACCUMULATE_FWD_HPP_INCLUDED
#include <boost/fusion/support/config.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/support/is_sequence.hpp>
#include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace fusion
{
namespace result_of
{
template <typename Sequence, typename State, typename F>
struct accumulate;
}
template <typename Sequence, typename State, typename F>
BOOST_FUSION_GPU_ENABLED
typename
lazy_enable_if<
traits::is_sequence<Sequence>
, result_of::accumulate<Sequence, State const, F>
>::type
accumulate(Sequence& seq, State const& state, F f);
template <typename Sequence, typename State, typename F>
BOOST_FUSION_GPU_ENABLED
typename
lazy_enable_if<
traits::is_sequence<Sequence>
, result_of::accumulate<Sequence const, State const, F>
>::type
accumulate(Sequence const& seq, State const& state, F f);
}}
#endif
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Large prostatic utricles and related structures, urogenital sinus and other forms of urethrovaginal confluence.
The urethrograms and clinical records of 106 children with a large prostatic utricle or related structures, urogenital sinus in intersex disorders and other types of urethrovaginal confluence were reviewed. There were 27 boys with normal external genitalia, 19 cases of male hypospadias, 1 case of male pseudohermaphroditism, 7 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 1 case of true hermaphroditism, 32 cases of female pseudohermaphroditism, 11 normal girls with urethrovaginal confluence and 8 cases of cloacal malformation. Among the patients of the first 2 groups 10 had an imperforate anus, 7 the prune belly syndrome, 6 Down's syndrome and 2 posterior urethral valves. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Late complications of radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
To evaluate and assemble late complications of radiotherapy in cases of nasopharyngeal cancer. From October 2003 to January 2005, a prospective cohort study was done in a tertiary center, Chiang Mai University Hospital. Two hundred patients were evaluated for late complication according to the RTOG/EORTC late radiation morbidity scoring criteria. Of 200 patients, 131 were male (65.5%) and 69 female (34.5%). The mean age was 49.7+/-13.5 years (11-78). The mean pre- and post-treatment body mass indexes (BMI) were 22.5+/-4 (15-35.6), and 19.8+/-3.2 (12.9-34.5; P<0.05). Mean post-radiation period was 3.6+/-3.4 years (0.3-18.6 years). The radiation dosage ranged from 60 to 76Gy (mean 69Gy). Most of the patients (92%) had undifferentiated (50.5%) and poorly differentiated (41.5%) squamous cell carcinoma. Eighty-eight percent of the patients were in Stage III and IV. Chemotherapy was given to 145 patients (72.5%). The mean post-radiation period in the added chemotherapy group was lower than the group treated with radiation alone (2.9+/-2.7 years vs. 5.4+/-4.4 years, P<.05). The most common complication was dryness of mouth (97.5%); followed by hearing impairment (inner ear 82.5%). Added chemotherapy increased the complication severity significantly for the skin (P<0.05). The mean number of complications was 6.3+/-2.2 (range from 1 to 12). In this study, every patient had a more or less adverse reaction to radiation. Doctors need to be aware of these complications in order to prevent serious ones and to improve the patients' quality of life in the long term. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Why I Can't Wait for Meghan McCain and Michael Ian Black's Book
When was the last time you saw Democrats and Republicans uniting in the name of comedy? Sarah Palin on SNL? (That was awkward.) Stephen Colbert at Bush’s White House Press Correspondents’ dinner? (Very, very awkward.) It doesn’t usually work…until maybe now.
Conservative blogger and author Meghan McCain is teaming up with lefty comedian Michael Ian Black to write a book called Stupid for America. Fer real. It’s going to be a road trip across the country—of course!—to talk to everyday Americans about why the system is “f-ed up.” Their publisher likens the duo to “Chelsea Handler and Hunter S. Thompson.” Don’t really get the Hunter comparison, but whatever—sounds hilarious!
Really, though, I’m weirdly excited for this book. Not because I want to see the two sides “find common ground” to bring back “civil discourse.” Not even because I’m a huge fan of either author—although I think it’s bad-ass that McCain has been on Maddow a few times, and I did love Black on “Adult Swim.”
It’s more that this book signals a kind of generational shift—younger people understand that political conversations can be playful, adventurous, and not always knee-jerk. More cynically: when it comes to politics, our culture of celebreality is the ultimate peacemaker. Comedians have been ribbing the other side since forever, but they usually don’t have the balls to crack jokes to each other’s faces. Perhaps this is our moment?
Out of the two, McCain particularly fascinates me. People have called her a RINO (Republican In Name Only). And given her stances on everything from gay rights to feminism, she may very well break with a party that has trouble supporting her social beliefs. But her work—and especially this pairing—serves as a reminder that the loudest GOP voices nowadays are, well, old. And stubborn. And super-serious. And pretty damn extreme. From the House of Reps to the Tea Party, conservative twentysomethings get ignored, especially ones with senses of humor.
Granted, there are armies of young evangelical Christians—we heard that loud and clear in "Jesus Camp" and books like Lauren Sandler's Righteous. But there are also a lot of conservative young people, regardless of political affiliation, who aren’t zealots. Our generation, both on the left or right, simply skews more socially liberal when it comes to things like immigration, gay marriage, and balanced parenting.
Salon’s Rebecca Traister said this when defending Tina Fey: "Ideology and political purity are frequently the enemies of all that is hilarious in the world.” Something tells me that Meghan and Michael get that. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Scientists have proved that even the most seemingly innocent chat with a woman can be enough to send male sex hormones soaring.
A team from the University of Chicago paid students to come into their lab under the pretence of testing their saliva chemistry.
While there, the students got to chat to a young female research assistant.
Saliva tests showed the brief interaction was enough to raise testosterone levels by as much as 30%.
The more a man's hormone level shot up, the more attractive he later admitted to finding the research assistant.
And perhaps more tellingly, the research assistant herself was able to identify those men who found her attractive.
The men who she judged to be doing the most to try to impress her proved to be those who registered the biggest jump in testosterone levels.
However, little or no change was detected in the saliva of students who chatted with other men.
Animal reaction
Testosterone has long been closely linked with the male libido.
The researchers say their work is the first time that hard evidence has been produced in this way.
It is known that the release of testosterone in animals can embolden them, triggering courtship or aggressive behaviour.
The Chicago team believe the same may be true in humans.
However, lead researcher Dr James Roney said it was also possible that the release of the hormone was stimulated by a stress reaction.
Dr Roney told BBC News Online: "The findings are consistent with the existence of brain mechanisms that are specialised for the regulation of courtship behaviour and thus respond to cues from potential mates with coordinated behavioural and hormonal reactions.
"One might call these reactions components of a "mating response" which, if confirmed by future research, could be as basic and significant as, say, the well-known "fight or flight" reaction."
Dr Nick Neave, of the Human Cognitive Neuroscience Unit at Northumbria University, said the study was "very interesting".
"Other researchers have found changes in male hormone levels after watching erotic movies but this seems to be the first that has attempted to assess hormone changes when males meet women on a more 'normal' level."
Dr Benjamin Campbell, an expert in anthropology at Boston University, said it was possible that testosterone made men more bold by suppressing activity in an area of the brain called the amygdala, which controls the stress reaction.
Testosterone levels peak in a man by his early twenties, and then gradually diminish.
Men who are married or in long-term relationships have lower testosterone levels than those still playing the field.
The research is published in the journal Evolution and Human Behavior. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
Why is this query doing a full table scan?
The query:
SELECT tbl1.*
FROM tbl1
JOIN tbl2
ON (tbl1.t1_pk = tbl2.t2_fk_t1_pk
AND tbl2.t2_strt_dt <= sysdate
AND tbl2.t2_end_dt >= sysdate)
JOIN tbl3 on (tbl3.t3_pk = tbl2.t2_fk_t3_pk
AND tbl3.t3_lkup_1 = 2577304
AND tbl3.t3_lkup_2 = 1220833)
where tbl2.t2_lkup_1 = 1020000002981587;
Facts:
Oracle XE
tbl1.t1_pk is a primary key.
tbl2.t2_fk_t1_pk is a foreign key on that t1_pk column.
tbl2.t2_lkup_1 is indexed.
tbl3.t3_pk is a primary key.
tbl2.t2_fk_t3_pk is a foreign key on that t3_pk column.
Explain plan on a database with 11,000 rows in tbl1 and 3500 rows in
tbl2 shows that it's doing a full table scan on tbl1. Seems to me that
it should be faster if it could do a index query on tbl1.
Explain plan on a database with 11,000 rows in tbl1 and 3500 rows in
tbl2 shows that it's doing a full table scan on tbl1. Seems to me that
it should be faster if it could do a index query on tbl1.
Update: I tried the hint a few of you suggested, and the explain cost got much worse! Now I'm really confused.
Further Update: I finally got access to a copy of the production database,
and "explain plan" showed it using indexes and with a much lower cost
query. I guess having more data (over 100,000 rows in tbl1 and 50,000 rows
in tbl2) were what it took to make it decide that indexes were worth it. Thanks to everybody who helped. I still think Oracle performance tuning is a black art, but I'm glad some of you understand it.
Further update: I've updated the question at the request of my former employer. They don't like their table names showing up in google queries. I should have known better.
A:
The easy answer: Because the optimizer expects more rows to find then it actually does find.
Check the statistics, are they up to date?
Check the expected cardinality in the explain plan do they match the actual results? If not fix the statistics relevant for that step.
Histogramms for the joined columns might help. Oracle will use those to estimate the cardinality resulting from a join.
Of course you can always force index usage with a hint
A:
It would be useful to see the optimizer's row count estimates, which are not in the SQL Developer output you posted.
I note that the two index lookups it is doing are RANGE SCAN not UNIQUE SCAN. So its estimates of how many rows are being returned could easily be far off (whether statistics are up to date or not).
My guess is that its estimate of the final row count from the TABLE ACCESS of TBL2 is fairly high, so it thinks that it will find a large number of matches in TBL1 and therefore decides on doing a full scan/hash join rather than a nested loop/index scan.
For some real fun, you could run the query with event 10053 enabled and get a trace showing the calculations performed by the optimizer.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
What we learned from Thursday's preseason games
Week 2 of the NFL preseason kicked off with a trio of interesting games that provided more developments in the three-way Jets quarterback race, Tom Brady's debut and an injury to the reigning Super Bowl MVP. Thursday's games also featured the second chapter in the Packers' backup QB duel, Mason Rudolph's first start and more injuries to the Redskins' running back corps.
1. Tom Brady showed midseason form, leading the offense to 20 points in the first half while completing 19 of 26 passes for 172 yards, two touchdowns and a 116.2 passer rating. James White garnered the majority of the playing time at running back, with Phillip Dorsett, Cordarrelle Patterson and Eric Decker mixing in as complements to Julian Edelman and Chris Hogan at wide receiver. If there's a problem area on the offensive line, it's right tackle. Filling in for injured veteran Marcus Cannon, first-round rookie Isaiah Wynn was forced out of the game with a left ankle injury of his own.
On the other side of the ball, rookie linebacker Ja'Whaun Bentley stood out for the second consecutive week. The fifth-round pick has a chance to enter the season as a starter next to Dont'a Hightower.
2. Nick Foles' 2018 preseason debut didn't exactly go as scripted. The reigning Super Bowl MVP was knocked out of the game with a strained shoulder, sustained on a strip sack that went for a Patriots touchdown early in the second quarter. A rusty Foles took three sacks and showed scattershot accuracy in his 18 minutes of action. He's expected to undergo further testing Friday on the shoulder. It will be interesting to see which quarterback is under center for next week's regular-season audition versus the Browns.
3. The Jets not only have the league's most captivating quarterback battle, but also quite the conundrum for Week 1. Sam Darnold entered Thursday night's game with a tailwind of momentum, the future of the franchise riding a wave of optimism after a promising preseason debut. By the start of the fourth quarter, however, it had become harder and harder to ignore the fact that Teddy Bridgewater has outplayed him for two straight weeks. Meanwhile, incumbent starter Josh McCown has played just one series this preseason, leaving his role a mystery. There might not be a more impactful preseason bout than next week's crosstown showdown between the Jets and Giants.
4. Slimmed-down running back Rob Kelley has a new lease on life after entering training camp in a fight for a roster spot. After losing rookie Derrius Guice to an ACL tear last week, the Redskins saw power back Samaje Perine go down with an ankle injury Thursday night. Meanwhile, Kelley has started both preseason games and was the focal point of the first-team offense versus the Jets, touching the ball eight times before exiting.
Don't sleep on undrafted wide receiver Cam Sims, who led the team with 75 receiving yards in the preseason opener. Sims had an up-and-down performance Thursday night, but showed tantalizing playmaking ability at 6-foot-5.
5. Mason Rudolph didn't have to wait long for his welcome to the NFL moment against the Packers. The rookie quarterback threw a pick-six on his first passing attempt of the game -- a pass Packers cornerback Tramon Williams probably saw coming even before it left Rudolph's hand. Rudolph's only response was a rueful grin as he helplessly watched Williams zip 25 yards to the end zone.
After a solid debut last week, reality hit hard for the former Oklahoma State standout. Rudolph struggled to find rhythm and was hampered by inconsistent offensive line play. Outside of a 19-yard pass to Justin Hunter, Rudolph's 5 of 12 passing for 47 yards was mostly of the dink-and-dunk variety. He's still a contender for the Steelers backup QB spot (Mike Tomlin gave Landry Jones the night off), but Pittsburgh probably wants to see a lot more from its third-round pick next week.
Joshua Dobbs had a better overall game than Rudolph against the Packers' second- and third-level defense. He completed 12 of 18 passes for 192 yards, 2 TDs and an interception.
6. Packers linebacker Reggie Gilbert put in quite a performance in his bid for more playing time in 2018. The third-year linebacker, who spent most of last season on Green Bay's practice squad before a late-season promotion, tried to do his best one-man wrecking crew impersonation. Gilbert terrorized Rudolph for 2.5 sacks and recorded three tackles. He'll need similar stat lines in order to challenge for regular-season snaps, but he's looking very good to retain his roster spot.
7. How about those Packers tight ends? We got a demitasse-sized taste of what the Aaron Rodgers-Jimmy Graham combination will look like on a 8-yard TD pass, but there were a slew of other encouraging performances. Lance Kendricks caught a pair of passes for 28 yards, Robert Tonyan had two catches for 15 yards and a TD and Marcedes Lewis made a 23-yard catch. NFC North defensive coordinators, you've been warned. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
In a news release, IR-2019-144, the IRS announced on August 14 that it will automatically waive estimated tax penalties for eligible taxpayers who have already filed their 2018 federal income tax returns
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act brought about many changes for multinational businesses. One of the more significant changes was the application of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income to foreign subsidiaries.
The TCJA was signed into law in December 2017, and since then, tax advisors, attorneys and other professionals spent the winter scrambling to learn the details of the new code and how it impacts their clients.
Since the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act at the end of 2017 and the subsequent release of the first round of proposed regulations in October 2018, many taxpayers and practitioners have been puzzling over ...
The Pass-Through Entity Tax Equity Act of 2019, HB 2665, signed by Oklahoma Governor Stitt on April 29, 2019, allows an electing pass-through entity to pay the Oklahoma income tax at the entity level in exchange for ... | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The purpose of this proposal is to elucidate the mechanism through which the reaction of antigen with cell-bound IgE antibody leads to the release of chemical mediators from mast cells. Research plan is based on our recent findings which indicated that bridging of IgE-receptors by divalent anti-receptor antibody stimulated phospholipid methylation at the membrane, and that this process set a stage for opening Ca ion-channels and subsequent histamine release. We shall study 1) as to whether the phospholipid methylation is controlled by intracellular cyclic AMP level, and 2) whether methyltransferases are the first enzymes to be activated by receptor bridging. 3) Possible role of methyltransferases in the process of "desensitization" will be studied. Another question to be asked is how phospholipid methylation leads to opening of Ca-channels. 4) Considering possible role of phospholipase A2 in the process of mediator release, we shall investigate pharmacological effect of glucocorticoid in the biochemical process. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
After their loss last night to the Los Angeles Kings, the Calgary Flames, who have missed the playoffs three straight years, are currently sitting in 14th place in the Western Conference with a 5-7-3 record. Many would say its early, but this shortened 48 game season is nearly 1/3 complete.
The Flames, who have not won a playoff series since their dramatic run to the Stanley Cup final in 2004 continue to live off that former glory. Management led first by Darryl Sutter, and now by Jay Feaster, have executed a number of short-term band-aid like moves over recent years in an attempt to surround the core of Jarome Iginla and Mikka Kiprusoff with enough talent to go on a similar type run.
In recent years we’ve seen moves that have worked, such as free agent deals to bring back Alex Tanguay, and last summer’s signing of Jiri Hudler. But we’ve also seen moves that have been puzzling, and in many ways turned out to be disasters. The trade of Dion Phaneuf and Keith Aulie to the Toronto Maple Leafs, and the lack of impact players received in return is one that stands out. The subsequent big money deal given to Matt Stajan is another. And last, but certainly not least are the big trades/free-agent signings of Jay Bouwmeester (-21 last season, $6.68 million cap hit), and Dennis Wideman ($5.25 million cap hit). Put it all together and we keep seeing the same aging core surrounded by a group that is just good enough to finish on the outside of the playoffs.
Meanwhile the Flames have not been amassing a great stable of prospects. While 2011 first round pick Sven Baertschi is an absolute stud and the jury is certainly out on 2012 draftee Mark Jankowski. Earlier high draft picks such as Greg Nemisz, Mitch Wahl, and Leland Irving have turned into what can best be described as busts. Tim Erixon was a good pick who spurned the organization and ended up traded to the Rangers. Meanwhile the 2007 second round pick, 2009 second round pick, 2010 first and second rounders, and 2013 second rounder, have all been traded away in search of short term fixes for the organization.
They say the definition of insanity is to keep doing the same thing over and over again expecting different results. If that is true, then the Calgary Flames are insane. Despite an aging core that continually loses in the first round (2006-2009), or misses the playoffs (2010-12), the Flames have never committed to a full scale rebuild of this organization. They continually try to paper over the holes of the team with big money free agent signings, and trades that sacrifice the future of the team in order to try and win in the present. Its not working, and Calgary management needs to realize that its time to move on.
The Flames would be best served to take a good, hard look at their team, and start the rebuild now. This team is not a Stanley Cup Contender, in fact with the way they are currently playing, they are likely to once again miss the playoffs. Yes, I realize this means some painful decisions need to be made. Its time for franchise icon, Jarome Iginla to be moved to a contender for a package of picks and prospects. He is still a great player, but is getting older, and moving him can really accelerate a rebuild. A similar move should be made with Mikka Kiprusoff once he recovers from his recent knee injury. Other soon to be UFAs such as Anton Babchuk and Blake Comeau should be dumped for whatever the Flames can get, and trades for veterans such as Mike Cammalleri, Jay Bouwmeester, Alex Tanguay, Cory Sarich, and Lee Stempniak should be explored. Yes, I know that some of these players have “No Trade Clauses” or modified NTCs; however there have been many trades of players with such clauses over the years.
One player where a decision must be made is Roman Cervenka. He is certainly young enough to be part of Calgary’s long term vision, however he is also scheduled to be a UFA this summer. A new contract should be explored, but if he chooses not to re-sign prior to the trade deadline, a move must also be made.
In short, its time for Calgary to stop chasing the impossible dream, and to make the painful but smart decision to rebuild their club from the bottom up. It may feature some short-term pain for fans in the Saddledome, but the long-term payoff of a proper rebuild, and becoming a true Cup Contender can not be achieved by continuing down the team’s current path. The past several years have shown that. Its now time for GM Jay Feaster to take a leadership role and make the choice to look towards the future of the Flames.
And that’s the last word.
Feel free to leave comments below and follow me on twitter @lastwordBKerr or follow the site @lastwordonsport.
photo credit: Dinur via photopin cc | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Kenny Shiels leaves Kilmarnock managers post
11 June 2013 01:55
Kenny Shiels has left Kilmarnock with immediate effect by mutual consent, the Scottish Premier League club have confirmed.
The departure of the 57-year-old Northern Irishman comes as no surprise following days of speculation about his future.
Killie finished ninth in the Clydesdale Bank Premier League but a four-match ban handed to Shiels last week following outspoken media comments - two of which were suspended - was also taken into consideration by the club.
The statement read: "The Club thanks Kenny for his service over the last three years, firstly as assistant to Mixu Paatelainen, thereafter as interim manager and subsequently as manager.
"His tenure as manager was marked most notably by the Club's League Cup success in March, 2012 and his place in the Club's history is thereby assured. Back to back victories over Rangers in season 2011-12 and a historic win at Celtic Park in season 2012-13 will live on in the memory of the Club's supporters.
"Kenny's work ethic and his determination to introduce young players into the first team were evident throughout his time with the Club.
"Unfortunately season 2012-13 saw the Club exit the League Cup at the first hurdle and go on to record our poorest home record since season 1980-81, culminating in seven matches without a victory at Rugby Park to exit the Scottish Cup and miss out on the 'top six' and then drop to ninth place with five defeats in our final six SPL fixtures.
"A difficult relationship with the Scottish F.A. resulted in several touch-line bans and recent comments regarding a fellow SPL club and the Scottish F.A. Judicial Panel incurred a further suspension which would have seen Kenny commence next season in the stand, rather than the dug-out. As a result, the Club was also prosecuted by the Judicial Panel's Compliance Officer at a hearing on June 6 and will discover the penalty to be imposed on June 21.
"For these reasons, both footballing and regulatory, it was mutually agreed that his contract as manager should end. The Club wishes Kenny every success in the future and thanks him for delivering the League Cup to Rugby Park in 2012."
Shiels landed himself in trouble after claiming Celtic were "the monster of Scottish football" following a spat with Neil Lennon, after the Celtic boss bemoaned the fact none of his players had been nominated for the PFA Scotland player of the year award. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Der Seriosität: Slot machine gratis online sphinx
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Pathologic basis of the sonographic appearance of the normal and malignant prostate.
The hypoechoic nature of prostatic cancer is now well recognized. In fact, not all cancers are purely hypoechoic; many are isoechoic, and some have a mixed echogenicity. Rarely, we have seen a cancer that was predominantly hyperechoic. Other signs of disturbance of the normal internal anatomy of the prostate may suggest the diagnosis of prostate cancer and are particularly valuable in assessing patients with more advanced disease. Approximately one third of early-stage cancers detected by palpation or transurethral resection are isoechoic. These tumors are anteriorly located, small, and well differentiated and infiltrate among normal glands or are composed of malignant glands similar in size to normal acini. Not all hypoechoic areas within the prostate are cancer; both normal anatomic structures and various benign conditions may appear less echogenic than the normal prostatic parenchyma. A comprehensive understanding of normal prostatic anatomy and the morphology of prostate cancer is essential to the accurate interpretation of the sonogram. Precise interpretation of prostatic sonograms requires detailed correlations of high-quality images with pathologic examinations of the whole prostate. The development of accurate criteria for the sonographic diagnosis of both malignant and benign prostatic diseases can be achieved only by such studies. As the possibilities and limitations of transrectal ultrasonography become apparent from pathologic correlation, the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer will be placed on a more rational basis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a video apparatus, and more particularly, to a video apparatus simplifying the checking and adjustment of a specific single module which constitutes the video apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, video apparatuses are manufactured (assembled) by combining a plurality of parts which have been modularized for every function unit. Accordingly, by changing the parts (modules) to be combined variously, many types of products can be designed and manufactured easily and efficiently.
At the same time, it is well-known that broadcasting is done in different broadcasting systems from country to country throughout the world. For example, there are three major television broadcasting systems: NTSC, PAL and SECAM. Each of these systems may still differ in minute details from country to country, particularly in the ex-Communist bloc, even though the same system is used. To cope with such circumstances, there is a need for video apparatus that is able to receive various broadcasts in different television broadcasting systems. At the same time, there is also a need to improve design efficiency and to develop products that have global usefulness by using modular parts to perform functions which differ from one broadcasting system to another. For example, the intermediate-frequency signal processing circuit part and the sound multiplex signal processing circuit part may be used as module parts, while circuit parts which are common regardless of the broadcasting systems remain part of the basic apparatus.
Meanwhile, for the adjustment of various devices comprising the module, a method to adjust by using a microcomputer through the BUS line is used. This technique is called the BUS control and replaces the conventional hand-operated volume adjustment.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram to show an example of an adjustable tester for modules controlled by the BUS control, and FIG. 5 is a flow chart of the checking and adjustment procedures for conventional modules.
In FIG. 4, the adjustable tester 25 carries out a temporary adjustment and the check of the operation on the module 7. The tester 25 has a microcomputer 3, an inputting/outputting means 4, a memory 8 and a BUS line 6.
The microcomputer 3 is provided with various test programs and test data which are necessary for the temporary adjustment of the module 7. The inputting/outputting means 4 inputs control commands and control data to the microcomputer 3, and at the same time, outputs responses to the control commands and control data. The memory 8 stores data for the temporary adjustment of the module 7 and the like. The BUS line 6 is connected to the microcomputer 3, the memory 8 and the module 7.
The module 7 comprises a TV receiver's intermediate frequency signal processing circuit, a sound multiplex signal processing circuit, a sound processor, etc. The BUS line 6 is connectable to each of these circuits. The module 7 is also provided with terminals to input to the intermediate frequency signal processing circuit, to output video signals from the intermediate frequency signal processing circuit, and to output sound signals from L (left) and R (right) of the sound processor.
On the other hand, the main unit of a TV receiver includes a tuner for receiving signals from the antenna and supplying intermediate frequency signals to the module 7, a video signal processing circuit to which the module 7 supplies video signals, a display which is supplied with the output from the video signal processing circuit, and a means to regenerate sound signals from the module. The main unit also has a channel selecting circuit which is connected to the tuner and selects received channels, a memory which is connected to this channel selecting circuit and can store channel data, etc., and a means to receive remote control signals. The channel selecting circuit is controlled by the microcomputer. This microcomputer is connectable to the tuner, video signal processing circuit, and each circuit of the module 7 through the BUS line.
The module 7 is a replaceable part corresponding to the difference in the broadcasting systems. Consequently, replacing this module 7 in accordance with the characteristic of a broadcasting system enables a user to use a main unit of a TV receiver for each of the broadcasting systems and thus, improve design efficiency.
Next, a description will be given on the conventional manufacturing process of video apparatuses based on the checking and adjustment process on a single module 7 shown in FIG. 5.
As shown in FIG. 5, in order to improve the reliability on the modularized parts, first of all, the module 7 is connected to the BUS line 6 of the adjustable tester 25 shown in FIG. 4, and the temporary adjustment of the single module 7 is performed by, for example, inputting some commands or data from the inputting/outputting means (adjusting means) 4 to the microcomputer 3. At this time, the data (offset value, etc.) for each adjustment (temporary adjustment) on each device which comprises the module 7, such as an intermediate-frequency signal processing circuit, a sound multiplex signal processing circuit and a sound processor are stored in the memory 8 of the adjustable tester 25. The temporary adjustment of the module 7 is carried out on each device. For example, the intermediate-frequency signal processing circuit adjustment is done on the AGC level, the sound multiplex signal processing circuit adjustment is done on the inputting level, on the separation of L (left) and R (right) signals, on the DC value of VCO at the PLL circuit, and on other filters, while the sound processor adjustment is carried out on the levels of bass, treble and balance. When the temporary adjustment of this single module 7 is finished, the check of the operation of the single module 7 follows using a prescribed means which is not shown in the figures (Step T1).
The module 7, which has been proved to be normal (good product) through the check of its operation, is mounted on the main unit of a video apparatus (television receiver) (Step T2), and as described above, each device constituting a module 7 is readjusted by, for example, inputting some commands or data to the microcomputer in the main unit from the remote controller. The data for adjustment of each device, including an intermediate-frequency signal processing circuit, a sound multiplex signal processing circuit and a sound processor, is stored in the memory of the main unit (Step T3).
After that, other devices of the main unit, that is, a tuner, a video signal processing circuit and the like are adjusted. The adjustment data on each device is stored in the memory of the main unit (Step T4). As for the adjustment of each device of the main unit, on the tuner, for example, the channel selection is adjusted, and on the video signal processing circuit, contrast, brightness and hue are adjusted.
As described above, according to the procedure of the checking and adjustment process on a single module which operates under the conventional BUS control, none of the modules have a dedicated memory (for example, EEPROM) to store the adjustment data on each device comprising the module 7. This requires the same adjustment twice. The first adjustment is performed before the shipment of modules as parts. The parts are adjusted module by module. The second adjustment is performed when the module is mounted and assembled on the set (the main unit). The module undergoes the same adjustment as the first adjustment, together with other devices of the main unit. The data for adjustment of each device is written in the memory which is built in the set (the main unit). In other words, the process which is carried out in Step T1 in FIG. 5 is repeated in Step T3, thus resulting in additional man-hours for adjustment.
As stated above, for a conventional video apparatus, a single module undergoes various adjustments at the time of manufacture to prepare the apparatus for proper operation before it is shipped. When the module is assembled into a video apparatus, various kinds of adjustments on the module are performed again. This adjustment must check more parts than in the previous adjustment of other circuit parts (for example, the video/chromaldeflection processing circuit), and thus, is time-consuming. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Q:
Drawing a rotating triangle
I want to fill a triangle in Android using the Canvas class. The way I am doing currently works but is very laggy. I wanted to know if anybody has a faster way of doing it than my way. Thanks!
My code:
public void rotate(float angle){
if(neighbour == null)
return;
path.reset();
Point origin = rotatePoint(neighbour.getX() + 64, neighbour.getY() + 128 + 16, neighbour.getX() + 64, neighbour.getY() + 64, angle);
Point a = rotatePoint(neighbour.getX() + 64, neighbour.getY() + 128 + neighbour.getWidth() + neighbour.getHeight(), neighbour.getX() + 64, neighbour.getY() + 64, angle - 15);
Point b = rotatePoint(neighbour.getX() + 64, neighbour.getY() + 128 + neighbour.getWidth() + neighbour.getHeight(), neighbour.getX() + 64, neighbour.getY() + 64, angle + 15);
path.moveTo(origin.x, origin.y);
path.lineTo(a.x, a.y);
path.lineTo(b.x, b.y);
}
neighbour is just a class that holds x and y values.
Rotate point method:
private Point rotatePoint(float x, float y, float px, float py, float angle){
float s = (float)Math.sin(Math.toRadians(angle));
float c = (float)Math.cos(Math.toRadians(angle));
x -= px;
y -= py;
float xnew = x * c - y * s;
float ynew = x * s + y * c;
x = xnew + px;
y = ynew + py;
return new Point((int)x, (int)y);
}
This triangle will be rotated quite frequently so I need a efficient way of doing it.
A:
You can just draw the triangle always with the same path, but before drawing the path rotate the canvas to the desired rotation angle.
canvas.save();
canvas.rotate(degrees);
//draw your triangle here
canvas.restore();
There is also a
canvas.rotate(degrees, x, y);
if you need to give it a pivot point.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
New Video: "Interview with OCLC Research Wikipedian in Residence Max Klein"
01 June 2012
In this eight-minute video, Senior Program Officer Roy Tennant talks with OCLC Research Wikipedian in Residence Max Klein about his plans to help connect researchers with library collections and services using Wikipedia.
Max Klein began working as the OCLC Research Wikipedian in Residence last week. OCLC Senior Program Officer Merrilee Proffitt created this three-month position to explore opportunities between libraries and Wikipedia, including working with OCLC staff and libraries to help foster a broader understanding of Wikipedia's practices as well as helping to connect library collections and services to Wikipedia. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
do you want to open or save from localhost while trying to upload the file
I am trying to upload the file on certain path.
I have written following code for this:
try
{
if (!System.IO.Directory.Exists(fileLocation))
System.IO.Directory.CreateDirectory(fileLocation);
// file.SaveAs(completefilepathWithFile);
file.SaveAs(FileLocationToSaveInDB);
return Json("File Uploaded Sucessfully");
}
catch (Exception)
{
return json("Failed to upload the file");
}
This code works fine for Firefox and crome.
But gives me error for IE9.
It prompts me for:
Do you want to openor save (methodname) from localhost?
Its as below:
I tried with:
localhost doesn't open in IE9
But didnt helped.
Please help me.
A:
Many browsers can't handle application/json as the return content type.You can hack the response and sent back the content using the mime type text/html.
try this:
return Json("FileUploaded successfully", "text/html", System.Text.Encoding.UTF8,
JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
// Copyright (c) 2014-present, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved.
//
// You are hereby granted a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free license to use,
// copy, modify, and distribute this software in source code or binary form for use
// in connection with the web services and APIs provided by Facebook.
//
// As with any software that integrates with the Facebook platform, your use of
// this software is subject to the Facebook Developer Principles and Policies
// [http://developers.facebook.com/policy/]. This copyright notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
// COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
// IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
// CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
// @generated
//
"com_accountkit_account_verified" = "Korisnički račun potvrđen!";
"com_accountkit_button_begin" = "Započni";
"com_accountkit_button_cancel" = "Odustani";
"com_accountkit_button_confirm" = "Potvrdi";
"com_accountkit_button_continue" = "Nastavi";
"com_accountkit_button_edit" = "UREDI";
"com_accountkit_button_log_in" = "Prijavi se";
"com_accountkit_button_next" = "Dalje";
"com_accountkit_button_ok" = "U redu";
"com_accountkit_button_resend_code_in" = "Ponovo pošaljite SMS za %1$d";
"com_accountkit_button_resend_sms" = "Ponovo pošalji SMS";
"com_accountkit_button_send" = "Pošalji";
"com_accountkit_button_send_code_in_call" = "Primite poziv";
"com_accountkit_button_send_code_in_call_details" = "Preuzmite kôd u glasovnom pozivu";
"com_accountkit_button_send_code_in_call_from_facebook_details" = "Preuzmite kôd u glasovnom pozivu iz Facebooka";
"com_accountkit_button_send_code_in_fb" = "Preuzmite kôd na Facebooku";
"com_accountkit_button_send_code_in_fb_details" = "Kôd će stići u obliku obavijesti s Facebooka";
"com_accountkit_button_start" = "Početak";
"com_accountkit_button_start_over" = "Pokušajte ponovno";
"com_accountkit_button_submit" = "Pošalji";
"com_accountkit_check_email" = "Otvorite e-poštu";
"com_accountkit_code_sent_to" = "Potvrdite svoj broj mobitela %1$@";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_agreement" = "Dodirnite %1$@ za prihvaćanje Facebookovih <a href=\"%2$@\">Uvjeta</a>, <a href=\"%3$@\">Pravila o upotrebi podataka</a> te <a href=\"%4$@\">pravila o upotrebi kolačića</a>.";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_agreement_app_privacy_policy" = "Dodirnite %1$@ za prihvaćanje Facebookovih <a href=\"%2$@\">Uvjeta</a>, <a href=\"%3$@\">Pravila o upotrebi podataka</a>, <a href=\"%4$@\">pravila o upotrebi kolačića</a> i <a href=\"%5$@\">Pravila o zaštiti privatnosti</a> koje primjenjuje %6$@.";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_agreement_app_privacy_policy_and_terms" = "Dodirnite %1$@ za prihvaćanje Facebookovih <a href=\"%2$@\">Uvjeta</a>, <a href=\"%3$@\">Pravila o upotrebi podataka</a>, <a href=\"%4$@\">pravila o upotrebi kolačića</a> i <a href=\"%5$@\">Pravila o zaštiti privatnosti</a>, kao i <a href=\"%6$@\">Uvjeta pružanja usluge</a> koje primjenjuje %7$@.";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_agreement_app_privacy_policy_and_terms_instant_verification" = "Dodirnite %1$@ za prihvaćanje Facebookovih <a href=\"%2$@\">Uvjeta</a>, <a href=\"%3$@\">Pravila o upotrebi podataka</a>, <a href=\"%4$@\">pravila o upotrebi kolačića</a> te <a href=\"%5$@\">Pravila o zaštiti privatnosti</a> te <a href=\"%6$@\">Uvjeta pružanja usluge</a> koje primjenjuje %7$@. <a href=\"%8$@\">Saznajte više</a> o tome kako smo potvrdili vaš račun.";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_agreement_app_privacy_policy_instant_verification" = "Dodirnite %1$@ za prihvaćanje Facebookovih <a href=\"%2$@\">Uvjeta</a>, <a href=\"%3$@\">Pravila o upotrebi podataka</a>, <a href=\"%4$@\">pravila o upotrebi kolačića</a> te <a href=\"%5$@\">Pravila o zaštiti privatnosti</a> koje primjenjuje %6$@. <a href=\"%7$@\">Saznajte više</a> o tome kako smo potvrdili vaš račun.";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_agreement_instant_verification" = "Dodirnite %1$@ za prihvaćanje Facebookovih <a href=\"%2$@\">Uvjeta</a>, <a href=\"%3$@\">Pravila o upotrebi podataka</a> te <a href=\"%4$@\">pravila o upotrebi kolačića</a>. <a href=\"%5$@\">Saznajte više</a> o tome kako smo potvrdili vaš račun.";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_text" = "Nije mi stigao kôd";
"com_accountkit_confirmation_code_title" = "Unesite svoj kôd";
"com_accountkit_email_invalid" = "Adresa e-pošte nije točna. Pokušajte ponovo.";
"com_accountkit_email_loading_title" = "Potvrđujemo adresu e-pošte...";
"com_accountkit_email_login_retry_title" = "Potvrdite adresu e-pošte";
"com_accountkit_email_login_text" = "Dodirnite %1$@ kako biste dobili potvrdu putem e-pošte od Facebookova alata Account Kit i lakše upotrebljavali %2$@. Za to vam ne treba korisnički račun za Facebook. <a href=\"%3$@\">Saznajte kako se Facebook služi vašim podacima</a>.";
"com_accountkit_email_login_title" = "Unesite adresu e-pošte";
"com_accountkit_email_not_received" = "Ponovno pošalji poruku e-pošte";
"com_accountkit_email_verify_title" = "Otvorite poruku e-pošte i potvrdite adresu e-pošte";
"com_accountkit_enter_code_sent_to" = "Unesite kôd poslan na %1$@";
"com_accountkit_error_title" = "Došlo je do sistemske pogreške. Pokušajte ponovo.";
"com_accountkit_facebook_code_entry_title" = "Unesite svoj kôd s Facebooka";
"com_accountkit_ios_button_back" = "Natrag";
"com_accountkit_ios_country_code_title" = "Odaberite svoju državu";
"com_accountkit_ios_phone_login_phone_number_placeholder" = "Broj";
"com_accountkit_ios_phone_login_text" = "Dodirnite %1$@ kako biste SMS-om dobili potvrdu od Facebookova alata Account Kit. %2$@ vam polakšava registraciju s pomoću Facebookove tehnologije, ali ne morate imati korisnički račun za Facebook. Možda se naplaćuje cijena za SMS i prijenos podataka. <a href=\"%3$@\">Saznajte kako Facebook upotrebljava vaše podatke</a>.";
"com_accountkit_ios_phone_sending_sms" = "Slanje SMS-a s kodom";
"com_accountkit_logging_in" = "Prijava u tijeku\U2026";
"com_accountkit_other_ways_to_get_code" = "Drugi načini za preuzimanje koda:";
"com_accountkit_phone_error_title" = "Unesite valjani broj mobitela.";
"com_accountkit_phone_loading_title" = "Potvrda broja...";
"com_accountkit_phone_login_retry_title" = "Potvrdite broj mobitela";
"com_accountkit_phone_login_text" = "Dodirnite %1$@ kako biste potvrdili korisnički račun za Facebookov alat Account Kit. Za njega vam ne treba korisnički račun za Facebook. Možda ćete primiti SMS radi potvrde broja telefona. Možda se naplaćuje naknada za slanje poruka i prijenos podataka. <a href=\"%2$@\">Saznajte kako se Facebook služi vašim podacima</a>.";
"com_accountkit_phone_login_title" = "Unesite broj mobilnog telefona";
"com_accountkit_phone_sending_code_on_fb_title" = "Slanje koda na Facebooku...";
"com_accountkit_resend_check" = "Provjerite dolazne SMS-e";
"com_accountkit_resend_email_text" = "Pošalji novu poruku e-pošte";
"com_accountkit_resend_title" = "Ako niste primili kôd:";
"com_accountkit_return_title" = "Vraćamo vas u %1$@...";
"com_accountkit_sent_title" = "Poslano!";
"com_accountkit_success_title" = "Potvrđeno!";
"com_accountkit_toolbar_title" = "Prijavite se u aplikaciju %1$@";
"com_accountkit_verify_confirmation_code_title" = "Nismo mogli potvrditi kôd. Pokušajte ponovo:";
"com_accountkit_verify_title" = "Potvrda koda...";
"com_accountkit_voice_call_code_entry_title" = "Unesite svoj kôd s Voice Calla";
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
A retired FBI agent who vanished in 2007 while investigating a smuggling case in Iran is apparently still alive, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said Thursday in a statement that deepened the mystery surrounding the man's nearly four-year disappearance.
Robert Levinson, 63, who disappeared during a visit to the Iranian resort island of Kish, apparently is being held "somewhere in southwest Asia," Clinton said, citing unspecified evidence received by the State Department.
Clinton did not elaborate on the nature of the evidence or the circumstances of his detention but called on the Iranian government to assist in his repatriation.
"As the government of Iran has previously offered its assistance in this matter, we respectfully request the Iranian government to undertake humanitarian efforts to safely return and reunite Bob with his family," Clinton said.
The evidence, if borne out, would represent the first news about Levinson's well-being in years. Levinson, who worked as a private detective after he retired from the FBI in 1998, was said by family members to have been in Iran to investigate a cigarette-smuggling case on behalf on several corporations. His disappearance March 9, 2007, has long been the subject of speculation and rumors, with Iranian defectors and others suggesting that he was imprisoned on suspicion of spying or perhaps kidnapped or killed by mobsters.
The wording of Clinton's statement prompted speculation that Levinson may have been transferred to another country in the Middle East where Iran has proxy groups or influence.
Dawud Salahuddin, an American fugitive living in Iran, said in 2007 that he met with Levinson before his disappearance and that the retired agent was seized by Iranian security forces on Kish, a duty-free resort island off Iran's southern coast. A few weeks afterward, Iran's state-sponsored Press TV also reported that Levinson was "in the hands of Iranian security forces."
But until now there has been no official word from the Iranian government about his fate. Iran refused a request by the United States later that year to allow Swiss diplomats to try to find his luggage and look for clues to what happened to him.
U.S. officials have repeatedly pressed Iran for information about Levinson, a Florida resident and 27-year veteran of the FBI, and members of his family have traveled to Tehran to appeal to the Iranian government for help. At her confirmation hearing in 2009, Clinton was urged by Sen. Bill Nelson (D-Fla.) to take up the case.
"We think he is being held by the government of Iran in a secret prison," Nelson said.
Staff researcher Julie Tate and SpyTalk columnist Jeff Stein contributed to this report. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Q:
React Native retrieving API data source.uri should not be an empty string
I am trying to retrieve data from an API (https://developers.zomato.com/documentation) and get title of restaurants and an image with it. However when I try to load an image I get a warning source.uri should not be an empty string.
Here is my code as it stands:
async componentDidMount() {
let id = this.props.navigation.state.params.category
let result;
try {
result = await axios.request({
method: 'get',
url: `https://developers.zomato.com/api/v2.1/search?category=${id}`,
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
'user-key': "a31bd76da32396a27b6906bf0ca707a2",
},
})
} catch (err) {
err => console.log(err)
}
this.setState({
isLoading: false,
data: result.data.restaurants
})
}
render() {
return (
<View>
{
this.state.isLoading ?
<View style={{ flex: 1, padding: 20 }}>
<ActivityIndicator style={{color:'red'}} />
</View> :
(
this.state.data.length == 0 ?
<View style={{ flex: 1, padding: 20 }}>
<Text style={{ color: '#000', fontWeight: 'bold' }}>No restaurants from selected category</Text>
</View> :
<FlatList
style={{ marginBottom: 80 }}
keyExtractor={item => item.id}
data={this.state.data}
renderItem={({ item }) =>
<TouchableHighlight onPress={()=> console.log(item.restaurant.thumb)}>
<Card image={item.restaurant.thumb} style={styles.container}>
<Image resizeMode='contain' source={{ uri: item.restaurant.thumb }}/>
<Text style={{color:'#000',fontWeight:'bold'}}>{item.restaurant.name} </Text>
</Card>
</TouchableHighlight>
}
/>
)
}
</View>
);
}
as you can see when I touch the any of the cards I am console logging the link of the image uri and it shows up perfectly. Why is that when the app loads the images they are empty strings yet when I load it though console log the link shows up perfectly?
I am using axios to load my API
here is an expo snack link: https://snack.expo.io/r1XTaw4JU
A:
So i got 2 issues, one is in the card component you were not providing the uri properly it should be image={{uri:item.restaurant.thumb}} and secondly for newyork your entity id must be
To search for 'Italian' restaurants in 'Manhattan, New York City',
set cuisines = 55, entity_id = 94741 and entity_type = zone
Its as per zomato docs,so do check out that. and find expo link : expo-snack
import React from 'react';
import {
View,
Text,
FlatList,
StyleSheet,
Button,
TouchableHighlight,
ActivityIndicator,
} from 'react-native';
import { createAppContainer } from 'react-navigation';
import {createStackNavigator} from 'react-navigation-stack';
import { Card, Image } from 'react-native-elements';
import Constants from 'expo-constants';
import axios from 'axios';
export default class CategoryScreen extends React.Component {
constructor(props){
super(props);
this.state={
data : [],
isVisible: true,
city : '94741'
}
}
async componentDidMount() {
let id = "3"
let city = this.state.city
let result;
try {
result = await axios.request({
method: 'get',
url: `https://developers.zomato.com/api/v2.1/search?entity_id=${city}&entity_type=zone&category=${id}`,
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
'user-key': "a31bd76da32396a27b6906bf0ca707a2",
},
})
} catch (err) {
err => console.log(err)
}
this.setState({
isLoading: false,
data: result.data.restaurants
})
console.log(result)
console.log(data)
}
render() {
return (
<View>
{
this.state.isLoading ?
<View style={{ flex: 1, padding: 20 }}>
<ActivityIndicator style={{color:'red'}} />
</View> :
(
this.state.data.length == 0 ?
<View style={{ flex: 1, padding: 20 }}>
<Text style={{ color: '#000', fontWeight: 'bold' }}>No restaurants from selected category</Text>
</View> :
<FlatList
style={{ marginBottom: 80 }}
keyExtractor={item => item.id}
data={this.state.data}
renderItem={({ item }) =>
<TouchableHighlight onPress={()=> alert(item.restaurant.location.city)}>
<Card image={{uri:item.restaurant.thumb}} style={styles.container}>
<Text style={{color:'#000',fontWeight:'bold'}}>{item.restaurant.name} </Text>
</Card>
</TouchableHighlight>
}
/>
)
}
</View>
);
}
};
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
});
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
TOSHIBA
For a quick search, please select from the left side ( Product Filters )
Preferably choose ( In Stock ) يفضل اختيار
Toshiba Corporation (株式会社東芝 Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba?, (commonly referred to as Toshiba, stylized as TOSHIBA) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Its diversified products and services include information technology and communications equipment and systems, electronic components and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure systems, consumer electronics, household appliances, medical equipment, office equipment, lighting and logistics.Toshiba was founded in 1938 as Tokyo Shibaura Electric K.K. through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho (founded in 1875) and Tokyo Denki (founded in 1890). The company name was officially changed to Toshiba Corporation in 1978. Toshiba made a large number of corporate acquisitions during its history, including of Semp in 1977, of Westinghouse Electric LLC, a nuclear energy company in 2006,[3] of Landis+Gyr in 2011, and of IBM's point-of-sale business in 2012.Toshiba is organised into four business groupings: the Digital Products Group, the Electronic Devices Group, the Home Appliances Group and the Social Infrastructure Group. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices, the Osaka Securities Exchange and the Nagoya Stock Exchange. Toshiba is the seventh largest semiconductor maker in the world by revenue | {
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The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and fabrication processes, and more specifically to semiconductor gate electrode architectures which provide improved work function tuning.
In the conventional CMOS process, poly silicon is used as a gate electrode material up to 90 nm node. The conventional process has several advantages such as: (i) it is compatible with high temperature processing, (ii) well behaved poly-Si/thermal SiO2 interfaces, (iii) more reliable than metal gate electrode like Al, (iv) conformal deposition over steep topography (v) and most significantly it introduces self-aligned dual work function for both n-MOSFETs and p-MOSFETs by selection of proper dopant.
The polysilicon gate electrode, however, also represents a major challenge for near-term and long-term CMOS scaling. Some major limitations of the process include gate depletion, high gate resistance and boron penetration into the channel region. The poly depletion causes an effective increase in the gate dielectric thickness, which operates to reduce the current drive. Boron diffusion from p+ polysilicon gate to the channel degrades device performance significantly. Both the effective increase in the gate dielectric thickness associated with depletion and the channel autodoping associated with boron out-diffusion from the p+ polysilicon gate will eventually require the phase-out of polysilicon as gate material beyond the 45 nm technology node.
Metal gate electrodes offer a potential solution to the aforementioned problem. Metal gate electrodes provide advantages such as: (i) no boron penetration from polysilicon gate into channel through very thin gate dielectric, (ii) much lower gate resistance, (iii) and perhaps the most desirable advantage of reduced electrical thickness of gate dielectric. The last and most significant advantage is derived through elimination of depletion in heavily doped polysilicon gates, which can amount to a 3-5 Å reduction in equivalent oxide thickness (EOT)—the equivalent of ˜2 generation advancement.
A key requirement for gate electrode material in CMOS is that of dual work function. Gate metal for NMOS and PMOS devices should have work functions which closely correspond to conduction and valence band edge respectively for surface channel mode of operation. In conventionally fabricated CMOS devices, the dual work function of the polysilicon gate is achieved by implanting the polysilicon material with either n or p-type dopants (during deep S/D implantation) as mentioned above.
In the case of refractory metals or metal nitrides, work function is not a strong function of doping, and S/D implantation cannot be used for work function tuning. Further, conventional approaches of using two different bulk metals to fabricate NMOS and PMOS gate electrodes require the use of exotic metals and alloys to meet the work function requirements, which complicates CMOS processing and results in lower device yield.
What is needed is a gate electrode architecture capable of a dual work function, and which can be preferably fabricated using technology close to conventional CMOS fabrication. | {
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Q:
Limits - prove or disprove
If $\lim_{x \to 0^+} f(x) = 0$ and $(\forall x>0)( \exists 0<c_x<x)$ s. t. $f(c_x)>f(x)$, and $\forall x>0, f(x)>0$ do we have a contradiction?
I tried to build a sequence of x values that approaches $0$ but its f values form an ascending sequence but failed to show that it is actually ascending.
A:
If $f$ is allowed to be discontinuous in every right neighbourhood of $0$, then the condition does not prevent $\lim_{x\to 0^+}f(x)=0$. For instance, consider the function $f:(0,1]\to\Bbb R$ such that $f(x)=\frac1{n-1}+\frac1n-x$ for all $n\in\Bbb N$, $n\ge2$ and for all $x$ such that $\frac1n<x\le \frac1{n-1}$. Namely, $$f(x)=\left\lfloor x^{-1}\right\rfloor^{-1}+\left(\left\lfloor x^{-1}\right\rfloor+1\right)^{-1}-x$$
On the other hand, if there is some $\varepsilon>0$ such that $\left.f\right\rvert_{(0,\varepsilon)}$ is continuous, then yes, that condition prevents $\lim_{x\to 0^+}f(x)=0$. In fact, consider $0<x_0<\varepsilon$ and let $\delta=\inf\{\alpha>0\,:\, f(\alpha)\ge f(x_0)\}$. If $\delta>0$, then by continuity $f(\delta)\ge f(x_0)$ and, therefore, there must be some $0<c_\delta<\delta$ such that $f(c_\delta)\ge f(\delta)\ge f(x_0)$, against $\delta$ being the greatest lower bound. Therefore $\delta=0$, but then $\limsup_{x\to 0^+}f(x)\ge f(x_0)> 0$.
| {
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[www.paypal.me]
[www.patreon.com]
If you want to support me beyond ratings, please feel free to do so via PayPal or Patreon. Every cent helps and motivates me personally and professionally to continue creating great things!Homes in the Eclectic Style commonly found in the suburbs of America. Often referred to as McMansions, these homes have dominated American housing developments for the last few decades, and continue to do so. As such, any city in Cities: Skylines modeled after American cities would be incomplete without these homes appearing in the surrounding areas.This collection has L1 pre-construction lots, L2 construction lots, and completed houses ranging from L3 to L5. Their lot sizes range across 4x4, 4x3, 4x2, 3x4, 3x3, 3x2, 2x4, and 2x3. These assets and their associated theme are best used with Boformer's Building Themes mod or the game's styles feature.Note: Driveways can appear odd on uneven ground. (In-game concrete and paths are not used because they're not adequate, and no decals are currently available for that purpose.) It's best if you try to soften or flatted areas where you build subdivisions for these houses. | {
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Shay Elliott Memorial Race
The Shay Elliott Memorial race is a one-day race held in Spring in Ireland. It is run in honour of former Irish professional cyclist Seamus Shay Elliott. The race was previously known as the Route de Chill Mhantain. It became the Shay Elliott Trophy in the late sixties, then the Shay Elliott Memorial after his death in 1971. The race is the most prestigious Irish one-day event after the national championships.
History
In 1958, the first Route de Chill Mhantáin was held, organised by Bray Wheelers, a cycling club from Bray, Co. Wicklow. It was devised by Joe Loughman one of the main organisers of the club who wanted to make a tough race over the Wicklow Mountains. The race begins and finishes in Bray after taking a loop that goes over the Wicklow Mountains including the steep ascent of the Old Wicklow Gap, locally known as Croghan, as well as the Glenmalure climb where there is the Shay Elliott monument. The Route de Chill Mhantáin was the first open massed start race that Bray Wheelers had organised. The first edition was won by John Lackey. The race was renamed ‘The Shay Elliott Memorial’ in later years. The trophy presented each year was won by Elliott himself as a prize for best amateur in France in 1955. Winners of the race include the best of Irish cycling including two-time champion Sean Kelly (who was the only rider to have won the race while still a junior), former professional Peter Crinnion, two time Tour of Ireland winner Pat McQuaid, Peter Doyle (the first rider to win the Tour of Ireland and the Ras Tailteann) and Phil Cassidy (a two-time winner of the Ras Tailteann). In 2002 the race became an international race.
The 2015 edition of the race was won by former Track World Champion Martyn Irvine.
References
Past winners
External links
Official Website of the organisers of the Shay Elliot Memorial –Bray Wheelers
Category:Cycle races in Ireland
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1958
Category:1958 establishments in Ireland
Category:Men's road bicycle races
Category:Spring (season) events in the Republic of Ireland | {
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Corktown: A community on the verge of change awaits Ford's arrival
Allie Gross | Detroit Free Press
In 1979, Jerry Esters was working on the roof of a property he had inherited from his father in North Corktown when he had an epiphany: He could see downtown. First the train station, then the downtown skyline.
The property at 14th and Perry had been in the family for years, but as Esters sat perched on the shingles, he couldn't help but marvel at just how close he was to the heart of Detroit.
"It was like, right there, and you didn't have to go anywhere to see the fireworks. You could be right there and see them," the retiree, who worked as a clay sculptor at Fiat Chrysler for 33 years, said Tuesday.
It was in that moment that Esters realized he had to begin investing in the neighborhood. He had to preserve his family's properties. He had to work to refurbish and maintain anything else he could get his hands on in the community that he had grown up in. A community that was cratering under disinvestment.
"I was making good money so I just kept buying up buildings as they came up and became available," said Esters.
Today, the 56-year-old owns seven buildings in the neighborhood — six properties on 14th Street between Temple and Perry and a two-family duplex on the corner of Vermont and Temple — and 30 lots.
Esters' foresight to invest in the neighborhood was underscored Monday when it was officially announced by Matthew Moroun that the iconic and long-vacant Michigan Central Station that his family picked up at a tax auction in the 1990s had been sold to Ford Motor Company.
"With Ford coming, to me what that says is that the city is turning around big-time," Esters pronounced, adding that he is most excited to see downtown Detroit's boundaries expand.
"Downtown used to stop at the Lodge; now it's going to expand to where the train station is," he said. "It's going to be a lot of little things that are going to add up and make downtown more like Chicago — a bigger downtown."
Read more:
News of Ford's purchase of the derelict but seminal train station and its purchase and renovation of an old factory on Michigan that now houses Ford high-tech workers, has not only re-ignited discussions about the future of Corktown, it is resetting the image of what Corktown can be.
The potential transformation, from having such a powerful company as an anchor in the community, is unfathomable. It calms fears from some who are anxious about being left behind but also spurs excitement from others who look forward to seeing the return to a community that once was densely populated and thriving.
“I feel I used my money wisely," Esters said. "I invested back where I started.”
Re-imagining a neighborhood staple
Pat Springstead, the owner of Nemo's in Corktown, was in a meeting in 2013 with an associate from Soave Enterprise, the Detroit-based development firm, when he made a comment about how a lot people were beginning to move to Corktown.
"Pretty soon, there needs to be a development for places for folks to live," Springstead remembers telling the associate. The developer didn't agree. He told Springstead the need just didn’t seem to be there.
Fast forward five years and Soave is in the midst of erecting Elton Park, a $44-million retail and housing project on Trumbull just north of Michigan Avenue.
"I’m not a soothsayer," Springstead said with a laugh. He was just, he said, paying attention.
While shifts in the neighborhood have been on Springstead’s mind for some time — and he has been eager to hear about new projects like Elton Park and the Corner, nearby at the old Tiger’s Stadium site — Ford's big news is, he said, a game changer. It also means that the bar, which has been around for 53 years, is beginning to consider how it will fit into the ever-changing landscape.
"All these years we’ve really been a sports bar. Shuttling people to sports events has been our bread and butter," said Springstead. That won't stop, he said, but the bar will take into account the morphing demographics.
"We certainly are looking to the future to move our place, Nemo's, more into the area where younger folks who will work at Ford and live in the neighborhood will find more appealing."
Some changes to come: updates to the building to make it "more open," a diversified menu and extended hours.
When asked about upticks in menu prices or changes to the vibe of the neighborhood restaurant beloved for its unpretentious and easygoing atmosphere and affordable, no-fuss burgers, Springstead scoffed.
"We'll obviously be spending money to improve the kitchen and facilities, so one would expect prices to go up," Springstead said, though he has every intention to "keep prices competitive and affordable for people in the neighborhood."
"I think people have a negative look at gentrification; people always think of increased property costs and rents and I think that’s a disservice. Most everything all of us do is market driven and when things improve, the market improves, obviously, prices change," he said.
Hope just over the bridge
Down the road from Nemo's is another long-standing establishment — Hygrade Deli.
Stuart Litt's restaurant is less than a mile west from the train station — a 3-minute drive in the car. But despite the proximity, there is a barrier: An overpass atop the Jeffries Freeway. It's the marker that divides Corktown from its neighbor, Core City, where Hygrade is located.
While new development is edging closer, it has, for the most part, stopped just short of the freeway and the 63-year-old Litt is waiting for the day that it comes west.
"I'm one mile away, but this bridge is a barrier," said Litt, who pointed out that some newcomers — who were later criticized — tried renaming the area "West Corktown" to try to associate it with its popular neighbor.
While the new moniker didn't stick, Ford now brings Litt hope that the development to the east will begin to trickle toward him.
"Everybody that I talk to — people with businesses or something to do with southwest Detroit — they've all been saying for years, 'Once Corktown gets to where there ain't no more room for anybody, they're all coming across this bridge this way.' While I haven't seen that yet, everybody says the same thing," he said, noting that there are several abandoned and dilapidated buildings surrounding Hygrade that he knows speculators are sitting on, just waiting for the payoff to come.
"They're hoping people will come in and offer them five times what they bought it for and will do something about it," said Litt.
The Ford purchase of the train station is a surprising turn of events, for the business owner who has seen the neighborhood — and his business — vacillate over the decades, and for a while, it really didn't feel like a rebound would happen.
"There was at least a 20-year struggle where it was hard for the business to make money," said Litt, explaining that he got behind "personally and professionally."
Litt's father, Bernie Litt, bought Hygrade Deli in 1972 from its original owner, Nate Stutz. The restaurant was first opened inside the popular Western Market just down the road but was ultimately demolished for the creation of the Jeffries Freeway — the freeway that has since become a physical and mental obstacle for Litt nearly half a century later.
After the creation of the freeway, the deli was moved to its current location on Michigan Avenue just east of West Grand Boulevard. Litt doesn't remember how much his father, paid for the deli, but he knows the building was ultimately purchased a few years later for $20,000.
At the time that Litt took over, a Cadillac assembly plant sat kitty-corner from the restaurant. Hygrade — with its affordable sandwiches — became a lunch hangout for the workers. When the plant slowly began to close down — much of the business moving to Pole Town — business began to peter out as well.
"It wasn't a steep drop; it was a slow decline," Litt said, adding that around the same time that the Cadillac plant closed in the 1980s, workers and residents began to move out of the city as well. "It wasn't fun," Litt said, noting that the Great Recession of 2008 felt like the final nail in the coffin.
"We dug ourselves into a hole," he said, adding that had he been "smarter," he perhaps would have packed it in and closed up shop during that time.
Luckily, he didn't.
Business, he estimates, began picking up again in the last five or six years. Litt credits people, such as Quicken employees, coming downtown. But he also is grateful for social media, which has allowed his business to get the word out, without having to pay for advertising. The result is a business that — with Ford or not — has been on the upswing.
"It has value now just because Detroit has come back; the last five years is going in totally the opposite direction of the '80s when it slowed down. When I look in my bookkeeping at home, my year-end sales prove it," said Litt. He estimates that his sales have increased by 25% over the last decade.
"Maybe more, I'm not good with numbers," he laughed.
Litt expects sales to go up with the potential of Ford workers as new customers. He also said he believes the value of his property will rise.
"I don't know what the value of my empire is right here; I might have an idea based on what I've seen sell in Corktown and what I've seen in similar situations," he said, estimating that his building, should he ever sell it, could be worth about $200,000 to $300,000.
He is not, however, looking to sell. Instead, he's anxious to see what happens around him and how his business will benefit from the newcomers — what could be what he calls "Cadillac Days" again.
"I'm excited for what Ford can do for the area and potentially what they can do for me," he said, noting that in an ideal future, the movement of Ford to the train station will mean that Hygrade is packed once again. "Dine in, carry out. I'm full service," he said.
Still, Litt is thoughtful. And he's aware of his patron base. While others may try to capitalize on the changing demographics of southwest Detroit, Litt is not one of them. Just because Ford is coming in, doesn't mean prices are going to skyrocket. He doesn't want to lose those who have been with him during the rough times.
"People don't understand that in this area, I have to deal with the affluent and the well-to-do — people from Quicken or Ford Motor Company — but I also have to deal with the people from the neighborhood. People who are low income and on a fixed income," he said, noting that in January he raised sandwich prices by 50 cents to reflect the rising food costs. It was his first menu increase in three years and an agonizing process.
"I realize that people have been coming in here for years and I don't want to shut the door on them by raising prices more than they can afford. I still think about those people," he said, later adding: "Maybe I'm cheating myself. But I'm trying to keep the customers I got. I want them to know they can get a decent meal at a reasonable price."
Still, while Litt doesn't want to shut out his current customer base, he remains hopeful that development will eventually make its way over the bridge.
"If it wasn't Ford, the area would still resurge, it just wouldn't be as fast," Litt said.
A newer resident of Corktown
For Alex Lauer, a Detroit real estate agent and Corktown homeowner, this trickle effect that Litt discussed is real. It's just a matter of time before the spillover happens in Core City.
"Ninety percent of people in life need an example to follow in order to do something," said Lauer, who moved to Corktown in 2011 and remembers people calling him "crazy" when he purchased his home.
"I'm sure others heard that, too," he said, noting that just a year later he started to notice an uptick in interest in the neighborhood and more people and development moving in. "People just need to see others do what they want to do first, and then they go do it."
While Lauer may have been an early buyer in the neighborhood, he is quick to point out that much of the neighborhood consists of those like Esters, who have been there for decades.
"There are still a lot of original residents in Corktown who have seen the worst of times and they held out," Lauer said Monday. "For a lot of people, I don’t think it’s a real estate thing so much as where they’ve lived. A home is a home. You can’t always put a price on it."
The shifting dynamics in the neighborhood are exciting to Lauer, but he is quick to point out the importance of dialogue between developers and newcomers and respect for those who have always called the neighborhood home.
"As far as developers and big companies moving back in, they have to really be in touch with the community," said Lauer, explaining that these conversations can help set the tone for how development and gentrification can work together.
"It doesn't all have to be these horrible stories that you hear," he said, noting that it's complicated, especially since there is no exact protocol for how to develop an area. "I think people need to be aware of the history of these areas that they come into and who is there, who's been there, what they do, and engage everyone as much as possible."
The conversations Lauer prescribes are in many ways the foundations of Community Benefits Agreements, which require developers to meet with residents to discuss a project's community impact.
Under Proposal B, which passed in November 2016, any project with $75 million in investments — including tax abatements or below market-value land transfers — must go through the process.
It is likely that a project, such as the renovation of the train station will hit this threshold many times over. CBAs also go into effect if a project gets a tax break or other economic incentives. It is unclear what is in the works between Ford and the City of Detroit.
Some community members have started to prep and ask questions.
"Over the years, there have been so many rumors about development happening in that community," Linda Campbell of the Equitable Detroit Coalition told the Detroit Free Press in March when rumors of the possible sale began to bubble.
"My first reaction is always, what will this development mean for residents in the community and nearby communities and the city of Detroit at large? What kind of public investment — if any — will be made? Is it something that will get taxpayers on the hook for corporate development? These are details we need to take a look at as citizens to see if this is truly a development project that is going to make a difference for the everyday Detroiter."
For those like Campbell, there is also a huge irony when it comes to any developments in Corktown. In 2014, at the request of Mayor Mike Duggan, Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr disbanded Detroit's Citizens District Councils, which were neighborhood coalitions given a direct line to city government — and a voice in local development projects — in urban renewal zones.
The Corktown Citizens’ District Council had been one of the most robust and active of the community groups.
"It wiped them out as a formal structure," said Campbell, who is critical of the Community Benefits Agreements legislation that has been viewed by some as a replacement of the citizens' councils.
So far in Detroit, only six projects have been subjected to the law — four of them Dan Gilbert initiatives. The results, according to a spring report from WDET, have been a lot of talk and not many actual benefits.
"WDET found that after 12 weeks of community benefits talks with residents across the four projects, Bedrock committed to two community benefits in its agreements with the city. The first: Bedrock would communicate with residents about construction-related activity. And the second: Bedrock would support job training initiatives, something the company has been doing for years," the WDET report stated.
For Esters and others, there is excitement about what Corktown and the surrounding neighborhoods can become, but also a desire to see permanent change.
"I'm not really there trying to capitalize on money as much as I am trying to see the neighborhood come back to when I was a kid," Esters said. "When it was beautiful."
Contact Allie Gross: AEGross@freepress.com. Follow her on Twitter @Allie_Elisabeth. | {
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Now this is PFFTable if ever anything was. I had to come in to work today, a Saturday, because my department and another department in our building are moving to another floor. This is a totally new floor so nothing was set up yet. Fortunately, they didn't snag us to actually move anything (we're computer professionals, we don't do manual labor!) but we have to plug all the computers back together and make sure they can get on the network.
I don't mind any of that. Even patching the offices into the network, which I hate doing, isn't so bad because it's a new floor and the wiring closet isn't a mess yet. Unfortunately, somebody forgot to coordinate with the movers because all they moved yesterday were people's boxes, which we are not touching. They aren't moving the computers until this morning, and that sucks! We've got nothing to do for the next couple of hours while they start doing that. It's a good thing everyone in my department moved all our stuff yesterday afternoon so we wouldn't have to wait for the movers, and I can type in this editorial from my workstation.
PFFT! to being at work on the weekends, not doing anything, but not allowed to leave either.
Published: November 4, 2000
Editor: stacy
All submissions remain the intellectual property of the author. Copying is prohibited unless permission is granted by the author.
All stories containing offensive language or content are classified as such. If you do not want to see this material, do not choose anything in the Offensive category. Read at your own risks. You have been warned. | {
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COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-11-00077-CV
IN RE KEY SAFETY SYSTEMS, RELATOR
INC.
------------
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
------------
MEMORANDUM OPINION1
------------
The court has considered relator’s petition for writ of mandamus and is of
the opinion that relief should be denied. Accordingly, relator’s petition for writ of
mandamus is denied.
Relator shall pay all costs of this original proceeding, for which let
execution issue.
LEE GABRIEL
JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MCCOY and GABRIEL, JJ.
MCCOY, J. would request a response.
DELIVERED: March 14, 2011
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4, 52.8(d).
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Timeline of the Mensalão scandal
The Mensalão scandal () took place in Brazil in 2005 and threatened to bring down the government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Mensalão is a neologism and variant of the word for "big monthly payment" (salário mensal or mensalidade).
June
8 June 2005 - A CPI is installed to investigate alleged corruption in the Post Office after the testimony of Roberto Jefferson. Workers Party treasurer Delúbio Soares denied the claims in a press conference and said that he would authorize the investigation of all of his personal bank accounts.
14 June - Additional testimony of Roberto Jefferson in front of the Council of Ethics of the Chamber of the Deputies. Jefferson says that he informed the ministers Aldo Rebelo, , Ciro Gomes, Miro Teixeira, José Dirceu and Antônio Palocci about the alleged payments. Palocci and Dirceu deny they were warned by Jefferson; Rebelo, Guia, and Gomes, and Teixeira confirm that Jefferson warned them about the existence of the "mensalão". Roberto Jefferson states that José Dirceu should resign from the government "quickly".
16 June - Minister of Civilian Household José Dirceu resigns. Dirceu was labeled by his opponents the "Rasputin" of the government because he was a strong figure with influence over President Lula.
17 June - Roberto Jefferson leaves the presidency of the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB)
22 June - Deputy Raquel Teixeira (Goiás) testifying in front of the Council of Ethics confirms that on 18 February 2004 deputy Sandro Mabel of the Liberal Party (PL) invited her to leave the PSDB in exchange for a monthly payment if she also promised to support the government. According to Raquel, the offer was R$30,000 (about 12,913 USD) a month - which could be increased up to a sum of R$50,000 (about 21,521 USD) with R$1 million ($430,420) as a "bonus" at the end of the year. Raquel says she denounced the request and spoke to the governor of Goiás Marconi Perillo about it.
22 June - Governor Marconi Perillo (PSDB-Goiás) tells the Council of Ethics that on 5 March 2004 during an official visit of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to the food enterprise Perdigão S.A. in Rio Verde, he notified and warned the president about the offer received by deputy Raquel Teixeira (PSDB-Goiás).
30 June – With his left eye injured due to an accident moving an armoire - Deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-Rio de Janeiro) testifies to the Post Office CPI. Jefferson says that the agency of the Rural Bank at the 9th floor of Brasilia Shopping mall is used to withdraw the money of mensalão since the delivery by suitcases got very risky.
July
4 July – Workers Party member Silvio Pereira resigns from his post as secretary general of the party. According to Jefferson he was the manager of the "mensalão".
4 July – The magazine Veja publishes photos of a contract from the Bank BMG S/A indicating Marcos Valério as the guarantor of a 17 February 2003 R$2.4 million bank loan to the Workers Party (PT). The document was signed by Workers Party President José Genoíno and party treasurer Delúbio Soares. Genoino claimed that he didn’t read the document when he signed it. Valério had paid back the first R$300,000 of the loan.
5 July – Workers Party (PT) treasurer Delúbio Soares resigned.
Deputy (leader of the PMDB) claimed that Valério, despite not having a public post, directly took part in the nomination of directors for strategic positions in state-run enterprises. Valério denied the claim.
6 July – It is discovered that Marcos Valério had moved more than R$800 million within his bank accounts in the past 3 years.
6 July – Marcos Valério testified before the Post Office CPI and maintained that he did not do anything illegal. The veracity of his testimony was questioned by parliamentarians and many political analysts because Valério spoke under a preemptive habeas corpus (exempting the individual from certain legal sanctions for not telling the truth) granted by Brazilian courts.
6 July – Deputy (PL-RJ), former bishop of the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) denied involvement in the scandal.
7 July – It became public that the Bank of Brazil (BB) had loaned R$20 million to the Workers' Party without any guarantor or guarantees. The CPI for the Post Office began to investigate loans to the Workers’ Party. There were also new claims that members or supporters of the Workers' Party had unique control of the bank.
7 July – The bank, postal, and telephone records of Roberto Jefferson, Delúbio Soares, José Genoíno and José Dirceu were subpoenaed.
8 July - José Adalberto Vieira da Silva, an adviser to deputy José Nobre Guimarães, who is the brother of Workers’ Party President José Genoíno, was detained at Cumbica airport in Guarulhos (SP) with US$100,000 in cash stuffed in his underpants and R$200,000 in his luggage.
9 July - Workers' Party president José Genoíno resigns.
12 July - Lula completes a ministerial reform which includes the removal of cabinet-level ministerial status from Luiz Gushiken, the Secretariat of Government Communication and Strategic Management (Secom), who had been suspected of having questionable relationships with pensions firms under his jurisdiction.
14 July – Mauro Marcelo, director of the Agência Brasileira de Inteligência (Abin), resigns after calling the Post Office CPI a "circus ring" and their members "wild beasts".
Henrique Pizzolato, director of Marketing and Communications for the Banco do Brasil petitions for retirement. Several days earlier, Fernanda Karina Somaggio, former secretary of Marcos Valério had accused the director of being part of the circle that connected Valério to the government. Pizzolato had already been attacked because he used Banco do Brasil funds to pay for a Brazilian country music (sertaneja) concert which returned profits to the Workers Party (PT).
15 July - During an interview with the national newscast Jornal Nacional (Rede Globo) Marcos Valério admits that the funds in his bank accounts were used as loans to the Workers Party (PT), thereby administering an illegal off-book accounting scheme for the party.
15 July - A number of non-governmental parties assert that Valerio's concessions are actually a strategy to reduce the apparent severity of the crimes since the penalties for off-book accounting are less severe. Some parliamentarians on the CPI recall the "Uruguay Operation", a fictitious financial entity created by some supporters of the impeached President Fernando Collor de Mello to explain his alleged large financial gains. The deputy Eduardo Paes (PSDB-RJ) labels the Marcos Valério claims as the "Paraguay Operation" as an allusion to this episode. The Paraguayan ambassador to Brazil Luis González Arias protests against the use of the name of his country in this "pejorative manner".
17 July - During an interview to Rede Globo, Workers Party treasurer Delúbio Soares says that the only impropriety he committed was the use of off-book accounting as described by the businessman Marcos Valério two days earlier.
17 July - In Paris for the Bastille Day celebrations, Brazilian President Lula says during an exclusive interview with a Brazilian freelance journalist aired in Brazil by Rede Globo that off-book accounting is a "common practice in Brazil".
19 July - The former secretary-general of the Workers Party (PT) Silvio Pereira testifies with habeas corpus protection before the CPI on the Post Office. He does not explain how he received a Land Rover from an employee of the firm GDK whose president César Oliveira Silvio he admits to knowing. GDK had won a major contract of R$90 million together with Petrobras in 2004. Silvio Pereira, whose salary as a worker of the PT is R$9,000 per month, is accused of living a lifestyle incompatible with his inheritance and income, including a penthouse apartment in São Paulo and a mansion in Ilhabela
19 July - The subpoenaed bank records of Marcos Valério and his businesses reveal connections to the leaders of a number of parties, including the PT. The then former President of the House of Deputies João Paulo Cunha (PT-SP) appears to be the beneficiary of a withdrawal of R$50 thousand made by wife. This information denies his previous claim that his wife was seen at the Banco Rural branch only while paying a cable television bill. It is also discovered that there were withdrawals of R$320 thousand made by Anita Leocádia, an advisor to the leader of the PT in the House Paulo Rocha (PT-BA), in addition to numerous other withdrawals made by advisors to PT members and other party leaders.
20 July - The Vote Buying Congressional Inquiry (CPI) is installed.
20 July - Workers' Party (PT) treasurer Delúbio Soares testifies under habeas corpus protection before the Post Office CPI. He says that the only irregularity practiced by his party is book-off accounting and that he is the only guilty party.
20 July - Maria Christina Mendes Caldeira, the former wife of Deputy Valdemar Costa Neto (PL), accuses Valdemar of receiving the "mensalão". She says her former husband illegally brought dollars into Brazil and that he is a compulsive gambler.
20 July - Also, the STF, after a communication from the Council for Control of Financial Activities (COAF), blocks an account of Marcos Valério's wife Renilda Fernandes de Souza after she tried to withdraw R$1.8 million from a Bank Boston account in Belo Horizonte, MG
20 July - The President of the Municipal Foundation of Culture in Belo Horizonte Rodrigo Barroso Fernandes resigns because of accusations related to money laundering. He has ties to Belo Horizonte mayor Fernando Pimentel (PT) because of his work as treasurer during the 2002 election campaign. Rodrigo's name had appeared in the lists of withdrawals from the accounts of Valério's firms SMP&B and DNA (including a R$350 thousand withdrawal from an account of SMP&B with Banco Rural).
21 July - Deputy Paulo Rocha resigns as the leader of the Workers' Party (PT) in the Chamber of Deputies.
22 July – In Rio de Janeiro, Lula states that "among 180 million Brazilians, there is not a single man or woman" that can lecture him about ethics and that the "Brazilian elite" will not bring him down.
22 July - The head of the CPI on the Post Office Delcídio Amaral admits that Roberto Costa Pinho worked for his election campaign in 2002. Roberto was discovered to have initiated a withdrawal of R$350 thousand from an account of SMP&B, a firm of Valério's. Also, Amaral confirms that he was guarantor of a rent contract for a house in Campo Grande/Mato Grosso do Sul for Costa Pinho.
22 July - The former secretary-general of the Workers' Party (PT) Silvio Pereira admits that it was improper to accept a Land Rover from a businessman. He apologizes and requests his disaffiliation from the Workers' Party.
22 July - Newspapers, including O Globo, report that the police have recorded a phone conversation between members of the "máfia da previdência", a gang specializing in fraud against the National Social Security Institute (INSS) and the Receita Federal (Federal Revenue Service), mentioning the names of political figures Delúbio Soares, José Dirceu and Roberto Jefferson. The Ministério Público Federal (the Federal Prosecutor's Office) begins to investigate the new connection. here
28 July - Newspapers report that Delúbio Soares had told the General Public Prosecution Office that the loans guaranteed by Marcos Valério paid expenses connected to the government transition and Presidential inauguration.
28 July – In Rio Grande do Sul, Lula states that the economy is vulnerable and that the policies of his government had antagonized the opposition.
August
1 August - President of the PL, Valdemar Costa Neto, resigns. He concedes that he received illegal money to pay off debts from his political campaigns.
2 August - President of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) Eduardo Azeredo confesses that his reelection campaign for the state of Minas Gerais maintained a system of off-book funds and received money from Marcos Valério. Azeredo tries to minimize the weight of the accusations against him by claiming they attempt to divert attention from the investigations of the CPI for the Post Office. He maintains that funding irregularities in the election campaigns should not be confused with the more serious charges regarding monthly payments to influence congressional votes.
2 August - Deputy and former minister José Dirceu (PT-SP) testifies before the Ethics Council. Deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-RJ) sits in the front row at the hearing. Dirceu denies Jefferson's accusations regarding the payment of monthly allowances. Jefferson reaffirms all of his previous accusations and makes a new allegation as well. Jefferson claims that in January 2005 PT and PTB emissaries were sent to Portugal to request money from the firm Portugal Telecom.
3 August - It is discovered that Marcos Valério had paid the lawyers for the Workers' Party (PT) in the case of the murder of Mayor Celso Daniel (PT-SP).
3 August - The Brazilian government denies that Marcos Valério was ever authorized to present himself as an "adviser of the President of Brazil to the government of Portugal or in any other situation".
3 August - Lula visits his birthplace Garanhuns and Teresina. He says that "with or without hatred, they will to have to swallow me", "who should pay, will pay", and that "it is necessary to separate the wheat from the chaff".
4 August - Public Works Minister of Portugal Antonio Mexia has a meeting with the Brazilian ambassador Antônio Paes de Andrade in Portugal. Mexia says that he had "the opportunity to make clear to the ambassador the total repudiation of the attempt to involve his name in internal political questions in Brazil."
4 August - Mexia says that Marcos Valério didn't introduce himself as a "consultant of Brazilian government". Mexia's declarations contradict his statements in an earlier interview to the Portuguese newspaper Expresso, on 16 July 2005. Mexia had said to Expresso that he had received Valério as the "consultant of the Brazilian government".' 4 August - The press reports that the official schedule reveals that Marcos Valério had met with the President of the bank that controlled shares in Portugal Telecom thirteen days before his trip to Lisbon with the treasurer of the PTB and meeting with officials from the firm.
5 August - Portugal Telecom repudiates the insinuations that they had an underhanded relationship with Marcos Valério. The President of the firm Miguel Horta e Costa says that the company could sue Roberto Jefferson.
8 August - Marcos Valério distributes a statement to the press denying the version of his trip presented by Roberto Jefferson and says that the trip to Portugal was to have negotiations with Portugal Telecom in relation to the business Telemig Celular. Valério says that he and his friend, the secretary of the PTB Emerson Palmieri accompanied him on his trip in order to "relax" .
11 August – The vice-president of the Vote-Buying CPI, deputy Paulo Pimenta (PT-RS) resigns. The day before Pimenta had released a controversial list of the names of politicians who had supposedly received money from Marcos Valério. The list was attacked by the President of the CPI Senator Amir Lando and others. The lawyers of Marcos Valério stated that the list was unknown. Pimenta had been accused of having had a secret encounter with Marcos Valério in the Senate's garage where they rode together in Valerio's car.
11 August - Public relations specialist and advertiser Duda Mendonça testifies suddenly and spontaneously before the Post Office CPI. He accuses Marcos Valério of asking him to open an offshore bank account to receive payments for his services managing political campaigns for the PT in 2002 and 2004. Deputies from the PT announce their separation from the party in Congress.
12 August - The magazine Época'', number 378, prints an interview with the former deputy Valdemar Costa Neto. Costa Neto says, according to the magazine, that Lula and José Alencar knew about the payment of R$10 million from the Workers Party (PT) to the Liberal Party to form an alliance which resulted in the election list that stood in the 2002 presidential election.
12 August - In a public pronouncement transmitted on television, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva says, "I have no shame to say the Brazilian people that we need to apologize. The PT needs to request forgiveness. The government, when it errs, needs to request forgiveness." Without citing names, he says he was "betrayed."
16 August - Lawyer Rogério Tadeu Buratti is arrested in Ribeirão Preto accused of money laundering. He worked as a municipal secretary in Ribeirão Preto during the term of mayor Antonio Palocci, later the Minister of Finance in the government of Lula.
16 August - The Post Office CPI travels to São Paulo to speak with the dollar dealer Antonio Oliveira Claramunt, aka "Toninho da Barcelona", who has been sentenced to 25 years in prison for money laundering. Toninho claims he has information about the financial activities of important politicians including members of the Workers' Party. He promises to reveal his information in exchange for protection and a reduction of his sentence.
16 August - The chief secretary and unofficial treasurer of the PTB, Emerson Palmieri testifies in front of the Vote Buying CPI that he traveled along with Marcos Valério to Portugal to attend a meeting of Portugal Telecom where Valério was supposed to request financial help for the Workers Party and PTB. He says that he doesn't consider himself a friend of Valério .
17 August - The Workers Party (PT) National Executive Committee issues a request asking the nation's forgiveness. It states: "For the first time the party is asking for the country's pardon, for acts practiced by leaders of the party without the knowledge of other party members, acts that in the eyes of the Brazilian nation, were morally and politically condemnable."
19 August - Buratti makes an agreement with the authorities and reveals the alleged plan and receipt of money in numerous local districts in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The most controversial element is his allegation regarding the Minister of Finance Antonio Palocci who was mayor (1993–1996) of Ribeirão Preto and whom Buratti accuses of receiving 50 million reals from garbage collection firms.
19 August - Buratti makes an agreement with the authorities and reveals the alleged plan and receipt of money in numerous local districts in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The most controversial element is his allegation regarding the Minister of Finance Antonio Palocci who was mayor (1993–1996) of Ribeirão Preto and whom Buratti accuses of receiving 50 million reals from garbage collection firms.
20 August - the magazine Veja, edition 1919, dated 24 August, releases the allegations of Rogério Tadeu Buratti and the currency dealer "Toninho da Barcelona".
21 August - the Minister of Finance Antonio Palocci makes a statement transmitted on television that denies "with vehemence" all of the allegations made by former advisor Rogério Tadeu Buratti.
23 August - Former deputy and President of the Liberal Party Valdemar Costa Neto tells the CPI for the investigation of the Bingo scandal that he received from Workers' Party treasurer Delúbio Soares checks from the account of Marcos Valério of a total of R$6.5 million over 18 months until January 2005. According to Costa Neto, the money was used to pay debts of the campaign of Lula in São Paulo. He says that at first he didn't believe that the money he was receiving was illegal and he alleges the political agreement between PL and PT was normal and proper.
24 August - The Supreme Federal Tribunal, responsible for judging criminal proceedings against parliamentarians due to parliamentary immunity, accepted the indictments of 40 individuals relating to the Mensalão scandal, most which are former or current federal deputies, all of which were allies of Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
25 August - Rogério Buratti testifies in front of the CPI investigating the Bingo scandal and confirms the claims about irregularities in the local government of Ribeirão Preto during the term of mayor Antonio Palocci, present day Minister of Finance.
25 August - The House accepts the retirement of deputy Valdemar Costa Neto, granting his petition. Valdemar is able to receive a monthly pension of R$5.542 until the end of his life, except if he is reelected.
29 August - Deputy André Costa (PT-RJ) announces his separation with the Workers Party (PT) and states that because of the scandal accusations he no longer supports the government and the party. Costa is the first deputy to abandon the party since the breaking of the scandal.
29 August - The Ethics Council recommends the expulsion of deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-RJ). The resolution needs to be affirmed by a Congressional vote to be enacted.
30 August - In Minas Gerais state, Lula recalls the experiences of previous Brazilian Presidents: Jânio Quadros, João Goulart, Getúlio Vargas, and Juscelino Kubitschek. Lula claims that he is inspired by Juscelino Kubitschek. Lula says that he considers the crisis "extremely serious" and says that "it is necessary to be very patient in order to avoid any hasty decisions."
30 August - The newspaper Folha de S. Paulo publishes an interview with the President of the Chamber of the Deputies Severino Cavalcanti (PP-PE) where he defends lighter punishments for the guilty deputies.
30 August - Brazilian parliamentarians criticize Cavalcanti's statements. Senator Demostenes Torres (PFL-GO) accuses Cavalcanti of promoting an agreement to avoid the expulsion of some deputies.
September
1 September - The CPI for the Bingo scandal hears the ophthalmologist João Francisco Daniel, brother of the assassinated mayor of Santo André (SP), Celso Daniel (PT-SP). João says that his brother participated in a corruption scheme in the local district of Santo André used to collect funds for the Workers' Party (PT). According to João, Celso died after discovering that some people including the ex-bodyguard Sérgio Gomes da Silva (aka "O Sombra" or "The Shadow", suspected of having assassinated Celso Daniel) were diverting funds intended for the Workers' Party to themselves.
1 September - João Francisco Daniel testifies before the CPI for the Bingo scandal that the money in the corruption scheme in Santo André was transported in suitcases and delivered to José Dirceu, during the period he was President of the Workers' Party (PT). João says that the present chief of Lula's cabinet Gilberto Carvalho took part in the scheme. Dirceu and Carvalho deny the accusations.
1 September - The Post Office and Vote Buying parliamentary commissions unanimously approve their first joint preliminary report. The report accuses 18 deputies of involvement in the scandal.
9 September - Senator Cristovam Buarque (DF) leaves the Workers Party (PT). He later joins the Democratic Labour Party (PDT).
12 September - Deputy Carlos Rodrigues resigns. Rodrigues' name had appeared in the CPIs' first joint preliminary report in the list of the 18 deputies accused of involvement in the scandal.
13 September - Political Coordination and Institutional Affairs ex-Minister Aldo Rebelo (PCdoB) confirms in front of the Council of Ethics that the deputy Roberto Jefferson warned Lula in March 2005 about the payments to deputies. According to Rebelo, Lula ordered an investigation and the question was shelved because of a concluded lack of evidence.
14 September - The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies approves the expulsion of Deputy Roberto Jefferson (PTB-RJ), following the recommendation of the Council of Ethics.
15 September - Post Office CPI reports that the bank accounts of eight enterprises belonging to Marcos Valério received 4.9 billion reals (about 2.24 billion U.S. dollars) between 2000 and 2005. The big financial activities are from DNA propaganda (2.6 billion reals) and SMPB (1,8 billion reals). The CPI's assistant reporter on financial activities, deputy Gustavo Fruet (PSDB-PR), says that the investigations show evidence of misrepresentation, corruption, illegal inducement, dishonest acts of administration and crimes against the financial system.
20 September - The convicted dollar dealer, Antônio Oliveira Claramunt - A.K.A. "Toninho da Barcelona", tells the Post Office, Bingo and Mensalão CPIs the money transferred to the Workers' Party (PT) by the Rural Bank came from foreign accounts belonging to Marcos Valério, and was introduced into Brazil through transactions with money changers. "Two schemes fattened the PT's account. These schemes involved the Rural Bank and the Bonus-Banval brokerage firm," says Barcelona.
21 September - The President of the House of Deputies Severino Cavalcanti resigns. He was under pressure in relation to accusations about bribes received from a restaurant located in the Congression building. Deputy José Thomaz Nonô (Liberal Front Party - Alagoas) assumes power temporarily.
22 September - President of Banco Rural Kátia Rabelo tells the Council of Ethics that "the Banco Rural was used by Marcos Valério" but denies any bank involvement in the corruption scheme. Rabelo says that Valério had scheduled meetings between the bank's leadership and government minister José Dirceu.
23 September - The Executive offers 500 million reals to Brazilian parliamentarians' pet projects. The Minister of Planning, Budget, and Management Paulo Bernardo denies any relationship between the funds granted by the government and the upcoming election for the new President of the Congress.
27 September - Testifying in the front of the Council of Ethics, Ex-minister and deputy José Dirceu denies participation by Lula or himself in any corruption scheme.
28 September - The Government's candidate Aldo Rebelo from the Brazilian Communist Party wins the election for the Presidency of the House. The election is perceived as a victory for Lula and other politicians under pressure by the scandal.
October
5 October - The main suspects in connection to the corruption allegations regarding contracts between the Brazilian public bank Caixa Econômica Federal and the enterprise Gtech confront each other in front of the Bingo CPI. , Enrico Gianelli, Rogério Buratti, Marcelo José Rovai, and Carlos Augusto de Almeida Ramos (Carlinhos Cachoeira) exchange insults and accusations.
6 October - Bruno José Daniel Filho, younger brother of Celso Daniel, tells the Bingo CPI that the President's cabinet chief Gilberto Carvalho was aware of the alleged corruption scheme in the municipality of Santo André.
11 October - Lula's former minister Ricardo Berzoini is elected president of the Workers Party.
12 October - The medical examiner responsible for examining the body of Celso Daniel, Carlos Delmonte Printes (55), is found dead in his residence by police. The physician is allegedly the seventh person in connection with the case to have been found dead under mysterious circumstances.
18 October - The Council of Ethics' rapporteur in the case against deputy José Dirceu, deputy Júlio Delgado (PSB-Minas Gerais), calls for Dirceu's expulsion for breach of parliamentary decorum.
19 October – Ex-treasurer for the President of the PSDB, Senator Eduardo Azeredo (Minas Gerais), tells the Post Office CPI of having received US$4.863 million (R$11 million) from Marcos Valério during Azeredo's gubernatorial reelection campaign in 1998.
22 October – The Workers Party approves the expulsion of the ex-treasurer Delúbio Soares, nearly five months since the original denunciations made by Roberto Jefferson.
25 October – The President of PSDB, Senator , resigns his post.
25 October – Federal judge João Carlos da Rocha Mattos, arrested in November 2003 in São Paulo for alleged involvement in corruption involving influencing judicial sentences, testifies in front of the Bingo CPI claiming that the Workers Party didn’t want a full investigation of the murder of mayor Celso Daniel.
26 October – Brothers of Celso Daniel, João Francisco and Bruno, confront presidential cabinet chief Gilberto Carvalho in the Bingo CPI. The brothers claim that Carvalho is aware of the alleged corruption scheme in Santo André, São Paulo. Both say that Carvalho transported a suitcase with money from the corruption scheme in Santo Andre by car to then Workers Party President José Dirceu. They also accuse the Workers Party of putting obstacles in the way of the investigation. Gilberto Carvalho denies all the accusations and accuses the brothers of disrespecting the memory of Celso Daniel.
28 October - Attorney general Luciano Sampaio Gomes Rolim initiates legal action against José Dirceu for alleged impropriety. Documents brought forward by the Attorney General's office indicate that between 2003 and 2004 Dirceu organized a special privileged structure for granting federal money for his son, the mayor of Cruzeiro do Oeste (Paraná), José Carlos Becker de Oliveira (aka Zeca Dirceu).
29 October – Vladimir Poleto and Rogerio Buratti, two former advisers to Finance Minister Antonio Palocci, are quoted in the Brazilian magazine Veja claiming that Cuban funds were used to support the political campaign of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002. According to the magazine's different sources, either $3 or $1.4 million are brought to Brazil through former diplomat and Cuban Communist Party leader Sergio Cervantes. Poleto states that he personally carried the money by plane from Brasília to Campinas. He claimed the money was then carried by car to São Paulo and finally delivered to the Workers Party treasurer Delúbio Soares in Vila Mariana. He explicitly states that the money was hidden in boxes of liquor: Johnnie Walker Red Label and Black Label and Havana Club.
30 October – The Cuban embassy in Brasilia denies the allegations that Cuba illegally contributed to da Silva’s political campaign: "The Government of Cuba categorically rejects this slander and confirms it has never interfered in the internal affairs of a sister nation and attributes full responsibility for this propaganda scheme on the aggressive plans of the imperialists against Cuba and Lula".
31 October - Leader of the Cuban Communist Party Sérgio Cervantes leaves Brazil without commenting on the information regarding Cuba.
November
1 November - In Congress, deputy Antonio Carlos Magalhães Neto (PFL) said that he and his family were being spied on by ABIN agents. Like Virgílio, Magalhães Neto says that he is able to "trash" President Lula. In the Senate, senator Heloísa Helena (PSOL) says that she is also able to "trash" President Lula due to threats to her family.
1 November - The Council of Ethics dismisses the expulsion process against the leader of the Liberal Party, deputy Sandro Mabel. The deputy Raquel Teixeira (PSDB) accused Mabel of trying to bribe her. The Council of Ethics' conclusion is that there is no evidence to back such a claim and it is boils down to the word of one against the other.
2 November - The president of the Council of Ethics, deputy Ricardo Izar (PTB-SP) declares that he found a covert listening device in his office.
3 November – The Post Office CPI rapporteur, deputy Osmar Serraglio (PMDB-PR) and the deputy Eduardo Paes (PSDB-RJ) believe they are victims of eavesdropping attempts as well.
3 November – The Post Office CPI rapporteur deputy Osmar Serraglio (PMDB-PR) claims to have discovered a scheme for diverting 10 million Reais (approximately US$4.5 million) from the state-run Banco do Brasil to the Worker's Party. According to Serraglio the money was transferred via the Visanet company to bank accounts held by the advertising executive Marcos Valério, and from there to the Workers Party.
3 November – The businessman Roberto Colnaghi confirms he lent his Seneca airplane prefix PT-RSX on 31 July 2002, though he refuses to say to whom he loaned the plane, declaring that “the identity is implicity”.
5 November – The pilot Alécio Fongaro tells Folha de S. Paulo and Veja he flew from Brasilia to Campinas on 31 July 2002. The pilot says that he flew in company of Vladimir Poleto and 3 sealed boxes of whiskey. The Brazilian Civil Aviation Department (DAC) confirms the airplane’s route.
7 November – President Lula tells Brazilian TV show Roda Viva that the “mensalão” has never existed and it is piece of “folklore of the Congress”. Lula defends his former minister José Dirceu against the charges of improbity.
9 November – The former Minister of Transportation (PL) tells the Vote Buying CPI that he used undeclared funds in 11 political campaigns. Adauto confirms he received 410,000 Reais (about U$187,138) from Marcos Valério.
9 November – The Congress approves the Council of Ethics report which absolves the deputy Sandro Mabel (PL-GO).
10 November – The former aide of Finance Minister Antonio Palocci, , tells the Bingo CPI that he was consulted by Ralf Barquete -close advisor of Palocci- about how to bring $3 million from Cuba in 2002. According to Buratti, the money came and it was used in Lula’s political campaign.
10 November – Lula prepares a political operation to the time-extension of the Post Office CPI. The Executive branch promises to free 1.2 billion Reais (547.72 million dollars) in appropriations for deputies who do not sign the extension bill. 35 deputies decide to remove their signatures. A preliminary count shows 170 signatures of deputies supporting the bill. Since the minimum number of signatures of deputies is 171, it seems that the extension will not be approved.
11 November – A new count shows that there are signatures of 171 deputies and 35 senators supporting the extension of the works of the Post Office CPI. The bill is approved and the Post Office CPI is extended for 120 days more, until 2006.
11 November – The economist Vladimir Poleto - former aid of Treasury Minister Antonio Palocci when he was the Mayor of the city of Ribeirão Preto- speaks under a writ of habeas corpus (preventing his immediate arrest in case of perjury) to the Bingos CPI. Poleto alleges his interview to the Brazilian magazine Veja should not be considered reliable because he was threatened by the journalist and he spoke under the influence of alcohol. The economist told he transported 3 boxes of Johnnie Walker whiskey from Brasília to Campinas (by airplane) and from Campinas to São Paulo (by car) on 31 July 2002 as a favor to his friend Ralf Barquete. Poleto guarantees the shipment was only whiskey. The senators of the CPI ask Poleto to explain the motives for a complex and expensive operation to deliver an alcoholic beverage which can be easily bought in any Brazilian supermarket, including in São Paulo, the ultimate destination. Vladimir Poleto does not answer.
11 November – The magazine Veja publishes on its website the audio file of the interview given by Vladimir Poleto. The senators of the Bingos CPI play the file in front of Poleto. The tape contradicts Poleto's previous statements. In the recording, the journalist begins the conversation with Poleto's verbal permission. Poleto's voice is also not slurred in any way, indicating that he was not drunk. The senators ridicule the testimony of Vladimir Poleto and they approve a statement asking for the indictment of Poleto for perjury.
16 November – Afternoon. The minister of Finance Antonio Palocci speaks to the Brazilian Senate Economic Affairs Commission (CAE). The senators don't ask about the allegations of corruption involving the name of the Minister. The senators understand that the Minister should explain the accusations before a CPI. Palocci does make a short statement denying the accusations of corruption during his administration in Ribeirão Preto and of Cuban, FARC and Angola funds tied to the political campaign of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002, of which Palocci was one of the main coordinators.
References
Category:Political history of Brazil
Category:Contemporary history timelines
Category:Corruption in Brazil | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Scott Gordon (soccer)
Scott Joseph Gordon (born April 6, 1988) is an American soccer player.
Career
College and amateur
Gordon grew up in Boca Raton, Florida, attended Spanish River High School, and began his college soccer career at Mercer University, transferring to Lynn University prior to his sophomore year in 2007. After missing all of 2008 due to injury Gordon returned to the field for his junior season in 2009, appearing in 12 games and receiving an All-Sunshine State Conference Honorable Mention. He finished his college career with 28 games, logging five goals, four assists and 14 points. He was a two-time All-Sunshine State Conference honoree, and collected NSCAA All-South Region recognition honors as a senior.
During his college years Gordon also played for the Baton Rouge Capitals in the USL Premier Development League, scoring one goal in 14 games and helping the Capitals to the PDL national playoff semi finals in 2010.
Professional
Gordon was drafted in the third round (53rd overall) of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft by FC Dallas, after a standout performance in a friendly organized by Ft. Lauderdale Strikers scout Marcelo Castillo vs the United States U20 national team just days before the MLS SuperDraft, but was not offered a professional contract by the team.
Gordon subsequently signed with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the North American Soccer League and made his professional debut—and scored his first professional goal—for the Strikers on April 29, 2011 in a 2–2 tie with the Puerto Rico Islanders.
On March 16, 2012, Chivas USA signed Gordon from the Fort Lauderdale Strikers.
Chivas USA waived Gordon on July 6, 2012.
Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of March 29, 2013
References
External links
Lynn profile
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:American soccer players
Category:Lynn Fighting Knights men's soccer players
Category:Baton Rouge Capitals players
Category:Fort Lauderdale Strikers players
Category:Chivas USA players
Category:USL League Two players
Category:North American Soccer League players
Category:Major League Soccer players
Category:FC Dallas draft picks
Category:Soccer players from Florida
Category:Sportspeople from Boca Raton, Florida
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Boca Raton FC players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
C Compile Fatal Error 'file not found' from ImageMagick Install Mac OS
I am trying to compile a C program that requires Image Magick's MagickWand.h:
#include "wand/MagickWand.h"
But my Image Magick was installed through Homebrew on my Mac so I changed the include to the actual location:
#include </usr/local/Cellar/imagemagick/6.8.9-7/include/ImageMagick-6/wand/MagickWand.h>
However, when I compiled the program I received the following error:
/usr/local/Cellar/imagemagick/6.8.9-7/include/ImageMagick-6/wand/MagickWand.h:71:10: fatal error: 'wand/method-attribute.h' file not found
#include "wand/method-attribute.h"
Now I've been going into the .h files when this error crops up and changing their #includes so that they are pointed correctly (because that appears to be the problem), but there is always a new error here and I'd rather not spend hours manually updating these because of a Homebrew install. Does anyone have any suggestions on how to fix this without manually updating each file? I'm not sure exactly what the problem is so perhaps there is a more elegant solution.
A:
Your code should include the MagickWand library as system headers, and keep the generic path. This will keep your future compiling from breaking when the system/library updates.
#include <wand/MagickWand.h>
Tell your C compiler where homebrew installed ImageMagick by setting the preprocessor include flag -I, and linking/library options with the -L & -l flags.
example:
clang -I/usr/local/Cellar/imagemagick/6.8.9-7/include/ImageMagick-6 \
myProject.c -o myProject.o \
-L/usr/local/Cellar/imagemagick/6.8.9-7/lib \
-lMagickWand-6.Q16 \
-lMagickCore-6.Q1
To simplify the whole process, ImageMagick ships MagickWand-config utility. This will take care of libs, includes, and definitions for you.
example:
CFLAGS=$(MagickWand-config --cflags)
LFLAGS=$(MagickWand-config --libs)
clang $CFLAGS myProject.c -o myProject.o $LFLAGS
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Illegal Alien Gang Member Wanted For Murder Caught In Va.
WOODBRIDGE, VA (Newsweek) – After a long manhunt of an alleged MS-13 gang member, FBI officials announced Saturday they had finally apprehended Walter Yovany Gomez.
Gomez, an illegal immigrant from Honduras, had been listed on the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted list in connection to the 2011 murder of a fellow MS-13 member.
Authorities found Gomez living in Woodbridge, Virginia, about 20 miles away from Washington D.C., and arrested him on Friday following a well-coordinated investigation and help from the public. Following his capture, Special Agent Timothy Gallagher, who heads the FBI’s Newark Office, said in a statement that Gomez will stand trial for his “alleged involvement in a brutal murder which took a young man from his family,” according to Fox News.
Walter Yovany Gomez is wanted for his alleged involvement in the murder of a man in Plainfield, New Jersey, in May 2011. The victim was suspected of socializing with a rival gang and had been ordered to be killed by MS-13 leaders. It is alleged that Gomez and another gang member, after an evening of socializing with the victim, attacked him. The victim was struck in the head numerous times, had his throat cut, and was stabbed 17 times in the back.
“The apprehension of Walter Yovany Gomez is a prime example of the close coordination between the vigilant public and the hard working men and women of law enforcement,” Gallagher said.
Gomez was first put on the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted list back in April, with the department offering a reward of up to $100,000 for information leading to his arrest.
Now that Gomez has been apprehended, Gallagher said he faces extradition to New Jersey for his role in the death of Julio Matute. Gomez, who had been reported at a party in Plainfield that Matute also attended the night of his death, was accused of beating the man with a baseball bat, stabbing him 17 times with a knife and then slitting his throat with a screwdriver.
Gomez had almost been caught by authorities back in 2011 during a police chase following Matute’s death. However, he managed to get away after jumping out of a second story window. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
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Pete Frates spent four years leading Boston College baseball on the field, and now he does the same thing off the field.
Frates, who is battling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (better known as ALS or Lou Gehrig‘s disease), now serves as the university’s president of baseball operations. There he can impart the wisdom he acquired playing for the Eagles from 2004 to 2007, and serve as an inspiration during his brave battle.
On Thursday, with BC taking on the Red Sox in Fort Myers, Frates was wheeled to the pitcher’s mound by former teammate and current Sox prospect Terry Doyle to hand the game ball to John Farrell. Check out the nice moment in the video above. | {
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} |
45 Md. App. 489 (1980)
413 A.2d 1365
CARLTON G. BEALL
v.
CECELIA M. BEALL.
No. 1065, September Term, 1979.
Court of Special Appeals of Maryland.
Decided May 8, 1980.
*490 The cause was argued before MOORE, LOWE and COUCH, JJ.
J. Frederick Garner, with whom was C. Calvert Lancaster on the brief, for appellant.
Steven Rosen, with whom were Willoner, Calabrese & Rosen, P.A. on the brief, for appellee.
MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
This appeal concerns an alleged option agreement and a suit by Carlton G. Beall for the specific performance thereof. The Circuit Court for Prince George's County (Melbourne, J.) found the agreement unsupported by consideration and dismissed plaintiff's bill of complaint pursuant to Maryland Rule 535. From that order, he appeals to this Court.
I
In 1968, the plaintiff, Carlton G. Beall, purchased a farm in Prince George's County from Pearl Beall. At that time, the property was farmed by Pearl's son, Calvin Beall. The record discloses that Carlton, the plaintiff, and Calvin were second cousins. Calvin was married to Cecelia M. Beall, the defendant herein. Carlton agreed that Calvin could continue to farm the property if he would pay the annual property taxes. Calvin and Cecelia owned and resided on a parcel of about one-half acre that was bordered on three sides by the farm bought by the plaintiff; and it is that parcel that is the subject of this dispute.
On the day that plaintiff contracted to buy Pearl's farm, he obtained a three-year option to purchase Calvin's and *491 Cecelia's parcel for $28,000.00. The option recited a consideration of $100.00 which was paid by check. In 1971, the parties executed a new option, for five years, but on the same terms and reciting an additional $100.00 consideration.
This 1971 option was never exercised by the plaintiff, but prior to its expiration the following language was appended at the bottom of the page:
"As of October 6, 1975, we, Calvin E. Beall and Cecelia M. Beall, agree to continue this option agreement three more years Feb. 1, 1976 to Feb. 1, 1979.
/s/ Calvin E. Beall
/s/ Cecelia M. Beall."
It is this purported extension that forms the basis for plaintiff's bill of complaint seeking specific performance of the agreement. Calvin died in August 1977, and Cecelia now holds the fee simple title by right of survivorship. In letters dated May 24, 1978 and September 14, 1978, the plaintiff advised Cecelia that he was electing to exercise the option. He scheduled settlement for October 5, 1978. As the chancellor found:
"It is undisputed in this case that Mr. Carlton Beall did eventually hire attorneys to search the title, set a settlement date, attend the settlement, and was ready, willing and able to perform the contract."
Cecelia refused to attend settlement, and this suit for specific performance ensued.
At trial, after plaintiff presented his evidence, Cecelia moved to dismiss the bill of complaint. The chancellor granted the motion because she felt that the option agreements were not supported by consideration in that "no benefit ... flowed to Cecelia Beall." In addition, as to the 1975 alleged option, the chancellor ruled:
"[T]here is no consideration recited in that extension or purported extension of the original *492 option contract. And the one extension that had occurred in the interim, even then would also fail because there is no consideration stated in the extension. It is clear that consideration must pass for the extension each time, in some form of consideration. None is stated within the written four lines."
On appeal, the plaintiff contends that the chancellor erred in dismissing the bill of complaint and in excluding certain testimony relative to oral transactions with Calvin, the deceased husband of the defendant.
II
Under Maryland law it is clear that "an option is not a mere offer to sell, which can be withdrawn by the optionor at any time before acceptance, but a binding agreement if supported by consideration." Blondell v. Turover, 195 Md. 251, 256, 72 A.2d 697, 699 (1950). In other words, an option is an agreement to keep an offer open that requires consideration to give it its irrevocable character. Goldman v. Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., 251 Md. 575, 581, 248 A.2d 154, 158 (1968). Once the option is exercised by the optionee a binding contract is created that may be enforced through a decree commanding specific performance. Diggs v. Siomporas, 248 Md. 677, 681, 237 A.2d 725, 727 (1968); Blondell v. Turover, supra, 195 Md. at 256, 72 A.2d at 699. It is apparent, then, that an option must be supported by consideration in order to be irrevocable for the period provided in the option.
When, however, the consideration allegedly supporting an option fails or is nonexistent, the option is no longer irrevocable but rather it becomes "a mere offer to sell, which can be withdrawn by the optionor at any time before acceptance...." Blondell v. Turover, supra, 195 Md. at 256, 72 A.2d at 699. The failure of consideration destroys the irrevocability of the option; it nonetheless retains its essential characteristic as an offer to buy or sell for the *493 period stated in the option or until revoked. It has been recognized that equity will enforce a resulting contract despite lack of consideration for the option:
"While the rule that equity will enforce a contract consummated by the acceptance of an option within the time and upon the terms of the option is often stated in such a way as to suggest or imply the necessity of consideration for the option, all that is meant in most cases is that a consideration is necessary to prevent the defendant from asserting his withdrawal of the option before its acceptance by the plaintiff and before the expiration of the time fixed in the option within which acceptance could be made."
71 Am.Jur.2d, Specific Performance § 143 (1973) (footnotes omitted). See 1A Corbin on Contracts § 263 (1963). See generally Kahn v. General Development Corp., 40 Del. Ch. 83, 92, 174 A.2d 307, 312 (1961) (failure of consideration "destroyed the irrevocability of the option"). Burkhead v. Farlow, 266 N.C. 595, 597, 146 S.E.2d 802, 804 (1966) (option without consideration was "mere offer to sell which defendants might have withdrawn at any time before acceptance"); Rose v. Minis, 41 N.J. Super. 538, 543, 125 A.2d 535, 538 (1956) (option which is mere offer is "simply a naked revocable authority").
Assuming, arguendo, that the 1975 option was unsupported by consideration, it remained as an offer to sell the parcel for $28,000. The offer was open until February 1, 1979, but it was revocable at any time by action of Calvin and Cecelia Beall. As stated in the case of Holifield v. Veterans' Farm & Home Board, 218 Miss. 446, 450, 67 So.2d 456, 457 (1953):
"It is well settled that an option is not binding as a contract where there is no consideration, unless it is accepted within the time limit and before the offer is withdrawn. Since there was no consideration paid by the Veterans' Farm and Home Board and *494 Mauldin for the option, it could have been revoked by the Holifields at any time before the Veterans' Farm and Home Board and Mauldin notified them that they intended to buy the land; but since the offer was accepted within the time limit and before withdrawal, the contract became binding upon all parties as it was thereafter supported by the consideration of the mutual promises." (Emphasis added.)
This statement is generally in accord with the Maryland cases, supra.
The chancellor should, therefore, have determined whether or not there was a valid, unrevoked offer to sell the property in dispute and whether or not there was a proper acceptance of that offer sufficient to create a contract specifically enforceable in equity.[1] These issues of offer and acceptance primarily involve factual determinations that initially must be evaluated by the chancellor. As an appellate court, we are limited to a review of the chancellor's findings under the "clearly erroneous" standard. Md. Rule 1086. But our review is dependent upon the existence of factual findings on the issues material to the case. Such findings were not made below.
It was error for the chancellor to dismiss plaintiff's bill of complaint at the close of his case. A new trial, in accordance with this opinion, is necessitated.
Order reversed; cause remanded for a new trial in accordance with this opinion; costs to abide the final result.
NOTES
[1] We express no opinion concerning the validity of the chancellor's finding that there was no consideration for the option.
| {
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Blocked Drains
Show reporter’s name
Reported in the Roads/highways category by Tony Parfitt at 10:18, Tue 17 October 2017
Sent to Bath and North East Somerset Council 2 minutes later
This problem was reported to Fix My Street in September 2016 and nothing has been done about it. The Drain and now several more farther up the road are completely blocked with silt, so that when it rains the water comes out a drain higher up the road and flows down the road and floods.
Updates
Still open, via questionnaire, 11:59, Tue 14 November 2017
This drain and several others have been blocked for over a year when it was first reported on fix my street ,and no action was taken then. I also reported it to Council Connect in October and still no action.
Posted by Tony Parfitt at 11:59, Tue 14 November 2017
The problem of the one drain was fixed but the bigger issue is that most of the drains farther up the hill are also totally blocked as they have been for the past year. The action at this present time that has been worked on has only helped to stop flooding in this area, water still flows down the hill on the surface of the road , this is not going to be safe when it freezes, my concern is that this is the rout for the local school coaches.
State changed to: Fixed
Posted by Tony Parfitt at 16:15, Tue 12 December 2017
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Mariah Carey’s sister, Alison, has filed a lawsuit against her mother accusing her of child abuse. In the suit, Alison alleged Patricia allowed and engaged several men whose identities are not revealed at present to have sex with the plaintiff when she was approximately 10 years old.
The suit also alleged that the mother of the Carey sisters forced Alison to watch adults engaged in sexual acts with both adults and children during middle-of-the-night and satanic worship meetings that included ritual sacrifices. Due to these alleged horrors, Alison suffered post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression, leading her to misuse both legal and illegal drugs. Her legal complaint added that she became a drug addict to suppress the horrific memories she had as a child and had to take the help of professional counselors to come out.
In compensation for the horrendous childhood memories, Alison demanded money from her mother for the immense psychological and physical damage, mental pain, anguish and severe emotional distress she had given to her intentionally. Although this is the first time details of Alison’s alleged dreadful childhood have emerged publicly, earlier she has mentioned that unlike Mariah she had lived a far darker life. The mother-of-four struggled with drug addiction for decades, even turning to prostitution.
She asked Mariah for monetary help in the past, stating that she does not have enough money to support her children. According to Mariah’s reps, the singer has supported her sister numerous times, including paying for Alison’s rehabilitation. Alison has also confirmed that it was true, adding, “but she has never let me forget one single cent she has ever spent on me.”
The sisters’ brother, Morgan, also thinks that Mariah is not doing enough for Alison. In 2016, he started speaking out against the singer and called her “evil” for not doing enough to help her sister. He had said: “Your sister is dying and she is struggling and where are you? You think you are so fabulous, but you are a witch… She is evil.”
If you have a news scoop or an interesting story for us, please reach out at (323) 421-7514 | {
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Merritt Island Dragon
The Merritt Island Dragon or Merrit Island River Dragon was a dragon-shaped green concrete structure that stood at the southern tip of Merritt Island, known as Dragon Point, where the Indian River Lagoon splits to form the Banana River Lagoon. The dragon was built in 1971 by Florida artist Lewis VanDercar and property owner Aynn Christal. In 1981, the statue was expanded for new property owner Warren McFadden, with the addition of a tail, an extended neck, two cavepeople a caveman named Fred and a cavewoman named Wilma and four hatchling dragons named Joy, Sunshine, Charity, and Freedom. The statues were located in the city of Melbourne, Florida, north of the Eau Gallie Causeway.
The dragon was created from of concrete and steel, and stood high and long. Known as "Annie", the dragon served as a landmark for both locals and boaters, and also as a playhouse for children. On special occasions, the dragon would breathe fire.
In August 2002, the sculpture was badly damaged, and partially collapsed into the water during a storm; vandalism was blamed for contributing to the statue's destruction. The owner and the Brevard County Commissioners were unable to agree on a rehabilitation effort; there was a plan in 2004 to reconstruct the sculpture, while in 2008, a developer planned a luxury hotel and spa on the Dragon Point site with a reconstructed dragon statue as its centerpiece, but both plans fell through.
A children's book about the dragon, River Dragon: A Real Florida Fairy Tale, was published in 2003.
Save Dragon Point, an organization dedicated to rebuilding the dragon statue, was founded in May 2012. In August, the mansion on the property where the dragon had stood was scheduled to be demolished and the property sold. Save Dragon Point changed its name to Annie and Kids Arts and Education Foundation.
In January 2015, Don Facciobene, local builder and developer, bought the property. He announced that a new dragon named "Rojak" will be built. According to the story of Dragon Point Rojak is Annie's fifth hatchling who was kept hidden. In April Rojak was revealed to be built by 2017.
The inaugural Dragon Boat Festival is planned for June 13, 2015. Proceeds are intended to benefit Save Dragon Point.
Demolition work began at Dragon Point in March of 2017, clearing room for a future multi-million dollar riverfront mansion and for "Rojak."
Notes
External links
Save Dragon Point
Often confused with
Documentary Video Spotlights Merritt Island's Dragon
A video of the dragon
The current state of Dragon Point, 2016
Category:1971 sculptures
Category:Buildings and structures in Merritt Island, Florida
Category:Concrete sculptures in the United States
Category:Destroyed sculptures
Category:Indian River Lagoon
Category:Landmarks in Florida
Category:Merritt Island, Florida
Category:1971 establishments in Florida
Category:Sculptures of dragons
Category:Vandalized works of art | {
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} |
Q:
How to convert from huge JSON file to xml file in C#
I'm trying to convert from a huge JSON file(2GB) to xml file. I have some troubles reading the huge JSON file.
I've been researching about how i can read huge JSON files.
I found this:
Out of memory exception while loading large json file from disk
How to parse huge JSON file as stream in Json.NET?
Parsing large json file in .NET
It seems that i'm duplicating my question but i have some troubles which aren't solved in these posts.
So, i need to load the huge JSON File and the community propose something like this:
MyObject o;
using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader("foo.json"))
using (JsonTextReader reader = new JsonTextReader(sr))
{
var serializer = new JsonSerializer();
reader.SupportMultipleContent = true;
while (reader.Read())
{
if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
{
// Deserialize each object from the stream individually and process it
var o = serializer.Deserialize<MyObject>(reader);
//Do something with the object
}
}
}
So, We can read by parts and deserialize objects one by one.
I'll show you my code
JsonSerializer serializer = new JsonSerializer();
string hugeJson = "hugJSON.json";
using (FileStream s = File.Open(hugeJson , FileMode.Open))
{
using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(s))
{
using (JsonReader reader = new JsonTextReader(sr))
{
reader.SupportMultipleContent = true;
while (reader.Read())
{
if (reader.TokenType == JsonToken.StartObject)
{
var jsonObject = serializer.Deserialize(reader);
string xmlString = "";
XmlDocument doc = JsonConvert.DeserializeXmlNode(jsonObject.ToString(), "json");
using (var stringWriter = new StringWriter())
{
using (var xmlTextWriter = XmlWriter.Create(stringWriter))
{
doc.WriteTo(xmlTextWriter);
xmlTextWriter.Flush();
xmlString = stringWriter.GetStringBuilder().ToString();
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
But when i try doc.WriteTo(xmlTextWriter), i get Exception of type System.OutOfMemoryException was thrown.
I've been trying with BufferedStream. This class allows me manage big files but i have another problem.
I'm reading in byte[] format. When i convert to string, the json is splitted and i can't parse to xml file because there are missing characters
for example:
{ foo:[{
foo:something,
foo1:something,
foo2:something
},
{
foo:something,
foo:som
it is cutted.
Is any way to read a huge JSON and convert to XML without load the JSON by parts? or i could load a convert by parts but i don't know how to do this.
Any ideas?
UPDATE:
I have been trying with this code:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string json = "";
string pathJson = "foo.json";
//Read file
string temp = "";
using (FileStream fs = new FileStream(pathJson, FileMode.Open))
{
using (BufferedStream bf = new BufferedStream(fs))
{
byte[] array = new byte[70000];
while (bf.Read(array, 0, 70000) != 0)
{
json = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(array);
temp = String.Concat(temp, json);
}
}
}
XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument();
doc = JsonConvert.DeserializeXmlNode(temp, "json");
using (var stringWriter = new StringWriter())
using (var xmlTextWriter = XmlWriter.Create(stringWriter))
{
doc.WriteTo(xmlTextWriter);
xmlTextWriter.Flush();
xmlString = stringWriter.GetStringBuilder().ToString();
}
File.WriteAllText("outputPath", xmlString);
}
This code convert from json file to xml file. but when i try to convert a big json file (2GB), i can't. The process cost a lot of time and the string doesn't have capacity to store all the json. How i can store it? Is any way to do this conversion without use the datatype string?
UPDATE:
The json format is:
[{
'key':[some things],
'data': [some things],
'data1':[A LOT OF ENTRIES],
'data2':[A LOT OF ENTRIES],
'data3':[some things],
'data4':[some things]
}]
A:
Out-of-memory exceptions in .Net can be caused by several problems including:
Allocating too much total memory.
If this might be happening, check whether you are running in 64-bit mode as described here. If not, rebuild in 64-bit mode as described here and re-test.
Allocating too many objects on the large object heap causing memory fragmentation.
Allocating a single object that is larger than the .Net object size limit.
Failing to dispose of unmanaged memory (not applicable here).
In your case, you may be trying to allocate too much total memory but are definitely allocating three very large objects: the in-memory temp JSON string, the in-memory xmlString XML string and the in-memory stringWriter.
You can substantially reduce your memory footprint and completely eliminate these objects by constructing an XDocument or XmlDocument directly via a streaming translation from the JSON file. Then afterward, write the document directly to the XML file using XDocument.Save() or XmlDocument.Save().
To do this, you will need to allocate your own XmlNodeConverter, then construct a JsonSerializer using it and deserialize as shown in Deserialize JSON from a file. The following method(s) do the trick:
public static partial class JsonExtensions
{
public static XDocument LoadXNode(string pathJson, string deserializeRootElementName)
{
using (var stream = File.OpenRead(pathJson))
return LoadXNode(stream, deserializeRootElementName);
}
public static XDocument LoadXNode(Stream stream, string deserializeRootElementName)
{
// Let caller dispose the underlying streams.
using (var textReader = new StreamReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, true, 1024, true))
return LoadXNode(textReader, deserializeRootElementName);
}
public static XDocument LoadXNode(TextReader textReader, string deserializeRootElementName)
{
var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings
{
Converters = { new XmlNodeConverter { DeserializeRootElementName = deserializeRootElementName } },
};
using (var jsonReader = new JsonTextReader(textReader) { CloseInput = false })
return JsonSerializer.CreateDefault(settings).Deserialize<XDocument>(jsonReader);
}
public static void StreamJsonToXml(string pathJson, string pathXml, string deserializeRootElementName, SaveOptions saveOptions = SaveOptions.None)
{
var doc = LoadXNode(pathJson, deserializeRootElementName);
doc.Save(pathXml, saveOptions);
}
}
Then use them as follows:
JsonExtensions.StreamJsonToXml(pathJson, outputPath, "json");
Here I am using XDocument instead of XmlDocument because I believe (but have not checked personally) that it uses less memory, e.g. as reported in Some hard numbers about XmlDocument, XDocument and XmlReader (x86 versus x64) by Ken Lassesen.
This approach eliminates the three large objects mentioned previously and substantially reduces the chance of running out of memory due to problems #2 or #3.
Demo fiddle here.
If you are still running out of memory even after ensuring you are running in 64-bit mode and streaming directly from and to your file(s) using the methods above, then it may simply be that your XML is too large to fit in your computer's virtual memory space using XDocument or XmlDocument. If that is so, you will need to adopt a pure streaming solution that transforms from JSON to XML on the fly as it streams. Unfortunately, Json.NET does not provide this functionality out of the box, so you will need a more complex solution.
So, what are your options?
You could fork your own version of XmlNodeConverter.cs and rewrite ReadElement(JsonReader reader, IXmlDocument document, IXmlNode currentNode, string propertyName, XmlNamespaceManager manager) to write directly to an XmlWriter instead of an IXmlDocument.
While probably doable with a couple days effort, the difficulty would seem to exceed that of a single stackoverflow answer.
You could use the reader returned by JsonReaderWriterFactory to translate JSON to XML on the fly, and pass that reader directly to XmlWriter.WriteNode(XmlReader). The readers and writers returned by this factory are used internally by DataContractJsonSerializer but can be used directly as well.
If your JSON has a fixed schema (which is unclear from your question) you have many more straightforward options. Incrementally deserializing to some c# data model as shown in Parsing large json file in .NET and re-serializing that model to XML is likely to use much less memory than loading into some generic DOM such as XDocument.
Option #2 can be implemented very simply, as follows:
using (var stream = File.OpenRead(pathJson))
using (var jsonReader = JsonReaderWriterFactory.CreateJsonReader(stream, XmlDictionaryReaderQuotas.Max))
{
using (var xmlWriter = XmlWriter.Create(outputPath))
{
xmlWriter.WriteNode(jsonReader, true);
}
}
However, the XML thereby produced is much less pretty than the XML generated by XmlNodeConverter. For instance, given the simple input JSON
{"Root":[{
"key":["a"],
"data": [1, 2]
}]}
XmlNodeConverter will create the following XML:
<json>
<Root>
<key>a</key>
<data>1</data>
<data>2</data>
</Root>
</json>
While JsonReaderWriterFactory will create the following (indented for clarity):
<root type="object">
<Root type="array">
<item type="object">
<key type="array">
<item type="string">a</item>
</key>
<data type="array">
<item type="number">1</item>
<item type="number">2</item>
</data>
</item>
</Root>
</root>
The exact format of the XML generated can be found in
Mapping Between JSON and XML.
Still, once you have valid XML, there are streaming XML-to-XML transformation solutions that will allow you to transform the generated XML to your final, desired format, including:
C# XSLT Transforming Large XML Files Quickly.
How to: Perform Streaming Transform of Large XML Documents (C#).
Combining the XmlReader and XmlWriter classes for simple streaming transformations.
Is it possible to do the other way?
Unfortunately
JsonReaderWriterFactory.CreateJsonWriter().WriteNode(xmlReader, true);
isn't really suited for conversion of arbitrary XML to JSON as it only allows for conversion of XML with the precise schema specified by Mapping Between JSON and XML.
Furthermore, when converting from arbitrary XML to JSON the problem of array recognition exists: JSON has arrays, XML doesn't, it only has repeating elements. To recognize repeating elements (or tuples of elements where identically named elements may not be adjacent) and convert them to JSON array(s) requires buffering either the XML input or the JSON output (or a complex two-pass algorithm). Mapping Between JSON and XML avoids the problem by requiring type="object" or type="array" attributes.
| {
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Bob P
July 17, 2007Don started his major league career with the Yankees in 1934, spending four seasons in the Bronx as a utility player. He was traded to the St. Louis Browns before the 1938 season and was a regular in St. Louis for four seasons, mainly at second base and sometimes at shortstop. He also had brief stops with the Philadelphia A's and Detroit Tigers.
Heffner was a successful minor league manager for about ten years starting in 1947, then joined the Kansas City A's as a coach in 1958. He moved to Detroit as a coach in 1961, then went back to managing in the minors the next two seasons. Don was hired by the Mets and was their third base coach in 1964 and 1965.
Right after the 1965 season, having seen Wes Westrum succeed Casey Stengel, Don accepted the managerial job with the Cincinnati Reds. The 1966 season was the first season for the Reds after they had traded Frank Robinson to Baltimore for Milt Pappas. The Reds stumbled along through the first half of the season, and Heffner was fired at the All-Star break with a record of 37-46. It was to be his only taste of managing in the majors. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
1. Introduction {#s0005}
===============
Human saliva is the complex fluid secreted by major and minor salivary glands. Saliva secretion is under the control of the autonomic nervous system. The three major salivary glands are parotid, sublingual and submandibular. Human saliva consists of water, glycoproteins, enzymes, antimicrobial substances and electrolytes. Glycoproteins in saliva are responsible for the viscoelastic characteristics giving a lubricative film, which enables the free movement of oral tissues. The mucin and electrolytes in saliva maintain the oral mucosa in its hydrated state and thus providing mucosal integrity ([@b0140]). The major functions of human saliva are lubrication, antimicrobial and cleansing activity, remineralisation of enamel with calcium and phosphate and facilitating eating and speech. Salivary gland dysfunction such as xerostomia (subjective sensation of dry mouth) and hyposalivation (diminished salivary flow) ([@b0055]) are relatively common problems that can give difficulties in speech, problems with eating, mucosal infections, denture intolerance, increased dental caries, periodontal disease and loss of life quality. The usual therapies for xerostomia and hyposalivation are drinking large quantities of water, using chewing gum, candies and artificial saliva. The aims of using artificial saliva are to ensure lubrication of oral tissues, relieve the sensation of dry mouth, and protect the tooth tissues from decay. There are several approaches to produce artificial saliva, including the imitation of natural saliva which is quite complex. Usually, the commercially available artificial saliva formulation composes of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) and hydroxyethylcellulose as thickening and lubricating agents. In fact, mucilage can be found in various parts of many plants. These mucilages can be used as thickening, moisturizing and lubricating agents in artificial saliva formulations. Beside mucilages in these plants, there are also several bioactive compounds which are advantageous for the development as artificial saliva, e.g. antioxidant and anti-adherent activity. Antioxidants can enhance the immune system and prevent cancer in oral cavity, while the anti-adherent activity is one of the important properties to prevent the adhesion of microorganisms on the teeth.
Mucilage is water soluble polysaccharide found in a widespread number of plants and also in some microorganisms. There are many plants which contain mucilage such as *Basella alba* Linn., *Hibiscus esculentus* Linn., *Litsea glutinosa* (Lour.) C.B. Robinson, *Ocimum canum* Sims., *Plantago ovate* Forssk., *Scaphium scaphigerum* G. Don. and *Trigonella foenum-graecum* Linn. ([@b0125]). *Basella alba* Linn. (called in common name as Ceylon Spinach or Phak Plung in Thai), family Basellaceae is a wildly cultivated, cool season vegetable (plants that have adapted to cool climates. They prefer temperatures between 55° and 75° F, which are late winter, early spring, late summer, autumn and early winter) with climbing growth habit ([Fig. 1](#f0005){ref-type="fig"}). Ceylon Spinach is an edible vegetable and has long been used as thickening agents in soups and stews. It is rich in vitamins A and C, as well as iron, calcium and soluble fiber. In addition, mucilage from this plant has also been used as topical Thai traditional medicines for the treatment of irritant, bruise, ringworm and laboring. Its stem and leaves are used as mild laxative, diuretic and antipyretic. The Ayurvedic treatment in India has used its leaves and stems for anticancer such as melanoma, leukemia and oral cancer ([@b0005]). Its mucilage is composed of mainly polysaccharides with the pH ranging between 5.3 and 5.4, containing D-galactose as a major monosaccharide and exhibiting slow swelling capacity ([@b0020]). Our previous study has demonstrated that the mucilages of *B. alba* Linn. extracted by distilled water at pH 11 using microwave for 3 min gave the highest DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating activity of 1.01 and 11.14 folds of vitamin C and EDTA, respectively ([@b0105]). Therefore, the objective of this present study was to develop a biological active artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach by evaluating the physicochemical properties (viscosity, rheology wetting time) and biological activities including anti-oxidant activity and anti-adherent activity.Fig. 1The whole plant of Ceylon Spinach (*Basella alba* Linn.) showing its flowers, Family Basellaceae.
2. Materials and methods {#s0010}
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2.1. Materials {#s0015}
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Ceylon Spinach was purchased from the local fresh market in Chiang Mai province, Thailand during April-May 2012 and identified by a botanist of the botanical garden at Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University in Thailand. A voucher specimen (BAL-258) was deposited in the herbarium of Chiang Mai University (CMU) herbarium and flora database, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. Vitamin C (L-(+)-ascorbic acid), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), sulforhodamine B (SRB) and resazurin sodium were from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Calcium chloride was purchased from Merck, Germany. Potassium chloride and sodium fluoride from Ajax Finechem Pty Ltd., Australia were used. Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylamine was purchased from Fisher Scientific UK Limited, UK. All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.
2.2. Mucilage extraction {#s0020}
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The fresh flowers of Ceylon Spinach (100 g) were cut into small pieces, macerated with 700 ml distilled water for 24 h and microwaved at 600 W intensity for 5 min. The mixture was then pressed through a muslin cloth. The filtrate containing the mucilage was centrifuged at 4,660g (centrifuge machine, Fisher Scientific Inc., New York, U.S.A) 25 °C for 30 min. The supernatant was collected, mixed with 95% ethanol (3 folds in volume) to precipitate the mucilage and re-centrifuged at 4,660g for 15 min. The precipitate was collected and the remaining ethanol in the precipitate was removed by a rotary evaporator (Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland) (50 ± 2 °C) until all ethanol was evaporated and lyophilized by a lyophilizer (Christ FOC-1 Model K-40 equipment, Balzers-Pfeiffer GmbH, Asslar, Germany) at −50 ± 2 °C. The dried lyophilized powder of the mucilage was kept at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) until use.
2.3. Phytochemical assays {#s0025}
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The mucilage was analyzed for phytochemical constituents (anthraquinones, glycosides, tannin, carotenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids) using the standard methods ([@b0100]). For anthraquinone, 0.05 g of the mucilage was put into a dry test tube, added with 2 ml of chloroform and shaken for 5 min. The mucilage was filtered. The filtrate was mixed with an equal volume of 10% ammonia solution and shaken. A pink violet or red color in the ammoniacal layer (lower layer) indicated the presence of anthraquinone. The qualitative assay of reducing sugars was performed by TLC method. The mucilage dissolved in water was spotted on the silica gel plate in comparing to the standard reducing sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose). The filtrate was resolved on the TLC plate coated with silica gel 60. The mobile phase was butanol/acetic acid/diethyl ether/water (9:6:1:3). The spot on the plate was sprayed with 10% H~2~SO~4~ and heated. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were used as the standards. For tannins, 0.05 g of the mucilage was mixed with 2 ml of 15% FeCl~3~ solution. The blue-black precipitate indicated the presence of tannins. For carotenoid, each mucilage sample was extracted with chloroform in a test tube with vigorous shaking. The resulting mixture was filtered and 0.1 ml of H~2~SO~4~ was added. The blue color at the interface showed the presence of carotenoids. For the presence of flavonoid, 2 ml of the mucilage solution mixed with 1 ml of the concentrated HCl and magnesium ribbon gave the pink tomato-red color. For alkaloids, an amount of 0.05 g of the mucilage in 2 ml of 1.5%v/v HCl was boiled on a water bath and 6 drops of the Dragendorff's reagent were added. The orange precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids.
2.4. The development of artificial saliva formulations containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach {#s0030}
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### 2.4.1. Preparation of the artificial saliva formulations {#s0035}
Five developed artificial saliva formulations were prepared ([Table 1](#t0005){ref-type="table"}). The compositions of the formulations were mucilage from Ceylon Spinach, calcium chloride (CaCl~2~), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium fluoride (NF) as electrolytes and minerals, and 20% concentrated paraben (18% methyl paraben and 2% propyl paraben) as preservative. Briefly, the mucilage from Ceylon Spinach together with the electrolytes and minerals were dispersed in 100 ml of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The mixture was then homogenized by a homogenizer (Brinkmann, Kinematica GmbH, Switzerland) at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for 15 min and left for 30 min. Then, 1% of the concentrated paraben was added. The formulations were filtered through a Whatman® No. 1 filter paper and kept in a tight bottle for the further experiment.Table 1Compositions of the 5 developed artificial saliva formulations.Compositions (g)No.1No.2No.3No.4No.5Ceylon Spinach mucilage0.55000.73000.83000.66000.6100CaCl~2~·2H~2~O0.02420.02260.02160.02320.0237KCl0.14280.13340.12820.13710.1397Na~2~HPO~4~0.12650.12650.12650.12650.1265NaH~2~PO~4~·H~2~O0.15300.15300.15300.15300.1530NaF0.00100.00100.00100.00100.001020% concentrated paraben11111[^1]
### 2.4.2. Physico-chemical properties of the developed artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach {#s0040}
#### 2.4.2.1. Natural human saliva collection {#s0045}
The natural human saliva was collected from healthy volunteers (N = 5, 25--35 years old). The volunteers gargled their mouths with drinking water prior to saliva collection.
#### 2.4.2.2. Viscosity and rheology determination {#s0050}
Viscosity and rheology of the developed artificial saliva formulations were determined by a viscometer (Myr VR 3000 model, Tarragona, Spain) with the range of the shear rate between 5 and 200 rpm. All measurements were carried out at 25 ± 2 °C and 50 ml volume of the formulation were used in each test. The shear stress of the artificial saliva formulations was calculated by the following equation:$$\text{Shear}\,\text{stress} = \frac{\text{shear}\,\text{rate}}{\text{Viscosity}}$$
#### 2.4.2.3. Wetting time determination {#s0055}
Wetting time of the developed artificial saliva formulations was measured by the modified method previously described ([@b0080]). Briefly, a filter paper (Whatman® No. 1) was placed in a Petri dish containing 6 ml of the sample (distilled water, natural saliva from human volunteer and the developed artificial saliva formulation). A tablet with methylene blue dye powder on the upper surface was carefully placed on the filter paper in the Petri dish. The time (mins) required for the sample to reach the upper surface of the tablet by observing from the completely wetting with methylene blue was noted as the wetting time.
#### 2.4.2.4. Selection of the best artificial saliva formulation {#s0060}
The formulation with the best physical properties (clarity, precipitation, viscosity/rheology and wetting time) was selected for the further study.
2.5. Biological activities of the selected artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach {#s0065}
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### 2.5.1. DPPH radical scavenging activity {#s0070}
Free radical scavenging activity of the selected artificial saliva formulations was determined by the modified DPPH assay ([@b0095]). Briefly, 50 µl of five serial concentrations (0.001--10 mg/ml) of the sample and 50 µl of ethanolic solution of DPPH were added into each well of a 96-well microplate (Nalge Nunc International, NY, USA). The reaction mixtures were allowed to stand for 30 min at 25 ± 2 °C and the absorbance was then measured at 515 nm by a well reader (Bio-Rad, Model 680 Microplate Reader, USA) against the negative control (distilled water). Ascorbic acid (0.001--10 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. The experiment was done in triplicate. The percentages of free radical scavenging activity were calculated as the following: Scavenging (%) = \[(A − B)/A\] × 100, where A was the absorbance of the negative control and B was the absorbance of the sample. The sample concentration providing 50% of scavenging (SC~50~) activity was calculated from the graph plotted between the percentages of the scavenging activity and the sample concentrations.
### 2.5.2. Cytotoxicity on normal human gingival fibroblasts {#s0075}
#### 2.5.2.1. Cell culture {#s0080}
Normal human gingival fibroblasts were obtained from the gingival tissue by the explant technique at Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. They were cultured in the 30-mm diameter tissue culture dishes in the complete culture medium containing α-Modified Eagles culture medium (MEM-Alpha, Hyclone, Utah, USA) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone, Utah, USA), penicillin (100 U/ml; Hyclone, Utah, USA) and streptomycin (100 mg/ml; Hyclone, Utah, USA). Cells were incubated in a temperature-controlled, humidified incubator (Shel Lab, model 2123TC, USA) with 5% CO~2~ at 37 °C and subcultured every 5--7 days. The cells at the 5th to 8th passage were used in this study.
#### 2.5.2.2. Sample preparation {#s0085}
The extract at 6.1 mg/ml and the developed artificial saliva formulations containing 6.1 mg/ml of mucilage from Ceylon Spinach were used for cytotoxicity test compared to natural human saliva at 1 mg/ml. All samples were filtered through a membrane filter (0.2 µm) before use.
#### 2.5.2.3. Cytotoxicity by SRB assay {#s0090}
The cells were seeded in 96-well plates at an amount of 10,000 cells/well and allowed to attach overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO~2~ incubator. Then, the cells were exposed to the sample for 24 h. After incubation, the adherent cells were fixed by adding cold 50%w/v trichloroacetic acid and further incubated for 1 h at 4 °C. Then, the cells were rinsed with distilled water, air-dried and stained with 0.4% SRB in 1%glacial acetic acid for 30 min at room temperature (27 ± 2 °C). The unbound SRB was removed by washing with 1% glacial acetic acid solution for four times. After air-drying, 100 µl per well of 10 mM Tris base were added to dissolve the bound stain. After mixing, the absorbance was measured at 540 nm with a microplate reader (Biorad, Milan, Italy). The untreated cells were used as a negative control. Cell viability (%) was calculated by the following equation:$$\text{Cell}\,\text{viability}\,\left( \% \right) = \left( {\text{Absorbanc}\text{e}_{\text{treated}\;\text{cells}}/\text{Absorbanc}\text{e}_{\text{untreated}\;\text{cells}}} \right) \times 100$$
### 2.5.3. Anti-adherent activity determination {#s0095}
#### 2.5.3.1. Bacterial culture {#s0100}
*Streptococcus mutans* (obtained from Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand) was inoculated into tryptic soy broth and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The absorbance at 550 nm (OD~550~) was measured and the cell concentration was adjusted to obtain the OD~550~ of 0.5. The bacterial concentration was diluted one fold to obtain the bacterial concentration of 1 × 10^6^ CFU/ml.
#### 2.5.3.2. Sample preparation {#s0105}
The selected artificial saliva formulation containing the Ceylon Spinach mucilage and the natural human saliva from the human volunteers were used. Briefly, an amount of 20 ml of the natural saliva was collected from the human volunteers, centrifuged at 10,000g, 4 °C for 15 min and the clear solution was collected. Distilled water was used as a negative control. The developed artificial saliva formulation, the natural saliva and the distilled water were filtered through a membrane filter (0.2 µm) before use.
#### 2.5.3.3. Anti-adherent activity {#s0110}
The anti-adherent activity was performed as previously described ([@b0105]). Briefly, hydroxyapatite (HA) was dispersed in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at the concentration of 5 mg/ml. An amount of 200 µl of the HA suspension was added into each well of the 96-well plate, centrifuged at 1,000g for 15 min and the supernatant was discarded. The natural saliva (200 µl) was added into each well, incubated at 37 °C with shaking at 80 rpm for 120 min and centrifuged at 1,000g for 15 min. The HA was washed by phosphate buffer. The 100 µl of *S. mutans* with 100 µl each of either the selected artificial saliva formulation, natural saliva or distilled water were added, incubated at 37 °C with shaking at 80 rpm for 120 min and then incubated without shaking at 37 °C for 60 min. The plate was centrifuged at 1,000g for 15 min and washed with phosphate buffer. The resazurin solution (100 µl) was added into each well and incubated at 37 °C with shaking at 80 rpm for 60 min. The fluorescence intensity was measured by a spectrofluorometer (Jusco, Hachioji, Japan) with the excitation/emission at the λ of 562/595. The % adhesion was calculated in comparing to the control (distilled water) as the followings:$$\%\;{\text{Decrease\ of\ adherence\ =}\mspace{6mu}}\frac{\text{F}_{\text{control}} - \text{F}_{\text{sample}}}{\text{F}_{\text{control}}} \times 100$$$$\%\;{\text{Increase\ of\ adherence\ =}\mspace{6mu}}\frac{\text{F}_{\text{sample}} - \text{F}_{\text{control}}}{\text{F}_{\text{control}}} \times 100$$where F~control~ was the fluorescence intensity of the control and F~sample~ was the fluorescence intensity of the sample.
2.6. Statistical analysis {#s0115}
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The results were presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ANOVA was used for the analysis of the test results at the significance level of *p*-value \< 0.05.
3. Results and discussion {#s0120}
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3.1. Physical properties of the Ceylon Spinach mucilage and the developed artificial saliva formulations containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach {#s0125}
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### 3.1.1. Physical appearances {#s0130}
The lyophilized powder of the mucilage from Ceylon Spinach was in green-brown appearance with the characteristic greenish odor. The percentage yield of the mucilage was 0.44% w/w of the fresh plant. The Ceylon Spinach mucilage gave the positive results of phytochemical test of flavonoids and fructose. The 5 developed artificial saliva formulations gave different physical appearance ([Fig. 2](#f0010){ref-type="fig"}). Formula No.5 containing 0.61 g of the mucilage from Ceylon Spinach, 0.0237 g of CaCl~2~, 0.1397 g of KCl and 0.1530 g of NaF gave the best physical appearance which was translucent light green solution without precipitation.Fig. 2Physical appearances of the 5 developed artificial saliva formulations conatining mucilage from flowers of Ceylon Spinach.
### 3.1.2. Viscosity and rheology of the developed artificial saliva formulations {#s0135}
The formulations which showed good physical appearance with no precipitation having the viscosity value and rheology behavior similar to natural human saliva which is a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow that is the most important physical characteristic of human saliva and gave no microbial contamination were selected. All of the 5 developed artificial saliva formulations gave good physical appearance with no precipitation with formulation nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 showing the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow with difference viscosity values of 6.8 ± 0.1, 14.4 ± 0.5, 17.3 ± 0.3, 10.1 ± 0.5 and 8.9 ± 0.2 cP, respectively. Thus, only the developed artificial saliva formulation No. 5 gave the viscosity of 8.9 ± 0.2 cP which was very close to the natural human saliva (9.0 ± 0.1 cP) was selected for the further experiment. The viscosity of the artificial saliva formulation No.5 decreased with increased shear rate, which was an essential property of saliva as shown in [Fig. 3](#f0015){ref-type="fig"}. This formulation also indicated the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow the same as the natural saliva ([@b0135]). Saliva has important rheological properties that may affect mouth feel and other sensory perceptions. Mucin glycoproteins containing in natural saliva are known to be important factors for the extensional rheological properties (viscosity, elasticity and stickiness). Also, different rheological behaviours of saliva from each gland secretion could be due to the influence of mucin concentration, mucin conformation and/or the mucin type within the glandular saliva ([@b0035]). As known, the main constituents of plant mucilages are galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, uronic acids, galacturonic acid, protein, Ca and Mg ([@b0180]). The major composition in the Ceylon Spinach mucilage which is responsible for viscosity is pectin, a polysaccharide with rhamnose and neutral sugar with the α-(1--4) glycoside linkage. Pectins containing a significant amount of galacturonic residues in which the presence of the counterions in their solution can affect the inter- and intra-molecular interactions. The reduction of these intramolecular forces can let the coils to contract to the more compact conformation, with the consequent of the reduction in intrinsic viscosity ([@b0075]). In fact, the viscosity of polysaccharide solution has been reported to increase with increased concentrations, but decrease with increased pH and temperatures ([@b0010]). It has been previously indicated that the higher concentration of the Ceylon Spinach mucilage, the lower the pH and the higher viscosity were obtained ([@b0020]). At higher concentration, the mucilage can have a very rigid structure which can attribute to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the polysaccharide and water ([@b0145]). The selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach exhibited similar rheological properties of non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow to the natural saliva with the viscosity of 8.9 cP.Fig. 3Viscosity (A) and rheology behavior (B) of the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach showing the non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow similar to the natural human saliva.
### 3.1.3. Wetting times of the developed artificial saliva formulations {#s0140}
The wetting time is an important property of saliva, since the shorter wetting time can improve food swallowing in xerostomia and hyposalivation patients. Thus, food can be wet in few minutes to make it easier to chew and be swollen. Out of the 5 developed formulations, the wetting time of the artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach was 12.50 ± 2.24 min which was close to the normal human saliva (10.87 ± 1.79 min) ([Table 2](#t0010){ref-type="table"}). The mucin glycoprotein in natural saliva has a lubricating, wetting and softening effect from its hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments that acts as a surfactant resulting the surface tension reduction between water and air ([@b0110]). Negative charge moieties of the mucin (glycosylated region) can interact with water molecules, create a hydration shell and improve hydration and lubrication ([@b0030]). Thus, loss of negatively charged glycan residues is a proposed mechanism for oral dryness through the reduced water retention capacity of mucin, leading to reduced mucosal hydration. Moreover, the contact angle of saliva can reflect the degree of wetting of saliva on surfaces and hence gives an insight into the interaction of saliva with surfaces ([@b0175]). Thus, the wetting property of formulation No.5 may be from the bound moisture of the mucilage that improves wettability by the mechanism of surface tension reduction. In addition, polymers in the Ceylon Spinach mucilage have been reported to have hydrophilic constituents, with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups ([@b0130]), that can be swollen in water thereby exposing to the maximum number of the adhesive sites ([@b0150]). Hence, the formula No.5 which gave superior physical properties of viscosity and wetting time similar to natural saliva was selected for the further study.Table 2Physical properties of the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach.SamplePhysical appearancepH valueRheologyWetting time (min)Natural human salivaturbid solution7.32 ± 0.51non-Newtonian\
pseudoplastic10.87 ± 1.79Ceylon Spinach mucilagegreen-brown solid5.58 ± 1.09non-Newtonian\
pseudoplastic10.65 ± 0.69The artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinachtranslucent light green solution7.41 ± 0.35non-Newtonian\
pseudoplastic12.50 ± 2.24
3.2. Antioxidative activities of the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach {#s0145}
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Antioxidative activities of the selected artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage were shown in [Table 2](#t0010){ref-type="table"}. The formulation gave the DPPH scavenging activity with the SC~50~ value of 14.26 ± 2.00 mg/ml which was 0.05 folds of ascorbic acid, and was similar to mucilage from the Ceylon Spinach (the SC~50~ value of 13.84 ± 0.14 mg/ml). However, DPPH scavenging activity was not observed in natural human saliva. The SC~50~ value of the mucilage from the Ceylon Spinach observed in this study was different from the previous study which gave the SC~50~ value of 514.41 µg/ml ([@b0020]). This difference may be from the different extraction method. The observed antioxidant activity of the developed artificial saliva formulation No.5 may be from the presence of polysaccharide containing in the mucilage of Ceylon Spinach such as galactose, arabinose, glucose and mannose ([@b0040], [@b0045]). Several previous works have reported the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from plants. Polysaccharides including rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose from Wampee \[Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels\] gave high antioxidant activities of 78% hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability and 48.35% antioxidative activity ([@b0185]). Water-soluble polysaccharides from Wolfberry (*Lycium barbarum* L.), Sweet Cherry (*Prunus avium* L.), Kiwi (*Actinidia chinensis* L.) and Cranberry fruits (*Vaccinium macrocarpon* Aiton) indicated the antioxidant activities assayed by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) ([@b0050]). The mucilage from Ceylon Spinach of this present study contained not only polysaccharides, but also flavonoids the same as the previous study ([@b0115]). Functional hydroxyl groups in flavonoids mediate their antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions. They also found ascorbic acid and especially phenolic compounds, which have been reported to have antioxidant activities from their redox properties of acting as a reducing agents hydrogen donors and singlet oxygen quenchers. The radical scavenging activities of Ceylon Spinach may be related not only to the phenolic contents, but also the flavonoid, anthocyanin and proanthocyanin contents ([@b0120]). Kaempherol which was a flavonoid found in Ceylon Spinach has been reported to exhibit strong DPPH radical scavenging activity with the SC~50~ value of 4.349 µg/ml ([@b0190]). Hence, the synergistic effect of all phytochemicals in Ceylon Spinach mucilage may be responsible for this free radical scavenging biological activity.
3.3. Cytotoxicity of the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach {#s0150}
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Several studies have investigated cytotoxicity of mucilaginous polysaccharide content in plants. For examples, Okra (*Abelmoschus esculentus* Linn. moench) polysaccharides showed no cytotoxicity on human cancer cell line with nearly 100% cell viability and no morphological changes ([@b0065]). Mucilage from *Grewia optiva* at 10, 20 and 30 μg/ml gave non-toxic on normal (NIH3T3) cell lines ([@b0085]). Sushila et al. have also demonstrated that the extract from *Basella alba* whole plant indicated significant dose dependant cytotoxicity on the Jurkat cell lines, but gave no toxicity on lung cancer cell line (A549) with 88.33 ± 1.20% cell viability at 25 µg/ml ([@b0170]). There was no report of Ceylon Spinach mucilage and its artificial saliva formulation on human gingival fibroblast cytotoxicity. This present study has been the first report to determine the safety for oral administration of the artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach on human gingival fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity of the selected artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach determined by SRB assay was shown in [Table 3](#t0015){ref-type="table"}. The formulation with the pH value of 7.41 ± 0.35 exhibited no cytotoxic effect on the treated cells with 99.20 ± 12.09% cell viability. However, the mucilage from Ceylon Spinach showed high cytotoxic effect of only 23.90 ± 10.43% cell viability, owing to the acidity (pH 5.58 ± 1.09) of the mucilage. pH is one of the most important factors of growth promoting properties including contact inhibition, growth rate and cell mobility. This result was different from the previous study showing that the aqueous extract of *Basella alba* (Ceylon Spinach) indicated the LC~50~ value at \>1000 ppm assayed by the brine shrimp (*Artemia salina*) lethality bioassay, indicating of no cytotoxicity ([@b0015]). As previously reported, the pH range of 6.8--8.2 enhanced human-human hybridoma (HB4C5) cell viability, whereas the outside ranges demonstrated a decrease in cell viability ([@b0195]). Also, it has been previously demonstrated that Ceylon Spinach mucilage at 2 mg/ml showed relatively mild toxicity on Chang liver cell line with 84.4% cell viability ([@b0020]).Table 3Antioxidative activity and cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblasts of Ceylon Spinach mucilage and the artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach.SampleAntioxidative (SC~50~; mg/ml)Cell viability (%)Ascorbic acid0.72 ± 0.0087.44 ± 10.38Natural human salivaNA98.28 ± 8.92Ceylon Spinach mucilage13.84 ± 0.14\*23.90 ± 10.43\*The artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach14.26 ± 2.00\*99.20 ± 12.09[^2]
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a common positive control of antioxidant activity test by DPPH free radical scavenging. For cytotoxicity test, several studies have shown that vitamin C increases numbers of collagen bundles in the regenerating periodontal tissue, detoxifies histamine in gingival inflammation and reduces gingival oxidative stress. Vitamin C reduces the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of *P. gingivalis* on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) ([@b0165]). This present study has expected that the effect of the developed artificial saliva formulation on HGF was similar to vitamin C and showed the safety of the developed artificial saliva formulation for oral use.
3.4. Anti-adherent activity of *S. mutans* of the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach {#s0155}
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*S. mutans* has been implicated as a primary causative agent of dental caries. Thus, inhibition of *S. mutans* adhesion to the tooth surface is a major goal for the prevention of dental caries. Anti-adherent activity of the selected artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach were shown in [Table 4](#t0020){ref-type="table"}. In this study, the natural saliva demonstrated an increase adherence of *S. mutans* on the HA (hydroxyapatite) beads of 33.10 ± 9.70% over the control (distilled water). This may be from the compositions in the natural saliva, such as proteins and polysaccharides. Natural saliva contains a multitude of proteins which are important for oral microbial ecology and biofilm formation. Adsorption of specific salivary proteins, such as acidic proline-rich proteins and agglutinin, promotes the adhesion of *S. mutans* onto the HA surfaces by providing ligands for bacterial attachment ([@b0155]). Moreover, high molecular weight salivary glycoprotein promotes adhesion of *S. mutans* ([@b0160]). Hydrophobic interactions have been demonstrated to be important in bacterial adhesion. Also, the negative charges containing in polysaccharides might be necessary for adsorption onto the HA surfaces. Ceylon Spinach mucilage increased the adherence of only 4.83 ± 3.47% which was less than the natural saliva of 6.85 times. Thus, Ceylon Spinach mucilage appeared to reduce *S. mutans* adherence on the HA beads in comparing to the natural saliva. The mechanism of the mucilage from Ceylon Spinach on the reduction of *S. mutans* adhesion might be due to the amino sugars, such as glucosamine containing in the mucilage which can inhibit the binding of *S. mutans* to the saliva-coated HA ([@b0060]). The low molecular weight proteins reduced the saliva-promoted *S. mutans* adherence by competitively inhibiting *S. mutans*-binding glycoprotein adsorption onto the HA surface has also previously reported ([@b0155]). Thus, the amino acid such as arginine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan containing in the Ceylon Spinach mucilage may inhibit *S. mutans* adhesion to the HA surface ([@b0070]).Table 4Anti-adherent activity of *S. mutans* of the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach.Sample%Decrease of adherence%Increase of adherenceNatural human saliva--33.10 ± 9.70Ceylon Spinach mucilage--4.83 ± 3.47Vehicle of the artificial saliva formulation3.66 ± 0.88--The artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach17.01 ± 7.75--[^3][^4][^5]
The selected artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach exhibited a decrease adhesion of *S. mutans* on HA beads of 17.01 ± 7.75%, whereas the vehicle of the formulation decreased the adherence of 3.66 ± 0.88%. Hence, it appeared that the Ceylon Spinach mucilage containing in the developed artificial saliva formulation may enhance the anti-adherent activity of *S. mutans* of the vehicle of about 13%. The reduction of bacterial adhesion of the vehicle may be due to the bacterial growth reduction by its compositions of parabens and fluoride. Parabens are antimicrobial agents which can inhibit irreversibly glycolysis by the cariogenic dental plaque bacterium, *S. mutans* ([@b0090]). Sodium fluoride can reduce the growth of S. mutans by the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of fluoride (MIC: 282 ppm F^−^) ([@b0040], [@b0045]). Also, the commercial fluoride varnishes showed a strong inhibitory effect on the bacterial adhesion of approximately 67--98% reduction ([@b0025]). The anti-adherent activity of *S. mutans* of the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 was thus the synergistic effects from the Ceylon Spinach mucilage and other compositions in the vehicle. Hence, the selected artificial saliva formulation No.5 containing mucilage from Ceylon Spinach indicated superior anti-adherent activity of *S. mutans* to the normal human saliva which is one of the important advantages of this developed artificial saliva formulation.
4. Conclusions {#s0160}
==============
The results from this study have suggested the potential application of mucilage from Ceylon Spinach for artificial saliva because of not only its superior physical properties including rheological property and wetting time similar to the natural human saliva, but also having higher antioxidant and anti-adherence activities than the natural human saliva, and with no cytotoxic effect on normal human gingival fibroblasts. Moreover, Ceylon Spinach is an edible vegetable and has been used for foods. Thus, the developed artificial saliva formulation containing mucilage from this plant is safer for consumption than other chemical artificial saliva formulations. This present study has also demonstrated the possibility of using mucilage from edible plants which are safe and cost effective to prepare a biological active artificial formulation for the substitution of natural human saliva and other chemical artificial saliva formulations.
Declaration of Competing Interest
=================================
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
This work was supported by Thailand Research Fund (TRF) for small and medium size enterprises (SMEs), RDG5450019, Manose Health and Beauty Research Center in Thailand and Thai-China Flavours and Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd., Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Thailand.
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
[^1]: Note : 20% concentrated paraben solution contained 18% methyl paraben and 2% propyl paraben.
[^2]: Note: NA = no activity; Cell viability \> 90% = non-toxic, 60--90% = slightly toxic, 30--59% = moderately toxic and \<30% = highly toxic, \* significant difference (p \< 0.05) in comparing with ascorbic acid.
[^3]: Note:
[^4]: $\;\%\;{\text{Decrease\ of\ adherence\ =}\mspace{6mu}}\frac{\text{F}_{\text{control}} - \text{F}_{\text{sample}}}{\text{F}_{\text{control}}} \times 100.$
[^5]: $\;\%\;{\text{Increase\ of\ adherence\ =}\mspace{6mu}}\frac{\text{F}_{\text{sample}} - \text{F}_{\text{control}}}{\text{F}_{\text{control}}} \times 100.$
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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Greetings pilgrim,
You too should make a stop at the Hamlet of Fons before venturing into the more dangerous parts of the world of Decay of Logos. Wise NPC’s and a handy blacksmith will gladly help you along your journey but not all is what it seems…
Gamescom is almost upon us and this year we teamed up with Utomik and Thunderful to bring you an expanded experience of the actual game, and lots of goodies! Come on down and ask us anything, we’ll have 3 developers at the booth along with the great folks from Rising Star Games, our publisher.
Join us at Gamescom 2019 at the Utomik booth in the Indie Arena. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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The bacteriological composition of biomass recovered by flushing an operational drinking water distribution system.
This study investigates the influence of pipe characteristics on the bacteriological composition of material mobilised from a drinking water distribution system (DWDS) and the impact of biofilm removal on water quality. Hydrants in a single UK Distribution Management Area (DMA) with both polyethylene and cast iron pipe sections were subjected to incremental increases in flow to mobilise material from the pipe walls. Turbidity was monitored during these operations and water samples were collected for physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis. DNA was extracted from the material mobilised into the bulk water before and during flushing. Bacterial tag-encoded 454 pyrosequencing was then used to characterize the bacterial communities present in this material. Turbidity values were high in the samples from cast iron pipes. Iron, aluminium, manganese and phosphate concentrations were found to correlate to observed turbidity. The bacterial community composition of the material mobilised from the pipes was significantly different between plastic and cast iron pipe sections (p < 0.5). High relative abundances of Alphaproteobacteria (23.3%), Clostridia (10.3%) and Actinobacteria (10.3%) were detected in the material removed from plastic pipes. Sequences related to Alphaproteobacteria (22.8%), Bacilli (16.6%), and Gammaproteobacteria (1.4%) were predominant in the samples obtained from cast iron pipes. The highest species richness and diversity were found in the samples from material mobilised from plastic pipes. Spirochaeta spp., Methylobacterium spp. Clostridium spp. and Desulfobacterium spp., were the most represented genera in the material obtained prior to and during the flushing of the plastic pipes. In cast iron pipes a high relative abundance of bacteria able to utilise different iron and manganese compounds were found such as Lysinibacillus spp., Geobacillus spp. and Magnetobacterium spp. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Drug Development for Hypertension: Do We Need Another Antihypertensive Agent for Resistant Hypertension?
The prevalence of resistant hypertension is seemingly much lower than had been reported in early studies. Recent analyses suggest that <5 % of treated hypertensive patients remain uncontrolled if fully adherent to an optimized antihypertensive treatment. However, these patients do have increased cardiovascular risk and need effective therapeutic approaches. Drug development is a high-risk, complex, lengthy, and very expensive process. In this article, we discuss the factors that should be considered in the process of developing a new agent for treatment of resistant hypertension. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
remove mirai virus on router
I need some help with removing the mirai worm on my rounter. Few days ago my ISP was on cyberattacks which it have affected over 100,000 customers who couldn't be able to get access to the internet that got shutdown.
Now it show that my local ISP are CloudMosa in Satatoga, California which is not. My ISP are postoffice in the UK.
I have tried to upgraded the latest firmware version from the manufacturer site which it is 2.00(AAJC.15)C0, I have also set the firewall to a high level to avoid the cyperattack and disabled the upnp but the virus will remove the latest firmware version and it will switch back to the old version V2.00(AAJC.15)O0. The name of the rounter I got is called ZyXEL AMG1302-T10B.
I don't know what i'm supposed to do and how to remove it as the virus keep coming back. I'm scary to use the internet as it could steals my information especially my bank details, username and password.
Do you know how to remove those nasty virus on the router?
A:
I agree that this does not seem to be Mirai, but it doesn't really matter what it is. The solution is the same no matter what.
If a firmware rewrite does not kill it, then just throw the router in the trash and get a new one. I know, it might cost you some money, but it is the only way you can be sure it has not somehow persisted on the device. Just consider the router as broken beyond repair.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
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