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Quantum interferometric optical lithography: exploiting entanglement to beat the diffraction limit Classical optical lithography is diffraction limited to writing features of a size lambda/2 or greater, where lambda is the optical wavelength. Using nonclassical photon-number states, entangled N at a time, we show that it is possible to write features of minimum size lambda/(2N) in an N-photon absorbing substrate. This result allows one to write a factor of N2 more elements on a semiconductor chip. A factor of N = 2 can be achieved easily with entangled photon pairs generated from optical parametric down-conversion. It is shown how to write arbitrary 2D patterns by using this method.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Santana struck out the Colorado side in the first. He executed a hit and run, made it from first to third on a single, and didn't let 110 pitches over the first eight innings stop him from taking the mound in the ninth. On any other gray and drizzly day, a four-hit shutout would've made the sky above Citi Field a blissful shade of blue. But nothing could make you feel good about the Mets on Thursday, not with their closer coming out of the wrong kind of pen and escorted by police into a criminal courthouse, his hands cuffed behind his back. Francisco Rodriguez was arrested for allegedly pummeling his girlfriend's father after Wednesday night's loss, charged with third-degree assault, and suspended by the Mets for two days, making Santana's willingness to go the distance all the more profound. But the ace didn't qualify as some superhero swooping in out of a comic book, not after a woman who had accused him of rape sued him in a Florida court. Yes, only the Mets could temporarily divert your attention away from a pitcher accused of assault with a brilliant performance from a pitcher accused of worse. "I'm done with that," Santana said. "I'm not commenting on that." The Mets were willing to comment on Rodriguez, and maybe they should've gone the Santana route. If more evidence was needed to prove this organization lacks organization, it was found in the way Manuel and Jeff Wilpon handled the K-Rod case. Aristide Economopoulos/The Star-Ledger/US PresswireJerry Manuel was all smiles with Santana during the game, but his comments after the game were bewildering. Rodriguez was held in custody at a holding facility at Citi Field after Wednesday night's altercation, held there after he allegedly sent his girlfriend's father to the hospital. Yet when asked before the game if he would have any hesitation using Rodriguez if the closer showed up at the ballpark free of handcuffs, Manuel said, "None." Good heavens. Of all the surreal quotes Manuel has delivered into a live mike during his term, this one syllable trumped them all. Nope, not a single millisecond of pause to hand the ball to a pitcher who had embarrassed the franchise, who had exhibited anger-management issues in the past, and who had spent the night in a pen that doesn't swing open when a baseball manager calls. An hour after Manuel spoke, the Mets announced they had suspended Rodriguez for two days without pay. "Ownership and the organization are very disappointed in Francisco's inappropriate behavior," Wilpon said, "and we take this matter very seriously." So in one New York minute, the manager says he'd go right back to K-Rod if Santana needed relief, and in the next the team owner is removing the closer from the roster. It gets better. Armed with knowledge of the suspension and Wilpon's stated sentiment in his postgame news conference, Manuel came up with this beauty: "I don't have all the facts. Until I have all the facts, then I make a judgment as to how I feel about it and so forth. But I just think right now it's unfair when everything is not on the table to make a judgment one way or another. Despite what the team did, I still feel that way." In effect, Manuel called Wilpon's suspension of Rodriguez "unfair." The manager declined to say he was angry at K-Rod; he maintained he needed to hear the whole story before he took his own temperature. Manuel acknowledged the incident and the arrest disappointed him, but added, "You still have to weigh what spurred such an action. That has to be a part of it, despite that it's wrong." In other words, if K-Rod can convince Manuel that the man he allegedly assaulted had it coming to him, well play ball! Manuel didn't get it, even if some of his players did. Mets blog Looking for more information on the Mets? ESPNNewYork.com has you covered. Blog "No one should act like that," Carlos Beltran said of Rodriguez. "It doesn't matter if the team did whatever it did. No one should act like that. He feels sorry about what happened, but it's too late." Good for Beltran. Good for the center fielder to recognize the urgency of a matter Manuel didn't bother to address with his team. Of course, the bad karma gripping the Mets involves far more than this latest confrontation on K-Rod's résumé, a résumé that lists as references Tony Bernazard, Randy Niemann and Brian Bruney. The Mets are a .500 team in name only. Just as John Mara angrily pointed out that last year's 8-8 Giants had the feel of a 4-12 team, this year's 57-57 Mets have the feel of a 50-64 team. Normally an inconspicuous presence, Mara assumed a leadership role when he stepped before the cameras and notebooks and ripped every Tom, Dick and Jerry in his employ. But Jeff Wilpon didn't hold a news conference Thursday, when another Same Old Mets crisis begged for his face-to-face thoughts on a season spinning out of control. The owner settled for a typed one-sentence rebuke of K-Rod, and if nothing else, it sounded a whole lot better than what was coming out of Manuel's mouth. Truth is, the Mets need a new and dynamic force in the worst way, something stronger than an adviser who can knock down Omar Minaya's bad ideas. Joe Torre was offered as an answer in this space, and if the Dodgers manager does indeed become a free agent, the Mets will give him some thought. Torre? Bobby Valentine? Cliff Lee? Billy Beane? The Mets desperately need a grand slam between now and Opening Day, 2011, and surprise, surprise: The number of grand slams they've hit this year matches the amount of consideration Manuel would've given to benching a freed K-Rod.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
--- author: - \| \ Royal Society University Research Fellow\ School of Physics & Astronomy\ The University of Birmingham\ BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT, UK\ E-mail: title: Experimental Tests of the Standard Model --- BHAM-HEP/01-02\ 31 October 2001 Introduction ============ The field of precise experimental tests of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model encompasses a wide range of experiments. The current status of these is reviewed in this report, with emphasis placed on new developments in the year preceding summer 2001. A theme common to many measurements is that theoretical and experimental uncertainties are comparable. The theoretical uncertainties, usually coming from the lack of higher-order calculations, can be at least as hard to estimate reliably as the experimental errors. At low energies, new hadronic cross-section results in collisions are discussed. The new measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment at Brookhaven is reported and compared with recent Standard Model calculations. Results from the now complete LEP data sample are reviewed, together with recent results from the Tevatron, HERA and SLD. The synthesis of many of these results into a global test of the Standard Model via a comprehensive fit is summarised. Finally, prospects for the next few years are considered. Many results presented here are preliminary: they are not labelled explicitly for lack of space. References should be consulted for details. R and $\mathbf{\alpha(M_Z^2)}$ ============================== The BES-II detector at the BEPC electron-positron collider in Beijing, China, has been operating since 1997. Many measurements have been made in the centre-of-mass energy range $2<\sqrt{s}<5$ GeV, but of relevance to electroweak physics are those of the ratio $$R = \frac{\sigma(\Mepem\to\mathrm{hadrons})}{\sigma_0(\Mepem\to\Mmpmm)}$$ where the denominator, $\sigma_0(\Mepem\to\Mmpmm)=4\pi\alpha^2(0)/(3s)$, is the lowest-order QED prediction. The BES measurements [@bib:besr] of R are presented in Figure \[fig:besr\], where the improvement in quality over previous, often very early, measurements is clear. Around 1000 hadronic events are used at each energy, and an average precision of 6.6% is obtained at each of the 85 energy points. The point-to-point correlated error is estimated to be 3.3%, providing a factor of 2 to 3 improvement over earlier measurements. In order to achieve such an improvement, detailed studies of the detector acceptance for hadronic events at low $\sqrt{s}$ were made, in collaboration with the Lund Monte Carlo team. The experimental acceptance for hadronic events varies in the range 50 to 87% from 2 to 4.8 GeV respectively, so the modelling at low $\sqrt{s}$ is of most concern. Good descriptions of the hadronic event data were obtained from a tuned version of the [LUARLW]{} generator, and the hadronic model-dependent uncertainty is estimated to be as low as 2-3%. At even lower energies, analysis continues of the large data sample from CMD-2 [@bib:cmd2] at the VEPP-2M collider at Novosibirsk taken over $0.36<\sqrt{s}<1.4$ GeV. Many exclusive final-states are studied, with the main contribution to the overall cross-section arising from $\pi^+\pi^-$ production. A key application of the low energy R measurements is in the prediction of the value of the electromagnetic coupling at the mass scale. This is modified from its zero-momentum value, $\alpha(0)=1/137.03599976(50)$, by vacuum polarisation loop corrections: $$\alpha(M_Z^2)=\frac{\alpha(0)}{1-\Delta\alpha_{e\mu\tau}(M_Z^2)- \dahad(M_Z^2)-\Delta\alpha_{top}(M_Z^2)} .$$ The contributions from leptonic and top quark loops ($\Delta\alpha_{e\mu\tau}$ and $\Delta\alpha_{top}$, respectively) are sufficiently well calculated knowing only the particle masses. The $\dahad$ term contains low-energy hadronic loops, and must be calculated via a dispersion integral: $$\dahad(M_Z^2) = - \frac{\alpha M_Z^2}{3\pi} \Re\int_{4m_{\pi}^2}^\infty ds \frac{R(s)}{s(s-M_Z^2-i\epsilon)} .$$ The R data points must, at least, be interpolated to evaluate this integral. More sophisticated methods are employed by different authors, and use may also be made of $\tau$ decay spectral function data via isospin symmetry. A recent calculation [@bib:pietrzyk] using minimal assumptions has obtained $\dahad(M_Z^2)=0.02761\pm0.00036$, approximately a factor two more precise than a previous similar estimate which did not use the new BES-II data. With extra theory-driven assumptions, an error as low as $\pm0.00020$ may be obtained [@bib:martin]. Prospects for further improvements in measurements of the hadronic cross-section at low energies are good: an upgraded accelerator in Beijing should give substantially increased luminosity; CLEO proposes to run at lower centre-of-mass energies than before to examine the region from 3 to 5 GeV; DA$\Phi$NE may be able to access the low energy range with radiative events; and finally the concept of a very low energy ring to work together with the present PEP-II LER could give access to the poorly covered region between 1.4 and 2 GeV. The Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment g-2 ====================================== The Brookhaven E821 experiment has recently reported [@bib:e821] a new measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment, $a_{\mu}$, by measuring the spin-precession frequency, $\Mwa$, of polarised muons in a magnetic field: $$a_{\mu} \equiv \frac{g-2}{2} = \frac{\Mwa m_{\mu}c}{e\langle B\rangle}$$ The muons circulate in a special-purpose storage ring constructed to have an extremely uniform magnetic field across its aperture. The spin-precession frequency $\Mwa$ is measured by observing the time variation of production of decay electrons above a fixed energy cut-off (2 GeV), as shown in Figure \[fig:e821\]. The mean bending field is measured using two sets of NMR probes: one fixed set mounted around the ring and used for continuous monitoring, and another set placed on a trolley which can be pulled right around the evacuated beam chamber. In practice, the magnetic field is re-expressed in terms of the mean proton NMR frequency, $\omega_p$, and $a_{\mu}$ extracted from: $$a_{\mu} = \frac{R}{\lambda-R}$$ where $R=\omega_a/\omega_p$ and $\lambda$ is the ratio of muon to proton magnetic moments. The latest E821 result, obtained using $0.95\times10^9$ $\mu^+$ decays is [@bib:e821]: $$a_{\mu^+} = (11\,659\,202\pm14\pm6)\times 10^{-10}$$ The overall precision obtained is relatively 1.3 parts per million: 1.2 ppm from statistics and 0.5 ppm from systematic errors. Data from a further $4\times10^9$ $\mu^+$ and $3\times10^9$ $\mu^-$ are in hand, and should result in a factor two improvement in the near future. Interpretation of this result in terms of the Standard Model and possible new physics requires detailed calculations of loop corrections to the simple QED $\mu\mu\gamma$ vertex, which gives the original $g=2$ at lowest order. The corrections may be subdivided into electromagnetic (QED), weak and hadronic parts according to the type of loops. The QED and weak terms are respectively calculated to be $a_{\mu}(QED) = (11\, 657\,470.57 \pm 0.29) \times 10^{-10}$, and $a_{\mu}(weak) = (15.2 \pm 0.4) \times 10^{-10}$. The hadronic corrections, although much smaller than the QED correction, provide the main source of uncertainty on the predicted $a_{\mu}$. To $\mathcal{O}(\alpha^3)$, the dominant corrections may be subdivided into the lowest and higher-order vacuum polarisation terms and higher-order “light-on-light” terms. The lowest-order (vacuum polarisation) term is numerically much the largest. It can be calculated using a dispersion relation: $$a_{\mu}(had;LO) = \frac{\alpha^2(0)}{3\pi^2}\int_{4m_{\pi}^2}^{\infty} ds \frac{R(s)\hat{K}(s)}{s^2}$$ where $\hat{K}(s)$ is a known bounded function. As for $\alpha(M_Z^2)$, optional additional theory-driven assumptions may be made. Recent estimates of the lowest-order vacuum polarisation term are shown in Table \[tab:lovp\]. There is some ambiguity at the level of $\sim$5$\times10^{-10}$ about the treatment of further photon radiation in some of these calculations, as it may be included either here or as a higher-order correction, depending also on whether the input experimental data includes final-states with extra photons. The estimates agree with each other within the overall errors, which is not surprising since the data employed is mostly in common. It is notable that the best value available at the time of the E821 publication was that of Davier and Höcker (“DH(98/2)”), which is numerically the lowest of the calculations. The summed corrections are shown in figure \[fig:gminus2\] and compared with the new and previous measurements [@bib:oldgm2]. The major experimental improvement from the new E821 measurement is striking. At the time of publication, the most precise available calculation of $a_{\mu}$ led to a difference between data and theory of around 2.6 standard deviations [@bib:e821]. More recent calculations reduce that difference, in some cases to the one standard deviation level, thus also suggesting that the error on the prediction may have been too optimistic. At present there is therefore no reason to consider $a_{\mu}$ as giving evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. The accuracy of the theoretical predictions will be even more severely challenged by an experimental measurement with a factor two smaller error, as expected in the near future. Theoretical progress is essential to obtain a maximum physics return from such a precise measurement. Recent News from the Z$^{\mathbf{0}}$ Pole {#sec:asy} ========================================== Measurements of the cross-section, width, and asymmetries have been available for many years from LEP and SLD data, and most results have now been finalised [@bib:lepls; @bib:alr]. Recently new results [@bib:afbbnew] have become available on the b quark forward-backward asymmetry ($\afbb$) from ALEPH and DELPHI, using inclusive lifetime-based b-tagging techniques and various quark charge indicators. Substantial improvements are obtained over earlier lifetime-tag measurements, so that this type of asymmetry measurement now has a comparable precision to that using a traditional lepton tag. The lepton and lifetime results are compatible, and together give a LEP average Z pole asymmetry of $$A_{\mathrm{FB}}^{\mathrm{0,b}} = 0.0990 \pm 0.0017 .$$ This result may be compared with other asymmetry measurements from LEP and SLD by interpreting $\afbb$ in terms of $\sintwl$. In doing this, it is effectively assumed that the b quark couplings are given by their Standard Model values. The result is shown in figure \[fig:sstw\], comparing to $\sintwl$ values derived from the leptonic forward-backward asymmetry from LEP ($A_{\mathrm{fb}}^{\mathrm{0,l}}$) [@bib:lepls]; that from the $\tau$ polarisation measurements ($P_{\tau}$) [@bib:ptau]; from the left-right polarisation asymmetry at SLD [@bib:alr]; from the charm forward-backward asymmetry [@bib:afbc]; and from inclusive hadronic event forward-backward asymmetry measurements ($Q_{\mathrm{fb}}$) [@bib:qfb]. The two most precise determinations of $\sintwl$, from $A_{\mathrm{LR}}$ and $\afbb$, differ at the level of 3.2 standard deviations. This might suggest that the b quark couplings to the differ from the Standard Model expectations, but such an interpretation is not compelling at present, and direct measurements via the left-right polarised forward-backward b quark asymmetry at SLD are not precise enough to help. Future improvements in b quark asymmetry measurements using the existing LEP data samples may help elucidate this issue, but scope for such improvement is limited. LEP-2 and Fermion-Pair Production ================================= With the completion of LEP-2 data-taking at the end of 2000, the integrated luminosity collected at energies of 161 GeV and above has reached 700 per experiment, in total giving each 1 fb$^{-1}$ from the entire LEP programme. Following on from the measurements of the LEP-1 Z lineshape and forward-backward asymmetries, studies of fermion-pair production have continued at LEP-2. At these higher energies, fermion-pair events may be subdivided into those where the pair invariant mass has “radiatively returned” to the Z region or below, and non-radiative events with close to the full centre-of-mass energy. The cross-sections and forward-backward asymmetries for non-radiative events at the full range of LEP-2 energies are shown in Figures \[fig:fflep1\] and \[fig:fflep2\] for hadronic, muon and tau pair final states, averaged between all four LEP experiments [@bib:ffmeas]. Analogous measurements have been made for electrons, b and c quarks [@bib:ffmeas]. The Standard Model expectations describe the data well. Limits can be placed on new physics from these data [@bib:ffmeas]. As an example, limits may be placed on new Z$^\prime$ bosons which do not mix with the , as indicated in Table \[tab:fflim\]. Z’s and W’s at Colliders with Hadrons ===================================== Electroweak fermion-pair production has also been studied at the Tevatron, in the Drell-Yan process. Updated results on high mass electron pairs were presented at this conference [@bib:cdfdy; @bib:gerber]: both cross-sections and asymmetries are well described by the Standard Model expectations, and extend beyond the LEP-2 mass reach to around 500 GeV (see Figure \[fig:drellyan\]). As indicated in the figure, there is some sensitivity to new physics models, and improvements on that of LEP should come with the Run 2 data. W production in collisions provided, before LEP-2, the only direct measurements of the W mass, using reconstructed electron and muon momenta and inferred missing momentum information. The main results from CDF and D0 from Run 1 data have been available for some time [@bib:mwtev]. D0 have recently updated their Run 1 results with a new analysis making use of electrons close to calorimeter cell edges [@bib:gerber]. The main importance of the extra data is to allow a better calorimeter calibration from Z events. Measurements of the W mass from the Tevatron are summarised in Table \[tab:mwhad\]. The high tail of the distribution of the transverse mass of the lepton-missing momentum system provides information about the W width. CDF finalised their Run 1 result ($\Gamma_{\mathrm{W}}=$ 2.05$\pm0.13$ GeV) [@bib:gwcdf] some time ago. D0 presented a new measurement using all the Run 1 data, of $\Gamma_{\mathrm{W}}=$ 2.23$\pm0.17$ GeV, at this conference [@bib:gerber]. The presence of the W and Z bosons is primarily probed at HERA via t-channel exchange. The charged and neutral current differential cross-sections as a function of $Q^2$ are shown in Figures \[fig:heracc\] and \[fig:heranc\] respectively. The charged current process proceeds only by W exchange, and is sensitive to the W mass via the propagator term (and also, indirectly, via the overall normalisation). The effect of exchange can be seen in the high-$Q^2$ neutral current region where it gives rise to a difference between the e$^-$p and e$^+$p cross-sections. Real W production may also have been observed at HERA, by looking for events with high transverse momentum electrons or muons, missing transverse momentum, and a recoiling hadronic system. For transverse momenta of the recoiling hadronic system above 40 GeV, H1 and ZEUS together observe 6 events compared to an expectation of 2.0$\pm$0.3, which is 90% composed of W production and decay [@bib:whera]. These events have been interpreted as possible evidence of new physics, but within the framework of the Standard Model their natural interpretation is as W production. W Physics at LEP-2 ================== Each LEP experiment now has a sample of around 12000 W-pair events from the full LEP-2 data sample. Event selections are well established, and have needed only minor optimisations for the highest energy data. Typical selection performances give efficiencies and purities in the 80-90% range for almost all channels – channels with $\tau$ decays being the most challenging. The measured W-pair cross-section [@bib:sigww] is shown in Figure \[fig:sigww\], and compared to the predictions of the RacoonWW [@bib:racoon] and YFSWW [@bib:yfsww] Monte Carlo programs. These programs incorporate full $\Oalpha$ corrections to the doubly-resonant W-pair production diagrams, and give a cross-section approximately 2% lower than earlier predictions. The agreement can be tested by comparing the experimental and predicted cross-sections as a function of centre-of-mass energy. The new calculations describe the normalisation of the data well, the old ones over-estimate it by between two and three standard deviations of the experimental error [@bib:sigww]. The selected W-pair events are also used to measure the W decay branching ratios. The combined LEP results [@bib:sigww] are shown in Table \[tab:wbr\]. The leptonic results are consistent with lepton universality, and so are combined to measure the average leptonic branching ratio, corrected to massless charged leptons. This measurement now has a better than 1% relative error, and is consistent with the Standard Model expectation of 10.83%. It is significantly more precise than a value extracted from the Tevatron W and Z cross-section data, assuming Standard Model production of W’s, which is Br(W$\to\ell\nu)=10.43\pm0.25$% [@bib:wbrtev]. The W mass and width are measured above the W-pair threshold at LEP-2 by direct reconstruction of the W decay products [@bib:mwlepex], using measured lepton momenta and jet momenta and energies. Events with two hadronically decaying W’s (“$\Wqqqq$”), or where one W decays hadronically and the other leptonically (“$\Wqqlv$”), are used by all experiments. A kinematic fit is made to the reconstructed event quantities, constraining the total energy and momentum to be that of the colliding beam particles, thus reconstructing the unobserved neutrino in mixed hadronic-leptonic decay events. This fit significantly improves the resolution on the W mass. The reconstructed mass distributions can be fitted to obtain the W mass, or the W mass and width together. Other, more complicated, techniques to extract the most W mass information from the fitted events are used by some experiments. ALEPH and OPAL also use the small amount of information contained in $\Wlvlv$ events, which has been included in the $\Wqqlv$ results quoted. After the kinematic fit, the W mass statistical sensitivity is very similar for the two event types. The systematic error sources are largely different between the two channels: the main correlated systematics come from the knowledge of the LEP beam energy, and hadronisation modelling. The W mass measurements obtained by the four LEP experiments, and averaged by channel, are shown in table \[tab:lepmw\]. There is good consistency between all the measurements, and the overall precision [@bib:mwlep] now improves significantly on the 60 MeV from hadron colliders. If the W width is also fitted, the W mass measurement is essentially unchanged, and a LEP combined value of $\Gamma_{\mathrm{W}}=2.150\pm0.091$ GeV is found. The 39 MeV error on the combined LEP result includes 26 MeV statistical and 30 MeV systematic contributions. Systematic errors are larger in the $\Wqqqq$ channel (see Table \[tab:lepmw\]), having the effect of deweighting that channel, to just 27%, in the average. With no systematic errors this deweighting would not occur, and the statistical error would be 22 MeV. The main systematic errors on the combined result are as follows [@bib:mwlep]: The LEP beam energy measurement contributes a highly correlated 17 MeV to all channels; hadronisation modelling uncertainties contribute another 17 MeV; “final-state interactions” (FSI) between the hadronic decay products of two W’s contribute 13 MeV; detector-related uncertainties – different for the different experiments – contribute 10 MeV; and uncertainties on photonic corrections contribute 8 MeV. The main improvements that are expected before the results are finalised lie in the areas of the LEP beam energy, where a concerted programme is in progress to reduce the error, and the final-state interactions. The basic physical problem which gives rise to the uncertainty over final-state interactions is that when two W’s in the same event both decay hadronically, the decay distance is smaller than typical hadronisation scales. The hadronisation of the two systems may therefore not be independent, and so hadronisation models tuned to $\to\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}$ decays may not properly describe them. Phenomenological models are used to study possible effects, subdividing them into “colour reconnection” in the parton-shower phase of the Monte Carlo models, and possible Bose-Einstein correlations between identical particles formed in the hadronisation process. A substantial effort has been spent in understanding the possible effects of FSI models. Recent work, in a collaborative effort between all four LEP experiments, has focused on determining the common sensitivity to different models between different experiments, and on developing ways to measure visible effects predicted by the models. Sensitivity to the effect of colour reconnection models has been obtained by studying the particle flow between jets in $\Wqqqq$ events [@bib:cr]. This is illustrated in Figure \[fig:cr\]. The data show some sensitivity to the effects as predicted in the colour reconnection models, and work continues to combine results from the four LEP experiments to improve the sensitivity. Bose-Einstein correlations are also being studied in data [@bib:bec], in this case by comparing the two-particle correlation functions, $\rho$, for single hadronically decaying W’s in $\Wqqlv$ events ($\rho^\mathrm{W}$), and for $\Wqqqq$ events ($\rho^{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}}$). This may be expressed as [@bib:chekanov]: $$\rho^{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}}(Q) = 2 \rho^{\mathrm{W}}(Q) + \rho_{mix}^{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}}(Q) + \Delta\rho(Q)$$ where $\rho_{mix}^{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}}$ is evaluated from mixing hadronic W decays from $\Wqqlv$ decays, and $\Delta\rho$ is any extra part arising from correlations between particles from different W decays in $\Wqqqq$ events. Alternatively the ratio $D(Q)$ may be examined: $$D(Q) \equiv \frac{\rho^{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}}(Q)}{2 \rho^{\mathrm{W}}(Q) + \rho_{mix}^{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}}(Q)} .$$ An observed $D(Q)$ distribution is shown in Figure \[fig:bec\]: a deviation from unity at low $Q$ would most clearly signal the effect of Bose-Einstein correlations between particles from different W’s. As illustrated in this figure, no evidence is observed of such an effect. As for colour reconnection, work is in progress to derive combined LEP results in order better to constrain the possible effect on the W mass measurement. When the LEP measurement of $\mw$, given in Table \[tab:lepmw\] is combined with that from colliders as given in Table \[tab:mwhad\], a world average W mass of $80.451\pm0.033$ GeV is obtained. A similar combination of W width results gives $\Gamma_{\mathrm{W}}=2.134\pm0.069$ GeV. Tests of the Gauge Couplings of Vector Bosons ============================================= The gauge group of the Standard Model dictates the self-couplings of the vector bosons, both in form and strength. The direct measurement of these couplings therefore provides a fundamental test of the Standard Model gauge structure. Electroweak gauge couplings have been measured directly at both LEP and the Tevatron: at present constraints from LEP are more stringent. W-pair production at LEP-2 involves the triple gauge coupling vertex in two of the three lowest-order doubly-resonant diagrams. Sensitivity to possible anomalous couplings is found in the W-pair cross-section, and the W production and decay angle distributions. Measurements have been reported at previous conferences [@bib:cctgcosaka], but no combined LEP results have been released recently because [@bib:racoon; @bib:kandy] higher-order corrections, previously neglected, are thought to be comparable to the current experimental precision [@bib:villa]. Other measurements of triple gauge boson couplings are made at LEP-2 [@bib:nctgc] in the neutral vector boson processes of $\gamma$ and production. The cross-section measured for the latter process is shown in Figure \[fig:sigzz\] and is well-described by Standard Model predictions. Measurements of quartic gauge couplings have also been made at LEP-2, and were discussed in detail in other contributions to this conference [@bib:qgchere]. Global Electroweak Tests ======================== Many of the individual results reported in preceding sections may be used together to provide a global test of consistency with the Standard Model. If consistency with the model is observed, it is justifiable to go on to deduce, in the framework of the Standard Model, the unknown remaining parameter, the mass of the Higgs boson, $\mh$. The LEP electroweak working group has, for a number of years, carried out such global tests via a combined fit to a large number of measurements sensitive to Standard Model parameters. These results are reported here for the data available at this conference. These global fits use the electroweak libraries ZFITTER version 6.36 [@bib:zfitter] and TOPAZ0 version 4.4 [@bib:topaz0] to provide the Standard Model predictions. Theoretical uncertainties are included following detailed studies of missing higher order electroweak corrections and their interplay with QCD corrections [@bib:precew]. The precise LEP, SLD and Tevatron electroweak data are included, as are $\sin^2\theta_W$ as measured in neutrino-nucleon (“$\nu$N”) scattering[^1] [@bib:nuN] and, new this year, atomic parity violation (“APV”) measurements in caesium [@bib:apv]. Before making the full fit, the precise electroweak data from LEP and SLD can be used together with $\alpha{(M_{\mathrm{Z}}^2)}$, the $\nu$N and APV results to predict the masses of the top quark, $\mtop$, and of the W, $\mw$. The result obtained is shown in Figure \[fig:mtopmw\] by the solid (red) contour. Also shown are the direct measurements (dotted/green contour) of $\mtop=174.3\pm5.1$ GeV from the Tevatron [@bib:mtop] and $\mw=80.451\pm0.033$ GeV obtained by combining LEP and results; and the expected relationship between $m_{\mathrm{W}}$ and $m_{\mathrm{top}}$ in the Standard Model for different $\mh$ (shaded/yellow). It can be seen that the precise input data predict values of $\mtop$ and $\mw$ consistent with those observed – in both cases within two standard deviations – demonstrating that the electroweak corrections can correctly predict the mass of heavy particles. For the W, the precision of the prediction via the Standard Model fit is similar to that of the direct measurement. For the top mass, the measurement is twice as precise as the prediction. It is observed in addition that both the precise input data and the direct $\mw$/$\mtop$ measurements favour a light Higgs boson rather than a heavy one. Going further, the full fit is made including also the $\mtop$ and $\mw$ measurements. The overall $\chi^2$ of the fit is 22.9 for 15 degrees of freedom, corresponding to an 8.6% probability. To provide an impression of the contributions to this $\chi^2$, the best-fit value of each input datum is compared with the actual measurement, and the pull calculated as the difference between observation and best-fit divided by the measurement error. The results are shown in Figure \[fig:pulls\]. The poorest description is of $\afbb$, which is a reflection of the same disagreement discussed earlier in Section \[sec:asy\]. The best fit value of the Higgs mass is $\mh=88_{-35}^{+53}$ GeV, where the error is asymmetric because the leading corrections depend on $\log\mh$. The variation above the minimum value of the $\chi^2$ as a function of the mass of the Higgs boson, $m_{\mathrm{H}}$, is shown in Figure \[fig:blueband\]. The darker shaded/blue band enclosing the $\chi^2$ curve provides an estimate of the theoretical uncertainty on the shape of the curve. This band is a little broader than previously estimated because of the inclusion of a new higher-order (fermionic two-loop) calculation of $\mw$ [@bib:weiglein]. This has little effect via $\mw$ but does have an impact via $\sintwl=\kappa_W(1-\mw^2/\mz^2)$. This latter effect is controversial, and may well overestimate the true theoretical uncertainty, but it is currently included as equivalent two-loop calculations for Z widths and the effective mixing angle are not available. The $\chi^2$ curve may be used to derive a constraint on the Standard Model Higgs boson mass, namely $m_{\mathrm{H}} < 196$ GeV at 95% C.L. Also shown in the Figure is the effect of using an alternative theory-driven estimate of the hadronic corrections to $\dahad(M_{\mathrm{Z}}^2)$ [@bib:martin] (dashed curve). The effect on the $\mh$ prediction is sizable compared to the theoretical uncertainty, for example. The 95% C.L. upper limit on $\mh$ moves to 222 GeV with this $\dahad$ estimate. A Forward Look, and Conclusions =============================== The eleven years of data-taking by the LEP experiments, plus the contributions of SLD, have established that Standard Model radiative corrections describe precision electroweak measurements. Data analysis is close to complete on the LEP-1 data, taken from 1989-1995. Work continues to finish LEP-2 analyses, and final results can be expected over the next couple of years. Improvements can still be expected in the W mass measurement, from better understanding of final-state interaction effects in particular, and in gauge-coupling measurements where the full data sample is not yet included. At the Tevatron, Run 2 data-taking has recently begun. Although luminosities are so far low, the expectation remains of accumulating 2 fb$^{-1}$ in the next couple of years, which should allow a W mass measurement with 30 MeV precision from each experiment [@bib:tevprospects], and a top mass measured to $\pm$3 GeV. Combining the former result with the final $\mw$ results from LEP-2 should provide a world average W mass measurement error close to 20 MeV. The effect such improvements could have, for example on the global fit $\Delta\chi^2$ as a function of $\mh$, are shown in Figure \[fig:forward\] (the central value of $\mh$ employed for the future is, of course, arbitrarily selected). Further substantial improvements in precision will have to wait for the LHC and a future linear collider. The LHC should improve the W and top mass precisions by a further factor two. The main improvement would, of course, come from a discovery of the Higgs boson, and a direct indication of whether it is the simplest Standard Model particle. In summary, precise tests of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model have been made by a wide range of experiments, from the g-2 measurement in muon decays to LEP and the Tevatron. Many of these tests have a high sensitivity to radiative corrections, and the radiative correction structure is now rather well-established. Two and three-loop calculations are essential in making sufficiently precise predictions for some processes, and more progress is still needed. A small number of measurements, for example the measurement of $\sintwl$ from the b forward-backward asymmetry at LEP, show two or three standard deviation differences from expectation which might point to possible cracks in the Standard Model description, but none are compelling at present. Further improvements in the quality of tests will arrive slowly over the next few years: in particular further elucidation of the electroweak symmetry-breaking mechanism will likely have to await an improved discovery reach for a Higgs boson. Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered} =============== The preparation of this talk was greatly eased by the work of the LEP electroweak working group, and cross-LEP working groups on the W mass, gauge coupling and fermion-pair measurements. In particular, I thank Martin Grünewald for his unstinting help, and Chris Hawkes for comments on this manuscript. I also benefitted from the assistance of P. Antilogus, E. Barberio, A. Bodek, D. Cavalli, G. Chiarelli, G. Cvetic, Y.S. Chung, M. Elsing, C. Gerber, F. Gianotti, R. Hawkings, G.S. Hi, J. Holt, F. Jegerlehner, M. Kuze, I. Logashenko, K. Long, W. Menges, K. Mönig, A. Moutoussi, C. Parkes, B. Pietrzyk, R. Tenchini, J. Timmermans, A. Valassi, W. Venus, H. Voss, P. Wells, F. Yndurain and Z.G. Zhao. [99]{} J.Z.Bai , BES Collaboration, ; J.C.Chen, these proceedings. See, for example, R.R.Akhmetshin , CMD-2 Collaboration, . H.Burkhardt and B.Pietrzyk, [preprint LAPP-EXP 2001-03](http://wwwlapp.in2p3.fr/preplapp/LAPP_EX2001_03.pdf), to appear in Physics Letters. A.D.Martin, J.Outhwaite and M.G.Ryskin, . H.N.Brown , Muon g-2 Collaboration, ; I.Logashenko, these proceedings. D.H.Brown and W.A.Worstell, . R.Alemany, M.Davier and A.Höcker, . M.Davier and A.Höcker, . M.Davier and A.Höcker, . S.Narison, . F.Jegerlehner, . J.F.de Troconiz and F.J.Yndurain, . G.Cvetic, T.Lee and I.Schmidt, . J.Bailey ., ;\ R.M.Carey , Muon g-2 Collaboration, ; H.N.Brown , Muon g-2 Collaboration, . R.Barate , ALEPH Collaboration, ;\ P.Abreu , DELPHI Collaboration, ;\ M.Acciarri , L3 Collaboration, ;\ G.Abbiendi , OPAL Collaboration, ;\ M.Paganoni, these proceedings. K.Abe , SLD Collaboration, ; K.Abe , SLD Collaboration, ; V.Serbo, these proceedings. ALEPH Collaboration, ALEPH 2001-026 CONF 2001-020;\ DELPHI Collaboration, DELPHI 2001-027 CONF 468;\ P.Hansen, these proceedings. D.Buskulic , ALEPH Collaboration, ; ALEPH Collaboration, ALEPH 96-097 CONF 98-037;\ P.Abreu , DELPHI Collaboration, ;\ M.Acciarri , L3 Collaboration, ;\ G.Abbiendi , OPAL Collaboration, ;\ M.Casado, these proceedings. See, for example, P.Hansen, these proceedings. D.Buskulic , ALEPH Collaboration, ;\ P.Abreu , DELPHI Collaboration, ;\ M.Acciarri , L3 Collaboration, ;\ P.D.Acton , OPAL Collaboration, . JHolt, these proceedings; LEPEWWG f$\overline{\mathrm{f}}$ subgroup, [note LEP2FF/01-02](http://lepewwg.web.cern.ch/LEPEWWG/lep2/summer2001/summer2001.ps). T.Affolder , CDF Collaboration, . C.Gerber, these proceedings. T.Affolder , CDF Collaboration, ;\ S.Abachi , D0 Collaboration, . T.Affolder , CDF Collaboration, . C.Adloff , H1 Collaboration, ; H1 Collaboration, paper EPS-2001-787 submitted to this conference;\ ZEUS Collaboration, papers EPS-2001-631 and EPS-2001-633 submitted to this conference. C.Adloff , H1 Collaboration, ; H1 Collaboration, paper EPS-2001-787 submitted to this conference;\ ZEUS Collaboration, papers EPS-2001-630 and EPS-2001-632 submitted to this conference. H1 Collaboration, paper EPS-2001-802 submitted to this conference. The LEP Collaborations and the LEP WW Working Group, [note LEPEWWG/XSEC/2001-03](http://lepewwg.web.cern.ch/LEPEWWG/lepww/4f/Summer01/4f_s01_main.ps.gz); R. Chierici, these proceedings. A.Denner, S.Dittmaier, M.Roth and D.Wackeroth, ; M.Roth, these proceedings. S.Jadach , . S. Eno , note CDF/ANAL/ELECTROWEAK/CDFR/5139, D0note 3693. ALEPH Collaboration, ALEPH 2001-020 CONF 2001-017;\ DELPHI Collaboration, DELPHI 2001-103 CONF 531;\ L3 Collaboration, L3 Note 2637;\ OPAL Collaboration, OPAL Physics Notes PN422 and PN480;\ H.Ruiz, these proceedings. The LEP Collaborations and the LEP W Working Group, [note LEPEWWG/MASS/2001-02](http://lepewwg.web.cern.ch/LEPEWWG/lepww/mw/Summer01/mw_main.ps.gz); H.Ruiz, these proceedings. L3 Collaboration, L3 Note 2683. D.Duchesneau, these proceedings. DELPHI Collaboration, DELPHI 2001-060 CONF 488. O.Pooth, these proceedings. S.V.Chekanov, E.A.de Wolf and W.Kittel, . See, for example, S.Jezequel, in [30th International Conference on High Energy Physics]{}, Ed. by C.Lim and T.Yamanaka. S.Jadach , . S.Villa, these proceedings. The LEP Collaborations and the LEP WW Working Group, [note LEPEWWG/XSEC/2001-03](http://lepewwg.web.cern.ch/LEPEWWG/lepww/4f/Summer01/4f_s01_main.ps.gz); H.Rick, these proceedings. S.Jadach, W.Placzek and B.F.L.Ward, ;\ G.Passarino, in . A.Oh, these proceedings. F.Piccinini, these proceedings; M.Biglietti, these proceedings. D.Y.Bardin . . G.Montagna , . [CERN Yellow Report 95-03](http://www-spires.dur.ac.uk/cgi-bin/spiface/find/hep/www?rawcmd=find+rn+cern-95-03), eds. D.Bardin, W.Hollik and G.Passarino; D.Bardin, M.Grünewald and G.Passarino, . K.McFarland , CCFR/NuTeV Collaboration, ; K.McFarland for the NuTeV Collaboration, . G.P.Zeller , . C.S.Wood , ;\ S.C.Bennett and C.E.Wieman, ;\ A.Derevianko, ;\ M.G.Kozlov, S.G.Porsev and I.I.Tupitsyn,. L.Demortier , The Top Averaging Group for the CDF and D0 Collaborations, preprint FERMILAB-TM-2084. A.Freitas, W.Hollik, W.Walter, G.Weiglein, . See, for example, G.Chiarelli, these proceedings. [^1]: A new $\nu$N scattering result was reported by the NuTeV Collaboration [@bib:newnutev] during the final stage of preparation of this contribution. The $\sin^2\theta_{\mathrm{W}}$ result obtained differs from the expected value by three standard deviations.	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
[Action of [3,14-L-selenocysteine, 8-D-tryptophan]-somatostatin on insulin and glucagon secretion of the isolated perfused pancrease of the Wistar rat]. By isolated perfused pancreas of Wistar rats the glucose (11 mmol/l) and arginine (10 mmol/l) stimulated insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) secretion was measured in order to investigate the inhibitory activities of somatostatin-14 (SS 14) and the somatostatin analogue [3,14-L-seleno-cysteine, 8-D-tryptophan]-somatostatin (SeSS). SS-14 or SeSS (152.8 nmol/l) inhibit the glucose stimulated IRI secretion by 75 and 65%, respectively. Only the second phase of the biphasic arginine stimulated insulin secretion pattern by 40%. SeSS has under these conditions no effect, whereas 58 nmol/l SS-14 or SeSS show a suppressing effect on the first (20 and 55%, respectively) and second phase (65 and 85%, respectively) of the insulin secretion. Using 5.8 nmol/l SS-14 or SeSS the arginine stimulated IRG secretion was inhibited only in the second phase of the biphasic glucagon secretion pattern by about 40%. 58 nmol/l SS-14 or SeSS show an inhibiting effect on the first and on the second phase of secretion, in both cases about 50%. It is concluded that in the SS-14 molecule the sulfur of cysteine in position 3 and 14 can be exchanged by selenium without modifying the biological activities measured in the glucose or arginine stimulated IRI and IRG secretion in vitro. The D-Trp8 in the SeSS analogue does not show the typical better inhibitory action of D-Trp8-SS-14 on insulin and glucagon secretion compared with SS-14. Possibly the selenium in the SeSS analogue abolishes this effect.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Once the roles were reversed. Four hundred years ago, as Christian Europe became engulfed in religious conflict, a stable, prosperous Muslim superpower looked on with interest. The emergence of Protestantism threatened the hegemony of the Ottoman Empire’s longtime Catholic rivals as well as the stability of Istanbul’s trading partners. The Ottomans teamed up with the Protestants, fighting Poland on behalf of rebellious Bohemia, and providing others with indirect covert support in wars against common enemies. Even in the 20th century Middle East , the secular Gamal Abdul Nasser sought to overthrow the Islamist Saudi monarchy in the 1960s and launched a war in north Yemen against Saudi-backed rivals. The point, among the six « lessons » drawn from a wide-angle view of history by John Owen in Confronting Political Islam, is that foreign interventions are inevitable at times of grand, transnational ideological upheaval. They are not simply the result of imperial ambitions but of rational self-interest. « When one or more countries is undergoing civil unrest that could produce a regime change, outside countries often have a strategic or material stake in the outcome, » he writes. Owen, a politics professor at the University of Virginia, applies lessons gleaned from the great western conflicts to what he describes as the decades-long conflict between secularism and Islamism in the greater Middle East. In an animated, ambitious and thoughtful book, he focuses on the unrest that engulfed early modern Europe with the rise of Protestantism, the century-long struggle between absolute monarchy and republicanism in western Europe and North America; and the often-bloody struggle between liberalism, communism and fascism that ravaged the 20th century. He describes the struggle between secularism and political Islam as similar in scale and stakes to those three epochal conflicts, with secularists holding the upper hand from the 1920s to the 1960s and Islamists gaining ground since. In dealing with the rise of political Islam, he cautions policy makers never to underestimate the longevity of what they may consider a « backward » ideology, noting the constant flare-ups of Europe’s sectarian wars and the broad appeal of communism and fascism even among intellectuals in the liberal west. Policy makers must step carefully before trying to co-opt Islamist moderates and isolate radicals. He cites US policy in cold war Europe, where Washington partnered with French socialists but wrote off Italy’s as hopelessly wedded to Moscow. In the west’s three grand ideological battles, he writes, twice there was no winner. Europe transcended its sectarian conflict by adopting a secular model, like that of Holland, over papist or protestant rule. Battles between republicanism and monarchy led to Britain’s hybrid model, neither absolute monarchy nor radical republic. In the battle between fascism and communism, liberalism eventually won out, with the US defeating Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. Why? Owen says the success or failure of bellwether states determines how an ideological conflict will turn out. American capitalism won out, for example, because it was economically and internationally successful. In the battle between Islamism and secularism Owen identifies Islamist Iran and secular Turkey as the bellwether states to watch. This is problematic. Though they have been heralded at times in the past decade, both countries are mistrusted by many Sunni Arabs, who make up the bulk of the Middle East. Owen’s book is stimulating and useful but it cannot account for the indecipherable tangle that emerges when ideological, national and local actors and interests become jumbled. In today’s Middle East hundreds of local forces are at play, from the Berber of north Africa to the Kurdish resurgence in the Levant; from al-Qaeda in the Maghreb to Hizbollah in Lebanon – not to mention tribal and regional conflicts within countries. It is a limitation Owen knows well. « There is no substitute, » he writes, « for the deep study of Muslims and Islam on their own terms – their theologies, cultures and histories. » « Confronting Political Islam: Six Lessons from the West’s Past » by John Owen, Princeton University Press (£19.95 $29.95)	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The Blackhawks and defenseman David Rundblad have parted ways, mutually agreeing to a termination of his contract. Rundblad’s agent, Claude Lemieux, said Rundblad wanted to “explore other opportunities.” Rundblad, acquired by the Hawks from Arizona (in exchange for a second-round pick) on March 4, 2014 and then re-signed to a two-year contract last summer, never managed to establish himself as an everyday player in the NHL. A smooth skater with a big shot, Rundblad was effective offensively and on the power play, but was a liability in his own end. A first-round pick of the Blues in 2009 — he was eventually traded for a pick that became Vladimir Tarasenko — Rundblad has spent most of his NHL career as a heathy scratch. He played in just 12 of 61 games for the Coyotes in 2013-14 before being traded to Chicago, where he played just five of 20 games, and none in the playoffs. He played 49 games in 2014-15, but just nine last season before being loaned to a Swiss team. He returned shortly before the playoffs and played four games in the Hawks’ seven-game loss to the St. Louis Blues, but never lived up to the potential general manager Stan Bowman saw in him. “David indicated to us that he wanted to kind of get a fresh start, so I think he’s looking to maybe pursue some other opportunities, whether it’s in the NHL or maybe in Europe,” Bowman said earlier this month. “He’s still a young guy. I think he wants to get back to playing a lot of hockey, and I know that was the reason he wanted to go over to Europe mid-season. We were willing to honor that request and we’re going to let him find a spot where he knows he’s going to be a regular player every day, a lot of minutes. I think he’s got a bright future.” With his contract terminated, Rundblad will carry no cap hit for the Hawks, who are pursuing 2016 Hobey Baker Award winner Jimmy Vesey, who will be an unrestricted free agent on Aug. 15. Had the Hawks buried Rundblad in the AHL, he would have counted $100,000 against the salary cap. Had the Hawks bought out his contract, he would have counted $133,333 against the cap this season, and $183,333 next season.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: AlertDialog.Builder How Can I Access the the 'PositiveButton'? I am using AlertDialog.Builder to create a dialog with a EditText and two buttons, 'OK' and 'Cancel'. I create the OK and Cancel buttons with AlertDialog.Builder.setPositiveButton() and .setNegativeButton() respectively. The purpose of the dialog is to request an I.P. address from the user. Initially I want to have the OK button disabled and attach to the EditText an OnKey listener so that when the user types the onKey listener is called and I can check the current EditText value with a regular expression for a valid IP address. Should a valid IP address be entered I'd then want to enable the OK button, but as I use the setPositiveButton() I have no idea what the id of the button is. Can I get the id of the OK button? A: You dont need the id of the button,all you need is to implement DialogInterface.onClickListener() In the onKeyListener() you add some test if the field is filled with correct input or not dialog.getButton(DialogInterface.BUTTON_POSITIVE).setEnabled(enabled); And for the click listener of the OK button. Remember that you need to set the button before you do .getButton() dialog.setPositiveButton("OK", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener(){ @Override public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) { //Do what you want when the user presses the Ok button }});	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
/************************************************************************** Copyright (C) 2016 The Qt Company Ltd. Contact: http://www.qt.io/licensing/ This file is part of the Qt Quick Controls 2 module of the Qt Toolkit. $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL3$ Commercial License Usage Licensees holding valid commercial Qt licenses may use this file in accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the Software or, alternatively, in accordance with the terms contained in a written agreement between you and The Qt Company. For licensing terms and conditions see http://www.qt.io/terms-conditions. For further information use the contact form at http://www.qt.io/contact-us. GNU Lesser General Public License Usage Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 as published by the Free Software Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPLv3 included in the packaging of this file. Please review the following information to ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 requirements will be met: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html. GNU General Public License Usage Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.0 or later as published by the Free Software Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.GPL included in the packaging of this file. Please review the following information to ensure the GNU General Public License version 2.0 requirements will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html. $QT_END_LICENSE$ ****************************************************************************/ import QtQuick 2.6 import QtQuick.Templates 2.0 as T import QtQuick.Controls.Universal 2.0 T.TabButton { id: control implicitWidth: Math.max(background ? background.implicitWidth : 0, contentItem.implicitWidth + leftPadding + rightPadding) implicitHeight: Math.max(background ? background.implicitHeight : 0, contentItem.implicitHeight + topPadding + bottomPadding) baselineOffset: contentItem.y + contentItem.baselineOffset padding: 12 // PivotItemMargin contentItem: Text { text: control.text font: control.font elide: Text.ElideRight horizontalAlignment: Text.AlignHCenter verticalAlignment: Text.AlignVCenter opacity: control.checked \|\| control.down ? 1.0 : 0.2 color: control.Universal.foreground } }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Sort by Search results Softest Merino Wool is a super soft, chunky and roving yarn composing of 100% extrafine merino wool. Its seven shades are varied and heritage inspired and its comfort will provide a perfect way to keep warm and cosy during cooler months. Fine Silk is a fine yarn with a silky sheen. Its composition of 40% silk, 30% wool and 30% viscose gives it a wonderfully soft touch and its colour palette comprises of seven intense shades inspired by jewels and gems.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Workers fight closure of Bronx Stella Doro plant The union that represents 136 workers at the Stella Doro Biscuit Co. has filed charges with the National Labor Relations Board in an attempt to stop the companys planned shutdown of a Bronx factory. In a second move, the union petitioned the NLRB to ask a federal judge to issue an injunction that would prevent private equity firm Brynwood Partners, which manages the investment fund that owns the company, from closing the factory. It also asked the city to intervene to keep the factory open, or to recover money in the form of tax abatements that the plant has received. The workers had been on strike since walking off their jobs last August. Late last month a judge ruled that the company had violated labor law and ordered the workers reinstated with back pay to May 6. The workers returned to their jobs last week, but on the same day, Stella Doro announced it was shutting the factory in three months because the union had failed to make any meaningful concessions that would stop the company from losing money. The union is also seeking to reopen negotiations over both the expired collective bargaining agreement and Stella Doro officials decision to close the plant and relocate production. The company cannot simply ignore the decision of a federal administrative law judge and it cannot punish the workers at Stella Doro for exercising their rights under law, said Joyce Alston, president of Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers Local 50. Calls to Stella Doro, Brynwood and their attorney, Mark Jacoby, were not returned. The company released a statement last week charging union leadership with failing to grasp that any business that cannot operate profitably must seek changes that will enable it to do so. Elbert Tellem, the assistant regional director of the NLRB, confirmed the unions filings, but would not otherwise comment. Labor lawyer Michael Weber, a senior partner at Littler Mendelson, said the workers attempt to link the closing to union activity was not surprising. They could argue it, but if the company can show legitimate business reasons for their actions, they have every right to go where they can operate profitably, he said. The former regional director of the NLRB, Dan Sullivan, said that because Stella Doro indicated that it was not going out of business completely and would continue to produce products after the shutdown, the union may have a case. They have to prove the reason for closing was union activity and not, as the employer says, economic motivation, he said. He said the union would likely point to the timing of the plant closing announcement, which occurred soon after the judges decision, and that the company would continue to stand by the position that it was losing money. A spokesman for Mayor Michael Bloomberg said the mayor appointed a mediator in April, but that the two sides were unable to resolve their differences. He said the tax abatements Stella Doro received are available to any business that builds or renovates a facility and that theyre not contingent on creating or maintaining jobs. Crain’s New York Business is the trusted voice of the New York business community—connecting businesses across the five boroughs by providing analysis and opinion on how to navigate New York’s complex business and political landscape.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
{ "_args": [ [ { "raw": "os-homedir@^1.0.0", "scope": null, "escapedName": "os-homedir", "name": "os-homedir", "rawSpec": "^1.0.0", "spec": ">=1.0.0 <2.0.0", "type": "range" }, "/Users/chengwei/kafka-doc-zh/doc/zh/node_modules/tildify" ] ], "_from": "os-homedir@>=1.0.0 <2.0.0", "_id": "os-homedir@1.0.2", "_inCache": true, "_location": "/os-homedir", "_nodeVersion": "6.6.0", "_npmOperationalInternal": { "host": "packages-16-east.internal.npmjs.com", "tmp": "tmp/os-homedir-1.0.2.tgz_1475211519628_0.7873868853785098" }, "_npmUser": { "name": "sindresorhus", "email": "sindresorhus@gmail.com" }, "_npmVersion": "3.10.3", "_phantomChildren": {}, "_requested": { "raw": "os-homedir@^1.0.0", "scope": null, "escapedName": "os-homedir", "name": "os-homedir", "rawSpec": "^1.0.0", "spec": ">=1.0.0 <2.0.0", "type": "range" }, "_requiredBy": [ "/tildify" ], "_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/os-homedir/-/os-homedir-1.0.2.tgz", "_shasum": "ffbc4988336e0e833de0c168c7ef152121aa7fb3", "_shrinkwrap": null, "_spec": "os-homedir@^1.0.0", "_where": "/Users/chengwei/kafka-doc-zh/doc/zh/node_modules/tildify", "author": { "name": "Sindre Sorhus", "email": "sindresorhus@gmail.com", "url": "sindresorhus.com" }, "bugs": { "url": "https://github.com/sindresorhus/os-homedir/issues" }, "dependencies": {}, "description": "Node.js 4 `os.homedir()` ponyfill", "devDependencies": { "ava": "*", "path-exists": "^2.0.0", "xo": "^0.16.0" }, "directories": {}, "dist": { "shasum": "ffbc4988336e0e833de0c168c7ef152121aa7fb3", "tarball": "https://registry.npmjs.org/os-homedir/-/os-homedir-1.0.2.tgz" }, "engines": { "node": ">=0.10.0" }, "files": [ "index.js" ], "gitHead": "b1b0ae70a5965fef7005ff6509a5dd1a78c95e36", "homepage": "https://github.com/sindresorhus/os-homedir#readme", "keywords": [ "builtin", "core", "ponyfill", "polyfill", "shim", "os", "homedir", "home", "dir", "directory", "folder", "user", "path" ], "license": "MIT", "maintainers": [ { "name": "sindresorhus", "email": "sindresorhus@gmail.com" } ], "name": "os-homedir", "optionalDependencies": {}, "readme": "ERROR: No README data found!", "repository": { "type": "git", "url": "git+https://github.com/sindresorhus/os-homedir.git" }, "scripts": { "test": "xo && ava" }, "version": "1.0.2" }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Portable r134a Refrigerant Air Conditioning Recovery Machine AC Service Station 1. Device description : This is a full automatic AC service station . It can service both cars and mini bus. It recovers around 90% refrigerant from the vehicles and do purify before store the gas to the tank . The purified gas can be recharge into the vehicle and save the cost for the car users . Database in the machine is very convenient for the technician to check the information and save much of their time. And the built-in printer is able to provide service evidence to the customer . 2. Functions: 1) Recovery : Recover R134a from the car , and purify it before store it in the machine 2) Vacuumizing : Vacuumize the car A/C system to avoid contamination 3) Charging : Charge fresh or purified gas into the car A/c system 4) New Database: the database can be updated by the users themselves by a SD card	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Explore the spooky side of air and space at Air & Scare, our annual Halloween event at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Va. Participate in creepy crafts, spooky science experiments, and other Halloween-themed activities. Arrive in costume to get into the Halloween spirit and enjoy safe indoor trick-or-treating. Note: For safety purposes, full-face masks are prohibited on visitors over 16 years of age. Air & Scare is one of our most popular annual events. Please be aware of high-volume attendance and allow for additional time for parking and security screening. To expedite the security process, we recommend you leave bags you do not need in your vehicle. We will have bags available for trick-or-treating. See our air and space themed pumpkin carving templates below > This program is made possible through the generous support of Mars Wrigley Confectionery US, LLC. Try Your Hand At Carving an Air and Space Themed Pumpkin	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
--- title: "Delete androidStoreApp" description: "Deletes a androidStoreApp." author: "dougeby" localization_priority: Normal ms.prod: "intune" doc_type: apiPageType --- # Delete androidStoreApp Namespace: microsoft.graph > Important: Microsoft Graph APIs under the /beta version are subject to change; production use is not supported. > Note: The Microsoft Graph API for Intune requires an [active Intune license](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=839381) for the tenant. Deletes a [androidStoreApp](../resources/intune-apps-androidstoreapp.md). ## Prerequisites One of the following permissions is required to call this API. To learn more, including how to choose permissions, see [Permissions](/graph/permissions-reference). \|Permission type\|Permissions (from most to least privileged)\| \|:---\|:---\| \|Delegated (work or school account)\|DeviceManagementApps.ReadWrite.All\| \|Delegated (personal Microsoft account)\|Not supported.\| \|Application\|DeviceManagementApps.ReadWrite.All\| ## HTTP Request <!-- { "blockType": "ignored" } --> ``` http DELETE /deviceAppManagement/mobileApps/{mobileAppId} DELETE /deviceAppManagement/mobileApps/{mobileAppId}/userStatuses/{userAppInstallStatusId}/app DELETE /deviceAppManagement/mobileApps/{mobileAppId}/deviceStatuses/{mobileAppInstallStatusId}/app ``` ## Request headers \|Header\|Value\| \|:---\|:---\| \|Authorization\|Bearer <token> Required.\| \|Accept\|application/json\| ## Request body Do not supply a request body for this method. ## Response If successful, this method returns a `204 No Content` response code. ## Example ### Request Here is an example of the request. ``` http DELETE https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/deviceAppManagement/mobileApps/{mobileAppId} ``` ### Response Here is an example of the response. Note: The response object shown here may be truncated for brevity. All of the properties will be returned from an actual call. ``` http HTTP/1.1 204 No Content ```	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Q: Error while compiling static Qt 5.10.0 with PostgreSQL I'm trying to compile Qt 5.10.0 with PostgreSQL 10 (or 9.2, but same error) using mingw on Windows 7. However when I include the psql include and lib dirs I always get the following Error after mingw32-make: g++ -c -fno-keep-inline-dllexport -O2 -std=c++1z -fno-exceptions -Wextra -Wall - W -Wvla -Wdate-time -DUNICODE -D_UNICODE -DWINVER=0x0601 -D_WIN32_WINNT=0x0601 - DQT_MOC -DQT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII -DQT_NO_CAST_FROM_BYTEARRAY -DQT_NO_COMPRESS -DQ T_NO_FOREACH -DQT_NO_NARROWING_CONVERSIONS_IN_CONNECT -DQT_USE_QSTRINGBUILDER -D QT_NO_EXCEPTIONS -DQT_NO_DEBUG -DQT_BOOTSTRAP_LIB -DQT_VERSION_STR="\"5.10.0\"" -DQT_VERSION_MAJOR=5 -DQT_VERSION_MINOR=10 -DQT_VERSION_PATCH=0 -DQT_BOOTSTRAPPE D -DQT_NO_CAST_TO_ASCII -I. -I. -I..\..\..\include -I..\..\..\include\QtCore -I. .\..\..\include\QtCore\5.10.0 -I..\..\..\include\QtCore\5.10.0\QtCore -I..\..\.. \include\QtXml -I..\..\..\include\QtXml\5.10.0 -I..\..\..\include\QtXml\5.10.0\Q tXml -IC:\POSTGRESQL\10\include -I..\..\..\mkspecs\win32-g++ -o .obj\release\m oc.o moc.cpp In file included from symbols.h:33:0, from parser.h:32, from moc.h:32, from moc.cpp:30: token.h:65:7: error: expected identifier before 'void' F(THIS) \ ^ token.h:216:33: note: in definition of macro 'CREATE_ENUM_VALUE' #define CREATE_ENUM_VALUE(Name) Name, ^ ... token.h:263:1: error: expected declaration before '}' token }; ^ Makefile.Release:314: recipe for target '.obj/release/moc.o' failed I googled and found a thread on the qt forums where someone had the same Error, but no solution: https://forum.qt.io/topic/66218/trubble-with-static-qt5-6-0-with-qt-sql-psql-compiling-from-source My configure command looks like this: configure -prefix C:\Qt\Static\5.10.0 -static -release -nomake tests -nomake examples -confirm-license -I"C:\POSTGRESQL\10\include" -L"C:\POSTGRESQL\10\lib" -opensource -qt-zlib -qt-libpng -qt-libjpeg -sql-psql -opengl desktop the compilation works just fine if I remove -I"C:\POSTGRESQL\10\include" -L"C:\POSTGRESQL\10\lib" but without psql obviously. Any ideas on how to resolve this issue would be highly appreciated, thanks. A: It seems like you haven't built Qt recently (post 5.8) - the -I and -L configuration syntax is no longer supported. For me postgres just works, all I need is the -sql-psql configuration flag and the library in my system path. If that alone doesn't work, you could specify the paths via the addition of the following configuration flags: PSQL_INCDIR=C:\POSTGRESQL\10\include PSQL_LIBDIR=C:\POSTGRESQL\10\lib	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Amselia leucozonellus Amselia leucozonellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Walsingham and Hampson in 1896. It is found in Yemen. References Category:Crambinae Category:Moths described in 1896 Category:Moths of Asia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Genovefa The Merovingian name Genovefa is rendered in French as Geneviève. Saint Genovefa, patroness of Paris, see Genevieve. Genovefa of Brabant, of medieval legend. Genovefa Weber (1764-1798), German opera singer	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
at is the common denominator of -67/458 and 1 - (-20 + (-28)/7)? 458 Suppose -s = -2n + 35 - 255, -2s + 447 = 3n. What is the least common multiple of 14 and s? 1554 Suppose o + 5g = -0g + 22, 5o = -2g + 18. Suppose 0 = -0i - i + o. Find the common denominator of 31/10 and i/(-9) + 3028/(-144). 20 Calculate the common denominator of 19/35 and (-220)/(-50)6/4. 35 Suppose 19k = 18k + 42. Calculate the lowest common multiple of k and 14. 42 Let l(y) = -256y*2 - 6. Let c be l(-4). Let v = c + 57539/14. What is the common denominator of v and -25/7? 14 What is the lowest common multiple of 75/4 + 69/(-92) and 118? 1062 What is the common denominator of -65/34 and 1/9-1 - 4760/306? 102 Find the common denominator of -1(-5)/(-5)35/22 and -79/76. 836 Suppose -23j + 1302 = 198. What is the common denominator of 9/14 and j? 14 Find the common denominator of 49/80 and (-1)/28 + 22/(-77). 560 Let o be 5/(-2)28/(-5). Let p = 19 + o. Calculate the least common multiple of 10 and ((-18)/(-10))/(p/220). 60 Let o be (9/(-2))/(6/(-36)). Suppose o = 4h - 9. Calculate the smallest common multiple of h and 2. 18 Let u(t) = -t - 7. Let s be u(-10). Suppose 2b + 2m - 210 = -3b, -25 = -b + sm. What is the least common multiple of 32 and b? 160 Let x(g) = -2g*2 + 15g - 10. Let a be x(6). Suppose 5o - 22 = a. Calculate the smallest common multiple of 17 and o. 102 Let h(p) = -4p - 7. Let d be h(-2). Calculate the least common multiple of d + (-4)/(-5) + 17/85 and 5. 10 What is the common denominator of 11/2 + (-7)/((-392)/16) and -51/2? 14 Let f be (56/4-1)/(-2). What is the lowest common multiple of 2 and 36(7/3)/f? 12 Let r = 5939/1432 - 4/179. What is the common denominator of (-111)/33/30 and r? 40 Suppose -2c - 4 + 12 = 0. What is the common denominator of (0 - 40/(-9)) + (-15)/90 and (-1)/c - (-251)/(-12)? 18 Calculate the common denominator of -145/12 and -14 + 8 + (-17)/(-18). 36 What is the common denominator of (-192)/(-80)((-9)/7 + 2) and (66/(-10) - -1)/((-10)/25)? 7 Let u be (3/423)/(2/18159194). Let x = 64394 - u. Let a = 4993/5358 - x. Calculate the common denominator of 109/6 and a. 114 Let i = 66 - 51. Suppose -m = u - i, 0u + m + 5 = u. Calculate the lowest common multiple of u and 10. 10 Let b(c) = 13c2 + 2c - 1. Let d = -31 + 32. What is the smallest common multiple of b(d) and 27/62/3? 42 Let t = -100 - -256. What is the least common multiple of t and 4? 156 Let c be (-3)/(-2)14/1. Let k = c + -12. Suppose -4m + 12 = 4j, -2m = j + 2j - 7. What is the least common multiple of k and j? 9 Suppose -7m - 40 = -11m. Find the common denominator of (21/m - 2)-21 and ((-5)/3)/(8/(-33)). 40 Suppose -5s = -7s + 12. Let n(o) = o2 - 7o + 12. What is the lowest common multiple of n(s) and 2? 6 Let a = 784321/1182930 - 60/5633. What is the common denominator of 121/60 and a? 420 Let i(a) = -5a2 - 69a + 16. Calculate the least common multiple of 14 and i(-14). 14 Suppose -5y + 1800 = 10y. What is the least common multiple of 30 and y? 120 Suppose 12i + 5 = 11i. Calculate the smallest common multiple of 233i/(-35) + (-2)/7 and 3. 33 Let l = 7713 - 424229/55. Find the common denominator of l and -40/11. 55 Suppose 10p = 1378 + 422. What is the smallest common multiple of 14 and p? 1260 Let v(o) be the third derivative of -7o4/6 - 3o*2. Let b be v(-1). Suppose -b = 5c - 118. Calculate the least common multiple of c and 28. 252 Find the common denominator of -83/162 and (-12 - (-495)/44)/((-18)/(-76)). 162 Calculate the common denominator of (-1 - 8) + 8442/900 and 89/60. 300 Let p = 73 + -174. What is the common denominator of 18/5 and 2 + (p/(-10) - 3)? 10 Let a = 497899/6 - 83180. Let u = a - -9487/48. Find the common denominator of 3/6 - (-87)/(-4) and u. 16 Suppose 0 = 5l - 5i - 885, 4l + 2i - 315 = 387. Suppose c - 9c + l = 0. Let h(o) = o + 9. Calculate the least common multiple of c and h(-6). 66 Suppose 5w - w - 16 = 0. Suppose -2m - k - 4 = 2, k + 10 = -4m. What is the lowest common multiple of (m/5)/(w/(-80)) and 3? 24 Let m = -88/263 + 25873/8942. Let q = 1746 + -15785/9. What is the common denominator of m and q? 306 Let t(j) be the third derivative of -j4/8 - j3/3 - 3j2. Let b be t(-2). Suppose 22 = -bs + 86. What is the lowest common multiple of 2 and s? 16 Let c = -2260 - -2284. What is the least common multiple of c and 33 - 2 - (-1)/1? 96 Let b = -13 + 21. Suppose -5o + b = -o. What is the common denominator of 119/12 and 314/40 + (0 - o)? 60 Suppose -3j + 54 = -0j. Let l(z) = 13z*2 + 1. Let g(u) = 2u + 27. Let x be g(-14). What is the least common multiple of l(x) and j? 126 Let a = 71150357729 + -117398095202603/1650. Let s = a + -362/275. Let q = -2993 - s. What is the common denominator of q and -74/3? 6 Suppose 4b - 4 + 12 = 0. Let y be 135/10 - (-3)/b. Suppose y = -5f + 52. What is the lowest common multiple of 5 and f? 40 Let y = 30 + -32. Calculate the lowest common multiple of y + 25/2 + (-7)/(-14) and 1. 11 Suppose 5r = 5j + 150, -2r = -j - 86 + 28. What is the lowest common multiple of 36 and r? 252 Suppose -5y + 5m - 4m = 18560, 5m + 18590 = -5y. Let a = -37051/10 - y. Find the common denominator of a and -4 + 2 + 21/98. 70 Let y be 8/36 + 1407428/288 + -2. Let f = -4897 + y. Find the common denominator of -87/22 and f. 88 Let p = -2498 - -2514. Calculate the smallest common multiple of 6 and p. 48 Let o be 30/(-42) + (-2)/7. Let s(j) = -2j2 + 14j - 20. What is the smallest common multiple of s(3) and (-1)/(o/2) + 16? 36 Suppose 113s - 1974 - 3676 = 0. What is the least common multiple of 305 and s? 3050 Suppose a - 9451 = 5x, x - a + 1891 = -0a. Find the common denominator of 73/14 and 5595/x + (-3)/7. 126 Let l = -17 - -21. Let m(u) = 8u - u*3 + 6 + 5u*2 + 5u*3 - 3u*3 + lu*2. What is the lowest common multiple of m(-8) and 16? 48 Let r be (5 + -4)-1(1 - -13). What is the smallest common multiple of 22 and 48/28 - (-2)/r-2? 22 Let k be 4/(-5)12940/(-8). Let h = 1/9382 + -379981/93820. What is the common denominator of k/208 - 38/(-247) and h? 40 What is the common denominator of (-1070)/(-132)246/820 and 6/9 - 151/(-12)? 44 Calculate the common denominator of (-661)/(-180) + (-4)/18 and (-4 - -1)(-238)/(-252). 60 Suppose 0y - 3y = -3. Suppose 0 = 2j - g - 42, 3g + 34 = 2j - 4. What is the smallest common multiple of j and y/2 - 44/(-8)? 66 Let q = 10199/1110 + -4/185. Find the common denominator of (-20 - -35)/(45/(-35)) and q. 6 Let u(l) = -2l - 6. Let v be u(-5). Suppose 6a + 7 - 7 = 0. Suppose ax = -vx + 4. What is the lowest common multiple of x and 3? 3 Let t = 326 + -324. Suppose -x + 2u = -12, 2x - 4x = -2u - 22. Suppose x + 12 = i. Calculate the least common multiple of t and i. 22 Let w = 5949 - 588902/99. Find the common denominator of 52/9 and w. 99 Let y = -8 - -12. Let j be (1/(-77))/(y/(-1948)). Let k = j + -90/11. What is the common denominator of k and 31/8? 56 Suppose 5x = 4c + 1 + 13, x - 2c + 2 = 0. Calculate the smallest common multiple of 96 and x. 96 Suppose 13h = 146 + 49. Calculate the lowest common multiple of 87 and h. 435 Suppose z - 18 = -0z. Let j be ((-9)/12)/(3/84). Calculate the lowest common multiple of (-77)/j - (-1)/3 and z. 36 Let h = 66 - 58. Calculate the common denominator of (1476/162)/(h/(-3)) and 89/18. 36 Let w = 34 - 84. Let k = w + 52. Calculate the smallest common multiple of k and 17. 34 Let d be -14/(-8)2. Let k = 17 - d. Calculate the common denominator of -51/40 and (-4)/k - (-708)/(-16). 40 Suppose 0 = -3c + 2c - l + 115, -4c + 5l = -424. What is the smallest common multiple of c and 7? 777 Suppose -3 = 3v + 2b - 5, 0 = b - 1. Suppose o + 0o + 11 = v. Let n = 3 - o. What is the least common multiple of 20 and n? 140 Let j be (36/54702)/((-10)/(-3)). Let n = 238041/70910 + j. What is the common denominator of n and 5/4? 28 Let r(l) = l*3 - 8l*2 + 26l + 20. Calculate the lowest common multiple of 22 and r(6). 1144 Suppose -15z = -17z - 104. Let b = z - -54. Let i = 87 + -61. Calculate the lowest common multiple of i and b. 26 Suppose 2z - 30 = 2w, 2z = 5z - 2*w - 40. Calculate the lowest common multiple of 5 and z. 10 Let a be	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
// +build integration package integration import ( "fmt" "os" "testing" "github.com/apex/log" "github.com/apex/log/handlers/cli" "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws" "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert" "github.com/versent/unicreds" ) func init() { log.SetHandler(cli.Default) log.SetLevel(log.DebugLevel) } func TestIntegrationGetSecret(t testing.T) { var err error region := os.Getenv("AWS_REGION") if region == "" { region = "us-west-2" } alias := os.Getenv("UNICREDS_KEY_ALIAS") if alias == "" { alias = "alias/unicreds" } tableName := os.Getenv("UNICREDS_TABLE_NAME") if tableName == "" { tableName = "credential-store" } unicreds.SetAwsConfig(aws.String(region), nil) encContext := unicreds.NewEncryptionContextValue() (encContext)["test"] = aws.String("123") for i := 0; i < 15; i++ { err = unicreds.PutSecret(aws.String(tableName), alias, "Integration1", fmt.Sprintf("secret%d", i), unicreds.PaddedInt(i), encContext) if err != nil { log.Errorf("put err: %v", err) } assert.Nil(t, err) } cred, err := unicreds.GetHighestVersionSecret(aws.String(tableName), "Integration1", encContext) assert.Nil(t, err) assert.Equal(t, cred.Name, "Integration1") assert.Equal(t, cred.Secret, "secret14") assert.NotZero(t, cred.CreatedAt) assert.NotZero(t, cred.Version) for i := 0; i < 15; i++ { cred, err := unicreds.GetSecret(aws.String(tableName), "Integration1", unicreds.PaddedInt(i), encContext) assert.Nil(t, err) assert.Equal(t, cred.Name, "Integration1") assert.Equal(t, cred.Secret, fmt.Sprintf("secret%d", i)) assert.NotZero(t, cred.CreatedAt) assert.Equal(t, cred.Version, unicreds.PaddedInt(i)) } creds, err := unicreds.GetAllSecrets(aws.String(tableName), true) assert.Nil(t, err) assert.Len(t, creds, 15) // change the context and ensure this triggers an error (*encContext)["test"] = aws.String("345") cred, err = unicreds.GetHighestVersionSecret(aws.String(tableName), "Integration1", encContext) assert.Error(t, err) assert.Nil(t, cred) err = unicreds.DeleteSecret(aws.String(tableName), "Integration1") assert.Nil(t, err) }	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Trailer Review Great movie, highly recommended 10/10 It's a great movie, very touching. The background is Nanking Massacre, at that cruel and desperate history moment, the director finds a special perspective to show us goodness, hope, sacrifice and humanity. Although I've seen so many war movies before, this one is different. I could not help crying through the whole movie, even I told myself "This is just another war movie, you should control your tears" But the movie has nothing to do with intendedly giving audience slushy emotional scenes. Even at some dark and sad moments, there is no background music. All the actors and actresses give a stellar performance. Good story, good acting, beautiful scene. My teacher once said "Audience never cry for tragedy，but they will cry for good things." Anyway, it's a powerful movie, highly recommended. PS: All the victims in Nanking Massacre deserve a serious apology from Japanese. 3 years ago a movie definitely worth seeing 10/10 Honestly,I am not the kind of people easily being touched so deeply as to cry, and I didn't cry much during the movie indeed. I just walked out the movie theater,took a bus,got off the bus,bought a piece of bread, walked home while eating the bread,then all of sudden burst into tears. Till now I still haven't walked out of it. There is so much to say, yet you don't know what to say nor how to say it. My only advice: you walk into the movie theater, forget whatever people said on the Internet, and just watch it with your own heart. It is a great movie. 3 years ago Don't miss. This deserves your attention. 9/10 Zhang Yimou has crafted a beautifully shot and compelling story set inside horrific events. About all I knew of this movie was it was set in 1937 China and starred Christian Bale. Not knowing much allowed me to be completely open to the journey of the characters. This is an emotionally powerful story about people caught in circumstances for which there seems no hope of survival. The Japanese soldiers are shown as barbaric, but we do meet an officer who attempts to remain honorable though he must do his duty to his superiors. The violence in the movie is brutal, but not graphic or gratuitous. The choices and sacrifices made by the characters never seemed contrived. The arc of Christian Bale's character may seem 'predictable', but it is never false or 'convenient' to the story. All actors are excellent. Because they're foreign to me I had no idea who they are or their other work. At the screening I attended we were introduced to Ni Ni, who said this was her first film. She is both beautiful and compelling. I wish her a long career. Yimou, through his daughter, told us about his journey to make this movie - based on a novel, based on real events. He has told an amazing story that will stay with me for a long time. 3 years ago Good Movie is Like a Mirror 10/10 I watched the movie in Beijing, twice. The second time I liked it more. This has to be one of the best Chinese films yet, if not the best. Some scenes are pretty brutal, but really worth watching, to say the least. The director Zhang YiMou told a powerful, touching and beautiful story, while delivering stunning visual effects as always. All actors from different countries did an amazing job in making so many strong characters in 3 languages, not just the American 'priest', but also those prostitutes, the boy George, all the children, Japanese officers, and the Chinese 'traitor'. Good movie is like a mirror, some people might get upset watching it, while others see love for others, respect for life, and the human spirit of fighting for peace out of tragedy. Each audience's reaction more or less reflects his/her personal value. The storytelling is objective so you can judge for yourself. In front of a masterpiece like this, people who ranked it very low deliberately because of stereotypes against China or whatever twisted reason (I KNOW YOU EXSIT ON THIS SITE), you need to sit down and think what's wrong with yourself, no matter how open-minded you claim you are. Some say it is a propaganda production. I have to disagree here. Almost everything in this movie is based on real history, including how Japanese tortured Chinese war victims, how prostitutes stood up to protect other women during the Rape of NanJing, as well as how some westerners resided in China at the time helped local Chinese. Anyone who can pick up a few books or do a bit of research on internet knows it. English is not my mother language so I can't write an review with big words like those professional critics do. However, this is the first time I feel so moved by a movie that I'd write an English review online to recommend it to viewers outside of China. Simply too good to miss. If any Chinese simply walked out of the cinema cursing Japanese, I'd say the movie failed big time. However, both times I saw people left quietly, some still sobbing, and heard them saying how lucky they are to be born in this era and how precious peace is. For that reason, I applaud this film. It is what it is. Horrible things happened in history. Hate and anger won't do any good today. Make peace with yourself and move on. Just like what George said in the movie, life is precious, it is not ours to throw away. 3 years ago Where does the comedy stop and the drama begin? 9/10 Watched this movie last night in a packed Beijing cinema on its opening night. First off, I would like to say that Christian Bale traces perfectly the path of enlightenment that follows Wild-West style bandit obsessed with money becoming priest and father-figure in all but religious training. The film is in roughly 50% English, 35% Chinese and 15% Japanese, so there is a real assimilation of different languages and cultures coming together. However, this unfortunately leads to some moments which seem disconcertingly humorous. For example, there is one point where a Japanese general confesses to priest-figure Bale that he likes music; the triviality of such statement in the midst of mass-murder seems absurd enough, but it is also delivered in a dead-pan way with broken English. I could not help but burst out laughing, even though none of the Chinese in the cinema saw any form of humour in it. Indeed, I think that as a Westerner watching this film, my emotional response is not as visceral as it would be to a Chinese person. That is only natural, but it leads to a completely different interpretation of the movie. Some of the murder scenes are brutally horrific to a Chinese person, so much so that the wonderful filmography which permeates throughout the movie may not be fully appreciated. The hues are brown and green, earthy, rugged and militaristic for the most part. Yet there are occasionally beautiful trims of colour, the church's stained-glass window, the clothes on the washing line left out to dry. A sign, no doubt, of the beauty of humanity in the midst of dreadful war. It has been suggested this movie is propaganda. I don't know if I entirely agree with that. There is no positive way to spin what was a shameful event in Japan's history, and for what it's worth I think that Zhang Yimou delineates well the soldiers occasional insecurity, homesickness, and humanisation brought on by paranoia and pressure from above. A movie well-worth watching, and which I would like to watch for a second time to re- establish which moment are intentionally humorous, which moments are unintentionally humorous, and which moments are tragic. Kudos for Zhang Yimou for tackling such a visited topic (That of the Nanjing massacre) which a freshness, and even more kudos to Christian Bale for stepping up to the plate and giving in a great performance.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The Departed The Departed is a 2006 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by William Monahan. It is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs. The Departed stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, and Mark Wahlberg, with Martin Sheen, Ray Winstone, Vera Farmiga, and Alec Baldwin in supporting roles. The film takes place in Boston. Irish Mob boss Francis "Frank" Costello (Nicholson) plants Colin Sullivan (Damon) as a mole within the Massachusetts State Police; simultaneously, the police assign undercover state trooper William "Billy" Costigan (DiCaprio) to infiltrate Costello's crew. When both sides realize the situation, Sullivan and Costigan each attempt to discover the other's identity before they are found out. The character Colin Sullivan is loosely based on the corrupt FBI agent John Connolly, while the character Frank Costello is based on gangster Whitey Bulger. The Departed was a critical and commercial success, and won several awards, including four Oscars at the 79th Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Editing; Mark Wahlberg was also nominated for Best Supporting Actor. Plot In 1970s South Boston, young Colin Sullivan is introduced to crime by Irish-American mob boss Frank Costello. By 2006, Costello has groomed him as a mole inside the Massachusetts State Police (MSP). Sullivan is accepted into its Special Investigations Unit, which targets organized crime. Before graduating from the MSP's academy, William "Billy" Costigan Jr. is recruited by Captain Queenan and Staff Sergeant Dignam to go undercover, as his family's ties to organized crime make him a perfect infiltrator. His cover story is that he is an MSP academy dropout who served time in prison on a (fake) assault charge; he subsequently joins Costello's crew. Sullivan begins a romance with police psychiatrist Madolyn Madden. Costigan also sees her as a condition of his probation, and they begin a relationship as well. After Costello escapes a sting operation, each mole becomes aware of the other's existence. Sullivan is promoted to the State Police's Internal Investigations unit and tasked with finding the rat. Costigan follows Costello into a porn theater, where Costello gives Sullivan an envelope containing personal information on his crew members. Costigan chases Sullivan through Chinatown, but neither man sees the other's face. Sullivan later has Queenan tailed to a meeting with Costigan on the roof of an empty building. Costello's men arrive, and Queenan makes Costigan leave to preserve his cover before confronting them alone. They drop Queenan to his death before engaging in a brief shootout with police. Crew member Delahunt subsequently dies from a gunshot wound, after telling Costigan he knew he was the informant. Television news states that Delahunt had been an undercover cop, but Costello recognizes this as a ploy to protect the real informant. With Queenan dead, a furious Dignam is ordered to take a leave of absence after a fight with Sullivan, but he resigns instead. Using Queenan's phone, Sullivan reaches Costigan, who refuses to abort his mission. Sullivan learns from Queenan's diary that Costello is a protected FBI informant, causing him to worry about his own identity being revealed (meanwhile, Costigan also learns Costello is an FBI informant from a bank robber he is sent to brutalise). With Costigan's help, Costello is traced to a cocaine drop-off, where a gunfight erupts between the crew and the police. Most of the crew are killed. Costello, confronted by Sullivan, admits he is an FBI informant, and Sullivan kills him. With the operation wrapped up, Costigan goes to Sullivan to restore his true identity, but he notices the envelope from Costello on Sullivan's desk, realizes he's Costello's mole and flees. Recognizing Costigan's revelation, Sullivan erases his records from the police computer system. Costigan forwards Madolyn recordings, which Costello willed to him of confidential conversations incriminating Sullivan as a mole, prompting her to abandon Sullivan. Costigan arranges to meet Sullivan at the building where Queenan died, where he holds him at gunpoint. Trooper Brown, a friend of Costigan's from the academy, also arrives at his behest, but he has not brought Dignam as requested and instead treats him with suspicion. Trooper Barrigan from Special Investigations arrives and kills both Costigan and Brown, revealing that he was a second mole for Costello. Sullivan then kills Barrigan and frames him as the only mole. At Costigan's funeral, Sullivan notices that Madolyn is tearful. She ignores him when he attempts to speak to her. Later, Sullivan arrives home to his apartment and is confronted by Dignam, who kills him. As he leaves, a rat traces across the balcony. Cast Leonardo DiCaprio as William "Billy" Costigan Matt Damon as Colin Sullivan Conor Donovan as young Colin Jack Nicholson as Francis "Frank" Costello Mark Wahlberg as Sgt. Sean Dignam Martin Sheen as Capt. Oliver Queenan Ray Winstone as Arnold French Vera Farmiga as Dr. Madolyn Madden Alec Baldwin as Capt. George Ellerby Anthony Anderson as Trooper Brown Kevin Corrigan as Sean Costigan James Badge Dale as Trooper Barrigan David O'Hara as Patrick "Fitzy" Fitzgibbons Mark Rolston as Timothy Delahunt Robert Wahlberg as FBI Special Agent Frank Lazio Kristen Dalton as Gwen Amanda Lynch as Carmen Shay Duffin as Phil Richard Hughes as Uncle Ed Costigan Production In January 2003, Warner Bros., producer Brad Grey, and actor/producer Brad Pitt bought the rights to remake the Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs (2002) from Media Asia for $1.75 million. William Monahan was secured as screenwriter, and later Martin Scorsese, who admired Monahan's script, came on board as director. In March 2004, United Press International announced that Scorsese would be remaking Infernal Affairs and setting it in Boston, and Leonardo DiCaprio and Brad Pitt were slated to star. Pitt, tentatively scheduled to play Sullivan, later declined to play the role, saying a younger actor should play the part; he decided to produce the film instead. Scorsese's associate Kenneth Lonergan suggested Matt Damon, who grew up in Boston, for the part of Sullivan, and Scorsese asked Jack Nicholson to play Costello. Nicholson wanted the film to have "something a little more" than the usual gangster film, and screenwriter Monahan came up with the idea of basing the Costello character on Irish-American gangster Whitey Bulger. This gave the screenplay an element of realism – and an element of dangerous uncertainty, because of the wide-ranging carte blanche the FBI gave Bulger in exchange for revealing information about fellow gangsters. A technical consultant on the film was Tom Duffy, who had served three decades on the Boston Police Department, particularly as an undercover detective investigating the Irish mob. The Departed was officially greenlit by Warners in early 2005 and began shooting in the spring of 2005. Although some of the film was shot on location in Boston, for budgetary and logistical reasons many scenes, interiors in particular, were shot in locations and sets in New York City, which had tax incentives for filmmakers that Boston at the time did not. Themes and motifs Film critic Stanley Kauffmann said that for The Departed, Scorsese "was apparently concerned with the idea of identity, one of the ancient themes of drama, and how it affects one’s actions, emotions, self-knowledge, even dreams." Kaufmann however did not find the theme conveyed with particular effectiveness in the film. The father-son relationship is a motif throughout the film. Costello acts as a father figure to both Sullivan and Costigan, while Queenan acts as Costello's foil in the role of father figure. Sullivan addresses Costello as "Dad" whenever he calls to inform him of police activities. In the final scene, a rat is seen on Sullivan's window ledge. Scorsese acknowledges that while it is not meant to be taken literally, it somewhat symbolizes the "quest for the rat" in the film and the strong sense of distrust among the characters, much like post-9/11 U.S. The window view behind the rat is a nod to gangster films like Little Caesar (1931), Scarface (1932), and White Heat (1949). Throughout the film, Scorsese uses an "X" motif to foreshadow death in a manner similar to Howard Hawks' classic film Scarface (1932). Examples include (but are not limited to) shots of cross-beam supports in an airport walkway when Costigan is phoning Sgt. Dignam, the taped windows of the building Queenan enters before being thrown to his death, behind Costigan's head in the elevator before he is shot, and the carpeted hallway floor when Sullivan returns to his apartment before being shot by Dignam at the film's end . Reception Box office The Departed grossed $132.4 million in the United States and Canada and $159 million in other territories for a total gross of $291.5 million, against a production budget of $90 million. The film grossed $26.9 million in its opening weekend, becoming the third Scorsese film to debut at number one. In the following three weeks the film grossed $19 million, $13.5 million and $9.8 million, finishing second at the box office each time, before grossing $7.7 million and dropping to 5th in its fifth week. Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 91% approval rating based on 277 reviews, with an average rating of 8.24/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Featuring outstanding work from an excellent cast, The Departed is a thoroughly engrossing gangster drama with the gritty authenticity and soupy morality we come to expect from Martin Scorsese." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 85 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade "best of" list, saying: "If they're lucky, directors make one classic film in their career. Martin Scorsese has one per decade (Taxi Driver in the '70s, Raging Bull in the '80s, Goodfellas in the '90s). His 2006 Irish Mafia masterpiece kept the streak alive." Online critic James Berardinelli awarded the film four stars out of four, praising it as "an American epic tragedy." He went on to claim that the film deserves to be ranked alongside Scorsese's past successes, including Taxi Driver, Raging Bull and Goodfellas. Andrew Lau, the co-director of Infernal Affairs, who was interviewed by Hong Kong newspaper Apple Daily, said: "Of course I think the version I made is better, but the Hollywood version is pretty good too. [Scorsese] made the Hollywood version more attuned to American culture." Andy Lau, one of the main actors in Infernal Affairs, when asked how the movie compares to the original, said: "The Departed was too long and it felt as if Hollywood had combined all three Infernal Affairs movies together." Although Lau said the script of the remake had some "golden quotes", he also felt it had a bit too much profanity. He ultimately rated The Departed 8/10 and said that the Hollywood remake is worth a view, though according to Lau's spokeswoman Alice Tam, he felt that the combination of the two female characters into one in The Departed was not as good as the original storyline. A few critics were disappointed in the film, including J. Hoberman of the Village Voice, who wrote: "Infernal Affairs was surprisingly cool and effectively restrained for HK action, but Scorsese raises the temperature with every ultraviolent interaction. The surplus of belligerence and slur reach near-Tarantinian levels—appropriate as he’s staking a claim to QT’s turf." Top ten lists The film appeared on many critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2006. Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal, Ruthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle, and Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer named it one of the top ten films of 2006. Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times named it the best film of the 2000s. 1st – Richard Roeper, Ebert and Roeper 1st – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone 1st – Rene Rodriguez, The Miami Herald 1st – Scott Tobias, The A.V. Club 1st – Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York 1st – Philip Martin, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette 1st – James Berardinelli, ReelViews 2nd – Chris Kaltenbach, The Baltimore Sun 2nd – Adam Kempenaar, Filmspotting 2nd – Keith Phipps, The A.V. Club 2nd – Kyle Smith, New York Post 2nd – Mike Russell, The Oregonian 2nd – Richard James Havis, The Hollywood Reporter 2nd – Richard Schickel, TIME 3rd – Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter 4th – Glenn Kenny, Premiere 4th – Marc Savlov, The Austin Chronicle 4th – Michael Wilmington, Chicago Tribune 4th – Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times 5th – Empire 5th – David Ansen, Newsweek 5th – Kevin Crust, Los Angeles Times 5th – Lisa Schwarzbaum, Entertainment Weekly 5th – Stephen Hunter, The Washington Post 6th – Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post 6th – Jack Mathews, Daily News 6th – Nathan Rabin, The A.V. Club 6th – Ty Burr, The Boston Globe 7th – Nathan Lee, The Village Voice 7th – Noel Murray, The A.V. Club 7th – Peter Hartlaub, San Francisco Chronicle 8th – Michael Sragow, The Baltimore Sun 9th – Claudia Puig, USA Today 9th – Desson Thomson, The Washington Post 9th – Lou Lumenick, New York Post 9th – Michael Rechtshaffen, The Hollywood Reporter Accolades At the 64th Golden Globe Awards on January 15, 2007, The Departed won one award for Best Director (Martin Scorsese), while being nominated for five other awards including Best Picture, Best Actor (Leonardo DiCaprio), Best Supporting Actor (Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg), and Best Screenplay (William Monahan). At the 79th Academy Awards on February 25, 2007, The Departed won four Academy Awards: Best Picture (Graham King), Best Director (Martin Scorsese), Best Film Editing (Thelma Schoonmaker), and Best Adapted Screenplay (William Monahan). Mark Wahlberg was also nominated for the Best Supporting Actor award for his performance, but he lost to Alan Arkin for his role in Little Miss Sunshine. The film marked the first time Scorsese won an Oscar after six previous losses. Many felt that he deserved it years earlier for prior efforts. Some have even gone further, calling it a Lifetime Achievement Award for a lesser film. Scorsese himself joked that he won because: "This is the first movie I've done with a plot." While accepting the award, Scorsese stated that "I just want to say, too, that so many people over the years have been wishing this for me, strangers, you know. I go walking in the street people say something to me, I go in a doctor's office, I go in a...whatever...elevators, people are saying, "You should win one, you should win one." I go for an x-ray, "You should win one." And I'm saying, "Thank you." And then friends of mine over the years and friends who are here tonight are wishing this for me and my family. I thank you. This is for you." At the 11th Satellite Awards on December 18, 2006, The Departed won awards for Best Ensemble, Motion Picture, Best Motion Picture, Drama, Best Screenplay – Adapted (William Monahan), and Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Leonardo DiCaprio). In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list. Home media The Departed was released by Warner Brothers on DVD in 2007. The film is available in a single-disc full screen (1.33:1), single-disc widescreen (2.40:1) edition, and 2-disc special edition. The second disc contains deleted scenes; a feature about the influence of New York’s Little Italy on Scorsese; a Turner Classic Movies profile; and a 21-minute documentary titled Stranger Than Fiction: The True Story of Whitey Bulger, Southie and The Departed about the crimes that influenced Scorsese in creating the film, including the story of James "Whitey" Bulger, upon whom Jack Nicholson's character is based. The Region 1 version has three available audio tracks: English, Spanish, and French (all of which are in Dolby Digital 5.1), and three subtitle tracks (English, Spanish, French). The film was released on HD DVD and Blu-ray at the same time as the standard-definition DVD. The 2-Disc Special Edition was packaged in a Limited Edition Steelbook. It marked the first time that an Oscar-winning Best Picture was released to the home video market in DVD format only, as VHS was phased out by the start of 2006. Music There were two albums released for The Departed, one presenting the original score composed for the film by Howard Shore, and the other featuring earlier recordings, mostly pop/rock songs, which were used on the soundtrack. Soundtrack As with previous Scorsese films, Robbie Robertson had a hand in picking the music. The film opens with "Gimme Shelter" by The Rolling Stones ("Let It Loose" also appears later on), and prominently plays "I'm Shipping Up to Boston" by Dropkick Murphys with lyrics written by Woody Guthrie, which gained the band some popularity and their first and only platinum selling single. The film features the live version of Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb" from the 1990 Berlin Wall concert performed by Roger Waters, Van Morrison, and Rick Danko, Levon Helm, and Garth Hudson of The Band. Although "Gimme Shelter" is featured twice in the film, the song does not appear on the album soundtrack. Also heard in the movie but not featured on the soundtrack is "Thief's Theme" by Nas, "Well Well Well" by John Lennon, "Bang Bang" by Joe Cuba, and the Act II Sextet from Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. The film closes with a cover of Don Gibson's "Sweet Dreams", by Roy Buchanan. Score The film score for The Departed was written by Howard Shore and performed by guitarists Sharon Isbin, G. E. Smith, Larry Saltzman and Marc Ribot. The score was recorded in Shore's own studio in New York State. The album, The Departed: Original Score, was released December 5, 2006 by New Line, and produced by Jason Cienkus. Scorsese described the music as "a very dangerous and lethal tango" and cited the guitar-based score of Murder by Contract and the zither in The Third Man as inspiration. Cancelled sequel Although many of the key characters in the film are deceased by the movie's end, there was a script written for a sequel. This was ultimately shelved due to the expense and Scorsese's lack of interest in creating a sequel. See also List of American films of 2006 "The Debarted", an episode of The Simpsons that parodies the film. Notes Further reading External links Category:2006 films Category:2000s crime drama films Category:2000s crime thriller films Category:American crime drama films Category:American crime thriller films Category:American films Category:American remakes of Hong Kong films Category:American thriller drama films Category:Best Picture Academy Award winners Category:Best Thriller Empire Award winners Category:Culture of Boston Category:Edgar Award-winning works Category:English-language films Category:Films scored by Howard Shore Category:Films about the Irish Mob Category:Films directed by Martin Scorsese Category:Films produced by Dan Lin Category:Films set in Boston Category:Films shot in New York City Category:Films shot in Massachusetts Category:Films shot in Boston Category:Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Category:Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Category:Films produced by Brad Pitt Category:Irish-American culture in Boston Category:Media Asia films Category:Plan B Entertainment films Category:Police detective films Category:Warner Bros. films Category:Fictional portrayals of the Boston Police Department Category:American neo-noir films Category:Films set in 2006	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The applicant's long-term goal is to direct a basic science research program exploring the role of endothelial cells and their progenitors in organ fibrosis and tumor progression. The applicant has been trained in somatic stem cell biology during her thesis work and was later able to apply this knowledge in cardiovascular research where she was additionally trained in embryonic stem cell biology. During the first part of a postdoctoral fellowship, the applicant expanded her knowledge on stem cell biology and gained new insights into embryonic development. During these studies, the applicant became interested in the cellular plasticity that is displayed by endothelial cells both during embryonic development and also in adult disease states. The applicant is now an Instructor in Medicine in the Kalluri laboratory, where both tumor angiogenesis and organ fibrosis are major research foci, and thus it was a natural extension of the applicant's interests to study endothelial cell plasticity in the setting of the tumor microenvironment. The applicant's previous studies for the first time demonstrated that in cardiac fibrosis endothelial cells contribute to the pool of fibroblasts via an endothelial transition and that inhibition of EndMT can lead to decreased fibrosis and improved cardiac function. The research project proposed here centers on testing the hypothesis that EndMT also plays a role in tumor fibrogenesis. This hypothesis is based on immunohistochemical staining which revealed cells that are double positive for both endothelial and fibroblasts in several tumor types, indicating that endothelial cells can undergo EndMT. The primary aim of the proposal is to provide genetic evidence that endothelial cells contribute to the fibroblast population in the tumor microenvironment by undergoing EndMT. For this purpose, endothelial lineage tracing by TielCre;R26RstoplacZ double transgenic mice, in which all cells of endothelial origin are irreversibly marked with lacZ, will be used. Second, the impact of EndMT on tumor progression will be evaluated by creating transgenic mice in which fibroblasts of endothelial origin will be selectively ablated. If the tested hypothesis is valid, EndMT might represent an important target for the treatment of cancer.	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
Caspase-2 can trigger cytochrome C release and apoptosis from the nucleus. The cysteine proteases specific for aspartic residues, known as caspases, are localized in different subcellular compartments and play specific roles during the regulative and the executive phase of the cell death process. Here we investigated the subcellular localization of caspase-2 in healthy cells and during the execution of the apoptotic program. We have found that caspase-2 is a nuclear resident protein and that its import into the nucleus is regulated by two different nuclear localization signals. We have shown that in an early phase of apoptosis caspase-2 can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction from the nucleus without relocalizing into the cytoplasm. Release of cytochrome c occurs in the absence of overt alteration of the nuclear pores and changes of the nuclear/cytoplasmic barrier. Addition of leptomycin B, an inhibitor of nuclear export, did not interfere with the ability of caspase-2 to trigger cytochrome c release. Only during the late phase of the apoptotic process can caspase-2 relocalize in the cytoplasm, as consequence of an increase in the diffusion limits of the nuclear pores. Taken together these data indicate the existence of a nuclear/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway elicited by caspase-2.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Breaking News guy code Lil Duval Visits Power 96 Power 96’s Ivy Unleashed interviewed Lil Duval live on-air this afternoon. Duval is an American singer, stand-up comedian, and was a finalist on BET's comedy competition series 'Coming to the Stage.' Duval is a series regular on the MTV2 shows 'Guy Code' and 'Hip Hop Squares.' He just released a...	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: SQL multiple rows in single row Hi everyone I have this table and I want to show result in single row group by client id and show availability for stock 1 and 2. Here is my table id client stock material quantity availability date 62 56 1 0 0 100 2017-12-16 23:55:01 63 56 2 0 0 900 2017-12-16 23:55:01 64 56 1 100 -20 80 2017-12-16 23:55:20 65 56 1 80 100 180 2017-12-16 23:56:06 66 56 1 180 200 380 2017-12-16 23:56:21 67 56 1 380 500 880 2017-12-16 23:58:11 68 56 1 880 -580 300 2017-12-16 23:58:38 69 56 2 900 -90 810 2017-12-17 23:59:18 Outcome I want is get result from last date, group by client id and combine stock 1 and stock 2 to single row client availability1 availability2 56 300 810 I try this query SELECT historys.id ,(CASE WHEN historys.stock = 1 THEN availability END) AS availability1 ,(CASE WHEN historys.stock = 2 THEN availability END) AS availability2 FROM historys GROUP BY historys.client ORDER by historys.id The result is id availability1 availability2 56 NULL 810 I will be grateful if someone help me. Thanks. A: You need to filter to the right rows before the aggregation. Here is one method: SELECT h.client, MAX(CASE WHEN h.stock = 1 THEN h.availability END) AS availability1 MAX(CASE WHEN h.stock = 2 THEN h.availability END) AS availability2 FROM historys h WHERE h.date = (SELECT MAX(h2.date) FROM historys h2 WHERE h2.stock = h.stock) GROUP BY h.client	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
RPGs can come in all shapes and sizes, whether they be real-time, turn based, or even grid-based. Every variation can be enjoyable in their own right, so they’re all worth checking out. Haunted Dungeons: Hyakki Castle falls into the grid-based RPG, and it has been an interesting ride. The Shogunate’s life was in danger because of an assassination attempt by the evil Kigata Doman. After his failure, he was imprisoned on an island, but it wasn’t long before a package with a note made its way to the Shogunate. The package contained three severed heads and a note allegedly from Kigata. Four warriors were sent to check on things, but find a mysterious castle has appeared on the island. This is where the story begins. When starting the game, you choose the difficulty and your team of warriors. There are four races and four classes to choose from. The races are human, oni, tengu, and nekomata, while the classes are ninja, samurai, sohei, and shinkan. You can make any combination of the two in order to create each character, and you can reuse them as much as you wish. If you want a team of four samurai onis, then go for it. I personally included a bit of everything in order to branch out my team’s abilities and fighting strengths. You can also name them, choose their gender, and pick from a group of images to use as their individual character portraits. These aspects are all purely aesthetic, but I appreciated the options. The races and classes affect the gameplay, influencing attack power, defense, health, mana, and skills they can learn. Each character has their own skill tree to unlock moves as they level up and spend skill points. Unfortunately, you can only have four moves equipped at a time for each character. That means you’ll have to decide which moves work best for you as you play. You map the moves to triangle, square, circle, and X, but they can be swapped out at any time by pausing and going to the skills menu. This helps alleviate the four moves restriction by giving you the option to rework your characters as you see fit. For example, the shinkan class offers multiple healing moves, along with some ranged charm attacks. The ninja has some sword slashes and can throw shuriken. As strong as these moves can be, they require mana to use and have cooldown, so you have to watch your usage. Their starting attacks cost nothing, but still have the cooldown. The gameplay itself is first person and has you moving on an invisible grid. You can move in four directions, but not diagonally. The movement slides you from space to space, only moving one at a time. It doesn’t feel clunky at all; in fact, it feels pretty smooth. Dodging is done just by moving sideways or backwards right as an enemy is about to attack. If you move too early, they’ll just move closer in order to attempt an attack. There’s no block button though, so dodging is your only way to reduce damage if you’re not using the split function. The split function is a unique and clever aspect of Hyakki Castle. It enables the player to split their group into two teams with the press of a button. By pressing L2, the game goes split-screen, placing your first and second characters on the left, and the other two on the right. You only control one team at a time, but the inactive team uses a technique called “Ishin no Ofudo,” which turns them into stone and boosts their defence for the time being. This is perfect for flanking the enemy, because they may focus on the inactive team, allowing the other team to strike some critical hits from behind. Pressing L2 again while the teams are in separate locations lets you switch between teams. For flanking, swapping back and forth opens up the chance to take down an enemy from both sides while not leaving yourself wide open. You’ll also need to use this ability in order to solve puzzles and deactivate some traps, which are pretty fun to figure out. When you’re ready to merge the teams again, set them on the same spot and press L2 again. The splitting and merging is incredibly quick and seamless, making me want to use it again and again. In addition to health and mana that you have to keep an eye on, there’s also a hunger meter. The hunger depletes as you move and fight, causing a decrease in stats when it gets too low. You’ll need to eat food that you collect in order to keep your team full and strong. It’s an interesting feature, but it does get annoying at times. Sometimes it feels like there isn’t enough food around in order to fight off the hunger. Since the floors of the castle are like mazes and require you to move around a lot, the hunger meter drops fairly quickly. If the meter didn’t drop as fast or there was a lot more food to be found, it wouldn’t be as much of a problem. That being said, it doesn’t ruin the experience, just adds an annoyance. The difficulty isn’t too challenging, although the game forces you to fight carefully. Fights with fodder enemies can take longer than expected if you can’t get a strategic advantage. Boss fights are the same way, but boss attacks are way more devastating if you get hit. The floors themselves are interesting, although they aren’t that exciting. The same enemies show up a fair amount, but they all have their own charm to them. The only sounds are from attacks and ambience, with no background music, which isn’t bad until you start to pay attention to it. I was too focused on fighting and puzzles to notice it most of the time though. All in all, Haunted Dungeons: Hyakki Castle is a unique RPG dungeon crawler that brings an interesting combat system to the forefront. 80 Great Haunted Dungeons: Hyakki Castle Review Guidelines Haunted Dungeons: Hyakki Castle is a clever twist on the traditional dungeon crawler, with a focus on the split-team function. Learning to work with separate teams can be tough at first, but it's well worth the effort. The combat is otherwise simplistic and easy to pick up, making it easy to jump in for hours at a time. —Codi Spence Codi loves to play video games and watch movies. He will watch almost any kind of movie just to experience them. His ideas take inspiration from the shows and movies he watches, and games he plays. He also loves a good pun.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: Is there a guide for when to cluster GitLab EE, for example when you reach a certain number of users or projects? Using a private GitLab EE server, what is the best practice to use when scaling up the number of servers in your cluster? For example: "For every x users or y projects, then you should consider adding another server to the cluster." A: GitLab have defined recommendations for the Hardware Requirements for application servers to cater for a range of users here: https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ee/blob/master/doc/install/requirements.md#hardware-requirements You may want to consider taking a look at the High Availability guidance for clustering, if you plan to exceed those thresholds or if you require redundancy should one of your application servers hosting your GitLab instance go offline: https://about.gitlab.com/high-availability/ Note, that due to the decentralised nature of git, it is highly conducive to working offline. Your users will only require connectivity to the GitLab instance when syncing branches or managing issues and merge requests via the Web interface.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Analysis of environmental stress response on the proteome level. Thousands of man-made chemicals are annually released into the environment by agriculture, transport, industries, and other human activities. In general, chemical analysis of environmental samples used to assess the pollution status of a specific ecosystem is complicated by the complexity of the mixture, and in some cases by the very low toxicity thresholds of chemicals present. In that sense, a proteomics approach, capable of detecting subtle changes in the level and structure of individual proteins within the whole proteome in response to the altered surroundings, has obvious applications in the field of ecotoxicology. In addition to identifying new protein biomarkers, it can also help to provide an insight into underlying mechanisms of toxicity. Despite being a comparatively new field with a number of caveats, proteomics applications have spread from microorganisms and plants to invertebrates and vertebrates, gradually becoming an established technology used in environmental research. This review article highlights recent advances in the field of environmental proteomics, mainly focusing on experimental approaches with a potential to understand toxic modes of action and to identify novel ecotoxicological biomarkers.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Popup window link launching in window as well as in the browser tab I'm working on a website built using Laravel and AngularJS. I want a certain link to open in a popup window. The javascript code is function popitup(url) { newwindow=window.open(url,'test','height=400,width=550'); if (window.focus) {newwindow.focus()} return false; } and the link is <a ui-sref="test({id:test.id})" class="btn btn-primary fright" onclick="return popitup(this.href)" oncontextmenu="return false;">Resume</a> when I click on the button the popup works fine but the link also opens up in the tab where I clicked it, but I don't want it to. Is there a way to do it? A: I would guess ui-sref will also bind a click-event and that event will trigger before yours. You could skip the ui-sref and put the url in a data-attribute or inside the onclick-attribute. You could get the url using $state.href() instead. Then the problem may disappear. Edit You could bind it to a scope function and skip onclick all toghether. Something like this: In the Controller (Also make sure you include $state in the controller first): $scope.popitup = function(stateName, options) { var url = $state.href(stateName, options); newwindow=window.open(url,'test','height=400,width=550'); if (window.focus) {newwindow.focus()} } And in the HTML you invke the popuitup function with the state name and its parameters: <a ng-click="popitup('test', {id:test.id})" class="btn btn-primary fright" oncontextmenu="return false;">Resume</a> Also see documentation for state.href.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
<p> <em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em> </p> <p> This document was published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/webauthn/">Web Authentication Working Group</a> as an Editors' Draft. This document is intended to become a W3C Recommendation. Feedback and comments on this specification are welcome. Please use <a href="https://github.com/w3c/webauthn/issues">Github issues</a>. Discussions may also be found in the <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webauthn/">public-webauthn@w3.org archives</a>. </p> <p> Publication as an Editors' Draft does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress. </p> <p> This document was produced by a group operating under the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/"> <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>. <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="https://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/87227/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent disclosures</a> made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#def-essential">Essential Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy/#sec-Disclosure">section 6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>. </p> <p> This document is governed by the <a id="w3c_process_revision" href="https://www.w3.org/2020/Process-20200915/">15 September 2020 W3C Process Document</a>. </p> <p>[STATUSTEXT]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Bookmakers around Australia are refusing to pay out on last night's farcical IBO cruiserweight world title boxing bout which Danny Green won in under thirty seconds. Green's opponent, Paul Briggs, came out of retirement for the fight but hit the canvas shortly after the opening bell and was counted out following a glancing blow. The fight had been moved from Sydney to Perth after the New South Wales Combat Sports Authority raised concerns about Briggs' health. After the fight a "pissed off" Green said Briggs was "not even a canine" and told a furious crowd that he "wouldn't be paid a cent". Payouts on a first-round knockout have been suspended pending an investigation. Neil Evans, from online bookmakers Centrebet, says there was a massive betting plunge on a round-one knockout win to Green which brought the price in from around $8 to $1.50. "It officially started with us at $1.50, which is a price we've never seen before," he said. "Round two was also backed as well, and to say it was a dubious fight would again be a massive understatement. "It puts the credibility of boxing in this country back in the gutter." Ryan Kay from Betezy says he also became suspicious pre-fight. "It wasn't just one bet of $20,000, they kept coming. People ringing up all day wanting more and more, and it smelt quite bad," he said. "People ringing up wanting $20,000, $10,000 at a time on the first round [knockout]. To be honest it's pretty unheard of for any boxing event. "I made a few calls to a few people yesterday to say is this fight fair dinkum and I was told it was. It smelt anyway." The chairman of the Professional Combat Sports Commission, Simon Watters, has defended his decision to sanction the fight. "If someone turns up at a boxing event and they might be in pristine, perfect health, and they decide themselves they are going to take a dive there's very little that anyone can do regulate or stop that," he said. "From what I saw and from where I was sitting the blow didn't seem to connect," Mr Watters added. Police in Perth say they were forced to escort both Green and Briggs out of the stadium. Inspector Jeff Ellis says a big police contingent managed to control the crowd. "I think the short-lived bout was the reason why the crowd became so agitated," he said. "It's clear that people paid a lot of money to go and see this fight and certainly were disappointed that the fight didn't go on longer."	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
In connection with the field of corrosive fluids transport, coupling assemblies are already known for connecting a tube to a body part of another component, comprising a ring part mounted on the periphery of the tube and receiving at one end a curved end portion of the tube, and wherein the sealing is achieved by axially clamping the curved end portion of the tube against a receiving surface through said ring. A connector assembly of this type is described, for example, in patent application EP 0 584 009. However, this connector assembly has the disadvantage of not being easily adaptable to the connection of tubes of different diameters.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of adenosine in conscious man. Evidence for chemoreceptor activation. The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of intravenous adenosine were studied in conscious normal volunteers. Bolus injections of adenosine increased systolic and diastolic pressures initially (+15 and +13 mm Hg after 100 micrograms/kg) followed by a subsequent reduction in systolic and diastolic pressures (-12 and -16 mm Hg). Heart rate increased during trough blood pressure (R-R interval shortening of 298 msec after 100 micrograms/kg). Adenosine steady-state infusions increased heart rate (+30 beats/min during 140 micrograms/kg/min), systolic pressure (+16 mm Hg), and pulse pressure (+21 mm Hg) but decreased diastolic pressure slightly (-5 mm Hg), resulting in no significant change in mean arterial pressure. Adenosine stimulated respiration, resulting in decreased PaCO2 (41 to 31 mm Hg), increased PaCO2 (101 to 113 mm Hg), and increased pH (7.42 to 7.50). The increased ventilation was not explained by bronchoconstriction, hypotension, or hypoxia. The observed pressor and tachycardic effects are mediated through reflex autonomic mechanisms since they are completely abolished in patients with severe autonomic failure. These autonomic mechanisms probably involve chemoreceptor activation since adenosine is pressor when infused in the aortic arch proximal to the origin of the carotid arteries but depressor when infused in the descending aorta. It is concluded that the hemodynamic and respiratory effects of adenosine observed in normal volunteers are in part due to chemoreceptor stimulation. These findings raise the possibility that adenosine is an endogenous modulator of respiration in man.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Android Sharing with Subject E-Mail/Whatsapp I am using android native sharing with this code: Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "I like to share with you some stuff."); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "I like to share with you."); intent.setType(CONTENT_TYPE_TEXT); startActivity(Intent.createChooser(intent, "Share"); When I use E-Mail as the sharing channel, I get what i want: Subject: I like to share with you. Text: I like to share with you some stuff. When I use WhatsApp as the sharing channel, I get the following text: I like to share with you. I like to share with you some stuff. What do I expect when sharing with Whatsapp: I like to share with you some stuff. Is there any option/flag indicating a sharing channel to suppress the subject, if the sharing channel does not support a subject basically. E.g. E-Mail supports subjects -> Use the provided intent extra. WhatsApp does not support subjects -> Do not use the provided intent extra. A: Using queryIntentActivities() method of PackageManager class, you can set the intent extras based on package name. For more info, check this link: How to filter specific apps for ACTION_SEND intent (and set a different text for each app)	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
"The public remarks by President Dmitry Medvedev of Russia at his state of the union address to the Duma demanding the withdrawal of the U.S. missile defense systems in Europe by threatening the placement of Russian mobile missiles and other military action has helped solidify the continued deployment of the European Missile Defense site by the United States of America and its NATO allies. "These remarks, made the day after the U.S. election, were directed at the President-elect Barack Obama and his new administration. This rhetoric, reminiscent of 20-year-old cold war tactics, has been used in different degrees and at different audiences over the past two years. The European Missile Defense site the Russians are opposing will consist of a U.S. midcourse x-band radar (EMR) in the Czech Republic and 10 U.S. ground-based interceptors in Poland, which will defend most of Europe including the northwest parts of Russia and Moscow as well as protecting the United States from ballistic missiles launched from Iran. "This past year, former Russian President Vladimir Putin used a similar type of threat prior to the NATO summit in Bucharest, which had an adverse effect and galvanized the Europeans and NATO to endorse the European missile defense site after his remarks. President Putin also used the threatening rhetoric of targeting missiles towards the Czech Republic and Poland prior to each of their formal agreements with the United States to host these missile defense systems and again his statements galvanized both the population and the leadership to move forward with the agreements. "This particular threat by President Medvedev comes again at the wrong time to the wrong audience, as it is clearly the first test to President-elect Obama. Like his predecessor before him, President Medvedev's intended intimidation will further embed the European Missile Defense site in the next U.S. Administration rather than less and strengthens the unity of Europe with the United States on missile defense."	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
1. Introduction {#sec1-materials-13-03111} =============== The efficiency, stability, and lifetime of any device is strongly dependent on the stability of compounds and alloys that a given device is made of. The attempts to understand the particular state of matter are crucial points of understanding its implications for application in advanced electronic devices. This gain in importance when exotic states of matter are considered. Certain exotic behavior, namely the insulating character of the bulk and metallic character of the surface, was observed in a large group of materials, which were later classified as topological insulators \[[@B1-materials-13-03111],[@B2-materials-13-03111]\]. Among classified topological insulators the Bi~2~Te~3~ compound, considered as good material for thermoelectric \[[@B3-materials-13-03111],[@B4-materials-13-03111]\] and optoelectronic \[[@B5-materials-13-03111],[@B6-materials-13-03111]\] applications, was selected as the subject of this study. Topological insulators (TIs) are a novel type of quantum materials of which the bulk part is a band insulator whereas the surface always exhibits the presence of electronic states carrying electric current \[[@B2-materials-13-03111],[@B7-materials-13-03111]\]. This phase shows a clear bulk energy gap separation like any ordinary insulator or semiconductor, but the difference is in the presence of the gapless edge states (2D) or surface states (3D) which are protected by time-reversal symmetry. The unusual nature of the TI surface states resulted in the widespread interest in the fabrication and characterization of this class of materials. The nature of the TI class of materials resulting from its unique spin nature is gaining in importance when one realizes that TIs properties may entail generation of quasiparticles and electronic states which are not accessible in classic condensed-matter systems. Not surprisingly the topological insulators are considered as promising materials for multiple applications in next generation electronic or spintronic devices \[[@B8-materials-13-03111],[@B9-materials-13-03111]\] as well as for applications in energy conversion such as thermoelectrics \[[@B10-materials-13-03111],[@B11-materials-13-03111]\]. It is well known that defects, strain, and doping influence are important features of the TIs. Coulomb, magnetic, or disorder perturbations can modify the surface states \[[@B12-materials-13-03111],[@B13-materials-13-03111],[@B14-materials-13-03111]\]. Elemental doping and alloying in the TI materials allows for the control of the Fermi level via population with the n-type or p-type carriers which is also a crucial step towards the future junctions of topological insulators that associate two doped TI layers \[[@B15-materials-13-03111],[@B16-materials-13-03111]\]. Among doped TIs, special interest is placed on magnetic dopants, mostly due to the possible interplay between topological magnetic orders, which may lead to the implementation of exotic quantum phenomena, such as the magnetoelectric effect \[[@B17-materials-13-03111]\] and quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) \[[@B18-materials-13-03111],[@B19-materials-13-03111]\], and later on the exploration of its potential device applications. Recent research is focused mostly on TI's electronic structure and their thermoelectric properties and include structures containing transition metals dopants like V, Mn, Cr, Fe, and Cu \[[@B20-materials-13-03111],[@B21-materials-13-03111],[@B22-materials-13-03111],[@B23-materials-13-03111],[@B24-materials-13-03111],[@B25-materials-13-03111]\], and rare earth dopants Gd, Ce, Y, Sm, Dy, and Eu \[[@B8-materials-13-03111],[@B9-materials-13-03111],[@B10-materials-13-03111]\]. Mn and Fe doping of the Bi~2~Te~3~ causes the opening of a small gap at the Dirac point in the surface Dirac cone \[[@B22-materials-13-03111]\]. Further, with the formation of ferromagnetic state only at the surface, a state which leads to opening the gap, has been confirmed for the Mn doped Bi~2~(Te,Se)~3~ as well as for the Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)~2~Te~3~ thin films \[[@B26-materials-13-03111]\]. Bi~2~Te~3~ doped with rare earth is discussed mostly from the point of view of modifying the thermoelectric properties \[[@B27-materials-13-03111],[@B28-materials-13-03111],[@B29-materials-13-03111],[@B30-materials-13-03111],[@B31-materials-13-03111],[@B32-materials-13-03111],[@B33-materials-13-03111]\]. Controlling the distribution of magnetic dopants within the TI's matrix resulting from sample preparation procedures and chemical potentials of the constituent atoms is still challenging and requires in-depth and careful characterizations at the atomic level. This is especially the case when considering nanoscale systems, where already a controlled fabrication, quality control, as well as subsequent preservation of the completed structure or even device requires specific attention. In our previous paper \[[@B34-materials-13-03111]\], we have studied the multilayered structures of Bi~2~Te~3~ and europium and shown that the interface between the layers is not stable and the reaction that took place at room temperature led to the decomposition of the originally layered structure and formation of new phases. This observation led us to focus on the electronic and crystallographic structures of a simplified structure where europium is doped in the Bi~2~Te~3~ thin film. Europium by itself is quite chemically active, and possesses interesting magnetic properties related to its valence state. It is worth noting that it is reasonable, at a first glance, to assume that europium atoms will partially substitute the bismuth atoms in the Bi~2~Te~3~ matrix as it happens for the Bi~2~Te~3~ doped with Gd \[[@B35-materials-13-03111],[@B36-materials-13-03111]\]. Recently, the homogeneous incorporation of Eu^2+^ into the Bi sites of the Bi~2~Te~3~ lattice was observed \[[@B37-materials-13-03111]\]. Our point of interest was strongly aimed at the electronic structure of the obtained film, especially on the valence state of europium. Europium in alloys and compounds occurs in 2+ and 3+ valence states. Eu^3+^ is non-magnetic (J = 0) while the Eu^2+^, observed for pure Eu and europium in intermetallic alloys and compounds \[[@B38-materials-13-03111],[@B39-materials-13-03111]\], has a large pure spin moment (J = 7/2). A mixed valence state has also been found in many intermetallic compounds. In the presented studies, the response of thin film of Bi~2~Te~3~ to the disorder introduced by Eu dopant is discussed. The studies were performed on thin films with an unprecedented combination of techniques such as photoemission spectroscopy, TOF-SIMS, RHEED, femtosecond spectroscopy, and LC-AFM. 2. Materials and Methods {#sec2-materials-13-03111} ======================== 2.1. Materials {#sec2dot1-materials-13-03111} -------------- The molecular beam epitaxy system was used for the growth of two thin films of Bi~2~Te~3~. The films were grown in accordance with the procedure we developed earlier \[[@B40-materials-13-03111]\] for the Bi~2~Te~3~ monocrystalline films. Freshly cleaved (110) 0.15--0.17 mm thick Muscovite mica substrates (Ted Pella, Inc., Mica grade V1) was used as a substrate for the Bi~2~Te~3~ films. In order to prevent the problem of the sample surface charging resulting from the used substrate, the mica surface was ground using silver paste. The mica was outgassed at 300 °C for 1.5 h under UVH conditions (5 × 10^−9^ mbar) and kept at 120 °C during the deposition of the Bi~2~Te~3~ films. High-purity Bi (99.999% Aldrich Chem. Co., Milwaukee, WI, USA), spectrographically standardized Te ingot (Johnson Matthey Chemicals, London, UK), and europium were evaporated by conventional effusion Knudsen cells (K-cell). The growth rate of each element, controlled by quartz microbalance, was customized to obtain assumed stoichiometry. The total growth rate of the films was about 0.2 QL min^−1^. In order to obtain a uniform distribution of deposited elements, the films were grown in the co-deposition mode. For the europium doped Bi~2~Te~3~ film, the growth rates of elements were adjusted as if Eu atoms were to substitute for bismuth in the Bi~2~Te~3~ crystal lattice. Assumed level of europium dopants was set at the level of about 2--3%. After the deposition process the films were annealed at 100 °C for 18 h. During the deposition process, the vacuum was of about 4 × 10^−9^ mbar for the undoped film and about 9 × 10^−9^ mbar for Bi~2~Te~3~ film doped with europium. Further measurements were performed on films cooled to room temperature. Additionally, pure, bulk europium was used as a reference sample for the photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. 2.2. Characterization Methods {#sec2dot2-materials-13-03111} ----------------------------- In-situ structural characterization of the deposited film was realized with the use of reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED, STEIB Instrument, Langenbach, Germany) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The RHEED diffraction patterns were obtained using an electron gun set at 15 kV, 1.4 mA along \[100\] direction after annealing and cooling down to room temperature. The electronic structure studies were conducted in-situ after the growth process using the XPS spectrometer (Physical Electronics PHI 5700, Chanhassen, MN, USA). For the XPS measurements, the monochromatic X-ray (1486.7 eV, Al Kα) radiation was used to generate photoelectron spectra; the survey spectra and high-resolution photoelectron spectra of Bi4f, Te3d, Eu3d, Eu4d, and valence band were collected at room temperature. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were performed using JEOL JEM-3010 high-resolution (HR-TEM) machine (Tokyo, Japan) working with 300 kV acceleration voltage and equipped with a Gatan 2k × 2k Orius™ 833 SC200D CCD camera (Gatan-Pleasanton, CA, USA). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Omicron VT AFM/STM, Taunusstein, Germany) was performed ex-situ under UHV condition at room temperature. AFM in tapping mode was used to study the layer growth process with high lateral resolution while the contact mode (LC-AFM) with conducting tip was applied to examine the character of the local conductivity at various polarization and bias voltage values up to 50 mV. Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF--SIMS) measurements were carried out with the use of a TOF-SIMS.5 (ION-TOF GmbH, Munster, Germany) reflection-type spectrometer, equipped with bismuth liquid metal ion gun and cesium gun. 2D micro-and 3D nanostructure was examined using Bi^+^ ion beam (30 kV, 0.5 pA) for the analysis, and Cs^+^ (500 V, 100 nA) for depth profiling. Time-resolved optical measurements were performed using the femtosecond pump-probe technique, based on a 80 MHz repetition rate Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser (120 fs). The details of the set-up can be found in Ref. \[[@B41-materials-13-03111],[@B42-materials-13-03111]\]. This permits to probe the impact on the Eu doping on the electron and phonon dynamics. For all ex-situ measurements, the film was measured on mica substrate without any additional preparation with the exception of TEM measurements. In that latter case, the film was partially mechanically exfoliated from the mica substrate and later placed on the copper mesh. The high-resolution images were obtained near the edge of the exfoliated film, where remaining mica support was thin or absent. 3. Results and Discussion {#sec3-materials-13-03111} ========================= 3.1. Crystalographic Structure {#sec3dot1-materials-13-03111} ------------------------------ The crystallographic structure of obtained films was studied right after the deposition process with the use of a RHEED diffractometer. The results presented in [Figure 1](#materials-13-03111-f001){ref-type="fig"} indicate monocrystalline character of the undoped ([Figure 1](#materials-13-03111-f001){ref-type="fig"}a) and Eu doped ([Figure 1](#materials-13-03111-f001){ref-type="fig"}b) films. The in-plane lattice parameter calculated for the trigonal symmetry as in the Bi~2~Te~3~ structure (space group 166, $R\overline{3}m$) was 4.5 Å for the undoped film and 4.4 Å for the film doped with europium. Those values are in good agreement with the a = 4.38 Å parameter of the Bi~2~Te~3~ compound. The europium doping caused a slight expansion of the Bi~2~Te~3~ unit cell. Moreover, analyzing the RHEED images, a blurring of the diffraction pattern that can be observed for the Eu doped film is most likely related to weakly developed monocrystalline grains. High-resolution TEM images of the film surface aligned perpendicular to the electron beam as well as obtained diffraction patterns indicate the presence of monocrystalline ordering of the atoms in the film ([Figure 2](#materials-13-03111-f002){ref-type="fig"}a). The grains have rather an irregular shape, their size varies between 8--25 nm, however, the grains are oriented towards each other at an angle of 60 degrees. Such an arrangement of the single crystalline grains is a favorable situation to obtain a RHEED pattern typical to a macroscopic single crystal as presented in [Figure 1](#materials-13-03111-f001){ref-type="fig"}. This would also explain blurring of the RHEED pattern of Eu doped film. The trigonal symmetry is perfectly confirmed when looking at the atomic scale. The in-plane lattice parameter was of the same value as given for pure Bi~2~Te~3~ \[[@B43-materials-13-03111]\] and value obtained in our previous paper \[[@B40-materials-13-03111]\]. The high-resolution TEM image shown in [Figure 2](#materials-13-03111-f002){ref-type="fig"}b represents an image obtained with the electron beam aligned parallel to the film surface. The visible stripes quite accurately show a layered structure of the film. The distance between those features is about 1 nm and is in good agreement with the thickness of the single quintuple layer \[[@B44-materials-13-03111],[@B45-materials-13-03111]\]. 3.2. Electronic Structure {#sec3dot2-materials-13-03111} ------------------------- The structural characterization was completed with the analysis of the electronic structure studied in terms of photoelectron spectroscopy. The studies were performed in-situ after the deposition process and compared to that of the undoped Bi~2~Te~3~ film and metallic Eu. Both Bi~2~Te~3~ films were obtained in the same system at the equivalent conditions. Both had a thickness of about 15 nm. Bulk Eu was prepared in the UHV conditions by scraping with a diamond file. No contamination by oxygen nor carbon was detected. The XPS core level spectra Bi 4f~5/2,~ Te 3d and Eu 4d were used to calculate the atomic composition which was Te:Bi:Eu = 55.3:41.3:3.4. The calculations were performed using Multipak v. 9.6 software, the Shirley method of background removal was applied. The ratio Te/(Bi + Eu) is slightly lower than expected but similar composition was found for high quality Bi~2~Te~3~ films \[[@B40-materials-13-03111],[@B41-materials-13-03111]\]. In the valence band region (see [Figure 3](#materials-13-03111-f003){ref-type="fig"}), the difference between the undoped and Eu doped film is mostly pronounced in the binding energy range around 1 eV, close to the top of the valence band and in the region of about 3--4 eV. That difference may be related with the contribution from the Eu 4f states which have a high sensitivity factor for photoionization and despite the low Eu content give a relative increase of intensity in the region of about 1--4 eV. The Eu 4f states in the pure Eu are visible as a clear peak with a maximum at about 2.1 eV. It is worth mentioning that Denecke et al. reported the position of the Eu 4f peak at about 1.5 eV for the (Pb,Eu)Te bulk system \[[@B46-materials-13-03111]\]. The region close to the Fermi level, where the surface states plus possibly bottom of the conduction band are located, is hardly affected by Eu doping. This is in accordance with the measured electrical properties of the film and the transient reflectivity data described below. Eu remains in the divalent state, which can be clearly seen in the exchange split core d levels and by the lack of trivalent Eu 4f contribution in the region of binding energy 5--10 eV \[[@B47-materials-13-03111]\]. The chemical shifts of Te and Bi in undoped films show the expected behavior where the chemical shift of Bi is positive and that of Te is negative with respect to pure elements. The position of the Bi 4f and Te 3d photoemission levels is the same as for the undoped film. There is a slight difference in the line width as the Bi line is broader in the doped film (see [Figure 4](#materials-13-03111-f004){ref-type="fig"}a) while the Te one is slightly narrower ([Figure 4](#materials-13-03111-f004){ref-type="fig"}b). A slight broadening of the Bi lines can be related with a modified bonding when the nearest neighbor is Eu atom. The very interesting point is the negative chemical shift of the Eu 4f level which is visible for Eu core levels. [Figure 5](#materials-13-03111-f005){ref-type="fig"} shows the comparison of the Eu 4d and 3d spectra obtained for the doped film with pure Eu. The shape of the core levels and well resolved exchange splitting confirms the divalent state indicating the presence of half occupied 4f shell. Assuming the stable ^7^S ground state for the Eu 4f shell, the negative shift may be related with the reconfiguration of the conduction electrons leading to the reduction of screening of the nuclear charge. This is surprising given the presence of Te ligands which have a much higher value of electronegativity. For the Eu 4d multiplet (see [Figure 5](#materials-13-03111-f005){ref-type="fig"}a) the general structure is the same as for Eu metal except the intensity ratio of the first exchange split lines \[[@B48-materials-13-03111]\]. The splitting, i.e., distance between the first five well resolved lines within the main 4d~5/2~ peak is of about 0.85 eV what is very close to the value for Eu metal. The first peak which can be ascribed to the ^9^D~6~ term of the 4d^9^4f^7^ configuration has an Eu metal lower intensity than expected from the quantum multiplicity of states. The same effect was found for Gd and its metallic compounds, and remains unexplained up to date \[[@B49-materials-13-03111],[@B50-materials-13-03111]\]. The intensity ratio of the 4d multiplet components (ratio of two lowest energy lines) observed in Eu doped Bi~2~Te~3~ film is thus exceptional. Similar structure was only found in early studies on bulk EuTe \[[@B51-materials-13-03111]\] and recent studies of europium incorporated in Bi~2~Te~3~ matrix \[[@B37-materials-13-03111]\]. That exceptional behavior can be related to the spin dependent relaxation rates of the photoexcited 4d states. The lowest spin dependent relaxation rate is expected for the state with the highest spin polarization and lowest binding energy within the mutiplet \[[@B49-materials-13-03111]\]. The lack of the effect in Eu doped Bi~2~Te~3~ may be related to the modified electronic structure close to the Fermi energy although the ground state of the Eu 4f level is ^7^S~0~ (divalent Eu as for Eu metal), leading to the well resolved exchange splitting and spin polarization of all core levels. 3.3. TOF-SIMS Depth Profiles {#sec3dot3-materials-13-03111} ---------------------------- After removing the (Eu, Bi)~2~Te~3~ film from the growth chamber, the film was transported under atmospheric conditions to the vacuum chambers of the mass spectrometer and atomic force microscope, the transport process took no more than a few minutes. The ex-situ TOF-SIMS characterization was focused on the analysis of the spatial distribution of layer components. It should be remembered that the TOF-SIMS technique, unlike the XPS, does not provide information on the atomic concentration of layer components, here the number of detected ions is related to the ionization probability and not to the real amount of particular element in the film. Moreover, the depth of analysis for mass spectrometry is about an order of magnitude smaller than for photoelectron spectroscopy. [Figure 6](#materials-13-03111-f006){ref-type="fig"}a presents depth profiles indicating that the distribution of film components is not uniform as it supposed to be in a homogenously doped film. Europium ions exhibit a tendency to be uniformly distributed within the film, however in the upper part of the layer large amount of them was detected. A larger amount of europium at the surface of the film is probably related to surface segregation during the film growth or to the annealing process and, to a small extent, related to the oxidation of the film surface, an effect of migration towards the sample surface and further oxidation of the Eu. Interestingly, the presence and the distribution of the EuTe^+^ ionic species indicate that a relatively thick layer containing Eu and Te was formed in the top part of the film. As this layer also contains bismuth, one can relate that part of the film to the main Bi~2~Te~3~ phase with europium substituting bismuth. This is in agreement with the XPS data for the as grown sample. Regarding the analysis of the distribution of Te and Bi atoms, we used Cs~2~Te^+^ ionic species and BiTe^+^. The cesium forms that kind of ionic species with Te and Bi and allows to increase the signal derived from secondary ions of those elements \[[@B52-materials-13-03111]\]. The distribution of tellurium represented by the Cs~2~Te^+^ ionic species is not uniform. The linear depth profile and 3D distribution show that tellurium occurs in the entire film except for the sample surface, it can be also seen that a local maximum of Te atoms is present in the middle part of the film, however, it is not in the same place where the maximum for EuTe^+^ was observed. The bismuth in the analyzed film, represented by CsBi^+^ species, is partially accumulated in the area near the mica substrate. It seems that the formation of sub layer from which EuTe^+^ ions have been emitted leads to the displacement of some amount of the bismuth atoms towards the substrate. This result together with described above results of structural analysis confirms substituting Eu in the Bi~2~Te~3~ lattice. In our previous work \[[@B34-materials-13-03111]\] we already observed similar displacement of Bi atoms in the multi-layered system. Surface oxidation, typical for rare earth doped Bi~2~Te~3~ thin films \[[@B32-materials-13-03111]\], may, as in ex-situ measurements performed by us, enhance the segregation and substitution effect. Analysis of the Al^+^ signal, representing the mica substrate, indicate that the surface of the mica is not fully flat, the features (see [Figure 6](#materials-13-03111-f006){ref-type="fig"}b, Al^+^) visible in the top part of the 3D depth profile suggest the presence of small island or crumbs on the surface of mica. That is also the reason why the interface between the mica and deposited film is not sharp as can be seen in [Figure 6](#materials-13-03111-f006){ref-type="fig"}a for the Al^+^ linear profile. 3.4. Phonon-Electron Interactions {#sec3dot4-materials-13-03111} --------------------------------- To complete the electronic and structural characterization, time-resolved optical measurements have been conducted to evaluate the electron--phonon collision time and to assess the impact of such chemical and structural disorder onto the phonon dynamics. The Eu doped Bi~2~Te~3~ film was investigated after a few weeks after the deposition process. A stable oxidation layer appears, as already evidenced earlier \[[@B41-materials-13-03111],[@B42-materials-13-03111]\]. This oxide layer thickness was estimated to be around 2 nm \[[@B41-materials-13-03111],[@B42-materials-13-03111]\]. We have then measured the transient optical reflectivity signal of two films with and without Eu doping. The signals are shown in [Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}. The optical penetration of both the pump and probe light is similar to the film thickness, so we excite and probe the entire thickness. Moreover, the light impinges on the surface with a diameter of around 5 micrometers. So, the information that such technique obtains is an average response over that photoexcited volume. We do not have in plane resolution, however, since we are able to record time of flight of phonons (acoustic) we are sensitive to in-depth inhomogeneities as we will discuss in the following \[[@B53-materials-13-03111],[@B54-materials-13-03111],[@B55-materials-13-03111]\]. The transient optical reflectivity ([Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}) exhibits a fast and sharp variation just after the femtosecond excitation due to the ultrafast excitation of the electronic cloud. Then, the signal decays in time due to the relaxation of hot carriers and to heat diffusion process. Some oscillating components superimpose on the electronic response ([Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}a) and can be evidenced more clearly once the baseline is removed ([Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}c and [Figure 8](#materials-13-03111-f008){ref-type="fig"}a). The oscillatory components come from a photo-induced coherent optical phonon (THz range as seen in [Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}c,d) and a coherent acoustic phonon (sub-THz range as seen in [Figure 8](#materials-13-03111-f008){ref-type="fig"}a,b). The assignment of these oscillations has been previously established for undoped Bi~2~Te~3~ \[[@B41-materials-13-03111],[@B42-materials-13-03111]\]. The phonons signal is extracted after removing the baseline. We have recorded the signal with a broad time window (0--30 ps) with low time resolution sufficient to record the acoustic phonon signals ([Figure 8](#materials-13-03111-f008){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, for evidencing more clearly the high frequency phonons, we have increased the time resolution of the record (refined sampling) but we have limited the record to the first 8ps ([Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}b,c). As observed in [Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}a,b within the first 5ps, the signal decays rapidly, which is due to the hot carriers' relaxation. A time of typically 2 ps is found consistent with previous reports \[[@B41-materials-13-03111],[@B42-materials-13-03111]\]. We note that such electron-phonon relaxation time depends on the electronic structure close to the Fermi level since the photoexcited carriers are promoted towards empty states with quanta of the pump excitation of 1.5 eV and relaxes towards the initial states afterward. In [Figure 3](#materials-13-03111-f003){ref-type="fig"}, we have shown that the valence band structure down to 2 eV below the Fermi level was not too different for the doped and undoped layers. Consequently, we are not surprised to measure equivalent cooling time for Eu-doped and undoped samples. However, the doping seems to have a drastic influence on the phonon dynamics as discussed hereafter. The optical mode has a frequency close to 2THz (Raman active A~1g~ mode seen in [Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}d) in agreement with previous investigations \[[@B41-materials-13-03111],[@B42-materials-13-03111]\]. The fact that we detect the same A~1g~ frequency as the one measured in undoped Bi~2~Te~3~ materials, is an additional confirmation that the right structure has been grown consistently with a conclusion drawn before. We note that such optical phonon frequency is governed by the local interatomic potential and, for this reason, is a good local probe of a structure. However, we can see a huge difference in the lifetime of these coherent optical phonons. While for undoped sample the coherent optical phonon is visible beyond the time window of observation (8ps), its lifetime drastically decreases for the doped sample. This A~1g~ optical phonons have a very low group velocity. As a matter of fact, the observed limited lifetime cannot be attributed to the scattering at grain boundaries or at any defect present in the structure since this A~1g~ phonons do not propagate (contrary to acoustic phonon as discussed later on). Rather, the lifetime is likely associated to local fluctuations of chemical compositions that can modify the interatomic potential and hence modify the intrinsic A~1g~ frequency (slight change). Consequently, the total signal arises from contributions of slightly different A~1g~ frequency coming from unaffected and affected (due to the doping) sites of Bi~2~Te~3~ (the A~1g~ mode is associated to longitudinal displacement within the QL). At this level, we cannot detect the slight difference in the A~1g~ frequency in the time domain, but such different cosines like signals interfere thus reducing the coherence of the signal in the time domain, i.e., reducing the lifetime. This effect is well known, referred to as inhomogeneous broadening, and has been already observed when alloying some semiconductors or where slight disorder exists in a structure \[[@B56-materials-13-03111]\]. So, we can conclude that the doping creates such inhomogeneous broadening due to the perturbation of the local interatomic potential due to the insertion of Eu within the Bi~2~Te~3~ lattice. Since we have shown previously that Eu mainly substitute to Bi, such fluctuations of the interatomic potential can be reasonably attributed to that substitution. The impact of the doping on the elastic properties and scattering of acoustic phonon is another property we reveal. The acoustic phonons signals are very different ([Figure 8](#materials-13-03111-f008){ref-type="fig"}). These acoustic modes are acoustic eigenmodes as shown in previous reports \[[@B42-materials-13-03111],[@B57-materials-13-03111]\]. Said differently, these acoustic frequencies correspond to the light-induced mechanical resonances of the entire film. The mechanical resonance of a film having a thickness H and a longitudinal sound velocity V, is given by f~n~ = nV/2H. There is an important difference to be underlined. For the non-doped sample, we can evidence two eigenmodes (around f~n\ =\ 1~ = 80 GHz and f~n\ =\ 2~ = 160 GHz), as already observed previously \[[@B41-materials-13-03111]\]. We have repeated the experiment on the same sample studied in 2015 to show the stability of the sample and to confirm the acoustic phonon frequency did not change \[[@B41-materials-13-03111]\]. In contrast, for the Eu-doped sample, only one mode is clearly revealed with a frequency shifted upward (around 120 GHz compared to 80 GHz). Both films have a nominal thickness of 15 nm after the MBE growth (the thickness of undoped sample was measured by X-ray Reflectivity see \[[@B41-materials-13-03111]\]). We obtain a sound velocity of 2400 m/s for the undoped Bi~2~Te~3~ while we arrive to a value around 3600 m/s for the doped sample. This difference is considerable. We have noticed that the A1g frequencies ([Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}) are pretty identical, indicating that within the QL the interatomic potential might not change too much upon doping. The reasons for such a large variation of the acoustic phonon velocity might either be due to the reduction of the Bi~2~Te~3~ layer thickness and/or a partial segregation of the dopant or other chemical species relocated between QLs. Such reduction of thickness H, immediately induces an increase of the eigenfrequency f~n~. This scenario could be consistent with TOF-SIMS results where some layers with various chemical composition appear to exist. The other possibility, if we rule out the change of H parameter, could come from a partial segregation of the dopant or other chemical species between QLs. In that case, the sound propagation which is governed by the interatomic interaction between QLs might be affected. 3.5. Local Conductivity {#sec3dot5-materials-13-03111} ----------------------- The closing investigation allowed exploring the surface topography and the local conductivity properties on the surface of the Eu doped Bi~2~Te~3~ film for which we also reveal some interesting spatially inhomogeneous physical properties. The AFM measurements were performed on the external AFM system, and thus the sample was briefly introduced to the atmosphere. It was shown \[[@B39-materials-13-03111]\], that the short introduction to the ambient conditions had a limited impact on the surface electrical properties. The investigations showed a relatively flat surface with a number of larger islands randomly present on the surface. The size of those islands is between 100 and 200 nm, however they also can be found packed in close formations of 300 nm size on average. The maximal island height is close to 20 nm. The average RMS value in the regions without the islands was very low and close to 0.8(1) Å, otherwise (regions with islands) the RMS is close to 3.0--5.0 nm. We did not observe clear triangular-shaped islands (contrary to undoped films \[[@B40-materials-13-03111]\]), however an island-like growth mechanism still occurs. Further, we have investigated the local current maps with the use of LC-AFM--where the conducting AFM tip is in the contact with the surface under a small voltage (several mV). This allows for the investigation of the local conductivity of the surface along with its topography. The typical results for the LC-AFM are shown in [Figure 9](#materials-13-03111-f009){ref-type="fig"}. The map shows that the surface conductivity is inhomogeneous and is correlated with the topography--[Figure 9](#materials-13-03111-f009){ref-type="fig"}c). The interpretation of such conductivity can be drawn with a comparison to the undoped sample surface (see local conductivity maps in \[[@B40-materials-13-03111]\]). First, the regions between the islands are conducting poorly, which is the opposite to the expectation of a topological insulator surface (pure Bi~2~Te~3~ thin film). From the TOF-SIMS technique, one can notice that the Eu content on (or close to) the surface is high. Thus, poor conductivity in such regions can originate from that fact. Eu is very susceptible to oxidation and a layer of EuO or Eu~2~O~3~ is formed. The EuO is semiconducting \[[@B58-materials-13-03111]\], while the Eu~2~O~3~ is insulating giving again very low currents on a current map. Moreover, in the compounds with the divalent Eu, like EuO or EuTe relatively strong magnetic interactions can appear leading to the destruction of the topologically protected states and some regions on the surface become semiconducting. Hence, the relatively low voltage used in our experiment (several mV) results in very low currents on a current map. At the same time, the regions close to the large islands are conducting very well, giving low resistance in the range of 80 kΩ. The resistivity connected to the experimental setup in our LC-AFM can be estimated to 60 kΩ (which depends strongly on the tip-sample contact area). Thus, we estimate that the results of below 100 kΩ are very close to the lowest resistance that can be detected, thus can be interpreted as very large conductivity. In addition, the I--V curves show metallic conductivity, leading to an assumption that those regions conduct with a very high conductivity, which in turn is a hallmark of the topological insulator state. In addition, one can notice a number of small islands conducting poorly, especially those with a relatively low height. One may suppose that the presence of Eu rich phases can be responsible for that behavior. In summary, we assume that the large islands shown in the topography are composed of a main Bi~2~Te~3~ phase with a small Eu doping level, while the rest of the surface is covered by Eu containing phases, most likely oxides. 4. Conclusions {#sec4-materials-13-03111} ============== The impact of Eu doping on the structure and properties of Bi~2~Te~3~ was investigated. Our studies indicated that 15-nm thick film of Bi~2~Te~3~ doped with europium basically preserves the crystallographic structure of the undoped compound. The electron diffraction and TEM images, the measurement of the characteristic frequency of the A1g Raman active mode of Bi~2~Te~3,~ and the density of states probed by UPS-XPS confirm the average structure is successfully obtained. The in-situ XPS results indicate the divalent state of Eu, which means the presence of magnetic atoms within the lattice. Interestingly, the negative chemical shift of Eu core levels has been found and an exceptional structure of the exchange split Eu core levels has been observed. The magnetic interactions related to the magnetic atoms do not seem to influence the presence of surface states, as confirmed by a very high surface conductivity. However, some inhomogeneities have been revealed on the surface by AFM and LC-AFM, as well as in the body of the film thanks to TOF-SIMS and through the analysis of the coherent phonon dynamics. Even if the average structure is preserved, these inhomogeneities give rise to a complex landscape of surface conductivity and might affect some elastic properties of the layer, maybe due to some interstitial dopant between quintuple layers. The surface oxidation locally reduces the conductivity, which is probably connected to the presence of Eu oxides. Further optimization of the doped film growth process is necessary to obtain detailed knowledge concerning the effect of doping necessary to develop new classes of devices. Each of the authors participated in experimental investigations, data analysis, and in describing the results of particular experiments; thin film growth: B.W., K.B.; photoelectron spectroscopy: K.B., M.W. (Mateusz Weis.), J.S.; mass spectroscopy: K.B.; atomic force microscopy: M.W. (Marcin Wojtyniak); electron microscopy: M.Z.; femtosecond spectroscopy: P.R., R.G., M.W. (Mateusz Weis), B.W. The paper draft was prepared by K.B., and reviewed by J.S. and P.R., J.S. supervised the work and acquired funds for its realization. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was conducted under Grant No. 2016/21/B/ST5/02531funded by the National Science Centre, Poland and under the support of Région Pays de la Loire, France and the PPI program (Femtosecond Plateform). The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. ![RHEED diffraction patterns of (a) 15 nm thick Bi~2~Te~3~ and (b) 15 nm thick (Bi, Eu)~2~Te~3~ film right after deposition process.](materials-13-03111-g001){#materials-13-03111-f001} ![The figure presents transmission electron microscopy high-resolution images of the studied sample. (a) shows image perpendicular to the obtained layers. The crystalline character can be clearly visible. The inset shows Fourier Transform with marked by red circles interplanar distances corresponding to the Bi~2~Te~3~ structure. (b) shows area of the sample where the coating was bent showing the correct arrangement of the layers. Below line profiles of the regions marked by red lines are presented. One can easily notice the periodic structure with interplanar distances belonging to the Bi~2~Te~3~ structure.](materials-13-03111-g002){#materials-13-03111-f002} ![Valence band region for the pure europium (red line), 15 nm thick Bi~2~Te~3~ (blue line) and Eu doped Bi~2~Te~3~ (green line) film.](materials-13-03111-g003){#materials-13-03111-f003} ![XPS spectra of (a) Bi 4f and (b) Te 3d levels for undoped and Eu doped Bi~2~Te~3~ films.](materials-13-03111-g004){#materials-13-03111-f004} ![XPS spectra of Eu 3d (a) and Eu 4d (b) multiplets for pure europium and europium in (Eu, Bi)~2~Te~3~ film.](materials-13-03111-g005){#materials-13-03111-f005} ![TOF-SIMS depth profiles of Eu doped Bi2Te3 films. Linear profile of film components (a), and 3D depth profiles (b) for selected secondary ions.](materials-13-03111-g006){#materials-13-03111-f006} ![(a) Transient optical reflectivity measured for doped and undoped Bi~2~Te~3~ film. (b) Zoom on the first 6 ps time windows. (c) Coherent A1g optical phonon signal. (d) Fast Fourier Transform of the signal shown in (c).](materials-13-03111-g007){#materials-13-03111-f007} ![(a) Coherent acoustic phonon signals extracted from the transient optical reflectivity signals (see [Figure 7](#materials-13-03111-f007){ref-type="fig"}a) for undoped and Eu doped Bi~2~Te~3~ film. (b) Corresponding coherent acoustic phonon spectra obtained by a fast Fourier transform (FFT).](materials-13-03111-g008){#materials-13-03111-f008} ![Typical surface of the Eu-doped Bi~2~Te~3~ thin film measured by the LC-AFM: (a) the topography, (b) local current map, (c) combination of topography and the local current.](materials-13-03111-g009){#materials-13-03111-f009}	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Social Links You are here 070 shake One day, 070 Shake was on the floor searching for quarters. The next, she was in a Miami penthouse. The 19-year-old singer and rapper from North Bergen, NJ, had never really considered making music, but she’d often soothed her depression by writing poetry. One September day in 2016, a friend mentioned a brother with a recording studio and she felt a tug. Why not marry her words with music? Stepping into the booth for the first time ever, she recorded “Proud,” an achingly vulnerable reflection on teenage rebellion and rejection over a gently swaying, bittersweet beat. “At that time I felt like I made no one proud, but I always envisioned myself as a leader,” she says. She posted the song online and social influencer Julieanna “YesJulz” Goddard—who eventually would become Shake’s manager—found it, tweeting, “Where’s this boy?” “I was like, ‘I’m a girl and I’m here,’” Shake says. Indeed she is, and she’s not leaving anytime soon. In less than two years, 070 Shake has racked up millions of Soundcloud plays; featured on everyone from Lil Yachty to Fabulous records; appeared onstage alongside artists like Sonny Digital, Pusha T and Desiigner; and garnered praise for her “gritty realness” that places her in a “category of her own” (Highsnobeity). Signing to GOOD Music / Def Jam in 2017, her appeal is obvious—thick with emotion, her smoky voice cuts through a never-ending throng of hollow-voiced public figures obsessed with wealth and superficial pleasures. In a world more consumed than ever with consumption, 070 Shake’s honesty and heart are desperately needed. “It’s not time for talking about money. We have to talk to people about real shit,” she insists. “If you project these things to people, they are going to think you need that to be happy. No. You need love.” Growing up, 070 Shake had plenty of love, if not money. Her parents were divorced, and because her mother struggled financially, Shake was sent to live with various family members--the Dominican Republic with her grandmother, Colorado with her aunt and uncle, who writes Christian music. She listened mostly to rock music, particularly John Mayer, the Beatles, Kid Cudi. “I listened to things with feeling,” she says. “The Beatles didn’t really care bout materialistic things. I wanna bring it back to that. There’s a difference between music that bumps and music you feel. ‘Imagine’ is one of my favorite lyrical songs. The words are pretty simple, but just the meaning in general.” In her early adolescence, she sunk into a deep depression, and poetry was her escape. Still, pouring her heart onto the page couldn’t quell her rising rebelliousness, and she soon was getting suspended from high school for pranks like stealing the frogs from the science lab. Once she graduated, however, she underwent a stark change. Experimenting with psychedelics, she dove into Plato, Socrates and the Bible. “I became a new person. I had 100 tabs on my computer and learned all this on my own. After that I was reborn,” she says. “I felt like I didn’t need all the LSD. Felt like a trip from learning.” Realizing she had a heart for the kids in her city struggling in an overcrowded school system, she tagged herself “070 Shake” in tribute to her city’s zip code. She started putting music to her poems and “vibing out.” She’d never recorded until “Proud,” but once the seal was broken, she knew she’d found her passion, the way she could change the world—through music. “I just wanna help people find love. And make everybody happy,” she says. And, perhaps something a little easier to accomplish: “My goal in life is to make my mom proud.”	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
McKinlay Hendry Ltd v Tonkin & Taylor Ltd McKinlay Hendry Ltd v Tonkin & Taylor Ltd is a cited case in New Zealand regarding the Contracts (Privity) Act 1982 and pre-incorporation contracts. References Category:Court of Appeal of New Zealand cases Category:New Zealand contract case law Category:2005 in New Zealand law Category:2005 in case law	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
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One might almost get the impression that all this had something to do with Islam, were it not for all the learned analysts who assure us otherwise. “Alleged Radicalized Muslim Arrested at Victorville Home,” by Christie Martin, Victor Valley News, December 8, 2015 (thanks to Pamela Geller):	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Carbohydrate-derived fulvic acid is a highly promising topical agent to enhance healing of wounds infected with drug-resistant pathogens. This work was intended as a proof-of-principle study to help establish carbohydrate-derived fulvic acid (CHD-FA) as a safe and effective agent that can be deployed to prevent the onset of drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections in military and civilian personnel experiencing traumatic wound. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for CHD-FA were established on a total of 500 clinical isolates representing wound-associated drug-sensitive and drug-resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens. The efficacy of early use of CHD-FA to enhance healing of wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated in an in vivo rat model. CHD-FA showed strong activity against a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration values equal or less than 0.5%. Compared with infected but untreated wounds, improved wound healing upon CHD-FA treatment was observed in both infection models, demonstrated by wound surface area measurement, histopathologic examination, and expression profiling of wound healing genes. Up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) at Day 3 after infection was significantly dampened at Days 6 and 10 in the CHD-FA-treated wounds in both infection models, displaying an improved and accelerated wound healing. CHD-FA is a promising topical remedy for drug-resistant wound infections. It accelerated the healing process of wounds infected with methicillin-resistant S. aureus and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa in rats, which is linked to both its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
“If this nominee cannot meet the same standard that Republicans insisted upon for President Obama’s nominee, 60 votes in the Senate, then the problem lies not with the Senate but with the nominee.” — Senate Minority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-N.Y.), remarks on the Senate floor, Feb. 1 “I am coming back to the floor to correct the record about my earlier comments, when I said that Republicans ‘insisted’ on 60 votes for each of President Obama’s nominees. Sixty votes is a bar that was met by each of President Obama’s nominees. At the time, there was no need for a cloture vote, because we knew that each of them would garner over 60 votes.” — Schumer, minutes later on the Senate floor. AD AD In the looming battle over President Trump’s nomination of Gorsuch to be a Supreme Court justice, Schumer avoided a few Pinocchios when he quickly returned to the floor and took back his earlier statement that Republicans “insisted” that President Barack Obama’s nominees required 60 votes. But you can see, in Durbin’s remarks, the slippery language that Democrats use to give the impression that achieving 60 votes is some sort of Senate “standard.” Even in his amended remarks, Schumer went on to say “60 votes is the right standard for this nominee.” Let’s explore. The Facts First, some definitions, as people often get these terms confused: A filibuster generally refers to extended debate that delays a vote on a pending matter, while cloture is a device to end debate. Filibusters are used by opponents of a nominee or legislation, while cloture is filed by supporters. Under current Senate rules, it takes 60 votes to end debate. AD AD Filibusters – and cloture votes – are rather rare in deliberations over a Supreme Court nominee. The last Supreme Court nominee who faced a cloture vote was Samuel A. Alito Jr. in 2006. He won it handily, 72-25, though the members who voted against ending debate included Schumer, Durbin, Hillary Clinton and Obama. Later, as president, Obama said he regretted his vote. (He apparently had been persuaded by aides that he would not be viable candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination if he did not vote against ending debate.) After the cloture vote, senators voted on whether to confirm Alito. The vote was 58-42. (He earned the support of four Democrats, but was opposed by one Republican and one Republican-turned-Independent.) AD Another key cloture vote in modern times concerned Lyndon B. Johnson’s 1968 nomination of Abe Fortas, at the time an associate justice, to be chief justice. Johnson was a lame duck, having decided not to seek reelection. Although Democrats controlled the Senate, Southern Democrats were angry at the Warren court’s record on jurisprudence — and the Republican presidential nominee, Richard Nixon, had pledged to nominate a Southerner as his first Supreme Court pick. AD Nineteen senators, in fact, declared that they would refuse to accept any nomination by Johnson because he was a lame duck. The Fortas nomination eventually ran aground over ethics issues and his close relationship with Johnson, and he eventually withdrew after his nomination failed a cloture vote. At the time, Senate rules required approval of two-thirds of the Senate to end debate – and Fortas could only achieve a vote of 45 to 43. Finally, there were two cloture votes involving the late Chief Justice, William H. Rehnquist. In 1971, a motion to invoke cloture failed by a vote of 52-42, but nevertheless he was confirmed later that day 68-26. When he was nominated to become chief justice in 1986, he was confirmed 65-33 after cloture was also invoked by a vote of 68-31. AD So in modern times, there have been a total of four cloture votes concerning Supreme Court nominations. AD Matt House, Schumer’s spokesman, said that “we do not maintain that it was a standard Republicans required, only that it was one that has been met by the last six justices, appointed by presidents from both parties.” Although Alito failed to get 60 votes, House pointed to the cloture vote as evidence that Alito met the necessary standard. Ben Marter, a Durbin spokesman, said: “Senator Durbin believes Judge Gorsuch should be held to the same 60-vote threshold that was met by previous nominees.” Here are the votes for the last six nominees who were confirmed: AD Elena Kagan: 63 to 37 (2010) Sonia Sotomayor: 68 to 31 (2009) Samuel A. Alito Jr.: 58 to 42 (2006) John G. Roberts Jr.: 78 to 22 (2005) Stephen G. Breyer: 87 to 9 (1994) Ruth Bader Ginsburg: 96 to 3 (1993) Hmmm, who was the seventh justice? Clarence Thomas: 52 to 48 (1991) The remaining justice on the court is Anthony M. Kennedy, who was confirmed 97 to 0 in 1988. Antonin Scalia, whom Gorsuch would replace, was confirmed 98 to 0 in 1986. So, two of the justices currently on the Supreme Court were confirmed with votes that did not achieve 60 votes. The Pinocchio Test Democrats are being slippery with their language. Sixty votes is not “a standard” for Supreme Court confirmations, as two of the current justices on the court did not meet that supposed standard. AD There is a separate issue of whether Republicans will have to invoke cloture to end a filibuster — and whether Gorsuch could meet the necessary 60 votes to proceed to a confirmation vote. In Supreme Court nominations, that’s a rarely used parliamentary tactic that is certainly available to Democrats to establish a threshold for confirmation. But it’s not “a standard.” AD Schumer gets kudos for quickly correcting a whopper of a claim, but the “standard” language is still misleading. 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Introduction {#Sec1} ============ Rhinosinusitis (RS) is a condition that arises from inflammation of the nose and the paranasal sinuses resulting in two or more symptoms including nasal blockage, obstruction, congestion, and nasal discharge \[[@CR1]••, [@CR2]••\]. Additional symptoms may include facial pain and pressure, reduction or loss of smell. During diagnosis, endoscopic signs of polyps, mucopurulent discharge, and mucosal obstruction in the middle meatus and computerized tomography (CT) changes within the ostiomeatal complex may be observed \[[@CR2]••\]. RS can be classified into two major types based on the duration and nature of the disease. Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) involves the presentation of two or more symptoms for the duration of less than 12 weeks, with the damage to the nasal passage being often reversible. On the other hand, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) involves remodeling of the nasal passage due to long-standing inflammation causing persistent symptoms for more than 12 weeks \[[@CR2]••, [@CR3]\]. Regardless of duration, both ARS and CRS can be caused by infection by pathogens or allergies against environmental allergens. However, in most cases, the key trigger of RS is often a viral infection that either initiates or exacerbates the symptoms \[[@CR1]••, [@CR2]••, [@CR4]••\]. Epidemiology of ARS and CRS {#Sec2} =========================== RS is a very common condition encountered in primary care, accounting for about 15% of the population in Western countries \[[@CR4]••\]. The prevalence of ARS is relatively high with an estimated prevalence rate of 6--15% worldwide according to various epidemiological studies \[[@CR2]••, [@CR5]\]. On the other hand, studies on the epidemiology and prevalence of CRS are less comprehensive compared to ARS. This is due to the fact that CRS encompasses many forms of presentation which confound the study parameters when accounting for their prevalence. A prevalence of 5--15% prevalence is estimated both in the USA and Europe based on compilation of available studies \[[@CR2]••, [@CR6]--[@CR9]\]. Pathophysiology and Mechanism of Action of Viral Infection in ARS and CRS {#Sec3} ========================================================================= The nature of the disease of RS is highly dependent on the predisposing conditions such as allergic rhinitis, nasal deformity, immune deficiency, and other environmental factors. These underlying conditions can be exacerbated following primary damage caused by viral infections and the secondary damage caused by the host response against the virus, resulting in the pathology of RS and its symptoms. In ARS, the primary and secondary damage does not result in permanent changes to the nasal passage, and the ARS symptoms arising from the acute infection typically subside within 12 weeks. On the other hand, when the host responses triggered by the viral infection cause permanent alteration of the anatomy of the nasal passage such as remodeling of the epithelial layer, long-term effects may present in the form of CRS \[[@CR2]••, [@CR3], [@CR10]\]. As the main cause of ARS is viral, the host immune response that leads to the pathophysiology of RS is mainly antiviral in nature. The antiviral immune response involves nonspecific and specific components that require the coordination between different cell types including neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes \[[@CR11]••, [@CR12]•\]. An ideal scenario is when the elicited immune response is timely and culminates in early viral elimination and minimal damage to the host. However, the cascade of inflammation initiated by the epithelial cells normally lead to damage by the infiltrating cells, causing edema, engorgement, fluid extravasation, mucus production, and sinus obstruction in the process, eventually leading to ARS or exacerbating ARS \[[@CR1]••, [@CR2]••\]. The exact roles and mechanisms of respiratory viruses in ARS exacerbation are still under debate. It is often speculated that the T-helper 1 (Th1) response is initiated from the epithelial innate immune response via toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 (TLR 3, TLR7, and TLR9) due to the virus infection \[[@CR13], [@CR14]••\]. Depending on the type of viral pathogen, the pathogen-sensing molecules in turn activate the production and secretion of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interferon-β (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukins-1β, 6, and 8 (IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-8), which are potent inducers or recruiters of neutrophils and macrophages \[[@CR4]••, [@CR12]•\]. The initial action of neutrophils against virus-infected cells usually contributes to the early symptoms of an acute respiratory virus infection. Following this, the further secretion of TNF-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) increases the recruitment of Th1 cells and cytotoxic T-cells which leads to the clearance of the viral pathogens and viral-infected cells. The process of clearing the virus generates dead epithelial and infiltrating cells which contribute to the pathology of ARS. It also creates an environment suitable for secondary bacterial infections (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae), which represent another factor that exacerbates ARS symptoms initiated by a viral infection \[[@CR11]••, [@CR12]•, [@CR15]\]. On the other hand, CRS pathology is not as straightforward as ARS as the former is associated with multiple factors and disease presentations. However, virus infection is known to contribute to and exacerbate CRS. People suffering from CRS often have predisposing factors that contribute to the inflammatory condition in the nasal passage. One factor is the remodeling of the nasal epithelium due to the extended period of inflammation. During viral infection, the similar inflammatory process causes exacerbation as with ARS. In addition, the destruction of the epithelial layer and macrophage recruitment also induce the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a key remodeling protein that mediates repair of the epithelial and extracellular matrix \[[@CR16]\]. The remodeling of the nasal passage in turn exacerbates the symptoms of CRS even further, as normal epithelial function is further diminished due to possible hyperplasia and replacement of epithelial cells with fibroblasts following respiratory viral infection. Key Viruses Causing the Pathophysiology of ARS and CRS Exacerbation {#Sec4} =================================================================== Viruses account for at least 80 to 90% of the ARS occurrence, with rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, coronavirus (CorV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), adenovirus (AdeV), and enterovirus (EV) playing a major role in ARS exacerbation \[[@CR2]••, [@CR4]••, [@CR9]\]. These viruses induce strong Th1 responses which lead to the pathology of ARS exacerbation. In addition, RV and PIV may contribute further to the exacerbation as their infection upregulates ICAM-1, viral receptor for major type of RV \[[@CR17]--[@CR19]\] (Tan et al., unpublished observation). ICAM-1 is also a signaling protein that activates the migration and infiltration of immune cells to contribute further to the exacerbation and pathophysiology of ARS \[[@CR20]\]. RV and CorV are the most common viruses isolated from adult ARS, accounting for approximately 50% of ARS diagnosis. Geographically, there are also other viruses isolated from patients with ARS, e.g., human bocavirus is frequently isolated from ARS cases in Taiwan \[[@CR21]\]. On the other hand, most of the viruses that exacerbate ARS will also cause similar exacerbation in CRS patients. There is a high rate of viral detection from the nasal wash of CRS patients including viruses commonly found in ARS patients, with RV also being the most prevalent virus in CRS exacerbation \[[@CR22]\]. Human bocavirus and metapneumovirus (hMPV) are also found in the nasal washes of CRS patients during flare ups. Moreover, there are also certain viruses (herpes virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human cytomegalovirus) found in CRS patients with nasal polyps, and it is currently unclear whether they contribute to exacerbation of CRS \[[@CR23]\]. Due to the multifactorial nature of CRS exacerbation, it is relatively harder to identify key viruses that exacerbate CRS compared to ARS, and thus, a direct association between CRS and viral exacerbation is still unclear. The putative underlying mechanism of viral ARS and CRS exacerbation is summarized in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} based on existing literature \[[@CR1]••, [@CR2]••, [@CR11]••, [@CR12]•, [@CR14]••\].Fig. 1Putative underlying mechanisms of viral-induced ARS and CRS exacerbation. The figure shows the chain of events leading to ARS and CRS exacerbation from common respiratory virus infections (rhinovirus and influenza virus). When a respiratory virus infects its respective host cells in the nasal epithelium, the intracellular pathogen sensors TLRs 3, 7, and 9 are activated to initiate an antiviral cellular response via the activation of STAT1/2 and NF-κB transcription factors. These activated transcription factors then induce the expression of interferons (IFNs), interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), chemokines, and cytokines against the virus. The cascade of intracellular events leads to the recruitment of innate responders such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and in turn activates Th1 adaptive responses against the invading respiratory pathogen. This cascade of inflammatory events against the virus culminates in the symptoms of ARS and its exacerbation, especially if persistent infection occurs due to insufficient viral clearance. Furthermore, the priming of the nasal epithelium against viral infection potentiates its environment to be suitable for secondary bacterial infection which may further exacerbate the symptoms. The infection, if kept unchecked, may result in continued inflammation and expression of remodeling genes that may transition into chronic symptoms of CRS, which increases the susceptibility against further viral infection, causing further exacerbation of symptoms. The putative underlying mechanisms are summarized based on existing literature \[[@CR1]••, [@CR4]••, [@CR11]••, [@CR12]•, [@CR14]••\]. ARS acute rhinosinusitis, CD cluster of differentiation, CRS chronic rhinosinusitis, DCs dendritic cells, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, ISGs interferon stimulated genes, STAT signaling transducers and activators of transcription, TLR toll-like receptor, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, TGF transforming growth factor, Th1 T-helper 1 Diagnosis of Viral Infections that Lead to ARS and CRS Exacerbation {#Sec5} =================================================================== As the cause of RS (especially ARS) is almost exclusively viral in nature, the diagnosis of specific viral infection is important to prevent the unnecessary prescription of antibiotics \[[@CR1]••\]. In clinical practice, most viral infections are usually diagnosed by symptomatic assessment, which lack objective diagnostic tools for confirmation as well as identification of the type of viral infection \[[@CR1]••, [@CR2]••, [@CR9], [@CR15]\]. However, with the development of rapid viral assays and diagnostic kits, viral detection and identification can now be performed within a point-of-care setting for sensitive and specific identification of respiratory virus infections in patients presenting with ARS or CRS exacerbation \[[@CR24]••\]. The current viral detection systems, their features, and use in clinical settings are summarized in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}.Table 1Current viral detection systems, their features, and use in clinical settingsDetection methodPrinciple and detectable virusesAdvantagesDisadvantagesCurrent useRapid virus detection by cultureDetecting viral infection in host cells: AdeV influenza A and B PIV 1--4 hMPV RSVWide array of viruses detectedTime-consuming (48-h detection time), host cell specificityShell vial, cluster trays, and similar assays in laboratory attached to hospitalDirect fluorescence antibody testDetecting viral antigens via fluorescence antibody: AdeV influenza A and B PIV 1--3 hMPV RSVSensitive detection of virus in moderate duration (30--60-min detection time)Requires specific training and laboratory spaceImmuno-fluorescence assays conducted in laboratory attached to hospitalRapid antigen direct testDetecting viral antigens via immuno-chromatography: influenza A and B RSVRapid, the only bench-to-bedside clinical diagnosis tool (15--20-min detection time)Prone to false positives and negativesHighly variable sensitivity and specificityBinaxNOW™, Directigen™ Xpect™, and similar products. Rapid antigen test kitsMolecular detectionDetecting specific viral nucleic acid sequences: all respiratory viruses with known sequencesSensitive and specific and allows wide array of virus detection (20--80-min detection time)Requires virus sequence to be known and requires specific training and laboratory spaceMolecular assays (PCR, microarray based) conducted in laboratory attached to hospitalAdeV Adenovirus, hMPV human metapneumovirus, PIV parainfluenza virus, RSV respiratory syncytial virus Current assays for rapid detection of respiratory viruses include virus detection, antigen detection, and molecular detection. Rapid virus detection culture such as shell vial or cluster trays facilitate detection of adenovirus, influenza A and B virus, PIV 1--4, hMPV, and RSV within 48 h \[[@CR25]\]. Assays for virus antigen detection involve the use of viral antigen-specific antibodies using direct fluorescence antibody test and rapid antigen test. The direct fluorescence antibody test can detect AdeV, influenza A and B virus, hMPV, PIV, and RSV within 30 to 60 min \[[@CR26]\], while the rapid direct antigen test utilizes immuno-chromatographic antibody detection kits that are simple to perform (detection in 15--20 min), but so far limited only for detecting influenza A and B virus and RSV \[[@CR27], [@CR28]\]. Lastly, molecular detection includes amplification of viral nucleic acid sequences through polymerase chain reaction of patient samples. This assay can detect respiratory viruses with high sensitivity and specificity within a short time frame of 20 to 80 min \[[@CR29]\] and are recognized to play important roles in respiratory viral diagnosis due to their versatility \[[@CR24]••, [@CR30], [@CR31]\]. In addition to the above methods, there is also serological detection such as ELISA which detects antibodies against the virus. However, while serological detection was widely used in the current diagnostic settings, it is not suitable for the diagnostics of acute infections that caused ARS and CRS exacerbations, and therefore not discussed in this review. Currently, rapid culture, direct fluorescence antibody, and molecular detection necessitate specialized laboratories attached to larger hospitals to perform the diagnosis and identification of viruses causing ARS and CRS exacerbation, due to the complexity and training to operate such assays. The point-of-care detection method is the rapid direct antigen test through immuno-chromatography, but this test suffers from sensitivity issues and may lead to false negatives and misdiagnosis \[[@CR32], [@CR33]\]. Therefore, it is imperative to continue to improve diagnostic kits to rapidly and accurately pinpoint the causative agents of ARS or CRS exacerbation to prevent inappropriate prescriptions for treatment of exacerbation episodes, especially the misuse of antibiotics for viral-induced exacerbation of ARS and CRS. Prevention and Treatment of Viral Exacerbation of ARS and CRS {#Sec6} ============================================================= The clinical management of ARS and CRS exacerbation due to virus infection should be similar for any episodes of ARS and CRS exacerbation. Treatment usually aims to resolve and relieve the symptoms while the infection resolves itself. Symptomatic treatment involves the use of nasal decongestants and topical corticosteroids to relieve nasal congestion and to reduce nasal edema \[[@CR34]\]. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may also be used to decrease inflammation arising from viral infection to relieve symptoms such as fever and nasal edema \[[@CR2]••\]. When secondary bacterial infection is suspected, narrow-spectrum antibiotics such as amoxicillin can be prescribed. In addition to symptomatic management and relief, treatment and prevention of ARS and CRS exacerbation can be further enhanced with advances in viral detection to identify the exact viral etiology. By using antiviral treatments, viral load in the nasal epithelium can be reduced and therefore further lowering the inflammation associated with the infection, reducing RS symptoms and its duration. Hence, it is possible to add currently available antivirals to the repertoire of preventive and therapeutic strategies to counter viral exacerbation episodes of ARS and CRS. From the perspective of exploiting antiviral agents to prevent or treat ARS and CRS exacerbation, influenza virus infection has the widest array of therapies. While the adamantane derivatives amantadine and rimantadine that blocks influenza fusion is currently not recommended as a treatment due to widespread resistance \[[@CR35], [@CR36]\], there are still multiple neuraminidase inhibitors specific against influenza viruses that are available as therapeutic agents for severe episodes of ARS and CRS exacerbation. For example, oseltamivir, laninamivir, peramivir, and zanamivir specifically inhibit the replication of influenza viruses, and thus prevent or minimize the effects of ARS and CRS exacerbation \[[@CR37]•, [@CR38]••\]. Such treatments may be harnessed as useful prophylaxis during influenza season for patients with severe episodes of ARS or CRS exacerbation. In addition to neuraminidase inhibitors, annual influenza vaccination can also serve as a means of preventing ARS and CRS exacerbation due to influenza virus infection. On the other hand, other common respiratory infections due to RV, PIV, RSV, CorV, and AdeV do not have suitable vaccines and have limited antiviral agents that can be used against them. Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the fusion of RSV and is used as a prophylaxis for infants at high risk of morbidity or mortality from RSV complications \[[@CR39]\]. There are also broad-spectrum antivirals such as ribavirin that prevent viral RNA synthesis that can be used against influenza virus, RSV, PIV, and to a certain extent, coronavirus, but are only reserved for severe cases due to their undesirable adverse effects \[[@CR40], [@CR41]\]. Similarly, cidofovir, a DNA synthesis inhibitor is used against disseminated adenovirus infection as a last line of defense against severe adenovirus disease due to concerns on its toxicity. To date, noninfluenza antivirals against respiratory viruses are still in the early stages of development and may not yet be optimal for the prevention and management of viral ARS and CRS exacerbation \[[@CR37]•\]. Notwithstanding this, there are also investigational agents in clinical trial phases and are close to being available clinically. These treatments may be useful in the near future to treat respiratory viral infections to manage viral ARS and CRS exacerbation. Favipiravir (T-705) has so far been tested to be efficacious against influenza virus and is being evaluated for other RNA viruses and was recently approved in 2014 to be marketed in Japan for severe influenza \[[@CR42], [@CR43]\]. Fludase (DAS181), a fusion protein that prevents influenza infection, is currently in phase II clinical trials \[[@CR44], [@CR45]\]. Presatovir (GS-5806), ALS-8176, and ALN-RSV01 are all inhibitors of RSV replication that are undergoing trials as potential treatment against RSV \[[@CR46]--[@CR49]\]. If found to be efficacious with minimal side effects, these investigational agents can be exploited in the future as effective measures in managing viral exacerbation of ARS and CRS \[[@CR38]••\]. Detailed information on the current antiviral drugs against respiratory viruses and their mechanisms of action is discussed in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} and Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}.Fig. 2Current antiviral drugs against respiratory viruses and their mechanisms of action. The figure shows a representative respiratory virus infection (influenza) in the host cell. Other than vaccines, which do not act directly on viral replication in the host cell, other antivirals target specific virus components required for the replication cycle: (1) viral entry receptor---fludase; (2) viral fusion---presatovir, palivizumab; (3) preventing transcription/replication---ribavirin, taribavirin, cidofovir, favipiravir, ALS-8176; (4) preventing translation---ALN-RSV01; (5) preventing viral excision---oseltamivir, laninamivir, peramivir, zanamivir. The antivirals and their mechanisms are summarized based on existing literature \[[@CR37]•, [@CR38]••, [@CR39]--[@CR41]\]. mRNA messenger RNA, vRNP viral ribonucleoprotein, siRNA small interfering RNA, ALS-8176 deoxy-3′,5′-di-O-isobutyryl-2′-fluorocytidine, ALN-RSV01 asvasiran sodium Table 2Current and experimental antiviral agents against respiratory virusesManagementMarket nameRespiratory virus pathogen efficacious againstMode of actionCurrent FDA-approved usage OR at research development stageVaccination Annual influenza vaccinationMultipleInfluenza virusBoosting immune response for influenza-specific antibody productionPreventive prophylaxis during influenza seasonFusion inhibitors AmantadineSymmetrel®Influenza virusPrevents viral fusion and release of nucleic acidInfluenza virus infection (discontinued) RimantadineFlumadine® PalivizumabSynagis®Respiratory syncytial virusRespiratory syncytial virus infectionNeuraminidase inhibitors OseltamivirTamiflu®Influenza virusInhibits influenza neuraminidase to prevent viral release and replicationInfluenza virus infection LaninamivirInavir® (Japan) PeramivirRapiacta®PeramifluRapivap® ZanamivirRelenza®Guanosine analogue RibavirinCopegus®Influenza virusRespiratory syncytial virusParainfluenza virusCoronavirusBlocks viral RNA synthesisHepatitis C infectionPegasys® TaribavirinViramidine®DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitor CidofovirForvade® Vistide®AdenovirusBlocks viral DNA polymeraseCytomegalovirus retinitis Favipiravir (T-705)Avigan® (Japan)Influenza virusInhibits viral polymeraseInfluenza virus infectionExperimental drugs Experimental drug Fludase (DAS181)NilInfluenza virusParainfluenza virusCleaves cell receptor required for viral entryPhase II clinical trial Experimental drug Presatovir (GS-5806)NilRespiratory syncytial virusInhibits fusion of virus in host cellsPhase II clinical trial Experimental drug ALS-8176NilRespiratory syncytial virusRSV polymerase inhibitorPhase II clinical trial Experimental drug ALN-RSV01NilRespiratory syncytial virussiRNA targeting RSV transcriptsPhase II clinical trialALS-8176 deoxy-3′,5′-di-O-isobutyryl-2′-fluorocytidine, ALN-RSV01 asvasiran sodium Conclusion {#Sec7} ========== ARS and CRS remain a considerable economic and public health burden worldwide due to their high prevalence. As virus infections are now established as the key cause of most cases of RS and exacerbation (especially ARS), more attention should be focused on the proper study, diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of viral-induced exacerbation of ARS and CRS symptoms. A more detailed perspective of the virology of ARS and CRS exacerbation can enhance our current understanding of RS to improve the quality of treatment of episodes of ARS and CRS exacerbation, as well as to minimize and prevent the misuse of antibiotics in the treatment of ARS and CRS exacerbation, which may contribute to the growing spectrum of antibiotic resistance. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Rhinosinusitis Kai Sen Tan and Yan Yan contributed equally to this work. Kai Sen Tan, Yan Yan, Hsiao Hui Ong, Vincent T. K. Chow, Li Shi, and De-Yun Wang declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. This study was supported by grants from the National Medical Research Council (NMRC/CIRG/1362/2013 and NMRC/CIRG/1458/2016).	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
https://github.com/easymotion/vim-easymotion.git	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Cocom Delays Rule Change Reuters Published: February 27, 1991 PARIS, Feb. 26— Cocom, the Western trade body that oversees high-technology exports to the former Eastern bloc nations, postponed a high-level meeting this week that was expected to loosen restrictions, trade officials said today. "The high-level meeting has been deferred because there are a number of technical points still to be resolved," said the official, who is close to the Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls. Instead, Cocom officials will use the session, scheduled for Wednesday and Thursday, to report on what still needs to be done to put the revisions into effect, the official said. Trade officials could not say when the high-level meeting would take place. Since 1949, Cocom has restricted exports of high-technology goods with military uses to Communist governments. Last June, it agreed to cut the list of controlled items by a third and to establish a well-defined list of products that could not be exported without a license. The decision came after reforms in Eastern Europe, and United States officials said at the time that the change should help the new democracies and market economies of the region. But earlier this month trade officials said there had been difficulties in setting up technical specifications. Cocom, representing all NATO members except Iceland, plus Australia and Japan, has operated a complex system intended to scrutinize all technology exports. The core list would define forbidden items and allow all other products to be traded freely.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Currently a health care provider (for example, a doctor) does not know at the time of service what portion of the doctor's bill for services will be the patient's responsibility and what portion will be paid by a payer (for example, an insurance company). Only after the patient's visit is the patient responsibility amount determined. This patient responsibility amount is determined by the doctor and the payer in what is called an “adjudication”. This means that the doctor typically cannot bill the patient at the time of service, but rather must wait until the amount is known to bill the patient for the patient responsibility amount. The result is paperwork, administrative expense, and a delay in collection. If the patient later chooses not to pay, the expense to the doctor of collecting payment from the patient may be so great that the doctor elects just to write off the uncollected amount. A solution is desired.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Hey sugar, I am going to walk to get lunch but I wanted to check with you before I go to see if you needed anything. I love and miss you. The Pigs	{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }
Let’s talk about an illusion: When Something Is Surrounded By Large Objects It Looks Relatively Small. For Example: -A Cou...	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
235. Let u = 138 - q. Solve -10 + u = k for k. -3 Let r be (399/14 + -6)(-72)/(-60). Solve 78 = -ru + 14u for u. -6 Let c(f) = 12f + 4. Suppose 3a + a = 52. Let r be a/(-26) + 6/4. Let v be c(r). Solve 0g = -4g - v for g. -4 Let m(j) = -j3 + 17j*2 + 4j - 24. Let x be m(17). Suppose -9b - 2b + x = 0. Solve 2p + 6 = bp for p. 3 Let b be (-72)/(-9) - -3 - 8. Suppose -m + 4 = 0, 3w + bm - 16 = 2. Solve -21 = wl - 9l for l. 3 Let a = 201 - 176. Suppose 22i - ai + 12 = 0. Solve -5s + 14 = i for s. 2 Let i be (5 - -1) + 147 + -6. Let o = i - 118. Solve ox = 25x for x. 0 Suppose -t + i = 2, 5t - 894i - 18 = -896i. Let z = 2 - 1. Let y = z - -1. Solve 4 + y = -tc for c. -3 Let b(f) = -f3 - 2f*2 - f - 23. Let p be b(-4). Let m(q) = -q + 24. Let l be m(p). Solve -ln + 2n + 27 = 0 for n. 3 Let p(q) = 14q - 89. Let a be p(6). Let j be -130(-1)/(-25)a. Solve jc + 12 = 23c for c. -4 Let n(j) be the third derivative of j5/30 - j4/8 - 7j3/2 + 4j*2 - 17j. Let g be n(-3). Solve -g = -5r - r for r. 1 Suppose -274 = 46m - 826. Solve -6o = mo + 90 for o. -5 Let r(t) be the second derivative of -t*4/3 - 13t*3/6 + 3t*2/2 - 33t. Let j be r(-3). Let s be 2 - (0 + -2 + j)/2. Solve s = -l + 2 - 7 for l. -5 Let m(u) = 19u - 1617. Let c be m(86). Solve cp = 184 - 269 for p. -5 Let r(v) = v*2 + 4v - 140. Let c be r(10). Suppose -4t = -8, 3t + ct - 14 = -2l. Solve -8d = -20 - l for d. 3 Let l(s) = -36s + 83. Suppose -15k - 3u - 1 = -11k, 0 = -2k + 2u + 10. Let z be l(k). Solve -4p + zp = 14 for p. 2 Let s be (3 - (5 + 5/(-1)))12. Let n be 0/(-2)s/(-108). Solve n = -0v - 5v - 5 for v. -1 Let n be ((94 - 4) + -5)/1. Suppose 2f = -15f + n. Suppose -5 + 20 = fp. Solve 4s - 5 = ps for s. 5 Let x(s) = 19s2 - 7s - 2. Let c be x(5). Let q be (-5)/20 - c/8. Let a = -51 - q. Solve ap - 8 = 6p for p. -4 Let p be -2 + 7/((-21)/(-15)). Suppose -12 = -3d + g, 5g + 9 = -3d + 21. Solve 0 = ph - 5h - d for h. -2 Suppose -14i + 14i + 17i = 0. Let m be (18/(-135))/(1/(-40))3. Solve 51f - 55f + m = i for f. 4 Let y be (-2)/3 - 2912/(-273). Solve 787 = yx + 727 for x. 6 Suppose -237t = -262t. Solve tc - 92 = -23c for c. 4 Let d(v) = 5v + 5. Let i be d(-11). Let j = i + 51. Suppose 2u + 3h - 3 = 0, 4h - 5 + j = -3u. Solve ut = -4t - 8 for t. -2 Let y(h) = 38h + 935. Let m be y(-19). Solve -mr = -185r + 252 for r. -9 Let d(w) = w*2 - 10w + 10. Let i be d(11). Let t = -21 + i. Let y be -14(2 - 3) - 12. Solve g = -tg - y for g. -2 Suppose 5t + 3t = -512. Let r = 64 + t. Let a be 8/(-5)(r - 10). Solve -4g + 0g = -a for g. 4 Let w be (7 - 116/(-16))(-104)/(-39). Solve -wj = -44j + 24 for j. 4 Let l be ((-816)/(-187))/24 + (-207)/(-11). Solve ln = 27n - 40 for n. 5 Suppose 52 = 9b - 11b. Let p be (b/36 - (-8)/36)-2. Let u be (1/(4 + -5))/(p/(-5)). Solve -u = i - 4 for i. -1 Suppose -13y + 15y - 96 = -30y. Solve ya + 114 = 126 for a. 4 Let u = 5952 - 5938. Solve uy + 84 = -7y for y. -4 Let q(n) = n + 4. Let o be q(-2). Suppose 0 = -oc - 21c + 46. Solve h = ch + 4 for h. -4 Suppose 4y - 28u = -23u + 209, 5u = 5y - 255. Solve ys - 352 = 90s for s. -8 Let z = -2620 + 1840. Let t be (3/2)/((-117)/z). Solve 5q + 10 + t = 0 for q. -4 Let t be (3304/140 - 16)/((-1)/(-5)). Solve -15 = 43a - ta for a. -3 Suppose -k - 9 = -2a - 0k, 0 = 3a - 4k - 11. Suppose -4u + 45 = -5y + 2, 65 = 5u + ay. Solve -13g = -ug + 2 for g. -2 Let k(d) = -d*2 + 11d - 26. Let y = -242 - -249. Let g be k(y). Solve -7 = gv - 5 for v. -1 Let j = 335 - 359. Let m be j(2/(-6))/1. Solve 4h + m = 6h for h. 4 Let m = -25887 - -25887. Solve -3408j + 3416j - 40 = m for j. 5 Let p = -816 - -840. Solve 0 = -11n + 20 + p for n. 4 Let q(w) = -w + 50. Let z be q(35). Suppose 0 = zi - 20i + 15. Solve -f - 2 - i = 0 for f. -5 Let j be 2/(-9) + 3310/(-90). Let u = 42 + j. Suppose 0n + 4n + 20 = -5h, n = 4h - u. Solve hd + 2d - 4 = 0 for d. 2 Suppose 0 = -2f + 9a - 11a + 76, -3f + 5a = -130. Solve 2 = 14x - f for x. 3 Let u = -68 - -72. Let v be (-3 - -3)/(4/(-1 + 5)). Let o(m) = m + 33. Let r be o(-13). Solve -p - up + r = v for p. 4 Let u = 138 - 8. Suppose -3j + u = -5w, -5w = -4j + 229 - 54. Let m be (-2)/((-2)/j3). Solve i + 2i = m for i. 5 Let z = -37 + 37. Let l be -1(1 - z) - (-12)/(-4). Let t = l - -6. Solve 4c + 2 = tc for c. -1 Let j(d) = -d + 4. Let l be j(2). Let b(o) = -40o + 8642. Let p be b(216). Solve pt = 3t - lt for t. 0 Suppose 0 = -3y + 5j + 1171, 4y - 2j = -6j + 1508. Solve y - 470 = -11q for q. 8 Suppose 3r + 15 + 24 = 3o, 3o + 3r - 51 = 0. Solve 0 = 303p - 300p - o for p. 5 Let i = 4038 - 4034. Solve 36a = -ia + 120 for a. 3 Let w be (-6)/4(-376)/6. Let r be (1470/(-10) - -9)/((-6)/(-4)). Let s = r + w. Solve -4 = sn - 0 for n. -2 Let n = 107 + -78. Let s be (21 - 15) + n2. Solve -x - 67 + s = 0 for x. -3 Suppose 3b + 139 = 4d, -d + 0b + 49 = 4b. Let h be -2 + 2 + -31 + (-4 - -1). Let j = h + d. Solve jy = 4y - 2 for y. 2 Suppose 0 = 5u + r - 10, -4u + 5u + 19 = 4r. Let n be 2/((14 + 900/(-54))/(1-4)). Solve -nz + 2z - u = 0 for z. -1 Suppose 0 = 13z + 50 - 193. Let j be ((-4)/12)/(1/(-3)). Solve -j + z = 2i for i. 5 Let b be ((-1)/(2/(-4)))/(40/3220). Suppose 148v = bv. Let f = 1 + 3. Solve -4 = fm - v for m. -1 Suppose 0 = 2i + 3d - 23, -1051d + 32 = 5i - 1052d. Solve ic = -4c - 22 for c. -2 Let r = -74 - -79. Suppose -3b = -k - 2, 5b = -rk - 5 + 15. Solve -2w = k + 5 for w. -3 Let f be (-5)/(324/(-318) + 1). Let g = f + -257. Solve g = -2m + 6m for m. 2 Let u be 4/26 + (-280)/364-18 - 7. Suppose 12 = 2j - 3l, l - 2l = -3j + 11. Suppose -5g = -2g - j. Solve 0 = -3a + u - g for a. 2 Suppose -135j = -149j + 714. Solve -6p = -j + 81 for p. -5 Let q = -8 - -8. Suppose q = -9u - 5u + 14. Let l be (-23)/4 - -6 - (-11)/4. Solve u + 8 = lb for b. 3 Suppose 16j = 17j. Let c be j/(6 + 20/(-5)). Suppose -13x = 2x - 30. Solve -2n - x + 0 = c for n. -1 Suppose 12d = 9d + 9. Let a be (6 - 9) + d - -15. Solve -ar + 25 = -10r for r. -5 Let c be 492/12 - (1 - (-10)/(-2)). Let x be c/99 + (-12)/(-22). Solve -2r + x = 3 for r. -1 Suppose 0 = h - 3h + 6. Suppose hu + 5x = 6u + 26, -56 = 5u - 2x. Let a be 2(-3)/u + (-9)/(-6). Solve aw + 4 = -4 for w. -4 Let d be 27/(-12)16/(-6). Let a = 1902 - 1890. Solve a = -dp - 6 for p. -3 Suppose 0 = -24x + 28x + 2r + 6, -3x - 15 = 5r. Solve 0 = -9b - x + 9 for b. 1 Let g(k) = -k*3 + 3k*2 + 9k - 6. Let d be g(5). Let o(z) = -3z - 28. Let q be o(d). Suppose -2f + f + 21 = 0. Solve 4r = -f + q for r. -4 Suppose -12k = 5k + 6k - 3749. Solve -kf = -167f + 16 for f. 4 Let q be 5((12 - 20) + 0 + (-219)/(-15)). Solve -qs = -31s + 2 for s. -1 Let b be ((-1026)/(-1368))/((-2)/(-32)). Solve bu + 16u = -84 for u. -3 Let p be (-2)/8 - 58(-10)/16. Solve 6h = -p + 72 for h. 6 Let k be (-104)/24 - 481/(-39). Solve kj - 20 = 28 for j. 6 Suppose 0 = -3x - x + 16. Let g be (40/(-5))/x + 6. Let m(q) = 3q - 9. Let b be m(g). Solve b = -o - 0 for o. -3 Suppose 5y + 2o = y + 122, -157 = -4y + 3o. Solve 28g + 42 = yg for g. 7 Suppose 2r + 2n = 22, 110 = 5r - n + 31. Suppose 8o + r = 39. Let m(a) = -a + 3. Let y be m(o). Solve t + 2 + 0 = y for t. -2 Suppose -2y - 68y - 72y + 710 = 0. Solve -16 = -ya + a for a. 4 Let d(x) = x*3 + 5x*2 + 5x - 3. Suppose -3 = -h + 7. Suppose -5j - f - 4 = h, 4f = 5j + 19. Let w be d(j). Solve -r - 2 + 5 = w for r. 3 Suppose 3m + g = -g + 16, m = g + 7. Let n(p) = -p*2 - 6p + 3. Let b be n(-6). Suppose b + m = 3y. Solve -yq = -12 + 3 for q. 3 Let z be (4 + -2)/(-2) - (405 - 7). Let s = z - -399. Solve 13o - 16o + 9 = s for o. 3 Let n(v) be the second derivative of v*4/12 + 5v3/6 - v2 + 2v. Let i be n(-6). Suppose -45 = 23766j - 23775j. Solve jz = iz for z. 0 Let q(m) be the first derivative of -m3/3 - 6m*2 - 27m - 41. Let g be q(-8). Solve -4 = gf + 21 for f. -5 Let m be (-26566)/(-592) + 6/16 + (-2)/8. Solve -46z + mz - 4 = 0 for z. -4 Let c = -3622 + 3758. Solve 56 = -cf + 122f for f. -4 Suppose 0 = -5g - 25, 0 = n - 4g - 8 - 20. Solve 17r	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Q: doing .length on json array returns undefined I have following json encoded array coming from ajax call {"country":{"0":"United States of America","United States of America":{"states":{"0":"Alaska","Alaska":{"cities":["Adak","Akiachak","Akiak","Akutan","Alakanuk"]}}}}} Following is my ajax code $.ajax({ method: "POST", url: "test.php", data: "action=2", cache: 'false', success: function(abcd){ alert(abcd); var obj = new Array(); var obj = $.parseJSON(abcd); alert(obj.country.length); } }); When i try using obj.country[0] it returns "United States of America". But when i try to get the length of the array using obj.country.length it returns undefined. I have browsed a couple of posts and only difference i could see was use of dataType: json and using header() to define content type to json on .php page. I have tried both methods but that didn't work out either. And on .php page i have declared following as array: $data = array(); $data['country'] = array(); $data['country']['United States of America'] = array(); $data['country']['United States of America']['states'] = array(); $data['country']['United States of America']['states']['Alaska']['cities'] = array(); A: This is because obj.country isn't an array, but an object. An object is enclosed in curly braces ({}) and an array in square ones ([]). See http://json.org/ for more information. In your example content, "cities":["Adak","Akiachak","Akiak","Akutan","Alakanuk"] would be an array, which you can call with obj["country"]["United States of America"]["states"]["Alaska"]["cities"]. So, judging from your example this would work: $us['name'] = "United"; $alaska['name'] = "Alaska"; $alaska['cities'] = array("city1", "city2"); $us['states'] = array($alaska) $data = array($us); I expect it would render like [{"name": "United", "states": [{"name":"Alaska", "cities": ["city1","city2"]}]}]. I'm sure it could be done better or more compact though, I don't have much experience with PHP in this regard.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
This airport has been automatically generated We have no information about VG33[*] airport other than its name, ICAO and location (US). This airport will have to be done from scratch, which includes adding runways, taxiways, parking locations, boundaries... Good luck if you decide to do this airport!	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Mechanical equipment refers to a machine or machinery that is formed of a defined arrangement of multiple components. A component may represent a part, an assembly of parts, a subassembly of a part, an element, or another constituent of a machine. A component is not limited to mechanical elements and is broadly defined to include an electrical assembly, an electrical system, an electronic system, a computer controller, software, or the like. Mechanical equipment includes heavy equipment and capital-intensive equipment that is movable or fixed. Mobile mechanical equipment includes airplanes, busses, locomotives, ships, cranes, heavy trucks, earth-moving equipment, or the like. Fixed mechanical equipment includes electrical power generators, industrial presses, manufacturing equipment, or the like. A configuration defines the identity of the components (e.g., parts), a specification of the components, and the relationship among the arrangement of components of the mechanical equipment, among other things. Because some components are interchangeable with substitutes, the configuration of mechanical equipment may vary throughout a life span of the mechanical equipment as equipment-related work (e.g., maintenance, repair, or overhaul work) is performed. The configuration of mechanical equipment may change because of a revision of product definitions or a review (e.g., a financial and performance review) of the mechanical equipment. Further, even during the manufacturing process, the manufacturer of the mechanical equipment may substitute different components (e.g., parts) from different suppliers to customize the mechanical equipment, to meet a certain technical specifications for the mechanical equipment, or to save manufacturing costs on the mechanical equipment. For example, the manufacturer may change technical specifications of mechanical equipment to rectify manufacturing anomalies or to facilitate more reliable production. Thus, standard as-built documentation on the mechanical equipment may contain erroneous information on the configuration of the equipment. Maintenance, overhaul and repair personnel may keep few records of the actual configuration of the equipment because of over-reliance on the manufacturer's specifications, manuals, and as-built documentation. Even if configuration records are available, the records may be difficult to use or access. Thus, a need exists for promoting the maintenance of accurate records on equipment-related work with ready access to maintenance, overhaul and repair personnel. In the context of an airplane as the mechanical equipment, the airplane may be viewed as a member of a fleet subject to the fleet specifications in general manuals, rather than a unique configuration. If generalizations from the fleet specifications are applied to an airplane, the generalization may not apply because of changes in the configuration made during maintenance (e.g., maintenance, repair or overhaul) or earlier manufacturing changes. While the practical experience of the mechanic or technician may overcome the informational gap between the documentation and the actual configuration, such practical experience is often communicated inefficiently by word of mouth and documentation may be unavailable. Moreover, repair and maintenance may become more costly where the mechanic or technician needs to figure out the implications of departures from expected or wrongly documented configurations on an ad-hoc basis. The operator or owner of the mechanical equipment may operate equipment with a sub-optimal configuration that does not comply with a desired technical specification because of a lack of adequate procedures for identification of the desired technical specification and tracking compliance with the desired technical specification. For example, a typical performance guarantee or warranty for an airplane, as the mechanical equipment, may cover the number of landings/takeoffs, engine hours, and general availability of flight readiness of the aircraft. However, an operator or an owner of an aircraft may fail to enforce the warranty or performance guarantee against the manufacturer because the lack of adequate record-keeping and monitoring of the actual performance of the aircraft that are necessary to demonstrate a performance deficiency. Thus, a need exists for a procedure that facilitates monitoring of compliance with a desired technical performance objective for the mechanical equipment. In regulated industries, such as the airline industry, the noncompliance with a desired technical specification may represent a violation of a regulatory standard, which can subject the operator or owner of the mechanical equipment to economic penalties. Moreover, noncompliance with a configuration may pose a serious threat to the safety of passengers aboard a noncompliant aircraft. Thus, a need exists for facilitating compliance of a configuration of mechanical equipment with applicable safety requirements on a timely basis.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Q: jQuery dataTables - How to clone a header to create a footer I am using JSON to create data for DataTable but also the header. However, I noticed the footer is not created. So I need to it manually. My idea is to clone the header to create the footer but I dont' know how to do it. I'm using the following code : $.getJSON("http://127.0.0.1/info", function( data ) { $(document).ready(function() { $('#log').html( '<table class="display compact" id="log-data" width="100%"></table>' ); var table = $('#log-data').dataTable( { "dom": '<"tblContainerT"T><"tblContainerTop"lf><rt><"bottom"ip>', "tableTools": { "sSwfPath": "/swf/copy_csv_xls_pdf.swf", "TableToolsInit.sTitle": "data-export". }, "data": data['tbody'], "columns": data['thead'], "lengthMenu":[[25,200,500,-1],[25,200,500,"All"]], 'fnInitComplete' : function () { $("thead tr").clone().appendTo($("tfoot tr")) ; } }); new $.fn.dataTable.FixedHeader( table, { bottom: true }); }); }); The relevant part is the following : 'fnInitComplete' : function () { $("thead tr").clone().appendTo($("tfoot tr")) ; } It's not working so something is going wrong. Do you know how to do it ? Let me know if you need more information. A: It is hard to say when we dont know how your markup is. If you have <tfoot></tfoot> only : fnInitComplete : function() { $("thead tr").clone().appendTo($("tfoot")) ; } demo -> http://jsfiddle.net/gu5qvjag/ If you have <tfoot><tr></tr></tfoot> : fnInitComplete : function() { $("thead tr th").each(function(i, th) { $(th).clone().appendTo($("tfoot tr")); }); } demo -> http://jsfiddle.net/uj5dpbua/ Update. Sad to say, overlooked that the <table> itself is generated by code too :( fnInitComplete : function() { $("#log-data").append('<tfoot></tfoot>'); $("#log-data thead tr").clone().appendTo($("#log-data tfoot")) ; }	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Introduction ============ The emergence of stem cells as a therapeutic for many diseases, disorders and injuries has brought excitement among scientists, clinicians and patients alike regarding the potential treatment of previously untreatable conditions. However, the implementation of many stem cell therapies in patients may still be years away. When considering translating these therapies into patients, there are two principal concerns that must be resolved: I. Can the stem cells efficiently produce the desired therapeutic outcome, albeit tissue replacement or repair, in vitro?; and II. Can the in vitro studies be replicated in vivo, both short- and long-term, with increased confidence? Much of the past research has concentrated on question one, or more appropriately, the philosophy of can we apply the method? However, to recognize stem cells as key factors in the treatment of various ailments, we need to rest assured that we can also answer question two -- Is this a viable treatment approach? These questions are aside from the ethical implications surrounding the field, which ask should we do it. In any case, stem cells will continue to be researched as a potential treatment for a multitude of diseases and disorders. Considerable progress has been made in addressing the first question stated above -- can we do it. A vast number of tissue types have been generated from both embryonic (ES cells) and adult stem cells. ES cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, which hold tremendous potential in generating specified tissue types ([@b25-btt-2-699]). However, the potential for immune rejection, together with the possibility of tumor formation has caused their application in humans to proceed with caution ([@b25-btt-2-699]). Adult stem cells tend to be tissue-specific cells with limited differentiation potential compared with ES cells. Adult stem cells are clinically attractive therapies due to their reduced risk of tumorigenesis and ability to expand with relative ease ([@b8-btt-2-699]). Among the many types of adult stem cells, those resident to the bone marrow (BM), particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have gained extensive interest among scientists and clinicians ([@b12-btt-2-699]). MSCs are mesodermal cells primarily resident to the adult BM, which undergo lineage-specific differentiation to generate bone, fat, and cartilage among other tissue types ([@b3-btt-2-699]). MSCs have also been reported to transdifferentiate into defined ectodermal and endodermal tissues in vitro, thus alluding to their inherent plasticity (Choi and Panayi 2001; [@b9-btt-2-699]; [@b14-btt-2-699]; [@b27-btt-2-699]; [@b19-btt-2-699]; [@b21-btt-2-699]; [@b23-btt-2-699]; [@b34-btt-2-699]). MSCs are available for autologous therapies, have a unique ability to bypass immune rejection and are inherently migratory ([@b31-btt-2-699]). These properties of MSCs make them particularly well suited when considering the second question posed earlier -- can in vitro findings be accurately recapitulated in vivo? Whereas tissues derived from ES cells or other types of stem cells may be rejected when transplanted, MSCs offer the potential for allogeneic transplantation and a readily available source of "off-the-shelf" stem cells for personalized therapies. However, the unique immune properties of MSCs do not guarantee that the cells will produce the desired therapeutic outcome or even that they will not be rejected. In vitro, a MSC's growth conditions can be closely monitored to favor stem cell growth and/or differentiation. In vivo, the transplanted MSCs are exposed to local immune cells and soluble mediators that could influence the cells' behavior, either positively or negatively regarding the desired outcome. This concept of the tissue microenvironment has become a growing concern among researchers, and may be the ultimate factor in deciding whether a stem cell therapy succeeds or fails ([@b18-btt-2-699]; [@b37-btt-2-699]; [@b17-btt-2-699]; [@b29-btt-2-699]). A prototypical example of a tissue microenvironment affecting stem cell behavior is observed among hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their niche within the BM. HSCs are relatively quiescent cells located close to the BM endosteum at relatively low oxygen concentration ([@b18-btt-2-699]). As HSCs differentiate, the maturing immune cells migrate towards the central sinus of the BM under progressively higher oxygen concentrations ([@b18-btt-2-699]). The change in oxygen is a key determinant in the maturation of the immune cells before they leave the BM and migrate into the peripheral circulation ([@b18-btt-2-699]). In contrast, MSCs are located close to trabecular bone near the central sinus of the BM ([@b3-btt-2-699]). As MSCs migrate towards the endosteum under progressively lower concentrations of oxygen, the stem cells differentiate into stromal fibroblasts, which form the principal support structure for immune cell maturation ([@b3-btt-2-699]). This example demonstrates that local microenvironmental changes in variables such as oxygen concentration can drastically affect the behavior of MSCs. Since MSCs have been shown to generate a vast number of tissues, they have clinical implications in a wide array of diseases and disorders. Among possible transplantation sites are tissues such as cardiac, neural, pancreatic and bone. Each tissue provides a unique local microenvironment that can affect the success of the therapy. The problem facing researchers is accurately developing in vitro models to recapitulate the tissue microenvironment so that cellular behavior can be observed prior to transplantation. This is no easy task considering the dynamic nature of the microenvironment. Transplantation of MSCs alone will generate a local immune response and disrupt homeostasis within the tissue milieu by causing release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. The anatomy of the BM is such that MSCs are in direct interaction with immune cells and form synapse-like structures with innervating nerve fibers ([@b3-btt-2-699]). MSCs express receptors for many cytokines and neurotransmitters, thus demonstrating their potential to respond to local microenvironmental changes ([@b20-btt-2-699]). Excessive cytokine release within the transplantation site could lead to the production of other soluble factors by the MSCs themselves. If these factors are immunoreactive, then other immune cells could infiltrate the tissue and cause an exacerbated immune response, rejection of the transplant or differentiation of the MSCs ([Figure 1A](#f1-btt-2-699){ref-type="fig"}). On the other hand, MSCs have been shown to be a potent source of trophic factors ([@b29-btt-2-699]). These findings indicate that MSCs could also be used to aid normal tissue repair, perhaps even more so than in cell replacement. Whether transplanted MSCs cause an immune insult or help repair injured tissues may be difficult to determine unless appropriate models are developed to better predict the outcome. However, if MSCs are found to negatively impact the host microenvironment through exposure to soluble mediators, there are still potential methods to develop effective therapeutics. When considering the example presented in [Figure 1A](#f1-btt-2-699){ref-type="fig"}, inclusion of specific cytokine receptor antagonists or inhibitors could suppress the untoward effects of the host microenvironment on the transplanted MSCs, thus leading to defined therapeutic outcomes ([Figure 1B](#f1-btt-2-699){ref-type="fig"}). Throughout the remainder of this review, we will address the feasibility of using similar pharmacologic approaches in MSC transplants, while focusing on three ubiquitous microenvironmental factors: IL-1α/β, TNFα, and SDF-1α. Specifically, we will examine how receptor antagonists or inhibitors to these factors, whether federally approved or in development, may limit the potential negative influences of the tissue microenvironment. Interleukin-1α/β ================ IL-1α and IL-1β are members of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines. These pro-inflammatory mediators are primarily synthesized by macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells, and are responsible for immune defense against infection ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b13-btt-2-699]). IL-1α and IL-1β are also key regulators of hematopoesis and the inflammatory process ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b13-btt-2-699]). Both cytokines are found throughout the body, thus they are expected to be present within the local microenvironment of most tissues. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that MSCs express IL-1RI, which is the principal receptor for both IL-1α and IL-1β ([@b20-btt-2-699]). Interestingly, membrane expression of the receptor was maintained throughout the course of transdifferentiation of MSCs into functional neurons ([@b20-btt-2-699]). If IL-1α or IL-1β were found to have negative effects on MSCs, then these effects may also be seen on transplantable tissues differentiated from MSCs. These results have implications regarding the ideal stage of stem cell implantation, whether undifferentiated, partly differentiated or fully differentiated. IL-1α was found to alter the behavior of undifferentiated MSCs and neurons differentiated from MSCs ([@b20-btt-2-699]). Specifically, stimulation of MSCs with IL-1α caused production of the neurotransmitter, substance P (SP), by undifferentiated and differentiated cells ([@b20-btt-2-699]). Similar effects were not observed in cells stimulated with IL-1β ([@b20-btt-2-699]). SP has involvement in various physiological functions, such as the perception of pain and breast cancer progression, however the peptide also has a stimulatory effect on immune cell development and function ([@b18-btt-2-699]). SP was also found to stabilize IL-1RI mRNA, thus potentially forming an autocrine feedback loop whereby IL-1α present in the microenvironment continually stimulates production of SP by the MSCs or their differentiated progeny ([@b20-btt-2-699]). The excessive levels of SP could lead to immune cell infiltration and an exacerbated immune response, which may cause rejection of the transplant. Interestingly, IL-1α also had a more global effect on the behavior of MSCs, specifically their ability to transdifferentiate into neurons ([@b20-btt-2-699]). MSCs that were grown in neuronal induction media containing IL-1α showed greater expression of genes linked to neurogenesis compared to cells induced without IL-1α ([@b20-btt-2-699]). In comparison to the deleterious effects of IL-1α mentioned above, these results demonstrate what appears to be a positive effect on MSC differentiation. If the desired therapeutic value of MSCs is transdifferentiation, in this case into neurons, then this finding can be considered beneficial. However, in many cases, the maintenance of MSCs as stem cells will be desired. Hence, the influence of the microenvironment on premature MSC differentiation would be unwarranted. To counter the negative effects of IL-1α present within a tissue microenvironment, co-therapies utilizing MSCs and specific IL-1R antagonists or inhibitors may be successful. The IL-1R antagonist (IL-1ra) is naturally occurring and binds to the IL-1RI. IL-1ra competes for binding to the IL-1RI with IL-1α and IL-1β, however binding of this ligand does not result in an intracellular signal ([@b13-btt-2-699]). A commercially available IL-1RI antagonist is Kineret^®^, also known as Anakinra^®^, which is a recombinant, non-glycosolated version of human IL-1ra ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b22-btt-2-699]; [@b2-btt-2-699]; [@b5-btt-2-699]; [@b15-btt-2-699]). The drug has been used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Recent studies in mice have shown that MSCs have an inherent ability to counteract the deleterious inflammatory effects of IL-1α in injured tissues ([@b28-btt-2-699]). In response to bleomycin-induced inflammation and fibrosis within the lungs of mice, transplanted MSCs were shown to synthesize IL-1ra to neutralize microenvironmental IL-1α. In addition, MSCs also protected the tissue from further damage by inhibiting the production of TNFα within the lung. If, however, exogenous IL-1ra supplementation is also necessary, it may be possible to administer an IL-1ra, such as Anakinra^®^, during MSC transplantation. However, the means of accurately delivering the drug to its target is unknown. Perhaps the drug could be bound to the MSCs in such a way that the stem cells actually "piggy-back" the drug to the target. A great deal of research is still necessary to develop these types of therapeutics. Tumor necrosis factor α ======================= TNFα is a pro-inflammatory cytokine principally synthesized by macrophages, which is involved in the acute phase of systemic inflammation ([@b26-btt-2-699]). More specifically, TNFα mediates immune cell homing, proliferation and differentiation, as well as tumorigenesis and viral replication ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b26-btt-2-699]). TNFα is ubiquitously found throughout the body, and is another important factor present within local tissue microenvironments. We have previously demonstrated that MSCs express the principal receptor for TNFα, TNF-R1 ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b20-btt-2-699]). Similar to IL-1RI expression, TNF-RI levels were maintained during the entire course of MSC transdifferentiation into neurons ([@b20-btt-2-699]). However, whereas IL-1α was able to induce SP production in undifferentiated, partly differentiated and fully differentiated cells, TNFα had similar effects only in partly and fully differentiated cells ([@b20-btt-2-699]). Additionally, TNFα did not have the same enhancing effect on MSC transdifferentiation as IL-1α. These results re-emphasize that the ideal stage of differentiation for efficient transplantation is unknown. In the case of exposure to microenvironmental TNFα, little to no negative effects may be observed with undifferentiated MSCs, while an exacerbated immune response may be seen if transplanting partly or fully transdifferentiated cells. Recent studies have shown that undifferentiated MSCs incubated with TNFα have a greater ability to migrate in the presence of chemokines compared to cells incubated without TNFα ([@b30-btt-2-699]; [@b33-btt-2-699]). Increased chemotaxis of MSCs would be clinically important if proper homing to the site of tissue injury became more efficient. However, since MSCs are inherently chemotactic, increased sensitivity to chemokine gradients could cause continuous mobilization within a tissue, and impede proper homing and delivery of the desired therapeutic. To offset any deleterious effects of microenvironmental TNFα on proper homing of MSCs to the site of tissue injury, co-thereapies with existing TNFα inhibitors may be beneficial. Currently there are three approved TNFα inhibitors, infliximab (Remicade^®^), adalimumab (Humira^®^) and etanercept (Enbrel^®^), which are primarily used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune disorders ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b24-btt-2-699]; [@b11-btt-2-699]). Infliximab and adalimumab are monoclonal antibodies that bind TNFα and block signaling through the TNF-RI. Etanercept is a large molecular weight, soluble recombinant TNFα receptor fusion protein that binds TNFα and prevents signaling through membrane-bound TNF-RI. Administration of these pharmacologics in combination with MSC therapies may negate any untoward effects of TNFα on the desired therapeutic outcome. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α ============================== SDF-1α, also known as CXCL12, is a chemokine produced by stromal fibroblasts, which mediates inflammation and the immune response through modulating lymphocyte chemotaxis ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b4-btt-2-699]). Additionally, SDF-1α regulates hematopoeisis and has a role in tumor metastasis ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b4-btt-2-699]). Like IL-1α/β and TNFα, SDF-1α is ubiquitously found throughout the body, and is an important soluble mediator of the tissue microenvironment. Within the BM, the primary lineage-specific progeny of MSCs are stromal fibroblasts ([@b12-btt-2-699]; [@b3-btt-2-699]). It is not surprising then that SDF-1α is important in the biology of MSCs. Expression of the principal SDF-1α receptor, CXCR4, has been demonstrated on MSCs, where it has been shown to mediate site-directed homing of MSCs in models of tissue engineering ([@b32-btt-2-699]). In the BM, SDF-1α is vital to the hematopoietic supportive function that MSCs exert to maintain proper hematopoeisis (Van Overstraeten et al 2006). As mentioned earlier, preconditioning MSCs with cytokines such as IL-1β and TNFα increased the migratory capacity of the cells ([@b30-btt-2-699]; [@b33-btt-2-699]). However, these enhancing effects were shown to be independent of SDF-1α, and were instead mediated by other chemokines ([@b30-btt-2-699]). In general, the clinical relevance of SDF-1α in the success of MSC therapies is positive, since SDF-1α gradients help MSCs home to sites of tissue injury ([@b4-btt-2-699]). In theory, MSCs could be administered systemically and allowed to respond to SDF-1α gradients for proper delivery to the target tissue. Once at the site of injury, MSCs themselves could serve as a source of SDF-1α ([@b38-btt-2-699]). Expression of SDF-1α by MSCs has been shown to promote survival of cardiac myocytes after myocardial infarction in rats ([@b38-btt-2-699]). However, SDF-1α is also a potent lymphocyte chemoattractant ([@b4-btt-2-699]). Excess production of SDF-1α within the microenvironment could potentially lead to increased immune cell infiltration and transplant rejection. SDF-1α may be less beneficial or even deleterious in therapies transplanting cells partly or fully differentiated from MSCs. For instance, SDF-1α has been shown to increase the proliferation of neural progenitor cells dissociated from rat cortex ([@b16-btt-2-699]). Comparing these results to the example of MSC neuronal transdifferentiation discussed throughout this review, excess SDF-1α might impede the final steps of neuronal maturation necessary for therapeutic improvement. To counteract any negative influences of local microenvironmental SDF-1α on MSC therapies, there are several available pharmacologics that inhibit the SDF-1α/CXCR4 interaction. Plerixafor, also known as Mozobil^®^ or AMD3100, is a partial antagonist of CXCR4, which has recently competed Phase 3 clinical trials, but is not yet in routine clinical use ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b6-btt-2-699]). Current in vivo studies have shown that pre-treatment of MSCs with AMD3100 significantly prevented stem cell migration to the injured rat brain ([@b36-btt-2-699]). Similar approaches may be beneficial in order to prevent non-specific MSC migration. T134, a small molecule CXCR4 inhibitor, and tannic acid, a water-soluble polyphenol widely distributed within the plant kingdom that acts as a selective CXCR4 antagonist, both inhibit the SDF-1α/CXCR4 interaction and may have future application as approved pharmacologics ([Table 1](#t1-btt-2-699){ref-type="table"}) ([@b1-btt-2-699]; [@b7-btt-2-699]). Administration of these compounds would most likely have to be locally delivered to the target tissue, since systemic inhibition of SDF-1α/CXCR4 could disrupt BM homeostasis or lead to excessive HSC mobilization into the peripheral circulation. Summary ======= In this review, we address the concept of the tissue microenvironment, and examine its clinical importance in MSC therapies. By accurately developing in vitro models that mimic the local tissue milieu, the behavior of MSCs or their differentiated progeny can be observed prior to in vivo application. Through like approaches, ill effects from soluble mediators or other cell types, which can impede the desired therapeutic outcome, can be assessed. In many cases, co-therapy with a pharmacologic such as a cytokine receptor antagonist may negate the deleterious effects of the microenvironment and optimize the therapeutic potential of MSCs. Here, we have focused on three ubiquitous microenvironmental factors with known effects on MSC function, and addressed how local delivery of inhibitors to these factors could improve the MSC therapy. ![Cartoon depicting the potential effects of an inflammatory microenvironment on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies. A. An injured tissue, such as a bone fracture, is laden with inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, or IL-6, within the microenvironment. MSCs introduced into the microenvironment can respond to the inflammatory stimuli by synthesizing and releasing immunoreactive factors, such as substance P (SP) or other neuropeptides. Excessive production of SP would lead to an exacerbated immune response and infiltration of additional immune cells into the injured tissue. Additionally, the inflammatory stimuli could have an untoward effect on MSC differentiation, for example differentiation into fibroblasts rather than osteoblasts. B. Alternatively, delivery of MSCs together with an inflammatory cytokine antagonist/inhibitor may abrogate immunoreactivity and allow the desired stem cell therapeutic to proceed unhindered.](btt-2-699f1){#f1-btt-2-699} ###### Microenvironmental factors implicated in the outcome of MSC therapies Cytokine/chemokine Source Physiological function Receptor expression on MSCs Inhibitors/antagonists Reference -------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- IL-1α/β macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis yes IL-1ra, Kineret^®^ [@b5-btt-2-699]; [@b15-btt-2-699]; [@b22-btt-2-699]; [@b22-btt-2-699] TNFα macrophages immune response, inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, viral replication yes Remicade^®^, Humira^®^, Enbrel^®^ [@b24-btt-2-699]; [@b11-btt-2-699] SDF-1α tissue-specific stromal cells immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, chemotaxis, tumor metastasis yes Mozobil^®^, T134, tannic acid [@b6-btt-2-699]; [@b1-btt-2-699]; [@b7-btt-2-699] Notes: Listed microenvironmental factors are ubiquitously expressed throughout the body and have known effects on mesenchymal stem cells MSCs. Co-therapy with pharmacologics, such as receptor antagonists or specific inhibitors, may improve the desired therapeutic outcome.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Solid Alarm Clock Extended Wake up with a bird singing, a favorite song or a standard ringtone it's up to you with alarm Solid Alarm Clock Extended!In any case, you can't just turn off the alarm, special features will not leave you basking in bed and will get you up quickly. Half a million of users have downloaded the application and rated it 4.5 stars. Download for free Solid Alarm Clock Extended!To wake you up the alarm clock has the following features:✔4 modes of awakening.✔4 types of puzzles.✔ The music signal - select your favorite song.✔ The gradual increasing of the volume of the signal.✔ Solving mathematical problems, to postpone or turn the alarm off.✔ Puzzle maze to find a way out of the realm of Morpheus.✔ Loud and dynamic melody alarm, followed by vibration.✔ Reducing of the intervals between signals after each postponement.✔ Set the maximum number of snoozes.✔ If you want to sleep a little bit more and push the button delay the alarm, you will hear the annoying sound, it helps you to fight with such a harmful and dangerous habit.It can be used in many cases: during the games, sport events, work, scientific experiments and so on. Find a function that will help you to wake up and start the day with the renewed vigor.Download for free Service Solid Alarm Clock Extended NOW!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: Creating "cylinder with bottom" node shape in TikZ/PGF How to create custom TikZ node "cylinder with bottom", where hidden line in cylinder bottom is shown using dashed line. Something like the following creation, except node center should be in the middle of cylinder (as if it was in the middle of the center of 3D cylinder), not in center of the side -- it looks imbalanced https://www.writelatex.com/1149537sksqzs#/2737083/ \documentclass[tikz]{standalone} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric,calc} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \node[cylinder,draw=black,thick,aspect=0.7, minimum height=1.7cm,minimum width=1.5cm, shape border rotate=90, cylinder uses custom fill, cylinder body fill=red!30, cylinder end fill=red!10] (A) {A}; \draw[dashed] let \p1 = ($ (A.after bottom) - (A.before bottom) $), \n1 = {0.5veclen(\x1,\y1)}, \p2 = ($ (A.bottom) - (A.after bottom)!.5!(A.before bottom) $), \n2 = {veclen(\x2,\y2)} in (A.before bottom) arc [start angle=0, end angle=180, x radius=\n1, y radius=\n2]; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} A: As Tarass correctly guessed, it is a problem of line width, but it affects both to the arc radius and to the initial point (A.before bottom). This is a possible fix: \documentclass[tikz]{standalone} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric,calc} \title{TikZ: cylinder with bottom - example} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \node[cylinder,draw=black,thick,aspect=0.7,minimum height=1.7cm,minimum width=1.5cm,shape border rotate=90,cylinder uses custom fill, cylinder body fill=red!30,cylinder end fill=red!10] (A) {A}; \draw[dashed] let \p1 = ($ (A.after bottom) - (A.before bottom) $), \n1 = {0.5veclen(\x1,\y1)-\pgflinewidth}, \p2 = ($ (A.bottom) - (A.after bottom)!.5!(A.before bottom) $), \n2 = {veclen(\x2,\y2)-\pgflinewidth} in ([xshift=-\pgflinewidth] A.before bottom) arc [start angle=0, end angle=180, x radius=\n1, y radius=\n2]; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Aortic arch morphogenesis and flow modeling in the chick embryo. Morphogenesis of the "immature symmetric embryonic aortic arches" into the "mature and asymmetric aortic arches" involves a delicate sequence of cell and tissue migration, proliferation, and remodeling within an active biomechanical environment. Both patient-derived and experimental animal model data support a significant role for biomechanical forces during arch development. The objective of the present study is to quantify changes in geometry, blood flow, and shear stress patterns (WSS) during a period of normal arch morphogenesis. Composite three-dimensional (3D) models of the chick embryo aortic arches were generated at the Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) developmental stages HH18 and HH24 using fluorescent dye injection, micro-CT, Doppler velocity recordings, and pulsatile subject-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD). India ink and fluorescent dyes were injected into the embryonic ventricle or atrium to visualize right or left aortic arch morphologies and flows. 3D morphology of the developing great vessels was obtained from polymeric casting followed by micro-CT scan. Inlet aortic arch flow and cerebral-to-lower body flow split was obtained from 20 MHz pulsed Doppler velocity measurements and literature data. Statistically significant variations of the individual arch diameters along the developmental timeline are reported and correlated with WSS calculations from CFD. CFD simulations quantified pulsatile blood flow distribution from the outflow tract through the aortic arches at stages HH18 and HH24. Flow perfusion to all three arch pairs are correlated with the in vivo observations of common pharyngeal arch defect progression. The complex spatial WSS and velocity distributions in the early embryonic aortic arches shifted between stages HH18 and HH24, consistent with increased flow velocities and altered anatomy. The highest values for WSS were noted at sites of narrowest arch diameters. Altered flow and WSS within individual arches could be simulated using altered distributions of inlet flow streams. Thus, inlet flow stream distributions, 3D aortic sac and aortic arch geometries, and local vascular biologic responses to spatial variations in WSS are all likely to be important in the regulation of arch morphogenesis.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
A woman who helped arrange adoptions for an Ohio-based agency pleaded guilty last week to bribing court officials in Uganda and defrauding adoptive parents and the U.S. State Department. Robin Longoria, 58, of Mansfield, Texas, pleaded guilty in federal court in Ohio to one count of conspiracy to violate the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and to commit wire and visa fraud. Her sentencing date hasn't been set. She was released on a $20,000 bond. Longoria and others bribed court registrars and judges in Uganda who would be “adoption-friendly” to her agency's U.S. clients. She paid the bribes through an agent, diguised as "fees, and hid the bribes from the clients. Longoria also helped create false documents used to mislead the U.S. State Department in its visa determinations for the Ugandan children being adopted. An Ugandan lawyer worked with European Adoption Consultants and represented its clients in local court proceedings. The lawyer also helped the clients apply to the State Department for U.S. visas for the children. "The agency and the attorney facilitated the adoption of more than 30 Ugandan children by U.S. clients between 2013 and 2016, and the agency received more than $800,000 from the clients," the report said. Some clients paid more than $10,000. When the State Department debarred European Adoption Consultants, it had 300 clients at various stages of the adoption process. After receiving more than 70 complaints, the Ohio attorney general sued European Adoption Consultants in mid 2017. The AG alleged that the agency misled clients and took payment for adoption services it never performed. European Adoption Consultants settled the action by agreeing to dissolve and reimburse $260,000 to clients.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
For those who have asked us about trimming our wild horse’s hooves... To meet BLM requirements at the time of our mass adoption following the 2012 Challis Roundup, Wild Love had to purchase this custom-built wild horse tilt-chute for trimming hooves, until being able to turn horses out to the private expanse we’re creating for them on their native turf where hooves wear naturally. Team WLP is lucky to have the heart and expertise of our lead vet and cowboy on board.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Atunda Ayenda Atunda Ayenda is a radio soap opera broadcast on 27 stations within Sierra Leone and through the Internet. It was created by Talking Drum Studios and was the first radio soap opera aired in Sierra Leone. In the Mandingo language Atunda Ayenda means Lost and Found. The plot on the show revolved around young people and their experiences of the Sierra Leone Civil War, with story-arcs addressing contemporary issues such as HIV/AIDS. Background In 2000, Sierra Leone's 10-year Civil War came to an end leaving the country to rebuild itself and enact a disarmament programme. Search for Common Ground, an international non-profit organization, started Talking Drum Studios to produce media content to address problems experienced after the war and promote peace and reconciliation. In December 2001, it produced Atunda Ayenda, which means lost and found in the Mandingo language, the first radio soap opera aired in Sierra Leone. The show quickly gained significant popularity; according to a 2004 survey of Sierra Leonean radio listeners, 90 percent of respondents said that they regularly listened to the show and 80 percent discussed the content with family and friends. Narrative The narrative is divided into stages with story arcs reflecting current events in Sierra Leone. Each stage is written independently in the period just prior to broadcasting so that the stories are always up-to-date. The show's narrative is a reflection of the real experiences of people throughout Sierra Leone with the writers travelling to remote areas of the country to research the stories. The plot of the show revolves around young people and their experiences of the Sierra Leone Civil War and reconstruction after the war. Individual story-arcs address contemporary issues such as HIV/AIDS. The show was originally scripted by Kemoh Daramy but is now written by a team of writers. Characters Dragon - an ex-combatant who did not take part in the disarmament process. Matuka - who was held prisoner by Dragon but escaped to Nigeria. Tapia - a hot tempered character who coaches football and is in love with Matuka. Production The show is normally produced in the Krio language, but Talking Drum Studios has joined partners with the BBC World Service to produce an English version of the show. The original producers of the show were Desmond During and Emrys Savage with assistants including Isastu Mansaray. Some members of the cast, for example Isata Mahoi who plays Mamy Saio, also work as programme editors. Format The show is broadcast weekly, from Monday to Friday, on 21 radio stations within Sierra Leone and on the Internet in an MP3 format. Old episodes of the show following from programme 850 are also available on the Internet. The show is 15 minutes in length when its theme tune is included and is usually broadcast on an evening prime-time slot at 17:45, GMT. A 30-minute summary of the show is also broadcast during the weekend. See also Media of Sierra Leone References External links Internet broadcasts of Atunda Ayenda at Talking Drum Category:Media in Sierra Leone Category:2001 radio programme debuts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Guest Post: “Not Believing Anything” by C. Luke Mula C. Luke Mula is the author of The Way to Actuality blog, which was “founded to foster the discussion and discovery of Purpose wherever it can be found, regardless of religious or secular context”. In this essay, Luke shares his experience of a liberating loss of belief and discusses the role that spiritual practice continues to play in his life. “When thinking leads to the unthinkable, it’s time to return to the simple life. What thinking cannot solve, life does.” - C.G. Jung, The Red Book Growing up, I believed a lot of things. As a faithful member of the Assemblies of God, I believed with varying levels of intensity all of the 16 Fundamental Truths espoused by my denomination. The Resurrection. Speaking in tongues. Second coming of Christ. You name it, I pretty much believed it. And even where I disagreed with the General Council, it was a disagreement based solely on my beliefs and disbeliefs. My beliefs eventually brought me to a point where, in the middle of a ministerial internship, I had a crisis of religion. I had begun to study the history of Christianity as secular historians saw it, and this more than anything else changed what I thought I knew about God. And it was fucking terrifying. Here I was, being trained to spread the Good News of Jesus Christ, and I was seriously questioning whether or not God even existed. Even worse, I was afraid that my doubting would be found out, and that I would be kicked out of the internship completely. At one point things got so bad that all I could do was cry out in frustration, “Who the fuck are you!?” to God during a time of prayer. So eventually I let go of my belief in God, but I knew that there were some real things about my experiences of God, and I didn’t want to let go of those experiences. I realized that the mass majority of those experiences gathered around a concept which I called “Purpose,” and that it was by interacting with this greater process in which I was a part that my life seemed to take on meaning. Then, even though I no longer believed in God, I believed very strongly in Purpose, and I could explain my reasons why I believed in it. Purpose was the one thing I held onto in life, and it gave me direction. One day, however, I sensed strongly that I needed to stop believing even in Purpose. And that scared the shit out of me. Up until then, I’d stopped believing in a lot of things, but I always felt that I had to believe in Purpose. I mean, if I didn’t, my life was sure to spiral out of control. After all, if I didn’t have that direction, what did I have? The end of this process only seemed like hopelessness to me, and I hated every bit of it. When I sensed that I needed to stop believing in Purpose, tears of fear began to pour out of my eyes. Purpose was the one thing I had left to hold onto, and I was terrified of losing it. And then a funny thing happened. I did let go. And you know what? It was liberating. I’ve written in the past that belief is a tool, but oh how far I was from really acting on that idea. Now I can truly say that I don’t believe in anything, and only now can I truly say that I’m free. Let me make clear what I am not claiming when I say that I don’t believe in anything: I do not mean that I disbelieve everything, nor do I mean that I believe in nothing. When I say that I don’t believe in anything, it simply means that I’m not attached to nor repulsed by any idea. It simply means that I can pick up and let go of any idea, any belief, at will, that I don’t have to believe anything. It means that I’m not even attached to the basic beliefs posed by Hume’s problem of induction: I am equally okay with the world being a creation only of my own mind as I am with it being a reality whose ground is completely external to me. Belief, now more than ever to me, really is a tool. So in looking back at my past experiences of God and Purpose, I see some things more clearly. My initial, emotional reactions when I’ve let go of God and Purpose have been to drop all practices associated with them. Recently, for about a week, I stopped practicing the devotionals I had discussed with John after his “Spiritual Discipline” post. After all, at the time I started those devotionals, I was doing them to slow down my life and connect with Purpose. Now that I didn’t even believe in Purpose, what good were they? As soon as I stopped the devotionals, however, I realized something about them: when I practiced them, my life was infinitely better. Without these decidedly mystical practices of meditation, contemplation, and prayer in my life, my life felt extremely hectic, and I was at a loss for making any level of decision with confidence. My base level of well being was so much lower than when these practices were in place, which was noticeable in less than a week after stopping them. And that’s the thing about all of my experiences of God and Purpose: my beliefs, ideas, and theories about the experiences rarely helped me pursue the experiences to the fullest. In fact, they mostly served to hamper and distort my experiences. It has only been in dropping all beliefs that I have seen how truly valuable my pursuit of God and my relationship with Purpose have been in my life. It is only now that I am truly able to pursue the experiences for their own sake, to truly be honest about what is best for me, not based on any belief or theory, but because only now can I truly come to know myself. I have been led to the unthinkable, and I have returned to the simple life. What thinking could not solve, life has. Sounds like your practice has basically become empirical and experimental: just doing the practices, and seeing what happens. I like to live by a certain maxim: “Never believe anything unless you absolutely cannot help it!” To me, the only beliefs that ought to be adopted are those that are so compelling they are like Athena grabbing Achilles by the hair (scene from the Iliad). It follows that no beliefs should ever need to be intentionally adopted. The beliefs themselves should do all the work for you. C Luke Mula I know it sounds similar to empiricism, but it’s not. I did take an extremely empirical approach to my practices when I drifted through the New Atheist movement, but empiricism does assume certain things (and is extremely effective towards its goals when it does so). My current position isn’t to experience things for the sake of experimentation or fact-finding. My current position is simply to experience things for the sake of the experience. Yes, I can be empirical about my experiences when I want to, but I’m not bound to empiricism. http://allergicpagan.wordpress.com John Halstead Luke, I know that feeling of terror and the feeling of freedom that come with letting go of one’s deeply held beliefs. I applaud your willingness to really ask “who the fuck God is”, rather than projecting your own ideas of what God should be. I know from experience it is very difficult and it is an ongoing process for me. Your concluding statement, “What thinking could not solve, life has.”, reminds me of a quote by Kierkegaard: Life is not a problem to be solved, but a reality to be experienced. I continually have to remind myself of that. I was wondering, as you gradually let go of your beliefs, did the content of your practice change at all? Did you feel any need to or have any difficulty (re-)incorporating symbolism from your previous belief systems? C Luke Mula Well, it depends on the context. For example, for my personal devotionals, I almost always recite the Our Father, with a full belief in what I’m saying. It tends to center me and help me let go of whatever I need to let go of. When I’m hanging out with atheist friends, though, I am fully engaged in empiricism and religion-mocking. This process is usually quite invigorating and even theraputic. And then when I attend a Christian worship service, I am fully believing in Jesus Christ as my personal lord and savior, that he was God come to earth as a human to die specifically for my sins, and this belief always shakes me to the core. In the process of letting go of my beliefs, though, it was usually to grab onto other beliefs, and these other beliefs impended my use of old beliefs. Now, however, all beliefs are fair game to me (though not simultaneously). http://allergicpagan.wordpress.com John Halstead Does your practice include any rituals that might seem incompatible with Christianity to more convention Christians? If so, how much do you share? And do you ever feel disingenuous? http://clukemula.tumbr.com C Luke Mula Hey, sorry it took me so long to respond to this. Yes, my practice includes a few rituals that many “conventional” Christians (which in my life are mainly charismatic, fundamentalist Protestants) would at least raise an eyebrow at, and a couple that would seem outright incompatible. For starters, my “daily devotional” practice probably looks more like generic Zen meditation than anything else, lots of deep breaths, few words and whatnot. I usually kick it off with the Our Father, but the rest of the time is usually spent very very quietly. As for the outright incompatible, that would be my consultation of the I Ching on an infrequent basis. When Christians find out about this, I usually explain it as “God speaks to me through this book,” as this is an accurate portrayal of my experience from a Christian perspective. They usually still don’t feel comfortable with it and would never teach someone else to do so, though. And no, I never feel disingenuous. Since I begin at a baseline of complete neutrality to beliefs, when I am practicing with a particular group of people, be it Pentecostal Christians, New Atheists, or Pagans, I am fully there. There is no “core” belief that I can feel I’m betraying by any of these practices, so it is always genuine. Great questions. I’ve never really articulated any of these things before. http://allergicpagan.wordpress.com John Halstead Thanks for sharing Luke. When I left Mormonism and starting creating my own spiritual practice, I felt highly inauthentic — which is why I asked the question. Perhaps that’s not the right word. I mean, I left the LDS Church because I no longer at home in it, but the feeling of being at home in a spiritual practice took years for me to recover. I wondered if it was even possible to dwell authentically in a practice of one’s own making. Of course, now that seems a silly question, but at the time it was real and acute. I suppose that is the legacy of growing up in a religious tradition with rituals handed down to me. C Luke Mula Okay, I understand what you mean now. Yes, there were times when my practice felt inauthentic. When I was practicing with Christians, I had those atheistic beliefs in the back of my mind, and when I was “practicing” with atheists, I had those Christian practices that I knew I participated in even in private. So I didn’t feel I fully belonged to either group, and it was often difficult to fully give myself over to the practices. At the same time, it was my experiences of God which directly led me out of Christianity, out of atheism, and out of Purpose. So even though my religious practices may have changed, my core experiences were the same. All this to say that it felt both natural and forced at various times. http://aediculaantinoi.wordpress.com aediculaantinoi I think what you’ve highlighted here is the difference between creedal religions–like Christianity and Islam (and really, those are the only fully creedal religions, though there are creedal elements to others, e.g. Buddhism, Jainism, etc.)–and religions which are based in experience and/or practice, which is most religions worldwide. It never matters what one believes about something, and whether one’s beliefs about something are “right” or “wrong,” “correct” or “incorrect,” what’s important is what actually happens and what one experiences, and the constant readiness of being willing to “do something.” This is a very basic distinction between religions, and one that a lot of people who start out in Christianity and end up in paganism never quite get, unfortunately–the questions isn’t “how many gods” or “what institutional authorities” so much as whether or not one’s religious life is determined by belief or by practice and experience. http://allergicpagan.wordpress.com John Halstead I’ve often wondered how belief became so important in Christianity. I’m sure someone has written a book (or many) about it. It seems like a strange idea when you think about it. http://aediculaantinoi.wordpress.com aediculaantinoi Sadly, I don’t think there are that many, at least that I’ve been made aware of, anyway. One is James Carse’s The Religious Case Against Belief, which isn’t bad, but it’s been several years since I’ve read it now… But, yes, the whole creedalism question is a very odd one indeed when it comes to religion. I suspect that a good bit of it has to do with the basic theologies of those monotheistic religion’s deities: they’re omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, and so forth, as well as omnibenevolent AND transcendent. Thus, ideas about the unknowability, ineffability, and inscrutability of this deity also come about. The basic theodicy questions come along (and are in various ways summarily dismissed), and then the only refuge people have is to “believe” what they’re told about this deity who is all-powerful, but also all-loving, and yet not at all involved directly in the lives of most people nor accessible to them. (And if they are through various forms of mysticism, they’re quite likely to be censured if not entirely condemned by the institutional aspects of those religions, etc.) In most other world religions, where practice is the emphasis, then one can practice the religion, and if “nothing happens” or the people involved don’t feel any divine presences, they are assured that it is still useful and necessary to honor divine beings in the ways they have been doing (which is to say, the gods still need us, even though they’re superior to us, which can’t be said about the monotheistic deities). But, if “something” does happen, and an individual has a direct experience of one of the divine beings involved, then it’s not odd or aberrant so much as “lucky” perhaps; it can always be integrated into the overall purview of the religion, however, to have such things happening.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to device to temporarily elevate the position of eyeglasses having multifocal lenses relative to a user's eyes for proper visual and head alignment for certain activities, such as computer use. 2. Description of Related Art Multifocal eyeglasses have been used for many years to provide different focal points to correct a user's vision for different activities, such as close-up reading or viewing a movie at a distance. These types of eyeglasses include bifocals, trifocals, and progressive no-line lenses. For certain activities, a user must adjust his or her head position to bring the portion of the glasses having the required focal point into the line of vision for the activity. This can cause neck and shoulder discomfort and headaches. One particular activity that is problematic is use of a computer. Viewing a computer screen typically requires the intermediate or near focal region of one's eyeglasses. However, the computer monitor is typically positioned such that most of the screen is viewed through the distance focal area of the glasses, with the intermediate or near focal zones of the glasses being too low, when the user's head is held in a normal position (see FIG. 12 A, for example). Computer users frequently tilt their heads back, away from the computer screen, in order to elevate the near or intermediate focal area and bring it into alignment with the screen (see FIG. 12B, for example). The angle of tilt, which can be 10 to 30 degrees from a normal or natural head tilt position for computer usage, can result in pain and discomfort, particularly for prolonged periods of computer use. Similar issues arise when using portable electronic devices, piano music, art easels and the like. There are many known devices that are specifically designed for elevating multifocal eyeglasses on a user's face. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,144,165 discloses bifocal frames having rotatable nose pads configured to elevate the position of the glasses in one position and lower them when rotated 180°. The supporting member for the rotatable nose pads is fixed to the eyeglasses frame, so it is not useful as a retrofit device for existing glasses. Additionally, the moving parts increase the likelihood of failure from wear and use. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,554,422 discloses several adjustable nose rest devices that allow the eyeglass frame to slide up and be held in place by a set screw. The devices in the '422 patent involve several parts capable of moving relative to other parts to position the device and secure it in place during use, increasing the likelihood of failure. Additionally, many of the devices disclosed in the '422 patent are only for use with specially designed eyeglass frames, while others are limited to eyeglass frames having a certain frame dimensions, such as thickness, and cannot be used with standard eyeglass frames without modifying the frame. Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 3,712,717, which discloses a pad device that sits on the user's nose behind the bridge of the eyeglasses frame and includes a hook that attaches to the bridge of the frame. The device in the '717 patent pushes the eyeglasses frame forward relative to the user's face, which may displace the temple tips that curve behind the ear resulting in discomfort. The forward displacement of the frame may also diminish the area of corrected vision as the lenses move further from the eyes, depending on the frame/lens size/shape. Additionally, the hook portion of the device in the '717 patent limits use of the device to eyeglasses frames of particular sizes and shapes. Similarly, the devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,801,569 and 3,087,383 have a slot into which the bridge of the eyeglasses frame is inserted, pushing the eyeglasses forward and limiting use to eyeglasses frames of particular sizes and shapes. The devices in these patents also have side flange parts that attach to the lower end of the eyeglasses frame, which further limits use of the devices to particular types and sizes of frames and may partially obstruct the view through the lenses. The known prior art devices suffer from several drawbacks. These include that they are mechanically complicated, are useable with only certain types or sizes of eyeglass frames, push the eyeglasses forward relative to the user's face, partially obstruct the lenses, are not easily positioned relative to the user's face and eyeglasses frame, and are not discrete in appearance. There is a need for a simple universal device that is easily positioned and used with varying styles and sizes of eyeglass frames.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Shahrak-e Modarres Shahrak-e Modarres () is a village in Qaleh Hashem Rural District, Shal District, Buin Zahra County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,560, in 689 families. References Category:Populated places in Buin Zahra County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Do dogs resemble their owners? We examined whether the frequent casual reports of people resembling their pets are accurate by having observers attempt to match dogs with their owners. We further explored whether any ability of observers to make such matches is due to people selecting dogs who resemble them, in which case the resemblance should be greater for predictable purebreds than for nonpurebreds, or is due to convergence, in which case the resemblance should grow with duration of ownership. Forty-five dogs and their owners were photographed separately, and judges were shown one owner, that owner's dog, and one other dog, with the task of picking out the true match. The results were consistent with a selection account: Observers were able to match only purebred dogs with their owners, and there was no relation between the ability to pair a person with his or her pet and the time they had cohabited. The ability to match people and pets did not seem to rely on any simple trait matching (e.g., size or hairiness). The results suggest that when people pick a pet, they seek one that, at some level, resembles them, and when they get a purebred, they get what they want.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Norwegian musher has commanding lead in Iditarod race Norwegian musher has commanding lead in Iditarod race ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) Joar Ulsom said a few words in English, but used his native Norwegian to heap praise on his dog team Tuesday as he arrived at the second-to-last checkpoint in the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: What does the "lock" instruction mean in x86 assembly? I saw some x86 assembly in Qt's source: q_atomic_increment: movl 4(%esp), %ecx lock incl (%ecx) mov $0,%eax setne %al ret .align 4,0x90 .type q_atomic_increment,@function .size q_atomic_increment,.-q_atomic_increment From Googling, I knew lock instruction will cause CPU to lock the bus, but I don't know when CPU frees the bus? About the whole above code, I don't understand how this code implements the Add? A: LOCK is not an instruction itself: it is an instruction prefix, which applies to the following instruction. That instruction must be something that does a read-modify-write on memory (INC, XCHG, CMPXCHG etc.) --- in this case it is the incl (%ecx) instruction which increments the long word at the address held in the ecx register. The LOCK prefix ensures that the CPU has exclusive ownership of the appropriate cache line for the duration of the operation, and provides certain additional ordering guarantees. This may be achieved by asserting a bus lock, but the CPU will avoid this where possible. If the bus is locked then it is only for the duration of the locked instruction. This code copies the address of the variable to be incremented off the stack into the ecx register, then it does lock incl (%ecx) to atomically increment that variable by 1. The next two instructions set the eax register (which holds the return value from the function) to 0 if the new value of the variable is 0, and 1 otherwise. The operation is an increment, not an add (hence the name). A: What you may be failing to understand is that the microcode required to increment a value requires that we read in the old value first. The Lock keyword forces the multiple micro instructions that are actually occuring to appear to operate atomically. If you had 2 threads each trying to increment the same variable, and they both read the same original value at the same time then they both increment to the same value, and they both write out the same value. Instead of having the variable incremented twice, which is the typical expectation, you end up incrementing the variable once. The lock keyword prevents this from happening. A: From google, I knew lock instruction will cause cpu lock the bus,but I don't know when cpu free the bus ? LOCK is an instruction prefix, hence it only applies to the following instruction, the source doesn't make it very clear here but the real instruction is LOCK INC. So the Bus is locked for the increment, then unlocked About the whole above code, I don't understand how these code implemented the Add? They don't implement an Add, they implement an increment, along with a return indication if the old value was 0. An addition would use LOCK XADD (however, windows InterlockedIncrement/Decrement are also implement with LOCK XADD).	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
July 28, 2010 That's right, the food and wine feast known as Taste of Lodi is coming Sept. 25 - 26, and we've got some literal scoop about the event. There will be an ice cream wine tasting as part of the event, featuring frozen confections with wine flavors. That'll be a nice way to cool down, considering it's been so hot in years' past that it feels like Taste of Sweat out there. Here's what else is planned: a port/cigar/chocolate pavilion, wine seminars and an art gallery. Oh, and that's not to mention more than 40 wineries that will be pouring at the event. It's all going down at Wine & Roses (2505 West Turner Rd., Lodi). Tickets cost $40 in advance, $50 at the door and $25 for designated drivers. For more information: www.tasteoflodi.com. On October 14, The Sacramento Bee will temporarily remove commenting from sacbee.com. While we design the upgrade, we encourage you to tell us what you like and don't like about commenting on sacbee.com and other websites. We've heard from hundreds of you already and we're listening. Please continue to add your thoughts and questions here. We also encourage you to write Letters to the Editor on this and other topics.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
In this day of age, safety is the utmost importance for all people in the world because of all the car jackings and kidnappings that are going on, it is almost impossible to be safe. Some people are being held hostage and are hidden in trunks to be transported from place to place. There is a need to be able to unlock the trunk from the inside and to be able to escape if bound.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Lac des Autannes Lac des Autannes is a lake above Grimentz in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. The reservoir has a surface area of 4.5 ha. It is located at an elevation of 2686 m. Category:Lakes of Valais Category:Reservoirs in Switzerland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Gerson “therapy” has received a spike in media attention this month because of its failure to save the life of its famous devotee, Jessica Ainscough (“The Wellness Warrior”), who died of a very rare type of cancer on February 26th at age 30. For several decades, the main promoter of this bizarre nutritional approach to healing has been Charlotte Gerson, daughter of its developer, Max Gerson (1881-1959), a German physician who emigrated to the United States in 1936. I have met Charlotte on at least three occasions at conferences promoting so-called alternative treatments. In 2009, I took detailed notes about her 30-minute lecture at the 37th Annual Convention of the Cancer Control Society, an organization that misinforms the public in its advocacy of what it calls “Nutrition and Non-Toxic Therapies” for preventing and controlling cancer and other diseases. It seems timely now to share some of my notes and discuss what they reveal about how some people can be seduced into choosing a treatment protocol as preposterous and demanding as Gerson’s. But first some background…. The Wellness Warrior Jessica Ainscough’s cancer battle has been the subject of thousands of articles. She skillfully publicized her efforts to fight her disease by relying on what she called “natural alternative cancer treatments.” Her tragic story began in 2008 when she developed lumps on her left hand and arm. She was diagnosed with epithelioid carcinoma, a slow-growing but deadly cancer for which the chances of ten-year survival are much improved with proper treatment. From www.jessicaainscough.com Her doctors in Sydney, Australia initially advised her that her arm would need to be amputated at her shoulder, but they came up with an option to spare her arm that she accepted: They infused her arm with very high-dose chemotherapy with her arm isolated from the rest of her blood circulation to protect the rest of her body. Although the treatment put her cancer in remission, by 2009 the cancer had recurred. Her doctors then recommended the extreme amputation they initially proposed. Faced with such a severe treatment, a reasonable person would want to find a viable non-mutilating alternative. Although there was no such alternative for Jess to find, she thought she found an answer. She wrote in Dolly, the magazine she had worked for as online editor: I began looking at the different ways I may have contributed to the manifestation of my disease and then stopped doing them. You may wonder: Why the strange phrasing: “manifestation of my disease”? But promoters of supposedly holistic treatments commonly talk that way. In a previous piece for Swift, I called it the cancer-is-the-symptom ploy and gave several examples of the rhetoric used including this unwarranted presumption asserted as fact: “People don’t get sick because they have cancer. They’re already sick and they develop cancer.” At the Cancer Control Society’s 2009 convention, Charlotte Gerson told her audience that you cannot heal selectively. “Cancer is not a one disease,” she said. “If you truly heal, everything heals.” Another unwarranted presumption is that very rare cancers are attributable to lifestyle. Jess continued: I swapped a lifestyle of late nights, cocktails and Lean Cuisines for carrot juice, coffee enemas and meditation and became an active participant in my treatment. As I explained in that previous Swift piece, the use of a supposedly non-toxic multicomponent approach for restoring health “is appealing to some patients for several reasons, such as it: (1) provides a means for them to take control of their health; (2) gives an impression that they are doing all that can be done to enhance spirit, mind, and body; and (3) assures them that their “cures” are not worse than their diseases.” This research led me to Gerson Therapy which ensures you have a perfectly balanced diet for optimum health, assisting your body to flush out nasties whilst feeding it with all the goodness it needs to flourish. The therapy involves drinking 13 fresh organic veggie juices per day (yes that’s one an hour, every hour of my waking day), five coffee enemas per day and a basic organic whole food plant-based diet with additional supplements. For two years I devoted my entire life to healing, to the extent that I was effectively housebound. Charlotte Gerson at the 2009 Cancer Control Society Convention The convention was held at its regular Labor Day Weekend location, the Sheraton Universal Hotel in Universal City, California. It’s an annual event that attracts several hundred promoters, practitioners, and enthusiasts of using so-called alternative medicine against chronic diseases and for wellness. Some of the people at the convention were patients and customers of hucksters at the convention. Others were shopping for ways to heal their own diseases or for cures for their afflicted loved ones. There was very little sense to be found in the various talks, videos, and exhibits. In the two out of three days I attended, I encountered no discussions of rigorously designed clinical research indicating that any of the treatments discussed had significant therapeutic value. Charlotte Gerson was an audience favorite with her folksy, easy-to-follow, evidence-free talk on “Healing Cancer & Other Chronic Diseases.” She offered her simplistic, nonsensical preaching with certitude and combined it with “orthodox medicine” bashing. Her speaker biography provided by the Cancer Control Society read: …She was born and had her early schooling in Germany. She left in 1933 and continued school in Austria, France, and England, then attended Smith college after coming to New York. She helped translate her father’s books and writings into English. She sometimes managed Dr. Gerson’s clinics, attended his lectures, supervised nursing and joined him in making rounds and in discussing cases. As Founder of the Gerson Institute, she lectures widely and currently teaches physicians who operate the Gerson Therapy Hospital. She also trains other physicians and caregivers in the application of this Nutritional Therapy. Dr. Max Gerson is famous for his revolutionary healing therapy for cancer and other diseases presented in his book A Cancer Therapy—Results of 50 Cases. Dr. Albert Schweitzer called Dr. Gerson one of medicine’s most eminent geniuses. Charlotte has co-authored a book with Beata Bishop, called Healing the Gerson Way, which updates Dr. Gerson’s famous book…. She has also authored individual booklets on some of the most frequent cancers. Lately, a film is available on the Therapy, The Gerson Miracle, which won first prize in the Beverly Hills Film Festival in May, 2004. The DVD shows the Gerson Therapy as well as a number of cured “incurables.” Two more documentaries followed: Dying to Have Known and The Beautiful Truth with more cured “incurables” and doctors and professors successfully using the Gerson Therapy. She began her talk by bragging about being 87 years old and having no osteoporosis (as if that’s extraordinary and a reason to do what she preaches). She emphasized that she doesn’t eat meat or dairy. The only way to get acid, she suggested, was by eating animal protein. She asked: “Where do big animals get protein?” Her answer was grass (as if that’s applicable to humans and that no big animals are carnivorous). “Carl Lewis was a vegan,” she said. She explained that he was so strong because his diet gave him alkalinity. I don’t think she knew that “Usain Bolt Ate 100 Chicken McNuggets a Day in Beijing and Somehow Won Three Gold Medals.” (I am not endorsing McNuggets.) She claimed that when the pH goes below 6, the result is cancer. She insisted on the need to keep the body alkaline because it “cannot function with acid” and that when you eat so much animal protein, the pancreas is so busy it can’t protect you. “Keep pH above 7 with vegetarian protein,” she advised. I’m sure that sounded sensible to her audience. Oy gevalt! The pH scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a watery solution (e.g., blood). At normal body temperatures, a pH less than 6.8 is acidic and greater than 6.8 is alkaline. (Introductory chemistry students learn that 7 is the neutrality cut point between acidic and alkaline, but, as explained in Benjamin Abelow’s textbook Understanding Acid-Base, that’s correct only at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius.) Normal arterial blood has a pH of 7.4, so a normal bloodstream is indeed alkaline and your bodily processes keep it very close to 7.4. Otherwise you are in no position to listen to a lecture. Arterial blood is severely acidic when the pH falls below 7.1. You cannot have a blood pH that gets below or close to 6 and still be alive. She went on to promote “living natural minerals” and juices. Minerals are, by definition, naturally occurring; there are no unnatural minerals. If you’re seeking living minerals, see the horta in a popular episode of Star Trek. “Cancer is impossible if defenses are working,” she claimed. She referred to cancer as a “foreign protein.” This is a premise of the dubious treatment plan proposed by William Donald Kelley, D.D.S., which is currently promoted in combination with Gerson-style treatment by Dr. Nicholas Gonzalez. People know pharmaceutical treatments don’t work, she said. She claimed that 20% of doctors wouldn’t take chemo and that they give it to you because they’re paid massive sums by pharmaceutical companies. On the Anaximperator blog,beatis provided citations for relevant published poll dataand found ample evidence refuting Charlotte’s claim. Gerson therapy is not only a cancer therapy, she said. She claimed it also treats heart disease, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. (Beware of promoters of panaceas.) She referred to a case of retinitis pigmentosa. She said the patient used a lot of salt and that “salt is 20 times worse than sugar.” She said she told the patient to stop eating salt and eat carrot juice. She claimed that with a “partial therapy” her vision became clear, her color vision came back, her peripheral vision came back, and the patient could now tell black from navy blue pants. (I’m not aware of any published case report about this patient.) Charlotte claimed she can control diabetes in 2-3 weeks and that it has nothing to do with sugar. It has to do with receptors blocked by cholesterol. She described cheese as “deadly.” The three things she said that are needed to produce cancer are fat, salt, and animal protein. As Christopher Hitchens famously noted, “…what can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.” Charlotte’s audience wanted to believe in the hope she offered and accepted her certitude as sufficient evidence. As a true believer in her battle for wellness, Jess Ainscough also attracted a devoted audience. Mark Twain overlooked the persuasive abilities of women when he wrote: “The most outrageous lies that can be invented will find believers if a man only tells them with all his might.Charlotte concluded her talk by saying that she’s not ill and has no pain. She received a standing ovation. SWIFTis named after Jonathan Swift, the author of Gulliver's Travels. In the book, Gulliver encounters among other things a floating island inhabited by spaced-out scientists and philosophers who hardly deal with reality. Swift was among the first to launch well-designed critiques against the flummery - political, philosophical, and scientific - of his time, a tradition that we hope to maintain at The James Randi Foundation.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Temperatures have dropped. The landscape is a beautiful shade of white. Couples are enjoying the après ski scene in front of warm fires across the country. That’s right, it’s that terrible time of year when you can’t climb rock in a tank top. Screw you, winter. It doesn’t matter how many hand warmers or hot rocks you stuff in your chalkbag, unless you road trip to Hueco Tanks or Joshua Tree, it’s going to be a while before you really enjoy another outdoor pitch. But things aren’t as grim as they may seem. Spring will come, and until then, use this guide to figure out the best use of your time. ADVERTISEMENT Thanks for watching! Visit Website Having trouble reading? View the full size image here.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Transcript: Sens. Jim Webb, D-Va., and Jon Kyl, R-Ariz. May 17, 2009 Page 4 of 16 ERIC HOLDER, ATTORNEY GENERAL: I don't know, whatever quantum of proof, however you want to describe it, to believe that a person posed a danger to the United States, we will do all that we can to ensure that that person remains detained and does not become a danger to the American people. (END VIDEO CLIP) STEPHANOPOULOS: And is that enough assurance for you, Senator Kyl? KYL: Well, understand that we've already released those who, after careful examination, we thought didn't pose a danger. And the number is somewhere between 30 and 60 who turned out to continue to conduct their activities against us after they were released. The remaining 240 or so do pose a danger. So there aren't any left that can easily be released because they don't pose a danger. STEPHANOPOULOS: Well, that's not exactly true, right? And I want to bring Senator Webb in on this, because I know there are about 17, I believe, Chinese Uighurs, they are called, who have been ordered released by a federal court, they've determined not to be a threat to the United States. And the administration has been working on plans to bring them to Virginia. Can you accept them in your state? WEBB: Well, let me back up for a minute. The answer is no. STEPHANOPOULOS: No? WEBB: No. And I'll -- and then let me explain why. But to back it up, the numbers that we've seen in my office are about 800 people have gone through Guantanamo. The majority of those who have been released, we're down to 220 to 240, so the majority of those that have been released have been released to third countries, not actually released out into the open -- you know, to where they can... STEPHANOPOULOS: Just let out the door, right. WEBB: Yes, right. So we don't know really where they have gone. This other group deserves due process. They deserve, in the right kind of environment, and I support what the president is doing on the military commissions, to have their cases examined, to see whether or not they should continue to be detained. The situation with the Chinese Uighurs that you're talking about, on the one hand, it can be argued that they were simply conducting dissident activities against the government of China. On the other, they accepted training from al Qaeda and as a result they have taken part in terrorism. I don't believe they should come to the United States. STEPHANOPOULOS: Not to the United States and not Virginia. WEBB: No, I don't believe so. KYL: No, I totally agree. STEPHANOPOULOS: How about this, there is also the group that might have to be brought to the United States for trial or to be detained here. And the Republicans in the Senate have put out legislation -- not introduced legislation that says no detainee should be brought to the United States in any way unless the state legislature and the governor of the state passes -- signs off on that. One, do you have the votes to pass it? And, two, will you block any funding for the closing of Guantanamo without those assurances? KYL: That was a motion by House Republicans. We're taking up the bill next week. There will be an amendment that would preclude -- it would similar to that, but perhaps not identical. A similar resolution passed a couple of years ago 93-4 saying, don't bring these detainees to the United States. And my guess is that none of this supplemental funding will be allowed to relocate detainees into the United States, that that amendment will be adopted.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Category Archives: The Pantry Did you know that you can substitute Jack Daniels Whiskey for Vanilla? I’m a big Jack Daniels fan. Besides ‘on the rocks’ it can do wonders to add unique flavor to many recipes. We recently had the opportunity to tour the Jack Daniels Distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee. If you get the chance, GO!!! The Basic Tour is FREE and if you are over 21 you can sign up for the Sampling Tour for a mere $12.00 per person. When you go, don’t skip the town of Lynchburg. Park and walk around. It’s small enough to walk the whole square and stop in one of the restaurants for a nice lunch. You won’t leave without stopping at one of the several unique culinary/candy shops where you can get your specialty chocolates incorporated with Ole’ Jack! Mmmmm. There are several different varieties of this amazing whiskey as well as multiple uses besides the old-fashioned ‘medicinal’ one on the rocks. Jack Daniels Single Barrel is a perfect one for one substitute for Vanilla in your baking and cooking. It has deep rich color and flavor. I don’t ALWAYS have Single Barrel on hand as it is a bit expensive. BUT Jack Daniels Old No. 7 will work too. If you are looking for sweetness, then the Tennessee Honey Whiskey would be a good choice. Jack Daniels Fireball will add a boost of hot cinnamon to your recipes. When grocery shopping, take note of the items boasting Jack Daniels in its ingredients. It isn’t a well-kept secret, but one that is often overlooked. From Barbecues to Cakes and Cookies and Candy. You just can’t beat a good shot of Jack Daniels to add flavor and excitement to your culinary crafts.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Enzymatic biosynthesis of cyclosporin A and analogues. The final assembly of the undecapeptide chain of cyclosporin A and its cyclization is accomplished in Beauveria nivea by cyclosporin synthetase. This multienzyme is the largest integrated enzyme structure so far reported. Its size has been estimated at approximately 1,400 kDa by two different methods: 1), by 3% SDS-PAGE using the related multienzymes ACV synthetase and gramicidin S synthetase 2 as references (420 and 556 kDa, respectively); and 2), by CsCl density gradient centrifugation experiments using fluorescence-labeled cyclosporin synthetase. Besides cyclosporin A and a number of cyclosporins known from fermentation studies cyclosporin synthetase is capable of synthesizing some new cyclosporins which are so far unobtainable by fermentation. So, for example the synthesis of [N-methyl-(+)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyloctanoic acid1]CyA, dihydro-CyA, [L-norvaline2,5, N-methyl-L-norvaline11]CyA, [L-allo-isoleucine5, N-methyl-L-allo-isoleucine11]CyA, [D-2-aminobutyric acid8]CyA, [beta-chloro-D-alanine8]CyA and some related compounds could be established. By using a related but different enzyme from Cylindrotrichum Bonorden, the peptolide [L-threonine2, L-leucine5,10, D-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid8]CyA could be synthesized in vitro. We were able to synthesize these cyclosporins in sufficient quantities to examine their structure by FAB mass spectroscopy and explore their immunosuppressivity. It was found that all new cyclosporins so far synthesized in the in vitro system are immunosuppressive.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
At times it seems as if China is one colossal construction site. The old is being replaced with the new, the new replaced with the newer, in a perpetual cycle of destruction and creation. The sounds of jackhammers, backhoes, and pile drivers is the soundtrack of a country recreating itself as readily as the changing patterns in a rotating kaleidoscope. Like an aging actress, since the beginning of the economic boom period in the late 1970s, China has undergone so many facelifts that it is virtually impossible to recognize the country for what it once was. "I don't know this place anymore," an elderly doctor who spent his life in the small city of Taizhou, 240km up river from Shanghai, once told me. In the space of a decade, his 2,000 year old city of winding gray brick, street-level houses and tight-knit neighborhoods gave way to wide, straight boulevards, luxury high-rises, and florescent-lighted shopping malls. The change prompted him to declare that he feels as if he’s living in foreign territory. In the past three decades China has almost completely demolished and rebuilt itself. Research firm GK Dragonomics estimated that, between 2005 and 2010 alone, China dismantled more than 16 per cent of its housing stock. That's more than 1,850km2 of floorspace – enough to blanket Greater London. And China isn’t stopping there. According to the Ministry of Housing & Urban-Rural Development, almost every structure built before 1999, roughly half of the current housing supply, is set to meet the sledgehammer at some point over the next 20 years. New houses are built almost as quickly as the old ones are cleared away: upwards of 129m new homes have been built in China over the past 30 years. Each year that passes sees roughly 2,000km2 of floor space – enough to cover New York City one and a half times – built across the country. But it would be a mistake to think that China is simply upgrading its housing stock to meet modern standards, and will stop and be satisfied once this is done. No, even the buildings that are being built today will hardly last out this generation. Qiu Baoxing, the former vice-minister of China’s Housing & Urban-Rural Development ministry, estimated that new buildings going up in China today will only stand for 25 to 30 years before being demolished. Li Dexiang of Tsinghua University told the China Daily that "what we see nowadays is the blind demolition of relatively new buildings, some of which have only been standing for less than 10 years". I estimated that the place had to have been at least 30 or 40 years old. I was shocked when a security guard mentioned that it was built in 2004 "My students often tell me that they have visited a really old building when they go to one constructed in 2005 or so," says Austin Williams, a professor or architecture at Jiaotong-Liverpool University. "Perceptions of time and change are different over here." He adds that he once gave his students an assignment to find the oldest building they could in their hometowns. One student from Ordos reported that the oldest building he could find was a mere five years old. Since the Communist Party took over in 1949, China has been erecting massive amounts of substandard, quasi-temporary housing in waves. Originally, these quickly built, shoddy homes were a reaction to the conditions of the time, which saw a huge demand for housing from work units and a distinct lack of quality building materials. “Under Mao, for example, many buildings were constructed using bamboo as reinforcement because they didn't have the steel,” Williams explains. While the initial, tumultuous decades of the communist rule are now over, the construction ethics of this area seem to have been retained. “Most of the housing built in China today is of substandard quality,” says Adam Mayer, an American architect who has been working in China for the past three years. “While the bones of most buildings – the concrete structure – are fine, the exterior finishes are generally of poor quality.” Austin Williams concurs. “There are still far too many buildings built with no damp-proofing, no insulation, untreated timber and metalwork, unfixed balconies, dangerous electrical supplies... Labour is often untrained for the highly skilled architecture that they are carrying out. There are very few checks and balances in the supply chain, or rather there is very little responsibility taken or accepted for sending faulty goods back.” One of China's rare old buildings, now being torn down. Image: Wade Shepard. This lack of quality materials and workmanship can be evident just from a casual walk through the urban expanses of China. A couple of years ago I found myself lured in by an absolutely massive, grandiose, basilica-like building on the far outskirts of Shanghai's Hongqiao district. It was the centerpiece of a Western-style luxury housing complex that was built to resemble something from ancient Rome. But on approach it became clear that much of it was condemned. One of the doorways was boarded up, the floors above the lobby were off limits, and entire wings were closed off. There were deep cracks spreading out over the exterior walls like the delta of a major river, and large chunks of plaster were succumbing to gravity and falling to the debris piles on the ground below. The place was literally descending into ruins. I estimated that the place had to have been at least 30 or 40 years old. I was shocked when a security guard mentioned that it was built in 2004, just ten years before my visit. “Buildings often look to me as if they were built in the 1950s, but in fact are built just 10 or 12 years ago,” says Austin Williams, echoing this sentiment. “The finishes are peeling, the metal is rusting, the rainwater pipes are leaking, the windows don't close properly, the cement is flaking... But this is not due to 50 years of wear and tear. It's due to inadequate specification, application, and maintenance.” There are other, more nefarious reasons for the deficient quality of many of China’s buildings. "Construction projects require huge budgets and bank loans. By cutting corners here and there, developers and contractors can pocket large sums of money," wrote Adam Mayer on the Sustainable Cities Collective website. “It's called capitalism,” quips Austin Williams. “Its early stages usually involve building shit, making a profit, and moving on to the next deal – even if the building falls down soon after.” This lack of architectural longevity fits in well with China's broader economic structure: houses that can last a century are not nearly as profitable as ones that can be built and rebuilt many times over within that time frame. Buildings being destroyed simple means that more buildings can be created, and the incessant round of demolition and construction keeps the economic wheels of the country spinning. And, as dozens of industries and up to a quarter of national GDP is fed from real estate and urbanisation, this is no mere fiscal provisioning either. “The Chinese government has an incentive to keep the working population 'busy' and employed,” says Mayer. “The construction industry is a key in doing this and keeping a steady stream of new projects going helps achieve this.” Demolition increases GDP, too. A case in point: an entire block of housing that stands adjacent to the No. 1 Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University in the Tiancizhuan area of Suzhou is about to meet the wrecking ball. At 30 years old the buildings are not new, but they are well-built, function properly, and are not showing any overt signs of decay. “Nothing is wrong with the building, the government just wants it gone,” Cody Chao, a medical student whose grandparents own an apartment in the complex, told me. “The location is golden. It's right next to a hospital, a university, and an elementary school.” The shiny new cities that are going up throughout the country today are like home appliances that are designed to break down after a few years Many relatively young and stable buildings across China are demolished, not because they need to be, but because the government wants them to be. There is no annual residential property tax in China: all taxes are paid upon purchase. And so, ever-lasting real estate just isn’t in the financial interests of local governments. The result is that masses of otherwise adequate houses throughout the country are bought back by the government, and then torn down so the land can be sold to developers for a profit and a new round of property taxes subsequently collected. Under this strategy there is really no limit on development, as fresh urban construction land can continuously be churned out and sold to developers. In fact, 40 percent of China's new development land is created via the demolition of older buildings. The Chinese have applied the economic stimulus of obsolescence to urban design, and the shiny new cities that are going up throughout the country today are like home appliances that are designed to break down after a few years so that you have to buy a new one. And, explains Adam Mayer, "there is the perception among Chinese consumers that 'new' is always 'better', regardless of the quality of the new product." This building is less than 10 years old. Image: Wade Shepard. There is one moretwist to China’s development policies that adds to the built-in impermanence of the buildings that are constructed. When a developer buys a plot of urban construction land they are not permitted to sit on it; they must build something very soon after purchase, or they risk losing their development rights. So there is pressure to build quickly, and many developers respond by throwing up something fast and cheap. The linchpin is that, as the typical lifespan of a modern Chinese building is so short, a developer could theoretically carry out two or three rounds of construction throughout the period of their lease on a particular plot of land (50 years for commercial property, 70 years for residential): building and demolishing, building and demolishing. The social and psychological impact that these churn and burn urban landscapes is vast. “For me, perhaps the most challenging aspect of the perpetual changing landscape is that the sense of community is being lost,” says Richard Brubaker, a professor of sustainability at China Europe International Business School in Shanghai. “That the natural sense of community that binds people together is weak, and as a result you have higher levels of tension, increased crime, and a general inwardness to the point where individuals are no longer interested in the quality of, or protecting, the community beyond their doormat.” In a very real sense, what we see now across China are cities that are perpetually rough drafts of themselves – cities stuck in the loop of rampant development and re-development. In the West, we tend to think of cities as fixed, almost immutable entities, and we take it for granted that what we see in them today will be there tomorrow. There are no such illusions in China. This is a country that exists in a suspended state of architectural vertigo – a place where cities are literally disposable.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
I'll stick to the 5 member thing, but in depth, if you get a moderator or a girl member to be your 5th person, I will run the gauntlet at Oklahoma D-Day naked, with everyone shooting monsterballs and frozen water based paintballs at me, and a big dude to punch me in the face when I get to the end and back. And if I trip and fall when I'm running, CdnNinja can pour napalm on me and set me on fire. I added detail. So in my twisted sense of logic, I didn't change anything. That's called a loop hole bitches!!!!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
When Luke, our hallowed leader of Custard based television messaged me way back in January asking if I'd be able to travel to Manchester shortly and do something for the website I tentatively replied with a lame "not sure, it's quite short notice and far away". When he came back with the words "No Offence Series 3 press day" I literally peppered my private bits with breath spray and in a menacing Viv tone uttered "I'll sort it. Count me in sugar tits." For those not familiar with Paul Abbott's crime drama, I suggest quickly catching up on All4 but how to sum it up up a paragraph? It's a fast-paced, dramatic, funny, inappropriate, sweary crime drama led by the magnificent Detective Inspector Viv Deering. A woman who would happily waltz into Gene Hunt's kingdom and play Queen of the jungle. Written by the celebrated Paul Abbott (Shameless, Clocking Off) the dialogue is an electric mix of dark humour, unique insults and even, would you believe, some stuff about policing. In amongst all the madness, there is no desire to shy away from serious subject matters either. The first series focused on the murders of women with Down's Syndrome and the second had nods towards child trafficking. For the forthcoming series the show is not only about to get political but very current as it focuses on a far-right group. Unluckily for me, my visit to the set coincides with the arrival of 'The Beast from the East' It was ruddy cold!. So, on an overcast winter's day in a far-flung corner of Rochdale at a temporary unit base might not be the most glamorous location but its a perfectly apt one because it felt so very No Offence. Luckily, most of the main cast are in attendance today and the first arrival is the marvellous Elaine Cassidy who plays DC Dinah Kowalska. This morning Elaine is dressed in a flowery dress which we're assured is not a major tonal shift in her character's development and is indeed her own garb. Thank goodness for that, we don't want Dinah to be summery and cheerful! She is someone who on screen cuts an intense figure, always dressed in black and deeply ambitious about the job she loves. In the fifteen episodes so far she has certainly got herself into a few scrapes but her good heart is always what puts her there. In keeping with previous series openers, the third instalment begins with big shocks. Run over by the bus? Bomb explosion in a crematorium? That's nothing compared what's in store this time round. "It's a personal journey for everybody in Friday Street, as always the job means so much to all of them. They always want to get a result" Elaine explains "Dennis Caddy (???) is the head of a far-right group called Albion and they know he's involved at the beginning of the series. It's about trying to take down Albion but in doing that they find out it's not as straightforward as they initially thought. No case ever is. There are other people who are in the limelight in Manchester, who have influential jobs and it starts to get quite.. incestuous as to who is in whose pockets. There's a politician (played by Lisa Mcgrillis) who, when I was reading it I found quite an attractive character because she's really ambitious and she's come from nowt and its through her hard work and her tenacity that she wants to climb the ladder. She wants to get to the top and that is to become the Mayor of Manchester". What does series three offer for Dinah? "Dinah's personal journey has comparisons to series one. This case is kind of similar to year one because there is a personal connection to wanting to get a result, not just caring about the job and being married to it. There's more at stake, there's an emotional drive to what keeps her going. You really see Friday Street pull together as a team as they always do. They get tighter when things get tougher". No Offence as a show hits fast and moves faster, the storylines operate with a blink and you miss it policy. The new run offers new blood for fans to fall for. "There are a few new characters who I think will be really entertaining for the audience and that's fun from Dinah's point of view, to see whether she likes them. Dinah hates the establishment which is an oxymoron. Viv's probably the only boss she'll accept so she's really protective of Viv. It'll take her longer to thaw out because there's a new DCI that comes in" (Marilyn Merchant played by Claire Rushbrook). Is Dinah still getting herself into terrible situations and thriving on impulse like she used to? "I don't think she's got it that wrong this year, like in year two with Norah Attah where the whole thing was recorded and.." Elaine pulls a concerned face, "..the chasing someone under a bus! There's not really been the time for her to cock up as the stakes are too high". Elaine won't just find her name in the credits once this time around because she's also an associate producer for this third series. "If I have a question about a scene or a suggestion for little changes if I think that it's right for Dinah because a writer won't know her as well as I do. For instance, she never calls Viv ma'am which she should do but she never did that in year one so whenever they write in "ma'am" I always just cross it out and go "LOOK!" Viv is like the mum but they're also best friends but there's also the respect that she is the boss. Ma'am could be anyone so she saves that for DCI Merchant who she doesn't like! Then there's Nigel Lindsay (Victoria, Safe) who plays Terry Taylor but everyone calls him Terry-dactyl and Dinah doesn't like him. There are loads of people she doesn't like! I think she doesn't like new people either. She's protective of Viv." Does the dynamic change at all between Dinah and her boss? "They've always been close so there's no animosity. They always know when to challenge each other but a lot of the time they're on the same wavelength. When it comes policing they do go off the book whereas Joy (Alexandra Roach) always does it by the book so they are more maverick in that way." This afternoon Elaine is shooting a scene in Rochdale town hall but is it easy to adjust from her natural lilting Irish tones to Mancunian? "If I'm doing a full day filming I always try to get a little bit of a sleep in because that's always the first thing to go, its sort of like exercise as you're using your mouth in a completely different way so it's like doing a yoga with my mouth. By the end of the day you start slurring your words". Elaine leaves to change into clothes more fitting with the season and perfect her northern brogue for her afternoon of filming. Gone will be the bright dress and on will come that famous leather jacket so at least she will be warmer. Did I mention it's cold up north?	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
141 S.E.2d 632 (1965) 264 N.C. 401 George W. JONES, Employee, v. MYRTLE DESK COMPANY, Employer, and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Carrier. No. 690. Supreme Court of North Carolina. May 5, 1965. *633 C. T. Kennedy, Thomasville, and Haworth, Riggs, Kuhn & Haworth, High Point, for plaintiff. Lovelace & Hardin, High Point, for defendants. PER CURIAM. Counsel for plaintiff has presented the contentions of his client, both as to the facts and law, with thoroughness, force and competency. These contentions have been fully considered in our review of the record. However, we find nothing which justifies a remand of the cause or a reversal of the judgment below. Review in Supreme Court is limited to questions of law and legal inference. The findings of fact of the Industrial Commission are conclusive on appeal when supported by competent evidence, even though there be evidence that would support findings to the contrary. The record in this case contains competent supporting evidence for each finding of fact. The findings are positive and cover all crucial facts upon which the right to compensation depends. The facts found support the conclusion that plaintiff's injury did not arise out of and in the course of his employment with defendant employer. Bell v. Dewey Brothers, Inc., 236 N.C. 280, 72 S.E.2d 680. Affirmed.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Made my little batch last night, 3.5lbs of clover honey and one 32oz bottle of Cranberry/Grape juice rounded out with some distilled water and used some Lalvin D47 yeast and a little yeast nutrient for my 1 gallon batch. This morning it seems to be bubbling. I've never done any form of wine before, only beer. How long does fermentation typically take? From what I gather wine typically ferments quickly and then you just stabilize it and let it age, correct? Prickly pears would fit that description and they have the cool reddish purple color. I was looking to do a Blood wine and a Romulan Ale here in the near future. If you don't mind, could you shoot me over the recipie that you used and do you have any suggestions as to how the Romulan Ale? From what I can gather from the tv shows and movies its more like a wine than anything else, so I figured I might try it as a mead since they generally more abv than a normal wine. Mixed up the honey and juice well, topped off with distilled water then pitched the yeast. At 60 days I racked into secondary and tasted, already quite drinkable. Tastes like a very potent blush wine. Day 94 I added Sorbate and Metabisulfite, day 95 I back-sweetened with about 4 tablespoons of honey. Day 96 I bottled. Totally just a recipe I made up in my head and it seemed to have worked quite well. Not sure if it will be any kind of prize winner but it certainly is drinkable and potent. I think it totally works as bloodwine, the cranberry gives it a little bite that I think Klingon beverages should have. The next batch I do I might throw in a few fresh cranberries as well to up the ante. As for Romulan Ale I've given it some thought and I think I've come up with an idea. Ok, they call it "ale" but it's blue. I've tried making blue beer before but because beer comes out yellow or brown it's impossible with food coloring so I think a white mead is the way to go. Also we know that it's supposed to be very strong (for an ale) which an 11-13% ABV mead would certainly be. This will be my recipe when I try it: I would let it ferment for about 30 days, rack to secondary then around day 90 I'd bottle it on top of 1/2tsp of superfine bar sugar (per bottle). This should cause a tiny bit of fermentation in-bottle and carbonate it. I know it sounds like a strange recipe but I'm thinking it would result in something like a white wine with blue coloring, a little fizz and a fairly good ABV without being too dry. I would suggest shaking the carbonation out of the Sprite before putting it into your must, also a yeast nutrient might be a good idea. My only fear with the Sprite is the PH, but I think it could work since it's only 1 liter. Most folks will probably balk at the idea of fermenting Sprite, but hey, you gotta try before you know it won't work. If you're afraid of using Sprite you could always just add a bunch of lemon and lime to the batch in its place. Hey. I know this is an old thread, but I did something with black cherry juice. I did a 250 mL honey mead starter with EC-1118 and let it percolate for about a day. Then I added it to 4L dark cherry juice and gave it another 21 days. Then I crashed it and did the spices listed above. I then put in a a spice bag 5g fresh grated horseradish and 2 chopped habaneros that had been de-seeded and de-veined and let that soak for about 12 hours. Let's just say it's not for everybody but the smokin' nerd girl with the OCD 'boyfriend' thought it was love in a jug.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
In August 2012, Mark Carney, then governor of the Bank of Canada, made a speech to the Canadian Auto Workers about corporate Canada. Mr. Carney, as you know, is now governor of the Bank of England, hence one of the most important people in the UK. What he had to say was a kick to the delicate undercarriage of Canada's big businesses. Governor Carney said that companies were sitting on huge piles of cash, what he called dead money. They weren't investing the money, just sitting on it. It turns out Carney was being polite when he said the caution by Canadian CEOs might be excessive. It turns out that they are in fact scaredy cats. Chickens. Nervous Nellies. Cowards, even. - Michael Enright "Their job," he said, "is to put money to work and if they can't think of what to do with it, they should give it back to their shareholders." Stats Can reported that at the time of the governor's speech, companies were hoarding nearly half a trillion dollars in cash, an increase of 43 per cent since the end of the recession in 2009. Canadian firms weren't doing enough to drive economic growth and create new jobs because the level of caution of CEOs was, in his words, "excessive." It turns out Carney was being polite when he said the caution by Canadian CEOs might be excessive. It turns out that they are in fact scaredy cats. Chickens. Nervous Nellies. Cowards, even. Last month, Deloitte published the results of a survey of big business which showed that fully 90 per cent of business leaders lack courage. As a result, the Canadian economy is suffering mightily, stuck in neutral, as Deloitte says. The report is entitled "The future belongs to the bold." Now, this allegation isn't coming from some upstart startup run by nerds in linty sweaters and sneakers without socks. Deloitte is the largest business services network in the world, with revenues this year of $36.8 billion. It works like the internal affairs division of a police department. It looked at 1,200 businesses across the country and discovered that 90 per cent lacked what the report calls courage. The irony is that Deloitte found that the 10 per cent of so-called courageous companies did better at the bottom line than the chicken-hearted. Nearly 70 per cent of the courageous companies had rising revenues and fully 17 per cent increased their work forces. In other words, having guts pays off in terms of profits and in the doing, actually creates jobs. - Michael Enright This is from the report: "At a time when Canada needs its businesses to be bolder and more courageous than ever before, almost 90 per cent aren't up to the task." It found that Canadian executives are far more risk averse than those in other countries, especially the United States. The bad news gets worse. Canadian firms invest less in machinery and equipment than those in comparable industrialized nations. Moreover, investment in training has dropped 40 per cent in the last 20 years. The irony is that Deloitte found that the 10 per cent of so-called courageous companies did better at the bottom line than the chicken-hearted. Nearly 70 per cent of the courageous companies had rising revenues and fully 17 per cent increased their work forces. In other words, having guts pays off in terms of profits and in the doing, actually creates jobs. The report points out that executives may have some legitimate concerns, as the projected growth for the country next year is only 1.3 per cent — much less than other countries. It does not offer that as an excuse for hyper caution of business leaders. In the end, Deloitte's findings can serve as a warning for Canadian CEOs to find a little courage somewhere and get the economy moving again. Incidentally, the compensation for the top CEOs in this country is 159 times that of the average worker. Click the button above to hear Michael's essay.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Episode 10 – Torah Wrap-up: It’s Leviticonumeraldeuteronomic! First of all, give yourself a pat on the back. You are going to listen to a podcast about Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. When this is over, you’ll surely have earned some kind of mindless, indulgent treat, like a deep fried Twinkie or an NBC sitcom. You have my admiration simply for showing up. Kudos, my friend. Here we go, BOOK! [INTRO MUSIC] It might seem foolhardy to undertake three whole books in one short podcast, but I think it will work out nicely and free us up to move on quickly to the next chapter in Israel’s history and the Bible’s literary pageant. We’ve already examined Genesis and Exodus in some detail, now here’s how the rest of the Torah breaks down: Leviticus consists of more covenant law, Numbers is the story of the generation that passes before Israel is ready to finally enter the land of Canaan, and Deuteronomy is a sort of theological recap of Exodus. They are all good reads, but more important, they are all foundational for the biblical literature that follows. Remember that, technically, we have only been reading a single book by a single author or group of authors so far. After today, we will move forward and discover new genres and new perspectives on Israel’s history, but the Torah will always be square one. Nothing else can make sense without it. OK, here we go: Leviticus. LEVITICUS The Latin name “Leviticus” refers to the Israelite tribe of Levi, the tribe of Moses and his brother Aaron. The Levite tribe was unlike the other eleven tribes of Israel, as they were set aside or “consecrated” to be priests. Instead of selecting priests from among the various tribes by some standard of personal merit, the only way to become a priest in Israel was to be born into the family of Levi. Leviticus is a repository for laws and instructions that relate specifically to the work of priests: how to make the various types of food sacrifices, laws about “clean” and “unclean” animals and activities, and rituals for people who had become “unclean” by contracting a disease or touching something designated “unclean.” This is the “cult” of Israel, or the daily religious ritual. It also details the various feasts and holidays which the priests will oversee, including Passover, which we studied in Exodus, and the Day of Atonement, when sacrifices are made on behalf of the entire nation of Israel to “atone” or “wipe away” the guilt of their corporate sin. The laws about acceptable and unacceptable sexual practices are the only bits from Leviticus which get any press these days, and the people preaching or condemning those passages rarely recognize that this is basically a handbook for ancient priests, and shouldn’t be removed that very specific context. NUMBERS The scroll we call “Numbers” is one of those long and tricky texts which at first appears to be an endless list of genealogies and names, but actually plays an important narrative and thematic role in the Torah. A quick summary of the structure of Numbers: First, a census of the people, including a breakdown of each tribe and some more details about the priests; then Israel’s departure from Mount Sinai and their adventures on the way to Canaan, including rebellions, battles, and a run-in with a pagan prophet named Balaam; then another census, and some more laws and instructions for the priests. On the surface it seems like a grab-bag of lists and little narrative pieces, but once we discover the literary structure, its purpose in the overall structure of the Torah becomes more clear. Numbers is all about transition, the discontinuity of the people who will enter the land, but the continuity of the covenant and the leadership. It’s like this: the keys to the structure are the census at the beginning, and the census toward the end. An entire generation passes between them, so that (almost) none who were living at the time of the lawgiving at Mount Sinai are still alive when the group reaches Canaan. God states plainly in Numbers chapter 14 that this will be the case, a punishment for the peoples’ grumbling and rebellion. However, by breaking the people down into tribes as part of that first census (in Numbers chapter 1), and organizing them by the names of Jacob’s twelve sons (Judah, Simeon, Levi, etc.), the tribal identities will survive and in that way the people will be the “same” when they enter the land. The scroll of Numbers moves the story along, but more importantly does so with all of the covenant trappings in place. Israel’s identity is now big enough and strong enough to live on beyond that first particular group of people who fled from Egypt. Israel is now an idea, ready to plant itself in the ground and become a nation. That’s the scroll of Numbers. DEUTERONOMY “Deuteronomy,” or devarim in Hebrew, is the last of the five sections of Torah. It starts and ends with narrative bits, but the bulk of the book consists of laws and admonitions to the people of Israel, presumably from the priests. There is a lot of new material, but also much that is recycled and expanded from earlier in the Torah: the Ten Commandments are repeated in a slightly different configuration, the feasts and holidays are revisited, and some of the laws from Exodus and Leviticus are restated. However, it is hard to ignore the very different tone and presentation of the laws in Deuteronomy. While the legal bits in the previous books were written down as literature, the material in Deuteronomy appears to have been designed to be read out loud. A repeated refrain throughout the book is “Hear, O Israel…” followed by some instruction, blessing, or warning. And speaking of blessing and warning, this is perhaps the main innovation of Deuteronomy. While the laws of Exodus and Leviticus are presented as statements of identity, as simple boundary markers, Deuteronomy introduces the idea of reward for obedience to the law, and punishment for breaking the law. Not rewards or punishments doled out by the priests (though these do come up from time to time), but rather blessings and curses poured out on the people by God himself. If you obey the law, life in the land will go well, you will be victorious in battle and your crops will be healthy. If you disobey and follow another path, things will be rough for you. Your enemies will defeat you, and perhaps even – worst case scenario – carry you off into exile (file that one away for later). Note, however, that we’re still talking about very earthbound blessings and curses. This is not heaven versus hell, it’s success versus failure in this life, in this land, here and now. Deuteronomy makes more sense if we think about the social-religious reality of Israel at this stage in its development. The first generation, the generation that left Egypt and received the law first-hand from Moses at Mt. Sinai, is gone. They’re dead. The new generation has inherited the covenant and the mission to settle the land. They didn’t experience the Red Sea or Sinai for themselves, so like any generation which inherits religion from the old folks, it needs to be retold, re-explained, expanded and supported, or it’s just not going to stick. The often passionate, sermon-like tone of the teachings in Deuteronomy – combined with the “read-aloud” format – reflects this dynamic. One more thing about the text of Deuteronomy, and this takes us in a very different direction and a new kind of conversation here on BOOK. There is a formidable scholarly hypothesis that suggests portions of Deuteronomy were written later in Israel’s history – much later – and edited back into the scroll. Specifically, the business about blessings and curses and exile all sounds very much like theology that would have developed a thousand or so years later when Israel actually found itself threatened with imminent exile. The second book of Kings describes how King Josiah – one of the last kings of Israel before the great exile that altered their national destiny forever – discovered the long-lost “scroll of the law,” presumably Deuteronomy, and how the Israelites rejoiced and read it out loud. The redaction theory suggests that at this point the scroll was edited and updated to reflect Israel’s contemporary situation. On the one hand, I’m always rather cautious and skeptical when it comes to hypothetical Bible redactions. Scholars have had a field day, explaining that every passage that strikes them as odd must have just been added by someone “after the fact.” These theories are fascinating, but they are ALWAYS just theories, and many times they reflect a willful ignorance of the way the literature was originally designed to work. HOWEVER, religious readers who shudder and balk at the idea of biblical redaction in general need to calm down and understand how ancient authorship worked. It is not at all unthinkable that any Bible text might have been edited, updated, or otherwise redacted – even heavily so. This is how ancient texts were developed and put together. Authorship and ownership of literature did not work then as it does now. Communities forged texts, often through oral transmission and “contemporization” to their own time and place. We’ve already suggested that the Torah was compiled out of existing material by Israel’s priests upon the settlement of the land. That makes the whole thing a work of editing and redaction, so there’s really no reason that a later redaction would be a big problem. I’m not completely convinced by the Josian redaction theory about Deuteronomy, but I don’t see it as a problem or threat. It’s just an historically reasonable theory, and I wanted to at least introduce the notion of redaction into our study. Deuteronomy ends with Moses pronouncing a blessing on Israel, and then breathing his last. Before he dies, Moses passes the banner of leadership over to his right-hand-man Joshua who, along with his partner Caleb, are the only two witnesses of Mount Sinai who will enter into the land. That narrative is picked up after the Torah by the book bearing Joshua’s name. We’ll look at that controversial text next time. But that’s a wrap on our examination of the Torah. Take a deep breath. We covered a lot of material in ten short podcasts, picked apart some very complex and very old pieces of writing, and tried to wrap our brains around some very big, very foreign ideas. There is a LOT of Bible left, but the events, themes, and literary tropes of the Torah are now the currency and medium with which the later Bible authors will weave their stories. Creation and covenant, blessings and curses, offspring and land. These are the keys to connecting the biblical dots. That’s gonna do it for today. Next time we’ll look at the first two books of the Bible after the Torah: Joshua and Judges. Very different books that are stages in the same argument. They set up a problem which is solved in the following books, Ruth and Samuel. But before any of that, I think we’ll do a fun supplement with a few “deleted scenes” from Genesis and Exodus, some juicy bits we had to leave out for time. Look for that soon. This has been BOOK, a bible podcast for everybody. And I have been Josh Way. If you enjoyed this podcast, I urge you to share, blog, like, and tweet it to your online friends and family. If you have any comments, questions or constructive feedback, email me at book@joshway.com. You can also leave a voicemail at 801-760-3013, and maybe I’ll answer it on the podcast. I would seriously love to hear from you. Read the BOOK blog and find more content at BOOK.JOSHWAY.COM. That’s it for me, Bible pals. I’ll catch you next time.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Help Centre Is it time to peg the Australian dollar? The Reserve Bank's moves are only increasing policy uncertainty and diminishing consumer confidence, but there might be a solution. The Reserve Bank of Australia has lost control of monetary policy. This is a simple fact borne out by the RBA’s decision earlier this week to cut rates in response to similar moves by central banks elsewhere. Policymakers still think that the currency is too strong; that was the primary reason cited by the RBA for this latest cut. In following this path, however, policymakers have actually destroyed confidence and put the economy on a weaker footing than it would otherwise be on. This easing cycle is three years old and rates were already at generational lows. Have a think about why non-mining business investment is still so weak, why consumer spending is supposedly so fragile. There are no structural impediments, just a lack of confidence. Unfortunately, each and every time the RBA cuts, confidence seems to get weaker as households and business begin to reassess the outlook. It’s with that in mind that the exchange rate target being pursued could be formalised, perhaps by establishing a currency board. Under this arrangement, rather than having a fixed interest rate target at any given point (currently 2.25 per cent), the AUD-USD exchange rate would be fixed at a particular level (or the trade-weighted index). Interest rates would then simply move up or down automatically in order to reach that target. Currency boards are widely regarded as being better suited to small open economies such as Australia that have difficulty sustaining an independent monetary policy. Under the circumstances, it would be naive to suggest that the RBA conducts an independent monetary policy. With a fixed exchange rate, and in this world of competitive devaluations, interest rate fluctuations would then be largely unrelated to perceived economic conditions. The nexus between rate moves and weaker confidence would be broken. The main advantage to this approach, however, is that it would clarify to the nation (and to the market and everyone else) what the true policy target is. As things stand, the country is beholden to a seemingly arbitrary and unknown policy goal. A month or two ago, the market was toying with a couple of rate hikes here or there. Subsequent data justified those positions. All of a sudden (and with no change to the economic backdrop), we’re facing a few more rate cuts. Households and business can be forgiven for feeling a little queasy about such an abrupt change. So the government should stop the façade and just fix the exchange rate. We effectively have an exchange rate target anyway; it’s just that no one outside of the bureaucracy seems to know what it is. Maybe they don’t know themselves -- certainly the goalposts seem to move. Back in 2012 under the previous Labor government, the target was put at US85c, a level swiftly described by the RBA as desirable. Then the target moved to US75c, a level subsequently adopted by the Coalition. Now that we’re nearly at that point, the focus has moved onto the trade-weighted index. A currency board would prevent this kind of chaos. It would introduce discipline (to both the government and the bureaucracy) and policy certainty in an uncertain world, a world gripped by competitive devaluations and the currency war. It must be emphasised that this is only a second-best solution. Ideally we would live in a world with freely floating exchange rates. This is certainly preferable, and it’s clear that inflation targeting has served the country well. But the reality is we don’t live in that world anymore. Inflation targeting has been dispensed with globally and currency manipulation is rife. The exchange rate is the target; the monetary system needs to change as a result. Regardless of whether you view the RBA’s latest move as a positive step or not, one thing remains clear: it caught analysts and commentators completely off guard. Late last year, every economist was forecasting the next move would be up. There is a reason for that: global and domestic economies had been (and still are) getting better. It made sense to expect that the RBA would act to reduce the degree of monetary stimulus. The problem is this unshakeable view in policy circles that the commodity price slump will lead to a disastrous fall in national income and jobs. That is, unless the exchange rate falls as well. This is crux of the current problem. Unfortunately, this simply forces the RBA to respond to whatever central banks elsewhere are doing. Consequently, there is no consistency in policy. Under this current ad-hoc approach, Australia’s institutions risk their credibility, financial stability, currency stability and inflation -- even if just asset price inflation. Changes clearly need to be made. IMPORTANT: This information has been prepared without taking into account your objectives, financial situation or needs and you should consider if the information is appropriate for you before making an investment decision. Unless otherwise specifically stated or disclosed (such as the InvestSMART Diversified Portfolios Product Disclosure Statement), neither InvestSMART Financial Services Pty Ltd nor any of its Related Companies make any recommendations as to the merits of any investment opportunity referred to in its emails or its related websites. Product disclosure statements for financial products offered through InvestSMART can be downloaded from this website or obtained by contacting 1300 880 160. You should consider the product disclosure statement before making a decision about the product. All indications of performance returns are historical and can not be relied upon as an indicator for future performance.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: Is there have analog for HtmlTableRow in .NET Core I'm porting app from .NET to .NET Core and can't find analog for HtmlTableRow class Error CS0246 The type or namespace name 'HtmlTableRow' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?) A: This is part of WebForms, which is not part of .NET Standard, and will never be available on .NET Core. You can't easily port a WebForms application to .NET Core. You'd have to change it into an ASP.NET MVC application first, and that won't be trivial.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Difference between ionic and cordova plugin install When working with ionic, what is the difference between ionic plugin install ... and cordova plugin install Which one should be used? And why? Thx! A: There is a difference Ionic create some files in the project, such as ionic.project and package.json. Each time you add a plugin with Ionic using the command ionic plugin add ... , Ionic updates package.json. Ionic CLI uses package.json to manage Cordova app state in terms of platforms and plugins. package.json has two sections, cordovaPlatforms and cordovaPlugins that allows a ionic state restore to get the Cordova environment ready for build, run, etc... More explanations here : https://stackoverflow.com/a/30192417/3096087	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Of manifestos and manias To say that the market is happy with the Congress victory would be an understatement. But would investors have been as happy had they brushed up on the Congress manifesto? Parties rarely live up to their campaign promises, but it’s worth taking this manifesto at face value. The Congress has been touting its populist measures—the rural jobs scheme and the farm loan waiver—during the entire campaign. This populism is abundant in the manifesto. The party promises 25kg of grain a month to families below the poverty line, a measure that will increase food subsidies, already at Rs30,000 crore annually. It also promises to expand last year’s Rs65,000 crore loan waiver to reach more farmers, while shirking off disinvestment for public sector enterprises in manufacturing. This can’t help the fiscal deficit. The Congress has a genuine chance to pursue reform. But its populism is at odds with the reform agenda the market thinks imminent. The mania appears to have blinded investors to this tension.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Pressure infusors: variability in delivered infusion pressure. A pressure infusor was used to apply external pressures of 300, 250, 200, and 150 mm Hg to 500-ml plastic bags of saline. At constant applied pressure, 50-ml aliquots of saline were periodically withdrawn. The delivered pressures were less than the applied pressures, and the difference increased as the volume of saline within the bag decreased. This inherent pressure difference should be considered when the system is used with a continuous flush device.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Suddenly Springfox Swagger 3.0 is not working with spring webflux Application was working with Springfox Swagger 3.0 few days back. Suddenly it is stopped working. The Jar file which was created before a week is still working but now when we try to build a new Jar file, which is not working, even without any code/library changes. I have even referred the below URL but still facing issue. 404 error with swagger-ui and spring webflux Below given my configuration: POM file: <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> <springfox.version>3.0.0-SNAPSHOT</springfox.version> <spring.version>2.3.1.RELEASE</spring.version> </properties> <repositories> <repository> <id>spring-libs-milestone</id> <name>Spring Milestone Maven Repository</name> <url>http://oss.jfrog.org/artifactory/oss-snapshot-local/</url> </repository> </repositories> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webflux</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>io.springfox</groupId> <artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId> <version>${springfox.version}</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>io.springfox</groupId> <artifactId>springfox-spring-webflux</artifactId> <version>${springfox.version}</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>io.springfox</groupId> <artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId> <version>${springfox.version}</version> </dependency> </dependencies> Config Files: @Configuration @EnableSwagger2WebFlux public class SwaggerConfiguration implements WebFluxConfigurer { @Bean public Docket createRestApi() { return new Docket(DocumentationType.SWAGGER_2) .apiInfo(new ApiInfoBuilder() .description("My Reactive API") .title("My Domain object API") .version("1.0.0") .build()) .enable(true) .select() .apis(RequestHandlerSelectors.basePackage("com.reactive.controller")) .paths(PathSelectors.any()) .build(); } @Override public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) { registry.addResourceHandler("/swagger-ui.html") .addResourceLocations("classpath:/META-INF/resources/"); registry.addResourceHandler("/webjars/") .addResourceLocations("classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/"); } } I am getting 404 error when I try to open the swagger page. http://localhost:8080/swagger-ui.html Can someone help me with this. Thanks in advance. A: The implementation has changed recently (see migrating from earlier snapshots for a brief update on this). Now the UI is avaiable under /swagger-ui/ endpoint (not /swagger-ui.html). You should also drop the @EnableSwagger2WebFlux annotation and addResourceHandlers() method, remove all springfox dependencies and add just one: <dependency> <groupId>io.springfox</groupId> <artifactId>springfox-boot-starter</artifactId> <version>${springfox.version}</version> </dependency>	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Double second toe transfer in congenital hand anomalies. A series of 14 patients with congenital hand anomalies who received staged double second toe transfers to the same hand for restoration of function or form were reviewed retrospectively. There were three children with constriction ring syndrome, two with symbrachydactyly and nine with transverse absence (failure of formation). There were different indications, technical difficulties and results with the various anomalies. All transferred toes were mobile and sensate, and were reported to be of benefit in both function and appearance. However, secondary surgical procedures were required in all patients.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
The Vatican secretary of state, Cardinal Pietro Parolin, has called the result of the Irish same-sex marriage equality referendum a “defeat for humanity”. Until Tuesday night, there had been no official Holy See reaction to the Yes vote in the referendum. When that reaction finally came from Cardinal Parolin, the Vatican equivalent of prime minister, it was nothing if not hardline and outspoken: “This result left me feeling very sad but as the Archbishop of Dublin [Diarmuid Martin] pointed out, the Church will have to take this reality on board in the sense of a renewed and strengthened evangelisation. I believe that we are talking here not just about a defeat for Christian principles but also about a defeat for humanity,” Cardinal Parolin told reporters on the margins of a Centesimus Annus conference in the Vatican. Cardinal Parolin did not further explain the terms of this “defeat for humanity”, but his observations are a logical extension of Catholic doctrine, which teaches that the practise of homosexuality is a sin. Coincidentally, reporters also questioned Cardinal Parolin about an ongoing row between France and the Holy See over the appointment of openly gay Laurent Stefanini as French ambassador to the Vatican. It had been speculated that Mr Stefanini’s nomination by Francois Hollande’s government has not found favour with the Holy See, not so much because of his sexual orientation but rather because, in the past, he publicly supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in France in 2013. Nominated by the French government in early January, Mr Stefanini’s appointment has still not been ratified by the Vatican. Asked about the matter, Cardinal Parolin would say only that “dialogue is still ongoing” between France and the Holy See.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Yesterday’s New Bedford Standard Times featured an op-ed by Professors Davies and Harrigan that would have been appropriate several months ago. But … The Radzewicz Riddle–The Rise and Fall of Nations Posted on December 15, 2008 The 17th century English pamphleteer Cato ranked among the great enemies of Kings and champions of the common people. Like Algernon Sidney, John Trenchard, Thomas Paine, Sam Adams, and John Dickinson, he advocated an end to the Divine Right of Kings, and a beginning for the Rights of Men. They were the talk radio of their respective eras and helped fashion the 17th century Glorious Revolution in England and the even more glorious Revolution in America in the following century. It is impressive to consider the lengthy time periods that were required to throw off the shackles of aristocratic authority from the shoulders of the common people. The Magna Carta had been signed by King John in 1215, six to seven hundred years before these more final revolutions occurred in England and the American colonies. The ordinary citizens had been striving for that long to make headway. And even the Glorious Revolution of the 1680’s didn’t grant enough rights to dissuade millions of Englishmen from leaving their homes and going to the New World. It is even more humbling to recognize that that slow centuries long process of gaining freedom for a majority of English speaking citizens was the best there ever had been–anywhere on earth. England’s democritization was painfully slow, but at least it happened–and led to America’s full blown freedoms. Aside from a few other European nations, there was no movement to free individuals anywhere else on the Globe! Now there had been antecedents in a few isolated outposts where there was no aristocracy or autocrats to tyrannize the people. Phoenicia, Greece, Rome, Venice, Holland, Iceland, and the Hanseatic cities had flourished while they remained free and open societies, but that’s only about a fraction of 1% of the world’s population! However, if you look at each of those rare free societies, even though they all Rose for a while to great affluence, sooner or later they all matured, withered, and Declined to obscurity. The Riddle of History is Why, when these nations were small and isolated, with limited resources, poor school systems, struggling to grow food and manufacture tools and equipment, they somehow did all that, gained prosperity, and yet later, with better schools, a growing elite intellectual class, and expanded governmental systems in place, they commenced a Decline? Did adversity make the people work harder at first? What happened to end the upward progress of these successful enclaves? And why was the existence of free societies restricted to this tiny handful of the world’s people? What was unique to those few “laboratories of history” that showed the way to personal liberty and affluence. The Radzewicz Rule suggests that it was economic freedom and an empowering Faith that allowed the common genius of a citizenry to flourish. But those conditions were extremely rare throughout history for all people. If you had been born somewhere at random on earth during the period from 3,000 BC to 1,775 AD, your odds or chance of gaining personal freedom would be akin to winning the Massachusetts mega jackpot! That is why the pamphleteers for liberty were so praiseworthy–where they were allowed to speak and write they demanded freedom. Those scribblers, sneered at by the great Philosophers, wrote simply. They laid out the case for liberty in brief essays that were widely read by common people.. There was no need for academics to explain what they wrote. They knew of the actual cases in history where people had gained freedom and they called for more of the same. Cato wrote, “The People, when they are not misled or corrupted, generally make a sound Judgment of Things. They have natural Qualifications equal to those of their Superiors; and there is oftener found a great Genius carrying a Pitchfork, than carrying a White Staff.” In those two sentences, Cato attests to the fact that common people are often wiser than their intellectual and over-educated betters. However, Cato went on to make a key point about the Rise and Fall of Nations; he echoed the Radzewicz Rule axiom that successful societies were created by common folk only when they were free and unburdened by intellectuals. Cato wrote: “Besides, there are not such mighty Talents requisite for Government, as some, who pretend to them without possessing them, would make us believe; Honest affections, and common Qualifications are sufficient; and the Administration has always been best executed, and the Publick Liberty best preserved, near the Origin and Rise of States, when plain Honesty and common Sense alone governed the public Affairs and the Morals of Men.” There, in Cato’s fine words, is the answer to the Riddle– Young, vibrant societies are not burdened by non-productive elites that advise and consult but do no real work. They are unregulated, unrestricted, and the citizenry are forced to innovate and free to produce. Only after those ordinary people have created abundance can their society have the where-withall to support parasitic classes–mostly academics, utopianists, government employees, foundation employees and special interest groups. All those new elites that emerge in successful nations are parasites–they were not present in the building–but now they have to carve out a comfortable niche for themselves. Since they are by definition non-productive, their only role can be found in directing the efforts of the remaining productive citizenry. Since they bring an inexperienced vision to the task, tainted with utopian abstractions, the resulting direction will always be counter-productive. This process continues and escalates over time. One mistaken policy requires another worse policy to correct the results of the last failure –and Decline sets in. The amswer to the Riddle is counter-intuitive. But only if you have an undue respect for the intellectual elites that presume to control the nation from lofty non-productive perches on high. Remember that it was the Honest Affections of the common people at the beginning that made for Efficiency and the maintenance of Publick Liberty. And, sadly, it is the complex ideologies of the new elites that undermine the sturdy foundation built by those honest and simple people.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha induces NADPH oxidase activity in macrophages, leading to the generation of LDL with PPAR-alpha activation properties. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors controlling lipid and glucose metabolism as well as inflammation. PPARs are expressed in macrophages, cells that also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we investigated whether PPARs regulate ROS production in macrophages. Different PPAR-alpha, but not PPAR-gamma agonists, increased the production of ROS (H2O2 and ) in human and murine macrophages. PPAR-alpha activation did not induce cellular toxicity, but significantly decreased intracellular glutathione levels. The increase in ROS production was not attributable to inherent prooxidant effects of the PPAR-alpha agonists tested, but was mediated by PPAR-alpha, because the effects were lost in bone marrow-derived macrophages from PPAR-alpha-/- mice. The PPAR-alpha-induced increase in ROS was attributable to the induction of NADPH oxidase, because (1) preincubation with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodinium prevented the increase in ROS production; (2) PPAR-alpha agonists increased production measured by superoxide dismutase-inhibitable cytochrome c reduction; (3) PPAR-alpha agonists induced mRNA levels of the NADPH oxidase subunits p47(phox), p67phox, and gp91phox and membrane p47phox protein levels; and (4) induction of ROS production was abolished in p47phox-/- and gp91phox-/- macrophages. Finally, induction of NADPH oxidase by PPAR-alpha agonists resulted in the formation of oxidized LDL metabolites that exert PPAR-alpha-independent proinflammatory and PPAR-alpha-dependent decrease of lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages. These data identify a novel mechanism of autogeneration of endogenous PPAR-alpha ligands via stimulation of NADPH oxidase activity.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Development of polymeric microbubbles targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen as prototype of novel ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound-targeted microbubbles (MBs) offer new opportunities to enhance the capabilities of diagnostic ultrasound (US) imaging to specific pathological tissue. Herein, we report on the design and development of a novel prototype of US contrast agent based on polymeric MBs targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) for use in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). First, a set of air-filled MBs by a variety of biocompatible polymers were prepared and characterized in terms of morphology and echogenic properties after exposure to US. MBs derived from poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) copolymer resulted as the most effective in terms of reflectivity. Such polymer was therefore preconjugated with a urea-based PSMA inhibitor molecular probe (DCL), and the obtained MBs were investigated in vitro for their targeting efficacy toward PSMA positive PCa (LNCaP) cells. Fluorescence microscopy proved a specific and efficient adhesion of targeted MBs to LNCaP cells. To our knowledge, this work reports the first model of polymeric MBs appropriately engineered to target PSMA, which might be further optimized and used for PCa diagnosis and potential carriers for selective drug delivery.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Transport-level vs message-level security I'm reading a book on WCF and author debates about pros of using message-level security over using transport-level security. Anyways, I can't find any logic in author's arguments One limitation of transport security is that it relies on every “step” and participant in the network path having consistently conﬁgured security. In other words, if a message must travel through an intermediary before reaching its destination, there is no way to ensure that transport security has been enabled for the step after the intermediary (unless that interme- diary is fully controlled by the original service provider). If that security is not faithfully reproduced, the data may be compromised downstream. Message security focuses on ensuring the integrity and privacy of individ- ual messages, without regard for the network. Through mechanisms such as encryption and signing via public and private keys, the message will be protected even if sent over an unprotected transport (such as plain HTTP). a) If that security is not faithfully reproduced, the data may be compromised downstream. True, but assuming two systems communicating use SSL and thus certificates, then the data they exchange can't be decrypted by intermediary, but instead it can only be altered, which the receiver will notice and thus reject the packet?! b) Anyways, as far as I understand the above quote, it is implying that if two systems establish a SSL connection, and if intermediary system S has SSL enabled and if S is also owned by a hacker, then S ( aka hacker ) won't be able to intercept SSL traffic travelling through it? But if S doesn't have SSL enabled, then hacker will be able to intercept SSL traffic? That doesn't make sense! c) Message security focuses on ensuring the integrity and privacy of individ- ual messages, without regard for the network. Through mechanisms such as encryption and signing via public and private keys, the message will be protected even if sent over an unprotected transport (such as plain HTTP). This doesn't make sense, since transport-level security also can use encryption and certificates, so why would using private/public keys at message-level be more secure than using them at transport-level? Namelly, if intermediary is able to intercept SSL traffic, why wouldn't it also be able to intercept messages secured via message-level private/public keys? thank you A: Consider the case of SSL interception. Generally, if you have an SSL encrypted connection to a server, you can trust that you "really are* connected to that server, and that the server's owners have identified themselves unambiguously to a mutually trusted third party, like Verisign, Entrust, or Thawte (by presenting credentials identifying their name, address, contact information, ability to do business, etc., and receiving a certificate countersigned by the third party's signature). Using SSL, this certificate is an assurance to the end user that traffic between the user's browser (client) and the server's SSL endpoint (which may not be the server itself, but some switch, router, or load-balancer where the SSL certificate is installed) is secure. Anyone intercepting that traffic gets gobbledygook and if they tamper with it in any way, then the traffic is rejected by the server. But SSL interception is becoming common in many companies. With SSL interception, you "ask" for an HTTPS connection to (for example) www.google.com, the company's switch/router/proxy hands you a valid certificate naming www.google.com as the endpoint (so your browser doesn't complain about a name mismatch), but instead of being countersigned by a mutually trusted third party, it is countersigned by their own certificate authority (operating somewhere in the company), which also happens to be trusted by your browser (since it's in your trusted root CA list which the company has control over). The company's proxy then establishes a separate SSL-encrypted connection to your target site (in this example, www.google.com), but the proxy/switch/router in the middle is now capable of logging all of your traffic. You still see a lock icon in your browser, since the traffic is encrypted up to your company's inner SSL endpoint using their own certificate, and the traffic is re-encrypted from that endpoint to your final destination using the destination's SSL certificate, but the man in the middle (the proxy/router/switch) can now log, redirect, or even tamper with all of your traffic. Message-level encryption would guarantee that the message remains encrypted, even during these intermediate "hops" where the traffic itself is decrypted. Load-balancing is another good example, because the SSL certificate is generally installed on the load balancer, which represents the SSL endpoint. The load balancer is then responsible for deciding which physical machine to send the now-decrypted traffic to for processing. Your messages may go through several "hops" like this before it finally reaches the service endpoint that can understand and process the message. A: I think I see what he's getting at. Say like this: Web client ---> Presentation web server ---> web service call to database In this case you're depending on the middle server encrypting the data again before it gets to the database. If the message was encrypted instead, only the back end would know how to read it, so the middle doesn't matter.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
K'taka BJP calls for boycott of Chinese goods, here's everything that you have to get rid of Top BJP leaders did not clarify if they are going to burn their computers and cell phones, including their pricey iPhones and iPads. news Politics The call for a Swadeshi movement in August 2017 by the BJP state executive in Karnataka is surely likely to compound the country’s existing waste management crisis in urban centres. This call for a boycott of Chinese goods is in response to the on-going border stand-off at Doklam between the two of the rising global economies. Although the party is undecided on the specifics about their demonstration, it is understood that either the party workers are going to throw out all Chinese manufactured good out of their homes or burn them. However, top BJP leaders did not clarify if they are going to burn their computers and cell phones, including their pricey iPhones and iPads or other Chinese-made expensive gizmos. In a similar situation in October 2016, Baba Ramdev had drawn flak on social media when he had tweeted calling for a similar boycott ironically from an iPhone. With the swadeshi movement soon to gain momentum, here is a list of things that will end up lying in the trash 1. Smartphones- One in two smartphones sold in India in the last quarter was of Chinese make. Brands like Samsung, Xiaomi, Lenovo, Oppo, Vivo are all manufactured by Chinese companies and their market share has only grown in the last few years. 2. Steel- As India wants to build roads and expands its rail network, it needs more steel than it produces domestically. A third of the total steel imported by India was from China in 2014-15. 3. Toys-80% of toys in Indian markets are either from China or Italy. The Quartz report states that the import of toys from these two nations has grown more than 30% every year between 2001-2012. 4. Solar equipment- As India aims to shift towards greener sources to meet its energy needs, solar energy along with other non-conventional sources of energy will play a big part. Here, China supplies 87% of the total solar equipment imported to India. 5. Lights-As India is moving to LED lighting in order to save power, China has captured most of the market giving Indian companies a run for their money. 6. Electronic Items-China also accounts for more than 20% of the total imports of all electronic items in India. Given that there are only a few Indian manufactures, China has a massive lead in this sector. 7. Medicines-Even when it comes to lifesaving drugs or your common cold tablet, China is the prime supplier of raw materials for pharma companies in India. Even the central government is wary of this and trying to reduce the dependency on the Chinese in this regard. 8. Aggarbattis/ firecrackers-An essential commodity for all Puja purposes, the quintessential agarbatti is now made by the Chinese at a cheaper price with various colour options and this led to a wide-scale loss of jobs of rural women in India. In total, a little over 10% of India’s imports are from China, which is the highest from a single country. Apart from Chinese imports, the global manufacturing powerhouse is also expanding its investments in India.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Hello. I have a Trane XV80 furnace in my attic and the gas valve control circuit went out. I ordered the listed replacement part for the product ( CNT 01520 50A51-507), but after receiving it, it appears it is the old part. The new replacement is CNT02223 (50V61-507). The hookups match up despite the difference in the layouts. Would it be advisable to use this phased out control board considering the furnace is over 10 years old?	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
--- abstract: 'We study the effects of weak columnar and point disorder on the vortex-lattice phase transitions in high temperature superconductors. The combined effect of thermal fluctuations and of quenched disorder is investigated using a simplified cage model. For columnar disorder the problem maps into a quantum particle in a harmonic + random potential. We use the variational approximation to show that columnar and point disorder have opposite effect on the position of the melting line as observed experimentally. Replica symmetry breaking plays a role at the transition into a vortex glass at low temperatures.' address: \| Department of Physics and Astronomy\ University of Pittsburgh\ Pittsburgh, PA 15260 author: - 'Yadin Y. Goldschmidt' date: 'August 4, 1996' title: ' [Phase Transitions of the Flux Line Lattice in High-Temperature Superconductors with Weak Columnar and Point Disorder]{} ' --- [2]{} There is a lot of interest in the physics of high temperature superconductors due to their potential technological applications. In particular these materials are of type II and allow for partial magnetic flux penetration. Pinning of the magnetic flux lines (FL) by many types of disorder is essential to eliminate dissipative losses associated with flux motion. In clean materials below the superconducting temperature there exist a ’solid ’ phase where the vortex lines form a triangular Abrikosov lattice [@blatter]. This solid can melt due to thermal fluctuations and the effect of impurities. In particular known observed transitions are into a flux liquid at higher temperatures via a [melting line]{} (ML)[@zeldov], and into a vortex glass at low temperature [@VG],[@Fisher],[@BG] in the presence of disorder- the so called [entanglement line]{} (EL). [@blatter] Recently the effect of point and columnar disorder on the position of the melting transition has been measured experimentally in the high-$T_c$ material $Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_8$ [@Khaykovitch]. Point disorder has been induced by electron irradiation (with 2.5 MeV electrons), whereas columnar disorder has been induced by heavy ion irradiation (1 GeV Xe or 0.9 GeV Pb). It turns out that the flux melting transition persists in the presence of either type of disorder, but its position shifts depending on the disorder type and strength. A significant difference has been observed between the effects of columnar and point disorder on the location of the ML. Weak columnar defects stabilize the solid phase with respect to the vortex liquid phase and shift the transition to [higher]{} fields, whereas point-like disorder destabilizes the vortex lattice and shifts the melting transition to [lower]{} fields. In this paper we attempt to provide an explanation to this observation. The case of point defects has been addressed in a recent paper by Ertas and Nelson [@EN] using the cage-model approach which replaces the effect of vortex-vortex interactions by an harmonic potential felt by a single vortex. For columnar disorder the parabolic cage model was introduced by Nelson and Vinokur \[8\]. Here we use a different approach to analyze the cage-model Hamiltonian vis. the replica method together with the variational approximation. In the case of columnar defects our approach relies on our recent analysis of a quantum particle in a random potential [@yygold]. We compare the effect of the two types of disorder with each other and with results of recent experiments. Assume that the average magnetic field is aligned along the $z$-axis. Following EN we describe the Hamiltonian of a single FL whose position is given by a two-component vector ${\bf r}(z)$ (overhangs are neglected) by: $$\begin{aligned} {\cal H} = \int_0^L dz \left\{ {\frac{\tilde{\epsilon} }{2}} \left({\frac{ d% {\bf r }}{dz}} \right)^2 + V(z,{\bf r }) + {\frac{\mu }{2}} {\bf r }^2 \right\}. \label{hamil}\end{aligned}$$ Here $\tilde \epsilon =\epsilon _0/\gamma ^2$ is the line tension of the FL, $\gamma ^2=m_z/m_{\perp }$ is the mass anisotropy, $\epsilon _0=(\Phi _0/4\pi \lambda )^2$, ($\lambda $ being the penetration length), and $\mu \approx \epsilon _0/a_0^2$ is the effective spring constant (setting the cage size) due to interactions with neighboring FLs, which are at a typical distance of $a_0=\sqrt{\Phi _0/B}$ apart. For the case of columnar (or correlated) disorder, $V(z,{\bf r})=V({\bf r})$ is independent of $z$, and $$\begin{aligned} \langle V({\bf r})V({\bf r^{\prime }})\rangle \equiv -2f(({\bf r}-{\bf % r^{\prime }})^2/2)=g\epsilon _0^2\xi ^2\delta _\xi ^{(2)}({\bf r}-{\bf % r^{\prime }}), \label{VVC}\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned} \delta _\xi ^{(2)}({\bf r}-{\bf r^{\prime }})\approx 1/(2\pi \xi ^2)\exp (-(% {\bf r}-{\bf r^{\prime }})^2/2\xi ^2), \label{delta}\end{aligned}$$ and $\xi $ is the vortex core diameter. The dimensionless parameter g is a measure of the strength of the disorder. On the other hand for point-disorder, $V$ depends on $z$ and [@EN] $$\begin{aligned} \langle V(z,{\bf r})V(z^{\prime },{\bf r^{\prime }})\rangle =\tilde \Delta \epsilon _0^2\xi ^3\delta _\xi ^{(2)}({\bf r}-{\bf r^{\prime }})\delta (z-z^{\prime }). \label{VVP}\end{aligned}$$ The quantity that measures the transverse excursion of the FL is $$\begin{aligned} u_0^2(\ell )\equiv \langle \|{\bf r}(z)-{\bf r}(z+\ell )\|^2\rangle \ /2, \label{ul}\end{aligned}$$ Let us now review the connection between a quantum particle in a random potential and the behavior of a FL in a superconductor. The partition function of the former is just like the partition sum of the FL, provided one make the identification [@nelson] $$\begin{aligned} \hbar \rightarrow T,\qquad \beta \hbar \rightarrow L, \label{corresp}\end{aligned}$$ Where T is the temperature of the superconductor and L is the system size in the $z$-direction. $\beta $ is the inverse temperature of the quantum particle. We are interested in large fixed L as T is varied, which corresponds to high $\beta $ for the quantum particle when $\hbar $ (or alternatively the mass of the particle) is varied. The variable $z$ is the so called Trotter time. This is the picture we will be using for the case of columnar disorder. For the case of point-disorder the picture we use is that of a directed polymer in the presence of a random potential plus an harmonic potential as used by EN. The main effect of the harmonic (or cage) potential is to cap the transverse excursions of the FL beyond a confinement length $\ell ^{}\approx a_0/\gamma $. The mean square displacement of the flux line is given by $$u^2(T)\approx u_0^2(\ell ^{}). \label{uT}$$ The location of the melting line is determined by the Lindemann criterion $$u^2(T_m(B))=c_L^2a_0^2, \label{Lind}$$ where $c_L\approx 0.15-0.2$ is the phenomenological Lindemann constant. This means that when the transverse excursion of a section of length $\approx \ell ^{}$becomes comparable to a finite fraction of the interline separation $a_0$, the melting of the flux solid occurs. We consider first the case of columnar disorder. In the absence of disorder it is easily obtained from standard quantum mechanics and the correspondence (\[corresp\]), that when $L\rightarrow \infty ,$ $$u^2(T)=\frac T{\sqrt{\widetilde{\epsilon }\mu }}\left( 1-\exp (-\ell ^{}% \sqrt{\mu /\widetilde{\epsilon }})\right) =\frac T{\sqrt{\widetilde{\epsilon }\mu }}(1-e^{-1}), \label{u2g0}$$ from which we find that $$B_m(T)\approx \frac{\Phi _0^{}}{\xi ^2}\frac{\epsilon _0^2\xi ^2c_L^4}{% \gamma ^2T^2}. \label{Bmg0}$$ When we turn on disorder we have to solve the problem of a quantum particle in a random quenched potential. This problem has been recently solved using the replica method and the variational approximation [@yygold]. Let us review briefly the results of this approach. In this approximation we chose the best quadratic Hamiltonian parametrized by the matrix $% s_{ab}(z-z^{\prime })$: $$\begin{aligned} h_n &=&\frac 12\int_0^Ldz\sum_a[\widetilde{\epsilon }{\bf \dot r}_a^2+\mu {\bf r}_a^2] \nonumber \\ &&-\frac 1{2T}\int_0^Ldz\int_0^Ldz^{\prime }\sum_{a,b}s_{ab}(z-z^{\prime })% {\bf r}_a(z)\cdot {\bf r}_b(z^{\prime }). \label{hn}\end{aligned}$$ Here the replica index $a=1\ldots n$, and $n\rightarrow 0$ at the end of the calculation. This Hamiltonian is determined by stationarity of the variational free energy which is given by $$\left\langle F\right\rangle _R/T=\left\langle H_n-h_n\right\rangle _{h_n}-\ln \int [d{\bf r}]\exp (-h_n/T), \label{FV}$$ where $H_n$ is the exact $n$-body replicated Hamiltonian. The off-diagonal elements of $s_{ab}$can consistently be taken to be independent of $z$, whereas the diagonal elements are $z$-dependent. It is more convenient to work in frequency space, where $\omega $ is the frequency conjugate to $z$. $% \omega _j=(2\pi /L)j,$with $j=0,\pm 1,\pm 2,\ldots $.Assuming replica symmetry, which is valid only for part of the temperature range, we can denote the off-diagonal elements of $\widetilde{s}_{ab}(\omega )=(1/T)\int_0^Ldz\ e^{i\omega z}$ $s_{ab}(z)$, by $\widetilde{s}(\omega )=% \widetilde{s}\delta _{\omega ,0}$. Denoting the diagonal elements by $% \widetilde{s}_d(\omega )$, the variational equations become: $$\begin{aligned} \tilde s &=&2\frac LT\widehat{f}\ ^{\prime }\left( {\frac{2T}{\mu L}}+{\frac{% 2T}L}\sum_{\omega ^{\prime }\neq 0}\frac 1{\epsilon \ \omega ^{\prime }\,^2+\mu -\widetilde{s}_d(\omega ^{\prime })}\right) \label{s} \\ \tilde s_d(\omega ) &=&\tilde s-{\frac 2T}\int_0^Ld\zeta \ (1-e^{i\omega \zeta })\times \nonumber \\ &&\ \ \widehat{f}\ ^{\prime }\left( {\frac{2T}L}\sum_{\omega ^{\prime }\neq 0}\ \frac{1-e^{-i\omega ^{\prime }\varsigma }}{\widetilde{\epsilon \ }\omega ^{\prime }\,^2+\mu -\widetilde{s}_d(\omega ^{\prime })}^{}\right) . \label{sd}\end{aligned}$$ here $\widehat{f}$ $^{\prime }(y)$ denotes the derivative of the ”dressed” function $\widehat{f}(y)$ which is obtained in the variational scheme from the random potential’s correlation function $f(y)$ (see eq. (\[VVC\])), and in 2+1 dimensions is given by: $$\widehat{f}(y)=-\frac{g\epsilon _0^2\xi ^2}{4\pi }\frac 1{\xi ^2+y} \label{f}$$ The full equations, taking into account the possibility of replica-symmetry breaking are given in ref. [@yygold]. In terms of the variational parameters the function $u_0^2(\ell ^{})$ is given by $$u_0^2(\ell ^{})={\frac{2T}L}\sum_{\omega ^{\prime }\neq 0}\frac{1-\cos (\omega ^{\prime }\ell ^{})}{\widetilde{\epsilon \ }\omega ^{\prime }\,^2+\mu -\widetilde{s}_d(\omega ^{\prime })}. \label{u2qp}$$ This quantity has not been calculated in ref. [@yygold]. There we calculated $\left\langle {\bf r}^2(0)\right\rangle $ which does not measure correlations along the $z$-direction. In the limit $L\rightarrow \infty $ we were able to solve the equations analytically to leading order in $g$. In that limit eq. (\[sd\]) becomes (for $\omega \neq 0$) : $$\begin{aligned} \tilde s_d(\omega ) &=&\frac 4\mu \widehat{f}\ ^{\prime \prime }(b_0)-\frac 2% T\int_0^\infty d\varsigma (1-\cos (\omega \varsigma )) \nonumber \\ &&\times (\widehat{f}\ ^{\prime }(C_0(\varsigma ))-\widehat{f}\ ^{\prime }(b_0)), \label{sdi}\end{aligned}$$ with $$C_0(\varsigma )=2T\int_{-\infty }^\infty \frac{d\omega }{2\pi }\frac{1-\cos (\omega \varsigma )}{\widetilde{\epsilon \ }\omega \,^2+\mu -\widetilde{s}% _d(\omega )} \label{C0}$$ and $b_0$ given by a similar expression with the cosine term missing in the numerator of eq. (\[C0\]). Defining $$\begin{aligned} \tau &=&T\ /\sqrt{\widetilde{\epsilon }\ \mu },\ \alpha =\tau \ /(\xi ^2+\tau ), \label{tau,al} \\ f_1(\alpha ) &=&1/(1-\alpha )-(1/\alpha )\log (1-\alpha ), \label{f1} \\ f_2(\alpha ) &=&\frac 1\alpha \sum_{k=1}^\infty (k+1)\alpha ^k/k^3 \label{f2} \\ a^2 &=&f_1(\alpha )/f_2(\alpha ),\ A=-\widehat{f}\ ^{\prime \prime }(\tau )\ f_1^2(\alpha )/f_2(\alpha )/\mu , \label{a2,A} \\ s_\infty &=&\widehat{f}\ ^{\prime \prime }(\tau )\ (4+f_1(\alpha ))/\mu , \label{sinf}\end{aligned}$$ a good representation of $\widetilde{s}_d(\omega ),\ (\omega \neq 0)$ with the correct behavior at low and high frequencies is $$\widetilde{s}_d(\omega )=s_\infty +A\mu /(\widetilde{\epsilon \ }\omega ^2+a^2\mu ). \label{sde}$$ (notice that this function is negative for all $\omega $). Substituting in eq. (\[C0\]) and expanding the denominator to leading order in the strength of the disorder, we get : $$\begin{aligned} u_0^2(\ell ) &=&C_0(\sqrt{\widetilde{\epsilon }\ /\ \mu })=\tau (1-A/(a^2-1)^2/\mu ) \nonumber \\ &&\ \times (1-e^{-\ell /\ell ^{}})+\tau A/(a(a^2-1)^2\mu )\times \nonumber \\ &&(1-e^{-a\ell /\ell ^{}})+\tau /(2\mu )\times \ (s_\infty +A/(a^2-1)) \nonumber \\ &&\times \ (1-e^{-\ell /\ell ^{}}-(\ell /\ell ^{})\ e^{-\ell /\ell ^{}}). \label{u2f}\end{aligned}$$ In order to plot the results we measure all distances in units of $\xi $ , we measure the temperature in units of $\epsilon _0\xi $, and the magnetic field in units of $\Phi _0/\xi ^2$ . We observe that the spring constant $% \mu $ is given in the rescaled units by $B$ and $a_0=1/\sqrt{B}$. We further use $\gamma =1$ for the plots. Fig. 1 shows a plot of $\sqrt{u_0^2(\ell ^{})}/a_0$ vs. $T$ for zero disorder (curve a) as well as for $g/2\pi =0.02$ (curve b). We have chosen $B=1/900$. We see that the disorder tends to align the flux lines along the columnar defects , hence decreasing $u^2(T)$ .Technically this happens since $% \widetilde{s}_d(\omega )$ is negative. The horizontal line represents a possible Lindemann constant of 0.15. In Fig. 2 we show the modified melting line $B_m(T)$ in the presence of columnar disorder. This is obtained from eq. (\[Lind\]) with $c_L=0.15$. We see that it shifts towards higher magnetic fields. For $T<T_c\approx (\epsilon _0\xi /\gamma )[g^2\epsilon _0/(16\pi ^2\mu \xi ^2)]^{1/6}$, there is a solution with RSB but we will not pursue it further in this paper. This temperature is at the bottom of the range plotted in the figures for columnar disorder. We will pursue the RSB solution only for the case of point disorder, see below. The expression (\[u2f\]) becomes negative for very low temperature. This is an artifact of the truncation of the expansion in the strength of the disorder. For the case of point defects the problem is equivalent to a directed polymer in a combination of a random potential and a fixed harmonic potential. This problem has been investigated by MP [@mp], who were mainly concerned with the limit of $\mu \rightarrow 0$. In this case the variational quadratic Hamiltonian is parametrized by: $$\begin{aligned} h_n &=&\frac 12\int_0^Ldz\sum_a[\widetilde{\epsilon }{\bf \dot r}_a^2+\mu {\bf r}_a^2] \nonumber \\ &&\ \ -\frac 12\int_0^Ldz\sum_{a,b}^{}s_{ab}\ {\bf r}_a(z)\cdot {\bf r}_b(z), \label{hnpd}\end{aligned}$$ with the elements of $s_{ab}$ all constants as opposed to the case of columnar disorder. The replica symmetric solution to the variational equations is simply given by : $$\begin{aligned} s &=&s_d=\frac{2\xi }T\widehat{f}\ ^{\prime }(\tau ) \label{s,sd} \\ u_0^2(\ell ) &=&2T\int_{-\infty }^\infty \frac{d\omega }{2\pi }\frac{1-\cos (\omega \ell )}{\widetilde{\epsilon \ }\omega \,^2+\mu } \left( 1+ \frac{s_d}{ \widetilde{\epsilon \ }\omega \,^2+\mu}\right) \label{u2p}\end{aligned}$$ and hence $$\begin{aligned} u_0^2(\ell ) &=&\tau (1-e^{-\ell /\ell ^{}})+\tau \ s_d\ /\ (2\mu ) \nonumber \\ &&\ \ \times \ (1-e^{-\ell /\ell ^{}}-(\ell /\ell ^{})\ e^{-\ell /\ell ^{}}). \label{u2p2}\end{aligned}$$ In eq.(\[s,sd\]) $\widehat{f}$ is the same function as defined in eq. (\[f\]) with $g\ $replaced by $\widetilde{\Delta }$. As opposed the case of columnar disorder, in this case $s_d$ is positive and independent of $\omega $, and hence the mean square displacement $u_0^2(\ell ^{})$ is bigger than its value for zero disorder. Fig. 1 curve [c ]{}shows a plot of $\sqrt{% u_0^2(\ell ^{})}/a_0$ vs. $T$ for $\widetilde{\Delta }/2\pi =0.8$. Again $% B=1/900$. For $T<T_{cp}\approx $ $(\epsilon _0\xi /\gamma )(\gamma $ $% \widetilde{\Delta }/2\pi )^{1/3}$ it is necessary to break replica symmetry as shown by MP [@mp]. This means that the off-diagonal elements of the variational matrix $s_{ab}$ are not all equal to each other. MP worked out the solution in the limit of $\mu \rightarrow 0$, but it is not difficult to extend it to any value of $\mu .$ We have worked out the first stage RSB solution which is all is required for a random potential with short ranged correlations. The analytical expression is not shown here for lack of space. The solution is represented by curve [d]{} in Fig. 1 which consists of upward triangles. The modified melting line in the presence of disorder is indicated by the curve [c]{} in Fig. 2 for $T>T_{cp}$. For $T<T_{cp}$ the so called [entanglement line* ]{}is represented by curve [d]{} of filled squares.The value of the magnetic field $B_m(T_{cp})\approx (\Phi _0/\xi ^2)(\gamma \widetilde{\Delta }/2\pi )^{-2/3}c_L^4$ gives a reasonable agreement with the experiments. The analytical expressions given in eqs. (\[u2f\]), (\[u2p2\]), though quite simple, seem to capture the essential feature required to reproduce the position of the melting line. The qualitative agreement with experimental results is remarkable, especially the opposite effects of columnar and point disorder on the position of the melting line. The ’as grown’ experimental results are corresponding to very small amount of point disorder, and thus close to the line of no disorder in the figures. At low temperature, the entanglement transition is associated in our formalism with RSB, and is a sort of a spin-glass transition in the sense that many minima of the random potential and hence free energy, compete with each other. In this paper we worked out the one-step RSB for the case of point disorder. The experiments show that in the case of colmunar disorder the transition into the vortex glass seems to be absent. This has to be further clarified theoretically. We have shown that the [cage model ]{}together with the variational approximation reproduce the main feature of the experiments. Effects of many body interaction between vortex lines which are not taken into account by the effective cage model seem to be of secondary importance. Inclusion of such effects within the variational formalism remains a task for the future. For point disorder, in the limit of infinite cage ( $\mu \rightarrow 0$), the variational approximation gives a wandering exponent of 1/2 for a random potential with short ranged correlations [@mp], whereas simulations give a value of 5/8 [@halpin]. This discrepancy does not seem of importance with respect to the conclusions obtained in this paper. Another point to notice is that columnar disorder is much more effective in shifting the position of the melting line as compared for point disorder in the range of parameters considered here. We have used a much weaker value of correlated disorder to achieve a similar or even larger shift of the melting line than for the case of point disorder. The fact that the random potential does not vary along the z-axis enhances its effect on the vortex lines. We thank David Nelson and Eli Zeldov for discussions. We thank the Weizmann institute for a Michael Visiting Professorship, during which this research has been carried out. G. Blatter [et al.]{}, Rev. Mod. Phys. [66]{}, 1125 (1994). E. Zeldov [et al.]{}, Nature [375]{}, 373 (1995); see also H. Pastoria [et al.]{} Phys. Rev. Lett. [72]{}, 2951 (1994) M. Feigelman, [et al.]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [63]{}, 2303 (1989); A. I. Larkin and V. M. Vinokur, ibid. [75]{}, 4666 (1995). D. S. Fisher, M. P. A. Fisher and D. A. Huse, Phys. Rev. [B43]{}, 130 (1990). T. Giamarchi and P. Le Doussal, Phys. Rev. Lett. [72]{}, 1530 (1994); Phys. Rev. [B52]{}, 1242 (1995); see also T. Nattermann, Phys. Rev. Lett. [64]{}, 2454 (1990). B. Khaykovitch [et al.]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [76]{}, 2555 (1996) and preprint (1996). D. Ertas and D. R. Nelson, preprint, cond-mat/9607142 (1996) D. R. Nelson, Phys. Rev. Lett. [60]{}, 1973 (1988); D. R. Nelson and V. M. Vinokur, Phys. Rev. [B48]{}, 13060 (1993). Y. Y. Goldschmidt, Phys. Rev. E [53]{}, 343 (1996); see also Phys. Rev. Lett. [74]{}, 5162 (1995) M. Mezard and G. Parisi, J. Phys. I (France)[1]{}, 809 (1991) T. Halpin-Healy and Y.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rep. [254]{}, 215 (1995) and references therein. Figure Captions: Fig1: Transverse fluctuations in the cage model for (a) no disorder (b)columnar disorder (c)point disorder (d)RSB for point disorder. Fig. 2: Melting line for (a) no disorder (b) columnar disorder (c)point disorder (d) entanglement line for point disorder.	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
Q: Getting undefined variable using isset Using the following code, I'm getting the error "Undefined Index: area" <select id="area" name="area" class="selectbox dropdownfilter" data-target-id="location"> <option value="">all areas</option> <?php asort($areas) ?> <?php foreach ($areas as $code =>$area) : ?> <option value="<?php echo $code ?>"<?php if(isset($_SESSION['area']) \| isset($_POST['area'])) { if($_SESSION['area'] == $area \| $_POST['area'] == $area) { echo ' selected'; } } ?> ><?php echo $area ?></option> <?php endforeach ?> </select> It's outputting the $area correctly, the error is coming in the 'selected' script. Bit lost as to what I'm doing wrong, or how else I could do it. I'm just trying to select the option if it's what was submitted in the search form. A: That condition: if(isset($_SESSION['area']) \| isset($_POST['area'])) { => Returns true if $_SESSION['area'] is set OR $_POST['area'] is set So it is true if $_SESSION['area'] is not set but $_POST['area'] is set, for example. Then : if($_SESSION['area'] == $area \| $_POST['area'] == $area) { => You are testing $_SESSION['area'] value. If it's not set (it's possible as seen before), you'll have an error notice. Here is what I'd do, only one condition : if ( (isset($_SESSION['area']) && $_SESSION['area'] == $area) \|\| (isset($_POST['area']) && $_POST['area'] == $area) ) { If $_SESSION['area'] is not set, PHP won't bother to test if $_SESSION['area'] == $area because it doesn't need to (as the 1st condition is false anyway), it will try what is after the OR See http://php.net/manual/en/language.operators.logical.php And http://php.net/manual/en/language.operators.precedence.php	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Q: Create string from regular expression PHP I'm trying to create a string from a regular expression. I noticed that in Kohana framework's routing system you can set a route using something similar to a regular expression. Then you can create an url matching a route you've set. I'm trying to do something similar, but I can't find a clean way to do it. I've for example got the following regular expression: /^(?<application>\w+)\/(?<controller>\w+)\/(?<method>\w+)\/(?<parameters>\w+)\/?$/ Now I want to be able to say that "application" equals "a", "controller" equals "b", "method" equals "c" and "parameters" equals "d". Then I should get a string that replaces the parts with the values specified. I can't find a good way to do this though. I've basically thought of two ways: 1) replace the corresponding values in the regular expression with the specified values, or 2) create a custom "regex syntax" that you can easily be used to create string and convert it to a "proper" regular expression when needed. Kohana uses the latter, but both ways sound quite bad to me. How would you do this? Edit: I'll try to clarify it a bit. I for example pass the following string to the regular expression shown above using preg_match(): "myApplication/myController/myMethod/myParameters". This returns an array that has a couple of items, including 4 items with indexes "application", "controller", "method" and "parameters" with the corresponding values. Now I have to create the string "myApplication/myController/myMethod/myParameters" with the regular expression's pattern while I only have that array with the 4 items. How can I do this using PHP? A: It should be pretty straightforward given that preg_match has support for named capturing groups (which your regular expression is, of course, using; more here). An example from PHP documentation: <?php $str = 'foobar: 2008'; preg_match('/(?P<name>\w+): (?P<digit>\d+)/', $str, $matches); /* This also works in PHP 5.2.2 (PCRE 7.0) and later, however * the above form is recommended for backwards compatibility */ // preg_match('/(?<name>\w+): (?<digit>\d+)/', $str, $matches); print_r($matches); ?> The above example will output: Array ( [0] => foobar: 2008 [name] => foobar [1] => foobar [digit] => 2008 [2] => 2008 ) So in your case, you can use your $matches array, e.g. $matches['application']. Edit: Okay, I did not fully understand the question. An obvious problem with using regular expressions to generate strings is that a regular expression can match infinite strings. For example, /cat\s+rat/ matches all of: cat rat cat rat cat rat etc. But in your example, nothing is undefined. So your inclination to define a "safe" or singly-generatable language that is a subset of regular expressions is a good one, given a narrow use case. Then you could replace occurrences of /$\?P?<(\w+)>$/ with the value of the capturing group in there. But since PHP doesn’t really let you just use the value of the capturing group to access a variable during replacement in one step, you will likely have to do this in multiple steps… e.g. matching all occurrances of the above group, extracting the named groups, and then finally doing (in a loop over $matches as $match) a simple string substitution from '(?P<' . $match . '>)' and '(?<' . $match . '>)' to the value of $$match (though in a safer way than that).	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1} ============ Hospital staffs are the most important group of health care providers. As a result of their continuous hard work, they are frequently faced with physical and psychological health problems. If these problems linger on, disappointment and boredom will settle, which in turn will lower the quality of health care services. Health care quality is highly dependent on clinical and professional ethical principles, which are under the influence of religious beliefs. An influential factor helping preservation of psychological stability is to believe in and to rely on God; closeness to God and performing religious duties brings about peace. Spirituality is a human dimension that combines our existence with concepts such as human nature, sacred mental experience, tendency to know more, elevation toward Good, and finding a meaning to life. It has also been defined as a number of values, attitudes, and hopes related to the superior existence and thus guiding us throughout life.\[[@ref1]\] The relationship between the mental health and spirituality has received much attention recently. Research shows spirituality is highly influential in physical and mental health preservation. Many researchers have concluded that spirituality has an immense effect on mental health.\[[@ref2][@ref3]\] According to WHO definition, health is total physical, mental, and social existential well-being, and mental health is the ability to establish harmonious communication with others, modify surroundings, and resolve conflicts.\[[@ref4]\] Behaviors such as reliance on God, praying, and going on pilgrimage can promote solace and mental health through peace and developing hope and positive thinking. Religious beliefs increase resistance against calamities, and thus help preserve physical and mental health, prevent infliction of diseases, and finally promote hopefulness.\[[@ref5][@ref6][@ref7][@ref8][@ref9]\] According to the cognitive-emotional-religious theory, man cannot comprehend the meaning of life without religious beliefs. This theory discusses religious beliefs and God, existence, and man, and proposes that these beliefs can be applied to treat psychological problems.\[[@ref10]\] From a clinical viewpoint, lack of appraisal of religious spiritual dimensions sets obstacles in the way of (1) acknowledging significance of these dimensions for health and (2) learning about the mechanisms involved.\[[@ref11]\] Islam as an ideology presents an impeccable and health-preserving lifestyle; its orders cover a wide range of life aspects, including personal and social ethics, interpersonal relations, and physical and mental health.\[[@ref11]\] Some studies indicate a correlation between reliance on God and high self-esteem,\[[@ref12]\] lower levels of depression, more mature social behavior,\[[@ref13][@ref14]\] and better mental predisposition.\[[@ref15]\] Kendler et al.\[[@ref16]\] studied a number of spiritual/religious themes and identified those factors which had a significant inverse relationship with lack of mental health. Hill et al. found that true religious belief acts as a motivational drive and is closely related to physical and mental health.\[[@ref17]\] Koenig et al. and Smith et al. also showed that health is a causal result of the relationship between higher levels of spirituality and reliance on God and trust in God enables people to tolerate hardships of life much better since they believe in God and entrust their lives into his hands.\[[@ref18][@ref19][@ref20]\] Also, James states that the foundation of religions, that is based on spiritual relation with God, meaningfulness of the whole universe, and meaningfulness of life is the essence of spirituality.\[[@ref21]\] Modern analyses have reported that there is a significant positive relationship between religious duties and concerns and health and life time.\[[@ref22][@ref23]\] Koenig et al. also found that spiritual/religious beliefs are important predictors of youth depression.\[[@ref18]\] Bahrami and Tashak\[[@ref24]\] reported a significant positive relationship between religious orientation and mental health promotion and decrease in psychological disorders. The study done by Omran-Nasab\[[@ref25]\] also indicated that there was a significant correlation between religious beliefs and mental health. Cohen, Yoon, and Johnston in a study on 168 patients with various physical disorders showed that there is generally a positive relationship between positive spiritual tolerance and mental health and a negative relationship between negative spiritual tolerance and mental health, but there was no relationship between more personal religious duties such as praying and mental health.\[[@ref26]\] Cohen and Hall also studied 1,000 aged people and found that there was a relationship between some religious beliefs (fear of God, fear of death, and belief in life after death) and feeling of well-being and it is more significant in Protestants than in Catholics and Jews.\[[@ref27]\] Krause also suggested that the relationship between calamities of life and depression symptoms in aged people reduces when they believe God knows better when to respond to their prayers.\[[@ref28]\] Keyes and Reitzes\[[@ref29]\] emphasize the importance of the impact of religious identity on dignity and depression symptoms in retired workers. Mazidi and Ostovar\[[@ref30]\] concluded that both Islam and Christianity affect mental health of Iranian youth positively. The findings of Jang et al., Hills et al., and Doolittle et al.\[[@ref2][@ref3][@ref31]\] showed that spirituality is beneficial to physical and mental health. Some researcher found a close relationship between religiousness and elevation of soul and health.\[[@ref32][@ref33]\] In other words, positive tendencies such as feeling of happiness, joyousness, and hope for future are related to spirituality.\[[@ref23][@ref34][@ref35]\] The favorable effect of positive constructs such as optimism and hope for future on physical and mental health has been confirmed by various studies.\[[@ref36]\] Snyder\'s theory of hope made researcher devote a lot of research to the relationship between hope and health.\[[@ref37][@ref38]\] Snyder believes hope is not a passive drive emerging only in dark moments of life, but a cognitive process through which one activity pursues goals. He states that hope is (1) a goal-determining process through which people (2) build up strategies to achieve goals and (3) are motivated enough to apply those strategies. These three components are known as goals, pathway thinking, and agency thinking.\[[@ref39]\] Thus, those staffs who are hopeful develops enough motivation to initiate and perform hard tasks, and emphasizing their capabilities, move toward their grand goals. Snyder also believes there is a positive relationship between positive emotions and purposefulness in life.\[[@ref40]\] Other studies have also indicated the relationship between hope and positive emotions is a positive relationship, and it has a negative relation with depression, anxiety, and negative emotions in general.\[[@ref40]\] Similarly, Hezarjaribi et al.,\[[@ref41]\] believe that there is a maximum significant relationship between hope for future and joyousness, and with the increase of the feeling of joy, hope for future is also enhanced. Many researchers such as Bandloo et al. believe important factors, including personality traits, cognitive components, and religious attitudes pave the way for feeling of joyousness.\[[@ref30]\] They have also reported a direct relationship between genetic, personality, cognitive, and religious factors, and anxiety on one hand and joyousness and hope for future on the other.\[[@ref40]\] In other words, religious attitudes and practices definitely help people find a meaning to life. Once hospital staff finds a meaningful life, hope for God\'s support, receive social and religious support, and feel belonging to a holy and graceful existence, they can survive hardships and calamities of life and maintain their mental health successfully; these people can work more fruitfully and provide better services.\[[@ref3]\] Thus, considering how crucial the job is, and also regarding the lack of a research on spiritual variables in Iran, this study was designed to answer this research question: Is there a relationship between religious/spiritual dimensions of one\'s character and his/her mental health and his/her hope for future? MATERIALS AND METHODS {#sec1-2} ===================== This was a correlational study. The statistical population included all state hospital\'s staffs in Shiraz-who were selected randomly using the sample size formula for correlational studies and matched with Cohen\'s table of sample size.\[[@ref42]\] Out of the 250 selected participants, 212 questionnaires were returned (85.2%). Females (156 people) formed 73.6% and males (56 people) formed 26.4% of the sample size. In six hospitals in the study, 95 staff (44.8%) were single, 112 staff (52.8%) were married, and 5 (2.4%) did not report their marital status. Regarding the educational level, 1 (0.5%) had not finished high school, 12 (5.7%) had high school diplomas, 19 (0.9%) had associate degrees, 160 (75.5%) had bachelor degrees, and 13 (6.1%) abstained from reporting. Ethical considerations were observed by reassuring subjects that their personal information would be regarded strictly confidential and by offering them to feel free to or not to answer the questionnaires. Data collection was done through using three questionnaires: Mental health questionnaire: the 12-item Goldberg and William\'s mental health questionnaire was one of the tools used in this study. The 4-point Likert scale (0 = always to 3 = Never) was applied. The total score was 36. The highest score indicated the lowest level of mental health. Goldberg et al.,\[[@ref43]\] have reported that the reliability of their test is 0.78 and Pearson correlation coefficient for 3 factors, and the total score is 0.57 if P \< 0.000. Ebadi et al.,\[[@ref44]\] applying the tool on a research sample of 18-25-year old Iranians, reported an internal consistency of 0.81 for the tool. They also confirmed the validity of the tool using variance analysis and Known-groups method of validity. The cut point was calculated to be 3.5 with a sensitivity rate of 0.87% and specifity of 60%.Hope for future questionnaire: The questionnaire developed by Snyder et al.\[[@ref37][@ref38][@ref39][@ref40][@ref41][@ref42][@ref43][@ref44][@ref45]\] was applied. It includes 12 statements and is self-administered. Three statements measure agency thinking; four statements measure pathway thinking; and four statements are distractors. Thus, the questionnaire covers two subscales, namely pathway and motivation; to respond to each statement, subjects rate them from 1 (definitely false) to 4 (definitely true). It should be mentioned that the questionnaire has been reported by Golazari^\[2007\]^ to enjoy a validity rate of 0.89%. Moreover, the hope scale is highly correlated with other psychometric tools, for instance, its correlation with Scheier and Carver\'s test, which assesses optimism, is between 50% and 60%. Also the scores of the test are negatively correlated with depression inventory scores (−0.41 and −0.51). Content validity of the test has also been confirmed by clinical experts.\[[@ref46]\]Scale of dimensions of religiosity: this is a scale developed by Haber, Jacob and Spangler, which was localized for conducting research in Iran through translation and modification of the items by Islamic scholars. The scale includes 31 items focusing on five religions spiritual components: (a) Existential well-being (six items), (b) motivation, devotion, and coping (nine items), (c) spiritual transcendence (seven items), (d) religious support (six items), and (e) religious attitudes and practices (three items). This questionnaire was first translated to Farsi by Nadi and Sajjadian\[[@ref46]\] in 2010 and its face and content validity have been confirmed. Thirty subjects were asked to check vague items on the questionnaire. Afterwards, 10 psychometrics experts judged the extent of congruity of the items and the components. Upon their approval, the final version was administered to the subjects of the study Cronbach\'s alpha coefficient confirmed the reliability of the components of the questionnaire (r = 0.73, 0.76, 0.70, 0.71, 0.75, respectively). The Likert 7-point Scale included responses ranging from 1 = definitely wrong to 7 = definitely right. High scores represented strong religious belief. Maximum and minimum scores of the test were 217 and 31, respectively. The advantage of the scale is that has no bias towards any religion. The time allocated for responding to the questionnaire was 15-20 min. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation\'s test and hierarchic regression test were employed on the statistical package for social science version 18. FINDINGS {#sec1-3} ======== Findings shown in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} indicate that hope for future has the highest correlation with existential well-being (r = 0.275) and the lowest correlation with mental health (r = 0.171). Furthermore, it is significantly correlated with motivation, devotion, and coping (r = 0.263, P \< 0.01). ###### Means, SDs, and correlations ![](JEHP-3-20-g001) However, no significant correlation existed between hope for future and religious support, spiritual transcendence, and religious attitudes and practices. Furthermore, mental health appeared to have a high correlation with religious support (r = 0.427) and religious attitudes and practices (r = 0.179) but had the lowest with hope for future (r = 0.171). As it is seen in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, from among study variables, the best predictive variables for hope for future in staff are (1) motivation devotion, and coping, (2) mental health, (3) existential well-being. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, there was a significant relationship between hope for future and (1) mental health, (2) existential well-being, and (3) motivation, devotion, and coping, Based on the same results, motivation devotion, and coping by itself accounts for 5% of the variance. With mental health combined, this reaches 6.4%, and when the third variable, existential well-being, is included, it increases by 9%. But in phase four, with inclusion of motivation, devotion, and coping together with existential well-being variance is 9%. Since the observed F at the level of P ≤ 0.01 is significant, regression equation could be generalized to the whole research population. [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"} also depicts the results of standard and non-standard regressions in this regard. ###### Adjusted R square multiple correlation coefficients for religious/spiritual components and mental health in predicting rate of hope for future in hospitals staff ![](JEHP-3-20-g002) ###### Standard and non standardized coefficients regression coefficients for prediction of the staff\'s hope for future ![](JEHP-3-20-g003) The findings suggest that considering the β coefficient (from phase three) one-unit increase in mental health increases hope for future by 0.081 unit; one-unit increase in motivation, devotion, and coping increases hope for future by 0.153 unit; and one-unit increase in existential well-being increases it by 0.195 unit. The findings also show that with the omission of mental health variable, one unit increase in motivation, devotion, and coping increases hope for future by 0.159 units and also one unit increase in existential well-being increases hope for future by 0.219 units, which is a better predictor for staff\'s hope for future. DISCUSSION {#sec1-4} ========== The study investigated two questions: (1) Is there a positive significant relationship between religiosity components, mental health, and hope for future in hospital staff? and (2) which components of mental health and religiosity can predict the staff\'s hope for future? Findings showed hope for future is positively and significantly correlated with existential well-being and motivation, devotion, and coping components. These finding are congruent with those of some previous studies\[[@ref3][@ref23][@ref38]\] Given that existential well-being is a psychological factor related to self-identify and meaning of life, mental health can bring about satisfaction and purposefulness. Therefore, a positive, strong relationship between existential well-being and hope for future seems highly plausible. Moreover, hopefulness as one of the results of general health, as we read in the Quran, is the characteristic of true believers and healthy followers.\[[@ref47]\] Therefore, a positive, strong relationship between existential well-being and hope for future seems highly plausible. Moreover, hopefulness as one of the results of general health, as we read in the Quran, is the characteristic of true believers and healthy followers.\[[@ref47]\] Findings showed there was no relationship between spiritual transcendence, religious support, and religious attitudes and practices, which was not congruent with the findings of some previous studies.\[[@ref2][@ref3][@ref4][@ref5][@ref6][@ref7][@ref8][@ref9][@ref10][@ref11][@ref12][@ref13][@ref14][@ref15][@ref16][@ref17][@ref18][@ref19][@ref20][@ref21][@ref22][@ref23][@ref24][@ref25][@ref26][@ref27][@ref28][@ref29][@ref30][@ref31][@ref48]\] This could be explained in two ways. First, previous studies did not investigate the simultaneous effects of three variables; and second, they were conducted in different cultural environments where Islamic customs and rituals were not dominant norms and values of the population. On the other hand, the positive relationship between mental health and all spiritual/religious components was in line with the findings of other previous studies. It shows monotheistic beliefs, regardless of the type of religion; promote human health through acting as a positive construct which brings about solace and life satisfaction.\[[@ref2][@ref3][@ref22][@ref23][@ref24][@ref25][@ref26][@ref27][@ref28][@ref29][@ref30][@ref31][@ref32][@ref33][@ref34][@ref49][@ref50]\] Believing that there is support could be as effective as the support per se, especially if one believes that an imperishable power is supporting him/her. This can guarantee mental health.\[[@ref24][@ref25]\] In a religious belief system, all personal and social activities of individuals are based on movement toward physical and mental health and reliance on Him. Thus, working is also viewed as an activity to result in God\'s satisfaction, and therefore, promoting mental and physical health. The effect of religious/spiritual components of mental health and hope for future turned out to be 10% in this study. Of course in the fourth step of the stepwise regression, mental health variable, for the presence of another variable, existential well-being and its high predictive power, was omitted, which resulted in predicting 9% of the staff\'s hope for future by existential well-being and motivation, devotion, and coping variables. As the existential well-being and motivation, devotion, coping have been studies for the first time, it is impossible to compare the findings with those of previous studies, but generally it seems, that hopeful individuals are highly devoted to religion, and, even when praying, show this tendency by using words of hope. The research by Ghanizadeh and Vahedi also confirms our findings in this regard. Pinner et al. showed the relationship between religious tendencies and avoidance of hedonistic practices on one hand and well-being on the other. Van Dierendonck and Mohan stated that spiritual well-being is centered on an internal source, including knowledge of self and a profound spiritual feeling.\[[@ref47]\] Such a source doubles individual\'s self-confidence and strengthens him/her to deal with hardships. As the Quran says believers find their life meaningful and hope for God\'s favor and generosity. Through Knowing God, spiritual life is formed. Based on the interpretation and impression are forms about God and his/her activities, which in turn, influence life style, problem-solving strategies, hardship\'s management, and decision making procedures. Furthermore, the findings of the present study indicate that religious beliefs can guide individuals toward personality development and perfection and guarantee mental health. Faith in God could make one potentially secure against stereos that can threaten his/her mental health. CONCLUSION {#sec1-5} ========== It could be concluded the religious belief while ensuring staff\'s mental health forms the mental construct of reliance on God based on the establishment of a logical relationship with others and trust in God. As a result, work atmosphere is filled with spirituality, and the staffs, in spite of their hard-working conditions, do their part efficiently for the sake of God\'s satisfaction. It is worth mentioning that the staff\'s participating in the study feel that religion and spirituality stand above race, and geographical boarders. It is an individual\'s identity, and as it was mentioned before, it could unify people with each other, with the environment, and with God. Through the findings of the present study, to some extent, fills the information gap regarding hospital staff, they should be cautiously generalized to other populations and environments. It is also suggested that emphasis be shifted from superficial true religious beliefs in health providing centers. Convening educational workshops could also help nurture religious mental and behavioral patterns that develop spirituality and enhance the staff\'s mental health. Finally, as a limitation of the study, it should be mentioned that because of lack of similar studies, the findings be generalized with caution. Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None declared	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Q: Ruby PATH Aptana Setup/Error Watir-Webdriver Well, I'm slow... I can't figure out how to change the PATH for Ruby in Aptana (plugin Eclipse). The Apatana website doesn't offer any "how to". And various searches have ended up no where. Here's the error I'm getting. /home/cmcintyre/.rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p385/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.9.1/rubygems/custom_require.rb:36:in `require': cannot load such file -- watir-webdriver (LoadError) from /home/cmcintyre/.rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.3-p385/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.9.1/rubygems/custom_require.rb:36:in `require' from /home/cmcintyre/dev/bsro_rebrand_automation/test.rb:2:in `<main>' Any help is much appreciated. Version: Aptana 3 OS: Ubuntu 12.10 A: I did find that using RVM with Ubuntu 12.10 is not a good choice when working with Aptana. I deleted the RVM directory and installed using: sudo apt-get install ruby. I also re-installed Eclipse and added the Aptana plugin. Installed Eclipse using apt-get, although this is probably not necessary. Eclipse/Aptana found the appropriate Ruby directory. When installing with Curl, Ruby is installed with the local user (although there are instructions for installing globally). So when you use sudo commands to install gems it installs them to your root. Aptana is getting confused, naturally, because you are not pointing to the right Ruby installation. Worked perfectly. I'm newer to Linux and assumed that it would be the same as on my Mac/PC. This is definitely specific to Linux/Ubuntu though, because I used the same install procedure on my Mac with Curl and had no issues. UPDATE: As noted below you can also just update all your gems via RVM instead of using Rubygems. This is probably a more appropriate response to the question.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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