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Scale to measure patient satisfaction with physical therapy. Patient satisfaction can be one indicator of quality of care. In this study, a patient satisfaction questionnaire for physical therapy was developed. The subjects were a consecutive sample of 1,024 patients who received physical therapy between January and March 1999 at a teaching hospital in Geneva, Switzerland. A cross-sectional mail survey was conducted in which a structured questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with various aspects of physical therapy followed by open-ended questions was sent to the subjects. Overall, 528 of 1,024 patients (52%) responded (patient demographics for 501 respondents who provided demographic data: mean years of age=58.6, SD=18.9, range=15-95; 258 men, 243 women). Factor analysis was used to identify main domains of satisfaction, and a scale was constructed to measure satisfaction with each dimension: treatment subscale (5 items), admission subscale (3 items), logistics subscale (4 items), and a global assessment subscale (2 items). All subscales had good acceptability and small floor and ceiling effects. Internal consistency coefficients varied between.77 and.90, indicating good reliability for all subscales. Scale validity was supported by a logical grouping of items into subscales, according to their content, and by correlations of satisfaction scores with the patient's intention to recommend the facility and with the number of positive and negative comments to open-ended questions. Younger patients were less satisfied than older patients for 2 of the subscales (admission and logistics). The 14-item instrument is a promising tool for the evaluation of patient satisfaction with physical therapy in both inpatients and outpatients.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
The podcast you're about to hear is true… My Favorite 1960s Dragnet #5: Juvenile: DR 19 Since March 2007, I've been podcasting one radio episode of Dragnet per week to recreate the experience of Dragnet's first listeners, as well as providing commentary and sharing listener feedback before and after the show. The show has listeners across America and around the World. Also, I'll be posting a Monthly public domain Dragnet TV episode. If you'd like to join this journey through Dragnet, click here to add the show to Itunes or here if you'd like to subscribe through Zune. For all other services, click . This definitely was a gut wrenching episode. You could tell how this case affected Friday and how he was involved in this one. In my opinion, the only parent(s) more despicable than the mother in “Juvenile DR 19″ were the self-centered couple in the season 2 episode “The Little Victim”. I wonder if both of these cases were investigated and tried in 2010 rather than 1967 and 1968, would the outcomes been different?	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
(VALPARAISO) - A Morgan Township High School student faces expulsion after a shotgun, 140 rounds of ammunition and other weaponry were found in his trunk. 18-year-old Ryan Gaddis was charged with possession of a weapon on school property and is being held in Porter County Jail. Gaddis admitted to having the weapon in his trunk, but later told police he meant to leave the weapons at a relative's home before coming to school. Gaddis was arrested without incident and taken to the jail. Under Indiana law, a student in possession of any type of firearm on school property must be expelled for at least one calendar year.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Pitching or otherwise throwing a baseball involves a coordinated body movement culminating in straightening the elbow joint as the baseball is released from the hand. More specifically, pitching involves four general phases: wind-up, cocking, acceleration, and follow-through. The wind-up and cocking phases involve bending the elbow joint and rotating the shoulder backward in preparation for propelling the baseball in a forward direction. During acceleration, the shoulder rotates forward while simultaneously straightening the elbow joint in order to accelerate the baseball. Once the baseball has achieved sufficient velocity, the baseball is released from the hand and flies in the forward direction. The pitcher then follows-through on the pitch, which may involve further extension of the elbow joint. During both the acceleration and follow-through phases, a relatively large extension and valgus load may be placed on the elbow joint. More particularly, valgus stress may be placed on the elbow joint during the acceleration phase. Tensile forces that result from the valgus stress may cause injury to the flexor musculature, injury to the medial collateral ligaments, avulsion fractures of the medial epicondyles, and traction spurs of the ulnar coronoid, for example. Compressive forces associated with the acceleration phase may also result in osteochondral fracture of the capitellum, osteochondritis dissecans, deformity of the radial head, lateral epicondylitiss, and lateral collateral ligament sprain, for example. During the follow-through phase of the throwing motion, the triceps muscle forcefully extends the elbow, which may develop tensile forces along the length of the muscle-tendon unit. These forces may result, for example, in olecranon avulsion fractures, triceps strains, olecranon spurs, and joint degeneration. Although the specific motions necessary to properly throw a fastball, curveball, and knuckleball, for example, may vary significantly, repeatedly pitching a baseball during practice or competition induces stresses in the elbow joint. As the number of pitches increases during a particular game, practice session, or over the course of a season, the repeated application of stresses to the elbow joint may lead to overuse syndromes of the elbow joint.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
There has been entertained a communication system in which Av apparatus, such as a video tape recorder (VTR), a monitor or a tuner, are connected to a bus for exchanging digital video signals or digital audio signals. FIG. 8 shows an example of such communication system, which is provided with a root node 21, a leaf node 22, a branch node 23, a leaf node 24 and a leaf node 25. Input/output ports between the nodes 21 and 22, also referred to as nodes 21-22, hereinafter the same, the nodes 21-23, the nodes 23-24 and the nodes 23-25, are connected by two sets of twist pair cables. The nodes 21 to 25 are the digital VTRs, tuners or personal computers, as discussed above, each having one or more input/output ports. Each node 21 to 25 has an amplifier and a relay enclosed therein. The communication system shown in FIG. 8 is equivalent to a communication system in which the nodes 21 to 25 are connected to a bus 26. The structure shown in FIG. 8 is a hierarchical structure in which the nodes 22 and 23 are connected in the lower layer relative to the node 21 and the nodes 24 and 25 are connected in the lower layer relative to the node 23. In other words, the node 21 is a master node for the nodes 22 and 23, while the node 23 is a master node for the nodes 24 and 25. The sequence for determining such hierarchical structure is now explained. If the nodes 21-22, 21-23, 23-24 and 23-25 are connected by cables, the node only one input/output port of which is connected to an other node notifies the node to which it is connected that the latter node is the master node. In the case of FIG. 8, the nodes 24 and 25 notify the node 23 of the fact that the node 23 is the master node, while the node 22 notifies the node 21 of the fact that the node 21 is the master node. The node plural input/output nodes of which are connected to other nodes notifies a node other than the node which has notified the firstly-stated node that the firstly-stated node is the master node that such other node is the master node. In the case of FIG. 8, the node 23 notifies the node 21 that the node 21 is the master node, while the node 21 notifies the node 23 that the node 23 is the master node. Since in such case the nodes 21, 23 notify each other that the counterpart node is the master node, the node which has made such notification first becomes the master node. FIG. 8 shows a case in which the node 21 has become the master node. The sequence of according an address to each node is explained. Basically, the node address is accorded by the master node permitting an address to be accorded to a slave node. If there are plural slave nodes, addresses are accorded in the order of the smaller port numbers to which the slave nodes are connected. In FIG. 8, in which the node 22 is connected to a port #1 of the node 21 and the node 23 is connected to a port #2 of the node 22, the node 21 permits an address to be accorded to the node 22. The node 22 accords the address (i) to itself and transmits data indicating that the address (i) has been accorded to itself over a bus 26. The node 21 then permits the node 23 to set its own address. The node 23 permits an address to be accorded to the node 24 connected to its port #1. The node 24 accords the address (ii) to itself. The node 23 permits an address to be accorded to a node 25 connected to its port #2. The node 25 accords an address (iii) to itself. After having accorded addresses to its slave node 24 and slave node 25, the node 23 accords an address (iv) to itself. After having accorded addresses to its slave node 22 and slave node 23, the node 21 accords an address (v) to itself. With the present communication system, it is possible to carry out synchronous communication or continuous communication at a constant data rate and asynchronous communication for transmitting control commands, for example, non-periodically, that is whenever the necessity arises. With the present communication system, communication is carried out at a communication cycle having a pre-set period, such as 125 .mu.s, as shown in FIG. 10. The communication cycle starts with a cycle start packet csp, followed by a period for transmitting a packet for synchronous communication. By affixing channel numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . N to the respective packets for synchronous communication, plural synchronous communication cycles may be carried out. For example, if the channel 1 is allocated to the communication from the node 22 to the node 23, communication is carried out by the node 22 transmitting the packet for synchronous communication having the channel number 1 directly after the cycle start packet csp and by the node 23 monitoring the bus 26 and fetching the packet for synchronous communication having the channel number 1. Similarly, the communication from the node 24 to the node 21 can be accorded to the channel 2, while the packet of a channel can be received by plural nodes. If plural synchronous communication cycles are carried out, it is attempted to transmit the packets for synchronous communication over plural channels directly after the cycle start packet cps. In such case, the packet of synchronous communication of a channel is first transmitted by arbitration means (such as CSMA/CD) as determined by the bus 26. The packets of synchronous communication of other channels are then transmitted sequentially. After termination of transmission of the packets of synchronous communication of all of the channels, the time interval until the next cycle start packet csp is employed for asynchronous communication. To the packets for asynchronous communication (packets A and B in FIG. 10) are affixed addresses of the transmitting node and the receiving node. The respective nodes fetch the packets having the addresses proper to the nodes affixed thereto. Since the details of the above-described communication system are publicized as "IEEE P1394 Serial Bus Design Statement, they are not explained herein specifically. In order for the above-described communication system to operate correctly, it is necessary for the respective synchronous communication packets to have different channel numbers, while it is necessary for the sum total of the communication time of the synchronous communication packets of the respective channels not to exceed the period of the synchronous communication. To this end, it is necessary to check before the start of synchronous communication of a node that the communication capacity necessary for the communication is available on the bus and to have an un-used channel allocated for the communication if there is any residual communication capacity in the bus. For supervising the communication capacity and the channel number employed for synchronous communication, it is commonplace practice that one of the nodes connected to a bus become a bus management node and to effect required management. In such case, other nodes indicate the communication capacity desired to be employed to the bus management node, using the asynchronous communication packet, and require channels to be allocated to them. The bus management node checks if the communication capacity in use added to the communication capacity newly requested does not exceed the maximum communication capacity of the bus. If the sum is not in excess of the maximum communication capacity of the bus, the bus management node notices the channel number and the effect of permission of synchronous communication. If the sum is in excess of the maximum communication capacity of the bus, the bus management node notices that the channel allocation is not permitted. After termination of the synchronous communication, the management node is notified of the channel number and the channel capacity which will not be in use. Since the bus supervision is in need of complex processing operations, it is commonplace practice with the communication system centered about e.g., a personal computer to use the personal computer as a bus management node and to perform the processing operations using the software possessed by the personal computer. However, if this method is employed for the communication system between the AV apparatus, such as a digital VTR, tuner or a monitor, it becomes necessary to interconnect an apparatus having powerful data processing functions, such as personal computer, to the bus, in addition to the AV apparatus, thus raising the cost of the communication system. In view of the above problem, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for realizing facilitated management of a bus in a system for carrying out synchronous communication between plural nodes connected to the bus.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Background {#Sec1} ========== The development of resistance to cytotoxic agents represents a major concern in cancer chemotherapy. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is associated with over-expression of transmembrane glycoprotein (P-gp) which functions as a drug efflux pump, reducing the intracellular levels of cytotoxic drugs (Juranka et al. [@CR29]). P-gp belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins, which also include the multi-drug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) (Shen et al. [@CR63]; Biedler and Spengler [@CR4]; Efferth et al. [@CR15]), or the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) (Shen et al. [@CR63]). The oncogene epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Biedler and Spengler [@CR4]; Efferth et al. [@CR15], [@CR16]) and the deletions or inactivation of tumor suppressor gene p53 (el-Deiry [@CR17]) have also been involved in MDR mechanism of cancer cells. Overcoming this resistance requires a permanent search of new antineoplastic agents. In the past, natural products from plant kingdom have revealed a high potential as cytotoxic drug reservoir (Kuete and Efferth [@CR33]). According to the World Health Organization, about 80 % of the population of developing countries relies on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs (FAO [@CR20]). It has also been reported that modern pharmacopoeia still contain at least 25 % drugs derived from plants and many others which are synthetic analogues (FAO [@CR20]). Therefore, fighting cancers with botanicals represents a very promising alternative, especially regarding the diversity of plant's secondary metabolites. African flora has previously been found to be very fruitful in the search of antiproliferative molecules. Many compounds including xanthones: 8-hydroxycudraxanthone G, morusignin I, cudraxanthone I (Kuete et al. [@CR38]), and xanthone V1 (Kuete et al. [@CR35]), benzophenones: guttiferone E and isogarcinol (Kuete et al. [@CR39]), quinone: 2-acetylfuro-1,4-naphthoquinone (Kuete et al. [@CR35]), flavonoids: 4-hydroxylonchocarpin, 6,8-diprenyleriodictyol (Kuete et al. [@CR36]), 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′,6′-dimethoxychalcone and 4′-hydroxy-2′,6′-dimethoxychalcone (Kuete et al. [@CR41]; Dzoyem et al. [@CR13]) and alkaloids: isotetrandrine (Kuete et al. [@CR44]) and montrofoline (Kuete et al. [@CR45]) displayed good antiproliferative effects against various cancer cell lines. In a collaborative research programme between the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the USA, several South African plant extracts exhibited anticancer activity against a panel of three human cell lines (breast MCF7, renal TK10 and melanoma UACC62) (Fouche et al. [@CR21], [@CR22]). African medicinal plants such as Fagara heitzii (Dzoyem et al. [@CR14]), Echinops giganteus, Xylopia aethiopica, Piper capense, Imperata cylindrica (Kuete et al. [@CR37]), Beilschmiedia acuta, Clausena anisata (Kuete et al. [@CR40]) also displayed good cytotoxicity towards drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cell lines. In our ongoing search of anticancer products from African medicinal flora, we designed the present study to investigate the cytotoxicity of 11 plants traditionally used to manage cancer or disease states bearing relevance to cancer or cancer-like symptoms, such as immune and skin disorders, inflammatory, infectious, parasitic and viral diseases (Kuete et al. [@CR44]). The study was extended to the evaluation of the ability of the three most active extracts from two medicinal plants, Annona muricata Lin. (Annonaceae) and Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) to alter the cell cycle distribution, caspases activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leukemia CCRF--CEM cells. Methods {#Sec2} ======= Plant material and extraction {#Sec3} ----------------------------- All medicinal plants tested are traditionally used in the management of cancer or disease states with symptoms related to cancer. Plants were collected in different regions of Cameroon in January 2012. They included Pachypodanthium staudtii, Alchornea floribunda, Annona muricata, Canarium schweinfurthii, Hibiscus esculentus, Colocasia esculenta, Moringa oleifera, Triumphetta pentandra, Xanthosoma mafaffa, Euphorbia prostata and Passiflora edulis. The plant parts investigated are shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. The plants were identified at the National Herbarium (Yaoundé, Cameroon), where voucher specimens were deposited under the reference numbers shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. The air-dried and powdered plant material (50 g) was soaked in methanol (200 mL) for 48 h, at room temperature. The methanol extract was concentrated in vacuum under reduced pressure at 68 °C to give the crude extract. This extract was completely dried at room temperature, then conserved at 4 °C until further use.Table 1General information and reports on evidence of biological activities and chemistry of the studied plantsSpecies (family); voucher number^a^Traditional usesParts used (%yield)^b^Bioactive or potentially bioactive componentsBioactivity of crude extractAlchornea floribunda Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)\ 4595/HNCTreatment of [bacterial]{.ul} and parasitic infections, painful urination in children (Adjanohoun et al. [@CR2]; Jiofack et al. [@CR28]), urinary, respiratory and intestinal problems, pains in the heart, diarrhoea, ovarian problems, stomach ailments and intestinal disorders (Siwe Noundou et al. [@CR66]), [trypanosomiasis]{.ul}, urinary, respiratory and intestinal disorders (Musuyu Muganza et al. [@CR49]; Mesia et al. [@CR47]), [inflammation]{.ul} (Okoye et al. [@CR58])Bark (18.91 %) and leaves (4.56 %)Eugenol, cadinol, nanocosaine, ethyl iso-allocholate, 3-acetoxy-7,8-epoxylanostan-1-ol (Okoye et al. [@CR58])Antibacterial activities of crude against Bc, Ef, Ec, Sa, Kp, Mc, Pm, Ss (Siwe Noundou et al. [@CR66]); topical anti-inflammatory effects (Okoye et al. [@CR58])Annona muricata Lin. (Annonaceae); 18681/SRF/CamTreatment of wounds and insomnia; [antiparasitic]{.ul}, insecticidal (Rajeswari [@CR60])Leaves (4.50 %), seeds (9.15 %), pericarp (5.17 %)Epomuricenins-A and B, montecristin, cohibins-A and B, muridienins-1 and 2, muridienins-3 and 4, muricadienin and chatenaytrienins-1, 2 and 3 and sabadelin, murihexol, donhexocin, annonacin A and Annonacin B (Rajeswari [@CR60])Antimicrobial activities of aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts against Sa, Vc, Ec, Se, Lv and On (Vieira et al. [@CR68]) and Pv, Sp, Bs, St, Kp, Ea (Rajeswari [@CR60]), Lb, Lp, Hv (Rajeswari [@CR60]), Ec, Ea, Kp, Ps (Dzotam et al. [@CR11])Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burceraceae); 16929/SRF/CamTreatment of [malaria]{.ul}, constipation, diarrhea, rheumatism and [sexually transmitted diseases]{.ul} (Koudou et al. [@CR32])Fruits (0.78 %)Saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and steroids (Ngbede et al. [@CR52])Antimicrobial activities of EO against Bc, Ef, Ec, Li, Se, Sd, Sa, Pm, Sc and Ca (Obame et al. [@CR55])Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae); 42352/HNCTreatment scorpion and snake bite (Nakade et al. [@CR50]), [infectious diseases]{.ul} (Dzotam et al. [@CR11])Leaves (6.25 %)Quinones, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides and steroids (Nakade et al. [@CR50])Antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract against St, Kp, Pa, Sp, Bs, Pv, Ec (Nakade et al. [@CR50]) aqueous and methanolic extracts: (Q) Vspp (Lee et al. [@CR46])Euphorbia prostata W. Ait. (Euphorbiaceae) 33585/HNCTreatment of bronchial ashma, diarrhea, [skin diseases]{.ul} (Shrama and Tripathi [@CR64])Whole plant (13.82 %)Flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acid; gallic acid, apigenin, luteolin (Gupta [@CR25])Crude extract has cardiac depresent and hypotensive actions (Shrama and Tripathi [@CR64]), showed effects on early grades of hemorrhoids (Gupta [@CR25])Hibiscus esculentusL. (Tiliaceae); 8537/SRF/CamTreatment of [cancer]{.ul}, i[nflammation]{.ul}, ulcer, analgesic, hyperglycemia (Daly [@CR9]; Uraku et al. [@CR67])Fruits (2.98 %)Alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenes, sterols (Dzotam et al. [@CR11])Antimicrobial activities of crude extract on St, Shigella and Ec, Ea, Kp, Ps (Dzotam et al. [@CR11]; Nwaiwu et al. [@CR54])Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae); 49178/HNCTreatment of [cancer]{.ul}, dental caries, [syphilis]{.ul}, typhoid, diarrhea, epilepsy (Fuglie [@CR23]), [fever]{.ul}, [HIV-AIDS]{.ul} (Abrams et al. [@CR1])Leaves (3.95 %)4-(4′-O-acetyl-α-[l]{.smallcaps}-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzylisothiocyanate, 4-(-[l]{.smallcaps}-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzylisothiocyanate, niazimicin, pterygospermin, benzylisothiocyanate and 4-(α-[l]{.smallcaps}-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzylglucosinolate (Fahey [@CR18])Antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of seeds against Sa, Vc, Ec, Se, Lv and On (Viera et al. [@CR69])Pachypodanthium staudtii Engl & Diels (Annonaceae), 23170 SFR/CamTreatment of [cancer]{.ul}, Chest pain (Irvine [@CR27]); bronchitis (Bouquet and Debray [@CR6]) and oedema (Ngadjui et al. [@CR51]).Leaves (10 %), bark (9.4 %) and roots (6.25 %)Pachypodol, 2,4,5-Trimethoxystyrene, Pachypophyllin, pachypostaudins A and B (Ngadjui et al. [@CR51]); Sabinene, β-elemene, E-β-caryophyllene, β-selinene, β-bisabolene, δ-cadinene, 2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-vinylbenzene (Yapi et al. [@CR70]).Methanol extract against Ec, Ea, Ecl, Kp, Ps (Fankam et al. [@CR19])Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae); 65104/HNCTreatment of [cancer]{.ul}, [fungal infections]{.ul}, [inflammation]{.ul}, insomnia and anxiety, antihypertensive (Ichimura et al. [@CR26]), gastric trouble (Silva et al. [@CR65]), antioxidant (Kannan et al. [@CR30])Fruit (3.92 %); fruit pericarp (2.73 %)Ionone-I, ionone-II, megastigma-5,8-dien-4-1, megastigma-5,8(Z)-diene-4-1, 4,4a-Epoxy-4, 4a-dihydroedulan, 3-hydroxyedulan, edulan-I, edulan-II, passifloric acid methyl ester (Kannan et al. [@CR30])Antimicrobial activities of methanol extract against Ec, Kp, Ea, Pa, Ps, Sa, Ef, Bs, Ec, Pv and St (Kannan et al. [@CR30])Triumphetta pentandra A.Rich. (Tiliaceae); 9014/SRF/CamInduce fertility and implantation of the fetus (Okoli et al. [@CR57]; Ngondi et al. [@CR53]), treat [infectious diseases]{.ul} (Dzotam et al. [@CR11])Leaves (5.50 %)Triumfettamide, triumfettoside, heptadecanoic acid, β-sitosterol glucopyranoside, friedeline, lupeol, betuline, maslinic acid, 2-hydroxyoleanolicacid and the mixture of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol (Sandjo et al. [@CR62]; Sandjo and Kuete [@CR61])Antimicrobial activities of methanol extract against Ec, Ea, Kp, Ps (Dzotam et al. [@CR11])Xanthosoma mafaffa (L.) Schott (Araceae); 18675/SRF/CamTreatment of [infectious diseases]{.ul}; osteoporosis (Dzotam et al. [@CR12]; Cancer in Africa [@CR7])Leaves (4.30 %)Polyphenols, coumarins, tannins, triterpenes, sterols, saponins (Dzotam et al. [@CR12])Antimicrobial activities of methanol extract against Ec, Ea, Kp (Dzotam et al. [@CR12])EO: essential oil; Bc: Bacillus cereus; Bs: Bacillus subtilis; Ca: Candida albicans; Ec: Escherichia coli; Ea: Enterobacter aerogenes; Ecl: Enterobacter cloacae; Ef: Enterococcus faecalis; HIV-AIDS: human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immuno deficiency syndrome; Hv: Herpes virus; Kp: Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lb: Leishmania braziliensis; Lp: Lieshmaniapanamensis; Lv: Litopenaeusvannmaei; Mc: Moraxella catarrhalis; On: Oreochromis nicoticus; Pa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Li: Listeria innocua; Pm: Proteus mirabilis; Pv: Proteus vulgaris; Ps: Providencia stuartii; Sa: Staphylococcus aureus; Sc: Staphylococcus camorum; Sd: Shigelladysenteriae; Se: Salmonella enterica; Ss: Staphylococcus saprophyticus; Sp: Streptococcus pyogenes; St: Salmonella typhi; Vc: Vibrio cholerae; Vspp: Vibrio species; underline: disease states bearing relevance to cancer or cancer-like symptoms^a^(HNC): Cameroon National Herbarium; (SRF/Cam): Société des Réserves Forestières du Cameroun^b^Yield calculated as the ratio of the mass of the obtained methanol extract/mass of the plant powder Chemicals {#Sec4} --------- Doxorubicin 98.0 % and vinblastine ≥96 % from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany) were provided by the University Pharmacy of the Johannes Gutenberg University (Mainz, Germany), dissolved in phosphate buffer saline (PBS; Invitrogen, Eggenstein, Germany) at a concentration of 10 mM and used as positive control drugs. Geneticin \>98 % (Sigma-Aldrich), stored at a stock concentration of 72.18 mM was used to maintain the resistance patterns of MDR carcinoma cell lines. Cell cultures {#Sec5} ------------- The cell lines used in the present study included drug-sensitive leukemia CCRF--CEM and multidrug-resistant P-glycoprotein-over-expressing subline CEM/ADR5000 cells (Efferth et al. [@CR15]; Kimmig et al. [@CR31]; Gillet et al. [@CR24]), breast cancer MDA-MB-231-pcDNA3 cells and its resistant subline MDA-MB-231-BCRP clone 23 (Doyle et al. [@CR10]), colon cancer HCT116 (p53^+/+^) cells and its knockout clone HCT116 (p53^−/−^), glioblastoma U87MG cells and its resistant subline U87MG.ΔEGFR (Kuete et al. [@CR38], [@CR39]; Dzoyem et al. [@CR14]). Leukemia CCRF--CEM and CEM/ADR5000 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10 % fetal calf serum in a humidified 5 % CO~2~ atmosphere at 37 °C. Sensitive and resistant cells were kindly provided by Dr. J. Beck (Department of Pediatrics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany). Breast cancer cells transduced with control vector (MDA-MB-231-pcDNA3) or with cDNA for the breast cancer resistance protein BCRP (MDA-MB-231-BCRP clone 23) were maintained under standard conditions as described above for CCRF--CEM and CEM/ADR5000 cells. Human wild-type HCT116 (p53^+/+^) colon cancer cells as well as knockout clones HCT116 (p53^−^/^−^) derived by homologous recombination were a generous gift from Dr. B. Vogelstein and H. Hermeking (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD). Human glioblastoma multiforme U87MG cells (non-transduced) and U87MG cell line transduced with an expression vector harboring an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene with a genomic deletion of exons 2 through 7 (U87MG.ΔEGFR) were kindly provided by Dr. W. K. Cavenee (Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, CA). MDA-MB-231-BCRP, U87MG.ΔEGFR and HCT116 (p53^−^/^−^) were maintained in DMEM medium containing 10 % FBS (Invitrogen) and 1 % penicillin (100 U/mL)-streptomycin (100 μg/mL) (Invitrogen) and were continuously treated with 800 ng/mL and 400 µg/mL geneticin, respectively. The multidrug resistance profile of these cell lines has been reported (Doyle et al. [@CR10]). Human liver hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and the AML 12 normal heptocytes were obtained from ATCC (USA). The above medium without geneticin was used to maintained MDA-MB-231, U87MG, HCT116 (p53^+/+^), HepG2 and AML 12 cell lines. The cells were passaged twice weekly. All experiments were performed with cells in the logarithmic growth phase. Resazurin reduction assay {#Sec6} ------------------------- The cytotoxicity of the tested samples was performed by resazurin reduction assay as previously described (Kuete et al. [@CR39]; O'Brien et al. [@CR56]). The assay is based on reduction of the indicator dye, resazurin, to the highly fluorescent resorufin by viable cells. Non-viable cells rapidly lose the metabolic capacity to reduce resazurin and thus produced no fluorescent signal. Briefly, adherent cells were detached by treatment with 0.25 % trypsin/EDTA (Invitrogen) and an aliquot of 1 × 10^4^ cells was placed in each well of a 96-well cell culture plate (Thermo Scientific, Germany) in a total volume of 200 µL. Cells were allowed to attach overnight and then were treated with different concentrations of the studied sample. For suspension cells, aliquots of 2 × 10^4^ cells per well were seeded in 96-well-plates in a total volume of 100 µL. The studied sample was immediately added in varying concentrations in an additional 100 µL of culture medium to obtain a total volume of 200 µL/well. After 24 or 48 h, 20 µL resazurin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) 0.01 % w/v in ddH~2~O was added to each well and the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Fluorescence was measured on an Infinite M2000 Pro™ plate reader (Tecan, Germany) using an excitation wavelength of 544 nm and an emission wavelength of 590 nm. Each assay was done twice, with six replicates each. The viability was evaluated based on a comparison with untreated cells. IC~50~ values representing the sample's concentrations required to inhibit 50 % of cell proliferation were calculated from a calibration curve by linear regression using Microsoft Excel (Kuete et al. [@CR35]; Dzoyem et al. [@CR13]). In a preliminary step, all samples were tested against the sensitive CCRF--CEM cells at various concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 80 µg/mL (crude extracts) or 0.08 to 10 µg/mL (doxorubicin), and samples displaying IC~50~ values below 20 µg/mL were further investigated in 8 other tumor cell lines as well as in normal AML12 hepatocytes. Doxorubicin was used as positive control, while dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) used to dissolve the samples was used as negative control. The highest concentration of DMSO was less than 0.4 %. Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis and detection of apoptotic cells {#Sec7} ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Extracts from Passiflora edulis fruit (PEF), Annona muricata leaves (AML), Annona muricata seeds (AMS) that displayed the best cytotoxicity as well as doxorubicin were used to treat CCRF--CEM cells (1 × 10^6^) at their IC~50~ values. Thus, CCRF--CEM cells were cultured in RPMI medium as described above, in the presence of each sample at a concentration corresponding to the IC~50~ values obtained in the cell line. The cell cycle was then analyzed after incubation for 24, 48 and 72 h. All reagents, experimental conditions and apparatus were identical to those previously reported (Kuete et al. [@CR38]; Dzoyem et al. [@CR14]). Briefly, cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry using Vybrant^®^ DyeCycle™ (Invitrogen, Darmstadt, Germany). Cells were measured after Vybrant^®^ DyeCycle™ Violet staining (30 min at 37 °C) on a LSR-Fortessa FACS analyzer (Becton--Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany) using the violet laser. Vybrant^®^ DyeCycle™ Violet stain was measured with 440 nm excitation. Cytographs were analyzed using FlowJo software (Celeza, Switzerland). All experiments were performed at least in triplicate. Caspase-Glo 3/7, caspase-Glo 8 and caspase-Glo 9 assay {#Sec8} ------------------------------------------------------ The influence of extracts on caspase 3/7, caspase 8 and caspase 9 activity in leukemia CCRF--CEM cell line was detected using Caspase-Glo 3/7, Caspase-Glo 8 and Caspase-Glo 9 Assay kits (Promega, Germany). Cells cultured in RPMI medium were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with the sample (2 × IC~50~; IC~50~) or DMSO (solvent control). After 6 h incubation in a humidified 5 % CO~2~ atmosphere at 37 °C, 100 µL of caspase reagent were added to each well, mixed and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Luminescence was measured using well Infinite M2000 Pro™ instrument (Tecan). Caspase activity was expressed as percentage relative to the untreated control (Kuete et al. [@CR42]). Analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) {#Sec9} -------------------------------------------------- The effects of extracts on the MMP were analyzed by 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide) (JC-1; Biomol, Germany) staining (Kuete et al. [@CR40]). JC-1 is a dye that can selectively enter into mitochondria and exhibits an intense red fluorescence in healthy mitochondria with normal membrane potentials. In cells with reduced MMP, the red fluorescence disappears. Briefly, 1 × 10^6^ CCRF--CEM cells treated at different concentrations with PEF, AML, AMS or vinblastine for 24 h were incubated with JC-1 staining solution according to the manufacturer\`s protocol for 30 min. Subsequently, cells were measured in a LSR-Fortessa FACS analyzer (Becton--Dickinson). For each sample, 1 × 10^4^ cells were counted. The JC-1 signal was measured with 561 nm excitation (150 mW) and detected using a 586/15 nm bandpass filter. The samples signal was analyzed with 640 nm excitation (40 mW) and detected using a 730/45 nm bandpass filter. All parameters were plotted on a logarithmic scale. Cytographs were analyzed using FlowJo software (Celeza, Switzerland). All experiments were performed in triplicate. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry {#Sec10} -------------------------------------------------------------- The 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H~2~DCFH-DA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) is a probe used for the highly sensitive and quantifiable detection of ROS. The non-fluorescent H~2~DCFH-DA diffuses into the cells and is cleaved by cytoplasmic esterases into 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (H~2~DCF) which is unable to diffuse back out of the cells. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, H~2~DCF is oxidized to the fluorescent molecule dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by peroxidases. The fluorescent signal emanating from DCF can be measured and quantified by flow cytometry, thus providing an indication of intracellular ROS concentration (Kuete et al. [@CR37]; Bass et al. [@CR3]; Cossarizza et al. [@CR8]). Briefly, 2 × 10^6^ CCRF--CEM cells were resuspended in PBS and incubated with 2 µM H~2~DCFH-DA for 20 min in the dark. Subsequently, cells were washed with PBS and resuspended in RPMI 1640 culture medium containing different concentrations of PEF, AML, AMS or DMSO (solvent control), or hydrogen peroxide (H~2~O~2~; positive control). After 24 h of incubation, cells were washed and suspended in PBS. Subsequently cells were measured in a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton--Dickinson, Germany). For each sample 1 × 10^4^ cells were counted. DCF was measured at 488 nm excitation (25mW) and detected using a 530/30 nm bandpass filter. All parameters were plotted on a logarithmic scale. Cytographs were analyzed using FlowJo software (Celeza, Switzerland). All experiments were performed in triplicate. Results {#Sec11} ======= Cytotoxicity of the studied samples {#Sec12} ----------------------------------- In this study, we first screened the cytotoxicity of 17 crude extracts belonging to 11 plants towards drug-sensitive CCRF--CEM leukemia cells. The results are shown in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. All tested extracts had IC~50~ values below 80 µg/mL. Ten extracts from five plants including Alchornea floribunda bark (AFB), Annona muricata fruit pericarp (AMP), leaves (AML) and seeds (AMS), Euphorbia prostata whole plant (EPW), Pachypodanthium staudtii bark (PSB), leaves (PSL) and roots (PSR), and Passiflora edulis fruit pericarp (PEP) and fruit (PEF) displayed IC~50~ values below 20 µg/mL in CCRF--CEM cells (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). These extracts were further selected for IC~50~ determination towards a panel of sensitive and MDR cell lines. The results summarized in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"} indicate that all selected extracts were also active against P-glycoprotein-over-expressing CEM/ADR5000 leukemia cells with IC~50~ values below 40 µg/mL. IC~50~ values ranged from 10.13 µg/mL (towards CEM/ADR5000 cells) to 72.01 µg/mL (on resistant colon carcinoma HCT116 (p53^−/−^) cells) for PSR, from 14.97 µg/mL (on CEM/ADR5000 cells) to 65.68 µg/mL (against HCT116 (p53^−/−^) cells) for PSB, from 18.21 µg/mL (against CEM/ADR5000 cells) to 65.21 µg/mL (on HCT116 (p5^+/+^) cells) for PSL and from 0.11 µg/mL (towards CCRF--CEM cells) to 108 µg/mL (against CEM/ADR5000 cells) for doxorubicin in the 8 other cancer cell lines studied. Apart from extract from P. staudtii, other extracts were less active on carcinoma cells including normal AML12 hepatocytes, with IC~50~ values above 80 µg/mL. Collateral sensitivity (or hypersensitivity: higher toxicity to resistant than to sensitive cells with a degree of resistance below 1) (Kuete et al. [@CR38]) was observed in CEM/ADR5000 cells to PSB (degree of resistance of 0.87-fold) and PSR (0.59-fold) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Hypersensitivity of resistant carcinoma cells was also recorded in many cases to PSL, PSB or PSR even though they were moderately active. However, if cross-resistance of CEM/ADR5000 cells to the tested extracts were observed, the degrees of resistance were in all cases lower than that of doxorubicin (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). AMS, AML and PEF had IC~50~ values below 1 and 10 µg/mL in sensitive CCRF/CEM cells and it resistant subline CEM/ADR5000 cells respectively; they were subsequently selected for mechanistic studies.Table 2IC~50~ values of the tested plant extracts towards leukemia CCRF--CEM cells and as determined by the resazurin assayTested plant and partsIC~50~ values (µg/mL)PlantsPartsAlchornea floribundaBark (AFB)18.88 ± 1.65Leaves46.00 ± 4.26Annona muricataFruit pericarp (AMP)4.58 ± 0.25Leaves (AML)0.57 ± 0.02Seeds (AMS)0.36 ± 0.03Canarium schweinfurthiiFruit38.62 ± 3.69Colocasia esculentaLeaves38.19 ± 4.39Euphorbia prostataWhole plant (EPW)18.59 ± 1.12Hibiscus esculentusFruit60.79 ± 7.04Moringa oleiferaLeaves29.79 ± 1.26Pachypodanthium staudtiiBark (PSB)17.22 ± 1.16Leaves (PSL)13.59 ± 1.12Roots (PSR)17.62 ± 1.18Passiflora edulisFruit pericarp (PEP)3.41 ± 0.55Fruit (PEF)0.69 ± 0.13Triumphetta pentandraLeaves36.28 ± 2.84Xanthosoma mafaffaLeaves43.20 ± 0.99Doxorubicin0.11 ± 0.03In italics: significant cytotoxic effectTable 3Cytotoxicity of the tested extracts and doxorubicin towards sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cell lines and normal cells as determined by the resazurin assayCell linesSamples, IC~50~ values in µg/mL and degrees of resistance^a^ (in bracket)DoxorubicinAFBAMLAMSAMPEPWPSLPSBPSRPEFPEPCEM/ADR500029.49 ± 1.77 (1.56)5.25 ± 0.38 (9.29)6.65 ± 0.22 (18.47)23.70 ± 1.64 (5.17)37.00 ± 2.17 (1.99)18.21 ± 1.45 (1.34)14.97 ± 0.97 (0.87)10.13 ± 0.88 (0.59)8.20 ± 1.02 (11.88)18.40 ± 1.42 (5.40)108.00 ± 7.92 (975.60)MDA-MB-231-pcDNA\>80\>80\>80\>80\>8052.08 ± 4.9852.66 ± 6.0337.19 ± 2.74\>80\>800.61 ± 0.15MDA-MB-231-BCRP\ Degree of resistance\>80\>80\>80\>80\>8061.98 ± 4.31 (1.19)47.27 ± 3.76 (0.90)46.92 ± 4.89 (1.26)\>80\>804.33 ± 0.26 (7.12)HCT116 (p53 ^+/+^)\>80\>80\>80\>80\>8065.21 ± 7.1534.35 ± 1.9928.66 ± 1.62\>80\>800.78 ± 0.16HCT116 (p53 ^−/−^)\ Degree of resistance\>80\>80\>80\>80\>8056.97 ± 4.09 (0.87)65.68 ± 4.80 (1.91)72.01 ± 5.26 (2.51)\>80\>802.25 ± 0.04 (2.88)U87MG\>80\>80\>80\>80\>8065.21 ± 5.7952.46 ± 5.2224.80 ± 1.36\>80\>800.59 ± 0.08U87MG.ΔEGFR\ Degree of resistance\>80\>80\>80\>80\>8068.65 ± 3.48 (1.05)58.70 ± 3.67 (1.12)46.91 ± 3.01 (1.89)\>80\>803.38 ± 0.32 (5.76)HepG238.69 ± 3.08 (\>802.07)\>80\>80\>80\>8046.98 ± 3.17 (\>1.70)36.39 ± 3.08 (0.62)37.56 ± 2.17 (0.80)\>80\>802.12 ± 0.52 (\>37.74)AML12\ Degree of resistance\>80\>80\>80\>80\>80\>80\>80\>80\>80\>80\>80^a^The degree of resistance was determined as the ratio of IC~50~ value in the resistant divided by the IC~50~ in the sensitive cell line; CEM/ADR5000, MDA-MB-231-BCRP, HCT116 (p53 ^−/−^), U87MG.ΔEGFR and AML12 were used as the corresponding resistant counterpart for CCRF--CEM (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}), MDA-MB-231-pcDNA, HCT116 (p53 ^+/+^), U87MG and HepG2 respectively; the tested methanol extracts were from AFB: Alchornea floribunda bark; AML: Annona muricata leaves; AMS: Annona muricata seeds; AMP: Annona muricata fruit pericarp; EPW: Euphorbia prostata whole plant; PSL: Pachypodanthium staudtii leaves; PSB: Pachypodanthium staudtii bark; PSR: Pachypodanthium staudtii roots; PEF: Passiflora edulis fruit; PEP: Passiflora edulis fruit pericarp; in italics: significant activity Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis {#Sec13} ------------------------------------- The best extracts (AMS, AML and PEF) as well as doxorubicin were used to treat CCRF--CEM cells at their IC~50~ values, and the cycle distribution was analyzed. Results depicted in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} show dose-dependent and significant modifications of the cell cycle phases after treatment of cells with all samples. Both PEF and AML induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase while AMS induced cell cycle arrest in S-phase. After treatment with these three extracts, CCRF--CEM cells underwent apoptosis with dose-dependent increases in sub-G0/G1 phase. The percentages of cells in sub-G0/G1 phase varied from 9.31 % (in 24 h) to 48.69 % (72 h), from 8.87 % (in 24 h) to 33.98 % (72 h) and from 11.03 % (24 h) to 21.63 % (72 h) after PEP, AML and AMS treatments respectively, while doxorubicin increased apoptosis in a range of 6.02 % (24 h) to 51.87 % (72 h). The highest percentage of sub-G0/G1 phase in non-treated cells was only 6.42 % after 72 h.Fig. 1Cell cycle distribution of CCRF--CEM leukemia cells treated with extracts from PEF, AML and AMS or doxorubicin. PEF, AML and AMS were tested at 0.69, 0.57 and 0.36 and 8.02 µg/mL respectively while doxorubicin was tested at 0.11 µg/mL corresponding to their IC~50~ Effects on the activity of caspases, MMP and ROS {#Sec14} ------------------------------------------------ After treating CCRF--CEM cells for 6 h at different concentrations of PEF, AML and AMS, no changes of caspase 3/7, caspase 8 and caspase 9 activities were observed. No increase in ROS production was also not found in CCRF--CEM cells treated with the three extracts (data not shown). PEF, AML and AMS induced significant MMP loss in the respective ranges of 35.3 % (1/2-fold IC~50~ treatment) to 46.7 % (2-fold IC~50~), 28.2 % (1/2-fold IC~50~) to 53.8 % (2-fold IC~50~) and 36.6 % (1/2-fold IC~50~) to 51.0 % (2-fold IC~50~) (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). A 48.6 % loss of MMP at 2-fold IC~50~ of vinblastine was previously reported under similar experimental conditions in CCRF--CEM cells (Kuete et al. [@CR38]).Fig. 2Effect of PEF, AML and AMS on the mitochondrial membrane potential in CCRF--CEM cells. C control; PEF was tested at 24 h at 0.35 µg/mL (PEF1), 0.69 µg/mL (PEF2), and 1.38 µg/L (PEF3) while AML was tested at 0.29 µg/mL (AML1), 0.57 µg/mL (AML2), and 1.14 µg/mL (AML3) and AMS was tested at 0.18 µg/mL (AML1), 0.36 µg/mL (AML2), and 0.72 µg/mL (AML3) corresponding to 1/2-fold, IC~50~ and 2-fold IC~50~. Data for the positive control, vinblastine in similar experimental conditions were previously reported (Kuete et al. [@CR39]); Loss of MMP (Q1), intact cells (Q2), ruptured cell membrane (Q3 and Q4) Discussion {#Sec15} ========== According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) plant screening program, plant extracts with IC~50~ values below of 20 µg/mL following incubation between 48 and 72 h (Boik [@CR5]) are recognized as potential cytotoxic substances. In the present study, multi-factorial drug-resistant cancer cell lines such as leukemia CEM/ADR5000 cells over-expressing P-gp, breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231-BCRP clone 23 expressing BCRP, EGFR-transfected U87MG.ΔEGFR glioblastoma cells and p53 knockout HCT116 (p53^−/−^) colon cancer cells (Efferth et al. [@CR15]; Kuete et al. [@CR38], [@CR39], [@CR43]; Kimmig et al. [@CR31]; Gillet et al. [@CR24]; Doyle et al. [@CR10]) were used to determine the cytotoxicity the selected plant extracts. In the first step of the investigations, we carried out a preliminary assays with the sensitive leukemia CCRF--CEM cells. In regards to the NCI threshold, AFB, AMP, AML, AMS, EPW, PSB, PSL, PSR, PEP and PEF (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}) displaying IC~50~ values below 20 µg/mL were selected and further tested on a panel of 8 other cell lines. Interestingly, the P-gp over-expressing leukemia CEM/ADR5000 was also sensitive to most of the extracts with IC~50~ value below 20 µg/mL obtained with AML, AMS, PSL, PSB, PSR, PEF and PEP. This suggests that these extracts can be used to manage hematological cancers including resistant phenotypes. Data obtained with AML, AMS and PEP are very interesting as they displayed IC~50~ values below 10 µg/mL in the resistant CEM/ADR5000 cells and even below 1 µg/mL in its sensitive counterpart CCRF--CEM cells. Nonetheless, they were not active in carcinoma cells, clearly indicating their selectivity to leukemia cells. Alteration of MMP has been reported as a mode of apoptosis induction of plant extracts (Kuete and Efferth [@CR34]). AML, AMS and PEP induced MMP loss but no caspase activation nor increase ROS production. Hence, MMP is the main mode of induction of apoptosis of AML, AMS and PEP in CCRF--CEM cells as observed in this study. To the best of our knowledge, the cytotoxicty of the five most active plants, Alchornea floribunda, Annona muricata, Euphorbia prostata, Pachypodanthium staudtii and Passiflora edulis towards the cell line panel tested in this study is being reported for the first time. Nevertheless, the leaves ethanol extract of Annona muricata was reported to have antiproliferative effect against leukemia HL-60 cells with an IC~50~ value of 14 µg/mL, and also induced apoptosis through the loss of MMP with G0/G1 phase cell arrest (Pieme et al. [@CR59]). This is in accordance with data reported herein. The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of this plant harvested in Malaysia was also found active against colon carcinoma HCT-116 and HT-29 cells with the respective IC~50~ values of 11.43 and 8.98 µg/mL (Zorofchian Moghadamtousi et al. [@CR71]). In the present study, IC~50~ were not detected at up to 80 µg/mL, either indicating that the active constituents of the plant against carcinoma cells might not be well extracted with methanol or that the geographic distribution influences the cytotoxic potential of the plant. Also the methanol extracts of the leaves and fruits of Passiflora edulis harvested in Egypt were screened at 100 µg/mL against HCT-116 cells, HepG2 cells as well as against the breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells and lung carcinoma A-549 cells; As results, less than 50 % growth inhibition was recorded (Moustafa et al. [@CR48]), coroborating the low activity obtained with various parts of this plant against carcinoma cells. Conclusions {#Sec16} =========== In this study, ten extracts from five medicinal plants, Alchornea floribunda, Annona muricata, Euphorbia prostata, Pachypodanthium staudtii and Passiflora edulis had good cytotoxicity against CCRF--CEM leukemia cells and its resistant subline CEM/ADR5000 cells. Their selectivity to these two cell lines, indicates that they can be sources for the development of novel anticancer drugs to fight leukemia. AML, AML and PEF were the most cytotoxic extracts and induced apoptosis in CCRF--CEM cells mediated by loss of MMP. Further phytochemical investigations of these extracts will be done to isolate their active constituents. ABC : adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette AFB : Alchornea floribunda bark AML : Annona muricata leaves AMP : Annona muricata fruit pericarp AMS : Annona muricata seeds BCRP : breast cancer resistance protein DCF : dichlorofluorescein DMSO : dimethylsufoxide EGFR : epidermal growth factor receptor EPW : Euphorbia prostata whole plant H~2~DCFH-DA : 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate IC~50~ : inhibitory concentration 50 % JC-1 : 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide MDR : multi-drug resistant MMP : mitochondrial membrane potential PBS : phosphate buffer saline PEF : Passiflora edulis fruit PEP : Passiflora edulis fruit pericarp P-gp : P-glycoprotein PSB : Pachypodanthium staudtii bark PSL : Pachypodanthium staudtii leaves PSR : Pachypodanthium staudtii roots ROS : reactive oxygen species VK, JKD, IKV and AGF carried out the study; VK wrote the manuscript; TE supervised the work; VK and TE designed the experiments, TE provided the facilities for the study. All authors read the manuscript and approved the final version. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements {#FPar1} ================ Authors acknowledge the Cameroon National Herbarium (Yaoundé) for the plant identification. VK is very grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for the 2015--2018 Linkage program and 18 months' fellowship in Germany through the ''Georg Foster Research Fellowship for Experienced Researcher'' program. Competing interests {#FPar2} =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Guest post by Joe Hoft DOW Reaches Another High – One for the Record books – We’re In The Greatest US Stock Market Rally Ever! 19th consecutive day where the DOW reached an all time high at the closing bell. 12th Straight Daily Close at an All Time High for the DOW! TRENDING: RUTH BADER GINSBURG DEAD! Supreme Court Justice Dies at Home Surrounded by Family More than Half a Month of Consecutive All Time Highs! The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DOW) hit another record new high on today! It was the 12th straight daily market close where the DOW set a new stock market high. This incredible rally started back on February 9th. In the history of the DOW, going back to January 1901, the DOW record for most continuous closing high trading days was set in January of 1987 when Ronald Reagan was President. The DOW set closing highs an amazing 12 times in a row that month. Today if the DOW matched that All Time Historical record with its 12th Record Close in a Row! However, counting weekends and holidays, the DOW has closed with new highs over the past 19 days! This has never happened before and is now the All time record consecutive number of days where the DOW closed at all time highs at the period’s closing bells. Here are some more DOW highlights since Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States: * Economist Says Stock Market Gained $2 TRILLION in Wealth Since Trump Elected! * The S&P 500 broke $20 Trillion for the first time in its history. * The DOW daily closing stock market average has risen more than 13% since the election on November 8th. * Including November 9th through today, there have been 74 trading days. For more than 40% of these days, the DOW has reached all time highs (31 times). * This is only the 2nd time since 1937 that the stock market hit two new closing highs in the four trading days after the Presidential inauguration. This occurred in January of 1965, shortly after Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as President and again right after the Trump Inauguration in January of this year. * Since the Inauguration on January 20th the DOW has risen 5% . According to Fox Insider , Trump’s first month in office is the DOW’s biggest gain for any President in his first 30 Days since way back in 1909 when Taft was President. * Also, another record during the Trump Rally is that the stock market moved between 1000 point markers (between 19,000 and 20,000) in only 42 trading days. The only time it moved faster between significant markers was in 1999 when it took 24 days to reach 11,000. * As we pointed out on December 21st shortly after Trump was elected, never in its history had the DOW reached the number of closing stock market highs after an election. There were only 8 times in the history of the Dow where the Dow set new closing highs for 17 days or more in a 29 day period. The last time this occurred was nearly 20 years ago in 1998. * The DOW has hit new All Time Highs 14 of 26 days since the Trump Inauguration for an amazing 54% of the closing bells. The prior All Time High for the DOW before the November 8th election was on August 15th, 2016. This is why the ‘Trump Rally’ is such an anomaly and totally due to President Trump and his winning policies. Don’t Ever Underestimate President Donald Trump!	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Gottfrid Svartholm, the founder of The Pirate Bay. Aljazeera Gottfrid Svartholm, a founder of The Pirate Bay, was rearrested just hours after being freed from a Danish prison, TorrentFreak reports. Svartholm, who is Swedish, was serving a multi-year sentence in Denmark and is now likely to be extradited back to Sweden, a decision he is appealing. After losing an appeal in June, Svartholm had very few options but became eligible for parole in mid-August. Two days before he was released, however, the Swedish authorities issued an arrest warrant, a decision that only became apparent to Svartholm via his mother, TorrentFreak said. This new warrant led to his immediate arrest after being freed. "[The new warrent was] never communicated properly to Gottfrid, neither from Sweden nor Denmark. We found out about it on our own," Kristina Svartholm, his mother, told TorrentFreak. The Swedish authorities initially wanted Svartholm to serve out the rest of his sentence in Denmark but this request was refused by the Danes. Depending on the outcome of a hearing that is happening on Friday, Svartholm will likely end up being extradited to Sweden. "What Gottfrid wants to do now, more than anything else, is to get back to his developmental work within IT," his mother told TorrentFreak. "And, of course, first of all: to sit by a keyboard again after nearly three years away from one."	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Alien Brigade Alien Brigade is a horizontally-scrolling rail shooter released by Atari Corporation in 1990 for the Atari 7800. Similar in style to Operation Wolf, Alien Brigade tells the story of a soldier battling with alien invaders that take over the bodies of fallen soldiers. Despite being released late in the Atari 7800's life cycle, Atari Corporation made more efforts to market the game than it had with other Atari 7800 titles. The game had its own print advertisement and was referenced in Atari's 1990 shooter, Planet Smashers (Alien Brigade would return the favor by advertising Planet Smashers). Alien Brigade is 144K in size, making it one of the largest commercially released Atari 7800 games. Gameplay The game is played from a first-person point of view and scrolls horizontally in two directions as various enemy creatures, possessed soldiers, human vehicles and alien vehicles attack the player character. Alien Brigade can either be played with the Atari 7800 joystick or with an Atari light gun. The game has five levels and four difficulty modes. The initial mission is to rescue hostages from an enemy camp, but the game then progresses to a waterfront battle, an underwater melee, a showdown in an underground mine, and then a final mountaintop battle. Adding to the challenge, the player must be careful not to shoot innocent bystanders. Between levels, the player is briefed by the commanding officer, who advises of the situation and rates the player's performance in the level. Reception Alien Brigade was reviewed in the September 1991 issue of Atari's own Atari Explorer magazine. References External links Alien Brigade manual Alien Brigade at AtariAge Category:1990 video games Category:Atari 7800 games Category:Atari 7800-only games Category:Light gun games Category:Rail shooters Category:Video games developed in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The People’s Forum of New York hosted an assembly on Thursday of solidarity with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which brought together a group of US social movements interested in knowing in detail the social progress that the South American country has made during the last 19 years. In this important space for reflection – in which Commander Hugo Chávez, South African leader Nelson Mandela and North American activist Martin Luther King were honored – the organizations expressed their support for the Venezuelan people who wage a historic battle for their right to self-determination . “From New York we send our support and solidarity to the people of Venezuela, understanding that we are brothers and sisters, and that within the revolutionary process there have been many acts of international solidarity, particularly in the city of New York,” said Claudia de la Cruz, cultural director of the People’s Forum. Specifically, the director made reference and thanked the contributions of the Bolivarian Republic under the leadership of Hugo Chávez to the New York community of the Bronx, after a visit of the then venezuelan leader to that town in 2005. “We give thanks for that solidarity between peoples and for the Bolivarian Revolution that is a revolution of the people,” she added. Similarly, Reverend Danilo Lachapel expressed his solidarity towards the Venezuelan government and people, and condemned Washington’s hostile policy against Caracas. “We will continue by the side of the people who represent the Latin American Homeland, the Bolivar dream, the unity of the Latin American and Caribbean peoples. We know that Venezuela will triumph in this tough battle, overcoming all the aggressions of the empire, we trust that the people of Bolívar and Chávez will triumph ¡Long live to Venezuela!” he stressed. In this context, Venezuelan Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza denounced – once again – the disastrous consequences of the coercive measures that the US government has unilaterally imposed on the Caribbean country, which prevent the state from acquiring basic goods to fulfill the needs of the population. The diplomat expressed in his speech Venezuela's esteem for the American people, regardless of the hegemonic pretensions of Washington. “We love and respect the people of the United States, our criticism is against the imperialism practiced by the United States government. Venezuela is considered an enemy of imperialism because it gives life to the Bolivarian Doctrine, which has always been in opposition to the Moroe Doctrine, “he added. Nevertheless, Arreaza pointed out the willingness of President Nicolás Maduro to meet with his counterpart Donald Trump, despite the political differences between the two leaders. “Venezuela has no arsenal, but its people are stronger than any nuclear weapon,” stressed Foreign Minister Arreaza who, along with a national delegation, had a busy diplomatic agenda at the 73rd Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The People’s Forum of New York is a space of diverse social movements. Currently, about 240 progressive organizations are organically articulated. It is also a meeting point of the international progressive movement. Translation by Venezuela's Foreign Ministry.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
I guess just the measuring criteria is being posted today, then each subwoofer review after the holidays, then a final wrap up..ala shootout. Sounds like it might be another week or so for listening results. I'm very much looking forward to the results! Just thought I'd post this here so that everyone was aware of it. good grief!!! how are ANY of those subwoofers listed consider "ultimate" in ANY way??? Give me a break. There are so many other subs available that would destroy those listed and make them cry in their soup. Here's a more likely list of "ultimate" subwoofers CS 18.2 eD A7-450 & up Seaton subs Epik subs etc....seriously...what a joke. They should call this the ultimate basic subwoofer shootout. I'm not saying the subs listed are not good, but...their price points are all higher than they should be, their performance is definitely much less than can be had for the same money from other competitors. Just as an example, compare the Rythmic 15" sub listed to the Elemental Designs A5-350. Similar specs, but the eD is $400.00 cheaper and that INCLUDES shipping. Similar specs, so obviously a much better deal I can see how the tittle can be misleading but thats no biggie. I'd say 70% of the new sub buyers will benefit from the results of this shootout. Sucks (for me atleast) that the entire details will be revealed in parts but AVH did all the hard work- putting money and time into this so they can milk it all they want. GTG's can offer faster but similair benefits to the HT Sub community. If there is ever one in South Florida, I'd participate. Wait and see. I'll bet it will show quite well among the competition it's in with. It's got a killer driver, a strong amp, and a very well designed box and porting system (think PB13 lite). Since the PB13 has been so extensively tested in the past, SVS suggested going with the PB12 Plus. It would be a mistake to underestimate it. Just as an example, compare the Rythmic 15" sub listed to the Elemental Designs A5-350. Similar specs, but the eD is $400.00 cheaper and that INCLUDES shipping. Similar specs, so obviously a much better deal It's funny, cause I had the A7s-450, which is apparently a better sub than the A5-350, and the VTF-15H is way better. Well..anything is possible, but I'd sure like to see some graphs and numbers to back up that claim. Care to offer any proof? You dont' have to do the testing yourself, just post the proof you seem to have. I would expect the HSU to be much boomier since it's ported, but have a lot less slam and total clean output of the A7S 450 since you are comparing completely different beasts here. Well..anything is possible, but I'd sure like to see some graphs and numbers to back up that claim. Care to offer any proof? You dont' have to do the testing yourself, just post the proof you seem to have. I would expect the HSU to be much boomier since it's ported, but have a lot less slam and total clean output of the A7S 450 since you are comparing completely different beasts here. Well, to be fair I am sure the HSU is great but Cacihome needs to tell people he is a HSU dealer or was which can make his opinions biased. well, to be fair i am sure the hsu is great but cacihome needs to tell people he is a hsu dealer or was which can make his opinions biased. ouch!!! and just for the record I loved my HSU sub and have posted that several times. It was a great sub, and I'm sure the new 15" is good too. I never said anything negative about HSU or their products. In fact, I directly compared the eD and the Rythmic as their specs are almost identical but price is 400-500 apart and just for the record. I am NOT a dealer nor am I associated with any audio company in ANY way. I pay for my products just like you do...and I review them honestly without bias of any kind. Well. These are the specs on the HSU 15" and I have to say I find it VERY hard to believe that a 350watt rms amp and a 15" driver could come anywhere near out performing an 18" driver with 1300watts of power behind it. And btw...we are comparing a sealed to ported sub so I know that makes a big difference. You'd really have to compare it to an 18" ported eD with 1300watts amp. or get eD to make you an A3-550 15" ported WITH a 1300 watt amp. also, you need to note that the HSU sub is $879.99 PLUS $139.99 shipping. So it's really $1019.98 Well. These are the specs on the HSU 15" and I have to say I find it VERY hard to believe that a 350watt rms amp and a 15" driver could come anywhere near out performing an 18" driver with 1300watts of power behind it. Well..anything is possible, but I'd sure like to see some graphs and numbers to back up that claim. Care to offer any proof? You dont' have to do the testing yourself, just post the proof you seem to have. I would expect the HSU to be much boomier since it's ported, but have a lot less slam and total clean output of the A7S 450 since you are comparing completely different beasts here. Whether or not the HSU is bommier is going to be dependent on the room conditions and the setup. From what I've heard about the A7S, in an open room, it's deep bass is weak without heavy eq due to the roll off which starts at a relatively high frequency. In apparently comes up short in comparison with the Chase products. Unfortunately, in recent years it's hard to definitively prove anything when it comes to sub vs. sub since there is a lack of good standardized testing like Illka and AV talk used to do. Its not a 350Watt amp. you should really post its a 1400Watt amp becaus that is the ratings others use. You also need to post the driver sensitivity and Xmax of each driver along with the sub design (ported, sealed) to know the differences. btw, what 18" driver/1300 Watt subs are you refering too? well, he was referring to the A7S 450 and so I went with that. But...the A3-550 is more in line with the HSU...but eD would need to put the 1300watt amp in that sub to make it a more comparable shootout I'd think Well..anything is possible, but I'd sure like to see some graphs and numbers to back up that claim. Care to offer any proof? You dont' have to do the testing yourself, just post the proof you seem to have. I would expect the HSU to be much boomier since it's ported, but have a lot less slam and total clean output of the A7S 450 since you are comparing completely different beasts here. How be you back up your statement since you made it. Knowing how to cut 'n paste sub specs doesn't cut it and is no answer. Of course if you have nothing to offer except sub ads feel free to go away. I am pretty sure he was a dealer or something related to HSU. I had this discussion before with him when he was saying how much better the HSU ULS-15 was than the eD sub as well. It is OK to like something better but like I told Soundood even if the product is great coming from a dealer has little meaning. I can see loving a product so much that you become a dealer for it, I did for Ada!, but I also own the Krell right now and no Ada products. I am not in this for business. I am sure the HSU sub is an awesome product as HSU usually makes great subs(I have never owned any). How be you back up your statement since you made it. Knowing how to cut 'n paste sub specs doesn't cut it and is no answer. Of course if you have nothing to offer except sub ads feel free to go away. Obviously you're just trolling. Im' not sure what "statement" you are asking me to back up....other than my initial one saying that these subs are hardly the "ultimate" in subwoofers. I then went on to compare the A5-350 with the 15" Rythmic and stated that they were virtually the same sub except the the Rythmic will cost you around $400-$500.00 more.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
The results, released Tuesday, suggest that even as financial institutions implement more sophisticated fraud-mitigation techniques, they have not been keeping pace with criminals. The challenges are particularly acute at smaller banks and credit unions, which comprised a majority of the survey’s respondents. Still, the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, which conducted the survey, said that its findings provide valuable insights about the usefulness of various fraud-fighting tools. Of the banks and credit unions that participated, 63 percent said that fraud losses on signature-based debit cards were higher in 2016 than they were a year earlier, while only 15 percent said that losses were lower. Similarly, 50 percent of the respondents said that fraud losses on PIN-based debit cards increased in 2016, while only 12 percent said that they decreased. When asked about credit cards, 41 percent of the financial institutions said that losses rose, while 16 percent said they fell. The survey found that when financial institutions were asked about paper checks, wire transfers, and prepaid cards, they were also more likely to report higher losses than lower losses. The only exception to the trend was fraud involving funds credited to accounts using the automated clearing house network. Only 2 percent of survey respondents said that type of fraud increased in 2016, while 4 percent said that it decreased.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
2013: The Titanic Year? \| by Tisaranee Gunasekara “We were on the Titanic and everyone knew it was hitting the iceberg” - Eric Hobsbawm (Interesting Times) ( January 3, 2013, Colombo, Sri Lanka Guardian) In 2013, Sri Lanka will continue to be blessed with a President who is intent on life-long rule and dynastic succession, at whatever cost; and a Leader of Opposition who unfailingly lends that President a helping hand, at crucial junctures. The regime’s decision to boycott the Appeal Court hearing is understandable. Having conducted the most indefensible ‘trial’ in living memory, without even the barest show of impartiality or justice, the regime would not want to deal with questions it cannot answer and explanations it cannot provide. Since the impeachment was a witch-trial, the Rajapaksas have no choice but to hug the cloak of impunity ever closer and defy the courts. The decision by Ranil Wickremesinghe, and it is indeed his decision to ignore the summons of the Appeal Court, is not so logical. It is in the interests of the UNP to assist the courts to uncover and expose the shenanigans of the impeachment. So what made Ranil Wickremesinghe make a decision which will hurt his party, the country and eventually himself (a subjugated court can be used against him, if the Rajapaksas decide that it is in their interests to promote an even more reliable tool as the leader of the UNP)? The argument about parliamentary sovereignty does not hold water, because in today’s Sri Lanka it is the Rajapaksas who are sovereign. In Rajapaksa Sri Lanka parliamentary sovereignty is as much of a lie, as democracy, human rights, media freedom or a political solution to the ethnic problem. The subjugated UPFA majority in parliament has turned the legislature into a Rajapaksa-doormat. Just last month, the parliament, in violation of a Supreme Court ruling (by a bench headed by Justice Shiranee Thilakawardane), assented to a Bill which seriously eroded parliamentary control over finances, one of the few preserves the 1978 Constitution left under sole legislative aegis. In reality, parliamentary sovereignty is as dead as a dodo. It is one thing to embrace the restoration of parliamentary sovereignty as a desirable goal; it is quite another thing to elevate its corpse and strengthen the asphyxiating hand of the executive still further. ................... Summery: Play the video ............... ........................................................... Today, both within and outside the impeachment process, the real conflict is between the executive and the judiciary, the Rajapaksas and the courts. The conflict between the legislature and the judiciary is a myth concocted by the Rajapaksas to hide their dynastic purpose; plus provide their puppets in the UPFA - and in the UNP - with a lofty-sounding excuse to do the inexcusable. Ranil Wickremesinghe is too clever not to know this. His is a political decision, taken not in honest ignorance, but in conscious duplicity. In fact this is not the first time Mr. Wickremesinghe made a decision which brought him some very short-term and extremely ephemeral gains while harming his interests in the medium to long term. And he will persist in committing such small acts of hara-kiri, especially if the Rajapaksas continue to stir the UNP-leadership pot using their other tool, Sajith Premadasa. With the leader and the alternate leader of the main opposition party in thrall to them, the Rajapaksas are in an unassailable position, or will be once they have subjugated the judiciary. The Consolidation of Rajapaksa Rule The impeachment, nakedly unfair and glaringly unjust, is the most grievous blow the Rajapaksas have inflicted on Sri Lanka. It will push Sri Lanka beyond the threshold of liveability. Once the impeachment is through, the Rajapaksas are likely to move ahead with lightening speed to appoint a more amenable chief justice and a more reliable prime minister. Both choices are of seminal importance to the Rajapaksa project. The Shirani Bandaranayake saga would have demonstrated to the Rajapaksas the danger of placing non-family members in positions of power. After all, the Siblings showered the husband of the CJ with undeserving honours, and believed that that would be a sufficient guarantee of her eternal obedience. But Shirani Bandaranayake did thwart the Rajapaksas-purpose, just five months after she became the CJ. In November 2011, a bench headed by Shirani Bandaranayake effectively killed the Town and Country Planning (Amendment) Act (the so called ‘Sacred Areas’ act, which sought to empower the regime to expropriate any piece of land by the simple expedient of fixing a certain label on it). The Supreme Court decreed that this Act cannot be presented in parliament without the consent of all the provincial councils; the regime was compelled to withdraw it. Perhaps that was the day the Rajapaksas decided that Dr. Bandaranayake must either be broken or evicted. Given this experience, the Siblings would want to ensure that the next CJ and the next PM are totally committed to the Rajapaksa power-project, out of choice or necessity. And they will not hesitate to pick candidates who are appallingly unsuitable. Once the impeachment travesty succeeds, the Rajapaksas will not feel the need to bother about maintaining appearances (except internationally, until the Hambantota Commonwealth Summit is successfully concluded). After all, if the UPFA and the country can digest this impeachment, they can imbibe any abomination, without even a twinge of indigestion or nausea. 2013 is thus likely to be a fortuitous year for the Rajapaksas, however unlucky it may turn out to be for ordinary Lankans. The SLFP’s back is truly broken, as is evident from the grovelling conduct of senior and junior SLFPers throughout the impeachment process. The leasers of the SLMC, the CWC, the EPDP and other minority parties might make occasional noises, but will eventually knuckle down, placing their own powerless positions above their parties and their peoples. And there is nothing substantial or worthwhile left of the UPFA left. So 2013 is likely to be a year in which the Rajapaksas consolidate old gains and make new ones: “…the government was planning to make wide-ranging changes to the powers vested with the provincial councils…. Accordingly changes are to be made to laws pertaining to Police powers vested in Councils together with amendments to the law which states that in the event an Act regarding the subjects of provincial councils is to be tabled in parliament it should be passed by all nine provincial councils” (Daily Mirror – 1.1.2013). Once the impeachment is successful and the judiciary subjugated, the regime will be able to bring in any law it likes, including ones which violate constitutional provisions and/or the norms of natural justice. Bad laws will be passed by the subjugated parliament, and implemented to the letter by subjugated courts, rendering insecure the lives of most Lankans. When Mahinda Rajapaksa won the presidency in November 2005, if someone foretold that this moment will arrive in just seven short years, would we have believed it? 2012 was bad; 2013 cannot but be worse, barring a miracle. Referring to America’s critical failure to address the issue of gun control, massacre after massacre, Jon Lee Anderson asked, “Where is our threshold for self-awareness? What is our national threshold for shame?” (The New Yorker – 16.12.2012). It is a question we should do well to ask ourselves, as 2013 advances, the Rajapaksas progress and the country regresses.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Primary Magic: Technological Innovation.Secondary Magic: -Caster or Holder: Caster Magic. \|\| Lost Magic. Description: - It all began when she was eleven years old. Kiki was always fascinated with technology, and frequently could be seen in her bedroom playing with spare parts and forming them into god knows what. From mechanical devices to various games for entertainment, everything she would make would be way ahead of its time. Her mother had no idea where she gained this intelligence from, it was rather strange yet intriguing, since Kiki was always a very smart girl. Succeeding with straight 100s in school, always showing up to places on time, being able to operate and work on lacrimas- she learned everything extremely quickly, almost too quickly. Her smarts seemed to work like a magnet, and with that, she began to do more then just make technological objects- she began to participate in two similar yet different lifestyles; hacking, and theft. She often could be seen sneaking around various cities, stealing from small stores and hacking simple lampposts. However, as she grew as a person, she also grew in these arts, and she began to learn how to prosper in life. People were easily manipulated, and her skills in hacking grew to be able to hack entire buildings, cities, governments. It was like a simple addiction, as her adrenaline would never stop pumping at the thought of these actions. At fourteen years of age, she joined "Calaveras de Azucar," a group of individuals with similar interests to hers. It was an organized crime syndicate of thieves, and her being the youngest of members often was a burden on her shoulders. Unlike her, they were all mages, and she was just a hacker with no magic but the means of technology at her side. After a year of living among them, she finally snapped and ran during the night from her home to Talonia. She ventured through the black markets, and eventually came across a woman which looked to be that of a scientist. The woman noticed that Kiki held many advanced technologies on her side, and ventured down into a secret underground surgical room with her. There, she was given a magical surgery, which gave her the powers that nobody else on Earthland would ever be able to experience. She was implemented with the Lacrima-Net itself, and her entire nervous system and veins were now rewired with technology. She was upgraded, and now had the magical powers of hacking on her side. She was now able to hack anywhere, and did not have to use tools- the only tools she would have to use would be her imagination and hands, which assisted her greatly. After the surgery, she returned to Calaveras de Azucar and showed them what she was capable of- which soon crowned her the commander of that gang. She was now a master thief and hacker, and could use her magic in all of her dark ways. In using this magic, she can be seen doing nearly anything that she would wish to do. From creating motorcycles out of her mind to creating whips to beat people with, it is definitely versatile. She channels the magical energy through herself, she is her own magical medium- therefore there is no way to stop her. She uses this magic to get to her goal, whether this may be completing missions for her guild, stealing various high-value materials in heists, or hacking computers for her allies, she uses it for her own good along with the good of her amigos. She can be seen anywhere at once, she has taken her hacking into her own hands and has carried it out in her life. She is manipulative yet wise, and knows when it is appropriate to use each spell. It should be known that one should not stand in the path of Kiki, or else she will advance- no matter what the price will be. Strengths:- Her magic is very geared to that of mobility and utility, therefore Kiki can be seen nearly everywhere in the battlefield at once. That is, if you can see her at all..- Since Technological Innovation revolves around technology and its entirety, her spells often form things out of thin air and nothingness. One minute there could be nothing next to you, and the next there can be a giant box glowing a bright purple sitting there. Her magic can be classified as a mixture of a caster and maker magic, unique to her and her only. - Being based around technology and the Lacrima-Net, Kiki can use this magic for her personal benefits as well. She can make large screens to play video games on, watch movies, and draw maps with a simple push of a button. Not only does this benefit herself, but this can benefit her allies in more ways than one. This magic is extremely versatile. Weaknesses:- This magic, Technological Innovation, is not situated on any element in the slightest. This means that no matter what, her attacks do not do extra damage due to elemental bonuses and resistances. She fights with technology itself, not any elements. - Due to the nature of this magic and its abilities, each one is programmed with full technology and coding. A downside to this can be that each ability glows a beautiful purple, which can cause her attacks to be easily detectable by the enemy if she was trying to be discreet.- Technological Innovation definitely comes with its pros and cons when it comes to this, which is the aspect that the magic is full of utility spells. A con of this can be that she lacks the normal amount of other types of spells that a typical mage has, which are replaced with utility. - Tying into the last weakness, it can be seen that the spells that are not utility are typically supportive and offensive. She only holds a few defensive spells, as the rest are those stated previously. Lineage: Blessed by the Fourth Wall: Blessed by the Fourth WallDescription: The ancestor in here could have turned into a god, but nooooo, he had to preserve the fabric of reality or something. For this lineage, this ancestor, known as the One Who Got Close, is the only one to have found the Fourth Wall of the world, giving himself the chance to break it and ascend to the heights that are unknown, basically, us. However, when told by the wall that breaking it would sacrifice everyone else in the world, the noble goody-two-shoes chose to stop himself instead and as a result, he was blessed by the Fourth Wall. This blessing would go down to his bloodline and now you, oh lucky guy, are one of his kin.Ability: The Fourth Wall respects the user's bloodline and has given those of it the Glimpse, the ability to see what the user should not be able to see. Of course, to respect the purpose of the Fourth Wall, the user can only see one "Thing" at a time. Such as a snippet from a magic or character app (See 2 strengths or 2 weaknesses, see 2 likes or 2 dislikes, and so on.), or from another post to know someone is for example pursuing them or that someone is going to make a certain attack on them within the current post. Usage: 5 post cooldown between uses. - D - Industrialization: Kiki's magic was designed to help industrialize cities- it was made to assist those in the building industry, or at least for the user's own benefits, and was to be able to manipulate different types of metals for her protection and effectiveness. Therefore, Kiki gains a 10% damage increase while fighting in established cities. - D - Hacker's Perks: Being able to hack high levels of technology, Kiki has learned how to react to certain types of enemies in a way that is slightly less harmful when taking damage from them. Lacrimas, being one of the most powerful of the technological items in Earthland, have become the prey of this ability. Kiki takes 10% less damage from attacks coming from Lacrima-based abilities. - D - Living Tower: While being implemented with her magic illegally, she was implemented with the Lacrima-Net itself. Her body functions as a living iLac tower of sorts, thus allowing service to all allies in a 45 meter radius of her body. This works anywhere, including secluded areas that are far away from civilization. Not only that but she can charge iLacs if they are low on battery at a quick rate, allowing more access to planning attacks and access to the Lacrima-Net. It is as if she is a high-powered iLac, as she is able to produce screens in-front of her for personal use and preparing for attacks. Kiki can frequently be seen drawing on these screens for planning with her nails, as well as playing video games and music for personal use. Not only that, but she can sometimes be seen hacking with these screens as well, threatening those that she is trying to steal from with blackmail. - C - Heightened Sights: In the procedure to expand her knowledge and level of closeness with the Lacrima-Net, the new inner-wiring essentially made it to her eyes. Kiki is able to see people through walls if there is a product of technology on the other side. This can count as iLacs, lampposts, and much more. When she sees these people, they appear as an outline of their person, and in coding of purple. This only works on beings equal or lower to Kiki's rank. Spells: Signature Spells: Tech Blocks (D): Name: Tech Blocks.Rank: Signature Spell. \|\| D Rank.Type: Utility.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: Instant.Description: Mastering technology, Kiki has learned how to produce various objects out of thin air. One of the most useful is known as her ability "Tech Blocks," which essentially works like a levitating stairway or sidewalk. To use this ability, Kiki forms a small square of technology in her hands and tosses it to a desired location (up to 30 meters away which travels at 15 meters per second), resulting in a glowing and rock-solid 45 meter long stairwell / sidewalk producing in that area. This can float in the air if necessary, as well as lay across surfaces such as water and spaces between rooftops. These blocks are very beautiful, and consist of a translucent body with what appears to be a glowing pink and purple liquid inside of it. However, this is just the way the ability was coded, as it is in reality just a neon-translucent glowing box. This ability can be used once per post. Strengths:- This spell can be used as a way to escape those that are of a lower ground or high threat. An example of escaping would be running across the blocks as they are created on the skyline of a big city, in order to escape possible threats that are not able to travel from rooftop to rooftop. - Not only can this be used to transport Kiki, but other allies can run on this as well. However, they must be careful, considering these blocks have no ledges. One slip, and you can fall from a very far height if that is where the blocks are located. - Due to being the operator of these blocks, Kiki can control who can and cannot get onto these blocks. Therefore, enemies cannot get onto these blocks without instantly causing the part they step on to explode.Weaknesses:- These tech-blocks glow tremendously, therefore can be easily detected by possible threats. - This row of blocks only takes 20 damage to destroy, therefore if an enemy wants to destroy this escape-route, then they can very easily. This can be used to their advantage, as they can cause deadly falls if timing the destruction properly as Kiki escapes. When the row is destroyed, it explodes into a beautiful array of pink and purple glowing shards of floppy discs and shimmer. - Due to this being such a low rank spell, it can only hold so much. Therefore, only three people + their pets can be on the line of tech-blocks at a time. If another tries to get onto one, all active tech-blocks will immediately explode due to the weight limit exceeding capacity. - This block-row only lasts for one post, therefore they cannot stay there for too long of a time. Those who cross these blocks better hurry, or else they will explode under their feet. Synth-Whip (User-Ranked): Name: Synth-WhipRank: Signature Spell. \|\| User Ranked Until S.Type: Offensive.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: Instant.Description: With the installation of her magic came a great change, for she now was able to use it has a way to carry out offensive strikes on the enemy with magical power instead of using guns and other weapons. One of the best yet simple of her offensive spells, Synth-Whip, is used to carry out quick and efficient damage on those that stand in the way of her path. To use this ability, Kiki only has to twinkle her fingers, causing them to emit a beautiful series of sparkles above them. These sparkles soon grow into two thin and long whip-like objects, which are made of pure light and tech. These whips are as beautiful as a sunrise, as they switch between blue, purple, and pink with shimmer and revolving inside as if they were liquid. Kiki is able to use these to perform a quick semi-melee attack by running up to the enemy and gashing the side of their body with these whips via swinging, dealing user-ranked damage (until S rank). When this strikes, the coding turns into a very hot format, therefore they may experience a burning sensation and singeing of clothes when struck. Kiki is able to strike units up to 5 meters away from her, and is travels at the quick speed of 4 meters per second. After it hits the enemy or misses, it will break into a beautiful array of shimmer. Kiki is able to use this once per post. Strengths:- Swinging these multi-colored whips of pure technology, Kiki can deal quick and efficient damage to a single target. - Kiki is rather fortunate to be able to use this spell, considering most of her attacks fall under utility. In addition to this, she usually specializes in long-ranged offensive spells, therefore her using of a melee attack is very useful in quick and close-ranged battles. Weaknesses:- Being the spell this is, it is not able to hit more than one enemy at a time. Therefore, in 1 v 6 situations, this spell would be rendered nearly useless, as she would be outnumbered and only able to strike one individual. - Using this spell, it is typically used in melee situations where she would need to defend herself when up-close. Therefore, this attack is useless at far range, and should not even be wasted in doing so. If she uses this at a long-range, she will just be greeted with to whips in her hands with nothing to use them on. - Being a melee attack that is used by swinging the whips and hitting the target with force, this strike is capable of being blocked quite easily by an enemy shield or defensive spell. This is due to the whips being quite thin, however the wires are still quite powerful. D Rank Spells: Light-Cycle: Name: Light-Cycle. ✧Rank: D.Type: Utility.Duration: 3 posts.Cooldown: 4 posts.Description: Some may wonder, "How does the master thief of the Lacrima-Net get around?" The answer is simple; her Light-Cycle. One of Kiki's personal favorite spells and abilities, this ability allows her to make a tech-filled motorcycle out of thin air. The way she conjures this is quite simple, for she twiddles her fingers and makes a small triangle of purple tech. She then throws it onto the ground in-front of her and backs up a few feet, and it expands into a large motorcycle that looks to be extremely futuristic. This motorcycle's wheels and build is very circular and sleek, and is made of pure and solid technology. It glows a beautiful purple where it is not solid black and grey, and the transparent purple parts look to be filled of pure purple shimmer and glitter. When starting, this motorcycle can reach speeds of 33.75 meters per second, which is definitely fast. When riding, due to the fast speeds it can travel up to, it leaves a faint trail of purple coding on the ground. After it has reached its maximum duration or Kiki simply is finished riding, it explodes into shimmer and computer parts. To avoid a possible fatal impact, it notifies when it is about to meet its final duration so the passengers can get off before it explodes. Strengths:- Being able to make a motorcycle is an extreme perk for Kiki, considering it allows for a quick entrance and exit from battle for more than just one ally (being herself). - Not only is she able to ride this motorcycle, she can do badass tricks with it aerial style. From jumping from rooftop to rooftop with it to doing flips while doing at top speed, she definitely looks like someone you would want to be friends with while riding this vehicle.Weaknesses:- Due to the length of this motorcycle, it is only able to hold a set amount of people at one time. This is three mages and their pets, nothing more. If a fourth mage tries to get onto the motorcycle, it will not allow a start, and will only be able to function after they get off. - Since this motorcycle is able to be used in combat to escape or ride into it, it can only take 20 HP Damage before erupting into a mass of computer parts. However, it would be hard to hit this motorcycle, considering it can go very fast. It would be easy to take down if going slow, though. - Like most of her spells, this motorcycle greatly glows a purple color. This allows for the tracking of her location, as well as not being able to blend into the surrounding areas while using. Techno-Invis: Name: Techno-Invis.Rank: D.Type: Utility.Duration: 3 posts.Cooldown: 4 posts.Description: When getting her magic implemented into her veins and nerves, she was sure to make sure that this ability was implemented first. This was one of the abilities that convinced her to get the procedure, strictly because it would assist her in all things theft and combat. This ability, Techno-Invis, allows Kiki to go invisible for a short period of time. The way she activates this ability is quite simple, as she simply swings one of her hands across her face. This will make her fade into a purple silhouette of herself for a few seconds, and then will fade into the air as if nobody was standing where she was at the current time that it was activated. While invisible, she will not be visible to any eyes on the battlefield, and can run around freely as she wishes without any consequence- unless she gets hit. Strengths:- Due to the ability to go invisible, this allows for secretive entrances and exits. An example of this could be if there was a hoard of enemies standing in the way, and the leader was in the back being guarded in the front with their guards. Kiki could activate her ability of invisibility and run behind the all of the guards and right behind the leader, put a gun to the back of their head, and fire. This can allow tactical moves that would be nearly impossible while in sight. - Being invisible has its pros and cons, as she fades into the invisible surges of the Lacrima-Net tower that is herself. She gains a slight speed boost of 5% while invisible, considering her technological senses and aura is heightened in this state. Weaknesses:- Being invisible is not as powerful as one may think, as it does come with things that one may not expect it to come with. When she is invisible, she is definitely still able to attack the enemy with various spells that she would wish to use. However, when she does wish to attack, her body will waver in and out of this state, making her presence known if the enemy does notice. While wavering, her body will show, which will be mostly her typical appearance with a few parts still slightly-invisible and glowing purple. This showing of parts of her body fades back into invisibility when the post that she attacks in ends. - Similar to wavering in and out when using attacks, this same situation occurs while being hit with attacks while invisible. If, lets say a water elemental, shoots a beam of water in the location of Kiki while invisible, her body will show in all effected areas she was hit for the rest of the post that she was struck on. She will, of course, take the full amount of the damage used in the enemy spell, and cannot avoid said damage while invisible unless she happens to dodge it. - While in the state of invisibility, some confuse the term with the state of being able to pass through walls and become one with air itself. Kiki is not capable of passing through walls or anything of the sorts, her body acts the same as it typically would- only with not being able to be seen and gaining a very small speed boost. If she were to try to pass through a wall while invisible, she would be greeted with a slam in the face with pure brick. Suctions.png: Name: Suctions.pngRank: D.Type: Utility. Duration: 3 posts.Cooldown: 4 posts. Description: Having this beautiful and useful magic based on technology while being a thief is very useful, and an example of the benefits can be seen in this ability. Known as "Suctions.png," this useful ability allows her to scale walls at ease. The way she uses this is a bit different than her other abilities, as she first summons a small and levitating screen with nothing but a text box and a set of numbers upon it, similar to that of a phone or calculator. This levitating touch-screen is tied to her body in many ways. She then types in "7819243260" and hits enter, causing the screen to disappear and four magic circles to form, one on each hand and one on each area by the toes. These magic circles produce purple and pink objects which appear to be levitating suction cups, and although they are levitating, they are strongly tied to the areas of Kiki's body that they hover above. The two cups on the hands are used to do the climbing, while the two in the area of the feet are used to catch / assist climbing if necessary. With these cups allows the rapid climbing up walls, as previously stated. Strengths:- This ability allows climbing even the flattest of surfaces, which is very useful when carrying out that of a heist. Kiki can be seen climbing various walls of skyscrapers to get to the top building, which is very useful. This cuts out the factor of having to sneak through the entire building to get to the top floor, which she could do easily, and cuts her chances in half of getting caught in the act of stealing riches. - When falling from great heights, such as a large building, Kiki would be able to catch herself with this ability. One may ask how she would be able to think so fast, considering she has to type in a long strand of numbers to activate these suction cups, but she has done this countless times in the past. As she falls, she can activate this ability and suction herself to the nearest building beside her, saving her life in the process. Weaknesses:- With every ability comes its cons, and this ability definitely has an amount of those. When climbing up buildings from the exterior, Kiki is unable to climb wet surfaces, such as ones effected by Rain and waterfalls. If she tries to climb these buildings while they are slippery, the suction cups simply will not stick, therefore she will be unable to do so. If she is falling from a building and it is raining, it is her best bet that she is damned. - While climbing for an excess amount of time, she may find herself in a bit of a bad situation. These magical circles that fund the cups only exist for so long, therefore if she climbs for too long they can eventually deactivate on her. Therefore, she will be in for a long fall, and eventually have a nice and quick meeting with concrete. - If trying to escape enemies in the form of climbing, Kiki may also find herself in a bit of a situation if the enemy is able to think smart enough. If they attack the suction cups themselves, each has a total of 5 HP, adding up to 20 HP total. These are very weak, therefore Kiki is best to not use them while trying to escape combat. However, they do make for a good entrance. Lotus.jpg: Name: Lotus.jpgRank: D.Type: Offensive.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: 2 posts.Description: Some may ask Kiki, "Since you type in a code to use your suction spell, is there more codes that allow you to do different things?" and the answer is a definite yes. Similar to "Suctions.png," this spell, known as "Lotus.jpg," is created in the same way. To use this spell, Kiki first makes a similar text box similar to a phone or calculator and types in the strand of numbers "8293410273." After hitting enter, a purple magical circle will open in-front of her and cause a large and glowing purple lotus flower to appear, floating in-front of it. This flower looks to be made entirely of coding and parts of a computer, and possesses a glowing center which looks as smooth as a polished rock. Kiki then twists her hand behind it, causing the flower to begin rotating quickly in a clockwise motion. As it twirls, the center begins to expand and glow, eventually firing a large glowing laser in the color purple. This laser is about 10 meters wide, and can travel up to 45 meters away in 33.75 meters per second. As it is shot at an enemy, it does 20 HP damage to the main target and 10 HP damage to anyone else caught in the blast. After the laser is released, the flower will burst into millions of fragments of purple glitter and non-harmful glass particles. Strengths:- With this beautiful laser-beam comes its pros and cons, and being able to hit multiple people is definitely one of them. While it may not effect those that are hit after the main target, it is definitely a spell of great power, and is helpful due to the abundance of D-Rank utility spells. Weaknesses:- With most of the other spells comes the same issue in this one, as this lotus flower and laser glow tremendously. In fact, these glow a lot more than the average spell, nearly illuminating an entire dark-area. If she is trying to perform a sneak-attack, it is best for her to not use this spell.- Since multiple people are able to be affected by this attack, there also comes the issue that allies can be hurt as well. If they are fighting the enemy that Kiki is aiming for and gets in the way, they may be met with a bit of damage done to their end. C Rank Spells: Teleportation Detonator: Name: Teleportation Detonator.Rank: C.Type: Utility. Duration: 5 posts. \|\| Instant Teleport.Cooldown: 6 posts.Description: A quite useful ability indeed, Kiki uses this spell as a way to teleport to safety, exit fights quickly, enter fights quickly, scare enemies, and get to places she may not be able to access without magic. To use this ability, Kiki removes a large metal object from her back and holds it in her hands. This metal object has latches to the bottom of it, and glows a purple color in the center while the rest is silver metal. She then throws this object, which can travel up to 120 meters away at 90 meters per second. When this lands on a surface, it locks into the surface, and is unable to move unless 40 HP damage is done to it. Once this is latched onto a desired surface, it makes a bit of a ticking noise before it relieves itself, and casually sits there. Now you may ask, "what is the point of this ability?" The answer is that it has in no way been activated in this state, as it is merely waiting for activation. To activate, Kiki presses a small button attached to her leg, and she is soon teleported to the object that she had thrown in the beginning. While inside the instant teleportation, she goes invisible for a split second, and soon arrives on-top of the metal object, resulting in it breaking. Strengths:- In using this ability, it allows for the rapid entrance and exit of fights if necessary. An example of this can be if Kiki is being extremely hurt in a city on street-level. She can quickly remove the metal object and throw it to the roof of a building, and soon escape the torment that she is facing at that time. - In relation to the previous statement, she can use this teleportation device as a means of getting to high and low places without harm. An example of this could be if she is having to go to a lower-platform over a deep hole underground. She can aim the teleportation device to land on the desired platform and teleport to it, rather than having to risk a long jump that could result in fatal injuries.Weaknesses:- Being a physical piece of matter can be a bit of a weakness, considering it does have a set amount of damage it can take before breaking. This is 40 HP damage, and when it does break, it puffs into a strong and opaque purple smoke-cloud.- When attempting to entire fights while using this teleportation device, it can definitely be risky in regards to Kiki's safety. An example of this could be if she threw it over a wall and higher-ranked mages were on the other side in a large group, as she could teleport to their location and not see them from the beginning. This would result in her taking great amounts of damage, which would not be good. - After she throws the teleportation device and teleports to its location, it will break and have the ability go on cooldown. Tech-Grenade: Name: Tech-Grenade. Rank: C.Type: Offensive. Duration: Instant.Cooldown: 3 posts.Description: After acquiring her technological advancements, Kiki desired different ways to defeat the enemy- ones that did not require her using her smarts. She stayed up for four days straight programming this ability into her system. To use this ability, "Tech-Grenade," Kiki expands all of her fingers and causes five purple beams of light to shoot toward her hand from her fingers, resulting in the blank space switching into a purple haze of light. This light slightly expands and forms into a purple and glowing object, which is that of a grenade. This grenade is transparent and filled with purple and pink sparkling liquids, that of which are held in by a pin at the top. When wishing to use this ability, Kiki will remove the pin of the grenade and throw it at the enemy, traveling up to 90 meters away at 67.5 meters per second. On impact, this grenade detonates in a purple and pink explosion, dealing 40 HP damage to the first enemy hit and 20 HP damage to anyone else in the blast zone of 45 meters in diameter. This explosion is so beautiful, as it consists of pink and purple shimmer and immense amounts of smoke. It is a bomb, and should definitely be treated as such. Strengths:- When throwing this grenade, it erupts into a circular area of damage that is 45 meters long across in every direction. Therefore, the closest one to be where the grenade is on impact will receive full damage. This is a blessing, considering many people are able to take damage at one time. This is very useful for Kiki, as she is able to use this grenade when trying to clear a large wave of weak enemies in a close vicinity of each-other. - Being a throwing grenade, it is made to be able to be thrown at a decently long rate. If she wishes to throw it over a wall that she knows enemies are on the other side, she is most likely capable of doing so and being successful in the process. Weaknesses:- As this is a grenade, removing the pin on the top of it causes it to be vulnerable to detonation. Therefore, if Kiki were to accidentally drop it or have it slip out of her hand, it could detonate at her feet and cause her to be in the center of the explosion. That would not be a good thing for Kiki, therefore she frequently holds it tight with the pin removed. - There comes some times where Kiki is unable to tell who is an ally and who is an enemy. If a group of people is approaching through the shadows, and she is unaware who they are, she may throw the grenade at them and cause it to detonate. If the group of "enemies" were actually her allies, such as Savage Skull, she would be in massive trouble. - One of the most beautiful of her abilities when detonated, this grenade explodes into a beautiful array of purple and pink smoke and sparkles. While this is a beautiful sight, the smoke and sparkles glow tremendously, therefore it is useless if she wants the attack to not be known. Synth-Spire: Name: Synth-Spire.Rank: C.Type: Offensive.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: 3 posts. Description: One of her most advanced abilities in her newly-wired nervous system, Synth-Spire, Kiki is capable of causing a large spire of technology to shoot from the ground into the air. To do this, she pulls both of her arms upward, which results in a large spire of transparent computer parts to shoot up from a large hole that she summoned into the ground. In doing so, she is capable to control this spire with her mind. The way she uses this beautiful spire is quite unique, as she is capable of ordering it to topple over. As it topples, it will fall in a general direction that she causes it to, resulting in it toppling over enemies and dealing 40 HP damage to the first hit and 20 HP damage to anyone else caught in the shadow of the falling object. This can be conjured up to 90 meters away from Kiki's current location, and is the same length in height. The spire is nearly 25 meters wide, and is filled with a beautiful array of purple and pink sparkles like a majority of her other spells. As it falls, it travels at a speed of 67.5 meters per second. Strengths:- With the nature and width of this spire, it is capable of hitting multiples of enemies when falling. However, as it falls, it only does full damage to one individual, that being the first enemy that is hit. An example of this would be if she was ordering it to hit five individuals standing in a line. The man closest to the falling spire's inside would be hit first and receive full damage, while the rest would only receive half of the damage that the first struck would. Weaknesses:- Similar to nearly every one of her other abilities, this spire possesses a very radiant purple and pink glow that is produced from the inside of this spire. Therefore this would not be very a very wise spell to use if trying to be sneaky, but the real issue comes with the size of this spire. It is a very large spire, therefore the size + the glow will illuminate many areas. - When commanding this spire to fall, Kiki may find herself in the predicament that she cannot tell her allies and enemies apart once again. The glow that her spells produce is a glow, but a dark one at that, therefore she may find herself hurting her allies on accident. Primary Magic: Technological Innovation.Secondary Magic: -Caster or Holder: Caster Magic. \|\| Lost Magic. Description: - It all began when she was eleven years old. Kiki was always fascinated with technology, and frequently could be seen in her bedroom playing with spare parts and forming them into god knows what. From mechanical devices to various games for entertainment, everything she would make would be way ahead of its time. Her mother had no idea where she gained this intelligence from, it was rather strange yet intriguing, since Kiki was always a very smart girl. Succeeding with straight 100s in school, always showing up to places on time, being able to operate and work on lacrimas- she learned everything extremely quickly, almost too quickly. Her smarts seemed to work like a magnet, and with that, she began to do more then just make technological objects- she began to participate in two similar yet different lifestyles; hacking, and theft. She often could be seen sneaking around various cities, stealing from small stores and hacking simple lampposts. However, as she grew as a person, she also grew in these arts, and she began to learn how to prosper in life. People were easily manipulated, and her skills in hacking grew to be able to hack entire buildings, cities, governments. It was like a simple addiction, as her adrenaline would never stop pumping at the thought of these actions. At fourteen years of age, she joined "Calaveras de Azucar," a group of individuals with similar interests to hers. It was an organized crime syndicate of thieves, and her being the youngest of members often was a burden on her shoulders. Unlike her, they were all mages, and she was just a hacker with no magic but the means of technology at her side. After a year of living among them, she finally snapped and ran during the night from her home to Talonia. She ventured through the black markets, and eventually came across a woman which looked to be that of a scientist. The woman noticed that Kiki held many advanced technologies on her side, and ventured down into a secret underground surgical room with her. There, she was given a magical surgery, which gave her the powers that nobody else on Earthland would ever be able to experience. She was implemented with the Lacrima-Net itself, and her entire nervous system and veins were now rewired with technology. She was upgraded, and now had the magical powers of hacking on her side. She was now able to hack anywhere, and did not have to use tools- the only tools she would have to use would be her imagination and hands, which assisted her greatly. After the surgery, she returned to Calaveras de Azucar and showed them what she was capable of- which soon crowned her the commander of that gang. She was now a master thief and hacker, and could use her magic in all of her dark ways. In using this magic, she can be seen doing nearly anything that she would wish to do. From creating motorcycles out of her mind to creating whips to beat people with, it is definitely versatile. She channels the magical energy through herself, she is her own magical medium- therefore there is no way to stop her. She uses this magic to get to her goal, whether this may be completing missions for her guild, stealing various high-value materials in heists, or hacking computers for her allies, she uses it for her own good along with the good of her amigos. She can be seen anywhere at once, she has taken her hacking into her own hands and has carried it out in her life. She is manipulative yet wise, and knows when it is appropriate to use each spell. It should be known that one should not stand in the path of Kiki, or else she will advance- no matter what the price will be. Strengths:- Her magic is very geared to that of mobility and utility, therefore Kiki can be seen nearly everywhere in the battlefield at once. That is, if you can see her at all..- Since Technological Innovation revolves around technology and its entirety, her spells often form things out of thin air and nothingness. One minute there could be nothing next to you, and the next there can be a giant box glowing a bright purple sitting there. Her magic can be classified as a mixture of a caster and maker magic, unique to her and her only. - Being based around technology and the Lacrima-Net, Kiki can use this magic for her personal benefits as well. She can make large screens to play video games on, watch movies, and draw maps with a simple push of a button. Not only does this benefit herself, but this can benefit her allies in more ways than one. This magic is extremely versatile. Weaknesses:- This magic, Technological Innovation, is not situated on any element in the slightest. This means that no matter what, her attacks do not do extra damage due to elemental bonuses and resistances. She fights with technology itself, not any elements. - Due to the nature of this magic and its abilities, each one is programmed with full technology and coding. A downside to this can be that each ability glows a beautiful purple, which can cause her attacks to be easily detectable by the enemy if she was trying to be discreet.- Technological Innovation definitely comes with its pros and cons when it comes to this, which is the aspect that the magic is full of utility spells. A con of this can be that she lacks the normal amount of other types of spells that a typical mage has, which are replaced with utility. - Tying into the last weakness, it can be seen that the spells that are not utility are typically supportive and offensive. She only holds a few defensive spells, as the rest are those stated previously. Lineage: Blessed by the Fourth Wall: Blessed by the Fourth WallDescription: The ancestor in here could have turned into a god, but nooooo, he had to preserve the fabric of reality or something. For this lineage, this ancestor, known as the One Who Got Close, is the only one to have found the Fourth Wall of the world, giving himself the chance to break it and ascend to the heights that are unknown, basically, us. However, when told by the wall that breaking it would sacrifice everyone else in the world, the noble goody-two-shoes chose to stop himself instead and as a result, he was blessed by the Fourth Wall. This blessing would go down to his bloodline and now you, oh lucky guy, are one of his kin.Ability: The Fourth Wall respects the user's bloodline and has given those of it the Glimpse, the ability to see what the user should not be able to see. Of course, to respect the purpose of the Fourth Wall, the user can only see one "Thing" at a time. Such as a snippet from a magic or character app (See 2 strengths or 2 weaknesses, see 2 likes or 2 dislikes, and so on.), or from another post to know someone is for example pursuing them or that someone is going to make a certain attack on them within the current post. Usage: 5 post cooldown between uses. - D - Industrialization: Kiki's magic was designed to help industrialize cities- it was made to assist those in the building industry, or at least for the user's own benefits, and was to be able to manipulate different types of metals for her protection and effectiveness. Therefore, Kiki gains a 10% damage increase while fighting in established cities. - D - Hacker's Perks: Being able to hack high levels of technology, Kiki has learned how to react to certain types of enemies in a way that is slightly less harmful when taking damage from them. Lacrimas, being one of the most powerful of the technological items in Earthland, have become the prey of this ability. Kiki takes 10% less damage from attacks coming from Lacrima-based abilities. - D - Living Tower: While being implemented with her magic illegally, she was implemented with the Lacrima-Net itself. Her body functions as a living iLac tower of sorts, thus allowing service to all allies in a 45 meter radius of her body. This works anywhere, including secluded areas that are far away from civilization. Not only that but she can charge iLacs if they are low on battery at a quick rate, allowing more access to planning attacks and access to the Lacrima-Net. It is as if she is a high-powered iLac, as she is able to produce screens in-front of her for personal use and preparing for attacks. Kiki can frequently be seen drawing on these screens for planning with her nails, as well as playing video games and music for personal use. Not only that, but she can sometimes be seen hacking with these screens as well, threatening those that she is trying to steal from with blackmail. - C - Heightened Sights: In the procedure to expand her knowledge and level of closeness with the Lacrima-Net, the new inner-wiring essentially made it to her eyes. Kiki is able to see people through walls if there is a product of technology on the other side. This can count as iLacs, lampposts, and much more. When she sees these people, they appear as an outline of their person, and in coding of purple. This only works on beings equal or lower to Kiki's rank. Spells: Signature Spells: Tech Blocks (D): Name: Tech Blocks.Rank: Signature Spell. \|\| D Rank.Type: Utility.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: Instant.Description: Mastering technology, Kiki has learned how to produce various objects out of thin air. One of the most useful is known as her ability "Tech Blocks," which essentially works like a levitating stairway or sidewalk. To use this ability, Kiki forms a small square of technology in her hands and tosses it to a desired location (up to 30 meters away which travels at 15 meters per second), resulting in a glowing and rock-solid 45 meter long stairwell / sidewalk producing in that area. This can float in the air if necessary, as well as lay across surfaces such as water and spaces between rooftops. These blocks are very beautiful, and consist of a translucent body with what appears to be a glowing pink and purple liquid inside of it. However, this is just the way the ability was coded, as it is in reality just a neon-translucent glowing box. This ability can be used once per post. Strengths:- This spell can be used as a way to escape those that are of a lower ground or high threat. An example of escaping would be running across the blocks as they are created on the skyline of a big city, in order to escape possible threats that are not able to travel from rooftop to rooftop. - Not only can this be used to transport Kiki, but other allies can run on this as well. However, they must be careful, considering these blocks have no ledges. One slip, and you can fall from a very far height if that is where the blocks are located. - Due to being the operator of these blocks, Kiki can control who can and cannot get onto these blocks. Therefore, enemies cannot get onto these blocks without instantly causing the part they step on to explode.Weaknesses:- These tech-blocks glow tremendously, therefore can be easily detected by possible threats. - This row of blocks only takes 20 damage to destroy, therefore if an enemy wants to destroy this escape-route, then they can very easily. This can be used to their advantage, as they can cause deadly falls if timing the destruction properly as Kiki escapes. When the row is destroyed, it explodes into a beautiful array of pink and purple glowing shards of floppy discs and shimmer. - Due to this being such a low rank spell, it can only hold so much. Therefore, only three people + their pets can be on the line of tech-blocks at a time. If another tries to get onto one, all active tech-blocks will immediately explode due to the weight limit exceeding capacity. - This block-row only lasts for one post, therefore they cannot stay there for too long of a time. Those who cross these blocks better hurry, or else they will explode under their feet. Synth-Whip (User-Ranked): Name: Synth-WhipRank: Signature Spell. \|\| User Ranked Until S.Type: Offensive.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: Instant.Description: With the installation of her magic came a great change, for she now was able to use it has a way to carry out offensive strikes on the enemy with magical power instead of using guns and other weapons. One of the best yet simple of her offensive spells, Synth-Whip, is used to carry out quick and efficient damage on those that stand in the way of her path. To use this ability, Kiki only has to twinkle her fingers, causing them to emit a beautiful series of sparkles above them. These sparkles soon grow into two thin and long whip-like objects, which are made of pure light and tech. These whips are as beautiful as a sunrise, as they switch between blue, purple, and pink with shimmer and revolving inside as if they were liquid. Kiki is able to use these to perform a quick semi-melee attack by running up to the enemy and gashing the side of their body with these whips via swinging, dealing user-ranked damage (until S rank). When this strikes, the coding turns into a very hot format, therefore they may experience a burning sensation and singeing of clothes when struck. Kiki is able to strike units up to 5 meters away from her, and is travels at the quick speed of 4 meters per second. After it hits the enemy or misses, it will break into a beautiful array of shimmer. Kiki is able to use this once per post. Strengths:- Swinging these multi-colored whips of pure technology, Kiki can deal quick and efficient damage to a single target. - Kiki is rather fortunate to be able to use this spell, considering most of her attacks fall under utility. In addition to this, she usually specializes in long-ranged offensive spells, therefore her using of a melee attack is very useful in quick and close-ranged battles. Weaknesses:- Being the spell this is, it is not able to hit more than one enemy at a time. Therefore, in 1 v 6 situations, this spell would be rendered nearly useless, as she would be outnumbered and only able to strike one individual. - Using this spell, it is typically used in melee situations where she would need to defend herself when up-close. Therefore, this attack is useless at far range, and should not even be wasted in doing so. If she uses this at a long-range, she will just be greeted with to whips in her hands with nothing to use them on. - Being a melee attack that is used by swinging the whips and hitting the target with force, this strike is capable of being blocked quite easily by an enemy shield or defensive spell. This is due to the whips being quite thin, however the wires are still quite powerful. D Rank Spells: Light-Cycle: Name: Light-Cycle. ✧Rank: D.Type: Utility.Duration: 3 posts.Cooldown: 4 posts.Description: Some may wonder, "How does the master thief of the Lacrima-Net get around?" The answer is simple; her Light-Cycle. One of Kiki's personal favorite spells and abilities, this ability allows her to make a tech-filled motorcycle out of thin air. The way she conjures this is quite simple, for she twiddles her fingers and makes a small triangle of purple tech. She then throws it onto the ground in-front of her and backs up a few feet, and it expands into a large motorcycle that looks to be extremely futuristic. This motorcycle's wheels and build is very circular and sleek, and is made of pure and solid technology. It glows a beautiful purple where it is not solid black and grey, and the transparent purple parts look to be filled of pure purple shimmer and glitter. When starting, this motorcycle can reach speeds of 33.75 meters per second, which is definitely fast. When riding, due to the fast speeds it can travel up to, it leaves a faint trail of purple coding on the ground. After it has reached its maximum duration or Kiki simply is finished riding, it explodes into shimmer and computer parts. To avoid a possible fatal impact, it notifies when it is about to meet its final duration so the passengers can get off before it explodes. Strengths:- Being able to make a motorcycle is an extreme perk for Kiki, considering it allows for a quick entrance and exit from battle for more than just one ally (being herself). - Not only is she able to ride this motorcycle, she can do badass tricks with it aerial style. From jumping from rooftop to rooftop with it to doing flips while doing at top speed, she definitely looks like someone you would want to be friends with while riding this vehicle.Weaknesses:- Due to the length of this motorcycle, it is only able to hold a set amount of people at one time. This is three mages and their pets, nothing more. If a fourth mage tries to get onto the motorcycle, it will not allow a start, and will only be able to function after they get off. - Since this motorcycle is able to be used in combat to escape or ride into it, it can only take 20 HP Damage before erupting into a mass of computer parts. However, it would be hard to hit this motorcycle, considering it can go very fast. It would be easy to take down if going slow, though. - Like most of her spells, this motorcycle greatly glows a purple color. This allows for the tracking of her location, as well as not being able to blend into the surrounding areas while using. Techno-Invis: Name: Techno-Invis.Rank: D.Type: Utility.Duration: 3 posts.Cooldown: 4 posts.Description: When getting her magic implemented into her veins and nerves, she was sure to make sure that this ability was implemented first. This was one of the abilities that convinced her to get the procedure, strictly because it would assist her in all things theft and combat. This ability, Techno-Invis, allows Kiki to go invisible for a short period of time. The way she activates this ability is quite simple, as she simply swings one of her hands across her face. This will make her fade into a purple silhouette of herself for a few seconds, and then will fade into the air as if nobody was standing where she was at the current time that it was activated. While invisible, she will not be visible to any eyes on the battlefield, and can run around freely as she wishes without any consequence- unless she gets hit. Strengths:- Due to the ability to go invisible, this allows for secretive entrances and exits. An example of this could be if there was a hoard of enemies standing in the way, and the leader was in the back being guarded in the front with their guards. Kiki could activate her ability of invisibility and run behind the all of the guards and right behind the leader, put a gun to the back of their head, and fire. This can allow tactical moves that would be nearly impossible while in sight. - Being invisible has its pros and cons, as she fades into the invisible surges of the Lacrima-Net tower that is herself. She gains a slight speed boost of 5% while invisible, considering her technological senses and aura is heightened in this state. Weaknesses:- Being invisible is not as powerful as one may think, as it does come with things that one may not expect it to come with. When she is invisible, she is definitely still able to attack the enemy with various spells that she would wish to use. However, when she does wish to attack, her body will waver in and out of this state, making her presence known if the enemy does notice. While wavering, her body will show, which will be mostly her typical appearance with a few parts still slightly-invisible and glowing purple. This showing of parts of her body fades back into invisibility when the post that she attacks in ends. - Similar to wavering in and out when using attacks, this same situation occurs while being hit with attacks while invisible. If, lets say a water elemental, shoots a beam of water in the location of Kiki while invisible, her body will show in all effected areas she was hit for the rest of the post that she was struck on. She will, of course, take the full amount of the damage used in the enemy spell, and cannot avoid said damage while invisible unless she happens to dodge it. - While in the state of invisibility, some confuse the term with the state of being able to pass through walls and become one with air itself. Kiki is not capable of passing through walls or anything of the sorts, her body acts the same as it typically would- only with not being able to be seen and gaining a very small speed boost. If she were to try to pass through a wall while invisible, she would be greeted with a slam in the face with pure brick. Suctions.png: Name: Suctions.pngRank: D.Type: Utility. Duration: 3 posts.Cooldown: 4 posts. Description: Having this beautiful and useful magic based on technology while being a thief is very useful, and an example of the benefits can be seen in this ability. Known as "Suctions.png," this useful ability allows her to scale walls at ease. The way she uses this is a bit different than her other abilities, as she first summons a small and levitating screen with nothing but a text box and a set of numbers upon it, similar to that of a phone or calculator. This levitating touch-screen is tied to her body in many ways. She then types in "7819243260" and hits enter, causing the screen to disappear and four magic circles to form, one on each hand and one on each area by the toes. These magic circles produce purple and pink objects which appear to be levitating suction cups, and although they are levitating, they are strongly tied to the areas of Kiki's body that they hover above. The two cups on the hands are used to do the climbing, while the two in the area of the feet are used to catch / assist climbing if necessary. With these cups allows the rapid climbing up walls, as previously stated. Strengths:- This ability allows climbing even the flattest of surfaces, which is very useful when carrying out that of a heist. Kiki can be seen climbing various walls of skyscrapers to get to the top building, which is very useful. This cuts out the factor of having to sneak through the entire building to get to the top floor, which she could do easily, and cuts her chances in half of getting caught in the act of stealing riches. - When falling from great heights, such as a large building, Kiki would be able to catch herself with this ability. One may ask how she would be able to think so fast, considering she has to type in a long strand of numbers to activate these suction cups, but she has done this countless times in the past. As she falls, she can activate this ability and suction herself to the nearest building beside her, saving her life in the process. Weaknesses:- With every ability comes its cons, and this ability definitely has an amount of those. When climbing up buildings from the exterior, Kiki is unable to climb wet surfaces, such as ones effected by Rain and waterfalls. If she tries to climb these buildings while they are slippery, the suction cups simply will not stick, therefore she will be unable to do so. If she is falling from a building and it is raining, it is her best bet that she is damned. - While climbing for an excess amount of time, she may find herself in a bit of a bad situation. These magical circles that fund the cups only exist for so long, therefore if she climbs for too long they can eventually deactivate on her. Therefore, she will be in for a long fall, and eventually have a nice and quick meeting with concrete. - If trying to escape enemies in the form of climbing, Kiki may also find herself in a bit of a situation if the enemy is able to think smart enough. If they attack the suction cups themselves, each has a total of 5 HP, adding up to 20 HP total. These are very weak, therefore Kiki is best to not use them while trying to escape combat. However, they do make for a good entrance. Lotus.jpg: Name: Lotus.jpgRank: D.Type: Offensive.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: 2 posts.Description: Some may ask Kiki, "Since you type in a code to use your suction spell, is there more codes that allow you to do different things?" and the answer is a definite yes. Similar to "Suctions.png," this spell, known as "Lotus.jpg," is created in the same way. To use this spell, Kiki first makes a similar text box similar to a phone or calculator and types in the strand of numbers "8293410273." After hitting enter, a purple magical circle will open in-front of her and cause a large and glowing purple lotus flower to appear, floating in-front of it. This flower looks to be made entirely of coding and parts of a computer, and possesses a glowing center which looks as smooth as a polished rock. Kiki then twists her hand behind it, causing the flower to begin rotating quickly in a clockwise motion. As it twirls, the center begins to expand and glow, eventually firing a large glowing laser in the color purple. This laser is about 10 meters wide, and can travel up to 45 meters away in 33.75 meters per second. As it is shot at an enemy, it does 20 HP damage to the main target and 10 HP damage to anyone else caught in the blast. After the laser is released, the flower will burst into millions of fragments of purple glitter and non-harmful glass particles. Strengths:- With this beautiful laser-beam comes its pros and cons, and being able to hit multiple people is definitely one of them. While it may not effect those that are hit after the main target, it is definitely a spell of great power, and is helpful due to the abundance of D-Rank utility spells. Weaknesses:- With most of the other spells comes the same issue in this one, as this lotus flower and laser glow tremendously. In fact, these glow a lot more than the average spell, nearly illuminating an entire dark-area. If she is trying to perform a sneak-attack, it is best for her to not use this spell.- Since multiple people are able to be affected by this attack, there also comes the issue that allies can be hurt as well. If they are fighting the enemy that Kiki is aiming for and gets in the way, they may be met with a bit of damage done to their end. C Rank Spells: Teleportation Detonator: Name: Teleportation Detonator.Rank: C.Type: Utility. Duration: 5 posts. \|\| Instant Teleport.Cooldown: 6 posts.Description: A quite useful ability indeed, Kiki uses this spell as a way to teleport to safety, exit fights quickly, enter fights quickly, scare enemies, and get to places she may not be able to access without magic. To use this ability, Kiki removes a large metal object from her back and holds it in her hands. This metal object has latches to the bottom of it, and glows a purple color in the center while the rest is silver metal. She then throws this object, which can travel up to 120 meters away at 90 meters per second. When this lands on a surface, it locks into the surface, and is unable to move unless 40 HP damage is done to it. Once this is latched onto a desired surface, it makes a bit of a ticking noise before it relieves itself, and casually sits there. Now you may ask, "what is the point of this ability?" The answer is that it has in no way been activated in this state, as it is merely waiting for activation. To activate, Kiki presses a small button attached to her leg, and she is soon teleported to the object that she had thrown in the beginning. While inside the instant teleportation, she goes invisible for a split second, and soon arrives on-top of the metal object, resulting in it breaking. Strengths:- In using this ability, it allows for the rapid entrance and exit of fights if necessary. An example of this can be if Kiki is being extremely hurt in a city on street-level. She can quickly remove the metal object and throw it to the roof of a building, and soon escape the torment that she is facing at that time. - In relation to the previous statement, she can use this teleportation device as a means of getting to high and low places without harm. An example of this could be if she is having to go to a lower-platform over a deep hole underground. She can aim the teleportation device to land on the desired platform and teleport to it, rather than having to risk a long jump that could result in fatal injuries.Weaknesses:- Being a physical piece of matter can be a bit of a weakness, considering it does have a set amount of damage it can take before breaking. This is 40 HP damage, and when it does break, it puffs into a strong and opaque purple smoke-cloud.- When attempting to entire fights while using this teleportation device, it can definitely be risky in regards to Kiki's safety. An example of this could be if she threw it over a wall and higher-ranked mages were on the other side in a large group, as she could teleport to their location and not see them from the beginning. This would result in her taking great amounts of damage, which would not be good. - After she throws the teleportation device and teleports to its location, it will break and have the ability go on cooldown. Tech-Grenade: Name: Tech-Grenade. Rank: C.Type: Offensive. Duration: Instant.Cooldown: 3 posts.Description: After acquiring her technological advancements, Kiki desired different ways to defeat the enemy- ones that did not require her using her smarts. She stayed up for four days straight programming this ability into her system. To use this ability, "Tech-Grenade," Kiki expands all of her fingers and causes five purple beams of light to shoot toward her hand from her fingers, resulting in the blank space switching into a purple haze of light. This light slightly expands and forms into a purple and glowing object, which is that of a grenade. This grenade is transparent and filled with purple and pink sparkling liquids, that of which are held in by a pin at the top. When wishing to use this ability, Kiki will remove the pin of the grenade and throw it at the enemy, traveling up to 90 meters away at 67.5 meters per second. On impact, this grenade detonates in a purple and pink explosion, dealing 40 HP damage to the first enemy hit and 20 HP damage to anyone else in the blast zone of 45 meters in diameter. This explosion is so beautiful, as it consists of pink and purple shimmer and immense amounts of smoke. It is a bomb, and should definitely be treated as such. Strengths:- When throwing this grenade, it erupts into a circular area of damage that is 45 meters long across in every direction. Therefore, the closest one to be where the grenade is on impact will receive full damage. This is a blessing, considering many people are able to take damage at one time. This is very useful for Kiki, as she is able to use this grenade when trying to clear a large wave of weak enemies in a close vicinity of each-other. - Being a throwing grenade, it is made to be able to be thrown at a decently long rate. If she wishes to throw it over a wall that she knows enemies are on the other side, she is most likely capable of doing so and being successful in the process. Weaknesses:- As this is a grenade, removing the pin on the top of it causes it to be vulnerable to detonation. Therefore, if Kiki were to accidentally drop it or have it slip out of her hand, it could detonate at her feet and cause her to be in the center of the explosion. That would not be a good thing for Kiki, therefore she frequently holds it tight with the pin removed. - There comes some times where Kiki is unable to tell who is an ally and who is an enemy. If a group of people is approaching through the shadows, and she is unaware who they are, she may throw the grenade at them and cause it to detonate. If the group of "enemies" were actually her allies, such as Savage Skull, she would be in massive trouble. - One of the most beautiful of her abilities when detonated, this grenade explodes into a beautiful array of purple and pink smoke and sparkles. While this is a beautiful sight, the smoke and sparkles glow tremendously, therefore it is useless if she wants the attack to not be known. Synth-Spire: Name: Synth-Spire.Rank: C.Type: Offensive.Duration: Instant.Cooldown: 3 posts. Description: One of her most advanced abilities in her newly-wired nervous system, Synth-Spire, Kiki is capable of causing a large spire of technology to shoot from the ground into the air. To do this, she pulls both of her arms upward, which results in a large spire of transparent computer parts to shoot up from a large hole that she summoned into the ground. In doing so, she is capable to control this spire with her mind. The way she uses this beautiful spire is quite unique, as she is capable of ordering it to topple over. As it topples, it will fall in a general direction that she causes it to, resulting in it toppling over enemies and dealing 40 HP damage to the first hit and 20 HP damage to anyone else caught in the shadow of the falling object. This can be conjured up to 90 meters away from Kiki's current location, and is the same length in height. The spire is nearly 25 meters wide, and is filled with a beautiful array of purple and pink sparkles like a majority of her other spells. As it falls, it travels at a speed of 67.5 meters per second. Strengths:- With the nature and width of this spire, it is capable of hitting multiples of enemies when falling. However, as it falls, it only does full damage to one individual, that being the first enemy that is hit. An example of this would be if she was ordering it to hit five individuals standing in a line. The man closest to the falling spire's inside would be hit first and receive full damage, while the rest would only receive half of the damage that the first struck would. Weaknesses:- Similar to nearly every one of her other abilities, this spire possesses a very radiant purple and pink glow that is produced from the inside of this spire. Therefore this would not be very a very wise spell to use if trying to be sneaky, but the real issue comes with the size of this spire. It is a very large spire, therefore the size + the glow will illuminate many areas. - When commanding this spire to fall, Kiki may find herself in the predicament that she cannot tell her allies and enemies apart once again. The glow that her spells produce is a glow, but a dark one at that, therefore she may find herself hurting her allies on accident. ___________________________________________________________________ "You've got me shaking from the way you're talkingMy heart is breaking but there's no use crying"	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Malignant lympho-epithelial lesion of the salivary gland: a case report and review of the literature. Malignant lympho-epithelial lesion of the salivary gland is an undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma which is associated with a prominent lymphocyte-rich stroma. This study reviews the current literature pertaining to this rare tumour with reference to the single recorded case of malignant lympho-epithelial lesion of the salivary gland presenting in Auckland, New Zealand. This 26 year old Caucasian male developed a rapidly growing lesion in the right parotid gland and multiple ipsilateral cervical lymph nodes. Treatment consisted of surgery and radiotherapy. The patients is currently disease free. One hundred and eight other cases have been reported in the literature, 82 of whom have Mongolian ancestry (Eskimos and southern Chinese) and 15 of whom are Caucasian. More than 50% of these patients (all Mongolian) have elevated titres of serum immunoglobulin A against Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen. The age at presentation is variable, ranging from 10 to 86 years, with a slight female predominance. Forty-one per cent of patients present with regional lymph node metastases and 20% with distant metastases. Given the rarity of this disease, treatment is controversial. Current data suggest that early radical combined modality treatment using surgery and radiotherapy leads to prolonged survival and cure with 5 year survival rates greater than 50%.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
/** * Created with JetBrains PhpStorm. * User: xuheng * Date: 12-9-26 * Time: 下午12:29 * To change this template use File \| Settings \| File Templates. / //清空上次查选的痕迹 editor.firstForSR = 0; editor.currentRangeForSR = null; //给tab注册切换事件 /* * tab点击处理事件 * @param tabHeads * @param tabBodys * @param obj / function clickHandler( tabHeads,tabBodys,obj ) { //head样式更改 for ( var k = 0, len = tabHeads.length; k < len; k++ ) { tabHeads[k].className = ""; } obj.className = "focus"; //body显隐 var tabSrc = obj.getAttribute( "tabSrc" ); for ( var j = 0, length = tabBodys.length; j < length; j++ ) { var body = tabBodys[j], id = body.getAttribute( "id" ); if ( id != tabSrc ) { body.style.zIndex = 1; } else { body.style.zIndex = 200; } } } /* * TAB切换 * @param tabParentId tab的父节点ID或者对象本身 */ function switchTab( tabParentId ) { var tabElements = $G( tabParentId ).children, tabHeads = tabElements[0].children, tabBodys = tabElements[1].children; for ( var i = 0, length = tabHeads.length; i < length; i++ ) { var head = tabHeads[i]; if ( head.className === "focus" )clickHandler(tabHeads,tabBodys, head ); head.onclick = function () { clickHandler(tabHeads,tabBodys,this); } } } //是否区分大小写 function getMatchCase(id) { return $G(id).checked ? true : false; } //查找 $G("nextFindBtn").onclick = function (txt, dir, mcase) { var findtxt = $G("findtxt").value, obj; if (!findtxt) { return false; } obj = { searchStr:findtxt, dir:1, casesensitive:getMatchCase("matchCase") }; if (!frCommond(obj)) { alert(lang.getEnd); } }; $G("nextReplaceBtn").onclick = function (txt, dir, mcase) { var findtxt = $G("findtxt1").value, obj; if (!findtxt) { return false; } obj = { searchStr:findtxt, dir:1, casesensitive:getMatchCase("matchCase1") }; frCommond(obj); }; $G("preFindBtn").onclick = function (txt, dir, mcase) { var findtxt = $G("findtxt").value, obj; if (!findtxt) { return false; } obj = { searchStr:findtxt, dir:-1, casesensitive:getMatchCase("matchCase") }; if (!frCommond(obj)) { alert(lang.getStart); } }; $G("preReplaceBtn").onclick = function (txt, dir, mcase) { var findtxt = $G("findtxt1").value, obj; if (!findtxt) { return false; } obj = { searchStr:findtxt, dir:-1, casesensitive:getMatchCase("matchCase1") }; frCommond(obj); }; //替换 $G("repalceBtn").onclick = function () { var findtxt = $G("findtxt1").value.replace(/^\s\|\s$/g, ""), obj, replacetxt = $G("replacetxt").value.replace(/^\s\|\s$/g, ""); if (!findtxt) { return false; } if (findtxt == replacetxt \|\| (!getMatchCase("matchCase1") && findtxt.toLowerCase() == replacetxt.toLowerCase())) { return false; } obj = { searchStr:findtxt, dir:1, casesensitive:getMatchCase("matchCase1"), replaceStr:replacetxt }; frCommond(obj); }; //全部替换 $G("repalceAllBtn").onclick = function () { var findtxt = $G("findtxt1").value.replace(/^\s\|\s$/g, ""), obj, replacetxt = $G("replacetxt").value.replace(/^\s\|\s$/g, ""); if (!findtxt) { return false; } if (findtxt == replacetxt \|\| (!getMatchCase("matchCase1") && findtxt.toLowerCase() == replacetxt.toLowerCase())) { return false; } obj = { searchStr:findtxt, casesensitive:getMatchCase("matchCase1"), replaceStr:replacetxt, all:true }; var num = frCommond(obj); if (num) { alert(lang.countMsg.replace("{#count}", num)); } }; //执行 var frCommond = function (obj) { return editor.execCommand("searchreplace", obj); }; switchTab("searchtab");	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
[Prevention of acute hypertensive encephalopathy in the course of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children: considerations in 31 cases]. The authors analysed 31 cases of an acute hypertensive glomerulonephritis. The antihypertensive efficacy of two medicines: a vasodilator (dihidralazine) and a diuretic (Furosemide) was underlibed an these patients. Their efficacy was evident not only in the stabilization of P.A. around normal values on three days, but also on the disappearance of signs of on hypertensive encephalopathy whereas these ones were present.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Search with an image. Cinemagraph Loop - New York at night - Motion photo {"103869225":{"content_id":"103869225","title":"Cinemagraph Loop - New York at night - Motion photo","content_type_id":4,"content_type":"video\/quicktime","content_thumb_url":"https:\/\/as1.ftcdn.net\/jpg\/01\/03\/86\/92\/160_F_103869225_GravcrexKaj56QTQAUCe6wQDKUPfTh8a.jpg","content_thumb_large_url":"https:\/\/as1.ftcdn.net\/jpg\/01\/03\/86\/92\/500_F_103869225_GravcrexKaj56QTQAUCe6wQDKUPfTh8a.jpg","content_height":281,"content_width":500,"content_original_height":720,"content_original_width":1280,"format":"mov","comp_file_path":"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/Download\/Watermarked\/103869225","author":"elena_suvorova","author_url":"\/search?creator_id=205281284","content_url":"https:\/\/stock.adobe.com\/video\/cinemagraph-loop-new-york-at-night-motion-photo\/103869225","is_purchasable":true,"is_template":false,"is_chin_below":false,"is_video":true,"is_3D":false,"is_image":false,"is_vector":false,"is_illustrative":false,"is_similar_id":false,"is_similarity_search_allowed":true,"possible_licenses":[3],"asset_type":"Video","category":{"id":1069,"name":"The United States"},"premium_level":{"3":"video\|standard\|core\|HD\|PT5"},"premium_level_id":0,"meta_description":"Stock Footage of Cinemagraph Loop - New York at night - Motion photo. Explore similar videos at Adobe Stock","is_rush_mobile_compatible":false,"thumbnail_url":"https:\/\/t3.ftcdn.net\/jpg\/01\/03\/86\/92\/240_F_103869225_GravcrexKaj56QTQAUCe6wQDKUPfTh8a.jpg","thumbnail_width":426.66666666666668561447295360267162322998046875,"thumbnail_height":240,"is_lazy_loaded":false,"getSubtypeLabel":null,"is_licensed":false,"media_type_label":"Photo","video_small_preview_url":"https:\/\/v.ftcdn.net\/01\/03\/86\/92\/240_F_103869225_GravcrexKaj56QTQAUCe6wQDKUPfTh8a_ST.mp4","order_key":null,"category_hierarchy":"Travel > America > The United States","avatar":null,"artist_page_url":"\/contributor\/205281284\/elena-suvorova?load_type=author","is_premium":false,"possible_data_video":{"3":{"video_width":1280,"video_height":720,"video_content_length":13661483,"video_bitrate_in_kbps":8666,"video_content_type":"video\/quicktime","video_codec":"h264"},"6":{"video_width":1280,"video_height":720,"video_content_length":13661483,"video_bitrate_in_kbps":8666,"video_content_type":"video\/quicktime","video_codec":"h264"}},"content_length":632072,"framerate":"25.0","duration":12240,"time_duration":"PT12S","creation_date":"2016-02-26","video_preview_url":"https:\/\/v.ftcdn.net\/01\/03\/86\/92\/700_F_103869225_GravcrexKaj56QTQAUCe6wQDKUPfTh8a_ST.mp4","video_preview_width":700,"video_preview_height":394,"video_preview_content_length":632072,"video_preview_content_type":"video\/mp4","video_content_length":13661483,"video_content_type":"video\/quicktime","video_codec":"h264","video_bitrate_in_kbps":8666,"video_thumbnails":{"pattern":"https:\/\/v.ftcdn.net\/01\/03\/86\/92\/160_F_103869225_GravcrexKaj56QTQAUCe6wQDKUPfTh8a_%d.jpg","number":"36"},"extended_license_price":null,"downloaded":false,"license_details":{"3":{"product_key":"\/Applications\/StockPT5","license_price":"US$79.99","facing_price":"","downloaded":false}},"is_allowed_and_purchasable":false}}	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
I just started my second course of accutane today. I have modrate acne on my face, and it is worse on my chest and back. I am using cerave hydrating cleanser for my face, but am wondering what to use on my body. I used to use panoxyl pre-accutane, but now must stop since it'll irritate my skin. Should I just use normal soap to wash my body? Or should I use some sort of moisturizing body wash such as Aveeno to wash my body? E45 do a body wash, it's about £6 a pop but I used it throughout both my courses of Accutane and found it really moisturizing and non-irritating. I even used it on my face as it was very dry. I used the one that comes in a tub with a plunger top. Alternatively you can actually used E45 or Aqueous cream as a shower wash. I use an aveeno moisturizing wash with lavendar and its really relaxing and nice & does not dry my skin out. & I also use aveeno's body oatmeal lotion. it is realllllllly awesome, too. and not sticky, it absorbs and then just feels nice. G'luck!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: How to add seconds to date elements I have a date array. I want to add 20 seconds to each of the elements in the array. I tried for(int i=0i<20;i++) { date1[i]=date1[i].gettime()+20; } This gives a long int value. But what i need is time format result.My question is it possible to add seconds using built in functions or manual function should be written for the same. A: That is because Date.getTime() returns number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT. So you are resetting the value in your array with Long. To convert it back to Date you need to construct new Date object like this. for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { date1[i] = new Date(date1[i].gettime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20)); } or set the time back like this: for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++) { date1[i].setTime(date1[i].gettime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(20)); } But I would strongly advice you to use Joda Time instead of Java Date API	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Portsmouth Bombers FC Portsmouth Bombers Football Club is a Dominican football club representing Portsmouth, Dominica (on the northern side of the country, hence their previous name Northern Bombers) but that plays its home games in Roseau, Dominica (on the southwestern side of the country). The club competes in the Dominica Premiere League, the top tier of Dominica football. Honors Dominica Premiere League: 1 2013–14 Stadium Currently the team plays at the 12,000 capacity Windsor Park Cricket Stadium. References External links Soccerway profile Category:Football clubs in Dominica	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
[Defibrillation efficacy of a newly developed automated external defibrillator in a swine ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation model]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recognition and defibrillation efficiency of a newly developed automated external defibrillator (AED). Ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced by alternating current (50 Hz) through an electrode placed on apex of right ventricle in 23 anesthetized swine and recorded, recognized and defibrillated by a newly developed AED. A total of 96 VF was induced and 145 defibrillations were recorded. We analyzed available 167 electrocardiosignal with a total length of 103,740 seconds. The accuracy, sensitivity and the specificity of the AED on VT/VF recognition are 99.5%, 98.2% and 99.6%, respectively. The success rate of defibrillation was 33.4% which increased in proportion to defibrillation energy. The defibrillation threshold of energy is 29.10-116.91 (78.75 +/- 35.64) J, the defibrillation threshold of electric quantity is (0.11 +/- 0.04) C and the defibrillation threshold of voltage is (1216.67 +/- 260.87) V. This newly developed AED has high sensitivity and the specificity on recognizing VT/VF. The lower success rate of defibrillation of this AED is associated with the low defibrillation energy during defibrillation which needs to be improved on further development.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Comparison of 1 vs 2 or more intracavitary brachytherapy applications in the management of carcinoma of the cervix, with irradiation alone. Four hundred ninety-eight patients treated in the USA in 1978 for cancer of the cervix by external beam and intracavitary irradiation have been studied to determine the effect of using a single intracavitary (IC) application versus more than one. Most of the patients (46%) underwent intracavitary (IC) treatment after external radiation therapy (RT), 40% during external RT, and 14% prior to external RT. Five-year actuarial survival for all stages was 66% for greater than or equal to 2 applications versus 59% for 1 application, p less than .01. When survival was analyzed by stage, there was a trend toward improved survival with greater than or equal to 2 applications in Stage II (p .10). The rate of infield recurrence for all stages was higher in the 1 IC group (30% vs 17%, p less than .01). These were more frequent in the 1 IC group (53% vs 34%, p less than .05), in Stage III patients, but no significant difference was noted in the other stages. Distant metastases were more frequent in the 1 IC group (19% vs 11%, p .01). The incidence of major complications was the same in both groups. An analysis of patient characteristics and other variables that would explain the difference in results revealed that older patients (p .03), worse Karnofsky (p .056), and more parametrial involvement (p less than .01) accrued more in the 1 IC group. Higher paracentral point doses were administered when greater than or equal to 2 IC applications were used (p less than 0.01); this group also received higher bladder and rectal doses and lower whole pelvic doses. The use of two or more intracavitary insertions affords an opportunity to administer higher paracentral point doses, which appear to be related to higher pelvic tumor control, lower rate of distant metastasis, and better survival.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Application of the NMR-MOUSE to food emulsions. The application of the NMR-MObile Universal Surface Explorer (NMR-MOUSE) to study food systems is evaluated using oil-in-water emulsions, and the results are compared to those obtained using a conventional low-field NMR (LF-NMR) instrument. The NMR-MOUSE is a small and portable LF-NMR system with a one-sided magnet layout that is used to replace the conventional magnet and probe on a LF-NMR instrument. The high magnetic field gradients associated with the one-sided MOUSE magnet result in NMR signal decays being dominated by molecular diffusion effects, which makes it possible to discriminate between the NMR signals from oil and water. Different data acquisition parameters as well as different approaches to the analysis of the NMR data from a range of oil-in-water emulsions are evaluated, and it is demonstrated how the concentration of oil and water can be determined from the NMR-MOUSE signals. From these model systems it is concluded that the NMR-MOUSE has good potential for the quantitative analysis of intact food products.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
There are millions, young and the old who suffer from acne. If your doctor has advised you on some topical or any other oral treatment and still if you see that this is not working then you need to take special effort in trying to research on other ways to cure these breakouts. Topical retinoid […] Read more Categories Disclaimer: This website is an officially authorized and remunerated associate for recommending high quality products found on this website. Links on this website may be associate links which means if you click on a link of a recommended product, I/we may receive monetary compensation. However, this does not affect any unbiased information presented on this website.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Centrefeed Rolls Ideal for general wiping and hand drying. Paper can be taken from the outside of the rolls or from the centre by removing the core. The cardboard core centre has a perforated spiral for easy removal. Once removed the paper pulls out from the centre in a tube format.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Introduction {#section1-2050313X19827737} ============ Congenital diaphragmatic eventration is an abnormal diaphragmatic elevation caused by insufficient or absent muscularization of the pleuroperitoneal membrane.^[@bibr1-2050313X19827737]^ It is difficult to assess the exact incidence of this abnormality because it is rare and generally diagnosed incidentally on chest radiography. Symptoms of diaphragmatic eventration vary from asymptomatic, mild gastrointestinal disease to life-threatening diaphragm rupture.^[@bibr2-2050313X19827737]^ Both induction and emergence from anesthesia should be smooth to avoid abdominal pressure increase, as this may cause diaphragmatic rupture.^[@bibr3-2050313X19827737]^ If the diaphragm ruptures, it should be rapidly diagnosed and treated. Lung ultrasonography can be used to monitor diaphragmatic movement on a real-time basis.^[@bibr4-2050313X19827737]^ This case report describes the anesthetic management of a pediatric patient with congenital diaphragmatic eventration and perioperative observation of diaphragmatic motion using lung ultrasonography. Case report {#section2-2050313X19827737} =========== A 28-month-old male (height: 87.8 cm, weight: 11.3 kg) was scheduled for excisional biopsy of osteochondroma on the right distal ulna. The patient had a family history of osteochondroma, and the surgery was planned to prevent further deformity of the right arm. The boy was born at a gestational age of 29 weeks and 2 days with a birth weight of 1400 g. He was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after birth and remained there for 54 days. Haziness was noted in the right lower lung on chest radiography 30 days after the infant's admission to the NICU ([Figure 1(a)](#fig1-2050313X19827737){ref-type="fig"}). Based on this finding, fluoroscopy was performed and the patient was diagnosed with eventration, which persisted until his discharge. At the time of discharge, no abnormal diaphragmatic movement was observed on fluoroscopy despite right hemidiaphragm elevation. After the patient was discharged from the hospital, his clinical course was uneventful and similar to that of other babies of the same age. As part of the pre-operative evaluation, chest radiography showed an abnormal finding indicating eventration of the right diaphragm ([Figure 1(b)](#fig1-2050313X19827737){ref-type="fig"}). Since no pulmonary symptoms were present, the possibility of atelectasis or pneumonic consolidation was ruled out. The patient was already diagnosed with diaphragmatic eventration by fluoroscopy and ultrasonography. Blood test and electrocardiogram results were all within normal ranges. ![(a) Infantogram at 30th day after birth at neonatal intensive care unit and (b) preoperative chest PA image.](10.1177_2050313X19827737-fig1){#fig1-2050313X19827737} Because the patient was non-cooperative as a result of his young age, anesthesia was induced with ketamine 1.5 mg/kg before surgery. With the ventilator, spontaneous tidal volume was about 100 mL before intubation. After the administration of 0.8 mg/kg rocuronium as a muscle relaxant, bag-valve-mask ventilation was initiated with pressure less than 15 cmH~2~O and tidal volume under 100 mL. Intubation was performed with a cuffed endotracheal tube (size 4.0). Lung sounds were clear on the upper and lower left side. However, on the right side, lung sounds were auscultated only on the upper side, but not on the lower side. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and remifentanil. Bronchoscopy (3.1 mm diameter, Olympus America, Brooklyn Park, MN, USA) was used to identify three openings on the right bronchus. Initially, volume-controlled ventilation was set at tidal volume 100 mL, respiratory rate 25, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO~2~) 50%, and flow 3 L. With these initial ventilator settings, peak pressure was 25 cmH~2~O. Before the initiation of surgery, the zone of apposition was examined using ultrasonography. To prevent an increase in abdominal pressure, the probe was placed on the lateral chest wall instead of the abdomen.^[@bibr5-2050313X19827737]^ Lung sliding and pleural edge were observed in the 8th through the 10th intercostal spaces on the left side and in the 5th through the 7th intercostal spaces on the right side. At about 15 min after the initiation of surgery, the peak pressure suddenly rose to 28--30 mmHg. Lung ultrasonography was repeated to determine whether the rise in pressure was due to single lung ventilation and diaphragmatic rupture. In both lung fields, the level of lung sliding motion remained the same as that observed during the initial examination. The diaphragm demonstrated good movement. The sevoflurane concentration was increased to 2.5% to heighten the depth of anesthesia. To prevent diaphragmatic rupture, the tidal volume was lowered to 90 mL. Consequently, the peak pressure dropped to 22 cmH~2~O while maintaining end-tidal CO~2~ (ETCO~2~) at about 38 mmHg. Following surgery, the motion of the diaphragm was examined with real-time lung ultrasonographic imaging in the post-anesthesia care unit. It was difficult to observe slow movement of lung sliding because the child was crying. However, the pleural edge moved rapidly in the caudal direction in the zone of apposition when the patient cried, creating effects similar to a sniffing test (see [Supplemental Video](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/2050313X19827737)). Thus, the possibility of diaphragmatic rupture was excluded. Discussion {#section3-2050313X19827737} ========== Diaphragmatic eventration is so rare that it is difficult to measure the exact incidence. Although there are some reports of the anesthetic management of adult patients with this condition, cases of pediatric patients are limited.^[@bibr6-2050313X19827737]^ The reported incidence of pediatric congenital diaphragmatic eventration is 1/1400,^[@bibr7-2050313X19827737]^ and only one case of spontaneous rupture of a congenital diaphragmatic eventration in an infant has been reported.^[@bibr8-2050313X19827737]^ However, the exact incidence of the condition is unknown in the general population. Partial diaphragm elevation has generally been found on the anteromedial right hemidiaphragm, while complete elevation has been observed on the left hemidiaphragm.^[@bibr9-2050313X19827737]^ While hypoplastic lung-related diaphragmatic eventration is diagnosed using radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography (CT),^[@bibr7-2050313X19827737]^ it is difficult to count the number of lung lobes on CT images. However, three lobe openings on the right lung were confirmed on bronchoscopy in the present case during general anesthesia. In addition, diaphragmatic motion was noted on fluoroscopy, although congenital eventration of the diaphragm is normally associated with inadequate development of muscles or absence of the phrenic nerve. Extra precautions are required when administering general anesthesia in patients with diaphragmatic eventration. A sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure may cause diaphragmatic rupture, especially in patients with an abnormal diaphragm. Therefore, the prevention of severe coughing and bucking in patients should be ensured. If diaphragmatic rupture occurs, cardiac output will decrease with the migration of intra-abdominal organs from the intra-abdominal space to the intra-thoracic space, resulting in compression of the heart, aorta, and vena cava. Thus, it is important to maintain sufficient anesthetic depth during induction and emergence. In addition, low-volume bag-valve-mask ventilation is necessary to prevent peak pressure increase. Moreover, total intravenous anesthesia is preferred to balanced anesthesia with inhalation as the latter causes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Peak pressure may rise upon single lung ventilation or migration of abdominal organs to the thoracic area after diaphragmatic rupture. When the peak pressure does rise, it is important to determine its cause. In addition, lung ultrasonography can be useful to evaluate diaphragm function, although there is no consensus on the sensitivity of ultrasound in this assessment.^[@bibr10-2050313X19827737]^ Abnormal diaphragmatic motion during breathing can be examined in M-mode ultrasonography.^[@bibr4-2050313X19827737]^ Normal diaphragmatic movement during inspiration shows movement toward the transducer when the transducer is on the right below the normal diaphragm position. When the diaphragm ruptures, the diaphragm may appear to be floating or invisible, or a subphrenic fluid collection may appear on ultrasonography.^[@bibr11-2050313X19827737]^ Ultrasonography may show herniation of the solid abdominal contents, such as the liver, omentum, or a bowel segment with peristaltic activity. If the liver sliding that is hepatic parenchymal movement is shown on the right upper trunk instead of the lung parenchyma, it may indicate liver herniation.^[@bibr12-2050313X19827737]^ Comparison of the amplitude of diaphragmatic movement and the alteration of changes in diaphragm thickness with the contralateral side is also important. In this case, liver and lung diaphragm were found at the locations expected from the results of pre-operative chest posteroanterior (PA) imaging of the right side: five or six rib levels higher than on the left side. When the patient cried, normal diaphragmatic excursion was observed. The fact that diaphragmatic movement in the zone of apposition was observed from the lateral wall of the chest does not necessarily mean the movement was pleural. This is because the movement in the zone of apposition may indicate paradoxical motion induced by the opposite lung.^[@bibr5-2050313X19827737]^ However, paradoxical movement due to the opposite side lung was excluded because caudal moving of the pleural edge and inspiration during snappy crying were observed at the same time. In cases of diaphragmatic rupture, the movement of the diaphragm would be flattening or limited at the zone of apposition. However, in the present case, there was no such abnormal diaphragmatic movement. Indeed, the boundary between the abdominal compartment contents, such as the liver and bowel, and the chest compartment, was in the same position as during the initial examination. The thickness of the diaphragm during contraction was also normal. Thus, we thought the possibility of diaphragmatic rupture was low. Regional anesthesia can be a safe choice for certain surgical lesions.^[@bibr13-2050313X19827737]^ It is known that peripheral nerve blocks are safe when performed on sedated pediatric patients.^[@bibr14-2050313X19827737]^ For the patient in the present, brachial plexus block (BPB) could not be performed after sedation as it may induce respiration depression, thereby accelerating desaturation owing to the small lung volume. In addition, manual ventilation or airway intubation in an emergency may increase the likelihood of diaphragmatic rupture. Moreover, BPB performed above the supraclavicular level may trigger phrenic nerve palsy. An axillary approach for BPB was also inappropriate in this case as it requires deep sedation to avoid puncture of the surrounding vessels. Conclusion {#section4-2050313X19827737} ========== When performing mechanical ventilation on patients with congenital diaphragmatic eventration, it is important to prevent the rise of abdominal pressure and peak pressure, as this may lead to diaphragmatic rupture. In addition, perioperative lung ultrasonography may be useful for the rapid diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture. Supplemental Material {#section5-2050313X19827737} ===================== ###### supple_description -- Supplemental material for Ultrasound-guided perioperative management of 28-month-old patient with congenital diaphragmatic eventration ###### Click here for additional data file. Supplemental material, supple_description for Ultrasound-guided perioperative management of 28-month-old patient with congenital diaphragmatic eventration by Hyemin Kang, Sangmin Lee, Hyunwoo Park, Yeojung Kim, YoungKwon Ko, Yoon-Hee Kim and Boohwi Hong in SAGE Open Medical Case Reports The authors thank the nurses in the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine who are devoted to patients. Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Ethical approval: Our institution does not require ethical approval for reporting individual cases or case series. Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Informed consent: Written informed consent was obtained from a legally authorized representative(s) for anonymized patient information to be published in this article. ORCID iD: Boohwi Hong ![](10.1177_2050313X19827737-img1.jpg) <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-9271> Supplemental material: Supplemental material for this article is available online.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Kintbury railway station Kintbury railway station serves the village of Kintbury in Berkshire, England. It is situated on the Reading to Taunton Line, from . The station was opened in 1847, along with the first portion of the Berks and Hants Railway as far as . This was subsequently extended to and in 1862 and ultimately to Cogload Junction near by 1906. The station has a level crossing at its western end, controlled from a nearby crossing box that also remotely supervises the ones at Hamstead and Hungerford (though this will eventually be abolished and control transferred to the Thames Valley ROC at Didcot by CCTV). Services Great Western Railway regional trains from via and to provide the service here. Trains call hourly each way (with peak extras) on weekdays and Saturdays and every two hours on Sundays. Some early morning and mid/late evening trains only run as far as Reading. References External links Category:Railway stations in Berkshire Category:Former Great Western Railway stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1847 Category:Railway stations served by Great Western Railway Category:1847 establishments in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: Crosstab / pivot query in Oracle's PL/SQL - iBatis - Extjs and JasperReport I tried to create a pivot table created from a table in Oracle 10g. here is the table structure: CREATE TABLE KOMUNIKA.STOCK_AREA ( PRODUCT_CODE VARCHAR2(20 BYTE) NOT NULL, PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(50 BYTE), AREA_CODE VARCHAR2(20 BYTE), AREA_NAME VARCHAR2(50 BYTE), QUANTITY NUMBER(20,2) ) and i need those data displayed as : Name US Europe Asia SthAm Aust Africa Rest Total C 2601 156 86 437 27 279 22 708 1,715 C 2605 926 704 7,508 1,947 982 782 1,704 14,553 Total 56,941 72,891 118,574 55,868 46,758 19,813 60,246 431,091 then i will grab the result using iBatis framework, then display it in a ExtJs Grid, it is really big favour from me, if anyone have same problem as me and want to share it. i also already find some resource to start: http://www.sqlsnippets.com/en/topic-12200.html but if any of you have already find a simpler solution, you will save my weekend :(, thank you all A: You can do the pivot in SQL itself, using CASE expressions and GROUP BY, as long as the number of columns you want in the result is fixed (you can't write sql that would return a variable number of columns. Let's say your areas look like this: AREA_CODE AREA_NAME --------- --------- 101 US 102 Europe 103 Asia 104 South America 105 Australia 106 Africa 107 ... 108 ... You can write a query that return the results you have above as: SELECT PRODUCT_NAME , SUM(CASE WHEN AREA_CODE = 101 THEN QUANTITY ELSE 0 END) US , SUM(CASE WHEN AREA_CODE = 102 THEN QUANTITY ELSE 0 END) Europe , SUM(CASE WHEN AREA_CODE = 103 THEN QUANTITY ELSE 0 END) Asia , SUM(CASE WHEN AREA_CODE = 104 THEN QUANTITY ELSE 0 END) SthAm , SUM(CASE WHEN AREA_CODE = 105 THEN QUANTITY ELSE 0 END) Aust , SUM(CASE WHEN AREA_CODE = 106 THEN QUANTITY ELSE 0 END) Africa , SUM(CASE WHEN AREA_CODE NOT IN (101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106) THEN QUANTITY ELSE 0 END) Rest , SUM(QUANTITY) Total FROM KOMUNIKA.STOCK_AREA GROUP BY PRODUCT_NAME;	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Students at Terra Nova High School grow a farm -- and a unique produce business Faith Cathcart/ The Oregonian Jenny Carmona (cq), steps with care through the lemon cucumber patch at Terra Nova Farm. "I really like harvesting. I like working with the plants, " she says. For Carmona, a junior at Terra Nova High School, farming had a calming effect. "It was kind of like an escape for me." Paul Hudak watches the plow chisel through the sod of the baseball field. Hudak grimaces each time the plow hooks clank. Has the driver punctured something hidden under the soil -- maybe pipes? Hudak's farmer friends have told him he is crazy to try to convert the field at Terra Nova High School into a productive student farm. And his untested idea of a student-run business selling produce to subscribers won't fly, either. The new teacher will need to win over those students, quickly. He will peddle seeds, talk about soil pH levels and try to muster interest. It will be a tough sell in a place where many of the 60 students have more important concerns: failing grades, relationship quandaries and just fitting in at Terra Nova, a small high school focusing on individualized learning in the Beaverton School District. Undaunted, Hudak imagines students growing corn, kale and tomatoes on this 3/4-acre patch. But first, before the autumn rains settle in, the plow slowly cuts through the chunks of earth between second and third base. The earth looks like fractured pottery, a sure sign of compacted clay soil, not friendly for fruits and vegetables. Growing up in upstate New York, Hudak was surrounded by farmland. At 15, he worked on a farm where they grew everything from flowers to blueberries to squash. He attended two colleges in The State University of New York system and fully intended to become a teacher. But he dropped out and veered in another direction. "I knew that my calling was always agriculture." Hudak took a cross-country train trip, stopping at farms along the way to find the right farm. "It was love at first sight coming through Oregon." At 21, he moved to Persephone Farm in Lebanon south of Salem to an apprenticeship with plans to one day buy his own farm. Hudak also traveled for a year, living on family farms in Finland, Belgium, France and Italy. He went on to start Forest Meadow Farm in Silverton with friends, then moved to Grants Pass to still another farm -- this one stocked an adjoining restaurant and bakery -- that fit his local food ethic: "I'm a big proponent of not having to haul our food farther than we need." In 2007, he uprooted for a girlfriend in Portland. Within weeks, Hudak landed a part-time job with Terra Nova's Conservation Corps, taking students to do environmental service work and maintain parks in the Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District. On his first visit to the school, he spotted the barren ball field behind it. "I was like, 'Um, yeah.'" Things just fell into place. Then-principal Gary Myers immediately saw that a farm fit the school's philosophy to connect kids with their interests and allow them to explore them with internships. The school received a multi-year environmental education grant through the Oregon Community Foundation Gray Family Fund to start the farm and hire Hudak, 31, whose position is partly paid for by the Beaverton School District. Hudak, who wears a perma-smile and describes his favorite foods as "super good" or "ah-mazing," devotes long hours to planning the program. "He sort of fell in our laps," Myers says. "I just felt really fortunate to have him show up on our doorstep." * Call Mike Morton a reluctant farmer. After three years of struggle at Sunset High School in Beaverton, the 17-year-old with the ear-length straw-blond hair lands at Terra Nova. He hopes to find a place where he can connect with teachers and raise his grades -- things he never did at Sunset because he felt out of place and disengaged. His mom chides him to sign up for the farm internship, but Morton has seen Hudak, a jeans-and-shirt guy with a Zen-like demeanor, around school. Until Hudak, who lets his curly, dirty blond ponytail stick out from a baseball cap, asks for help building a hothouse for tomatoes. Morton drafts a design within a day -- and he sticks around for the season. The kid who once slept in late, skipped classes, gave up on his plans of becoming a firefighter, finds something he's good at. It's well into fall -- when farmers prep for spring -- and the students try to keep up with the heap of new information. The first semester farm crew of nine page through catalogs with purple carrots and multi-colored squash. Most of them aren't wild about fruits and vegetables, but these are cool -- strange varieties grocery stores typically don't stock. They order seeds, build an irrigation system. Though they will practice organic farming methods, they can't label the farm organic without official certification. Even before the seeds are planted, students like junior Jenny Carmona can picture the field at harvest, brimming with fruits and vegetables. Even once-dubious students like senior Cassidy Ringwald -- who didn't like being told what to do and was on the verge of being kicked out of the farm program -- have come around. Ringwald, 17, who dresses in all black, now volunteers for extra chores and still manages to keep his grades up. Hudak's enthusiasm is rubbing off. * Other schools in Oregon have gardens for the kids; some even provide fresh food for lunches. But Terra Nova's is believed to be the first high school community supported agriculture (CSA) program in Oregon, one of a handful across the country. Trillium Charter School in North Portland once operated a small CSA with students ages 8 to 12. It's a simple notion. CSAs started in the 1960s in Europe and Japan -- a pact between consumers looking for quality food and farmers looking for stable markets. CSAs jumped to the United States in the mid-1980s and took off. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture organizations have tried to spur interest among youth to teach them how food grows, where it comes from and about healthy eating. There are more than 130 listings for Oregon CSAs on LocalHarvest.org, a Web site pinpointing such programs nationwide, including Terra Nova's, tucked away in Portland on Northwest Thompson Road near the Multnomah and Washington county line. On the receiving end of Terra Nova's bounty is Carol Grimes, one of 18 subscribers. She lucks into the deal because of a chance meeting with Hudak at a farmers market. Other local CSAs are already booked with subscribers for the season. For $500, Grimes, who wants to eat healthier, picks up a box of seasonal fresh fruits and veggies each Thursday from May to October. The boxes are so full, she invites friends over for weekly dinner parties to spread the wealth. "Knowing that I'm supporting a really valuable program that's in my own community, and in addition is with high school students," Grimes says, "really makes this experience meaningful." Terra Nova students return from summer break just as the farm reaches full bloom. In one corner, tomatoes in reds, oranges and yellows dangle from the vine. Across the field, cornstalks and bursting sunflowers tower. Closest to the street, violet cosmos and soft pink straw flowers add crayon colors to a sea of green. Drivers speeding around the curve slow down. What's going on, they ask. Levi Jennings is one of seven students picked to work with Hudak over the summer to manage the farm. A $12,000 grant allows each student to earn a small stipend. For many, it's their first job. Jennings, who has a persistent 5 o'clock shadow, unlike his peers, is a human encyclopedia rattling off factoids about how flowers can suck away a plant's energy from the vegetables it produces. He demonstrates the correct way to pick Sun Gold cherry tomatoes, which are so sweet the students call them "sugar bombs." "This plant is growing because of me," says the 16-year-old junior, whose interests in nature conservation and biology dovetail at the farm. Students here have become independent. Instead of asking Hudak how to organize the hundreds of flowers they picked, they form an assembly line. Rock music blares from a boombox as students bundle the blooms into bouquets. The farm, producing more than expected, signs up three more CSA members. The work is a lot hotter than the students expected, too. "This is a job that most people would kill themselves if they had," says Ringwald, who once nearly quit the farm program. "In the summertime in the heat, it's horrible working out here. With Paul, he keeps our enthusiasm up a lot." But Carmona, who thought the farm would have chickens like her grandmother's farm in Mexico, sees the space as a refuge. During the summer, she stresses about her family's move into a new home. "It's like a little sanctuary to go to." During lunch break, the crew sits together in Hudak's classroom. On this warm day, he carries in a watermelon from the farm. With everything they grow, the students sample it before giving it to members. "This thing's a beast," Hudak says as he slices through the red flesh. As they eat, the room silences. Juice slides down the students' chins and onto their hands, crusted with dirt. Hudak asks if they think this Crimson Sweet variety is good. They nod. "We should do all watermelon next year," Ringwald says. If they harvest the seeds, Hudak tells them, they can use them next season. Eventually, the seeds will adapt to Terra Nova's microclimate to make for even better watermelon. "The way that humans evolve," Hudak tells them, "plants evolve." This is a classroom without walls, where it's not about lecturing. Hudak wants his students to have fun, just as he did on his first farm job. Science served with watermelon. *** It's late October, the last day of the first season. Farmer Greg Malinowski, who farms nearby and who helped plow up the sod last year, is back. He tills under any plants still left standing. Instead of pottery pieces, the ground looks sifted. The till moves it like an electric mixer stirring dry chocolate cake mix. It's a testament to Hudak and the students -- and to the power of chicken manure, donated by Stutzman Environmental Products in Canby and the ZooDoo fertilizer from the Oregon Zoo -- to amend and fertilize. The fall farm crew stops to watch Malinowski churn their year's work back into the ground. Student Mike Morton -- the once reluctant farmer -- stands there longest -- and says he's not sad to see the farm go because he knows its soul is still there. Then he holds out his digital camera to snap a picture of himself with the farm in the backdrop. He's more excited about school and is on track to earn his high school diploma, one of the minimum requirements to becoming a firefighter. Farming is still hippie, Morton says. "I still think that. Maybe I'm just a hippie, too." Levi Jennings and Cassidy Ringwald didn't come to see any of the hoopla. They continue to wash beets. They've changed in little ways. Jennings eats healthier; his new favorite vegetable is kohlrabi, a small, bulbous, cabbage variety. Ringwald takes ownership in the garden, even warning students during a schoolwide farm tour not to step on plants. "We grow with love," Ringwald says. Both say they'll be back next season. That night, the students and CSA members come together for their third and last potluck: homemade pizza with tomatoes and pesto, stuffed acorn squash with melted cheddar cheese, fresh tomato salsa and pumpkin pie. Hudak mingles with everyone. He wants to share the successful model with other schools. "My biggest hopes were that the students would enjoy doing it. It's definitely inspired me to make this the best it can be." This winter, he will re-apply for the environmental education grant, though funds are not guaranteed. In order to make the program more self-sustainable, Terra Nova will try to double the CSA membership next spring. Inside, everyone celebrates their first season. Outside, just across from the party, the field still smells of a mix of cilantro, basil and dirt. Along with the good bugs and bad bugs that give and take from the farm, the students will return -- next season.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
6-Phosphogluconic acid 6-Phosphogluconic acid (6-phosphogluconate) is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Entner–Doudoroff pathway. It is formed by 6-phosphogluconolactonase, and acted upon by phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to produce ribulose 5-phosphate. It may also be acted upon by 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase to produce 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate. Category:Organophosphates	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Spazigaster Spazigaster is a genus of hoverflies. Species S. ambulans (Fabricius, 1798) S. nostra Zimina, 1963 References Category:Diptera of Europe Category:Diptera of Asia Category:Hoverfly genera Category:Taxa named by Camillo Róndani	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
/* * Callbacks prototypes for FSM * * Copyright (C) 1996 Universidade de Lisboa * * Written by Pedro Roque Marques (roque@di.fc.ul.pt) * * This software may be used and distributed according to the terms of * the GNU General Public License, incorporated herein by reference. / #ifndef CALLBACKS_H #define CALLBACKS_H extern void cb_out_1(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_out_2(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_in_1(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_in_2(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_in_3(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_disc_1(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_disc_2(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_disc_3(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_notdone(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_selp_1(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); extern void cb_open(struct pcbit_dev dev, struct pcbit_chan chan, struct callb_data data); #endif	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
books.google.com - Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence provides an authoritative summary of current knowledge of the biological basis of substance use behaviours, including their relationship with environmental factors. The report focuses on a wide range of psychoactive substances, including tobacco,...https://books.google.com/books/about/Neuroscience_of_Psychoactive_Substance_U.html?id=G9OhG-dZdAwC&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareNeuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence provides an authoritative summary of current knowledge of the biological basis of substance use behaviours, including their relationship with environmental factors. The report focuses on a wide range of psychoactive substances, including tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs. New developments in neuroscience research are discussed (e.g., mechanisms governing craving, tolerance, neuroadaptation, immunotherapies and the concept of dependence) as well the ethical implications of these developments. As the product of consultations with and contributions from many international experts and partners, the best available evidence is provided from the various schools of thought and areas of research in the field of neuroscience. Neuroscience of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence is targeted at individuals with more than a basic knowledge of neuroscience, including scientists from a number of disciplines. It is expected that this publication will be of interest to health care workers, clinicians, social workers, university students, science teachers and informed policy makers.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
is the value of 2375/1900(-6)/(-5)? 3/2 What is (((-180)/5)/(-18))/((-4)/(-16))? 8 Evaluate (12/(924/(-143)))/(2/(-14)). 13 153/187(-4)/18 -2/11 Calculate ((-588)/(-882))/(4/2)9. 3 (15/20)/((-13)/(468/45)) -3/5 What is the value of 420/(-280)(-168)/(-18)? -14 Evaluate ((-282)/(-188))/((-2)/(-8)). 6 Evaluate 18/(-9)((-2)/9)/((-8)/12). -2/3 What is 5/(5/(-54)(-84)/(1008/24))? 27 Calculate 2/((-110/(-15))/((-12)/16)). -9/4 (((-21)/21)/(-2))/(2/(-80)) -20 What is the value of -12(-9)/((-432)/8)? -2 What is the value of 16/24214762/5368? 2/11 Calculate ((-9)/18)/((-56)/128). 8/7 Evaluate 2/6171/304. 3/16 What is (23/2)/(32177/2798)? 1 20/(-1)(342/(-1197))/(4/(-7)) -10 Calculate ((-120)/(-18))/(174/(-261)). -10 What is the value of (-10504)/39390(-1)/12? 1/45 Calculate ((-352)/(-132))/(32/(-72)). -6 What is ((104/10)/2)/((11950/250)/239)? 26 What is the value of 11/(-2)(-268)/469? 2/7 Evaluate ((-225)/(-5))/(-5)(-104)/(-156). -6 Calculate 2/4(-9590)/6713. -5/7 Evaluate ((-6)/(-384)8)/((-21)/(-28)). 1/6 (2600/(-6500))/((-44)/10) 1/11 ((-50)/(-5))/(252/40) 8 What is ((-18)/(-14))/(21(-21)/3087)? -9 Calculate ((-16)/32)/(7/182). -13 Evaluate (5/3)/(15850/5706). 3/5 Evaluate 2(14/(-3))/(-7)(-171)/12. -19 (20/3)/(((-11120)/288)/139) -24 33/963/63 11/3 What is (((-24)/(-660))/((-12)/(-22)))/(2/5)? 1/6 What is the value of (13/(-8424)-18)/(((-6)/(-2))/12)? 1/9 What is the value of (35/(-14))/((-25)/140)? 14 Calculate (-1(-15)/20)/((-5)/703). -7/2 (-3)/(-18)854/12 6 What is the value of ((-270)/15)/216108? -9 What is 14/((-1232)/(-165))(-5)/(-15)? 5/8 What is the value of (-11(-20)/110)/(512/(-330))? -11 Calculate 8/((-64)/30)(-232)/87. 10 What is the value of ((-13)/(-6))/(16/355237)? 13 What is ((-2)/(-69))/((533/13)/123)? 2/23 (291/(-194)(-12)/(-18))/((-22)/4) 2/11 Evaluate (-644)/(-92)(-15)/(-21)3. 15 Evaluate (-77)/(21560/(-1750))16/5. 20 What is the value of 1214/(-273)(-14)/(-56)? -1/39 What is the value of (4/14)/(26/(-1001))? -11 What is the value of ((-153)/510)/((-2)/(-20))19/(-3)? 19 What is 7(1/2)/((-14)/(-68))? 17 (12(-10)/(-540))/((-80)/(-36)) 1/10 What is the value of 1974/329((-6)/(-10))/3? 6/5 What is (4/14)/((24/112)/(-3))? -4 Calculate (12/(-64))/(6/12). -3/8 Calculate (-1836)/306(-2)/8. 3/2 Calculate (-108)/841/1220. -15/7 Evaluate (-1)/(-1)(-3)/(-147)7. 1/7 What is ((-7)/(-168))/(2/12)? 1/4 What is the value of (27/6)/((-90)/(-120)-2)? -3 What is 61/72242/1? 7 Evaluate 140/(-14)44/3080. -1/7 What is the value of (32/(-1))/(1048/524)? -16 What is 220/(-11)(-16)/384? 5/6 What is the value of ((-164)/287)/((-2)/(-49))? -14 ((-156)/9)/(40/(-12))235/47 26 What is the value of 572/(-104)204/66? -17 Calculate ((-16)/28)/(31/((-35805)/33)). 20 Calculate ((-65)/52)/(31/372). -15 What is the value of (25800/(-175))/8614/(-4)? 6 What is the value of (-176)/(-1440)9(9/(-3))/(-33)? 1/10 Calculate (((-335)/(-201))/(75/12))/(4/(-9)). -3/5 What is ((-52)/218463)/(1/(4/(-51)))? 2/17 ((-280)/(-952))/(55/(-44)) -4/17 What is 1/(-28)64? -6/7 Evaluate -43/255(-440)/(-176). -2/17 Evaluate ((-10)/(-10))/(((-2)/(-3))/(430/903)). 5/7 (((-20)/(-220))/((-108)/(-396)))/((-2)/150) -25 Calculate 0-35/30(-5)/(-10). 0 Evaluate (2/8)/(3(-6)/936). -13 What is (0/(320/16))/((30/(-5))/3)? 0 (-5)/(85/8164) -12 What is the value of ((-704)/1056)/((-1)/15)? 10 What is the value of ((-80)/(-100))/((-2)/4)(-5)/(-1)? -8 What is (18/21)/(12/96-12)? -4/7 What is the value of (-6)/9(-315)/(-35)? -6 Calculate (-36(-22)/2640)/((-24)/380). -19/4 Evaluate 154/(-231)(-3)/(-8). -1/4 (234/12)/((-66)/(-440)-5) -26 Evaluate ((-25)/40)/((-91)/728). 5 What is (149/(-6705))/((-2)/(-12))? -2/15 6/4(-40)/(-90)-9 -6 Calculate 12/(-1)(-28)/810/(-140). -3 Calculate (((-30)/10)/(20/12))/((-6)/(-40)). -12 ((1677/(-301))/(-13))/(6/14) 1 Calculate (-12)/(-30)(-1470)/(-308)11. 21 Evaluate (1(-1)/4)/((-2)/32-8). -1/2 What is the value of ((112/8)/(-14))/(7/(-133))? 19 What is the value of ((-4)/(16/30))/6-8? 10 ((-10)/(-45))/((-74)/(-999))(-9)/3 -9 Evaluate (6/4)/((-2049)/(-2732)). 2 Calculate 1/14((-21)/(-28))/((-39)/(-104)). 1/7 Evaluate ((165/9)/(-5))/((-2)/(-66)11). -11 Evaluate (-120)/(-240)4/(-2). -1 Evaluate ((-3)/(-6))/((-25)/25). -1/2 Calculate ((-59)/((-2360)/(-20)))/(22/32). -8/11 ((-1656)/(-230))/((-10)/(-25)) 18 (-200)/1201326/85 -26 3963/5284128/6 16 Calculate 63/(-6)(-54)/(-21). -27 (-3(-160)/48)/(10/(-12)) -12 Calculate (79/(-395))/(8/(-5)). 1/8 What is ((-1520)/6270(-1)/((-2)/3))/2? -2/11 What is the value of (-2)/(-2)(-15)/81-36? 10/3 What is 9/84(-26752)/1254? -16/7 What is (66/12)/(11/((-198)/9))? -11 Evaluate ((-15)/(-7))/(117/819). 15 Evaluate (40/(-190))/11/1. -4/19 Evaluate 84/245(-14)/4(-10)/42. 2/7 648/81(-2)/(-60)1 4/15 What is (((-9)/3)/(-15))/(32/(-80))? -1/2 What is (270/168)/(((-171)/(-456))/((-2)/(-4)))? 15/7 Calculate (-36)/(-10)4/1220/108. 2/9 Evaluate 2/(-6)(-2)/(-3)(-3348)/124. 6 What is the value of ((-3)/20)/(24/64)? -2/5 What is (-11)/113/(3/8)? -8 Calculate (92/(-2)2)/(40/10). -23 (-20)/2((-144)/(-63))/((-288)/(-252)) -20 Calculate 49/422(-24)/196. -2/7 What is the value of 34/(-51)((-312)/(-182))/(6/(-21))? 4 Evaluate (825/(-75))/((-1)/(-3)). -8 What is the value of (2/119)/(((-169)/13)/(-91))? 2/17 Evaluate (-1026/780)/((-4)/(2/(-1))). -1/6 Evaluate (12/435)/((-15)/(-25))3/(-2). -2/29 Calculate ((-133)/4)/(-140(-14)/(-2240)). 38 What is ((-15)/(-2))/345192/8070? 14 Evaluate ((-16)/3)/4((-79866)/544)/(-27). -29/4 (15/(-120))/((-14)/448) 4 What is (((-30)/(-70))/(2/(-21)))/((-264)/(-352))? -6 What is (60/21)/(170/(-595))? -10 What is the value of 48/13(4186/28)/23? 24 What is the value of 1(254/(-254))/((-2)/(-14))? -7 What is the value of ((-4)/(-24))/((((-24)/8)/(-3))/1)? 1/6 Calculate ((-2)/(-15)-6)/(8133/(-140)). 2/19 Evaluate 20/(-8)(-256)/(-40). -16 Calculate (-84)/150-5(-15)/(-36)3. 7/2 Calculate 108/(-3996)-4(-2)/4. -2/37 Calculate ((-28)/4)/(14/(-20)). 10 What is the value of (-2)/10(-62)/931650/(-40)? -11/2 0/(35/(-30)90/15) 0 Evaluate ((10/(-16))/((-55)/22))/(3/84). 7 What is the value of (76/16)/(-19)64/(-120)3? 2/5 What is the value of 297/(-1716)-13-22? -9 What is ((-49)/(-147))/(92/24)? 2/23 What is the value of 12/45(-280)/336? -2/9 Evaluate ((-2124)/3068)/((-12)/26). 3/2 Calculate 8/(192/45)(-1)/(12/(-8)). 5/4 What is the value of ((-4530)/(-302))/((-10)/(-16))? 24 63/271/((-1)/((-10)/(-35))) -2/3 (-1)/(-2)-4(-72)/(-24) -6 Evaluate ((-1742)/(-469))/(2/(-7)). -13 Evaluate (2/(-8))/((-34)/408)(-5)/1. -15 Evaluate ((-36)/42)/((-459)/(-714)). -4/3 What is the value of 45/(-36)(-24)/140-2? -3/7 Evaluate ((-2)/2)/1(-77)/((-7161)/62). -2/3 Evaluate 11/(506/552)5/(-3). -20 (-1)/7(-798)/384 12 What is 10/(-70)(-105)/3? 5 What is (10/(-18))/(((-756)/243)/(-28))? -5 (-2611/(-2860))/(12/(-12)) -3/5 1/(21/((-273)/(-26)))54 27 104/12(-171)/(-114) 13 What is the value of ((-1)/(19/1))/((-1944)/(-5832))? -3/19 What is (-28)/(-7)(306/(-12))/(-17)? 6 Evaluate ((-16)/(-6))/(161/(-483)). -8 What is the value of ((-20)/7)/(1/(-56)-16)? -10 What is the value of 7/((-33)/((-2376)/126))? 4 -2((-1)/(-4))/((987/462)/47) -11 What is the value of (1230/328)/(10/48)? 18 Evaluate (((-561)/12)/(-11))/(4/(-16)). -17 What is (-24)/3821090/(-1665)? 8 (-1)/(2150/22527/12) -2/43 (-8)/2(8075/(-304))/25 17/4 (4/(-39))/((-2536)/(-951)) -1/26 What is the value of ((-915)/1281)/((3/((-15)/5))/1)? 5/7 Evaluate (((-63)/(-14))/(-3))/((-966)/(-552)). -6/7 Evaluate 20/(-480)-406/(-5). -2 What is (-18)/1052(-4)/(80/70)? 6/5 (-636)/(-1378)(-1)/(-6) 1/13 What is the value of ((-155)/620)/(((-27)/240)/((-3)/(-4)))? 5/3 What is the value of (21/42)/(((-9)/(-3))/(-48))? -8 Evaluate (-30)/603/4(-96)/(-90). -2/5 Evaluate (6/(-4))/(((-14)/(-21))/(2/9)). -1/2 What is ((752/128)/47)/(-1)? -1/8 Evaluate -2(-52)/8-1. -13 (39(-5)/(-30))/(3/(6/1)) 13 1/(4/15)26/91-14 -15 (99/55)/(((-1)/(-40))/((-7)/42)) -12 (960/(-240))/((-4)/3) 3 (1(-12)/(-2142)6)/(12/(-14)) -2/51 What is the value of 31/((-2325)/(-2125))(84/(-10))/(-7)? 34 Evaluate (-14)/(168/(-90))4/1687. 5/4 What is (17629/7259)/(2/(-14))? -17 What is (-4)/(-52)-1(-18)/	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
Paper to CAD Conversion Services Archdraw Outsourcing providing CAD Conversion services with exact details as per your provided sheets. Scan the paper drawings and convert them into CAD is become an effective way of documenting drawings and related information. Our team has good AutoCAD knowledge to convert your paper drawings into high-quality and accurate CAD files. Paper to CAD Conversion can be done for Site plans, Roof Plans, Exterior Elevation, Interior plans, MEP Drawings, Electrical Plans, etc. Our CAD Conversion services include Paper to CAD Conversion, PDF to CAD Conversion, Image to CAD Conversion, Scan to CAD Conversion, Point Cloud to CAD Conversion, CAD Migration and 2D to 3D CAD Conversion. We follow all international work standards for delivering high-quality CAD Conversion services. Archdraw Outsourcing is the one-stop solution for all your needs with affordable pricing. For CAD Conversions, you can send your PDF, TIF or JPG scans of your original plans and sheets. Your plans and sheets can be converted to AutoCAD files with accurate, layered files. Your all sheets are manually redrafted into AutoCAD to match exactly with your original plans. You will receive the AutoCAD files for each submitted sheets. It has accurate line connections with title blocks, symbols, blocks, hatch patterns match originals. Know more about our CAD Services info@archdrawoutsourcing.com +91 9979238180 Request for Services	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Association of induction of a fully tumorigenic phenotype in murine radiation-induced T-lymphoma cells with loss of differentiation antigens, gain of CD44, and alterations in p53 protein levels. We investigated the mechanism of radiation induction of murine thymic lymphomas by studying the characteristics of primary x-ray-induced thymic lymphoma (PXTL) cell lines and of their oncogene-induced, progressed progeny. It is widely thought that proto-oncogene alterations are associated with the induction of murine lymphomas; however, few, if any primary murine radiation-induced lymphomas possess (proto-)oncogene alterations. Independently derived cell lines grown directly (i.e., without in vivo transplantation) from thymic lymphomas of irradiated C57BL/6 mice possess the properties of immortalized pre-T cells and lack many of the characteristics of "tumor cells". PXTL cells are poorly tumorigenic upon transplantation, do not clone in methylcellulose cultures, are growth factor dependent and autocrine, and lack consistent chromosome and oncogene abnormalities. However, the thymic lymphomas are malignant and cause the death of each afflicted mouse. PXTL cells expressed two immunologically distinct forms of the tumor suppressor protein p53 that have moderately increased stability (t1/2 = 1 h) when compared with p53 of normal splenic T lymphocytes. Early PXTL cells could progress in vitro to a fully tumorigenic phenotype after infection with retroviruses encoding the c-myc and v-ras oncogenes. Progressed T-lymphoma cells acquired growth factor independence, a highly transplantable and tumorigenic phenotype, and the ability to quantitatively clone in methylcellulose cultures. Progressed lymphoma cells coordinately downregulated the expression of five T-cell differentiation markers, upregulated the expression of CD44 (Pgp-1), and harbored vastly elevated levels of two immunologically distinct forms of p53. Our results suggest that the early thymic lymphomas consist of differentiation-inhibited, immortal pre-T cells that are precursors to progressed, fully tumorigenic T-lymphoma cells.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
45 of Sonia Sotomayor's former clerks have signed onto a letter of recommendation for their former boss, sending it to Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, Ranking Member Jeff Sessions, and other members of the committee. In it, they refute some criticisms of Sotomayor that anonymous clerks (most of whom worked for other judges on the Second Circuit) leveled in Jeffrey Rosen's widely read New Republic piece on her--e.g. that she isn't intellectually qualified for the job, and that she's a bully: "As former law clerks to Judge Sotomayor, each of us can attest to her intellectual prowess.."; "She is a judge who is tough and fair, yet highly respectful of her colleagues in the judiciary (including those with whom she sometimes disagrees) and the litigants appearing before her." See the full letter, released today by the White House, below: We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Marcus Rashford stands in the list of rising footballers in the world who have earned significant name and fame at very early age with their tremendous performance and elegant playing style. He plays for the Manchester United Club as well as plays for the national football team of England. This tremendous footballer has been playing professionally since early age. He has been playing for the Manchester united since 7 year of age. He also represented under- 16, under-18, under-20 and under-21 national team of England. Marcus played his first international match in UEFA Euro 2016 cup. He has also declared as best European under 21 player in 2016 and won many awards like Golden Boy award. After reading this article you will come to know about the well known footballer Marcus Rashford, family photos, wife, father, mother, age, height and salary. Marcus Rashford Family: He was born and brought up into a middle class family of Wythenshawe Manchester. He doesn’t like to talk about his beloved family therefore we have no information regarding to his beloved family. We are trying our best to access his family, As we will come to know about his family, we will update it here soon. Marcus Rashford Wife: He has not got marriage yet but he is enjoying a relationship with his beloved girlfriend. He was spotted on many occasions with his beloved girlfriend but he hasn’t revealed any news regarding to her. Marcus Rashford Father and Mother: As I already mentioned that he doesn’t like to talk about his family therefore he has also not talked about his father and mother too. As he will open his mouth about his parents, we will update it here soon. Marcus Rashford Age: He was born on 31st of October in 1997. He is 19 year old and going to celebrate his 20th birthday in 2017. Marcus Rashford Height: He has perfect height and weight ratio. He is 5.11 feet tall with perfect weight too. Marcus Rashford Salary: He has not announced his current salary yet. As he will revealed any news regarding to his salary, we will update it here soon.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
'use strict'; const runAction = require('./action'); const extend = require('node.extend'); const fs = require('fs'); const path = require('path'); const {promisify} = require('util'); const pkg = require('../package.json'); const promiseTimeout = require('p-timeout'); const puppeteer = require('puppeteer'); const semver = require('semver'); const runnerJavascriptPromises = {}; const readFile = promisify(fs.readFile); module.exports = pa11y; /** * Run accessibility tests on a web page. * @public * @param {String} url - The URL to run tests against. * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Function} [callback] - An optional callback to use instead of promises. * @returns {Promise} Returns a promise which resolves with a results object. / async function pa11y(url, options = {}, callback) { const state = {}; let pa11yError; let pa11yResults; [url, options, callback] = parseArguments(url, options, callback); try { // Verify that the given options are valid verifyOptions(options); // Call the actual Pa11y test runner with // a timeout if it takes too long pa11yResults = await promiseTimeout( runPa11yTest(url, options, state), options.timeout, `Pa11y timed out (${options.timeout}ms)` ); } catch (error) { // Capture error if a callback is provided, otherwise reject with error if (callback) { pa11yError = error; } else { throw error; } } finally { await stateCleanup(state); } // Run callback if present, and resolve with pa11yResults return callback ? callback(pa11yError, pa11yResults) : pa11yResults; } /* * Parse arguments from the command-line to properly identify the url, options, and callback * @private * @param {String} url - The URL to run tests against. * @param {Object} [options={}] - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Function} [callback] - An optional callback to use instead of promises. * @returns {Array} the new values of url, options, and callback / function parseArguments(url, options, callback) { if (!callback && typeof options === 'function') { callback = options; options = {}; } if (typeof url !== 'string') { options = url; url = options.url; } url = sanitizeUrl(url); options = defaultOptions(options); return [url, options, callback]; } /* * Default the passed in options using Pa11y's defaults. * @private * @param {Object} [options] - The options to apply defaults to. * @returns {Object} Returns the defaulted options. / function defaultOptions(options) { options = extend({}, pa11y.defaults, options); options.ignore = options.ignore.map(ignored => ignored.toLowerCase()); if (!options.includeNotices) { options.ignore.push('notice'); } if (!options.includeWarnings) { options.ignore.push('warning'); } return options; } /* * Internal Pa11y test runner. * @private * @param {String} url - The URL to run tests against. * @param {Object} options - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} Returns a promise which resolves with a results object. / async function runPa11yTest(url, options, state) { options.log.info(`Running Pa11y on URL ${url}`); await setBrowser(options, state); await setPage(options, state); await interceptRequests(options, state); await gotoUrl(url, options, state); await runActionsList(options, state); await injectRunners(options, state); // Launch the test runner! options.log.debug('Running Pa11y on the page'); / istanbul ignore next / if (options.wait > 0) { options.log.debug(`Waiting for ${options.wait}ms`); } const results = await runPa11yWithOptions(options, state); options.log.debug(`Document title: "${results.documentTitle}"`); await saveScreenCapture(options, state); return results; } /* * Ensures that puppeteer resources are freed and listeners removed. * @private * @param {Object} state - The last-known state of the test-run. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves when resources are released / async function stateCleanup(state) { if (state.browser && state.autoClose) { await state.browser.close(); } else if (state.page) { state.page.removeListener('request', state.requestInterceptCallback); state.page.removeListener('console', state.consoleCallback); if (state.autoClosePage) { await state.page.close(); } } } /* * Sets or initialises the browser. * @private * @param {Object} options - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves when resources are released / async function setBrowser(options, state) { if (options.browser) { options.log.debug( 'Using a pre-configured Headless Chrome instance, ' + 'the `chromeLaunchConfig` option will be ignored' ); state.browser = options.browser; state.autoClose = false; } else { // Launch a Headless Chrome browser. We use a // state object which is accessible from the // wrapping function options.log.debug('Launching Headless Chrome'); state.browser = await puppeteer.launch( options.chromeLaunchConfig ); state.autoClose = true; } } /* * Configures the browser page to be used for the test. * @private * @param {Object} [options] - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves when the page has been configured. / async function setPage(options, state) { if (options.browser && options.page) { state.page = options.page; state.autoClosePage = false; } else { state.page = await state.browser.newPage(); state.autoClosePage = true; } // Listen for console logs on the page so that we can // output them for debugging purposes state.consoleCallback = message => { options.log.debug(`Browser Console: ${message.text()}`); }; state.page.on('console', state.consoleCallback); options.log.debug('Opening URL in Headless Chrome'); if (options.userAgent) { await state.page.setUserAgent(options.userAgent); } await state.page.setViewport(options.viewport); } /* * Configures the browser page to intercept requests if necessary * @private * @param {Object} [options] - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves immediately if no listeners are necessary * or after listener functions have been attached. / async function interceptRequests(options, state) { // Avoid to use `page.setRequestInterception` when not necessary // because it occasionally stops page load: // https://github.com/GoogleChrome/puppeteer/issues/3111 // https://github.com/GoogleChrome/puppeteer/issues/3121 const shouldInterceptRequests = (options.headers && Object.keys(options.headers).length) \|\| (options.method && options.method.toLowerCase() !== 'get') \|\| options.postData; if (!shouldInterceptRequests) { return; } // Intercept page requests, we need to do this in order // to set the HTTP method or post data await state.page.setRequestInterception(true); // Intercept requests so we can set the HTTP method // and post data. We only want to make changes to the // first request that's handled, which is the request // for the page we're testing let interceptionHandled = false; state.requestInterceptCallback = interceptedRequest => { const overrides = {}; if (!interceptionHandled) { // Override the request method options.log.debug('Setting request method'); overrides.method = options.method; // Override the request headers (and include the user-agent) options.log.debug('Setting request headers'); overrides.headers = {}; for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(options.headers)) { overrides.headers[key.toLowerCase()] = value; } // Override the request POST data if present if (options.postData) { options.log.debug('Setting request POST data'); overrides.postData = options.postData; } interceptionHandled = true; } interceptedRequest.continue(overrides); }; state.page.on('request', state.requestInterceptCallback); } /* * Instructs the page to go to the provided url unless options.ignoreUrl is true * @private * @param {String} [url] - The URL of the page to be tested. * @param {Object} [options] - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves when the page URL has been set / async function gotoUrl(url, options, state) { // Navigate to the URL we're going to test if (!options.ignoreUrl) { await state.page.goto(url, { waitUntil: 'networkidle2', timeout: options.timeout }); } } /* * Carries out a synchronous list of actions in the page * @private * @param {Object} options - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves when all actions have completed / async function runActionsList(options, state) { if (options.actions.length) { options.log.info('Running actions'); for (const action of options.actions) { await runAction(state.browser, state.page, options, action); } options.log.info('Finished running actions'); } } /* * Loads the test runners and Pa11y client-side scripts if required * @private * @param {Object} options - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves when all runners have been injected and evaluated / async function injectRunners(options, state) { // We only load these files once on the first run of Pa11y as they don't // change between runs if (!runnerJavascriptPromises.pa11y) { runnerJavascriptPromises.pa11y = readFile(`${__dirname}/runner.js`, 'utf-8'); } for (const runner of options.runners) { if (!runnerJavascriptPromises[runner]) { options.log.debug(`Loading runner: ${runner}`); runnerJavascriptPromises[runner] = loadRunnerScript(runner); } } // Inject the test runners options.log.debug('Injecting Pa11y'); await state.page.evaluate(await runnerJavascriptPromises.pa11y); for (const runner of options.runners) { options.log.debug(`Injecting runner: ${runner}`); const script = await runnerJavascriptPromises[runner]; await state.page.evaluate(script); } } /* * Sends a request to the page to instruct the injected pa11y script to run with the * provided options * @private * @param {Object} options - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves with the results of the pa11y evaluation / function runPa11yWithOptions(options, state) { / eslint-disable no-underscore-dangle / return state.page.evaluate(runOptions => { return window.__pa11y.run(runOptions); }, { hideElements: options.hideElements, ignore: options.ignore, pa11yVersion: pkg.version, rootElement: options.rootElement, rules: options.rules, runners: options.runners, standard: options.standard, wait: options.wait }); / eslint-enable no-underscore-dangle / } /* * Generates a screen capture if required by the provided options * @private * @param {Object} options - Options to change the way tests run. * @param {Object} state - The current pa11y internal state, fields will be mutated by * this function. * @returns {Promise} A promise which resolves when the screenshot is complete / async function saveScreenCapture(options, state) { // Generate a screen capture if (options.screenCapture) { options.log.info( `Capturing screen, saving to "${options.screenCapture}"` ); try { await state.page.screenshot({ path: options.screenCapture, fullPage: true }); } catch (error) { options.log.error(`Error capturing screen: ${error.message}`); } } } /* * Verify that passed in options are valid. * @private * @param {Object} options - The options to verify. * @returns {Undefined} Returns nothing. * @throws {Error} Throws if options are not valid. / function verifyOptions(options) { if (!pa11y.allowedStandards.includes(options.standard)) { throw new Error(`Standard must be one of ${pa11y.allowedStandards.join(', ')}`); } if (options.page && !options.browser) { throw new Error('The page option must only be set alongside the browser option'); } if (options.ignoreUrl && !options.page) { throw new Error('The ignoreUrl option must only be set alongside the page option'); } } /* * Sanitize a URL, ensuring it has a scheme. If the URL begins with a slash or a period, * it will be resolved as a path against the current working directory. If the URL does * begin with a scheme, it will be prepended with "http://". * @private * @param {String} url - The URL to sanitize. * @returns {String} Returns the sanitized URL. / function sanitizeUrl(url) { if (/^\//i.test(url)) { return `file://${url}`; } if (/^\./i.test(url)) { return `file://${path.resolve(process.cwd(), url)}`; } if (!/^(https?\|file):\/\//i.test(url)) { return `http://${url}`; } return url; } /* * Load a Pa11y runner module. * @param {String} runner - The name of the runner. * @return {Object} Returns the required module. * TODO could this be refactored to use requireFirst (in bin/pa11y.js) / function loadRunnerFile(runner) { try { return require(`pa11y-runner-${runner}`); } catch (error) {} return require(runner); } /* * Assert that a Pa11y runner is compatible with a version of Pa11y. * @param {String} runnerName - The name of the runner. * @param {String} runnerSupportString - The runner support string (a semver range). * @param {String} pa11yVersion - The version of Pa11y to test support for. * @throws {Error} Throws an error if the reporter does not support the given version of Pa11y * @returns {void} / function assertReporterCompatibility(runnerName, runnerSupportString, pa11yVersion) { if (!runnerSupportString \|\| !semver.satisfies(pa11yVersion, runnerSupportString)) { throw new Error([ `The installed "${runnerName}" runner does not support Pa11y ${pa11yVersion}`, 'Please update your version of Pa11y or the runner', `Reporter Support: ${runnerSupportString}`, `Pa11y Version: ${pa11yVersion}` ].join('\n')); } } /* * Loads a runner script * @param {String} runner - The name of the runner. * @throws {Error} Throws an error if the reporter does not support the given version of Pa11y * @returns {Promise<String>} Promise / async function loadRunnerScript(runner) { const runnerModule = loadRunnerFile(runner); let runnerBundle = ''; assertReporterCompatibility(runner, runnerModule.supports, pkg.version); for (const runnerScript of runnerModule.scripts) { runnerBundle += '\n\n'; runnerBundle += await readFile(runnerScript, 'utf-8'); } return ` ;${runnerBundle}; ;window.__pa11y.runners['${runner}'] = ${runnerModule.run.toString()}; `; } / istanbul ignore next / const noop = () => { / No-op / }; /* * Default options (excluding 'level', 'reporter', and 'threshold' which are only * relevant when calling bin/pa11y from the CLI) * @public / pa11y.defaults = { actions: [], browser: null, chromeLaunchConfig: { ignoreHTTPSErrors: true }, headers: {}, hideElements: null, ignore: [], ignoreUrl: false, includeNotices: false, includeWarnings: false, log: { debug: noop, error: noop, info: noop }, method: 'GET', postData: null, rootElement: null, rules: [], runners: [ 'htmlcs' ], screenCapture: null, standard: 'WCAG2AA', timeout: 30000, userAgent: `pa11y/${pkg.version}`, viewport: { width: 1280, height: 1024 }, wait: 0 }; /* * Allowed a11y standards. * @public / pa11y.allowedStandards = [ 'Section508', 'WCAG2A', 'WCAG2AA', 'WCAG2AAA' ]; /* * Alias the `isValidAction` method */ pa11y.isValidAction = runAction.isValidAction;	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
A group of neighbours gathered in my dining room on Wednesday evening to talk about how to improve the laneway that runs behind our houses. Across a table set with tea, wine, cheese and bread, ideas began to fly. How about painting the garage doors bright colours? Why not get muralists or kids from the street to illustrate garage walls? What about setting up benches for people to sit on as they watch their kids play? Or all-weather tables for chess? Why not build a living wall, one of those vertical gardens? And couldn't we have neighbourhood barbecues there? One neighbour's bright-eyed young daughter piped up with an idea of her own: "Can we get a zip line?" Story continues below advertisement The meeting was the product of a smart initiative called The Laneway Project. Its organizers, a trio of Toronto planners and urban designers, are working with city officials and community groups to find ways to green, beautify and enliven Toronto's back lanes, turning them into places where people want to spend time instead of simply pass through. As a pilot project, the group announced it was going to choose two laneways for a makeover – one commercial, one residential – and asked for nominations. No less than 28 came in. Our group nominated the lane out back of our tightly packed Victorian houses near Dundas and Dufferin. It's an unusual U-shaped version that wraps around a long-term-care home in the centre of the block. Suggestions and offers of help poured in. E-mailed whoops went around when the proposal got the nod. Wednesday's meeting overflowed with proposals for action. The group has already set up a Tumblr page and designed a flyer about the project. It is being handed out this weekend, translated into Portuguese for neighbours not fluent in English. There are plans for Victoria Day fireworks party in the lane and another brainstorming session. This sort of thing might not have happened in my neighbourhood a decade or two ago. But a new generation of Torontonians – engaged, creative, entranced with the variety and dynamism of cities – are pitching in to improve their communities. The Laneway Project is (sorry) right up their alley. Its organizers have set out to change the city's relationship to its back lanes. That relationship has always been distant. Most people don't think much about the lanes out behind their garages or alongside their apartment buildings. As a result, back lanes usually have a neglected, shabby look that can discourage people from using them as anything but means of entry and exit. Story continues below advertisement They could be much more. Chicago's Green Alley program used energy-saving lighting and permeable paving to make hundreds of lanes more environmentally friendly. Melbourne's Love Your Laneway initiative encouraged "laneway champions" to make them livelier and more welcoming. Toronto has more than 2,400 laneways – 250 kilometres' worth. That translates to an area of more than 250 acres. "It's this huge untapped store of space, and as the city intensifies and densifies, we can't be lazy about outdoor space any more," says Michelle Senayah, an urban designer who teamed up with Ariana Cancelli and Mackenzie Keast to found the project last May, after a series of chance conversations on the topic. One idea is to install laneway punctures, incisions in the road surface that would be planted with hardy plants to create a strip of green amidst the grey. The strip would absorb rainwater and runoff, reducing the flow into the drains and ultimately the lake. Another is to hold a laneway crawl, a kind of moving festival held in behind homes instead of at art galleries, parks or public squares. The second laneway chosen for the pilot project, Reggae Lane at Eglinton and Oakwood, was nominated by a local business improvement area. Backers hope that they can transform the lane, which is named for the neighbourhood's music traditions, into a neighbourhood magnet. Ideas include creating a venue for public gatherings, installing some green space or even putting in restaurant patios. If all goes well, the pilot projects will serve as models for laneway upgrades all over the city. A donation of $26,700 from the Ontario Trillium Foundation will get them going. The Laneway Project will help the neighbourhood groups put together plans, seek further funding and navigate city regulations. If Wednesday's gathering at my place is anything to go by, getting people fired up won't be a problem. Fixing up back lanes may seem like a small thing when measured against all the city's needs. But this modest project has stirred up something bigger: love of neighbourhood and of city, and a thirst to make them better.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Q: How do I add more than 2 sprites into an animation in pygame? #Importing the pygame functions import pygame import sys import os from pygame.locals import * #Allows for the editing of a window pygame.init() #Sets screen size window = pygame.display.set_mode((800,600),0,32) #Names the window pygame.display.set_caption("TEST") #Types of colors (red,green,blue) black = (0,0,0) blue = (0,0,255) green = (0,255,0) yellow = (255,255,0) red = (255,0,0) purple = (255,0,255) lightblue = (0,255,255) white = (255,255,255) pink = (255,125,125) clock = pygame.time.Clock() L1="bolt_strike_0001.PNG" L1=pygame.image.load(L1).convert_alpha() L2="bolt_strike_0002.PNG" L2=pygame.image.load(L2).convert_alpha() L3="bolt_strike_0003.PNG" L3=pygame.image.load(L3).convert_alpha() L4="bolt_strike_0004.PNG" L4=pygame.image.load(L4).convert_alpha() lightingCurrentImage = 1 #Loop gameLoop = True while gameLoop: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: gameLoop=False #Allows the user to exit the loop/game window.fill(black) #used to fill the creen with the certian color variables if (lightingCurrentImage==1): window.blit(L1, (0,0)) if (lightingCurrentImage==2): window.blit(L2, (0,0)) if (lightingCurrentImage==3): window.blit(L3, (0,0)) if (lightingCurrentImage==4): window.blit(L4, (0,0)) if (lightingCurrentImage==2): lightingCurrentImage=1 if (lightingCurrentImage==3): lightingCurrentImage=2 if (lightingCurrentImage==4): lightingCurrentImage=3 else: lightingCurrentImage+=3; pygame.display.flip() #must flip the image o the color is visable clock.tick(5) pygame.quit() #quit the pygame interface exit(0) I'm having problems stitching together 10 images of a lightning bolt animation in pygame. What I have at the moment works but its not what I want it to look like. What happens when I run this is the lightning bolt creates the animation sequence once then disappears and never restarts the sequence again. If I set lightingCurrentImage+=3 to lightingCurrentImage+=2 it appears and stays on the screen but doesn't ever disappear. Please help me to see what the problem is if you can. Thanks! (I want the lightning bolt to begin and go all the way through the animation then disappear. Then begin again and repeat). A: First create list of images then you can use it this way: bold_imgs = [] bold_imgs.append( pygame.image.load("bolt_strike_0001.PNG").convert_alpha() ) bold_imgs.append( pygame.image.load("bolt_strike_0002.PNG").convert_alpha() ) bold_imgs.append( pygame.image.load("bolt_strike_0003.PNG").convert_alpha() ) bold_imgs.append( pygame.image.load("bolt_strike_0004.PNG").convert_alpha() ) lightingCurrentImage = 0 while True: # here ... your code with events window.fill(black) window.blit( bold_imgs[ lightingCurrentImage ], (0,0)) lightingCurrentImage += 1 if lightingCurrentImage = len( bold_imgs ): lightingCurrentImage = 0 pygame.display.flip() clock.tick(5) You can use tick(25) to get faster but smoother animation. Human eye needs at least 25 images per second to see it as smooth animation.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
[Study on malaria vectors in malaria endemic areas of Tibet autonomous region]. The malaria situation in Tibet has been in an active status and the malaria incidence reached the second in China in 2010. Malaria vector prevention and control is one of the important methods for malaria control, while the malaria vectors are still unknown in Tibet. The author summarized the past researches on malaria vectors in Tibet, so as to provide the evidence for improving malaria control investigation in malaria endemic areas of Tibet, with hopes to provide useful vector message for other researcher.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Mordecai Wyatt Johnson Mordecai Wyatt Johnson (January 4, 1891 – September 10, 1976) was an American educator and pastor. He served as the first black president of Howard University, from 1926 until 1960. Johnson has been considered one of the three leading African-American preachers of the early 20th-century, along with Vernon Johns and Howard Thurman. Early life Johnson was born on January 12, 1890, in Paris, Tennessee. His parents were former slaves. His father was Reverend Wyatt J. Johnson, a preacher and mill worker, and his mother, Carolyn Freeman, was a domestic worker for one of the prominent families in town. Education Johnson attended a small elementary school in his native town. Afterwards, he moved to Nashville, where he studied at Roger Williams University. Later he studied at Howe Institute in Memphis. He eventually transferred to the Atlanta Baptist College (now Morehouse College) where he completed his secondary and undergraduate education. During his college career, he was a member of the debating team and the Glee Club, a star athlete in three sports, and quarterback of the football team. Offered a faculty position at the college upon graduation, he taught English and economics and served a year as acting dean. He maintained a profound interest in economics throughout his career—an interest that was apparent in some of his major addresses. After one year of teaching, he continued his education at the University of Chicago, where he received a second A.B. degree, and at the Rochester Theological Seminary in Rochester, New York, where he earned the B.D. degree. At Rochester he was profoundly influenced by the great "social gospel" advocate, Walter Rauchenbusch. His experiences there made an indelible impact upon his thinking and his entire career. Family Johnson married Anna Ethelyn Gardner on December 25, 1916. They had five children: Carolyn Elizabeth Johnson, Mordecai Wyatt Johnson, Jr., Archer Clement Johnson, William Howard Johnson, and Anna Faith Johnson. Career Following a brief stint as secretary of the western region of the Student YMCA, in 1917 he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Charleston, West Virginia. He later founded a chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Presidency of Howard University On June 26, 1926, at the age of 36, Johnson was unanimously elected the eleventh President of Howard University, becoming the first African American to serve as the permanent head of that institution. Prior to his appointment Johnson had served as Professor of Economics and History at Morehouse College. He had also served as Pastor of the First Baptist Church in Charleston, West Virginia. During his tenure, Johnson appointed Charles Hamilton Houston as dean of the law school, who played a significant role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws. Johnson raised millions of dollars for new buildings and for upgrading all of the schools. National honor societies, including Phi Beta Kappa, were established on the campus of Howard. During his administration, it was said that Howard had the greatest collection of African American scholars to be found anywhere. Notable scholars at Howard included: Alain Locke, graduated from English and Philosophy at Harvard, and was the first African American Rhodes Scholar, Ralph Bunche, professor of political science and later a Nobel Laureate; Charles Drew, who perfected the use of blood plasma; Percy Julian, a noted chemist; and Sterling Brown, professor of English and noted Harlem Renaissance poet. Johnson brought Howard university into national prominence and served as president of Howard for 34 years, since 1926 until his retirement in 1960. In this time the enrollment at Howard University increased from 2,000 in 1926 to more than 10,000 in 1960. Johnson the Orator Johnson was an annual speaker for the Education Night at the National Baptist Convention, a speaker at the Ford Hall Forum in Boston, and spoke alongside Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and others at the 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. He traveled 25,000 miles a year throughout the country speaking principally on topics such as racism, segregation, and discrimination. In 1951 he was a member of the American delegation to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that met in London. Awards and recognitions In 1929, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) awarded Johnson the Spingarn Medal (its highest honor at that time), for Johnson's ability to secure annual federal funds to support the university's financial future. Death Johnson died on September 10, 1976, at the age of 86, in Washington, D.C. References Yenser, Thomas (editor), Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America, Brooklyn, New York, 1930-1931-1932 (third edition) Category:1890 births Category:1976 deaths Category:Morehouse College alumni Category:University of Chicago alumni Category:Howard University alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Interdenominational Theological Center alumni Category:Presidents of Howard University Category:Spingarn Medal winners Category:African-American academics Category:African-American educators Category:20th-century American educators Category:People from Paris, Tennessee Category:Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Set a release schedule An ideal number of uploads Uploading regularly (sometimes multiple times a day) is a big part of how gaming channels operate on YouTube. Frequent releases and urging viewers to subscribe may keep gaming channels on the top of their viewers’ minds, set audience expectations, and can help surface your videos more frequently. When planning out how many uploads you want to release each day or week, ensure your proposed schedule will keep you sane and happy. It’s not a good idea to upload just to reach a magic number. Remember to check in with your audience. Are they watching all of your uploads and loving your stuff? Try reading your comments and looking at your Audience retention and Watch time reports in YouTube Analytics to get a sense of how entertained your viewers are with the videos you’re producing. Your effort level and your audience’s response are two key indicators that can help guide the frequency of your uploads. Don’t forget to promote your programming schedule so that your audience knows when and what they can expect from you. Consider adding a call-to-action in your videos, using branding elements like your channel banner or trailer to advertise your schedule, and sharing it on social media. It’s ok to take a break or go on vacation -- but remember to let your fans know or film in advance and upload with the scheduler! Tips See it in action While we don’t encourage you to make videos if you’re not feeling well, here Markiplier shows his fans why he may be taking a few days off from regularly scheduled programming. Find the right formats Gaming videos come in many shapes and sizes. There’s no need to stick with just one type. Many gamers have gone beyond the traditional “walkthrough”and “Let’s Play” formats to less traditional videos featuring on-screen appearances, long-form content and livestreams. One of the best ways to see which types of videos you like to make (and what resonates with your audience) is by experimenting. Try out different formats until you find the ones that inspire and motivate you. Many creators have accelerated their growth and discovery by featuring several types of videos on their gaming channel. Don’t forget that livestream is an option too. You can turn it on with the touch of a button and instantly be interacting with your audience in real time. With the Stream Now dashboard, it's super easy to create playlists of previous live streams and promote on social media. Clintus games walks his viewers through an unboxing of his Super Geek Box. Schedule around events Search trends often spike around industry events or game launches. Some creators have found success by producing videos that relate to these. Always stick to what makes your channel work, but if you have the opportunity and inspiration to take advantage of these events, go for it! Study the trends. Search traffic for a game often begins weeks before the actual public release --consider releasing a relevant video (like a preview before it comes out or an “unboxing” video to show your excitement about it! If you wait until the day of the release, you may have already missed a lot of potential viewership. It may be helpful to write out a calendar. Just grab a planner and jot down some potential ideas and dates. Try to align them with gaming events or premieres you think are important. Not only will a consistent schedule help build viewership, but it can help you stay on top of your production schedule.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Three top Jeb Bush fundraisers abruptly parted ways with his presidential campaign on Friday, amid internal personality conflicts and questions about the strength of his candidacy, POLITICO has learned. There are different versions of what transpired. The Florida-based fundraising consultants — Kris Money, Trey McCarley and Debbie Aleksander — have said that they voluntarily quit the campaign and were still working with Bush's super PAC, Right to Rise Super PAC. Others said the three, who worked under the same contract, were let go because they were no longer needed for the current phase of the campaign. None of the three responded to requests for comment. Bush spokesman Tim Miller would only say that “Governor Bush has the widest and deepest fundraising operation of any candidate in the field. Ann Herberger — a longtime aide with more than two decades of experience in state and national politics — will continue to lead the operation in Florida with our team in Miami.” The departures came at a time of uncertainty for Bush. While he has had massive success raising money for his super PAC, he is overseeing an official campaign that has many more staffers but far less money. Earlier this week, The New York Times revealed that the campaign had taken steps to rein in some of its spending and had gone so far as to cut some employee salaries. And POLITICO reported that one Bush fundraiser expressed concerns about the slowing pace of the campaign’s fundraising after Bush’s shaky debate performance. The Bush campaign wasted no time seeking a replacement for the three fundraising consultants and has reached out to Meredith O’Rourke — a top Florida Republican fundraiser who briefly worked for Chris Christie’s campaign in May but left it in July. O’Rourke, who wouldn’t comment, helped Gov. Rick Scott raise about $100 million for his 2014 reelection campaign and also works for Florida Agriculture Commissioner Adam Putnam, who’s likely to run for governor in 2018. One source attributed the departures to personality conflicts in the campaign. Some identified Bush's finance director, Heather Larrison, as a shouter with whom it’s difficult to work. She wouldn’t comment. Others singled out Money as a problem due to what they describe as haughtiness and a heavy-handed donate-or-else attitude with potential contributors. “They were glad to go. This wasn’t a shock to anybody,” said one campaign source. “There were just some personality problems. It happens when you have a big organization like this, a big campaign. Some of the national people are tough to work for.” Another campaign source, though, said the three fundraising consultants — who worked on contract and were not staffers — were let go because they weren’t raising enough money relative to how much they had been raising during the past financial quarter. "We appreciated their work, but we are entering a new phase of the campaign post-Labor Day, and we needed to move in a different direction,” the source said. But another source disputed that: “They raised a lot of money out of Florida. A lot. So if anyone says they didn’t quit, it’s not true. They’re still working for the super PAC as well. This is not about them. … This is about the campaign.” Front-runner Donald Trump seized on the POLITICO report Saturday morning and took a shot at his rival on Twitter: “Wow, Jeb Bush just lost three of his top fundraisers — they quit!” Aleksander, Money and McCarley have deep and longstanding ties to Florida’s GOP power structure. Aleksander has been a member in good standing of Bush’s operation since he was governor. Money is close with former House Speaker Will Weatherford; McCarley’s part of Putnam’s political team, along with O’Rourke. Donors last week told POLITICO that they still felt good about Bush’s chances and that they weren’t worried about Bush’s recent slip from second to third place in averages of national polls. As the son and brother of former presidents, the former governor of the third-most populous state in the nation has a broad, deep-pocketed and savvy donor base. Some said they’re less concerned with the campaign than with Jeb’s candidacy, which has so far failed to ignite Republicans. But Bush’s fundraising pace has slowed in the late summer months. Still, he’s likely to remain the GOP campaign’s top fundraiser, but Bush is also spending more than other candidates because he has a mammoth operation. “Jeb has a big army, and that army needs to be fed,” said one campaign consultant familiar with the campaign’s internal numbers. “Jeb might not have a fundraiser problem. He might have a spending problem.”	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
--- glibc-2.3.2/configure-orig 2009-03-26 15:46:33.000000000 +0100 +++ glibc-2.3.2/configure 2009-03-26 15:49:15.000000000 +0100 @@ -3850,67 +3850,6 @@ # These programs are version sensitive. -for ac_prog in ${ac_tool_prefix}gcc ${ac_tool_prefix}cc -do - # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args. -set dummy $ac_prog; ac_word=$2 -echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking for $ac_word" >&5 -echo $ECHO_N "checking for $ac_word... $ECHO_C" >&6 -if test "${ac_cv_prog_CC+set}" = set; then - echo $ECHO_N "(cached) $ECHO_C" >&6 -else - if test -n "$CC"; then - ac_cv_prog_CC="$CC" # Let the user override the test. -else -as_save_IFS=$IFS; IFS=$PATH_SEPARATOR -for as_dir in $PATH -do - IFS=$as_save_IFS - test -z "$as_dir" && as_dir=. - for ac_exec_ext in '' $ac_executable_extensions; do - if $as_executable_p "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"; then - ac_cv_prog_CC="$ac_prog" - echo "$as_me:$LINENO: found $as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" >&5 - break 2 - fi -done -done - -fi -fi -CC=$ac_cv_prog_CC -if test -n "$CC"; then - echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $CC" >&5 -echo "${ECHO_T}$CC" >&6 -else - echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: no" >&5 -echo "${ECHO_T}no" >&6 -fi - - test -n "$CC" && break -done - -if test -z "$CC"; then - ac_verc_fail=yes -else - # Found it, now check the version. - echo "$as_me:$LINENO: checking version of $CC" >&5 -echo $ECHO_N "checking version of $CC... $ECHO_C" >&6 - ac_prog_version=`$CC -v 2>&1 \| sed -n 's/^.version $[egcygnustpi-][0-9.]$.$/\1/p'` - case $ac_prog_version in - '') ac_prog_version="v. ?.??, bad"; ac_verc_fail=yes;; - 3.[2-9]) - ac_prog_version="$ac_prog_version, ok"; ac_verc_fail=no;; - ) ac_prog_version="$ac_prog_version, bad"; ac_verc_fail=yes;; - - esac - echo "$as_me:$LINENO: result: $ac_prog_version" >&5 -echo "${ECHO_T}$ac_prog_version" >&6 -fi -if test $ac_verc_fail = yes; then - critic_missing="$critic_missing gcc" -fi - for ac_prog in gnumake gmake make do # Extract the first word of "$ac_prog", so it can be a program name with args.	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Not your usual blog. A series of short, pithy comments on the world from an objective (not Objectivist) view usually without the usual links to other sources. I'll include links when I can. This blog was originally on Word Press/Blogivists, but it disappeared suddenly so I moved it here. It has come back there, but it's too late. About Me The New THOMA$ REPORT, which I had published since the turn of the century, is no more. Town Hall deleted ALL their "citizen blogs" so this is "it." Bull Cutter will be my premier blog until Blogger does the same. Copyright (C) 2007 By Ray Thomas Followers Tuesday, November 2, 2010 Getting Tired of Obama Every day I see pictures of his ugly mug on the newsstands; and on the television; and everywhere else I look. Like “Big Brother” in George Orwell’s prophetic “1984” where the country was run by this guy everybody called “Big Brother,” whose face was EVERYWHERE. Where it was on your television when it was turned off, and that TV watched YOU. I’m getting to the point where I just turn it off whenever I see his mug. Sheesh! VIAGRA FOR RAPISTS? No, none of the politicians in this ad voted for specifically a law to allow rapists and child molesters to be able to get Viagra at government expense. But every one that voted for Obama’s health care swindle voted for a bill that would ALLOW rapists and child molesters access to it after they get out of prison, so they can “get it up” to rape either adults or children, whatever they prefer. “THE STAFF” DOES IT ALL: Politicians do practically nothing aside from voting and raising money for re-election. The “staff” does it all. They read the legislation (when it is read at all); they WRITE the legislation their principal introduces. They write the speeches he gives. They put THEIR ideas into his head (they call it “advice”). The congressperson just takes credit for what they do and collects his money. Every once in a while he goes into Congress and votes the way they tell him he should. NO COMPROMISE: Obama and other Democrats whine about there being “no compromise” in Washington. They want you to think it is the Republicans who will not compromise, but it is the Democrats. They have many meetings at which they hear idea after idea from Republicans, but they reject them out of hand. Then they say “Republicans have no new ideas.” Actually, Republicans have plenty of ideas, but liberal Democrats won’t hear them. Republicans simply won’t compromise their basic principles and accept those of the Democrats (liberals). OBAMA “NOT KING”: Obama bemoans the fact that he is not king. And he talks about “crushing your enemies, referring to those who disagree with him.” Since when are people who disagree with a president “enemies?” I thought he wanted to “get them involved.” You can’t do that if you consider them an “enemy.” This is the “great unifier.” Sheesh! LARRY KING NEEDS TO BE RETIRED: He got confused the other day and accused that “WikiLeaks” guy of “walking off” his set. Only one problem; he didn’t. Larry’s getting really old and is showing signs of his senility. He ought to announce his retirement and go home to rest. He isn’t much good as a commentator, anyway. All he does is “throw softballs” at Democrats while ignoring Republicans..	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
ByIf you're an Old Dominion University football fan, you may remember Satchel Ziffer. If you can't quite place his name, his 10 minutes of fame occurred in 2014, when the non-scholarship placekicker came off the bench to kick last-second, game-winning field goals against Florida International and Florida Atlantic. His field goals transformed what might have been a 4-8 record into 6-6 in ODU's first season in FBS.Ziffer spent two short years at ODU, where the junior college transfer from Lancaster, Pa. graduated in 2016. He's since earned a master's degree in finance from Colorado and has done well financially working as a stock and hedge fund consultant in Los Angeles and Denver.But those two years at ODU made a huge impression on him. When he looked for a way to help feed hungry children and others suffering because of the COVID-19 pandemic, he started a Go Fund Me page to help people in Norfolk.He hooked up with Perfectly Frank, a restaurant in the Monarch Way section of ODU's campus. Tarah Morris, owner and operator of the restaurant, is using the donations to prepare meals at a reduced price and deliver them to hungry people.This past week she delivered 34 meals to Hope Village, a homeless housing facility in Norfolk, and 50 meals to the 4-Kids charity program thanks to Ziffer's Go Fund Me page. Hundreds more will be delivered in the coming weeks, Morris said.Ziffer promoted the fund on social media and got things started with a $100 donation. The fund has begun modestly, accruing just $710, but Ziffer continues to promote it and says the money will increase.Ziffer says that if the fund helps feed just a few dozen children, it was worth his time."I just want to help, especially those really in need," he said. "Maybe one day if I need help someone will be there to help me."Ziffer's parents run a small business in Pennsylvania Dutch country, and he reached out to Perfectly Frank because it is also a small business."So many small businesses are hurting, especially restaurants," he said.Like many other restaurant owners, Morris is struggling to make ends meet on takeout orders. She's also exhausted from the extra workload she's shouldering.She has three children at home and her husband, Sean, works long hours in the training office for the Norfolk Fire Department. Nonetheless, she's doubled her workload from about 30 hours per week to 60."I could probably give more hours to other people, but I work for free," she said, adding that she hasn't had to lay off any cooks or waitresses."How am I doing? I don't really know. I've been moving so fast because we've been in survival mode."I think we're going to be OK, but you just don't know anything for sure at this point."Her eatery specializes in comfort food, from hamburgers and hot dogs (hence the name, Perfectly Frank) and French Fries to barbecue, tuna melts and fried chicken.She has developed close ties with many at ODU, including athletic director Wood Selig and athletic donor Ray Wittersheim, who sits in the same seat for dinner before every men's and women's basketball game."Everyone knows that's Ray's seat," she said.Selig ran into her last weekend while taking an early-morning walk."She's part of the ODU community," Selig said. "I'm so glad that Satchel stepped up to help and that he did it with Tarah."Others have stepped up as well. Lynnhaven River Now, a group dedicated to restoring the Lynnhaven River, purchased 40 meals for emergency room nurses at Sentara Norfolk General. The Next, a private apartment complex in which many ODU student live, is sponsoring meals for nurses at the Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters.Morris even got a $200 check from her ex-husband's aunt (Kathy) that fed 25 of the homeless at the Samaritan House.She says that takeout service at many Monarch Way restaurants, including the Den by Denny's and Panera Bread, is bringing people together."I see families pull up in cars, pick up their food and park and talk to each other while they eat," she said. "That's a safe way to interact with people you care about. It's the next-best thing to going to a restaurant."It's good to see people enjoy a little normalcy."Ziffer said he hopes more people step up to help restaurants and feed people in Hampton Roads."The hospitality industry is such a big part of the area's economy," he said. "So many restaurant workers are losing their jobs. How are they supposed to feed their families?"If you're in a position to help, please do what you can."Click here Go Fund Me to contribute.To contact Perfectly Frank, call 757-440-1020.Contact Minium: hminium@odu.edu	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Related Applications This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 08/189,139, now abandoned, entitled "Dual Bus Concurrent Multi-Channel Direct Memory Access Controller and Method", and U.S. application Ser. No. 08/189,131, now abandoned, entitled "Direct Memory Access Channel Architecture and Method for Reception of Network Information", each of which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and filed concurrently herewith.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
Gelatinases A and B and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3 during in vivo and in vitro decidualization of rat endometrial stromal cells. An important event during decidualization is the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, an event controlled by the balance of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). A putative regulator of decidualization is prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The present study shows that endometrial mRNA levels for TIMPs 1, 2, and 3 were increased while gelatinase A levels remained unchanged and gelatinase B levels decreased during oil-induced decidualization. The production of TIMPs 1, 2, and 3 and gelatinases A and B during in vitro decidualization was examined, as was the role of PGE2 as a regulator. Ovariectomized rats were given a regimen of estrogen and progesterone, which sensitized their uteri for decidualization, at which time endometrial stromal cells were isolated and cultured in serum-free conditions for 72 h. Northern blot analyses indicated the presence of the mRNAs for TIMPs and gelatinases, while reverse zymography and zymography showed the presence of their proteins. PGE2 decreased mRNA levels for TIMP-1 and gelatinase A but had no effect on gelatinase B or TIMPs 2 and 3. Indomethacin had no effect on any of the transcripts. These data indicate that rat endometrial stromal cells undergoing decidualization in vitro secrete gelatinases and TIMPs, and suggest that PGE2 may play a role in regulating tissue remodeling during decidualization.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
--- abstract: 'We study thin interpolating sequences $\{\lambda_n\}$ and their relationship to interpolation in the Hardy space $H^2$ and the model spaces $K_\Theta = H^2 \ominus \Theta H^2$, where $\Theta$ is an inner function. Our results, phrased in terms of the functions that do the interpolation as well as Carleson measures, show that under the assumption that $\Theta(\lambda_n) \to 0$ the interpolation properties in $H^2$ are essentially the same as those in $K_\Theta$.' address: - \| Pamela Gorkin, Department of Mathematics\ Bucknell University\ Lewisburg, PA USA 17837 - \| Brett D. Wick, School of Mathematics\ Georgia Institute of Technology\ 686 Cherry Street\ Atlanta, GA USA 30332-0160 author: - 'Pamela Gorkin$^\dagger$' - 'Brett D. Wick$^\ddagger$' title: Thin Sequences and Their Role in Model Spaces and Douglas Algebras --- [^1] [^2] \[section\] \[thm\][Lemma]{} \[thm\][Corollary]{} \[thm\][Conjecture]{} \[thm\][Problem]{} \[thm\][Proposition]{} \[thm\][Definition]{} \[thm\][Remark]{} Introduction and Motivation =========================== A sequence $\{\lambda_j\}_{j=1}^\infty$ is an [interpolating sequence]{.nodecor} for $H^\infty$, the space of bounded analytic functions, if for every $w\in\ell^\infty$ there is a function $f\in H^\infty$ such that $$f(z_j) = w_j, ~\mbox{for all}~ j\in{\mathbb{N}}.$$ Carleson’s interpolation theorem says that $\{\lambda_j\}_{j=1}^\infty$ is an interpolating sequence for $H^\infty$ if and only if $$\label{Interp_Cond} \delta = \inf_{j}\delta_j:=\inf_j \left\vert B_j(\lambda_j)\right\vert=\inf_{j}\prod_{k \ne j} \left\|\frac{\lambda_j - \lambda_k}{1 - \overline{\lambda}_j \lambda_k}\right\| > 0,$$ where $$B_j(z):=\prod_{k\neq j}\frac{-\overline{\lambda_k}}{{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}}\frac{z-\lambda_k}{1-\overline{\lambda}_kz}$$ denotes the Blaschke product vanishing on the set of points $\{\lambda_k:k\neq j\}$. In this paper, we consider sequences that (eventually) satisfy a stronger condition than . A sequence $\{\lambda_j\}\subset{\mathbb{D}}$ is thin if $$\lim_{j\to\infty}\delta_j:=\lim_{j\to\infty}\prod_{k\neq j}\left\vert\frac{\lambda_j-\lambda_k}{1-\overline{\lambda}_k\lambda_j}\right\vert=1.$$ Thin sequences are of interest not only because functions solving interpolation for thin interpolating sequences have good bounds on the norm, but also because they are interpolating sequences for a very small algebra: the algebra $QA = VMO \cap H^\infty$, where $VMO$ is the space of functions on the unit circle with vanishing mean oscillation [@W]. Continuing work in [@CFT] and [@GPW], we are interested in understanding these sequences in different settings. This will require two definitions that are motivated by the work of Shapiro and Shields, [@SS], in which they gave the appropriate conditions for a sequence to be interpolating for the Hardy space $H^2$. Considering more general Hilbert spaces will require the introduction of reproducing kernels: In a reproducing kernel Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ (see [@AM p. 17]) we let $K_{\lambda_n}$ denote the kernel corresponding to the point $\lambda_n$; that is, for each function in the Hilbert space we have that $f(\lambda_n)=\left\langle f, K_{\lambda_n}\right\rangle_{\mathcal{H}}$. If we have an $\ell^2$ sequence $a = \{a_n\}$, we define $$\\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2} = \left(\sum_{j \ge N} \|a_j\|^2\right)^{1/2}.$$ The concepts of interest are the following. A sequence $\{\lambda_n\}\subset\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{C}^n$ is said to be [an eventual $1$-interpolating sequence for a reproducing kernel Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$]{}, denoted $EIS_{\mathcal{H}}$, if for every $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists $N$ such that for each $\{a_n\} \in \ell^2$ there exists $f_{N, a} \in \mathcal{H}$ with $$f_{N, a}(\lambda_n) {\ensuremath{\left\\|K_{\lambda_n}\right\\|}}_{\mathcal{H}}^{-1}=f_{N, a}(\lambda_n) K_{\lambda_n}(\lambda_n)^{-\frac{1}{2}} = a_n ~\mbox{for}~ n \ge N ~\mbox{and}~ \\|f_{N, a}\\|_{\mathcal{H}} \le (1 + \varepsilon) \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}.$$ A sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is said to be a [strong asymptotic interpolating sequence for $\mathcal{H}$]{}, denoted $AIS_{\mathcal{H}}$, if for all $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists $N$ such that for all sequences $\{a_n\} \in \ell^2$ there exists a function $G_{N, a} \in \mathcal{H}$ such that $\\|G_{N, a}\\|_\mathcal{H} \le \\|a\\|_{N,\ell^2}$ and $$\\|\{G_{N, a}(\lambda_n) K_{\lambda_n}(\lambda_n)^{-\frac{1}{2}} - a_n\}\\|_{N, \ell^2} < \varepsilon \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}.$$ Given a (nonconstant) inner function $\Theta$, we are interested in these sequences in model spaces; we define the model space for $\Theta$ an inner function by $K_\Theta = H^2 \ominus \Theta H^2$. The reproducing kernel in $K_\Theta$ for $\lambda_0 \in \mathbb{D}$ is $$K_{\lambda_0}^\Theta(z) = \frac{1 - \overline{\Theta(\lambda_0)}{\Theta(z)}}{1 - \overline{\lambda_0}z}$$ and the normalized reproducing kernel is $$k_{\lambda_0}^\Theta(z) = \sqrt{\frac{1 - \|\lambda_0\|^2}{1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_0)\|^2}} K_{\lambda_0}^\Theta(z).$$ Finally, note that $$K_{\lambda_0} = K_{\lambda_0}^\Theta + \Theta \overline{\Theta(\lambda_0)}K_{\lambda_0}.$$ We let $P_\Theta$ denote the orthogonal projection of $H^2$ onto $K_\Theta$. We consider thin sequences in these settings as well as in Douglas algebras: Letting $L^\infty$ denote the algebra of essentially bounded measurable functions on the unit circle, a Douglas algebra is a closed subalgebra of $L^\infty$ containing $H^\infty$. It is a consequence of work of Chang and Marshall that a Douglas algebra $\mathcal{B}$ is equal to the closed algebra generated by $H^\infty$ and the conjugates of the interpolating Blaschke products invertible in $\mathcal{B}$, [@C; @M]. In this paper, we continue work started in [@GM] and [@GPW] investigating the relationship between thin sequences, $EIS_{\mathcal{H}}$ and $AIS_{\mathcal{H}}$ where $\mathcal{H}$ is a model space or the Hardy space $H^2$. In Section \[HSV\], we consider the notion of eventually interpolating and asymptotic interpolating sequences in the model space setting. We show that in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of analytic functions on domains in $\mathbb{C}^n$, these two are the same. Given results in [@GPW], this is not surprising and the proofs are similar to those in the $H^\infty$ setting. We then turn to our main result of that section. If we have a Blaschke sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ in $\mathbb{D}$ and assume that our inner function $\Theta$ satisfies $\|\Theta(\lambda_n)\| \to 0$, then a sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence if and only if it is an $EIS_{H^2}$ sequence (and therefore $AIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence if and only if it is an $AIS_{H^2}$). In Section \[CMMS\] we rephrase these properties in terms of the Carleson embedding constants on the model spaces. Finally, in Section \[asip\_algebra\], we recall the definition of Douglas algebras and show that appropriate definitions and conditions are quite different in that setting. Preliminaries ============= Recall that a sequence $\{x_n\}$ in ${\mathcal{H}}$ is [complete]{} if $~\mbox{Span}\{x_n: n \ge 1\} = \mathcal{H}$, and [asymptotically orthonormal]{} ($AOS$) if there exists $N_0$ such that for all $N \ge N_0$ there are positive constants $c_N$ and $C_N$ such that $$\begin{aligned} \label{thininequality} c_N \sum_{n \ge N} \|a_n\|^2 \le \left\\|\sum_{n \ge N} a_n x_n\right\\|^2_{{\mathcal{H}}} \le C_N \sum_{n \ge N} \|a_n\|^2,\end{aligned}$$ where $c_N \to 1$ and $ C_N \to 1$ as $N \to \infty$. If we can take $N_0 = 1$, the sequence is said to be an $AOB$; this is equivalent to being $AOS$ and a Riesz sequence. Finally, the Gram matrix corresponding to $\{x_j\}$ is the matrix $G = \left(\langle x_n, x_m \rangle\right)_{n, m \ge 1}$. It is well known that if $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a Blaschke sequence with simple zeros and corresponding Blaschke product $B$, then $\{k_{\lambda_n}\}$, where $$k_{\lambda_n}(z)=\frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}{(1-\overline{\lambda_n}z)},$$ is a complete minimal system in $K_B$ and we also know that $\{\lambda_n\}$ is interpolating if and only if $\{k_{\lambda_n}\}$ is a Riesz basis. The following beautiful theorem provides the connection to thin sequences. \[Volberg\] The following are equivalent: 1. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a thin interpolating sequence; 2. The sequence $\{k_{\lambda_n}\}$ is a complete $AOB$ in $K_B$; 3. There exist a separable Hilbert space $\mathcal{K}$, an orthonormal basis $\{e_n\}$ for $\mathcal{K}$ and $U, K: \mathcal{K} \to K_B$, $U$ unitary, $K$ compact, $U + K$ invertible, such that $$(U + K)(e_n) = k_{\lambda_n} \text{ for all } n \in {\mathbb{N}}.$$ In [@F]\[Section 3]{} and [@CFT]\[Proposition 3.2]{}, the authors note that [@V]\[Theorem 3]{} implies the following. \[propCFT\] Let $\{x_n\}$ be a sequence in ${\mathcal{H}}$. The following are equivalent: 1. $\{x_n\}$ is an AOB; 2. There exist a separable Hilbert space $\mathcal{K}$, an orthonormal basis $\{e_n\}$ for $\mathcal{K}$ and $U, K: \mathcal{K} \to \mathcal{H}$, $U$ unitary, $K$ compact, $U + K$ left invertible, such that $$(U + K)(e_n) = x_n;$$ 3. The Gram matrix $G$ associated to $\{x_n\}$ defines a bounded invertible operator of the form $I + K$ with $K$ compact. We also have the following, which we will use later in this paper. \[prop5.1CFT\] If $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a sequence of distinct points in $\mathbb{D}$ and $\{k_{\lambda_n}^\Theta\}$ is an $AOS$, then $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a thin interpolating sequence. \[theorem5.2CFT\] Suppose $\sup_{n \ge 1} \|\Theta(\lambda_n)\| < 1$. If $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a thin interpolating sequence, then either \(i) $\{k_{\lambda_n}^\Theta\}_{n\ge1}$ is an $AOB$ or \(ii) there exists $p \ge 2$ such that $\{k_{\lambda_n}^\Theta\}_{n \ge p}$ is a complete $AOB$ in $K_\Theta$. Hilbert Space Versions {#HSV} ====================== Asymptotic and Eventual Interpolating Sequences {#asip} ----------------------------------------------- Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a reproducing kernel Hilbert space of analytic functions over a domain $\Omega\subset{\mathbb{C}}^n$ with reproducing kernel $K_\lambda$ at the point $\lambda \in \Omega$. We define two properties that a sequence $\{\lambda_n\}\subset \Omega$ can have. A sequence $\{\lambda_n\}\subset\Omega$ is an [eventual $1$-interpolating sequence for $\mathcal{H}$]{.nodecor}, denoted $EIS_{\mathcal{H}}$, if for every $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists $N$ such that for each $\{a_n\} \in \ell^2$ there exists $f_{N, a} \in \mathcal{H}$ with $$f_{N, a}(\lambda_n) {\ensuremath{\left\\|K_{\lambda_n}\right\\|}}_{\mathcal{H}}^{-1}=f_{N, a}(\lambda_n) K_{\lambda_n}(\lambda_n)^{-\frac{1}{2}} = a_n ~\mbox{for}~ n \ge N ~\mbox{and}~ \\|f_{N, a}\\|_{\mathcal{H}} \le (1 + \varepsilon) \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}.$$ A sequence $\{\lambda_n\}\subset\Omega$ is a [strong asymptotic interpolating sequence for $\mathcal{H}$]{.nodecor}, denoted $AIS_{\mathcal{H}}$, if for all $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists $N$ such that for all sequences $\{a_n\} \in \ell^2$ there exists a function $G_{N, a} \in \mathcal{H}$ such that $\\|G_{N, a}\\|_\mathcal{H} \le \\|a\\|_{N,\ell^2}$ and $$\\|\{G_{N, a}(\lambda_n) K_{\lambda_n}(\lambda_n)^{-\frac{1}{2}} - a_n\}\\|_{N, \ell^2} < \varepsilon \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}.$$ We now wish to prove Theorem \[EISiffASI\] below. The proof, which is a modification of the proof of the open-mapping theorem, also yields a proof of the following proposition. \[Banachspace\] Let $X$ and $Y$ be Banach spaces and let $T: X \to Y$ be a bounded operator and $\varepsilon > 0$. If $$\sup_{\\|y\\| = 1} \inf_{\\|x\\| \le 1} \\|Tx - y\\| < \varepsilon < 1,$$ then for all $y \in Y$, there exists $x \in X$ such that $\\|x\\| \le \frac{1}{1 - \varepsilon} \\|y\\|$ and $Tx = y$. Theorem \[EISiffASI\] follows from Proposition \[Banachspace\], but doing so requires dealing with several technicalities that obfuscate the underlying ideas, and so we present a direct proof of our desired implication. When we turn to Banach algebras, the corresponding implication (in Theorem \[main\_algebra\]) will be a direct consequence of Proposition \[Banachspace\]. We thank the referee for pointing out Proposition \[Banachspace\] to us. \[EISiffASI\] Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a reproducing kernel space of analytic functions over the domain $\Omega\subset\mathbb{C}^n$ with reproducing kernel at the point $\lambda$ given by $K_\lambda$. Then $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{\mathcal{H}}$ sequence if and only if $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $AIS_{\mathcal{H}}$. If a sequence is an $EIS_{\mathcal{H}}$, then it is trivially $AIS_{\mathcal{H}}$, for given $\varepsilon > 0$ we may take $G_{N, a} = \frac{f_{N, a}}{(1 + \varepsilon)}$. For the other direction, suppose $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $AIS_{\mathcal{H}}$ sequence. Let $\varepsilon > 0$, $N := N(\varepsilon)$, and $\{a_j\}:=\{a_{j}^{(0)}\}$ be any sequence. First choose $f_0 \in \mathcal{H}$ so that for $n \ge N$ we have $$\\|\{K_{\lambda_n}(\lambda_n)^{-\frac{1}{2}} f_0(\lambda_n) - a_{n}^{(0)}\}\\|_{N, \ell^2} < \frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon} \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}$$ and $$\\|f_0\\|_{\mathcal{H}} \le \\|a\\|_{N,\ell^2}.$$ Now let $a_{n}^{(1)} = a_{n}^{(0)} - K_{\lambda_n}(\lambda_n)^{-\frac{1}{2}} f_0(\lambda_n)$. Note that $\\|a^{(1)}\\|_{N, \ell^2} < \frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon} \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}$. Since we have an $AIS_{\mathcal{H}}$ sequence, we may choose $f_1$ such that for $n \ge N$ we have $$\\|\{f_1(\lambda_n)K_{\lambda_n}(\lambda_n)^{-\frac{1}{2}} - a_{n}^{(1)}\}\\|_{N, \ell^2} < \frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon} \\|a^{(1)}\\|_{N, \ell^2} < \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}\right)^2\\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2},$$ and $$\\|f_1\\|_{\mathcal{H}} \le \\|a^{(1)}\\|_{N, \ell^2}<\left(\frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}\right)\\|a\\|_{N,\ell^2}.$$ In general, we let $$a_{j}^{(k)} = -f_{k - 1}(\lambda_j)K_{\lambda_j}(\lambda_j)^{-\frac{1}{2}} + a_{j}^{(k-1)}$$ so that $$\\|a^{(k)}\\|_{N, \ell^2} \le \frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon} \\|a^{(k - 1)}\\|_{N, \ell^2} \le \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}\right)^2 \\|a^{(k-2)}\\|_{N, \ell^2} \le \cdots \le \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}\right)^k \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}$$ and $$\\|f_k\\|_{\mathcal{H}} \le \\|a^{(k)}\\|_{N, \ell^2}<\left(\frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}\right)^k\\|a\\|_{N,\ell^2}.$$ Then consider $f(z) = \sum_{k = 0}^\infty f_k(z)$. Since $f_k(\lambda_j) = \left(a_{j}^{(k)} - a_{j}^{(k+1)}\right)K_{\lambda_j}(\lambda_j)^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $a_{j}^{(k)} \to 0$ as $k \to \infty$, we have for each $j \ge N$, $$f(\lambda_j) = a_{j}^{(0)} K_{\lambda_j}(\lambda_j)^{\frac{1}{2}} = a_jK_{\lambda_j}(\lambda_j)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$ Further $\\|f\\|_{\mathcal{H}}\le \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \left(\frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}\right)^{k} \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2} = \frac{1}{1 - \frac{\varepsilon}{1+\varepsilon}} \\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}=(1+\varepsilon)\\|a\\|_{N, \ell^2}$. This proves that $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{\mathcal{H}}$ sequence. The Hardy and Model Spaces -------------------------- We let $\Theta$ denote a nonconstant inner function and apply Theorem \[EISiffASI\] to the reproducing kernel Hilbert space $K_{\Theta}$. We also include statements and results about Carleson measures. Given a non-negative measure $\mu$ on ${\mathbb{D}}$, let us denote the (possibly infinite) constant $${\mathcal{C}}(\mu) = \sup_{f \in H^2, f \neq 0} \frac{\\|f\\|^2_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \mu)}}{\\|f\\|^2_2}$$ as the Carleson embedding constant of $\mu$ on $H^2$ and $${\mathcal{R}}(\mu) = \sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} \frac{\\|k_z\\|_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \mu)}}{\\|k_z\\|_2}=\sup_{z} \\|k_z\\|_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \mu)}$$ as the embedding constant of $\mu$ on $k_z$, the normalized reproducing kernel of $H^2$. It is well-known that ${\mathcal{C}}(\mu)\approx {\mathcal{R}}(\mu)$, [@MR2417425; @nikolski]. \[main\] Let $\{\lambda_n\}$ be an interpolating sequence in $\mathbb{D}$ and let $\Theta$ be an inner function. Suppose that $\kappa:=\sup_{n} \left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\| < 1$. The following are equivalent: 1. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{H^2}$ sequence\[eish2\]; 2. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a thin interpolating sequence\[thin1\]; 3. \[aob\] Either 1. $\{k_{\lambda_n}^\Theta\}_{n\ge1}$ is an $AOB$, or 2. there exists $p \ge 2$ such that $\{k_{\lambda_n}^\Theta\}_{n \ge p}$ is a complete $AOB$ in $K_\Theta$; 4. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $AIS_{H^2}$ sequence\[Aish2\]; 5. The measure $$\mu_N = \sum_{k \ge N} (1 - \|\lambda_k\|^2)\delta_{\lambda_k}$$ is a Carleson measure for $H^2$ with Carleson embedding constant ${\mathcal{C}}(\mu_N)$ satisfying ${\mathcal{C}}(\mu_N) \to 1$ as $N \to \infty$\[C1\]; 6. The measure $$\nu_N = \sum_{k \ge N}\frac{(1 - \|\lambda_k\|^2)}{\delta_k} \delta_{\lambda_k}$$ is a Carleson measure for $H^2$ with embedding constant ${\mathcal{R}}_{\nu_N}$ on reproducing kernels satisfying ${\mathcal{R}}_{\nu_N} \to 1$\[C2\]. Further, and are equivalent to each other and imply each of the statements above. If, in addition, $ \Theta(\lambda_n) \to0$, then - are equivalent. 7. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence\[eis\]; 8. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $AIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence\[ais\]. The equivalence between and is contained in Theorem \[EISiffASI\]. Similarly, this applies to and . In [@GPW]\[Theorem 4.5]{}, the authors prove that , and are equivalent. The equivalence between , , and is contained in [@GPW]. That implies is Theorem \[theorem5.2CFT\]. That implies also follows from results in [@CFT], for if a sequence is an $AOB$ for some $p \ge 2$ it is an $AOS$ for $p \ge 2$ and hence thin by Proposition \[prop5.1CFT\] for $p \ge 2$. This is, of course, the same as being thin interpolating. Thus, we have the equivalence of equations , , , , , and , as well as the equivalence of and .\ Now we show that and are equivalent under the hypothesis that $\Theta(\lambda_n)\to 0$.\ $\Rightarrow$. Suppose that $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence. We will prove that this implies it is an $EIS_{H^2}$ sequence, establishing .\ Let $\varepsilon>0$ be given. Choose $\varepsilon^\prime < \varepsilon$ and let $N_1 = N(\varepsilon^\prime)$ be chosen according to the definition of $\{\lambda_n\}$ being an $EIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence. Recall that $$\kappa_m = \sup_{n \ge m} \|\Theta(\lambda_n)\| \to 0,$$ so we may assume that we have chosen $N_1$ so large that $$\frac{1 + \varepsilon^\prime}{(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{1/2}} < 1 + \varepsilon.$$ Define $\{\tilde{a}_n\}$ to be $0$ if $n < N_1$ and $\tilde{a}_n=a_n \left(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert}}^2\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ for $n \ge N_1$. Then $\{\tilde{a}_n\} \in \ell^2$. Select $f_a\in K_\Theta\subset H^2$ so that $$f_a(\lambda_n) \left(\frac{1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert}}^2}{1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_n\right\vert}}^2}\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}} = \tilde{a}_n = a_n \left(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert}}^2\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}} \, \textrm{ if } n \ge N_1$$ and $$\\|f_a\\| \le (1 + \varepsilon^\prime) \\|\tilde{a}\\|_{N_1, \ell^2} \le \frac{(1 + \varepsilon^\prime)}{(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{1/2}}\\|a\\|_{N_1, \ell^2} < (1 + \varepsilon) \\|a\\|_{N_1, \ell^2}.$$ Since $f_a\in K_\Theta$, we have that $f_a\in H^2$, and canceling out the common factor yields that $f_a(\lambda_n)(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_n\right\vert}}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}=a_n$ for all $n\geq N_1$. Thus $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{H^2}$ sequence as claimed.\ $\Rightarrow$. Suppose that $\Theta(\lambda_n) \to 0$ and $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{H^2}$ sequence; equivalently, that $\{\lambda_n\}$ is thin. We want to show that the sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence. First we present some observations.\ First, looking at the definition, we see that we may assume that $\varepsilon > 0$ is small, for any choice of $N$ that works for small $\varepsilon$ also works for larger values.\ Second, if $f\in H^2$ and we let $\tilde{f}=P_{K_\Theta}f$, then we have that ${\ensuremath{\left\\|\tilde{f}\right\\|}}_2\leq {\ensuremath{\left\\|f\right\\|}}_2$ since $P_{K_\Theta}$ is an orthogonal projection. Next, we have $P_{K_\Theta} = P_+ - \Theta P_+ \overline{\Theta}$, where $P_+$ is the orthogonal projection of $L^2$ onto $H^2$, so letting $T_{\overline{\Theta}}$ denote the Toeplitz operator with symbol $\overline{\Theta}$ we have $$\label{Toeplitz} \tilde{f}(z)=f(z)-\Theta(z)T_{\overline{\Theta}}(f)(z).$$ In what follows, $\kappa_m := \sup_{n \ge m}\|\Theta(\lambda_n)\|$ and recall that we assume that $\kappa_m \to 0$.\ Since $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{H^2}$ sequence, there exists $N_1$ such that for any $a\in\ell^2$ there exists a function $f_0\in H^2$ such that $$f_0(\lambda_n)=a_n\left(\frac{1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_n)\|^2}{1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_n\right\vert}}^2}\right)^\frac{1}{2}~\mbox{for all}~n\geq N_1$$ and $${\ensuremath{\left\\|f_0\right\\|}}_{2}\leq (1+\varepsilon){\ensuremath{\left\\|\{a_k (1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}\}\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2} \le (1 + \varepsilon){\ensuremath{\left\\|a \right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}.$$ Here we have applied the $EIS_{H^2}$ property to the sequence $\{a_k(1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}\}\in\ell^2$. By we have that $$\begin{aligned} \tilde{f}_0(\lambda_k) & = & f_0(\lambda_k)-\Theta(\lambda_k) T_{\overline{\Theta}}(f_0)(\lambda_k)\\ & = & a_k(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^\frac{1}{2}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}-\Theta(\lambda_k) T_{\overline{\Theta}}(f_0)(\lambda_k)\quad\forall k\geq N_1 \end{aligned}$$ and ${\ensuremath{\left\\|\tilde{f}_0\right\\|}}_2\leq{\ensuremath{\left\\|f_0\right\\|}}_2\leq (1+\varepsilon){\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}$. Rearranging the above, for $k \ge N_1$ we have $$\begin{aligned} {\ensuremath{\left\vert\tilde{f}_0(\lambda_k)(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}-a_k\right\vert}} & = & {\ensuremath{\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_k) T_{\overline{\Theta}}(f_0)(\lambda_k)(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\vert}}\\ & \leq & \kappa_{N_1}(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|f_0\right\\|}}_2\\ &\leq& (1+\varepsilon) \kappa_{N_1}(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}.\end{aligned}$$ We claim that $\{a^{(1)}_n\}=\{\tilde{f}_0(\lambda_n)(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_n)\|^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_n\right\vert}}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}} - a_n\}\in\ell^2$ and that there is a constant $N_2$ depending only on $\varepsilon$ and the Carleson measure given by the thin sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ such that $$\label{a1} {\ensuremath{\left\\|a^{(1)}\right\\|}}_{N_2,\ell^2}\leq (1+\varepsilon)^2\kappa_{N_1}(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}.$$ Since the sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is thin and distinct, it hence generates an $H^2$ Carleson measure with norm at most $(1+\varepsilon)$; that is, we have the existence of $N_2 \ge N_1$ such that $\kappa_{N_2}(1 - \kappa_{N_2}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} \le \kappa_{N_1}(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ and $$\begin{aligned} {\ensuremath{\left\\|a^{(1)}\right\\|}}_{N_2,\ell^2} & = & \left(\sum_{k\geq N_2} {\ensuremath{\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert}}^2 {\ensuremath{\left\vertT_{\overline{\Theta}}(f_0)(\lambda_k)\right\vert}}^2 (1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{-1}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\\ & \leq & (1+\varepsilon) \kappa_{N_2}(1 - \kappa_{N_2}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|T_{\overline{\Theta}}f_0\right\\|}}_2 \nonumber\\ & \leq &(1+\varepsilon) \kappa_{N_2}(1 - \kappa_{N_2}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|f_0\right\\|}}_2\nonumber\\ & \leq & (1+\varepsilon)^2 \kappa_{N_1} (1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}\nonumber<\infty,\end{aligned}$$ completing the proof of the claim. We will now iterate these estimates and ideas. Let $\widetilde{a^{(1)}_n}=-\frac{a^{(1)}_n}{(1 + \varepsilon)^2\kappa_{N_1} (1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} }$ for $n \ge N_2$ and $\widetilde{a^{(1)}_n} = 0$ otherwise. Then from (\[a1\]) we have that ${\ensuremath{\left\\|\widetilde{a^{(1)}}\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2} = {\ensuremath{\left\\|\widetilde{a^{(1)}}\right\\|}}_{N_2,\ell^2} \le {\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}$. Since $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{H^2}$ we may choose $f_1\in H^2$ with $$f_1(\lambda_n)=\widetilde{a_n^{(1)}}(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_n)\|^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_n\right\vert}}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}~\mbox{for all}~n\geq N_1$$ and, letting $\widetilde{f}_1 = P_{K_\Theta}(f_1)$, we have $${\ensuremath{\left\\|\tilde{f}_1\right\\|}}_{2}\leq{\ensuremath{\left\\|f_1\right\\|}}_{2}\leq (1+\varepsilon){\ensuremath{\left\\|\widetilde{a^{(1)}}\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}\leq (1+\varepsilon){\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}.$$ As above, $$\begin{aligned} \widetilde{f}_1(\lambda_k) & = & f_1(\lambda_k)-\Theta(\lambda_k) T_{\overline{\Theta}}(f_1)(\lambda_k)\\ & = & \widetilde{a_k^{(1)}}(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}-\Theta(\lambda_k) T_{\overline{\Theta}}(f_1)(\lambda_k)\quad\forall k\geq N_1. \end{aligned}$$ And, for $k \ge N_1$ we have $$\begin{aligned} {\ensuremath{\left\vert\tilde{f}_1(\lambda_k)(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}-\widetilde{a_k^{(1)}}\right\vert}} & = & {\ensuremath{\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_k) T_{\overline{\Theta}}(f_1)(\lambda_k)(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\vert}}\\ & \leq & \kappa_{N_1}(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|f_1\right\\|}}_2\\ & \leq & (1+\varepsilon)\kappa_{N_1}(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} {\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}.\end{aligned}$$ Using the definition of $\widetilde{a^{(1)}}$, for $k \ge N_2$ one arrives at $$\begin{aligned} {\ensuremath{\left\vert\left((1+\varepsilon)^2\kappa_{N_1}(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}} \tilde{f}_1(\lambda_k)+\tilde{f}_0(\lambda_k)\right)(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}-a_k\right\vert}}\\ \leq (1+\varepsilon)^3\kappa_{N_1}^2 (1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{-1}{\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}.\end{aligned}$$ We continue this procedure, constructing sequences $a^{(j)}\in \ell^2$ and functions $\tilde{f}_j\in K_{\Theta}$ such that $${\ensuremath{\left\\|a^{(j)}\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}\leq (1+\varepsilon)^{2j}\left(\frac{\kappa_{N_1}}{(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)^j{\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2},$$ $$\left\vert \frac{(1-{\ensuremath{\left\vert\lambda_k\right\vert}}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}{(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}} \left(\sum_{l=0}^{j} (1+\varepsilon)^{2l}\left(\frac{\kappa_{N_1}}{(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)^{l}\tilde{f}_l(\lambda_k)\right) -a_k \right\vert\leq \left(1+\varepsilon\right)^{2j+1}\left(\frac{\kappa_{N_1}}{(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)^{j+1}\left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N_1,\ell^2},$$ and $${\ensuremath{\left\\|\tilde{f}_j\right\\|}}_2\leq (1+\varepsilon){\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}~\mbox{for all}~j\in {\mathbb{N}}.$$ Define $$F=\sum_{j = 0}^{\infty} (1+\varepsilon)^{2j} \left(\frac{\kappa_{N_1}}{(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)^j \tilde{f}_j.$$ Then $F\in K_{\Theta}$ since each $\tilde{f}_j\in K_{\Theta}$ and, since $\kappa_m \to 0$, we may assume that $$(1 + \varepsilon)^2\left(\frac{\kappa_{N_1}}{(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right) < 1.$$ So, $${\ensuremath{\left\\|F\right\\|}}_2\leq \frac{(1+\varepsilon)}{1 - (1+\varepsilon)^2\left(\frac{\kappa_{N_1}}{\left(1 - \kappa_{N_1}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)} {\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{N_1,\ell^2}.$$ For this $\varepsilon$, consider $\varepsilon_M < \varepsilon$ with $\frac{(1+\varepsilon_M)}{1 - (1+\varepsilon_M)^2\left(\frac{\kappa_{N_M}}{\left(1 - \kappa_{N_M}^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right)}<1+\varepsilon$. Then, using the process above, we obtain $F_M$ satisfying $F_M \in K_\Theta, \\|F_M\\|_2 \le (1 + \varepsilon) \\|a\\|_{M, \ell^2}$ and $F_M(\lambda_n)\\|K_{\lambda_n}\\|^{-1}_\mathcal{H} = a_n$ for $n \ge M$. Taking $N(\varepsilon) = M$, we see that $F_M$ satisfies the exact interpolation conditions, completing the proof of the theorem. We present an alternate method to prove the equivalence between $(1)$ and $(7)$. As noted above, by Theorem \[EISiffASI\] it is true that $(7)\Leftrightarrow (8)$ and thus it suffices to prove that $(1)\Rightarrow (8)\Leftrightarrow (7)$. Let $\varepsilon>0$ be given. Select a sequence $\{\delta_N\}$ with $\delta_N\to 0$ as $N\to\infty$. Since $(1)$ holds, then for large $N$ and $a\in \ell^2$ it is possible to find $f_N\in H^2$ so that $$f_N(a_n)(1-\left\vert\lambda_n\right\vert^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}=\left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}^{-1} a_n\quad n\geq N$$ with $\left\Vert f_N\right\Vert_{2}\leq 1+\delta_N$. Now observe that we can write $f_N=h_N+\Theta g_N$ with $h_N\in K_\Theta$. Since $h_N$ and $g_N$ are orthogonal projections of $f_N$ onto subspaces of $H^2$, we also have that $\left\Vert h_N\right\Vert_{2}\leq 1+\delta_N$ and similarly for $g_N$. By the properties of the functions above we have that: $$h_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}=f_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}-\Theta(\lambda_n)g_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$ Hence, one deduces that $$\begin{aligned} \left\Vert \left\{h_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}-\frac{a_n}{\left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2} & \leq & \left\Vert \left\{f_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}-\frac{a_n}{\left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}\\ & & + \left\Vert \left\{\Theta(\lambda_n)g_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}\\ & \leq & \left\Vert \left\{\frac{a_n}{\left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}}\left(\left(\frac{1}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}-1\right)\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}\\ & & +\frac{\sup_{m\geq N}\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_m)\right\vert}{(1-\kappa_N^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}} \left\Vert \left\{g_N(\lambda_n)\left(1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}.\end{aligned}$$ Now for $x$ sufficiently small and positive we have that $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x}}-1=\frac{1-\sqrt{1-x}}{\sqrt{1-x}}\lesssim \frac{x}{\sqrt{1-x}}$. Applying this with $x=\sup_{m\geq N} \left\vert\Theta(\lambda_m)\right\vert$ gives that: $$\left\Vert \left\{h_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}-\frac{a_n}{\left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2} \leq \frac{\sup_{m\geq N}\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_m)\right\vert}{(1-\kappa_N^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}} \left(1+\left\Vert \left\{g_N(\lambda_n)\left(1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}\right).$$ Define $H_N=(1+\delta_N)^{-1} \left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2} h_N$, and then we have $H_N\in K_{\Theta}$ and $\left\Vert H_N\right\Vert_{2}\leq \left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}$. Using the last estimate and adding and subtracting the quantity $\frac{a_n}{(1+\delta_N)}$ yields that: $$\begin{aligned} \left\Vert \left\{H_N(\lambda_n)\left(\frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}-a_n\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2} \leq & & \\ \left(\frac{\sup_{m\geq N}\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_m)\right\vert}{(1+\delta_N)(1-\kappa_N^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}} \left(1+\left\Vert \left\{g_N(\lambda_n)\left(1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}\right)+\delta_N\right)\left\Vert a\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}.\end{aligned}$$ Note that the quantity: $$\left(\frac{\sup_{m\geq N}\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_m)\right\vert}{(1+\delta_N)(1-\kappa_N^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}} \left(1+\left\Vert \left\{g_N(\lambda_n)\left(1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}\right)+\delta_N\right)\lesssim \delta_N+\sup_{m\geq N}\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_m)\right\vert.$$ Here we have used that the sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is by hypothesis an interpolating sequence and hence: $\left\Vert \left\{g_N(\lambda_n)\left(1-\left\vert \lambda_n\right\vert^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\}\right\Vert_{N,\ell^2}\lesssim \left\Vert g_N\right\Vert_{2}\leq 1+\delta_N$. Since by hypothesis we have that $\delta_N+\sup_{m\geq N}\left\vert\Theta(\lambda_m)\right\vert\to 0$ as $N\to\infty$, it is possible to make this less than the given $\varepsilon>0$, and hence we get a function $H_N$ satisfying the properties for $\{\lambda_n\}$ to be $AIS_{K_\Theta}$. The proof above also gives an estimate on the norm of the interpolating function in the event that $\sup_n \|\Theta(\lambda_n)\| \le \kappa < 1$, but $(1 + \varepsilon)$ is no longer the best estimate. Carleson Measures in Model Spaces {#CMMS} --------------------------------- From Theorem \[main\], and , we have a Carleson measure statement for thin sequences in the Hardy space $H^2$. In this section, we obtain an equivalence in model spaces. We now consider the embedding constants in the case of model spaces. As before, given a positive measure $\mu$ on ${\mathbb{D}}$, we denote the (possibly infinite) constant $${\mathcal{C}}_{\Theta}(\mu) = \sup_{f \in K_{\Theta}, f \neq 0} \frac{\\|f\\|^2_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \mu)}}{\\|f\\|^2_2}$$ as the Carleson embedding constant of $\mu$ on $K_{\Theta}$ and $${\mathcal{R}}_{\Theta}(\mu) = \sup_{z} \\|k^{\Theta}_z\\|_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \mu)}^2$$ as the embedding constant of $\mu$ on the reproducing kernel of $K_\Theta$ (recall that the kernels $k^{\Theta}_z$ are normalized). It is known that for general measure $\mu$ the constants ${\mathcal{R}}_{\Theta}(\mu)$ and ${\mathcal{C}}_{\Theta}(\mu)$ are not equivalent, [@NV]. The complete geometric characterization of the measures for which ${\mathcal{C}}_{\Theta}(\mu)$ is finite is contained in [@LSUSW]. However, we always have that $${\mathcal{R}}_\Theta(\mu) \le {\mathcal{C}}_\Theta(\mu).$$ For $N > 1$, let $$\sigma_N = \sum_{k \ge N} \left\Vert K_{\lambda_k}^{\Theta}\right\Vert^{-2}\delta_{\lambda_k}=\sum_{k \ge N} \frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2}\delta_{\lambda_k}.$$ Note that for each $f \in K_{\Theta}$ $$\label{munorm} \\| f\\|^2_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \sigma_N)} = \sum_{k=N}^\infty \frac{(1 - \|\lambda_k\|^2)}{(1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2)} \|f(\lambda_k)\|^2 = \sum_{k=N}^\infty \|\langle f, k^{\Theta}_{\lambda_k}\rangle\|^2,$$ and therefore we see that $$\label{e:CETests} 1 \le {\mathcal{R}}_\Theta(\sigma_N) \le {\mathcal{C}}_\Theta(\sigma_N).$$ By working in a restricted setting and imposing a condition on $\{\Theta(\lambda_n)\}$ we have the following. \[thm:Carleson\] Suppose $\Lambda = \{\lambda_n\}$ is a sequence in $\mathbb{D}$ and $\Theta$ is a nonconstant inner function such that $\kappa_m := \sup_{n \ge m}\|\Theta(\lambda_n)\|\to 0$. For $N > 1$, let $$\sigma_N = \sum_{k \ge N} \left\Vert K_{\lambda_k}^{\Theta}\right\Vert^{-2}\delta_{\lambda_k}=\sum_{k \ge N} \frac{1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2}\delta_{\lambda_k}.$$ Then the following are equivalent: 1. $\Lambda$ is a thin sequence; 2. $ {\mathcal{C}}_\Theta(\sigma_N) \to 1$ as $N \to \infty$; 3. $ {\mathcal{R}}_\Theta(\sigma_N) \to 1$ as $N \to \infty$. We have $(2)\Rightarrow (3)$ by testing on the function $f=k_z^{\Theta}$ for all $z\in\mathbb{D}$, which is nothing more then . We next focus on $(1)\Rightarrow(2)$. Let $f \in K_{\Theta}$ and let the sequence $a$ be defined by $a_j = \left\\|K_{\lambda_j}\right\\|^{-1}f(\lambda_j)$. By , $\left\\|a\right\\|_{N, \ell^2}^2 = \left\\| f\right\\|^2_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \sigma_N)}$, and since $\{k_{\lambda_j}^{\Theta}\}$ is an $AOB$, there exists $C_N$ such that $$\begin{aligned} \left\\|a\right\\|_{N,\ell^2}^2 & = \sum_{j \ge N} \left\\|K_{\lambda_j}^\Theta\right\\|^{-2}_{K_{\Theta}} \|f(\lambda_j)\|^2 = \left\langle f, \sum_{j \ge N} a_j k_{\lambda_j}^\Theta \right\rangle_{K_{\Theta}} \le \left\\| f\right\\|_{2} \left\\|\sum_{j \ge N} a_j k_{\lambda_j}^\Theta\right\\|_{K_{\Theta}} \le C_N \left\\| f\right\\|_{2} \left\\|a\right\\|_{N,\ell^2}.\end{aligned}$$ By (1) and [@CFT]\[Theorem 5.2]{}, we know that $C_N \to 1$ and since we have established that $\\|f\\|_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \sigma_N)} \le C_N \\|f\\|_2$, (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2) follows. An alternate way to prove this is to use Theorem \[main\], $(2)\Rightarrow(5)$, and the hypothesis on $\Theta$. Since it is possible to then show that $\frac{\mathcal{C}_{\Theta}(\sigma_N)}{\mathcal{C}(\mu_N)}\to 1$. Indeed, given $\varepsilon>0$, we have that $1\leq\mathcal{C}(\mu_M)$ for all $M$, and since $\{\lambda_n\}$ is thin there exists a $N$ such that $\mathcal{C}(\mu_M)<1+\varepsilon$ for all $M\geq N$. Hence, $1\leq \mathcal{C}(\mu_M)<1+\varepsilon$ for all $M\geq N$. These facts easily lead to: $$\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon}\leq\frac{\mathcal{C}_{\Theta}(\sigma_M)}{\mathcal{C}(\mu_M)}$$ Further, since $\Theta$ tends to zero on the sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ there is an integer, without loss we may take it to be $N$, so that $\frac{1}{1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_n)\right\vert^2}<1+\varepsilon$ for all $n\geq N$. From this we deduce that: $$\frac{\mathcal{C}_{\Theta}(\sigma_M)}{\mathcal{C}(\mu_M)}< (1+\varepsilon)\frac{\sup\limits_{f\in K_{\theta}} \sum_{n\geq M} (1-\left\vert \lambda_m\right\vert^2)\left\vert f(\lambda_m)\right\vert^2}{\mathcal{C}(\mu_M)}\leq (1+\varepsilon)$$ in the last estimate we used that $K_\Theta\subset H^2$ and so the suprema appearing in the numerator is always at most the expression in the denominator. Combining the estimates we have that for $M\geq N$, that: $$\frac{1}{1+\varepsilon}\leq \frac{\mathcal{C}_{\Theta}(\sigma_M)}{\mathcal{C}(\mu_M)}<1+\varepsilon$$ which yields the conclusion about the ratio tending to $1$ as $N\to \infty$. Now consider $(3)\Rightarrow (1)$ and compute the quantity $\mathcal{R}_\Theta(\sigma_N)$. In what follows, we let $\Lambda_N$ denote the tail of sequence, $\Lambda_N=\{\lambda_k: k\geq N\}$. Note that we have $\left\vert 1-\overline{a}b\right\vert\geq 1-\left\vert a\right\vert$. Using this estimate we see that: $$\begin{aligned} \sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} \\|k^{\Theta}_z\\|_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \sigma_N)}^2 & = & \sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} \sum_{k\geq N} \frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2)}{(1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2)} \frac{(1-\left\vert z\right\vert^2)}{(1-\left\vert \Theta(z)\right\vert^2)}\frac{\left\vert 1-\Theta(z)\overline{\Theta(\lambda_k)}\right\vert^2}{\left\vert 1-z\overline{\lambda_k}\right\vert^2}\\ & \geq & \sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} \sum_{k\geq N} \frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2)(1-\left\vert z\right\vert^2)}{\left\vert 1-z\overline{\lambda_k}\right\vert^2} \frac{(1-\left\vert \Theta(z)\right\vert)(1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert)}{(1-\left\vert \Theta(z)\right\vert^2)(1-\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2)}\\ & = & \sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} \sum_{k\geq N} \frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2)(1-\left\vert z\right\vert^2)}{\left\vert 1-z\overline{\lambda_k}\right\vert^2} \frac{1}{(1+\left\vert \Theta(z)\right\vert)(1+\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert)}\\ & \geq & \sup_{z\in\Lambda_N} \sum_{k\geq N} \frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2)(1-\left\vert z\right\vert^2)}{\left\vert 1-z\overline{\lambda_k}\right\vert^2} \frac{1}{(1+\left\vert \Theta(z)\right\vert)(1+\left\vert \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert)}\\ & \geq & \frac{1}{(1+\kappa_N)^2}\sup_{z\in\Lambda_N} \sum_{k\geq N} \frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2)(1-\left\vert z\right\vert^2)}{\left\vert 1-z\overline{\lambda_k}\right\vert^2}.\end{aligned}$$ By the Weierstrass Inequality, we obtain for $M \ge N$ that $$\begin{aligned} \label{wi} \prod_{k \geq N, k \neq M} \left\| \frac{\lambda_k - \lambda_M}{1 - \bar \lambda_k \lambda_M}\right\|^2 & = & \prod_{k \geq N, k \neq M} \left( 1- \frac{(1 - \|\lambda_k\|^2)(1 - \|\lambda_M\|^2)}{\|1 - \bar \lambda_k \lambda_M\|^2} \right)\nonumber\\ & \ge & 1 - \sum_{k \geq N, k \neq M} \frac{(1- \|\lambda_M\|^2)(1- \|\lambda_k\|^2)}{ \| 1 - \bar \lambda_k \lambda_M\|^2}.\end{aligned}$$ Thus, by we have for $M \ge N$, $$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{(1+\kappa_N)^2}\sup_{z\in\Lambda_N} \sum_{k\geq N} \frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2)(1-\left\vert z\right\vert^2)}{\left\vert 1-z\overline{\lambda_k}\right\vert^2} & \ge & \frac{1}{(1+\kappa_N)^2}\left(\sum_{k \geq N, k\neq M} \frac{(1-\left\vert \lambda_k\right\vert^2)(1-\left\vert \lambda_M\right\vert^2)}{\left\vert 1-\lambda_M\overline{\lambda_k}\right\vert^2} + 1\right)\\ & \ge & \frac{1}{(1+\kappa_N)^2}\left(1 - \prod_{k \geq N, k\neq M} \left\| \frac{\lambda_k - \lambda_M}{1 - \bar \lambda_k \lambda_M}\right\|^2 + 1\right).\end{aligned}$$ Now by assumption, recalling that $\kappa_N := \sup_{n \ge N}\|\Theta(\lambda_n)\|$, we have $$\lim_{N \to \infty}\sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} \\|k^{\Theta}_z\\|_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \sigma_N)}^2 = 1~\mbox{ and }~\lim_{N \to \infty} \kappa_N = 0,$$ so $$1 = \lim_{N \to \infty}\sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} \\|k^{\Theta}_z\\|_{L^2({\mathbb{D}}, \sigma_N)}^2 \ge \lim_{N \to \infty} \frac{1}{(1+\kappa_N)^2}\left(1 - \prod_{k \geq N, k\neq M} \left\| \frac{\lambda_k - \lambda_M}{1 - \bar \lambda_k \lambda_M}\right\|^2 + 1\right) \ge 1.$$ Therefore, for any $M \ge N$ $$\label{e:large} \prod_{k \geq N, k\neq M} \left\| \frac{\lambda_k - \lambda_M}{1 - \bar \lambda_k \lambda_M}\right\| > 1 - \varepsilon~\mbox{as}~N \to \infty.$$ Also, for any $\varepsilon>0$ there is an integer $N_0$ such that for all $M> N_0$ we have: $$\label{e:bigk} \prod_{k \geq N_0, k\neq M} \left\| \frac{\lambda_k - \lambda_M}{1 - \bar \lambda_k \lambda_M}\right\| >1-\varepsilon.$$ Fix this value of $N_0$, and consider $k<N_0$. Further, for $k \ne M$ and $k<N_0$, $$\begin{aligned} 1- \rho(\lambda_M, \lambda_k)^2 & = 1- \left\|\frac{\lambda_k - \lambda_M}{1 - \bar\lambda_k \lambda_M}\right\|^2 = \frac{(1- \|\lambda_M\|^2)(1- \|\lambda_k\|^2)}{ \| 1 - \bar\lambda_k \lambda_M\|^2}\\ &= (1 - \|\lambda_k\|^2)\frac{(1 - \|\lambda_M\|^2)}{(1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_M)\|^2)} \frac{1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_M)\|^2}{\left\vert 1 - \bar \Theta(\lambda_M) \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2} \left\|\frac{1 - \bar\Theta(\lambda_M) \Theta(\lambda_k)}{1 - \lambda_k \bar\lambda_M}\right\|^2\\ & = \frac{1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_M)\|^2}{\left\vert 1 - \bar \Theta(\lambda_M) \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2}(1 - \|\lambda_k\|^2) \|k_{\lambda_M}^\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2\\ & = \frac{1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_M)\|^2}{\left\vert 1 - \bar \Theta(\lambda_M) \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2} (1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2) \frac{(1 - \|\lambda_k\|^2)}{1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2} \|k_{\lambda_M}^\Theta(\lambda_k)\|^2\\ & \le \frac{1 - \|\Theta(\lambda_M)\|^2}{\left\vert 1 - \bar \Theta(\lambda_M) \Theta(\lambda_k)\right\vert^2} \left( \\|k_{\lambda_M}^\Theta\\|_{L^2(\mathbb{D}, \sigma_M)}^2 - 1\right) \\ & \leq \frac{1}{(1-\kappa_M)^2}\left( \\|k_{\lambda_M}^\Theta\\|_{L^2(\mathbb{D}, \sigma_M)}^2 - 1\right)\to 0 ~\mbox{as}~ M \to \infty,\end{aligned}$$ since $1\leq \\|k_{\lambda_N}^\Theta\\|_{L^2(\mathbb{D}, \sigma_N)}^2\leq\sup_{z} \\|k_{z}^\Theta\\|_{L^2(\mathbb{D}, \sigma_N)}^2$ and, by hypothesis, we have that $\kappa_N \to 0$ and $\mathcal{R}_{\Theta}(\sigma_N)\to 1$. Hence, it is possible to choose an integer $M_0$ sufficiently large compared to $N_0$ so that for all $M>M_0$ $$\rho(\lambda_k,\lambda_{M})>\left(1-\varepsilon\right)^{\frac{1}{N_0}}\quad k<N_0$$ which implies that $$\label{e:smallk} \prod_{k<N_0} \rho(\lambda_k,\lambda_{M})>1-\varepsilon.$$ Now given $\varepsilon>0$, first select $N_0$ as above in . Then select $M_0$ so that holds. Then for any $M>M_0$ by writing the product $$\prod_{k\neq M} \rho(\lambda_k,\lambda_M)=\prod_{k<N_0} \rho(\lambda_k,\lambda_{M})\prod_{k>N_0, k\neq M} \rho(\lambda_k,\lambda_M)>(1-\varepsilon)^2.$$ For the first term in the product we have used to conclude that it is greater than $1-\varepsilon$. And for $M$ sufficiently large, by , we have that the second term in the product is greater than $1-\varepsilon$ as well. Hence, $B$ is thin as claimed. Algebra Version {#asip_algebra} =============== We now compare the model-space version of our results with an algebra version. Theorem \[main\] requires that our inner function satisfy $\Theta(\lambda_n) \to 0$ for a thin interpolating sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ to be an $AIS_{K_\Theta}$ sequence. Letting $B$ denote the Blaschke product corresponding to the sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$, denoting the algebra of continuous functions on the unit circle by $C$, and letting $H^\infty + C = \{f + g: f \in H^\infty, g \in C\}$ (see [@Sarason1] for more on this algebra), we can express this condition in the following way: $\Theta(\lambda_n) \to 0$ if and only if $\overline{B} \Theta \in H^\infty + C$. In other words, if and only if $B$ divides $\Theta$ in $H^\infty + C$, [@AG; @GIS]. We let $\mathcal{B}$ be a Douglas algebra; that is, a uniformly closed subalgebra of $L^\infty$ containing $H^\infty$. It will be helpful to use the maximal ideal space of our algebra. Throughout $M(\mathcal{B})$ denotes the maximal ideal space of the algebra $\mathcal{B}$; that is, the set of nonzero continuous multiplicative linear functionals on $\mathcal{B}$. We now consider thin sequences in uniform algebras. This work is closely connected to the study of such sequences in general uniform algebras (see [@GM]) and the special case $B = H^\infty$ is considered in [@HIZ]. With the weak-$\star$ topology, $M(\mathcal{B})$ is a compact Hausdorff space. In interpreting our results below, it is important to recall that each $x \in M(H^\infty)$ has a unique extension to a linear functional of norm one and, therefore, we may identify $M(\mathcal{B})$ with a subset of $M(H^\infty)$. In this context, the condition we will require (see Theorem \[main\_algebra\]) for an $EIS_\mathcal{B}$ sequence to be the same as an $AIS_\mathcal{B}$ sequence is that the sequence be thin near $M(\mathcal{B})$. We take the following as the definition (see [@SW]): An interpolating sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ with corresponding Blaschke product $b$ is said to be [thin near $M(\mathcal{B})$]{.nodecor} if for any $0<\eta < 1$ there is a factorization $b = b_1 b_2$ with $b_1$ invertible in $\mathcal{B}$ and $$\|b_2^\prime(\lambda_n)\|(1 - \|\lambda_n\|^2) > \eta$$ for all $n$ such that $b_2(\lambda_n) = 0$. We will be interested in two related concepts that a sequence can have. We first introduce a norm on a sequence $\{a_n\}\in \ell^\infty$ that is induced by a second sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ and a set $\mathcal{O}\supset M(\mathcal{B})$ that is open in $M(H^\infty)$. Set $I_\mathcal{O}=\{n\in{\mathbb{Z}}: \lambda_n\in\mathcal{O}\}$. Then we define $${\ensuremath{\left\\|a\right\\|}}_{\mathcal{O},\ell^\infty}=\sup\{ {\ensuremath{\left\verta_n\right\vert}}: n\in I_\mathcal{O}\}.$$ A Blaschke sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an [eventual $1$-interpolating sequence in a Douglas algebra $\mathcal{B}$]{.nodecor}, denoted $EIS_{\mathcal{B}}$, if for every $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists an open set $\mathcal{O}\supset M(\mathcal{B})$ such that for each $\{a_n\} \in \ell^\infty$ there exists $f_{\mathcal{O}, a} \in H^\infty$ with $$f_{\mathcal{O}, a}(\lambda_n) = a_n ~\mbox{for}~ \lambda_n\in\mathcal{O} ~\mbox{and}~ \\|f_{\mathcal{O}, a}\\|_{\infty} \le (1 + \varepsilon) \\|a\\|_{\mathcal{O}, \ell^\infty}.$$ A Blaschke sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a [strong asymptotic interpolating sequence in a Douglas algebra $\mathcal{B}$]{.nodecor}, denoted $AIS_{\mathcal{B}}$, if for all $\varepsilon > 0$ there exists an open set $\mathcal{O}\supset M(\mathcal{B})$ such that for all sequences $\{a_n\} \in \ell^\infty$ there exists a function $G_{\mathcal{O}, a} \in H^\infty$ such that $\\|G_{\mathcal{O}, a}\\|_{\infty} \le \\|a\\|_{\mathcal{O},\ell^\infty}$ and $$\\|\{G_{\mathcal{O}, a}(\lambda_n) - a_n\}\\|_{\mathcal{O}, \ell^\infty} < \varepsilon \\|a\\|_{\mathcal{O}, \ell^\infty}.$$ \[EISiffASI\_algebra\] Let $\mathcal{B}$ be a Douglas algebra. Let $\{\lambda_n\}$ be a Blaschke sequence of points in ${\mathbb{D}}$. Then $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{\mathcal{B}}$ sequence if and only if $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $AIS_{\mathcal{B}}$. If a sequence is an $EIS_{\mathcal{B}}$, then it is trivially $AIS_{\mathcal{B}}$, for given $\varepsilon > 0$ we may take $G_{N, a} = \frac{f_{N, a}}{(1 + \varepsilon)}$. For the other direction, suppose $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $AIS_{\mathcal{B}}$ sequence. Let $\varepsilon > 0$ be given and let $\varepsilon^\prime < \frac{\varepsilon}{1 + \varepsilon}$. Let $\mathcal{O} \supset M(\mathcal{B})$ denote the open set we obtain from the definition of $AIS_{\mathcal{B}}$ corresponding to $\varepsilon^\prime$. Reordering the points of the sequence in $\mathcal{O}$ so that they begin at $n = 1$ and occur in the same order, we let $T: H^\infty \to \ell^\infty$ be defined by $T(g) = \{g(\lambda_{n})\}$. We let $y_\mathcal{O}$ denote the corresponding reordered sequence. Then $T$ is a bounded linear operator between Banach spaces, so we may use Proposition \[Banachspace\] to choose $f \in H^\infty$ so that $Tf = y_\mathcal{O}$ and $\\|f\\| < \frac{1}{1 - \varepsilon^\prime} \\|y_\mathcal{O}\\|_{\ell^\infty} < (1 + \varepsilon) \\|y\\|_{\mathcal{O}, \ell^\infty}$ to complete the proof. Letting $\overline{B}$ denote the set of functions with conjugate in $B$, we mention one more set of equivalences. In [@SW Theorem 1] Sundberg and Wolff showed that an interpolating sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$ is thin near $M(\mathcal{B})$ if and only if for any bounded sequence of complex numbers $\{w_n\}$ there exists a function in $f \in H^\infty \cap \overline{B}$ such that $f(\lambda_n) = w_n$ for all $n$. Finally, we note that Earl ([@E Theorem 2] or [@E2]) proved that given an interpolating sequence for the algebra $H^\infty$ satisfying $$\inf_n \prod_{j \ne n} \left\|\frac{z_j - z_n}{1 - \overline{z_j} z_n}\right\| \ge \delta > 0$$ then for any bounded sequence $\{\omega_n\}$ and $$\label{Earl} M > \frac{2 - \delta^2 + 2(1 - \delta^2)^{1/2}}{\delta^2} \sup_n \|\omega_n\|$$ there exists a Blaschke product $B$ and a real number $\alpha$ so that $$M e^{i \alpha} B(\lambda_j) = \omega_j~\mbox{for all}~j.$$ Using the results of Sundberg-Wolff and Earl, we obtain the following theorem. \[main\_algebra\] Let $\{\lambda_n\}$ in $\mathbb{D}$ be an interpolating Blaschke sequence and let $\mathcal{B}$ be a Douglas algebra. The following are equivalent: 1. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is an $EIS_{\mathcal{B}}$ sequence; \[EIS\_Douglas\] 2. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a $AIS_{\mathcal{B}}$ sequence; \[AIS\_Douglas\] 3. $\{\lambda_n\}$ is thin near $M(\mathcal{B})$;\[nearthin\] 4. for any bounded sequence of complex numbers $\{w_n\}$ there exists a function in $f \in H^\infty \cap \overline{B}$ such that $f(\lambda_n) = w_n$ for all $n$.\[SW\] The equivalence between and is contained in Theorem \[EISiffASI\_algebra\]. The equivalence of and is the Sundberg-Wolff theorem. We next prove that if a sequence is thin near $M(\mathcal{B})$, then it is an $EIS_{\mathcal{B}}$ sequence. We let $b$ denote the Blaschke product associated to the sequence $\{\lambda_n\}$. Given $\varepsilon>0$, choose $\gamma$ so that $$\left(\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 - \gamma^2}}{\gamma}\right)^2 < 1 + \varepsilon.$$ Choose a factorization $b = b_1^\gamma b_2^\gamma$ so that $\overline{b_1^\gamma} \in \mathcal{B}$ and $\delta(b_2) = \inf (1 - \|\lambda\|^2)\|b_2^\gamma \,^\prime(\lambda)\| > \gamma$. Since $\|b_1^\gamma\| = 1$ on $M(\mathcal{B})$ and $\gamma < 1$, there exists an open set $\mathcal{O} \supset M(\mathcal{B})$ such that $\|b_1^\gamma\| > \gamma$ on $\mathcal{O}$. Note that if $b(\lambda) = 0$ and $\lambda \in \mathcal{O}$, then $b_2(\lambda) = 0$. The condition on $b_2^\gamma$ coupled with Earl’s Theorem (see ), gives rise to functions $\{f_k^\gamma\}$ in $H^\infty$ (!), and hence in $\mathcal{B}$ so that $$\label{estimate} f_j^\gamma(\lambda_k) = \delta_{jk} \, ~\mbox{whenever}~ b_2^\gamma(\lambda_k) = 0 ~\mbox{and}~\sup_{z \in \mathbb{D}}\sum_{j}{\ensuremath{\left\vertf_j^\gamma(z)\right\vert}}\leq \left(\frac{1 + \sqrt{1 - \gamma^2}}{\gamma}\right)^2.$$ Now given $a\in\ell^\infty$, choose the corresponding P. Beurling functions (as in ) and let $$f^\gamma_{\mathcal{O}, a}=\sum_{j} a_j f_j^\gamma.$$ By construction we have that $f_{\mathcal{O},a}(\lambda_n)=a_n$ for all $\lambda_n\in\mathcal{O}$. Also, by Earl’s estimate , we have that $${\ensuremath{\left\\|f_{\mathcal{O},a}^{\gamma}\right\\|}}_{\infty} \leq (1+\varepsilon)\\|a\\|_\infty.$$ Thus, implies . Finally, we claim implies . Suppose $\{\lambda_n\}$ is a $EIS_{\mathcal{B}}$ sequence. Let $0 < \eta < 1$ be given and choose $\eta_1$ with $1/(1 + \eta_1) > \eta$, a function $f \in H^\infty$ and $\mathcal{O} \supset M(\mathcal{B})$ open in $M(H^\infty)$ with $$f_{\mathcal{O}, n}(\lambda_m) = \delta_{nm}~\mbox{for}~\lambda_m \in \mathcal{O}~\mbox{and}~\\|f\\|_{\mathcal{O}, n} \le 1 + \eta_1.$$ Let $b_2$ denote the Blaschke product with zeros in $\mathcal{O}$, $b_1$ the Blaschke product with the remaining zeros and let $$f_{\mathcal{O}, n}(z) = \left(\prod_{j \ne n: b_2(\lambda_j) = 0} \frac{z - \lambda_j}{1 - \overline{\lambda_j}z}\right) h(z),$$ for some $h \in H^\infty.$ Then $\\|h\\|_{\infty} \le 1 + \eta_1$ and $$1 = \|f_{\mathcal{O}, n}(\lambda_n)\| = \left\|\left(\prod_{j \ne n; b_2(\lambda_j) = 0} \frac{\lambda_n - \lambda_j}{1 - \overline{\lambda_j}\lambda_n}\right) h(\lambda_n)\right\| \le (1 + \eta_1) \prod_{j \ne n} \left\|\frac{\lambda_n - \lambda_j}{1 - \overline{\lambda_j}\lambda_n}\right\|.$$ Therefore $$(1 - \|\lambda_n\|^2)\|b_2^\prime(\lambda_n)\| = \prod_{j \ne n: b_2(\lambda_j) = 0} \left\|\frac{\lambda_n - \lambda_j}{1 - \overline{\lambda_j}\lambda_n}\right\| \ge 1/(1 + \eta_1) > \eta.$$ Now because we assume that $\{\lambda_n\}$ is interpolating, the Blaschke product $b = b_1 b_2$ with zeros at $\{\lambda_n\}$ will vanish at $x \in M(H^\infty)$ if and only if $x$ lies in the closure of the zeros of $\{\lambda_n\}$, [@Hoffman]\[p. 206]{} or [@Garnett]\*[p. 379]{}. Now, if we choose $\mathcal{V}$ open in $M(H^\infty)$ with $M(\mathcal{B}) \subset \mathcal{V} \subset \overline{\mathcal{V}} \subset \mathcal{O}$, then $b_1$ has no zeros in ${\mathcal{V}} \cap \mathbb{D}$ and, therefore, no point of $M(\mathcal{B})$ can lie in the closure of the zeros of $b_1$. So $b_1$ has no zeros on $M(\mathcal{B})$. Thus we see that $b_1$ is bounded away from zero on $M(\mathcal{B})$ and, consequently, $b_1$ is invertible in $\mathcal{B}$. We note that we do not need the full assumption that $b$ is interpolating; it is enough to assume that $b$ does not vanish identically on a Gleason part contained in $M(\mathcal{B})$. Our goal, however, is to illustrate the difference in the Hilbert space and uniform algebra setting and so we have stated the most important setting for our problem. [^1]: $\dagger$ Research supported in part by Simons Foundation Grant 243653 [^2]: $\ddagger$ Research supported in part by a National Science Foundation DMS grant \# 0955432.	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
Recent work with cultured mammalian cells indicates that the capability for active Na/K transport increases in response to partial inhibition of this transport system. I propose to combine the approaches of ion transport physiology and somatic cell genetics to investigate the changes in Na/K transport in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) exposed to low (K) medium. I will study the transport properties of cell lineswhich differ in their ability to recover Na/K transport capacity during a 72 h low (K) treatment. Tracer flux measurements will be used to investigate the Na:K coupling ratio and the kinetic parameters of K influx. Also, changes in the synthesis of Na/K pumps will be estimated by measuring the amount of metabolically labelled Na, K-ATPase in the cell membranes. Additional low (K) resistant variants will be isolated and utilized to explore the variety of mechanisms which can produce this phonotype. I will attempt to isolate a variant which is temperature sensitive for ability to recover transport capacity during low (K) treatment. This type of variant will be used to investigate further into the metabolic mechanisms involved in this compensatory response.	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }
You are here Zoo Euthanizes 4 Lions Weeks After Feeding Giraffe To Pride "Several weeks after a Danish zoo euthanized an 18-month-old giraffe named Marius and fed it to lions in front of visitors, the same wildlife park has killed four more of its animals. According to the Agence France-Presse, the Copenhagen Zoo euthanized four lions, including two cubs, on Monday in order to make room for a new male in the habitat. "Because of the pride of lions' natural structure and behavior, the zoo has had to euthanize the two old lions and two young lions who were not old enough to fend for themselves," the zoo said in a statement provided to the agency."	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Bob Pulford spent five seasons as the Kings head coach (1972-77). Pulford is second all-time in Kings coaching history in games (396) and wins (178) and is third in Kings history with a .535 winning percentage. Pulford is the only Kings coach to ever win the Jack Adams award (1975), awarded to the NHL's Best Coach. In Pulford's first year with the Kings (1972-73), the team was named “Most Improved” in the NHL and missed the playoffs in the last game of the season. His second year, the Kings made the playoffs for the first time in five years. His third year, the Kings had their greatest season ever finishing with 105 points and earning Pulford “Coach of the Year” honors. His fourth year, the Kings advanced to the second round of the playoffs for the first time in seven years and took heavily favored Boston to a seventh game in the Stanley Cup Quarterfinals. In his final year, the Kings again advanced to the Stanley Cup Quarterfinals and again, fell to the Boston Bruins, this time in six games. Pulford played junior hockey for the Toronto Marlboros for three seasons from 1953 to 1956, winning two Memorial Cups. He moved up to the Maple Leafs for the 1956–57 season and remained with the team for 14 seasons. Pulford was named an NHL All-Star six times with the Leafs and registered four 20-goal seasons while winning four Stanley Cups in a span of six seasons during the 1960s. The Leafs traded him to the Los Angeles Kings on Sept. 3, 1970, where he played two seasons scoring 30-50=80 in 132 games as the Kings captain and retired as a player in 1972. Pulford collected 643 points (281 goals, 362 assists) in 1,079 games for the Leafs and Kings from 1956-72. After leaving the Kings, Pulford joined the Blackhawks organization as head coach and general manager. He served as coach on three separate occasions from 1977 to 1987. He was promoted to senior vice president in 1990, but took on the general manager's duties again from 1992 to 1997, from 1999 to 2000, and from 2003 to 2005. During his third stint as general manager, Pulford doubled again as head coach. His all-time coaching record is 361-325-136. With Pulford at the helm as GM, the Blackhawks made the playoffs 20 straight seasons, including eight division titles.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Tip of the day Scientists at Loma Linda University found that men who drank five 8-ounce glasses amount of H2O were 54 percent less likely to suffer a fatal heart attack than those who drank two glasses or less every day. The Zero Excuses Workout From the Experts at Men's Health Prove you have what it takes to transform your body for good Change your attitude; change your body. Yes, it’s that simple. Think about it: When guys start saying they don’t have the time, energy, or desire to exercise, it’s a self-fulfilling prophecy. After all, you probably accomplish a lot in the day. In fact, you likely get done what you absolutely need to get done. But if you don’t truly classify working out as priority, you aren’t going to do it. And everyone knows it’s easier not to exercise, right? Well, we say it’s not that hard to exercise. Especially when you use The Zero Excuses Workout. This three-day-a-week, fat-burning routine—designed by Men’s Health adviser Alwyn Cosgrove, C.S.C.S.— takes just 30 minutes from start to finish, including your warmup. And all it requires is pair of dumbbells. Can you wake up a half-hour earlier? Hit the gym on your lunch break? Skip an evening sit-com? Then you have the time. The question is: Do you have the heart—or do you have excuses? DIRECTIONS Alternate between Workout A and Workout B three days a week, resting a day between each session. So in Week 1, you might do Workout A on Monday and Friday, and Workout B on Wednesday. In Week 2, you’d do Workout B on Monday and Friday, and Workout A on Wednesday. Before each workout, perform the Warmup, which will boost your calorie-burn, reduce your risk of injury, and improve your performance in the subsequent workout. Log in to create your free profile and get access to exclusive content, workouts, community, and more! Log in to MensHealth.com Not Registered on MensHealth.com? This Week's Challenge PUSHUP CHALLENGE It might surprise you to know that the pushup wasn’t invented in the U.S. We can’t say for sure, but we’re guessing it comes from India, since it’s really a classic yoga exercise. And it’s not the only version of the...	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Q: How to assume an AWS role from another AWS role? I have two AWS account - lets say A and B. In account B, I have a role defined that allow access to another role from account A. Lets call it Role-B { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::******:role/RoleA" }, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole" }] } In account A, I have defined a role that allows the root user to assume role. Lets call it Role-A { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::****:root" }, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole" }] } Role A has the following policy attached to it { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [ { "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::**:role/RoleB", "Effect": "Allow" }] } As a user in account A, I assumed the Role-A. Now using this temporary credential, I want to assume the Role-B and access the resource owned by account B. I have the below code client = boto3.client('sts') firewall_role_object = client.assume_role( RoleArn=INTERMEDIARY_IAM_ROLE_ARN, RoleSessionName=str("default"), DurationSeconds=3600) firewall_credentials = firewall_role_object['Credentials'] firewall_client = boto3.client( 'sts', aws_access_key_id=firewall_credentials['AccessKeyId'], aws_secret_access_key=firewall_credentials['SecretAccessKey'], aws_session_token=firewall_credentials['SessionToken'], ) optimizely_role_object = firewall_client.assume_role( RoleArn=CUSTOMER_IAM_ROLE_ARN, RoleSessionName=str("default"), DurationSeconds=3600) print(optimizely_role_object['Credentials']) This code works for the set of roles I got from my client but is not working for the roles I defined between two of the AWS account I have access to. A: Finally got this working. The above configuration is correct. There was a spelling mistake in the policy. I will keep this question here for it may help someone who want to achieve double hop authentication using roles.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
Getty Images Jeff Garcia, the 43-year-old quarterback who hasn’t thrown an NFL pass in five years, is interested in a comeback with the Browns. Garcia told 92.3 The Fan in Cleveland that he would be interested in playing for the Browns, who are currently deciding between Brandon Weeden and Jason Campbell as their starter. “I actually reached out to the Browns and said ‘work me out, take a look, I’m open to the opportunity,'” Garcia said, via Keith Britton. The Browns were apparently not interested, which is not surprising, considering the last time Garcia threw a pass in the NFL was in 2008 for the Buccaneers. Garcia (who played for the Browns in 2004) has attempted to stay in football into his 40s and has spent time with the Raiders, Eagles and Texans along with the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League. When we last heard from Garcia he was working with JaMarcus Russell and talking up Russell’s chances of returning to the NFL, but Garcia didn’t sound too high on Russell when speaking to 92.3 The Fan today. Garcia said he helped Russell get into shape early this year and believed that Russell was serious about an NFL comeback, but according to Garcia, Russell “got soft” after they stopped working together. “I just don’t know if that fire, that hunger, continued to burn,” Garcia said of Russell. “That’s the unfortunate thing because that three months that he was with us, he really committed himself.” It sounds like we can safely say neither Russell nor Garcia will return to the NFL.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
It’s hard to imagine a document that could be more damning for both parties involved. On Sept. 25, the White House released a memorandum featuring dialogue from a July 25 phone conversation between U.S. President Donald Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
[Microcirculation in patients with systemic scleroderma during treatment using hyperbaric oxygenation]. Hyperbaric oxygenation treatment of systemic scleroderma has a favourable effect on microcirculatory changes whose positive dynamics can be demonstrated by conjunctival biomicroscopy. These changes include accelerated blood flow and decrease in the degree of erythrocyte aggregation. The method can be used for the objective assessment and for prognosis of the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation treatment in patients with systemic scleroderma.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Skin pathology induced by snake venom metalloproteinase: acute damage, revascularization, and re-epithelization in a mouse ear model. Viperid snakebite envenomation induces blistering and dermonecrosis. The pathological alterations induced by a snake venom metalloproteinase in the skin were investigated in a mouse ear model. Metalloproteinase BaP1, from Bothrops asper, induced rapid edema, hemorrhage, and blistering; the latter two effects were abrogated by preincubation with the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat. Neutrophils did not play a role in the pathology, as depletion of these cells resulted in a similar histological picture. Blisters are likely to result from the direct proteolytic activity of BaP1 of proteins at the dermal-epidermal junction, probably at the lamina lucida, as revealed by immunostaining for type IV collagen and laminin. Widespread apoptosis of keratinocytes was detected by the TUNEL assay, whereas no apoptosis of capillary endothelial cells was observed. BaP1 induced a drastic reduction in the microvessel density, revealed by immunostaining for the endothelial marker vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. This was followed by a rapid angiogenic response, leading to a partial revascularization. Skin damage was followed by inflammation and granulation tissue formation. Then, a successful re-epithelization process occurred, and the skin of the ear regained its normal structure by 2 weeks. Venom metalloproteinase-induced skin damage reproduces the pathological changes described in snakebitten patients.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Introduction {#s1} ============ Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterised by hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (c) and normal low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLc) but preponderance of small-dense, highly atherogenic particles. The increase in free fatty acids (FFAs) as degradation products of triglycerides (TGs) is associated with the development of insulin resistance [@pone.0027208-Wilding1]. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) and Hepatic Lipase (HL) are central enzymes in the metabolism of HDL particles and reverse cholesterol transport. CETP is responsible for an exchange of cholesteryl ester (CE) for triglycerides (TGs) between LDL and HDL and TG rich-lipoprotein particles [@pone.0027208-Morton1]. The result is an enrichment of HDL and LDL particles in TGs, which makes them good substrates for HL [@pone.0027208-Thuren1]. The latter catalyses the hydrolysis of the TGs and phospholipids present in several lipoprotein subclasses, leading to changes in the size and density of lipoproteins [@pone.0027208-Thuren1]. The increased activity of either enzyme results in lower HDLc levels and a predominance of small, dense HDL and LDL particles [@pone.0027208-Lagrost1], [@pone.0027208-Zambon1]. The variations in the CETP gene, which lead to changes in enzyme function, have consequences on lipoprotein composition. CETP deficiency in humans is characterized by increases in HDLc, whereas increases in its activity are associated with an enrichment of HDL particles in TGs and a decrease in HDLc levels [@pone.0027208-Ikewaki1]. The most extensively studied polymorphism in CETP is Taq1B (rs708272) [@pone.0027208-Kondo1]. The G allele, also called B1, is associated with higher enzymatic activity, higher CETP mass and lower HDLc levels [@pone.0027208-Noone1], [@pone.0027208-Boekholdt1]. It has been estimated that this polymorphism is responsible for 5.8% of the variation in HDLc levels [@pone.0027208-Corella1]. Studies in transgenic mice demonstrate that the over-expression of the gene encoding HL, Lipc, leads to a marked decrease in plasma HDLc levels[@pone.0027208-Isaacs1] , an observation supported by human studies showing an inverse correlation between HL activity and HDLc concentrations [@pone.0027208-Blades1]. The -G250A LIPC polymorphism (rs2070895) [@pone.0027208-Todorova1], located in the promoter region of the gene, has been extensively studied in relation to enzyme activity and lipid metabolism. The minor allele (A) is associated with a reduction of transcriptional activity in vitro [@pone.0027208-Deeb1] and a 15--45% reduction in enzymatic activity [@pone.0027208-Tahvanainen1]. In humans, the minor allele has also been associated with an increased HDLc concentration and more buoyant LDL particles [@pone.0027208-Tahvanainen1], [@pone.0027208-Zambon2]. Studies assessing the association of this variant with T2D show conflicting results [@pone.0027208-Zacharova1]. Diabetes is often preceded and even predicted, by the presence of dyslipidemia [@pone.0027208-Todorova1]. Thus, mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic dyslipidemia may also play a role in the pathogenesis of T2D. The effects of the mentioned polymorphisms in CETP and LIPC on HDLc concentrations are well established, but their relation with the risk of T2D is less known. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between polymorphisms in these two genes and the presence of diabetes and insulin resistance in a Canarian population. Methods {#s2} ======= Study population {#s2a} ---------------- The Telde study is a cross-sectional population-based study on the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in Telde, a city located on the island of Gran Canaria, Spain. The study population and design of this survey has been previously described [@pone.0027208-Boronat1]. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the subjects were classified (using ADA 1997 criteria) as diabetic (n = 115) and pre-diabetic (n = 116) if they had impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or both. A total of 226 subjects with a normal OGTT were selected, after matching for gender and age with the other two groups. All participants gave their written informed consent for participation in the study, which was carried out according to the declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethics committee. Genetic analyses {#s2b} ---------------- The biochemical analyses and insulin resistance parameters have been described previously [@pone.0027208-Novoa1]. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood (n = 457) using a salting-out method. The Taq1B CETP polymorphism was amplified by PCR-RFLP as described by June Hsieh Wu [@pone.0027208-Wu1] and the G-250A LIPC polymorphism was analyzed by AMRS-PCR (Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction) [@pone.0027208-Ye1]. Two pairs of primers were used, one which amplifies a fragment of 366 bp, common to both alleles (outer primers: 5′-CTT TTC TTT TTC TTT GGG CTT AGG CT-3′ and 5′-AAG ACT GCC CAT TAA TAA TTA ACC TCT CAA-3′) and another pair specific for the SNP (inner primers): 5′-CAA GGT CAG AGT TCC AAA TTA ATC CAC-3′ for the G allele and 5′-TTC CAA ACA CAA CAC AGT AGC TTT CAA-3′ for the A allele. The primers were designed "in silico" in a free access web (<http://cedar.genetics.soton.ac.uk>, accessed in August 2007) and then checked for specificity (<http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi>, accessed in August 2007). The PCR reaction was carried out in a total volume of 25 µl containing 1∶5 ratio of outer to inner primer concentration. The annealing temperatures were 70°C during 15 sec for the outer primers and 58°C during 25 sec for the inner primers with a 30 sec extension at 72°C. PCR products were mixed with 2 µl of loading buffer and run on 2.5% agarose gel stained with Ethidium Bromide. This resulted in 3 DNA fragments: one of 366 bp, one of 234 bp for the A allele and one of 185 bp for the G allele ([figure 1](#pone-0027208-g001){ref-type="fig"}). ![Agarose gel results of both polymorphisms.\ PCR-RFLP agarose gel (A) after digestion with Taq1B enzyme. The 1000 bp band corresponds to the B2 allele and the 650 and 350 bp bands correspond to the B1 allele. Results of LIPC genotyping by ARMS-PCR (B). The 366 bp band is the product of the outer primers, the 234 bp band, of an outer primer and the inner primer for allele A and the 185 bp band, of the other outer primer and the inner primer for the G allele.](pone.0027208.g001){#pone-0027208-g001} Statistical analysis {#s2c} -------------------- Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS for WINDOWS, version 13 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The quantitative variables are described as mean ± standard deviation (S.D). Before further analyses, variable distribution was checked with the Kolmogorov--Smirnov test. A logarithmic transformation was performed for variables not following a Gaussian distribution. Differences between groups were analyzed using either analysis of variance or analysis of covariance, both with the Bonferroni post hoc correction test, after adjusting for age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist. The categorical variables were compared using Fisher\'s exact test for 2×2 tables and chi-squared or the Mantel-Haenszel test for linear association. The independent contribution of each polymorphism to DM2 risk was analyzed by a multinomial logistic regression model, which included age, gender, BMI and waist. All tests were considered significant if p was \<0.05. Regarding the effect of the interaction of both polymorphisms on the risk of diabetes, the reference category was defined by the non-B1B1 genotype, regardless of the -250G/A LIPC genotypes (nonB1B1CETP genotype). A second group included B1B1 and non-GG genotypes (B1B1CETP/non-GGLIPC) and a third, B1B1 CETP and LIPC GG genotypes (B1B1CETP/GGLIPC). Results {#s3} ======= Patient description {#s3a} ------------------- The anthropometric, clinical and genetic characteristics of the whole population and their classification according to the OGTT are shown in [table 1](#pone-0027208-t001){ref-type="table"}. The frequencies of the B1B1, B1B2 and B2B2 genotypes of the Taq1B CETP polymorphism in the whole population were 46.38%, 41.57% and 12.03% respectively, while the frequencies of GG, AG and AA genotypes of the -250G/A LIPC polymorphism were 49.23% 43.54% and 7.22%, respectively The distribution and the allele frequency of both polymorphisms followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Due to very low frequencies of the 2 genotypes the B2B2 of the Taq1B CETP and the AA of the -250G/A LIPC were analyzed in the same category as the corresponding heterozygotic genotype, namely as non-B1B1 (B2 carriers) and non-GG (A carriers), respectively. 10.1371/journal.pone.0027208.t001 ###### Main features of the study population. ![](pone.0027208.t001){#pone-0027208-t001-1} WHOLE POPULATION (n = 457) CONTROLS (n = 226) PRE-DIABETIC (n = 116) DIABETIC (n = 115) ----------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------- ------------------------ -------------------- Age (y) 55.02±11.09 54.48±11.86 52.25±12.36 58.84±10,60 Sex (male/female) 226/234 104/124 57/59 65/51 BMI (kg/m2) 29.62±5.00 28.60±4.45 30.30±5.03 30.97±5.44 Cholesterol (mmol/L) 5.65±1.02 5.65±1.00 5.64±0.91 5.66±1.16 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.38±0.32 1.45±0.32 1.35±0.30 1.29±0.31 LDL-C (mmol/L) 3.55±0.87 3.58±0.87 3.53±0.79 3.53±0.96 TG (mmol/L) 1.55±0.91 1.34±0.69 1.65±0.91 1.84±1.18 HbA1c (%) 5.76±4.89 5.51±6.76 5.12±0.45 6.90±1.80 Fasting glucose (mmol/L) 6.04±2.29 4.92±0.52 5.64±0.66 8.66±3.22 Glucose after OGTT (mmol/L) 7.13±2.78 5.50±1.21 8.28±1.76 12.11±3.22 Insulin (pmol/L) 75.4±65.3 59.7±38.7 76.7±45.7 104.9±103.1 HOMA 3.19±4.17 1.91±1.32 2.75±1.61 5.71±5.70 CETP Allele B1 67% 65% 67% 71% Allele B2 33% 35% 33% 29% LIPC Allele A 29% 30% 28% 26% Allele G 71% 70% 72% 74% Continuous variables are expressed as mean and S.D. Allele frequencies are expressed as percentages. The polymorphisms and the biochemical variables {#s3b} ----------------------------------------------- In the whole population, the B1B1 genotype carriers showed significantly lower HDLc concentrations than the B2-allele carriers (1.33±0.30 mmol/L vs. 1.44±0.33 mmol/L, p\<0.001), as well as higher glucose levels after the OGTT. In the control population, there was a significant difference in HDLc levels (1.38±0.31 mmol/L vs. 1.50±0.31 mmol/L, p = 0.004; B1B1 vs. B2-carriers, respectively) and an almost significant difference in glucose levels after the OGTT (5.64±1.08 mmol/L vs. 5.39±1.29 mmol/L, p = 0.069). There were no significant differences between the groups in the pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects (data not shown). Regarding the LIPC polymorphism, the GG genotype carriers showed significantly higher fasting glucose concentrations than the A allele carriers (non-GG genotype) in the whole population (6.30±2.67 mmol/L vs. 5.79±1.83 mmol/L, p = 0.02). However, only the diabetic subjects showed significantly different glucose levels after the OGTT depending on their genotype (13.03±2.72 mmol/L vs. 11.11±2.94 mmol/L, p = 0.025, respectively). Given the fact that the HOMA index is not a reliable estimation of insulin resistance in diabetic subjects, this subgroup was not analyzed separately in the analysis of variance or covariance. The groups analyzed were: (1) the whole population, (2) the whole population without diabetes (healthy subjects and pre-diabetic subjects) and (3) the healthy control group. [Table 2](#pone-0027208-t002){ref-type="table"} displays the main results obtained. In summary, B1B1 carriers of the CETP polymorphism showed lower HDLc levels and higher HOMA and post-OGTT glucose in all groups and higher insulin levels in the whole population even after adjusting for confounding variables. On the other hand, the GG genotype carriers of the LIPC polymorphism showed higher fasting glucose levels than A-allele carriers. 10.1371/journal.pone.0027208.t002 ###### The Effect of Taq 1B CETP (A) and --G250A LIPC (B) polymorphisms on several glucose homeostatic parameters for each population studied. ![](pone.0027208.t002){#pone-0027208-t002-2} A\) WHOLE POPULATION CONTROLS NON-DIABETIC POPULATION ---------------- --------- ------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ------- ------------------- ------- FastingGlucose NonB1B1 5.64 (5.45--5.85) 4.86 (4.78--4.95) 5.08 (4.99--5.17) (mmol/L) B1B1 5.91 (5.69--6.13) 0.079 4.95 (4.85--5.05) ns 5.19 (5.08--5.29) ns Glucoseafter NonB1B1 6.38 (6.08--6.68) 5.18 (4.98--5.39) 5.92 (5.68--6.17) OGTT(mmol/L B1B1 6.94 (6.60--7.31) 0.017 5.56 (5.31--5.83) 0.023 6.37 (6.08--6.68) 0.021 Insulin NonB1B1 56.7 (52.7--61.0) 46.7 (42.7--50.9) 51.8 (48.0--55.8) (pmol/L) B1B1 63.2 (58.5--68.4) 0.047 50.9 (48.2--59.5) 0.052 57.5 (52.8--62.6) 0.068 HOMA NonB1B1 2.05 (1.51--2.23) 1.45 (1.32--1.60) 1.68 (1.55--1.82) B1B1 2.39 (2.18--2.62) 0.017 1.69 (1.51--1.89) 0.038 1.90 (1.74--2.08) 0.039 HDL-C NonB1B1 1.39 (1.36--1.43) 1.46 (1.41--1.52) 1.42 (1.38--1.47) (mmol/L) B1B1 1.30 (1.26--1.33) 0.000 1.33 (1.28--1.39) 0.002 1.31 (1.27--1.36) 0.001 B\) WHOLE POPULATION CONTROLS NON--DIABETIC POPULATION ---------------- -------- ------------------- ---------- -------------------------- ---- ------------------- ------- FastingGlucose Non-GG 5.62 (5.42--5.82) 4.88 (4.79--4.98) 5.06 (4.97--5.16) (mmol/L) GG 5.92 (5.71--6.14) 0.044 4.92 (4.83--5.02) ns 5.19 (5.09--5.29) 0.067 Glucoseafter Non-GG 6.67 (6.35--7.00) 5.33 (5.11--5.55) 6.08 (5.82--6.35) OGOTT(mmol/L) GG 6.61 (6.28--6.95) ns 5.36 (5.13--5.60) ns 6.19(5.92--6.47) ns Insulin Non-GG 58.9 (54.6--63.5) 47.9 (43.6--52.7) 51.8 (47.9--56.0) (pmol/L) GG 60.3 (55.8--65.1) ns 51.5 (46.6--56.9) ns 56.8 (52.4--61.5) ns HOMA Non-GG 2.12 (1.93--2.31) 1.49 (1.35--1.65) 1.67 (1.54--1.82) GG 2.28 (2.08--2.50) ns 1.62 (1.46--1.80) ns 1.88 (1.73--2.05) 0.055 HDL-C Non-GG 1.35 (1.31--1.39) 1.41 (1.36--1.47) 1.38 (1.33--1.42) ns (mmol/L) GG 1.35 (1.31--1.39) ns 1.40 (1.34--1.46) ns 1.37 (1.33--1.42) ns P values from analysis of covariance with the Bonferroni post hoc test, after adjusting for age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist. Association between CETP and LIPC polymorphisms and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes {#s3c} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [Figure 2](#pone-0027208-g002){ref-type="fig"} shows the frequency of each polymorphism for the different categories of glucose tolerance (diabetic, pre-diabetic and control groups). The frequency of the B1B1 genotype of CETP increased with worsening glucose metabolism, whereas the GG genotype of LIPC did not show a significant difference, although a similar trend was found. ![Distribution of Taq1B CETP and --G250A LIPC genotypes according to OGTT categories.\ OGTT categories are T2D: type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, which includes impaired fasting glucose concentrations, impaired glucose tolerance or both, and healthy controls.](pone.0027208.g002){#pone-0027208-g002} The independent effect of each polymorphism on the prevalence of diabetes was assessed using a multinomial logistic regression model adjusting for age, gender, BMI and waist. The B1B1 genotype was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (OR (IC95%): 1.81 (1.12--2.91); p = 0.002), but not pre-diabetes (OR (IC95%): 1.11 (0.70--1.77); p = ns). On its own, the LIPC polymorphism was not significantly associated with the risk of diabetes. Finally, we analyzed the effect of the interaction of both polymorphisms on the risk of diabetes. We observed that among the B1B1 CETP carriers, the presence of the GG LIPC genotype increased the risk of having the disease ([table 3](#pone-0027208-t003){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0027208.t003 ###### Multinomial logistic regression model assessing the combined effects of CETP and LIPC genotypes on the risk of T2D. ![](pone.0027208.t003){#pone-0027208-t003-3} VARIABLE P O.R 95% CI -------------------------- ------- --------- ------------ NonB1B1 CETP 1(ref.) B1B1 CETP/nonGG LIPC 1.32 0.71--2.44 B1B1 CETP/GG LIPC 0.036 2.42 1.30--4.50 OR: odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Discussion {#s4} ========== The roles of CETP and HL on lipid metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport have been extensively described [@pone.0027208-Zambon1]. In this study, we investigated a variant present on each gene encoding these enzymes in relation to the risk of diabetes in a Canarian population. Our results show that the B1B1 genotype of the Taq1B CETP polymorphism is associated with more insulin resistance, higher post-OGTT glucose levels and an increased risk of T2D. On other hand, the -250G/A LIPC polymorphism is associated with higher fasting glucose levels, but does not seem to confer a risk of T2D by itself. However, the interaction between both polymorphisms does have an effect on the risk of diabetes. The Taq 1B CETP polymorphism (rs708272) {#s4a} --------------------------------------- Previous studies have shown that the Taq1B CETP polymorphism is associated with increased enzyme activity, TG-enriched LDL and HDL particles and low HDLc levels [@pone.0027208-Boekholdt1], [@pone.0027208-Gudnason1]. Besides, high CETP activity has been demonstrated in obese and diabetic subjects [@pone.0027208-Dullaart1], [@pone.0027208-Smaoui1]. Previous studies have also shown an association between this polymorphism and the metabolic syndrome [@pone.0027208-Sandhofer1], independently of the well-known effect on HDLc concentrations and insulin resistance [@pone.0027208-LpezRos1], a fact that suggests a possible role of CETP on glucose metabolism. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between this polymorphism in CETP and the risk of T2D. The frequency of the B1B1 genotype increases with worsening glucose tolerance ([figure 2](#pone-0027208-g002){ref-type="fig"}) and its presence is associated with the risk of diabetes even after adjusting for other confounding factors such as age, BMI, waist and TG. In addition, we found lower HDLc levels in B1B1 genotype carriers, as well as higher insulin, HOMA and post-OGTT glucose in non-diabetic B1B1 carriers, further supporting its role in the development of T2D. Previously, we proposed that the contribution of the Taq1B CETP polymorphism on insulin resistance could be mediated by an increased flux of FFAs from HDL particles to the liver. Since homozygotes for the B1 allele have an increased CETP activity, they should have an increased TG content in their HDL particles, which in turn would become a good substrate for HL. Thus, individuals with the B1B1 genotype would have an increased flux of free fatty acids to the liver from HDL that would decrease the hepatic sensitivity to insulin [@pone.0027208-LpezRos1]. The --G250A LIPC polymorphism (rs2070895) {#s4b} ----------------------------------------- HL catalyzes the hydrolysis of TG and phospholipids in TG-enriched HDL and LDL particles, giving rise to smaller, denser particles[@pone.0027208-Lambert1]. In fact, HL activity shows an inverse correlation with HDLc concentration. Two (SNPs) have been described in the promoter region of the gene (-514 C\<T, rs1800588 and -250G\>A, rs2070895) [@pone.0027208-Andersen1], which are in almost complete linkage disequilibrium. The minor allele in the -250A/G polymorphism is associated with low HL activity [@pone.0027208-Lindi1], an increased HDLc concentration[@pone.0027208-Isaacs1] and more buoyant LDL particles. In fact, the effect abdominal obesity has on HL activity is cushioned by this allele [@pone.0027208-Carr1]. Its frequency in our population was similar to that found by others [@pone.0027208-Todorova1], [@pone.0027208-Zacharova1], [@pone.0027208-Jackson1]. However, unlike other authors [@pone.0027208-Zacharova1], [@pone.0027208-Despres1], we did not find an influence of the LIPC genotype on HDLc concentrations, nor on the risk of T2D, but it was associated with higher glucose concentrations. The latter followed the same direction as the results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study [@pone.0027208-Todorova1], which showed that the GG genotype doubles the risk of progression to T2D. On the other hand, a large Danish cross-sectional study, which included 3082 cases and 4882 controls, was negative in this aspect [@pone.0027208-Grarup1]. Taq 1B CETP and --G250A LIPC polymorphisms {#s4c} ------------------------------------------ The epistatic effect of CETP and LIPC on HDLc concentrations [@pone.0027208-Isaacs2], [@pone.0027208-Soyala1] and atherosclerosis[@pone.0027208-Soyala1] has been previously reported. The authors observed a marked increase in HDLc levels in carriers of both minor frequency genotypes [@pone.0027208-Soyala1]. However, to our knowledge, this is the first time the effect of genetic interaction between CETP and LIPC is assessed on the risk of T2D. Since the minor allele at -250G/A LIPC is associated with a decrease in HL activity and a reduction of TG catabolism from HDL and LDL and the TG content in HDL and LDL is, to a certain extent, the result of an increased CETP activity associated to the B1B1 genotype, we propose that the presence of the A allele of -250G/A LIPC reduced the risk of T2D among B1B1 Taq1B CETP genotype carriers, although the LIPC polymorphism was by itself not associated with T2D. One of the strengths of this study is its population-based design including well-characterized subjects diagnosed using an OGTT [@pone.0027208-Dullaart1], [@pone.0027208-Smaoui1]. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first time the effects of CETP and LIPC are assessed in relation to the risk of T2D. We are also aware of some limitations of the study. Its cross-sectional nature does not allow us to infer causality. Furthermore, our failure to identify an effect of the LIPC polymorphism on diabetes risk might be due to sample size, as is suggested by its association with glycemia and its significant interaction with CETP. However, the effects we did find are likely to be true positive, biologically plausible effects, with stringent corrections for multiple analyses. We suggest that while the risk of T2D associated to the B1B1 CETP genotype is a consequence of hypertriglyceridaemia by the increase of the flux of FFAs from HDL and LDL particles to the liver, a decrease activity of HL associated to -250 A LIPC allele reduces that flux of FFAs, and the risk of T2D amongst B1B1 carriers. In summary, the Taq1B CETP polymorphism was significantly associated with HDLc levels and the presence of T2D and, although we did not find the same association between the -250A/G LIPC polymorphism and HDLc levels or T2D, the presence of the A allele appears to exert a protective effect in B1B1 genotype carriers in our population. Nevertheless, larger studies performed in different populations are needed to confirm our findings. The authors express their gratitude for excellent technical assistance to Angelines Jiménez, the Research Unit from Hospital Dr Negrín (Gran Canaria) and Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC, Spain). Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Funding:This work has been supported in part by grants from Fundación Canaria de Investigación y Salud (FUNCIS, Spain; ref: Canarias Bioregión). LLR is being supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from ULPGC. FJN and AMW receive funding from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PI08/1113 and PI10/2310) and the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD/JDRF/Novo Nordisk Programme 2008). No additional external funding was provided for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. [^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: LLR FJN RC MBC AMW. Performed the experiments: LLR MBC FV. Analyzed the data: LLR RC MBC AMW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FJN RC FV. Wrote the paper: LLR RC AMW.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
1989 Comorian constitutional referendum A constitutional referendum was held in the Comoros on 5 November 1989. The proposed amendments to the constitution would allow incumbent President Ahmed Abdallah to run for a third term, as well as creating the post of Prime Minister. The changes were approved by 92.5% of voters. On 26 November Abdallah was killed during a coup led by Said Mohamed Djohar. Results References Category:1989 referendums 1989 Category:1989 in the Comoros Category:Constitutional referendums in the Comoros 1989	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Q: Method in Java interface that returns class or subclass type I have an interface: public interface Displayable { public Class <Screen> classToDisplay(); } and some classes: public class Screen { } public class ScreenSubclass extends Screen { } public class Cue implements Displayable { @Override displayClass() { return ScreenSubclass.class; } } I'm getting an IDE error telling me they are incompatible types. What return value would be needed for 'classToDisplay()' to return a class or subclass type of Screen? A: Just figured it out. Use the ? wildcard along with 'extends'... Change the return type for 'displayClass' to: public Class<? extends Screen> displayClass();	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
I am iterating over a table of guids and preforming some business logic on each. When that's complete, depending on what happened during the business logic, I may push the guid to a results table. It looks like my best, (only?), option is to create a hold using filedef and -WRITE the guid to that file. A couple Q's: 1. I came across some code which suggests the way to approach this is something like: FILEDEF RESULTS DISK ????/results.ftm-RUN - begin my loop - do my work - if I want to write the guid -WRITE RESULTS &GUID - end of loop Does that look right? Do I not need to define a mas file? If that is the right way to go about it I'm getting the following error so maybe I'm missing something? 2. I learnt a little while ago that if I want my holds to be removed at the end of the request I don't want "ON TABLE HOLD AS 'foccache/temp_hold" but rather "ON TABLE HOLD AS temp_hold" as foccache is session, the other route is for the duration of the request, (feel free to correct me if I'm wrong about that). So with that in mind, where would I want to create this hold if I want it to be deleted at the end of the request? So in the below code, what should "????" be? FILEDEF RESULTS DISK ????/results.ftm-RUN Thanks! This message has been edited. Last edited by: FP Mod Chuck, January 30, 2019 12:53 PM	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
James Well, Blake was kind of unlucky in that 1st set, at the very beginning he managed to create a couple of breakpoints at 2:2, when Raonic saved them by consecutive aces and kept serving big in that game to get 3:2 lead. Then Blake was unlucky at 2:3 and 30/40, when ball came off the tape after Raonic's shot and landed in Blake's side. That was it for the 1st set. Of course, should have avoided the bagel in the 2nd set, no excuses for that 3rd set was close, but it did seem that Raonic win was only a matter of time. Hopefully, Raonic manages to give Murray some trouble in the next round. If he gets to tiebreak, he should be tougher to break that Lopez yesterday.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
A countess begs Lord Zimbabwe's help to skip eternity as a Barry Manilow fan. With Dan Freedman and Nick Romero. From July 2000.A mysterious foreign countess begs Lord Zimbabwe to win back her soul from the lord of the underworld.Without a soul, she is destined to be a Barry Manilow fan for eternity. Lord Zimbabwe faces his greatest challenge yet - a voyage to the moon to rescue an American who has been subjected to a cruel alien snatch.This could only mean one thing.Lord Zimbabwe and his butler Theremin take Dr Lilac to the Moon, in pursuit of abducted hillbillies.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Nestlé has figured out a way to reduce the amount of sugar used in its products without changing the taste—by reshaping the structure of sugar crystals. “So even when much less is used in chocolate, your tongue perceives an almost identical sweetness to before,” the company, which makes Kit-Kats, Aeros, and Butterfingers, said in a statement. Food scientists at the world’s largest food manufacturer say they can eliminate up to 40% of the total sugar in confectionery products. Milk chocolate, for example, is typically made of 50% sugar. The technological accomplishment has major implications for the company and consumers. It will allow Nestlé to respond to mounting pressure by public health groups and government health agencies for people to scale back the sugar in their diets. It also gives the company a way to manage sweetness in its foods without turning to artificial sweeteners—such as aspartame—which have proven controversial in the past. The reduction of sugar in food products is one of several overarching goals Nestlé has set for itself. The company has about 40 research and development facilities across the globe, where it spends close to $2 billion each year. Nestlé is patenting the process and said it will be rolling out its new sugar method in 2018.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
This paper describes a pulsed electron beam source with a liquid-metal cathode operating in the explosive-electron-emission mode. The operating voltage range of the source is 10-40 kV. The operating frequency of the cathode is up to 1500 Hz. The device can be used as a point electron source in various electronic tubes and as an element of a multi-emitter electron source producing a large-cross-section electron flow	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <resources> <!-- Main Menu --> <string name="shows">節目</string> <string name="lists">清單</string> <string name="movies">電影</string> <string name="statistics">統計</string> <string name="navigation_more">More</string> <string name="search">搜尋</string> <string name="preferences">設置</string> <string name="help">說明</string> <string name="no_more_updates">此版本的 Android 將不會收到 SeriesGuide 的任何更新。</string> <!-- Media items --> <string name="show_details">Details</string> <string name="episode">集數</string> <string name="episode_number">第 %d 集</string> <string name="episodes">集數</string> <string name="season">季</string> <string name="season_number">第 %d 季</string> <string name="specialseason">特集</string> <string name="ratings">評分</string> <!-- Descriptions --> <string name="description_overview">簡介</string> <string name="description_poster">顯示海報</string> <string name="description_image">影集圖片</string> <string name="description_menu_overflow">更多選項</string> <!-- Actions --> <string name="clear">清除</string> <string name="discard">放棄</string> <string name="save_selection">儲存所選項目</string> <string name="action_display_all">顯示全部</string> <string name="web_search">網頁搜尋</string> <string name="add_to_homescreen">新增至主螢幕</string> <string name="action_open">開啟</string> <string name="sync_manually">手動同步</string> <string name="sync_and_update">同步 & 和更新</string> <string name="sync_and_download_all">同步& 及下載</string> <string name="action_turn_off">關閉</string> <string name="action_stream">Stream or purchase</string> <!-- Search --> <string name="clear_search_history">清除搜尋記錄</string> <string name="search_hint">搜尋集數</string> <!-- Status messages --> <string name="updated">已更新到最新版本。</string> <string name="updated_details">Details</string> <string name="norating">無</string> <string name="unknown">不明</string> <string name="offline">連接到網路，然後再試一次。</string> <string name="app_not_available">沒有應用程式可以處理此需求</string> <string name="people_empty">什麼東西都沒有？！點擊以在試一次。</string> <string name="database_error">無法修改資料。</string> <string name="reinstall_info">嘗試在設置中備份，然後重新安裝應用並恢復備份。</string> <string name="api_error_generic">無法移除節目%s。請稍後再試。</string> <string name="api_failed">失敗：%s</string> <string name="copy_to_clipboard">已複製至剪貼簿</string> <!-- Sharing --> <string name="share">分享</string> <string name="share_show">分享節目</string> <string name="share_episode">分享此集</string> <string name="share_movie">分享電影</string> <string name="addtocalendar">新增至行事曆</string> <string name="addtocalendar_failed">無法建立行事曆事件。</string> <string name="links">連結</string> <!-- Comments --> <string name="comments">評論</string> <string name="shout_hint">輸入評論(英語，五個字以上)</string> <string name="shout_invalid">你的評論不遵守規則！</string> <string name="action_post">發布</string> <string name="isspoiler">警告爆雷</string> <string name="no_shouts">成為第一個留言者</string> <string name="refresh">重新整理</string> <plurals name="replies_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d 回覆</item> </plurals> <!-- Metadata --> <string name="episode_number_disk">DVD</string> <string name="episode_firstaired">播出日期</string> <string name="episode_firstaired_unknown">播出日期不明</string> <string name="episode_dvdnumber">DVD集數</string> <string name="original_release">原始版本</string> <string name="show_genres">戲劇類別</string> <string name="show_contentrating">節目分級</string> <string name="show_release_times">發布時間</string> <string name="episode_directors">導演</string> <string name="episode_gueststars">神秘嘉賓</string> <string name="episode_writers">編劇</string> <string name="show_isalive">待續</string> <string name="show_isnotalive">已完結</string> <string name="show_isUpcoming">即將播出</string> <string name="no_translation">%2$s沒有%1$s的翻譯說明。</string> <string name="no_translation_title">無翻譯</string> <string name="no_spoilers">一些細節已隱藏起來避免劇透，可前往設定關閉此功能。</string> <string name="format_source">來源：%s</string> <string name="format_last_edited">上次編輯於：%s</string> <!-- Date and Time --> <string name="today">今天</string> <string name="now">目前</string> <string name="daily">每日</string> <string name="runtime_minutes">%s 分鐘</string> <!-- Flagging --> <string name="mark_all">全部已觀看</string> <string name="unmark_all">全部未觀看</string> <string name="action_watched_up_to">Watched up to here</string> <string name="confirmation_watched_up_to">Set all episodes up to here watched?</string> <string name="collect_all">將所有影集標示為已蒐藏</string> <string name="uncollect_all">取消所有影集蒐藏標示</string> <string name="action_skip">略過</string> <string name="action_dont_skip">取消略過</string> <string name="action_collection_add">添加到收藏</string> <string name="action_collection_remove">從收藏移除</string> <string name="action_watched">設為已觀看</string> <string name="action_unwatched">設為尚未觀看</string> <string name="state_watched">已看過</string> <string name="state_watched_multiple_format" comment="Like watched, but includes the number of times in parentheses. Example: Watched (3)">Watched (%d)</string> <string name="state_skipped">Skipped</string> <string name="state_in_collection">In collection</string> <string name="state_on_watchlist">On watchlist</string> <string name="state_favorite">Favorite</string> <!-- Shows --> <string name="confirm_delete">確定要移除%s嗎？</string> <string name="delete_error">無法移除節目。請稍後再試。</string> <string name="delete_show">移除</string> <string name="no_nextepisode">找無下一集</string> <string name="context_favorite">加入最愛</string> <string name="context_unfavorite">自最愛移除</string> <string name="favorited">新增至我的最愛</string> <string name="unfavorited">從我的最愛中刪除</string> <string name="action_episode_notifications_on">開啟新劇集通知</string> <string name="action_episode_notifications_off">開啟新劇集通知</string> <string name="context_hide">隱藏</string> <string name="context_unhide">取消隱藏</string> <string name="hidden">隱藏影集</string> <string name="unhidden">取消隱藏影集</string> <string name="action_shows_add">增加影集</string> <string name="action_shows_filter">影集顯示條件</string> <string name="empty_filter">移除所有篩選</string> <string name="action_shows_filter_favorites">我的最愛</string> <string name="action_shows_filter_unwatched">尚未觀看</string> <string name="action_shows_filter_upcoming">即將播出</string> <string name="action_shows_filter_hidden">隱藏</string> <string name="action_shows_make_all_visible">Make all hidden visible</string> <string name="description_make_all_visible_format">Make all hidden shows (%s) visible again?</string> <string name="action_shows_sort">排序影集</string> <string name="action_shows_sort_title">依影集名稱</string> <string name="action_shows_sort_latest_episode">最新一集</string> <string name="action_shows_sort_oldest_episode">最舊一集</string> <string name="action_shows_sort_last_watched">上一次觀看</string> <string name="action_shows_sort_remaining">剩餘的集數</string> <string name="action_shows_sort_favorites">喜愛影集優先</string> <string name="context_updateshow">更新</string> <string name="context_marknext">觀看下一集</string> <string name="action_episodes_switch_view">Switch view</string> <!-- History --> <string name="user_stream">歴史紀錄</string> <string name="recently_watched">最近觀賞</string> <string name="friends_recently">trakt好友</string> <string name="now_empty">沒什麼特別地事情發生，看節目去吧！</string> <string name="now_movies_empty">沒什麼特別地事情發生，看電影去吧！</string> <string name="user_stream_empty">Trakt上沒有任何記錄，去看一些節目並打卡吧！</string> <string name="user_movie_stream_empty">Trakt上沒有任何記錄，去看一些電影並打卡吧！</string> <!-- Calendar --> <string name="upcoming">即將播出</string> <string name="recent">最近</string> <string name="released_today">今日播出</string> <string name="noupcoming">沒有即將播出的集數。</string> <string name="norecent">沒有最近的影集。</string> <string name="calendar_settings">Calendar settings</string> <string name="only_favorites">僅顯示喜愛影集</string> <string name="calendar_only_collected">Only collected episodes</string> <string name="calendar_only_premieres">Only premieres</string> <string name="pref_infinite_scrolling">萬年曆</string> <!-- Updating --> <string name="update_scheduled">更新中......</string> <string name="update_no_connection">如需更新，請連接網路</string> <string name="update_inprogress">更新正在進行中，請稍後再試</string> <!-- Seasons --> <string name="season_allwatched">已觀看所有集數</string> <plurals name="other_episodes_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d other episodes</item> </plurals> <plurals name="not_released_episodes_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d to be released</item> </plurals> <plurals name="remaining_episodes_plural"> <item quantity="other">剩餘 %d</item> </plurals> <!-- Add show --> <string name="checkin_searchhint">輸入節目名稱</string> <string name="add_empty">無此節目</string> <string name="no_results">查無結果，請嘗試完整單字。</string> <string name="empty_show_search">節目單中未找到</string> <string name="action_try_again">再試一次</string> <string name="tvdb_error_does_not_exist">TheTVDB 上不存在。稍後再試。</string> <string name="add_all">全部加入</string> <string name="add_multiple">所有節目將會顯示在你的清單中。</string> <string name="add_started">%s將會顯示在你的清單中。</string> <string name="add_error">無法新增%s</string> <string name="add_already_exists">%s已經在你的清單當中。</string> <string name="title_new_episodes">新劇集</string> <string name="watched_shows">已看過</string> <string name="shows_collection">收藏</string> <string name="watchlist">待看清單</string> <!-- Similar shows --> <string name="empty_no_results">無結果</string> <string name="title_similar_shows">類似節目</string> <!-- Lists --> <string name="first_list">第一個清單</string> <string name="list_add">新增清單</string> <string name="list_title_hint">命名您的清單</string> <string name="list_remove">移除清單</string> <string name="list_manage">管理清單</string> <string name="list_item_manage">管理清單</string> <string name="list_item_remove">從清單中移除</string> <string name="list_empty">你可以新增整個、一季或是一集節目到清單當中。</string> <string name="action_lists_sort">排序清單</string> <string name="action_lists_reorder">重新排序清單</string> <string name="error_name_already_exists">此名稱的清單已存在。</string> <!-- Movies --> <string name="title_discover">探索</string> <string name="title_popular">熱門</string> <string name="title_digital_releases">數位發行</string> <string name="title_disc_releases">碟片版本</string> <string name="movies_in_theatres">上映中</string> <string name="movies_collection">收藏</string> <string name="movies_watchlist">待看清單</string> <string name="movies_watched">已看過</string> <string name="watchlist_add">新增至待看清單</string> <string name="watchlist_remove">從待看清單中移除</string> <string name="watchlist_added">已增加至待看清單</string> <string name="watchlist_removed">已從待看清單中移除完成</string> <string name="movies_search_hint">輸入電影名稱</string> <string name="movies_collection_empty">你不能將電影加入收藏中。</string> <string name="movies_watchlist_empty">你不能將電影加入待看清單中。</string> <string name="trailer">預告</string> <string name="movie_cast">卡司</string> <string name="movie_crew">工作人員</string> <string name="action_movies_sort">電影排序</string> <string name="action_movies_sort_title">依影集名稱</string> <string name="action_movies_sort_release">播出日期</string> <!-- Statistics --> <string name="statistics_failed">無法統計資料。</string> <string name="statistics_shows">影集</string> <string name="statistics_episodes">集數</string> <string name="statistics_movies">電影</string> <string name="shows_with_next">%s 影集有新的集數</string> <string name="shows_continuing">%s部影集仍在連載</string> <string name="episodes_watched">%s 集已看</string> <string name="movies_on_watchlist">%s於待看清單中。</string> <string name="movies_watched_format">%s 集已看</string> <plurals name="days_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d 天</item> </plurals> <plurals name="hours_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d 小時</item> </plurals> <plurals name="minutes_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d 分鐘</item> </plurals> <!-- Features --> <string name="feature_supported">Supported</string> <string name="feature_not_supported">Not supported</string> <string name="feature_history">Personal and friend history</string> <string name="feature_comments">Post comments</string> <string name="feature_sync">Sync</string> <!-- Hexagon --> <string name="hexagon_warning">實驗性</string> <string name="hexagon_description">SeriesGuide Cloud helps to backup and sync your shows, lists and movies</string> <string name="hexagon_warning_trakt">While signed in with SeriesGuide Cloud some Trakt features are not available</string> <string name="hexagon_signin">登入</string> <string name="hexagon_signout">登出</string> <string name="hexagon_setup_incomplete">SeriesGuide Cloud未完成設置。</string> <string name="hexagon_setup_fail_auth">你的Google帳戶無法使用。</string> <string name="hexagon_remove_account">移除帳戶</string> <string name="hexagon_remove_account_success">帳戶已刪除。</string> <string name="hexagon_remove_account_failure">無法刪除帳戶。</string> <string name="hexagon_remove_account_confirmation">移除你的帳戶將會刪除SeriesGuide Cloud上所有節目與電影的紀錄。請確認其他裝置上的資料也一併刪除。</string> <string name="hexagon_api_queued">發送至SeriesGuide Cloud。</string> <string name="hexagon_signed_out">Signed out of SeriesGuide Cloud</string> <string name="hexagon_signin_fail_format">Error with Google Sign-In (%s)</string> <!-- trakt --> <string name="trakt_submitqueued">正發送至trakt。</string> <string name="checkin_success_trakt">在trakt上打卡%s</string> <string name="checkin_canceled_success_trakt">在trakt上取消打卡。</string> <string name="traktcheckin_cancel">覆蓋</string> <string name="traktcheckin_inprogress">你已經在其他影集或電影打卡過了，請覆蓋前一個打卡記錄或者等待%s後再試一次。</string> <string name="traktcheckin_wait">等待</string> <string name="trakt_success">已發送至trakt。</string> <string name="trakt_error_credentials">發生錯誤，請檢查您的trakt憑證並重試。</string> <string name="trakt_error_not_exists">Trakt還無法使用，稍後再試。</string> <string name="trakt_notice_not_exists">還不能使用trakt追蹤。</string> <!-- Connect trakt --> <string name="connect_trakt">連接 trakt</string> <string name="trakt_reconnect">連結SeriesGuide與trakt</string> <string name="trakt_reconnect_details">檢查您的 trakt 憑證</string> <string name="waitplease">請稍候…</string> <string name="connect">連接</string> <string name="disconnect">中斷連接</string> <string name="use_integrated_browser">使用內建瀏覽器</string> <string name="show_library">顯示您的 trakt 庫</string> <string name="about_trakt">trakt 幫助您追蹤及記錄正在看的電視節目和電影。<a href="HTTPs://trakt.tv"> 瞭解更多</a></string> <!-- trakt ratings --> <string name="action_rate">評分</string> <string name="your_rating">您的評分</string> <string name="love">太讚啦!</string> <string name="hate">太弱了:(</string> <string name="rating2">浪費人生</string> <string name="rating3">糟透了</string> <string name="rating4">雞助</string> <string name="rating5">嗯......</string> <string name="rating6">尚可</string> <string name="rating7">不錯</string> <string name="rating8">讚</string> <string name="rating9">好愛！！</string> <plurals name="votes"> <item quantity="other">%d 票</item> </plurals> <!-- Check Ins --> <string name="checkin">打卡</string> <string name="checkin_hint">輸入訊息(可忽略)</string> <string name="paste_title">貼上標題</string> <string name="pref_quick_checkin">快速打卡</string> <string name="pref_quick_checkin_summary">免輸入打卡訊息</string> <!-- Help --> <string name="feedback">傳送反饋意見</string> <string name="action_open_in_browser">於瀏覽器中開啟</string> <!-- Settings --> <string name="action_translate">Translate this app</string> <string name="action_contribute_content">Translate or improve content</string> <string name="prefs_category_advanced">進階</string> <string name="prefs_category_about">關於本軟體</string> <string name="pref_onlyfuture">無已播出集數</string> <string name="pref_onlyfuturesummary">不顯示已經播出劇集</string> <string name="pref_onlyseasoneps">隱藏特別節目</string> <string name="pref_onlyseasonepssummary">除了季清單外不要顯示特別節目</string> <string name="pref_exactdates">顯示確切日期</string> <string name="pref_exactdates_summary">\"10 月 31日\" 而不是 \"3天後\"</string> <string name="pref_nospoilers">避免劇透</string> <string name="pref_nospoilers_summary">隱藏詳細資訊直到看過一集</string> <string name="pref_seasonsorting">以…排序每一季</string> <string name="pref_episodesorting">以…排序每一集</string> <string name="pref_language">偏好的語言</string> <string name="pref_language_fallback">Alternative language</string> <string name="pref_updatewifionly">只有在使用Wi-Fi時載入圖片</string> <string name="pref_updatewifionlysummary">為了減少資料量，不要透過移動或計量網路下載</string> <string name="pref_error_reports">Report errors to app developer</string> <plurals name="days_before_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d days before</item> </plurals> <plurals name="hours_before_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d hours before</item> </plurals> <plurals name="minutes_before_plural"> <item quantity="other">%d minutes before</item> </plurals> <!-- About screen --> <string name="privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</string> <string name="licence_tvdb">此應用程式使用基於 CC BY-NC 4.0 許可的 TheTVDB 提供的資料和圖像。</string> <string name="licence_themoviedb">此應用程式使用 TMDb 的 API ，但未被 TMDb 認可或認證。</string> <string name="licence_trakt">This app uses data and images by Trakt.</string> <string name="about_open_source">SeriesGuide 是採用開放源碼軟體。</string> <string name="licences_and_credits">憑證及信用</string> <!-- Sort --> <string name="sort">排序方式</string> <string name="action_sort_ignore_articles">忽略文章</string> <!-- Sort orders --> <string name="sort_order_latest_first">按最新的項目排序</string> <string name="sort_order_oldest_first">按最舊的項目排序</string> <string name="sort_order_unwatched_first">先排未觀賞</string> <string name="sort_order_alphabetical">A - Z</string> <string name="sort_order_top_rated_first">最高評分</string> <string name="sort_order_latest_first_dvd">按最新的順序排序(DVD)</string> <string name="sort_order_oldest_first_dvd">按最舊的順序排序(DVD)</string> <!-- Upcoming thresholds --> <string name="pref_upcominglimit">即將撥出時間</string> <string name="upcoming_upto_now">目前</string> <string name="upcoming_upto_one_day">一天</string> <string name="upcoming_upto_three_days">三天</string> <string name="upcoming_upto_one_week">一星期</string> <string name="upcoming_upto_two_weeks">兩星期</string> <string name="upcoming_upto_one_month">一個月</string> <!-- Appearance settings --> <string name="pref_appearance">外觀</string> <string name="pref_theme">主題</string> <!-- Themes --> <string name="theme_app_follow_system">Use system default</string> <string name="theme_app_auto_battery">Set by Battery Saver</string> <string name="theme_app_dark">Dark</string> <string name="theme_app_light">Light</string> <!-- Other advanced settings --> <string name="pref_other">其他</string> <string name="pref_autoupdatesummary">自動同步和更新 SeriesGuide 資料</string> <string name="backup">備份/還原</string> <string name="backup_summary">備份或還原你的影集</string> <string name="pref_number">數字格式</string> <string name="pref_offset">手動時間換算</string> <string name="pref_offsetsummary">%d 小時的時差</string> <string name="clear_cache">清除圖片暫存檔</string> <string name="clear_cache_summary">從您的設備中刪除所有暫存的圖片</string> <!-- Backup and Restore --> <string name="backup_full_dump">Include descriptions, details, ratings</string> <string name="backup_failed_file_access">無法備份。找不到或無法存取備份檔案。</string> <string name="backup_success">備份成功。</string> <string name="backup_failed">備份失敗。</string> <string name="import_failed_nosd">無法還原備份。備份資料夾無法使用。</string> <string name="import_failed_nofile">沒有可讀的備份檔案。</string> <string name="import_success">已成功還原備份。</string> <string name="import_failed">還原備份檔失敗。</string> <string name="backup_button">備份</string> <string name="import_button">還原</string> <string name="import_warning">我明白我目前的節目，及其他清單和電影將會被取代！</string> <string name="no_file_selected">沒有選擇檔案</string> <string name="action_select_file">選擇檔案</string> <!-- Auto backup --> <string name="pref_autobackup">自動備份</string> <string name="pref_autobackupsummary">每週備份你的節目，清單和電影</string> <string name="autobackup_details">These backups are unavailable if the app is installed again unless app data backup is turned on for this device (Android 6+). Create copies to preserve them otherwise.</string> <string name="last_auto_backup">剩餘自動備份︰ %s</string> <string name="restore_auto_backup">還原自動備份</string> <string name="autobackup_failed">The last auto backup has failed</string> <string name="autobackup_files_missing">為了備份，請選擇一可用備份資料夾。</string> <string name="autobackup_create_user_copy">Create a copy after each backup</string> <string name="autobackup_restore_available">An auto backup might be available to restore from.</string> <!-- Welcome dialog --> <string name="get_started">開始</string> <string name="dismiss">解除</string> <!-- Notifications --> <string name="upcoming_show">%s 就要來了</string> <string name="upcoming_episodes">新的集數來了</string> <string name="upcoming_episodes_number">%s新集數</string> <string name="more">%d 更多</string> <string name="upcoming_display">選擇以顯示即將撥出的節目</string> <string name="pref_notifications">提示信息</string> <string name="pref_notificationssummary">當有新的集數時進行通知</string> <string name="pref_ringtone">提示音</string> <string name="pref_vibrate">震動</string> <string name="pref_vibratesummary">顯示通知的同時震動</string> <string name="pref_notifications_treshold">何時通知</string> <string name="pref_notifications_select_shows">Select shows</string> <string name="pref_notifications_select_shows_summary">Shows that have notifications enabled (%d)</string> <string name="pref_notifications_hidden">Ignore hidden shows</string> <string name="pref_notifications_hidden_summary">即使已啟用通知，也不要通知已隱藏節目</string> <string name="pref_notification_channel_errors">錯誤</string> <string name="pref_notifications_next_episodes_only">Only for episodes to watch next</string> <string name="pref_notifications_next_episodes_only_summary">Only notify if the new episode is the next one to watch</string> <string name="pref_notifications_battery_settings">Battery settings</string> <string name="pref_notifications_battery_settings_summary">Go to Battery settings to disable battery optimizations for reliable notifications</string> <!-- List Widget --> <string name="hide_watched">隱藏已看過集數</string> <string name="pref_widget_opacity">小工具背景</string> <string name="pref_widget_type">小工具類型</string> <string name="pref_large_font">使用大的字型</string> <!-- Widget background options --> <string name="widget_background_transparent">透明度</string> <string name="widget_background_25">25%</string> <string name="widget_background_50">50%</string> <string name="widget_background_75">75%</string> <string name="widget_background_opaque">透明度</string> <!-- Google In-App Billing --> <string name="onlyx">僅供贊助者</string> <string name="action_upgrade">解鎖所有功能</string> <string name="billing_action_subscribe">訂閱</string> <string name="billing_action_manage_subscriptions">管理訂閱</string> <string name="billing_action_pass">取得 X Pass</string> <string name="billing_price_subscribe">每年%1$s，免費試用，可在%2$s 內隨時取消。</string> <string name="billing_duration_format">%1$s / 年</string> <string name="billing_sub_description">Try 30 days for free, cancel any time.</string> <string name="billing_price_pass">一次購買</string> <string name="upgrade_description">Every subscription unlocks all features and supports future updates. A subscription is not required to use this app.</string> <string name="upgrade_success">謝謝贊助SeriesGuide ！您可以使用的所有功能。</string> <string name="billing_learn_more">More info and help</string> <string name="subscription_expired">訂閱已過期</string> <string name="subscription_expired_details">您的 SeriesGuide 訂閱已過期。</string> <!-- Amazon In-App Billing --> <string name="subscription_not_signed_in">登錄到你的Amazon帳戶！</string> <string name="subscription_unavailable">目前不可訂閱。</string> <string name="subscription_failed">未完成購買。</string> <string name="pass_unavailable">X Pass目前無法使用。</string> <!-- Extensions --> <string name="action_extensions_configure">客製化擴充套件</string> <string name="action_extensions_add">新增擴充套件</string> <string name="action_extensions_search">取得更多擴充套件</string> <string name="action_extension_remove">移除</string> <string name="extension_amazon">Amazon搜索</string> <string name="description_extension_amazon">搜索您當地的Amazon網站</string> <string name="pref_amazon_domain">Amazon網站</string> <string name="extension_google_play">Google Play 搜尋</string> <string name="description_extension_google_play">搜尋 Google Play 商店</string> <string name="extension_youtube">YouTube 上搜尋</string> <string name="description_extension_youtube">搜尋 YouTube 視頻</string> <string name="description_extension_web_search">搜尋網站和圖像</string> <!-- People --> <string name="person_biography">個人簡介</string> <!-- Feedback --> <string name="feedback_question_enjoy">你喜歡 SeriesGuide 嗎？</string> <string name="feedback_action_yes">是的！</string> <string name="feedback_action_notreally">不太喜歡</string> <string name="feedback_question_rate_google">到Google play上評分？</string> <string name="feedback_question_rate_amazon">到Amazon上評分？</string> <string name="feedback_question_feedback">告訴我如何改善它呢？</string> <string name="feedback_action_ok">好的</string> <string name="feedback_action_nothanks">不了，謝謝</string> </resources>	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Skii events of SAF winter games to begin on Friday at Auli Dehra Dun: The skiing events of first SAF winter games would begin at skii resort of Auli in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand on Friday. During the three-day long sporting event, the players will compete in three disciplines -- Alpine (Downhill), Nordic (Cross country) and snowboard. Earlier, the ice-skating events were held in Dehra Dun from Jan 10 to 12, where India simply outplayed the other South Asian countries, bagging all medals in 500m, 1000m and 1500m speed skating in both men and women categories. President of Winter Games Federation of India (WGFI) Brig (retd) S S Patwal said SAF winter games would work as a launching pad for future winter sports in the country, especially Uttarakhand and would also attract a large number of sportspersons as well as tourists from India and abroad.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Rasism ska bekämpas med ett nationellt kunskapscentrum om just rasism och våldsbejakande extremism.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Nick Clegg to give plastic bags the vote Britain's 4.3 million plastic bags could vote in the 2015 election under a plan launched by Nick Clegg at the Lib Dem annual conference. Clegg told party activists: "The very bags in which you have brought your cheese and pickle sandwiches and Thermos flasks of tea to Conference could be the salvation of this party. And muesli bars. I see no reason why their contribution to society shouldn't be recognised. The plastic bags I mean. Though that's not to underestimate those muesli bars." "I've got a pair of clean pants, swimming stuff, a banana and some Wet Wipes in mine. And a Dick Francis, and a broken pair of reading glasses." said Business Secretary Vince Cable. "A lot of people in Britain can say the same. We live in a topsy turvy world in which we don't recognise the massive contribution made by this massive section of our community while paying disgraced bankers and redundant BBC executives millions." But UKIP's Nigel Farage warned "We already have too many plastic bags in this country. Mine for example contains a packet of Rothmans, a big bag of crisps, and the 1998 Subuteo rule book. And I've got another one somewhere with an unsuitable hat in it I am taking back to Debenhams. If the receipt is still in there. So, too many bags, and now the Deputy Prime Minister wants to get into bed with all of them."	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
It's been widely reported that since Rick Perry became governor, Houston homebuilder Bob Perry has given him more than $2.5 million in campaign contributions. But now, filings in a lawsuit over the 2006 governor's race suggest the builder's largesse has been considerably more impressive than the governor's campaign contributions reports indicate. Call it the $1 million question. In the final weeks of the 2006 gubernatorial campaign, Perry's gurus got nervous about their position in an unpredictable field. After all, the governor faced not just a Democrat — Houston attorney Chris Bell — but independent candidates Kinky Friedman and Carole Keeton Strayhorn. Friedman gave Perry a huge gift by siphoning votes from Bell. But Perry campaign consultant Dave Carney decided to deliver a knockout punch to the Democrat — and he did, with a TV ad slamming Bell for accepting $1 million in contributions from Houston lawyer John O'Quinn. “Sharks are circling,” it said, playing on the public's contempt of plaintiffs' lawyers. Carney then turned to the Republican Governors Association for an infusion of funds, but the bean counters there protested that they hadn't budgeted any money for the Texas race. In one of life's delicious ironies, a decision on the Perry campaign's plea fell to none other than Mitt Romney, then-governor of Massachusetts and chairman of the RGA. So Carney and Perry aide Deirdre Delisi, now chairwoman of the Texas Transportation Commission, paid him a visit. In documents filed in a lawsuit by Bell, attorneys for the Perry campaign described what happened next: “On Oct. 4, 2006, Deirdre Delisi and Dave Carney met with Mitt Romney, who was then chairman of the RGA. During that meeting, Gov. Romney stated that, on behalf of the RGA, he was about to accept a $1 million contribution from an individual Texan contributor. Gov. Romney did not identify who the individual was, and TRP (Texans for Rick Perry, the governor's campaign committee) had no knowledge prior to that time that any individual was planning to contribute $1 million to the RGA. Following the meeting with Gov. Romney, Ms. Delisi contacted Bob Perry's attorney Buddy Jones to ask whether Mr. Perry had contributed this money to the RGA. Mr. Jones ultimately confirmed that Mr. Perry had indeed made the contribution, and Ms. Delisi asked Mr. Jones to encourage the RGA to make some contributions in Texas since the RGA had raised such significant funds in Texas.” The Perry campaign then received two $500,000 checks from the RGA — on Oct. 27 and Nov. 1. Contacted through a spokesman, Jones said Friday that “Bob Perry never contacted the RGA to ask for his contributions to be ... earmarked. Perry is a longtime donor to many GOP causes, including the RGA, and trusts those candidates and organizations to make their own decisions about allocating resources.” Delisi didn't respond to phone calls last week, and Carney declined comment. More for you Opinion Did Perry contributor earmark contribution? A spokesman for the RGA has said the group has a strict policy in not allowing donors to earmark their contributions for certain candidates. As Craig Holman, a campaign finance expert at the Washington-based Public Citizen told me, earmarking would violate both state and federal laws against laundering money. Did Delisi's phone call to Jones amount to pressure to earmark a contribution? “The Texas Ethics Commission reviewed the issues surrounding the 2006 RGA contribution and did not find any violations,” Mark Miner, a spokesman for Gov. Perry, said in an email. But that's not exactly true, according to a TEC spokesman. The ethics commission reviewed a peripheral issue: the Perry campaign's failure to disclose the RGA's contributors. Since the campaign corrected its filing in a timely manner, the ethics commission waived a fine. It did not investigate further “issues” surrounding the contribution. (The Perry campaign settled the lawsuit with Bell for $427,000, and the RGA is appealing a $2 million judgment against it.) Why launder money when Texas allows contributions of any size? Given the theme of the TV assault against Bell, accepting a direct $1 million contribution from Bob Perry would have seemed a little hypocritical. Democrats are not immune from large donors; Houston trial lawyers Steve and Amber Mostyn gave $8.8 million to candidates and political action committees during the 2010 election cycle. Now, Perry's presidential campaign will benefit from the recent establishment of three Super PACs, new entities that can legally raise as much money as possible, so long as they operate independently from the candidates they support. Does the 2006 incident foreshadow how well the Perry presidential campaign will keep a safe distance? This much we know: One Super PAC has been established by Mike Toomey, a former Perry chief of staff, who owns an island off the coast of New Hampshire. His co-owner? Carney, who still serves as Perry's chief political consultant. patti.hart@chron.com	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Automotive vehicles include various door assemblies for allowing access to the vehicle, such as passenger doors allowing access to the passenger compartment. The vehicle doors typically include a mechanical latch assembly that latches the door in the closed position and is operable by a user to unlatch the door to allow the door to open. For example, a passenger may actuate a pivoting release mechanism by pulling on the mechanism to unlatch the vehicle door. The latch may be locked further with a door lock mechanism that typically is actuated with another input by the user.	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
3D-QSAR CoMFA on cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Several series of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors previously prepared in our laboratory were compared using 3D-QSAR (CDK1) and docking (CDK2) techniques. Evaluation of our own library of 93 purine derivatives served to establish the model which was validated by evaluation of an external library of 71 compounds. The best predictions were obtained with the CoMFA standard model (q(2) = 0.68, r(2) = 0.90) and with the CoMSIA combined steric, electrostatic, and lipophilic fields (q(2) = 0.74, r(2) = 0.90). The CDK1 3D-QSAR model was then superimposed to the ATP/CDK2 binding site, giving direct contour maps of the different fields. Although too few compounds were evaluated on CDK5 to derive a 3D-QSAR model, some interesting SARs have been deduced. Comparison of the results obtained from both methods helped with understanding the specific activity of some compounds and designing new specific CDK inhibitors.	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
Q: Sum of dependent normal random variables Let ${\bf X} =(X_1,\ldots,X_n)'$ be a vector of random variables that may be dependent and let ${\bf a}=(a_1,\ldots,a_n)'$ and ${\bf b}=(b_1,\ldots,b_n)'$ be nonrandom vectors with $a_i \neq 0$ and $b_i \neq 0$ for $i=1,\ldots,n$. Assume $ {\bf a' \bf X} =\sum_{i=1}^n a_i X_i \sim N(0,\sigma_a^2)$ and $ {\bf b' \bf X} =\sum_{i=1}^n b_i X_i \sim N(0,\sigma_b^2)$ be normal random variables. Is $ {(\bf a' + \bf b') \bf X}$ also a normal random variable? A: Not always--otherwise every sum of normal random variables would be normal, and this ain't so. Canonical (counter)example: Assume that $\xi$ is standard normal and that $\eta=\sigma\xi$, where $\sigma=\pm1$ is symmetric Bernoulli and independent of $\xi$. Then $\eta$ is standard normal but $\xi+\eta$ is not normal since $P(\xi+\eta=0)=P(\sigma=-1)=\frac12$ while $P(\zeta=0)$ is $0$ or $1$ for every normal random variable $\zeta$. (This argument proves that the vector $(\xi,\eta)$ is not normal.) Variant of the same: $X=(\xi,\xi,\sigma\xi,\sigma\xi)$, $a=(1,1,1,-1)$, $b=(1,-1,1,1)$.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
The first retrospective exhibition of works by Nikolai Kulbin (1868–1917) discovers the artist as a landscape painter with an analytical mind and yet an unspoiled vision, a prominent graphic artist who left many portraits of his contemporaries, a talented theatrical artist, and book illustrator. The exhibition is dedicated to the 85th anniversary of Andrei Tarkovsky (1932–1986), famous Russian filmmaker and film director. A renowned master of cinema, Tarkovsky gained international recognition during his lifetime. He is considered the creator of a new language in cinematic art, having introduced new aesthetics and philosophy to it and influenced its further development. The retrospective exhibition of one of the most prominent artists of the Soviet realistic landscape presents to the public around 70 works from the collection of the Russian Museum, the artist's family and private collections. SUSTAINING AND CREATING exhibition is the result of successful realization of the program of support for the young artists Unusual Art that gives an incredible chances for the development of artist with limited physical opportunities in the age from 16 to 25 and allows them to receive the national recognition in the very beginning of their career. The exhibition acquaints with the series that unites 64 works by the well-known contemporary Russian photographer who had a trip across Africa and portrayed the unique beauty of landscape of this exotic land and its inhabitants – the representatives of the various world of wild nature that is removed from destructive force of civilization and preserves its independence. The exhibition is devoted to the creative oeuvre of two generations of the family of Petersburg artists Traugot: Georgiy Traugot (1903–1961), his wife Vera Yanova (1907–2004), whose works are presented to viewers for the first time ever, and their sons – Alexander Traugot (born 1931) and Valeriy Traugot (1936–2009). The solo exhibition of Genia Chef presents the creative oeuvre of the well-known master of contemporary art who was born in the Soviet Union and from 1985 works in foreign countries (Germany, Austria, the United States of America, Spain). The international exhibition of the children's photograph is the artistic and educational Photo-project that united the young masters of photograph from Cologne, Turku and St. Petersburg. The exhibition shows what the young Finns, Germans and Russians are interested in. The Russia for All exhibition project by the inhabitants of Moscow Victor Bondarenko (the author of idea of the exhibition) and the artist Dmitry Gutov is connected with the practice of contemporary art and realized in the form of the trip across Russia with stops in different cities. “Expedition” exhibition-installation created by the modern artists Mikhail Pavlukovich and Olga Subbotina in 2010 especially for the Festival of modern art “Living Perm” is holding within the framework of the Days of Perm Culture in St. Petersburg “Cultural Alliance”. The participants of the exhibition are the children from 5 to 17 years old, studying in the kindergartens, lyceums, general education and art schools, palaces, houses and centres of art of St. Petersburg, the Leningrad Region, Vologda Region and Murmansk Region, Magnitogorsk, Tver, North Osetya-Alanya Republic. For the first time the exhibition of artworks by Mikhail Shvartsman from the collection of the artist’s family presents his graphic heritage as an organic, unique, marked by special virtuosic “making” branch of his creative oeuvre. The Zone of Happiness exhibition shows four Olga Chernysheva's videofilms (The Unknown, Self-Studying, Dionysius Steamer, Train), as well as a series of drawings and watercolours created by the artist on the basis of her video- and photo-works. The personal exhibition of Natalya Savinova showcases works, which has already became classic, from the State Russian Museum collection, as well as those created recently, which belong to the author and have never been shown to public. The exhibition dated to the ninetieth birthday of the Swiss artist and philosopher Victor Ruzo introduces his works of different oeuvre periods, which depict his unique life story, a story of a peculiar oeuvre phenomenon. Vadim Ovchinnikov is one of the most outstanding characters of underground of Leningrad, a member of TEII (Association of Experimental Fine Art) and of the Fund of Free culture, a memder and theorist of a group New artists. The exhibition was prepared in cooperation with Swiss Cultural Center. Its main exhibits were historical documents and engravings from the Navy Archive, Russian National Library and the State Russian Museum. The Russian Museum recommends Prev.Next Collection highlights The collection of masterpieces, chosen by the Russian Museum will allow you to make a first impression of the collection of the Russian Museum. The Russian Museum is the exclusive owner of all the interior images and pieces of art of the Russian Museum collection, as well as all the images and text information given on its official site. The usage of the texts and images provided on the site is only allowed with the permission of the Russian Museum.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
How much does it cost to attend an NFL game? [infographic] Think NFL tickets are expensive? They are – but when you add up the cost of hot dogs, drinks, and other game-related items, the real price may be even more expensive than you thought. And if your home team is doing especially well this season, you could pay even more. Click on the image above to expand the infographic and explore how the total costs of attending a game vary across the US by team and location.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
User Photo Albums Containing this Photo (6) + Add to Album DreamTrains Album created by member coco13cos Album Views: 2,200,514 Over 40.000 of RP's most appreciated and beautiful photos. General Purpose Locomotives Album created by member John Westfield Album Views: 20,857 The EMD GP (General Purpose)series are a strong force of road switchers, with thousands produced over several decades. Drone photography Album created by member Jean-Marc Frybourg Album Views: 139,611 Tagging all drone photos: if I mistakenly added a picture here - or if I missed one -, please kindly advise. Thanks! Jean-Marc Above The Rails Album created by member John Russell Album Views: 120,774 Aerial and high vantage point train photography.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
Kay's daughter (21)	{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }
Incidents investigated by state police at Fern Ridge Published February 08. 2019 09:19AM State police at Fern Ridge reported on the following incidents. • On Jan. 18, at 6:33 p.m., troopers responded to 100 St. Luke’s Lane, in Stroud Township, Monroe County, for a report of an assault. Troopers are investigating an incident that took place on Milton Way in Albrightsville. Troopers listed the victim as an 18-year-old Blakeslee man. Arrested were Christopher Petrides, 20, and Elizabeth Jones, 18, both of Effort. Anyone with information concerning this incident is asked to call troopers at 570-646-2271. • On Jan. 31 at 6:49 p.m. troopers were dispatched to the 6400 block of Country Acres Court in Effort, Monroe County, for a report of a domestic dispute. Troopers said a fight began between George Hunter, 54, and his son, Daniel Hunter, 20. The two were fighting in the house. George Hunter was taken into custody and charged. Troopers also indicated that Daniel Hunter was charged. . • On Jan. 15 at 7:47 p.m. troopers stopped a 2015 Volkswagen sedan at the intersection of Route 115 and Jonas Road in Chestnuthill Township for a faulty headlight. Troopers detected the odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle. As a result the driver, 42-year-old Long Pond man, was taken into custody for suspicion of DUI. • On Jan. 22 at 5:02 p.m. troopers responded to a commercial building in the 800 block of Gilbert Road in Chestnuthill Township. On scene, troopers noticed a door was slightly open and a window was kicked in. A canvass of the building found that it had not been entered. The building owner was contacted. Damage to the window was estimated at $50. Anyone with information concerning this incident is asked to call troopers at 570-646-2271.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Background ========== Diatoms are important primary producers in the ocean \[[@B1]\], contributing approximately 40% to global marine productivity. Although diatoms often dominate phytoplankton communities in nutrient-rich ecosystems, members of this diverse group are also adapted to survive and persist in nutrient-limited conditions. The development of large diatom blooms upon nutrient resupply demonstrates the metabolic plasticity inherent to their ability to recover rapidly from nutrient limitation. Iron is an essential nutrient for all organisms and in particular for photoautotrophic organisms. It functions as a powerful electron carrier in iron-sulfur- and heme-containing proteins and as such is a required component of the photosynthetic apparatus. Solubility of iron in seawater is low and phytoplankton growth in marine habitats is often limited by iron availability. This is best illustrated in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions, remote oceanic areas that lack any form of regular iron supply and suffer from a persistent shortage of this micronutrient. Here, although other commonly limiting nutrients like nitrate or phosphate are present at high concentrations, primary productivity - and biomass as a whole - is low \[[@B2]\]. Numerous large-scale iron fertilization experiments have confirmed that iron is the limiting nutrient in HNLC regions \[[@B3]\]. Phytoplankton blooms induced by iron fertilization were dominated by diatoms and carbon export to the deep-sea floor could be observed in some cases. The strong response of diatoms to the input of iron in HNLC regions has been a motivation for exploring large-scale iron fertilization as a possible bioengineering strategy to sequester CO~2~into the ocean in HNLC regions, which are otherwise rich in macronutrients. Genome projects on the model organisms Thalassiosira pseudonana\[[@B4]\] and Phaeodactylum tricornutum\[[@B5]\] have already generated a wealth of insights into the metabolic complexity of diatoms \[[@B6]\], a consequence of the secondary endosymbiosis event that gave rise to this group \[[@B7]\]. This secondary endosymbiosis brought together the benefits of a heterotrophic host and the \'red\'-type photosynthesis of red alga cells, which already have an elemental composition low in iron \[[@B8]\]. The impact of iron availability on phytoplankton growth has led to the evolution of strategies to counteract iron limitation. Well established parts of the low-iron response found in diverse phytoplankton species are the reduction of the chloroplast system, the corresponding development of a chlorotic phenotype, compensation mechanisms (replacement of iron-rich elements with iron-poor substitutes) and the activation of high-affinity iron-uptake systems \[[@B9]\]. The substitution of ferredoxin by flavodoxin \[[@B10]\], the use of plastocyanin instead of cytochrome c~6~\[[@B11]\] and a variant stoichiometry of photosynthetic complexes \[[@B12]\] are notable adaptive strategies to facilitate diatom growth in low-iron conditions. Oceanic and neritic phytoplankton species can be distinguished from each other by their growth characteristics and their tolerance to nutrient limitation \[[@B13]\]. Unlike many other Thalassiosiraspecies that are predominantly found in coastal waters, Thalassiosiraoceanicais adapted to oligotrophic conditions and is highly tolerant to iron limitation in particular. Therefore, we chose T. oceanicaCCMP1005 as a model for a comprehensive analysis of its low-iron response in the context of genomic information. Here, we explore the complex cellular response of T. oceanicato low-iron conditions with genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics approaches complemented by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses. We present a metabolic reconstruction of the iron limitation response based on the transcriptomics data from cells grown under iron-limited versus iron-replete conditions. A metabolic isotope labeling approach using ^14^N/^15^N was established for T. oceanicaand showed the response to iron limitation at the protein expression level in a marine diatom for the first time. General characteristics of the \'diatom\' low-iron response and its ecological implications are discussed, as well as the constraints for species-specific adaptations to low-iron environments. Results ======= Characteristics of the T. oceanicagenome ------------------------------------------ The genome of the centric diatom T. oceanicaCCMP1005 (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) was de novoassembled from 725 Mb of Roche 454 sequence read information, generated using nuclear genomic DNA (gDNA) of an axenic clonal culture as substrate \[[@B14]\]. The current assembly version comprises 51,656 contigs of total size 92.15 Mb at N50 = 3,623 (that is, 50% of the genomic sequence information is present as contigs ≥3,623 bases). From a median 8.7-fold coverage of long contigs (≥10 kb) we estimated a true haploid nuclear genome size of 81.6 Mb, suggesting some redundancy in the current assembly. This estimate is in good agreement with the 159 Mb measured by van Dassow et al. \[[@B15]\] for the diploid G1 DNA content. The gene finder tool AUGUSTUS \[[@B16]\] predicts 37,921 protein gene models that cluster into a non-redundant set of 29,306 models including pseudogenes and short ORFs; 10,109 models have BLAST hits to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nr protein database at a conservative E-value cutoff of 1.0E-30 and thus are more indicative of the expected true protein-coding gene number (that is, expressed genes excluding pseudogenes and short ORFs). Best BLAST hits are listed in Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. In Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} we present an overview of the most abundant Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) domains in T. oceanica. The abundances of diverse groups of ATPases were overall very similar to those for other diatoms. A group of 19 chitinases is shared between the two centric Thalassiosiraspecies. ![**T. oceanicaCCMP1005 genome statistics*. The sequenced strain T. oceanicaCCMP1005 belongs to the Centrales group of radially symmetric diatoms and was first isolated from the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea by R Guillard. At 92.15 Mb, our genome assembly is slightly larger than the expected haploid genome size of 81.6 Mb, suggesting some redundancy in the current assembly. The genuine AUGUSTUS gene model predictions include a large fraction of pseudogenes and short ORFs that show no homology to any proteins from the NCBI nr database at a reasonable E-value cutoff. Left inset contains light microscopy images of the sequenced organism in valve view (upper image, chloroplasts brown) and girdle view (lower image, chloroplasts red from overlay of chlorophyll autofluorescence). Right inset shows the separation of nuclear and organellar DNA in a CsCl density gradient. Stained DNA emits blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light.](gb-2012-13-7-r66-1){#F1} ###### Most abundant protein domains in diatom genomes COG To Tp Pt Fc -------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ATPases COG0515 SPS1, serine/threonine protein kinase 115 132 119 137 COG0464 SpoVK, ATPases of the AAA+ class 90 43 38 44 COG1132 MdlB, ABC-type multidrug transport system, ATPase and permease components 54 44 47 51 COG1222 RPT1, ATP-dependent 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 50 41 37 42 COG0465 HflB, ATP-dependent Zn proteases 49 37 35 39 COG1223 Predicted ATPase (AAA+ superfamily) 44 39 34 41 COG3899 Predicted ATPase 42 48 11 2 COG2274 SunT, ABC-type bacteriocin/lantibiotic exporters, contain an amino-terminal double-glycine peptidase domain 42 52 50 61 COG5265 ATM1, ABC-type transport system involved in Fe-S cluster assembly, permease and ATPase components 40 33 30 33 COG4618 ArpD, ABC-type protease/lipase transport system, ATPase and permease components 39 41 42 43 COG4987 CydC, ABC-type transport system involved in cytochrome bd biosynthesis, fused ATPase and permease components 31 50 46 56 COG4988 CydD, ABC-type transport system involved in cytochrome bd biosynthesis, ATPase and permease components 29 52 49 60 COG0488 Uup, ATPase components of ABC transporters with duplicated ATPase domains 29 50 46 53 COG1131 CcmA, ABC-type multidrug transport system, ATPase component 22 56 52 65 COG0661 AarF, predicted unusual protein kinase 21 21 22 26 COG0474 MgtA, cation transport ATPase 12 19 19 18 Basic cellular functions COG0513 SrmB, superfamily II DNA and RNA helicases 46 48 44 54 COG0553 HepA, superfamily II DNA/RNA helicases, SNF2 family 35 27 24 36 COG5059 KIP1, kinesin-like protein 24 25 15 14 COG1643 HrpA, HrpA-like helicases 21 14 9 20 COG0443 DnaK, molecular chaperone 18 14 9 10 COG5021 HUL4, ubiquitin-protein ligase 15 7 8 8 COG5022 Myosin heavy chain 14 11 9 9 COG1249 Lpd, Pyruvate/2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, dihydro-lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) component, and related enzymes 12 14 13 20 Chitinases COG3325 ChiA, chitinase 19 19 1 0 Protein domains are listed based on Clusters of Orthologous Groups COG with an E-value threshold of 1.0E-10. To, Thalassiosira oceanica; Tp, Thalassiosira pseudonana; Pt, Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Fc. Fragilariopsis cylindrus. The chloroplast genome has been published previously \[[@B17]\]. The mitochondrial genome encodes 31 protein genes and is represented by two contigs at a total of 35.3 kb (excluding the characteristic mitochondrial repeats). The current genome assembly, AUGUSTUS protein gene models, ESTs and proteomics peptides as well as updated versions thereof are publicly accessible with the Thalassiosira oceanicaGenome Browser \[[@B18]\]. With an estimated haploid size of approximately 80 Mb, the genome of T. oceanicais significantly larger than those of T. pseudonana(approximately 34 Mb) or P. tricornutum(approximately 28 Mb), and rather comparable to that of Fragilariopsis cylindrus(approximately 80 Mb) \[[@B19]\]. The genome expansion has occurred by DNA recruitment from both internal and external DNA sources. A best BLAST hit analysis indicated a putative vertical inheritance for greater than 95% of the 10,109 predicted genes (that is, any genes that have not been acquired by a horizontal transfer event), with most of the genes (88%) having a match in the genome of T. pseudonana, the most closely related species for which a sequenced genome is available (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). However, a significant fraction (10%) of the genes mapped to P. tricornutuminstead. This could have resulted from frequent gene loss/replacement events in the genome of T. pseudonana, thereby reflecting the overall high capacity for horizontal gene transfer in diatoms \[[@B5]\]. Alternatively, the small genome size of T. pseudonanamay have arisen from reductional trends in this species. ![Vertical versus horizontal inheritance of genes. For evaluation of the extent of laterally acquired genes we focused on the 10,109 AUGUSTUS gene models that have homologs in the NCBI nr protein database at a conservative E-value cutoff of 1.0E-30 (middle bar). A significant fraction of the vertically inherited genes (left) is not shared with the closest relative T. pseudonana, but rather with P. tricornutum. Genes acquired through mechanisms of lateral gene transfer (LGT; right) appear to be derived from diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxons with the highest contribution by the green algal genus Micromonas.](gb-2012-13-7-r66-2){#F2} Further, the best BLAST screening revealed 530 genes whose best hits are assigned to taxa of diverse sources, indicating a putative lateral acquisition for these genes. The taxonomic distribution of the best BLAST hits at a conservative E-value cutoff of 1.0E-30 is presented in Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. More refined phylogenetic analyses were obtained for 198 of these 530 genes (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Of the 198 cases we examined, 180 had sister groups that contained no stramenopiles. The sister groups for the remaining 18 cases contained a heterogenous mix of taxa, suggesting frequent transfer between taxa for the respective genes (Figure S1 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Accordingly, a minimum of 1.8% of the 10,109 AUGUSTUS genes were confirmed to be from lateral gene transfer (LGT) based on the phylogenetic analyses. However, this may rise to 5% as more sequence information becomes available for the remaining \>300 genes for which the limited number of homologous sequences did not permit construction of phylogenetic trees. The group of genes for which phylogenetic trees are available indicated that genes from LGT could be assigned as prokaryotic (35%) and eukaryotic (59%) with approximately 10% of questionable taxonomic assignments. Among the eukaryotic taxa are several expected to be present in the ecological niche of T. oceanica, like the green algal genuses Micromonasand Ostreococcus. Genomic expansion originating from internal DNA sources may happen from genomic duplication events or transposon activity. In T. oceanicawe observe several paralogous gene pairs that could be the result of either mechanism (Figure S2 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Notably, several iron-regulated genes have either been duplicated (for example, the ISIP1genes ISIP1Aand ISIP1Band the flavodoxin genes FLDA1and FLDA2) or contain domain duplications (for example, CREGx2) as discussed below. Physiology of the low-iron response: Fe(-) versus Fe(+) ------------------------------------------------------- The variable to maximal fluorescence ratio F~v~/F~m~, an indicator of Fe-limitation in the laboratory \[[@B20]\], was used as a rapid measure of the physiological status in Fe-replete and Fe-limited cultures of T. oceanicaharvested in late exponential growth phase. The growth rate of iron-limited cells in exponential phase was accordingly much smaller than for iron-replete cells (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}), and cellular protein content was 50% lower. ###### Physiology of the T. oceanicalow-iron response Fe(+) Fe(-) ------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------- 0.5 - 0.6 F~v~/F~m~ 0.2 - 0.3 0.73 ± 0.01 Growth rate (µ)(day^-1^) 0.28 ± 0.02 4 Chloroplasts/cell 2 409 ± 48 Chlorophyll a/cell (fg) 58 ± 27 122 ± 3 Cell surface area (µm^2^) 140 ± 5 100 ± 4 Cell volume (µm^3^) 80 ± 5 15.3 ± 0.9 Single chloroplast surface area (µm^2^) 12.0 ± 0.8 4.7 ± 0.3 Single chloroplast volume (µm^3^) 3.5 ± 0.2 Cellular dimensions and physiological parameters are compared between nutrient replete Fe(+) and iron-limited Fe(-) cells of exponentially growing T. oceanicacultures. The cell volume of iron-limited T. oceanicawas smaller than that of iron-replete cells (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}), whereas the cells had a larger surface area to volume ratio at low-iron due to a smaller diameter (4.7 ± 0.1 versus 5.9 ± 0.1 µm) and a larger length (7.0 ± 0.4 versus 5.5 ± 0.2 µm). This imposed an elongated phenotype on the cells, but at the same time increased the surface/volume ratio by 43% (1.75 versus 1.22). The increase in surface/volume ratio is expected to favor the uptake of nutrients (that is, iron) into the cell \[[@B21]\]. The intracellular space of iron-limited cells exhibited increased vesiculation (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). ![Reduction of the chloroplast system. The approximate dimensions of the photosynthetic machinery were assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and subsequent three-dimensional reconstruction of the chlorophyll autofluorescence signal. A plot of total cellular chloroplast volume versus total cellular chloroplast surface area shows a reduction of the chloroplast system in iron-limited T. oceanicacells. Iron-limited cells have a reduced number of two chloroplasts instead of four. Total chloroplast dimensions for individual cells (small circles) are distributed over a range spanning the two-fold increase in volume and surface that accompanies chloroplast duplication during cellular growth. Inserts show an overlay transmission and chlorophyll autofluorescence image (top) and the respective three-dimensional chloroplast reconstruction (bottom). The left insert illustrates an iron-limited cell close to dividing with two nearly duplicated chloroplasts. Note the characteristic increase in vesiculation of the cellular interior at low-iron. An iron-replete cell at the beginning of its cell cycle (shortly after division) contains four chloroplasts (right insert). CP, chloroplast; U, cell at the beginning of its cell cycle (\'unit cell\'); V, vesicle.](gb-2012-13-7-r66-3){#F3} Under low-iron conditions T. oceanicacells show a severe decrease in chlorophyll content (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). This chlorosis response of iron-limited T. oceanicais further accompanied by a decrease in cellular chloroplast volume and in total cellular chloroplast surface area (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Iron-limited cells have reduced the number of chloroplasts to two instead of four in the iron-replete counterpart, and these are also smaller in size. Total chloroplast dimensions for individual cells were distributed over a range spanning the two-fold increase in volume and surface, thereby reflecting chloroplast duplication during cellular growth. Transcriptomics --------------- For an in-depth analysis of the T. oceanicalow-iron response, we focused on approximately 300 genes that were identified from a log-likelihood ratio test statistic \[[@B22]\] as significantly differentially regulated and that could be assigned a specific function (Figure [4a](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Some additional genes for paralogous proteins were added. These were selected on the basis of their involvement in substitution between related proteins under iron-limited and replete conditions, or as members of a protein family exhibiting a differential response to low-iron conditions. In such cases, the response of a specific gene is better understood in the context of its respective group or family. The complement of organellar genes (encoded by the chloroplast and mitochondrial genome) was added as representative for the two well-defined and important pathways of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport, or as proxy for organellar activity, respectively. A list of abbreviations for the genes discussed in this work can be found in Additional file [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. All sequences of the selected proteins are provided in Additional file [5](#S5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, and the corresponding annotation is provided in Additional file [6](#S6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. ![Basic cellular changes at low-iron. Differential gene expression of exponentially growing iron-limited versus iron-replete T. oceanicacells was assessed from global transcriptomics and proteomics approaches. (a)Transcriptomics data were screened with T-ACE, a transcriptome database browser that plots the assembled transcript fragments according to their differential regulation as inferred from differential read contribution of Fe(-) and Fe(+) libraries to each transcript contig. (b)For the proteomics data the differential regulation of each gene product is represented by the median of all PBC (peptide/SDS-PAGE band/charge) ratios assigned to it, with error bars constructed from the first and third quartiles. The main plot shows proteins with at least two PBC values, inset contains proteins with a single PBC value. (c)Only a subset of low-iron responsive genes could be assigned a robust annotation and were suitable for mapping to a cellular scheme. Accordingly, the cellular response of T. oceanicato low-iron was inferred from the mapping of a representative selection of genes (see text) and their respective differential regulation on the transcript and protein levels. The most pronounced elements of the complex response are chloroplast retrenchment (chlorosis) and the consequential take-over of energy metabolism by the mitochondrial system (metabolic shift). Diverse surface-related binding capacities and the potential for degrading organic matter are enhanced, suggesting a putative mixotrophic response (mixotrophy). The strongest transcriptional response is seen from genes involved in iron-uptake or compensational substitutions (4). This iron-specific part of the cellular response may be mediated by a conserved promoter motif identified in this work. CC, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle; CP, chloroplast; MT, mitochondria; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; TF, transcription factor.](gb-2012-13-7-r66-4){#F4} To determine the major metabolic differences found in iron-limited compared to iron-replete growth conditions, all annotated gene products together with their respective expression data were mapped on a cellular scheme. The major cellular trends that could be deduced are summarized in Figure [4c](#F4){ref-type="fig"}. Identifier and detailed information on the discussed proteins (Additional file [7](#S7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) are given in Additional file [8](#S8){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. In the following, proteins are referred to as exemplary (HSF1, p271) with HSF1 reflecting the gene name (or shortcut) and p271 being the identifier of its respective manually improved protein model (Additional file [5](#S5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Under stress conditions, maintaining cellular integrity is crucial to survival. During iron limitation, the electron flow through the impaired photosynthetic machinery leads to enhanced production of reactive oxygen species that damage biomolecules located near the thylakoid membranes \[[@B23]\]. The need for protein repair and refolding induces an \'oxidative stress response\' that is presumably coordinated by up-regulated heat shock factors (HSF1, p271; HSF2, p256). While all other chloroplast-encoded transcripts were down-regulated in the course of the general chlorosis response, the chloroplast chaperones dnaK and clpC were up-regulated. Additionally, an LHCSR (light harvesting complex stress responsive subunit) ortholog (LI818, p170), belonging to the FCP (fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-binding protein) family of light-harvesting proteins and implicated in efficient non-photochemical quenching \[[@B24],[@B25]\], showed an increased transcript level. The development of a chlorotic phenotype and the corresponding retrenchment of the chloroplast system is the most pronounced cellular response to low iron. Accordingly, we find substantial changes in organellar transcript levels, which suggests that major functions related to the cellular energy metabolism are adopted by the mitochondrial system instead (\'metabolic shift\'). Chloroplast transcript levels decreased (2,026 Fe(-) versus 14,931 Fe(+) total chloroplast reads), while mitochondrial transcripts showed a two-fold increase (31,261 Fe(-) versus 18,136 Fe(+) total mitochondrial reads). Much of this effect can be attributed to the organellar rRNA operons, whose transcription is indicative of organellar translational activity (Figure S3 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In parallel, diverse nuclear-encoded but chloroplast-targeted gene products were down-regulated. These included genes coding for enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and the Calvin cycle, as well as components of the light reaction, such as photosystem (PS) subunits and several FCPs. Conversely, components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, like cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome b and several subunits of the NADH dehydrogenase, were up-regulated. This was also seen for a mitochondrial ATP/ADP-translocase (p242) involved in the transport of energy equivalents. Cellular retrenchment (that is, the reduction of cellular biomass and activity) and decreased growth rates are general responses of nutrient-limited cells \[[@B13]\]. While chloroplast reduction was readily observable in iron limitation due to the visual predominance of these organelles in the cells, we also saw indications of a general cellular retrenchment in the transcriptional response. The expression level of the 18S rRNA gene (represented by 1,154 Fe(-) versus 2,691 Fe(+) reads) suggests a lower translation rate under iron limitation. Though such inferences must be taken with care, this would be in agreement with the decreased growth rate and lower biomass, as cellular rRNA correlates with cellular biomass. The strong up-regulation of mitochondrial isocitrate lyase (ICL, p419) and glutamine synthetase (GS, p302) suggests biomass recycling strategies to avoid losing fixed carbon and nitrogen during the metabolite conversions associated with enhanced respiration. The isocitrate lyase bridges the two decarboxylation steps of the mitochondrial citric acid cycle (carried out by isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase), thereby preserving carbon as glyoxylate. The glutamine synthetase reincorporates free ammonium, preserving nitrogen as glutamine. Under low-iron conditions, utilization of ammonium is energetically advantageous due to the high iron requirements of the nitrate assimilation pathway \[[@B26]\]. The concerted action of cellular retrenchment and biomass recycling allows for prolonged growth despite reduced carbon assimilation, thereby increasing the probability of cell survival. Diverse genes, whose products are targeted to the secretory pathway, are up-regulated under iron limitation, suggesting extensive cell-surface remodeling as also observed for iron-limited P. tricornutum\[[@B20]\]. Many of these genes are assigned adhesive or degradative functions. An enhanced capacity for adhesion favors recruitment of organic matter to the cell. As organic matter can be a rich and complex source for various nutrients, including iron, its recruitment to the cellular surface represents a required first step in iron uptake. Besides providing a source of iron, the bound organic matter could also serve as a source for other nutrients like nitrogen or phosphorus in the context of facultative mixotrophy. Example genes assignable to such a hypothetical scenario and highly responsive to low iron are given in Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} and include Adhesin 1(p329), CB(Carbohydrate-binding 1, p230), CHIT(chitinase, p88), M-Phosphoesterase(p323), M-Protease(p279), Redox 1(p232). However, under the photoautotrophic experimental conditions, the cultures lacked any external organic carbon source except the essential vitamins. ![Hypothetical categorization of low-iron-inducible cell surface proteins. In low-iron conditions we find an up-regulation of diverse genes, whose products are targeted to the secretory pathway, suggesting extensive cell surface remodeling. Many of these are predicted to be involved in adhesion or degradation processes and might contribute to enhancing the overall cellular capacity to bind and process external organic matter. We provide a hypothetical categorization for highly responsive genes that can be assigned to this function. While some of the gene products can be placed in the context of iron uptake (right), others are less well defined, but contain a variety of conserved domains involved in adhesion or degradation of organic matter (left). Especially for larger genes, EST support is patchy, suggesting possible inaccuracies in AUGUSTUS gene modeling. Differential read contribution from the Fe(-) and Fe(+) libraries to each transcript contig (ESTs) is taken as a measure for the differential transcription of the respective gene.](gb-2012-13-7-r66-5){#F5} A straightforward strategy to survive in low-iron conditions is to lower cellular iron requirements by replacing components that are rich in iron with iron-free substitutes that are functionally equivalent, like the substitution of the chloroplast electron carrier ferredoxin with flavodoxin \[[@B10]\]. The genome of T. oceanicaencodes two cytochrome c~6~genes and one plastocyanin gene. While the cytochrome c~6~genes CYTC6Aand CYTC6Bare found to be weakly expressed, the plastocyanin gene PETEshows high expression under high-iron conditions with a characteristic decrease in low-iron conditions as seen from many constitutively expressed chloroplast genes in the course of the chlorosis response. This suggests a constitutive use of plastocyanin (PETE, p175) instead of cytochrome c~6~for photosynthetic electron transport and is consistent with prior findings \[[@B11],[@B12]\]. Constitutive expression of plastocyanin could certainly be regarded as a specific adaptation to low-iron regimes, although the retention of the cytochrome c~6~genes suggests that these may play a role under specific environmental conditions. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) genes are redundant in some diatoms and have recently been described in more detail for P. tricornutum\[[@B27]\]. The T. oceanicagenome, too, was found to encode several FBA enzymes, with the cytosol, the chloroplast stroma and the chloroplast pyrenoid harboring two FBA enzymes each (FBA1, p380, and FBA3, p153, in the chloroplast pyrenoid; FBA2, p381, and FBA5, AUG_g19407, in the chloroplast stroma; FBA6, AUG_g24977, and FBA4, p154, in the cytosol). As is the case in Phaeodactylum, one of the T. oceanicaFBAs from each compartment (FBA1, FBA2, FBA6) appears to act through metal catalysis (class II) while the second (FBA3, FBA5, FBA4) is predicted to use Schiff-base catalysis (class I) instead. While the metal cofactor of different class II FBAs was found to be Mn^2+^\[[@B28]\], Zn^2+^\[[@B29]\] or Cd^2+^\[[@B30]\] in Escherichia coli, the orthologous FBAs of T. oceanicaapparently are differentially regulated through the availability of iron, suggesting the involved metal in these enzymes might be Fe^2+^, and implying a pairwise substitution by class I enzymes. An essential part of iron-uptake systems are ferric reductases (FREs) and ferrous oxidases (MUCOX proteins) that act on the interconversion of the two ionic species Fe^3+^and Fe^2+^. In the iron-limited transcriptome we find an up-regulated putative ferric reductase (FRE1, p157) and an up-regulated multicopper oxidase (MUCOX2, p67) that shows characteristics of a ferrous oxidase. Their differential regulation with respect to iron availability makes them candidates for iron-specific reductase and oxidase involved in iron uptake (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Iron uptake requires initial binding of iron and/or iron complexes. The involved receptors are presently unknown, though a number of genes, exclusively expressed under iron limitation, are targeted to the cell surface, making them candidates for iron-binding receptors. The low-iron-responsive gene ISIP1(Iron-starvation induced protein) was first identified in P. tricornutum, but has conserved orthologs in T. oceanica(ISIP1A, p159) and F. cylindrus. We provide further evidence for a role of the ISIP1 protein as a putative receptor below. Additional members in this group are ISIP2 (p160) and ISIP3 (p161), both represented by orthologs in P. tricornutumas well. Further, we list some proteins that contain duplicated domains known from P. tricornutumlow-iron-responsive genes, like an eight-fold duplicated ISIP2-like subdomain (ISIP2x8, p84) or a duplicated CREG-like domain (CREGx2, p90). Duplication of iron-binding domains would directly enhance the capacity for iron binding and enable increased uptake kinetics \[[@B26]\]. Non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs) \[[@B31]\] are responsible for the production of peptide antibiotics or - in some cases - siderophores that are capable of binding iron \[[@B32]\]. In addition to a conserved fungal NRPS (NRPS1, p174) with orthologs in T. pseudonanaand P. tricornutum, we find a putatively cytosolic NRPS of bacterial origin (NRPS2, p173) up-regulated in low-iron conditions. Co-regulated with this bacterial NRPS is a multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP, p57) that might be involved in the export of the respective peptide products. The up-regulation of NRPSs likely indicates a defense mechanism in response to enhanced competition (either for iron or, under the premise of facultative mixotrophy, for organic matter). We observe the induction of a reverse transcriptase (RT, p222) and a CRE-like recombinase (CRE, p321), potentially indicating an activation of mobile elements under iron limitation. These enzymes might also be involved in gene and/or domain duplication events through reverse transcription and genomic integration of cellular mRNA copies. Thereby, this molecular system may provide a link between environmental stresses and the structural dynamics of the diatom genome. Proteomics ---------- The transcriptomic data of T. oceanicaunveils extensive changes in cellular transcript levels in response to iron limitation. Although informative, transcript abundances do not necessarily reflect cellular protein levels \[[@B33]\]. We therefore supplemented the transcriptomic data with proteomic data to determine the protein complement in action under the defined iron-replete and iron-limited growth conditions. Figure [4b](#F4){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the dynamic range of differential abundances for all proteins detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) relative to equal amounts of total cellular protein for both conditions. The induction of flavodoxin is a hallmark of iron-deficiency responses in many diatoms and cyanobacteria (see above). In accordance with the transcriptome response, flavodoxin as well as ISIPs or class I FBAs could only be found under iron limitation. The extent of correlation between proteomics and transcriptomics data was assessed through plotting the relative abundance data from peptides (proteomics P) against the relative abundance data from their corresponding transcripts (transcriptomics T) (Figure S4 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). A stretched cluster along the y-axis indicates a high dynamic range of the transcriptomics data, while the proteomics data is more uniform for this group. Both transcriptomics and proteomics data are biased towards highly abundant transcripts/proteins. Especially the proteomics data, despite its relatively high number of signals, could resolve only a subset of the protein complement. Accordingly, we interpret the complement of differentially regulated genes and proteins recovered from both approaches as complementary in the information that they provide, and we do not expect them to show a complete overlap. However, the overlap in the response for the specifically induced proteins ISIP1 and class I FBAs shows that the data from both approaches are, in general, in good agreement with each other. In the proteomics data it is of specific interest to have a closer look at proteins of the photosynthetic machinery. Chloroplast ribosomal proteins provide an appropriate internal reference for the regulation of chloroplast proteins and indicate a down-regulation of the ribosomes at a ratio of 0.8 relative to the iron-replete proteome. Protein subunits of PS I were reduced about two-fold under low iron conditions (0.45), except PsaL, which was only found under iron limitation. In cyanobacteria, PsaL, generally important for trimer formation, facilitates the formation of IsiA (iron stress induced protein A) rings around PS I monomers under iron-deprivation \[[@B34]\]. We speculate that PsaL might be involved in the organization of PS I light-harvesting structures specifically formed under low-iron conditions and/or oligomerization of PS I in iron-limited T. oceanica. Subunits of the iron-containing cytochrome b~6~/f (cyt b~6~/f) complex, were down-regulated, with ratios of 0.2 and 0.32. In contrast, PS II subunits PsbB, PsbC, PsbE, PsbH and PsbV remained almost constant, with ratios at about 1.1. While the PS II core complex seems to be retained to some extent, the labile D1 protein is down-regulated at 0.7, probably reflecting a proportional decrease in functional PS II. The differential regulation of the two photosystems (0.45 for PS I versus 0.7 for PS II D1 protein) supports an adaptive significance for the remodeling of the photosynthetic architecture under iron limitation, in contrast to earlier findings \[[@B12]\]. While PS I and cyt b~6~/f complexes were down-regulated two- to threefold, it was still possible to detect the iron-rich mitochondrial complexes under iron limitation. Relative protein quantification was possible for subunits of complex III, complex IV and the ATPase with low-to-high iron ratios ranging from 0.95 for QOR2 (a NADPH-dependent quinone oxidoreductase) to 1.7 for the beta subunit of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (Figure [4b](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). This is in agreement with the transcriptomic data and supports the idea that mitochondrial electron transfer protein complexes are preserved under iron limitation relative to photosynthetic electron transfer protein complexes. While the magnesium chelatase, involved in chlorophyll synthesis, is down-regulated at 0.35, the numerous FCP light-harvesting proteins showed very diverse responses to iron limitation (Figure S5 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Some FCPs showed down-regulation under low-iron whereas others were up-regulated. In particular, LHCSR-like FCPs, involved in photoprotection, were highly abundant under iron limitation, corroborating the transcriptome analysis. Notably, the xanthophyll cycle enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase showed significant up-regulation at 3.1, suggesting a possible linkage to the group of FCPs, which accumulate under iron limitation. Comparative genomics reveals extensive genomic plasticity in T. oceanica* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- We used the genome information of T. oceanica, T. pseudonana, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrusto investigate central issues of the diatom low-iron response in a comparative genomics approach. ### Taxonomic distribution of iron-regulated genes We screened the four diatom genomes known to date (T. oceanica, T. pseudonana, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrus) for the highly conserved iron-regulated ISIP1, ISIP3, PETF, FLDA, CYTC6, PETEand class I and II FBAgenes (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}; Additional file [9](#S9){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Phylogenetic trees for the important groups of flavodoxin \[[@B35]\] and FBA proteins are provided in Figures S6 and S7 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. ###### Presence and copy number of iron-regulated genes in the genomes of ecologically distinct diatoms Gene Product Destination Mutual substitution at low-iron Putative role in iron uptake To Tp Pt Fc ------------------------ ----------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ---- ---- PETF Ferredoxin CP Ferredoxin → flavodoxin (short) 1 1 1 1 FLDA(s) Flavodoxin (short) CP Ferredoxin → flavodoxin (short) 2 0 1 1 FLDA(l) Flavodoxin (long) SP (ER?) None (distinct functional context) 1 1 1 1 CYTC6(type A) Cytochrome c6 CP Cytochrome c6 (type A) → plastocyanin 2 1 1 1 CYTC6(type B) Cytochrome c (?) SP (ER?) None (distinct functional context) 1 1 1 0 PETE/PCY Plastocyanin CP Cytochrome c6 (type A) → plastocyanin 1 0 0 1 Class II FBA(type A) Class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase CP pyrenoid (Pt FBAC1) Class II FBA (type A) → class I FBA (type A) 1 1 1 1 Class II FBA(type B) Class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase CP stroma (Pt FBAC2) Class II FBA (type B) → class I FBA (type B) 1 1 1 1 Class II FBA(type C) Class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase Cytosolic (Pt FBA3) Class II FBA (type C) → class I FBA (type C) 1 1 1 1 Class I FBA(type A) Class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase CP pyrenoid (Pt FBAC5) Class II FBA (type A) → class I FBA (type A) 1 0 1 1 Class I FBA(type B) Class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase CP stroma Class II FBA (type B) → class I FBA (type B) 1 0 0 1 Class I FBA(type C) Class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase Cytosolic (Pt FBA4) Class II FBA (type C) → class I FBA (type C) 1 1 1 1 ISIP1 Iron starvation induced protein 1 Cell surface Receptor (?) 2 0 1 3 ISIP3 Iron starvation induced protein 3 Cell surface Co-receptor (?) 1 1 1 2 The coastal diatom species T. pseudonana(Tp) lacks several genes that are found in the genomes of diatoms with high tolerance to low-iron conditions (T. oceanica(To), P. tricornutum(Pt), F. cylindrus(Fc)). Listed are also the respective counterparts whose products are subject to substitution under iron-limited conditions. The conserved paralogous genes of FLDAand CYTC6are predicted to contain a signal peptide and are assumed to act in a different functional context. CP chloroplast; ER endoplasmic reticulum; SP, secretory pathway. The short flavodoxin isoform, plastocyanin and the class I FBAs are known or assumed to replace iron-containing counterparts under low-iron conditions. The two oceanic diatoms T. oceanicaand F. cylindrus, which have some of the highest tolerance to low-iron conditions, both contain all five of the respective genes while P. tricornutumlacks two of them. The typical coastal species T. pseudonanalacks all except the gene for the cytosolic class I FBA, while at the same time having the highest requirement for iron in the group of diatoms for which genome information is currently available. Further, we find multiple copies of the ISIP1gene in T. oceanicaand F. cylindrus, while this gene is absent in T. pseudonana. The presence or copy number of these genes in the tested diatom genomes suggests an adaptive significance with respect to the low-iron conditions found in oceanic waters. ### Domain duplications of iron-regulated cell-surface proteins While differentially regulated genes for cell-surface proteins, identified from the low-iron response of P. tricornutum\[[@B20]\], like ISIP1, ISIP2, FLDAor CREG, represent single-copy genes encoding well-defined single-domain proteins, the situation in T. oceanicais different (Figure S2 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Here, we find additional paralogous versions of several iron-regulated genes (ISIP1, FLDA), as well as diverse examples of domain duplications (CREGx2, ISIP2x8). In the case of iron-binding proteins the duplication of domains might provide benefits under iron limitation through a higher density of exposed domains, thereby increasing the affinity for iron at the cell surface \[[@B26]\]. With respect to the selective pressure encountered in the low-iron open ocean the duplication of complete genes may provide a possible mechanism for adaptation on the molecular level, in that it allows one of the two gene copies to vary, improve and optimize its iron-binding themes/motifs. This may potentially result in more efficient iron uptake. RT-qPCR allowed us to distinguish iron-regulated genes from their closely related paralogs (Figure S8 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). ### Iron uptake and the cell-surface protein ISIP1 Conservation between the predicted protein orthologs of ISIP1 in T. oceanica, P. tricornutumand F. cylindruswas high, and the orthologs exhibited identical secondary structure predictions (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). We found an amino-terminal signal peptide targeting the protein to the secretory pathway, while a carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain anchors the protein to a membrane. The major part of the protein is represented by a domain rich in β-strands that likely folds into a β-propeller-like structure. A clue to the structure and function of ISIP1 could be the low-density lipoprotein receptor LDLR, an important cell-surface receptor in humans \[[@B36]\]. Although its extracellular domains differ from the single β-propeller domain of ISIP1, the remainder of the protein is strikingly similar with regard to amino acid composition and secondary structure prediction. Hence, we may transfer the respective LDLR annotation to the ISIP1 protein model. ![The low-iron inducible receptor ISIP1. ISIP1 protein models and secondary structure from T. oceanica, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrusare compared. Conservation between the protein orthologs is high, with identical secondary structure predictions (center). We find an amino-terminal signal peptide targeting the protein to the secretory pathway, while a carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain anchors the protein to a membrane. The major part of the protein is represented by a domain rich in β-strands that likely folds into a β-propeller-like structure. While in D. salinap130B (bottom) this β-propeller domain is duplicated and only distantly related to the respective diatom domains, the remainder of the protein shows a clear homology to the group of diatom ISIP1 proteins. A clue to the structure and function of ISIP1 could be the human low-density lipoprotein receptor LDLR due to its detailed characterization as a human cell-surface receptor: while its extracellular domains are very different from the single β-propeller domain of ISIP1, the remainder of the protein is again strikingly similar, which allows us to transfer the respective annotation from LDLR to the ISIP1 protein model. Accordingly, the ISIP1 protein would represent a cell-surface receptor that is anchored to the plasma membrane by a carboxy-terminal transmembrane helix. A small carboxy-terminal tail without well-defined secondary structure contains a conserved endocytosis motif C (top, right) responsible for endocytotic cycling of ISIP1. An α-helical region amino-terminal from the transmembrane helix is predicted to be O-glycosylated and thereby would serve to expose the large β-propeller as a putative receptor domain to the extracellular space. A sequence alignment of the ISIP1 proteins from T. oceanica, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrusillustrates that the extracellular β-propeller domain contains a cysteine-rich center, A and B (top, left). The pattern of cysteine residues is reminiscent of patterns found in Fe-S cluster proteins and might also be involved in binding Fe.](gb-2012-13-7-r66-6){#F6} Accordingly, the ISIP1 protein would represent a cell-surface receptor, anchored to the plasma membrane by a carboxy-terminal transmembrane helix. A small carboxy-terminal tail without well-defined secondary structure contains a conserved endocytosis motif responsible for endocytotic cycling. An α-helical region amino-terminal from the transmembrane helix is predicted to be O-glycosylated and would thereby serve to expose the large β-propeller as a putative receptor domain to the extracellular space. An alignment of the ISIP1 proteins from T. oceanica, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrusillustrates that the extracellular β-propeller domain contains a cysteine-rich center (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) whose pattern is reminiscent of cysteines found in Fe-S cluster proteins and might be involved in binding Fe. The cysteine-rich center is not found in the orthologous p130B of Dunaliella salina, which is thought to have undergone an evolutionary change in function and interacts with transferrin-like proteins \[[@B37]\]. ### A conserved promoter motif associated with diverse iron-regulated genes At the core of an organism\'s low-iron response are transcription factors (repressors or enhancers) and their respective binding sites (specific promoter motifs) that mediate the cellular response at the gene expression level. From pairwise promoter comparisons between the exclusively iron-regulated ISIP1, FLDAand FBA3genes of T. oceanica, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrususing dotlet \[[@B38]\] and MEME \[[@B39]\], we identified a conserved palindromic motif \'ACACGTGC\' located around position -200 from the translation start. Upon genome-wide screening, a total of 45 gene models contained the complete motif (perfect match) at a position of 150 to 250 bases before the translation start. Functional assignments for genes with positive matches were rarely possible (mostly hypothetical genes of unknown function and without significant regulation). However, the accumulation of low-iron responsive genes (ISIP1and three FBAgenes) in this group is remarkable. In Figure S9 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"} we present only those genes whose orthologs in other species carry the motif in their promoters. The complexity of the identified motif (A~2~T~1~C~3~G~2~) is high; its palindromic structure suggests binding of a homo- or heterodimeric protein factor. The remarkable conservation of this motif and its position (-200) relative to the translation start across three diatom species reinforces the suggestion that this motif plays a prominent role in iron-dependent gene regulation. Discussion ========== The cellular response to iron limitation ---------------------------------------- As the most prominent part of the complex low-iron response of T. oceanicawe observe clear indications for an extensive cellular retrenchment, best seen in the reduced number and size of the chloroplasts. The proteomics and qPCR results indicate that not only is the iron-rich photosynthetic machinery affected, but that other cellular components also encounter a large-scale reduction, resulting in decreased growth rates. In addition, low-iron cells have a significantly lower protein biomass at roughly half that of iron-replete cells. We speculate that during the transformation from a high-iron/high-biomass cell to a low-iron/low-biomass cell the cellular biomass itself may serve as a supplementary energy source to compensate for the decrease in photosynthetic performance, that is, carbon fixation and generation of ATP. This is in line with the observation of increased cellular vesiculation in low-iron conditions (light microscopy) and increased lipid metabolism (transcriptomics and proteomics). It is also consistent with the relative increase of the mitochondrial respiratory machinery as deduced from the transcriptomics and proteomics data. As phototrophy, and thereby chloroplast energy metabolism, is largely impaired in low-iron conditions, mitochondrial respiration may provide a more constant and robust energy source that is retained, that is, excluded from the observed cellular retrenchment. Hence, we can describe the principal cellular changes observed at iron limitation as a metabolic shift with a gradual take-over of the energy metabolism by the mitochondrial system. Cellular maintenance under iron-limited conditions is further supported from biomass recycling through the action of isocitrate lyase and glutamine synthetase. Moreover, changes in the photosynthetic machinery are likely a consequence of a coordinated remodeling process, indicating an intricate regulatory network that adjusts cellular energy demand in response to the availability of iron. The active remodeling as a response to low iron is an unexpected result since it was proposed earlier that photosynthesis of T. oceanicais constitutively adapted to a low-iron environment \[[@B12]\]. The observation of distinct cellular phenotypes in iron-limited versus iron-replete cultures may be due to the differing iron levels used in iron-replete control cultures, with approximately 60 nM applied by Strzepeck and Harrison \[[@B12]\] compared to the saturating 10 µM FeCl~2~used in this work, though not expected to ever occur under natural conditions. Nevertheless, our data demonstrate that T. oceanicapossesses the potential to remodel its bioenergetic pathways in response to iron availability. While the cultures in the present experimental setup were held under axenic photoautotrophic conditions, the situation in the natural context of the open ocean is very different. A major difference found between the artificially induced iron limitation of photoautotrophically growing cultures and the iron limitation encountered by diatoms in their natural habitats is the ubiquitous presence of particulate and dissolved organic matter in the latter, albeit dilute as in the case of the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea \[[@B40]\]. Some of the strongest up-regulated transcripts under low-iron conditions were found to be targeted to the secretory pathway, that is, with the cell surface or the vacuolar system as their destination. The functional annotation of the respective protein models reveals a complex suite of molecules capable of adhesion or degradative functions, suggesting a possible role in a mixotrophic context (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Observations of diatom mixotrophy have been reported for five decades \[[@B41]\]. This characteristic has recently been explored for biotechnological application \[[@B42]\]. A principle metabolic competency for heterotrophic nutrition was demonstrated in transgenic P. tricornutumthat were able to grow on sugar upon expression of a transgenic sugar transporter \[[@B43]\]. A hypothetical capability for mixotrophic nutrition and the conjoined ability to feed on dissolved and/or particulate organic matter would place diatoms in close proximity to the microbial loop responsible for recycling organic matter in the marine food web. Moreover, this would contribute to resolving the paradox of diatom survival in a low-iron world, as particulate and dissolved organic matter can be expected to be a relevant iron source. On the other hand, utilization of organic carbon/iron sources in low-iron conditions will immediately put the cell into competition with the bacterial community of diverse and specialized heterotrophs. In line with this scenario we find an up-regulation of both identified NRPS enzymes (Figure S8 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) that may mediate a bacterial defense response under iron-limited conditions. Evolutionary roots and the impact of genome plasticity on adaptation to low iron -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Diatoms are the outcome of an endosymbiotic event that brought together two nutritional modes, each somewhat pre-adapted to low-iron conditions: phototrophy was contributed by the red-type plastids of the red algal endosymbiont, whose elemental composition shows a reduced iron requirement relative to the green-type plastids \[[@B8]\]; the host (related to ancient oomycetes) contributed an efficient heterotrophic machinery that might be retained to some extent in today\'s diatoms (compare \[[@B44]\]), thereby enabling exploitation of particulate and dissolved organic matter as a supplementary carbon and iron source. Survival under iron-limited conditions would have benefited from both the ancestral host\'s and symbiont\'s characteristics. Additional adaptive strategies to the low-iron environment have probably also originated by means of horizontal gene transfer, with possibly as much as 5% of the conserved genes encoded in the T. oceanicagenome being assigned to diverse taxonomic groups. This is consistent with the findings from the Phaeodactylumgenome project \[[@B5]\] and appears to be a recurrent topic in diatom genomics. A prerequisite for integration of foreign DNA into a genome is its uptake, and an explanation for how lateral gene transfer might occur in heterotrophic cells has been proposed \[[@B45]\]. Accordingly, heterotrophic organisms would continuously take up and integrate new genes along with the organic matter they feed on, thereby creating some genetic redundancy that eventually leads to the permanent replacement of the genuine counterparts as long as no disadvantage is encountered. We take the proposed mechanism of lateral gene transfer, together with the extent of laterally acquired genes observed in T. oceanica, as additional evidence for mixotrophic potential in T. oceanica. In low-iron conditions we observe the joint up-regulation of a reverse transcriptase and a CRE-like recombinase, thereby providing an appropriate mechanistic basis for genome rearrangements via transposon mobilization. Moreover, these are activated at a time where enhanced DNA input through increased uptake of organic matter might be expected under natural conditions. Stress-induced transposon activation has been reported for higher organisms as well - for example, \[[@B46]\]. The observed plasticity of diatom genomes clearly has ecological implications, as bacterial inventions such as genes that are beneficial in a competitive context might quickly find their way into diatom species and strains. We therefore state that the hypothesized close integration of diatoms within the microbial loop (due to mixotrophy) and their remarkable genomic plasticity (as seen from lateral gene transfer) are keys to diatoms\' ecological success: while mixotrophy opens up complex sources for carbon, energy and nutrients, the high capacity for lateral acquisition of genetic material facilitates adaptation in the context of the resulting competition with bacteria for organic matter, nutrients and iron. Iron uptake, cellular iron requirements and adaptation of species to low iron ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- For a better characterization of the complex cellular low-iron response it is necessary to distinguish the iron-specific aspects directed at counteracting the shortage of the limiting nutrient (substitution of iron proteins, induction of high-affinity iron uptake) from the rather general stress response directed at the situation of impaired growth and cellular starvation (cellular retrenchment, chlorosis, metabolic shift). With regard to the cellular iron economy we can define some constraints for beneficial adaptations to low-iron conditions \[[@B26]\]. Each evolutionary innovation that lowers the cellular iron requirements will favor survival under iron-limited conditions. Besides general biomass retrenchment - that is, the cellular adoption of a state with decreased biomass - the cell can actively lower its iron requirements through substitution of iron-containing proteins like ferredoxin or other metal enzymes that use iron as a cofactor. In addition to the well-known substitution pair ferredoxin/flavodoxin \[[@B10]\], we present evidence for the replacement of three metal-containing FBA enzymes by substitutes that use an amino acid-based Schiff-base catalysis instead. Differential regulation of diatom FBA genes was recently described for P. tricornutumand appears to be an evolutionarily conserved feature of several diatoms \[[@B27]\]. In T. oceanicawe even find the apparently permanent functional replacement of an iron-rich counterpart as in the case of plastocyanin, though at the same time the genome harbors two genes encoding cytochrome c~6~whose function and regulation remain unknown. Cytochrome c~6~might be retained in the genome for replacing plastocyanin under specific circumstances like copper limitation, though this could not yet be observed \[[@B11]\]. Benefits may also arise from improved regulation of mutual substitution pairs - for example, as in the case of the transfer of the usually organellar ferredoxin gene petFto the nuclear compartment as found in T. oceanica\[[@B17]\]. Further, any improvement of the cellular iron-affinity and/or iron-uptake system will improve competitive fitness under low-iron conditions. The activation of a specific high-affinity uptake system as observed in yeast is expected to occur in diatoms as well. It has been found that reduction of Fe^3+^to Fe^2+^represents an essential step in uptake of organically complexed iron \[[@B47]\], suggesting that iron is extracted from its complexes prior to uptake. Accordingly, major players involved in iron uptake can be expected to be iron-complex-binding receptors, redox enzymes needed for extracting the iron from its complexes, possibly also specific iron-binding cell-surface molecules for short-term iron storage (like D. salinatransferrins), ferric reductases and ferrous oxidases responsible for interconversion of the iron redox species +III and +II, and finally iron permeases for iron import. In this work on T. oceanicawe were able to identify several candidate elements for the above groups. However, critical for iron-uptake kinetics is the overall iron-binding capacity of the cell surface, which directly depends on the sheer amount of iron-binding sites exposed to the cellular exterior \[[@B26]\]. A straightforward strategy to enhance the cellular capacity for iron binding is seen in the remarkable extent of domain duplications in iron-regulated cell-surface proteins. From the strong and exclusive expression in iron-limited conditions we speculate that ISIP1/ISIP3 are part of a specialized high-affinity iron-uptake system, with ISIP1 as the putative receptor (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Carboxy-terminal endocytosis motifs as seen in ISIP1 (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}) can also be found in other iron-regulated proteins (T. oceanicaCREGx2, P. tricornutumISIP2) and biochemical work is needed to confirm the location and proposed receptor function for these components. How far such features are species-specific adaptations or rather common to diatoms can only be clarified by a comparative genomic approach. Notably, screening for highly conserved iron-regulated genes in the genomes of T. oceanica, T. pseudonana, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrusrevealed a correlation between the extent of a diatom\'s tolerance to low-iron and the presence of ISIP1and PETE, which directly impact cellular iron economy and uptake. Conclusions =========== From their evolutionary roots diatoms already appear to be pre-adapted to low-iron conditions through the endosymbiotic acquisition of a \'red\'-type photosynthetic machinery. While they have retained an implicit capacity for mixotrophy, the main contribution to cellular growth under conditions where iron or other nutrients limit the build-up of biomass, like in the iron-limited southern ocean or the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea, can be expected to stem from photosynthetic carbon assimilation. The combined efforts in genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics reveal an unexpected metabolic flexibility in response to iron availability for T. oceanicaCCMP1005. These responses include an extensive cellular retrenchment, the pronounced remodeling of bioenergetic pathways and an intrinsic shift to a mixotrophic life style. As a consequence of iron deprivation, the photosynthetic machinery undergoes remodeling into a photo-protected mode to cope with the overall decrease in photosynthetic electron transfer complexes. From the genomic and transcriptomic data we identify candidate components of a diatom high-affinity iron-uptake system, and we present a novel cellular strategy to enhance iron economy of phototrophic growth with the iron-regulated mutual substitution of three metal-containing FBA proteins. The enormous genomic plasticity of T. oceanica, as seen from the large fraction of genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer, provides a platform for complex adaptations to the iron-limited ocean. The inferred dynamic exchange of genes between marine microbes suggests the genome of T. oceanicamay not be an exceptional evolutionary invention, but rather that it may be seen as one possible outcome from a larger metagenomic gene pool. The future comprehensive characterization of this gene pool constitutes the ultimate challenge in appreciating the solutions that marine life found for defying the persistent shortage of iron in the open ocean. Materials and methods ===================== Strains, cultures and physiology -------------------------------- The sequenced strain T. oceanica(Hustedt) Hasle et Heimdal CCMP1005 \[[@B48]\] was obtained from the Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton \[[@B49]\]. T. oceanicacells were grown in 8 l batch cultures using iron-free f/2 nutrients in artificial seawater medium (ASW) \[[@B50]\] at 100 µE, 25°C and a 14/10 h light/dark cycle. Iron-replete cultures (\'control\') were supplied in excess of other essential nutrients (10 µM FeCl~3~); no iron was added to the iron-limited cultures (\'stress\'), except for residual iron from the ASW salts, promoting iron-limited growth. Cells were harvested at late exponential growth phase by filtration on 5 µm polycarbonate filters of 47 mm diameter, resuspended into a small volume of media, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 10 minutes at 11,000 rpm. Cell pellets were frozen in liquid N~2~and stored at -80°C. For iron-limited cultures, iron-free techniques were applied as follows. Culture bottles were composed of plastic material, washed and incubated for some days with 1 N HCl and rinsed with ultrapure MilliQ water. All additional supply for iron-free work was washed with 1 N HCl and stored in closure bags until use. Iron-limited cultures were best achieved from a minimal inoculation volume of 10 to 20 µl or less than 10,000 cells. Throughout this work we compare cells from late exponential growth phase, though we recommend to use iron-limited cells from late stationary phase when working on specifically low-iron responsive genes (for example, from compensation pairs or involved in iron uptake). For these, the expression level at the late stationary phase is found to be even higher than in the late exponential phase. Total cellular protein was determined for iron-replete and iron-limited cells as follows. First, 85.5 million cells each were concentrated by centrifugation. The resulting pellets were frozen in liquid N~2~and stored at -80°C. For protein determination, pellets were re-dissolved and lysed in 200 to 300 µl SDS/CO~3~buffer with additional application of ultrasonication. Cell debris was precipitated by 4 minutes of centrifugation at room temperature and maximum rpm; 5 to 10 µl of the supernatant served as input for bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). SDS/CO~3~buffer was composed of 4% SDS, 68 mM Na~2~CO~3~and 0.4 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (the latter was dissolved in EtOH to obtain a 100 mM stock solution). The variable chlorophyll fluorescence F~v~/F~m~of T. oceanicacells was measured from fresh cultures with a PhytoPAM (PHYTO-PAM Phytoplankton Analyzer, Heinz Walz GMBH, Effeltrich, Germany) \[[@B51]\] upon 5 minutes of dark incubation. Comparative genomics was done with genome data available at the Joint Genome Institute for T. pseudonana(Hustedt) Hasle & Heimdal CCMP1335 \[[@B4]\], P. tricornutumBohlin CCAP1055/1 \[[@B5]\] and F. cylindrus(Grunow) Krieger CCMP1102 \[[@B19]\]. Microscopy and confocal microscopy ---------------------------------- T. oceanicawas imaged in vivousing confocal laser scanning microscopy LSM 510 (Zeiss). Chlorophyll autofluorescence was excited at 488 nm (1% laser intensity), and emission recorded with a long pass (LP) 650 nm filter. Images were made using a Plan-Neofluar 40×1.3 oil objective (Zeiss). Z-section image series were captured with LSM 510 v3.2 software (Zeiss). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the chlorophyll fluorescence signal were made using the cell surface area-/cell volume-analyzing \'Surpass\' program module in Imaris 7.1.1 (Bitplane, Zürich, Switzerland). Images were segmented using consistent threshold values. Surface area grain size was set at 0.1 µm. In 20 cells from both iron-replete and iron-limited cultures, cell dimensions were calculated from transmission image measurements based on a cylinder model. Chloroplast dimensions were calculated from three-dimensional chlorophyll autofluorescence signal reconstructions. Despite imaging in a narrow time window (12:00 ± 2 h), growth in the T. oceanicacultures was not synchronized. Thus, the observed values for the parameters with a growth-dependent variability are accordingly distributed over a characteristic growth range. The representative cellular and chloroplast dimensions provided in Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} were therefore determined from the statistical mean of 20 cells by calculating back to a cell at the beginning of its cell cycle. For this purpose we used a regular cylinder that expands through a gradual two-fold increase of its height as a model for the diatom cell. Around the statistical mean from all cells (of a variable parameter like cell volume) we created a range whose higher end differs from the lower end by a factor of 2, thereby representing a two-fold increase of that parameter during growth of the diatom cell. The lower end of that range is given in Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} as a representative value for a \'cellular unit\', that is, a freshly divided cell at the beginning of its cell cycle. Nucleic acid extraction and sequencing -------------------------------------- T. oceanicaCCMP1005 was grown as axenic clonal culture from a single cell isolate obtained from serial dilutions of a stock culture to extinction. Nuclear gDNA for sequencing of the T. oceanicagenome was extracted from nutrient-replete cells and separated from organellar gDNA in a CsCl gradient (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) using the alternative cetyltrimethlyammonium bromide protocol for algae \[[@B52]\].The quality of nucleic acids was assessed from NanoDrop UV absorption profiles and agarose gel electrophoresis. Second generation sequencing technology was applied to the gDNA as follows. After mechanical shearing by nebulization, followed by end-repair, specific sequencing adaptors were ligated. The genomic DNA fragments were shotgun sequenced using massive parallel pyrosequencing \[[@B53]\] on a Roche 454 GS-FLX instrument (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer\'s protocol. Total RNA for transcriptome sequencing was extracted from frozen pellets of iron-replete and iron-limited T. oceanicacells from late exponential growth phase using the QIAGEN (Hilden, Germany) RNeasy kit. RNA quality was assessed from NanoDrop UV absorption profiles and agarose gel electrophoresis. For reverse transcription of total RNA the SMART cDNA synthesis kit from Clontech (Mountain View, CA, USA) was used with 1 µg input material and 15 rounds of amplification. The size distribution of the obtained cDNA libraries were controlled with agarose gel electrophoresis and then subjected to Roche 454 sequencing as described above for gDNA. Transcriptomics --------------- Global gene expression was assessed through Roche 454 massive parallel pyrosequencing of cDNA libraries prepared from total RNA extracted from iron-limited and iron-replete cultures. The 2× 95,000 sequence reads from both libraries were pooled, cleaned from adapter ends and processed in a combined assembly revealing 11,264 contigs (that is, transcript fragments) that map to approximately 6,500 distinct AUGUSTUS gene models (Additional file [10](#S10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The differential read contribution from the Fe(-) and Fe(+) libraries to each contig is taken as a measure for the differential transcription of the respective gene. For the purpose of statistically evaluating the gene expression level across our two cDNA libraries, we applied a log-likelihood ratio test statistic as described in Stekel et al. \[[@B22]\]. Differentially regulated genes were first screened with T-ACE \[[@B54]\], a transcriptome database browser that plots the assembled transcript fragments according to their differential regulation (Figure [4a](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) and provides information from BLAST analyses against the NCBI nr protein (NR) database and the Conserved Domain Database. Models from selected genes were manually curated and annotated for protein function and location as described above (Additional file [6](#S6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). RT-qPCR ------- RT-qPCR was done as in \[[@B17]\] and is described in the Supplementary Methods in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Primers are listed in Additional file [11](#S11){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The differential regulation between high and low iron conditions with respect to 18S and RPB1 (threshold level) is shown in a ΔΔC~T~plot as calculated below: $$\Delta\Delta\textsf{C}_{\textsf{T}} = \left\lbrack {\Delta\textsf{C}_{\textsf{T}}@\textsf{Fe(~+~)~-~}\Delta\textsf{C}_{\textsf{T}}@\textsf{Fe(~-~)}} \right\rbrack$$ where ΔC~T\ =~(C~T~gene 1 - C~T~gene 2) and represents the difference between the qPCR threshold cycle values (C~T~) of gene 1 (the gene of interest) and gene 2 ( the house-keeping gene, either the 18S rRNA or RPB1). (Figure S8 in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Proteomics ---------- The proteomes of iron-replete and iron-limited cells were analyzed in a mass spectrometry approach. Differentially labeled iron-sufficient and iron-deficient cells were mixed at equal protein concentration and fractionated by SDS-PAGE. Protein bands were excised, digested in-gel with trypsin and subjected to LC-MS/MS analyses. Identification and quantification of peptides and proteins was performed using Proteomatic data evaluation pipelines \[[@B55]\] as follows. To provide candidate peptides in the database search step using OMSSA \[[@B56]\], several sequence sources were used: (1) the AUGUSTUS gene models, (2) Genomic Peptide Finder peptides \[[@B57]\], (3) high quality chloroplast protein models, (4) a set of manually curated protein models. Resulting peptide/spectral matches were filtered with a hit distinctiveness filter, using a threshold of 2. Peptide/spectral matches were further filtered with a dynamically determined E-value threshold to achieve an estimated false discovery rate of 1% \[[@B58]\]. Finally, all peptide/spectral matches with a precursor mass deviation \>5 ppm were discarded. A total of 1,695 peptides could be identified from two independent biological experiments and assigned to 767 protein groups. All identified peptides were subsequently quantified using qTrace \[[@B59]\], resulting in the quantification of 633 protein groups and an additional set of 88 quantified peptides, which were identified exclusively via Genomic Peptide Finder. For the determination of Fe(-)/Fe(+) protein ratios, all resulting combinations of peptide, SDS-PAGE band and charge state were grouped and all group ratios were combined into a total protein group ratio by calculating the median and interquartile range. Data for differential protein expression as revealed from the mass spectrometry approach refers to equal amounts of total protein. For relating the observed regulation to a \'cellular unit\', the ratio of cellular protein biomass \[Fe(-)/Fe(+)\] as determined from a BCA (bicinchoninic acid) protein assay needs to be taken into account. Bioinformatics -------------- Bioinformatic analyses are described in the Supplementary Methods in Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Data access ----------- The T. oceanicaCCMP1005 whole genome shotgun assembly is registered as bioproject 36595, the T. oceanicaCCMP1005 transcriptome shotgun assembly is registered as bioproject 73029. The genomic and transcriptomic Roche 454 GS FLX sequence reads from this study have been submitted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive \[[@B60]\] under accession numbers SRA045826 and SRA045825, respectively. The whole genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession AGNL00000000. The version described in this paper is the first version, AGNL01000000. AUGUSTUS gene models deduced from the genome assembly have been assigned the gene loci accession numbers THAOC_00001 to THAOC_37921. The transcriptome assembly has been submitted to the NCBI Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly database \[[@B61]\] under accession numbers JP288099 to JP297710. The proteomics mass spectrometry mzML data associated with this manuscript may be downloaded from the Tranche repository \[[@B62]\] using the following hash: \'T9vKohxPxffmhOBsgb9kTlBKCrQIQYziH8hdonm9scou13EAFv57Uo+XYTj4d8XHbLRxR03+6WeDRSp2yhpp348wzWsAAAAAAABjUg==\'. The data from this study can be accessed in an integrated form with the Thalassiosira oceanicaGenome Browser \[[@B18]\]. Abbreviations ============= CCAP: Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa; CCMP: Culture Collection of Marine Phytoplankton; EST: expressed sequence tag; FBA: fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; FCP: fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-binding protein; Fe(-): iron deplete; Fe(+): iron replete; gDNA: genomic DNA; HNLC: high-nitrate low-chlorophyll; HSF: heat shock factor; ISIP: iron starvation induced protein; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LDLR: low-density lipoprotein receptor; LGT: lateral gene transfer; LHCSR: light harvesting complex stress responsive subunit; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; NRPS: non-ribosomal peptide synthase; ORF: open reading frame; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PS: photosystem; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Competing interests =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors\' contributions ======================= ML prepared the T. oceanicaRNA used for transcriptomics, was involved in genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics data analysis, performed manual gene modeling and annotation, contributed the comparative genomics section, prepared the figures, and drafted the manuscript. MS developed the bioinformatic tools for analysis of the proteomics data and prepared Figure [4b](#F4){ref-type="fig"}. ML and MS conducted the gene prediction on the T. oceanicagenome assembly using AUGUSTUS. ASR cultured the algae, carried out the RT-qPCR work and commented on the manuscript. LK performed the assembly of the Roche 454 reads and a general blast and domain annotation. RA set up the web-server and Generic Model Organism Database, annotated gene models, and helped with genome and proteome analysis. MAG carried out the confocal microscopy and the three-dimensional rendering of chlorophyll autofluorescence signals. JW and SVB carried out the proteomics experiment and participated in the proteomics analysis. MBS prepared the gDNA libraries, performed the Roche 454 sequencing and generated the initial assemblies. UCK prepared the cDNA libraries for transcriptomics. RGB and RA contributed the phylogenetic analysis of LGT genes. PR coordinated the sequencing and contributed to manuscript writing. MH coordinated the proteomics and contributed to manuscript writing. JLR coordinated the study, isolated the T. oceanicagDNA and contributed to manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Supplementary Material ====================== ###### Additional file 1 Supplemental table - BLAST analysis of AUGUSTUS-predicted protein models versus the NCBI Non-redundant Protein (nr) database and the Conserved Domain Database. The table lists the best BLAST hits from a BLASTP analysis of AUGUSTUS-predicted protein models against NCBI nr protein and Conserved Domain Database. The file is in .xls format (compressed to .zip). ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 2 *Phylogenetic trees for T. oceanicaLGT candidate genes. The file comprises 254 unrooted, Newick-formatted trees containing candidate LGT genes as described in the main manuscript. Trees and corresponding support values were generated using FastTree. Novel T. oceanicagenes are identified in the trees by a reference number followed by \'\_TO\'. Homologs from the \'nr\' database identified using BLAST are given in the form \'Genus_GI\', except for matches to unnamed genera, which are shown as RefSeq GI number followed by \'X\'. Visual inspection of trees was performed by importing this file into FigTree (Andrew Rambaut 2007) and assigning a root as described in the Supplementary Methods in Additional file 3. The file is in .tre format (compressed to .gz). ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 3 Supplementary Methods and Figures. The file provides a description of the RT-qPCR as well as of the bioinformatics methods (genome assembly and analysis, setup of the T. oceanicagenome browser and phylogenetic analyses). It further contains supplementary Figures S1 to S9. Figure S1: taxonomy of genes acquired by lateral gene transfer (2). An overview of the taxonomic assignments for LGT candidate genes as revealed from a refined phylogenetic analysis. Figure S2: duplications of genes and domains occurring in genes whose regulation is dependent on the cellular supply with iron. Figure S3: metabolic shift. The change in relative abundance of organellar RNA between T. oceanicacells subjected to high or low iron. Figure S4: correlation plot P versus T. The extent of correlation between proteomics (P) and transcriptomics (T) data. Figure S5: FCP proteomics. The variation in the response of different FCP light-harvesting proteins to iron limitation. Figure S6: phylogenetic tree of flavodoxin proteins. A neighbor-joining tree of diatom flavodoxin proteins. Figure S7: phylogenetic tree of FBA proteins. A neighbor-joining tree of diatom fructose bisphosphate aldolase proteins. Figure S8: qPCR ΔΔC~T~. The differential regulation of genes in response to low iron. Data represent the change in transcript level for iron-limited T. oceanicawhen compared to an iron-replete control. Figure S9: promoter motif. The conservation across diatom species of a motif found in the promoters of several iron-regulated genes. The file is in .pdf format. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 4 Gene abbreviations list. The file lists gene abbreviations and gene product descriptions for all genes mentioned in this paper. The file is in .xls format. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 5 Supplemental sequences - curated protein models. The file lists 436 manually curated protein sequences from nuclear genes (with custom identifiers x1 to x12 and p1 to p455) together with the 158 proteins encoded by the organellar genomes in FASTA format. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 6 Supplemental table - manual transcriptome annotation. The table lists annotation information for all protein sequences provided in Additional file 5. The file is in .xls format. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 7 Supplemental sequences - selected protein models discussed in the manuscript. The file lists sequences of proteins that we explicitly refer to in the discussion of the low-iron response. The sequences are provided in FASTA format. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 8 Supplemental table - overview of low-iron responsive genes. The table contains more detailed annotation information for all protein sequences provided in Additional file 7. Deviation of a custom curated model from its respective official \'t1\'-AUGUSTUS prediction is indicated as \'mod\'. The file is in .xls format. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 9 Supplemental table - comparative genomics of selected genes with a putative adaptive relevance. The table contains all official database identifiers for the gene products listed in Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}. The file is in .xls format. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 10 Supplemental table - BLAST mapping of T. oceanicatranscript fragments versus NCBI databases and other diatom genomes. The table provides a comprehensive overview for all 11,264 transcript fragments with read statistics, best BLASTX hits to NCBI nr and Conserved Domain Database, and additional best TBLASTX hits to the genomes of T. pseudonana, P. tricornutumand F. cylindrus, notably including worldwide web link-outs to the respective orthologous genes of these species. The file is in .xls format (compressed to .zip). ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 11 Supplemental table - primers used for RT-qPCR. The table lists the sequences of all primers used in the RT-qPCR experiments. The file is in .xls format. ###### Click here for file Acknowledgements ================ We thank Prof. Stefan Rose-John (Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany) for advice in the isolation of nuclear genomic DNA from T. oceanicaand access to his laboratory and equipment, and Prof. Stefan Schreiber (Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany) for extensive help in building up sequencing resources in Kiel. Prof. Thomas Bosch (Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany) and Dr Georg Hemmrich-Stanisak (Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany) provided help with the initial contig assembly. We thank Tania Klüver (Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany) for help with the laboratory experiments and culturing of the algae. Dr Dhwani Desai (Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at Kiel University IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany) helped with bioinformatics analyses and setup of the genome browser. The upper left light micrograph in Figure 1 showing T. oceanicain valve view is courtesy of CCMP. Sequence data from F. cylindrus*were produced by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute \[[@B63]\] in collaboration with the user community. This work was supported in part by a DFG grant to JLR (RO2138/6-1) and by funding from the DFG Cluster of Excellence \'Future Ocean\' (EXC 80) to JLR and PR. MH and JLR acknowledge funding from the BMBF \'BIOACID\' (03F0608N) program. RA received funding from EC FP7/2007-2011 under grant agreement number PITN-GA-2008-215157 and EC FP7 Grant \#205419 (ECOGENE).	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
Today is the third time I find an attack to the way Bitcoin uses SHA-256 to perform mining. Two of the attacks belong to a new family of attacks that involve terribly technical details about the inner workings of SHA-256. These are attacks that may impact on Bitcoin probably not before 5 years, and they could even never have a real impact on Bitcoin. I will talk openly about them when I can really tell if they could affect Bitcoin. And if they can, better be prepared. The good news is that many of these attacks (at least the ones I identified) can be prevented by a hard-fork involving changing the block header without breaking compatibility with current mining ASICs. Since changing the block header requires a hard-fork, it’s free to add more nonce bytes, and so help future ASIC manufacturers to reach higher hashing rates. Also the time field could be increased to 8 bytes. The new design requires only 6 more bytes or storage in its compressed format, but mining requires the record to be expanded to fit three 64-byte blocks, instead of two. 05-27-2014: The proposed header was edited based on discussions: Time increased from UINT32 to UINT64 Header is split between a master and a child to prevent breaking the SHA-2 spec. PrefixOfHashOfHeader split in two to leave the least significant bytes of time field as nonce for hardwares that use these bytes. Here it is: 64-Bytesub-block Offset in sub-block Field Purpose Updated when… Size (Bytes) 0 0 Version Block version number You upgrade the software and it specifies a new version 4 0 4 HashChildHeader 256-bit double hash of the child header A new block comes in 32 0 36 ZeroPad left for future use Never 28 1 0 PrefixOfHashOfHeader0 4 byte prefix of hash of the first 64 bytes (including ZeroPad). Corresponds to the last 4 bytes of the old Merkleroot A new block comes in 4 1 4 Nonce2 Corresponds to the least significant bytes of the old time field (it’s stored in little-endian) A hash is tried 2 1 6 PrefixOfHashOfHeader1 .the following 4 bytes of the prefix of the hash of the first 64 bytes. (totaling 10 bytes) Corresponds to the 2 most significant bytes of the old time field and the old difficulty field. A new block comes in 6 1 12 Nonce 32-bit number A hash is tried (increments) 4 The child header is as follows: 64-Bytesub-block Offset in sub-block Field Purpose Updated when… Size (Bytes) 0 0 Version Child Block version number You upgrade the software and it specifies a new version 4 0 4 hashPrevBlock 256-bit hash of the previous block header A new block comes in 32 0 36 hashMerkleRoot0 256-bit hash based on all of the transactions in the block (First 28 bytes) A transaction is accepted 28 1 0 hashMerkleRoot1 256-bit hash based on all of the transactions in the block (Last 4 bytes) A transaction is accepted 4 1 4 Time Current timestamp as seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00 UTC Every few seconds 8 1 12 Bits Current target in compact format The difficulty is adjusted 4	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
From Thank you Sorry Northeast Utilities in Connecticut Tuesday confirmed that it plans to turn over part of its IT operations to two India-based outsourcing firms, despite a recent push by state lawmakers to keep it from doing so. NU says it employs some 400 IT workers, and "will retain about half of those employees" after turning some operations over to outsourcers Infosys and Tata Consultancy Services, two of India's largest IT firms. Today's announcement makes official what had already been suspected -- the company had told its IT workers weeks ago that it was considering outsourcing tech work. The utility, which operates New England's largest energy delivery system, today said it is "working with strategic business partners to help conduct the rest of the work - the majority of which will still be conducted locally." NU said it expects that 40 of its affected IT employees will be rehired by the outsourcers "and will still work at NU facilities." In response to their lobbying efforts, several Connecticut legislators in 2003 introduced a series of bills to limit H-1B visa use, arguing that it was being used to transfer jobs overseas. The efforts were unsuccessful and eventually the Connecticut organization that fought visa use disbanded. Utility jobs had been considered among the more stable in Connecticut, at least until NU merged last year with Boston-based utility NStar. Company officials at the time told regulators and lawmakers that the merger would lead to savings. Once word leaked out last month that NU was considering offshore outsourcing in its IT department, state lawmakers responded. "Shipping these good-paying jobs away will not just hurt Connecticut's economy, but it could also pose a serious security threat," said State Rep. Joe Aresimowicz, a Democrat and House majority leader, in a statement last week. Connecticut's unemployment rate is at 8.1%, the 35th highest in the nation, and the state's labor pool has seen a slight decline in size this year. In a statement today, NU said: "We spent a great deal of time over the last year studying our combined, post-merger IT department and determined we had two very distinct business models - neither of which was best practice when compared with current IT models. In order to meet customer expectations and deliver the latest IT solutions, we have designed one integrated, forward-looking, technology-savvy organization." NU said the transition will begin in November and will last through June of 2014. The utility is offering employees a voluntary separation package. John Miano, a programmer and attorney who founded the Programmers Guild, said that when he started following IT offshoring in mid-1990s, "most of the (news) coverage was over incidents like this (NU's move) and there was shock." Now, most of the H-1B news coverage is about how bringing in more H-1B workers will create jobs, said Miano. "The sad thing is these companies don't save any money doing this," said Miano. "The problem is there is no management consulting dollars for telling people the risks and why nots of offshoring." Patrick Thibodeau covers SaaS and enterprise applications, outsourcing, government IT policies, data centers and IT workforce issues for Computerworld. Follow Patrick on Twitter at @DCgov, or subscribe to Patrick's RSS feed . His email address is pthibodeau@computerworld.com.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
VEGETATION OF BELIZE Flower Allspice Fruits These are the plants of Belize, for information specific to Ambergris Caye, click here. Belize has an interesting and diverse vegetation profile. With over 4,000 flowering plants, some 250 species of orchids, and 700 or so different trees, Belize is an exciting country for anyone interested in the Plant Kingdom. What follows this Introduction is just a mere sampling of our local vegetation. Some of the species described are those which we are familiar with, but may not see too often. Some are plants that we frequently see: Driving on the way to Belmopan from Belize City; walking through The Belize Zoo; plants that we see in rural villages and coastal areas. With this Handbook, it will be possible to learn interesting facts about the vegetation found in Belize, from A to Z. This knowledge will add spirit to any information shared with others about the vegetation found in our country. For instance, it will be degrees more fun to, not just point out an Allspice tree, but with the help of the information found here, be able to tell people that the ancient Maya once embalmed people with Allspice; (those who were held in esteem). Our Belizean vegetation is an exciting aspect of this country's natural history. Have fun learning more about the plants found throughout Belize. And definitely, others will enjoy hearing about our plants. The plants listed on the following pages, most certainly, help to make Belize the special place that it is. A ALLAMANDA, Allamanda cathartica, APOCYNACEAE - There are two forms of this plant. A large, climbing woody vine or a shrub. - It is often cultivated as an ornamental because of it's beauty. Showy, bright yellow flowers and shiny, green leaves. - The milky latex (sap) it produces may cause illness and rash in sensitive people. Large doses may cause vomiting. - Small doses, which may be ingested from chewing on a flower or licking the stem, should not cause illness. - The sap also protects this plant from harmful insects except the "frangipani caterpillar", which can cope with the toxins in the leaves. ALLSPICE, Pimenta dioica, MYRTACEAE - This widely-traded species is found throughout Central America and the Caribbean islands. - The dried fruit of this medium-sized tree makes up this world renown spice. Jamaica is the world's largest exporter of Allspice. - The dried fruit is ground, and used as a flavoring and curing agent in processed meats and bakery products, as well as a culinary condiment. - Oil, distilled from the fruit and leaves, is used (along with the ground fruit), in meat and fruit-based products, as well as colognes. - The ancient Maya used Allspice to embalm those who were held in high esteem. - It also has been used as traditional medicine. Drinking a tea of the boiled leaves can help an upset stomach, and reduce fever by causing perspiration. ANNATO, Bixa orellana, BIXACEAE - This pink flowering shrub is planted for the red/orange dye that comes from it's dried seeds. - The seeds are used in cooking to color food such as rice, margarine, soup, and were used by the Caribs and Central American Indians for body paint and insect repellent. - Ants that feed off the nectar at the flower base and on the main stem help to protect the plant from harmful creatures. - Traditionally, water in which young leaves have been crushed and then strained, was taken for diarrhea and dysentery. - Used in industrialized nations as a food coloring replacement for red dye #2, which was determined to be a carcinogenic. AUSTRALIAN PINE, Casurina sp. CASUARINACEAE - This is not a true pine tree, the "needles" are really miniature, jointed branches. The leaves are tiny, pointed teeth upon each joint. - They are native to the country from which their name is derived. - These-fast-growing trees are often planted as ornamentals. - There are two species which are very different in appearance, the C. glauca species is dark green and dense with masses of long needles, while C. equisetifolia is a more open tree with hairlike needles. - It appears that there are no female trees for the C. glauca species in Belize, as no seed pods are being produced, thus people dig up the suckers to plant these trees. - C. equisetifolia has both male and female flowers on the same tree. - The Australian Pine lacks normal transpiring foliage; therefore it retains moisture ("sap"). B BABOON CAP, Couepia dodecandra, ROSACEAE - This medium-size tree is found occasionally in forests from south Mexico to E1 Salvador. - It is planted in gardens as far south as Costa Rica because of the sweet, yellow fruit it bears (Apr-May), and is a favorite of children. - The fruit contains just one seed. It is large and hairy. BAMBOO, Guadua sp., POACEAE - This pioneer species, a member of the grass family, helps fill gaps that may occur in a forest due to fallen trees. - It is a rapid-growing plant, which needs plenty of sunlight and can often be found growing thickly along riverbanks. One needs a machete to get through it, especially old growth bamboo, which has spines - OUCH! - Animals such as paca, peccary and armadillo hide in these thickets for protection from hunters. - Bamboo is able to withstand the floods of the wet season, and actually helps to support the riverbank (good erosion control). BANANA, Musa acuminata, MUSACEAE - These cultivated trees are often planted on leaf-cutter ant (Atta sp.) nests to provide good aeration and drainage in the rainy season. - It's healthy fruits are low in fats, cholesterol and sodium, but high in potassium and energy. - Since it is easy to digest, it is the only raw fruit allowed for people with peptic ulcers, and is often a first fruit for babies. - Eating only well-ripened bananas for 24 hours can help diarrhea. - Young leaves can be used as a wrap and plaster for burns. BARBA JOLOTE, Pitecolobium arboreum, LEGUMINOSAE - The wood of this tree resembles that of the Mahogany, however, it is heavier and probably superior in strength. - For this reason, as well as its high resistance to fungal and insect attack, it is suitable for cabinets, interior trim, dugout canoes, and posts. - Locally, it has been used for tanning. - The red pods it bears resemble a turkey's wattle. BASKET TIE-TIE, Desmoncus schippii, PALMAE - This is no ordinary palm, it has actually taken the form of a vine which can be found winding its way above the forest trees. - It is one of the largest vines in the tropics. It can reach over 1,000 ft. - Sharp spines not only cover the entire vine, but the leaf tips, too! - The reverse hook spines can be quite aggravating when walking in the forest, as they hook onto you, actually this is the way they are carried throughout the forest by catching a ride on people and/or animals. - The vine (once stripped), can be split into strips for basket weaving. That's why its name is "Basket tie-tie". BAY CEDAR, Guazuma u1mifolia, STERCULIACEAE - This tree, which is often found in secondary growth forests, bears small fragrant flowers that are greenish yellow. - Its fruit is a food source for many forest creatures, as well as for grazing animals. - Its bark has been traditionally used as medicine. One cup of water in which the bark has been boiled, should be taken three times a day for diarrhea and dysentery; a wash for skin sores and rashes can be made by boiling and cooling the bark in a large quantity of water. BILLY WEBB, Acosmium panamensis, FABACEAE - The hard, durable wood of this tree is used in heavy construction, and to make such household items as washing tubs, breadboards and mortar sticks. - The bitter-tasting bark is used as a remedy for coughs and fever. - It is the main ingredient in "Sweet Blood", one of the Rainforest Remedies bottled by Ix Chel farms, which is good for diabetes, dry cough and low appetite. BLACKBERRY, Eugenia sp., MYRTACEAE - The fruit of this shrub is used primarily in making local wine, but it makes tasty pies, too. - The berries are very juicy, so a small amount goes a long way when making wine. - It grows very abundantly, once one bush is planted, there are many! BLACK MANGROVE, Avicennia nitida, VERBENACEAE - One of three species of mangrove found in Belize. It grows along the coast of the mainland and cayes in subtidal or intertidal soils. - It has breathing roots (pneumataphores), which grow beneath the wet groundwater to get oxygen. - It can live in a salty environment, because its sap has a high tolerance for salt, and it actively secretes salt through leaf glands, as well as its roots. BREADFRUIT, Artocarpus communis, MORACEAE - This plant was brought from Tahiti to the Caribbean by Captain Bligh in 1793, and was thought to be directly responsible for the mutiny on the "Bounty" in 1789. The trees required a lot of care, work and water, which left the crew tired and short on water. - It was brought to the Caribbean as a cheap food source for slaves who, ironically, didn't like it. - These trees can grow up to 60 ft. and produce rough-skinned fruit in the dry season. - The fruit can be boiled (ugh), fried or baked (tasty). - It is propagated by root cuttings, since it doesn't produce seeds. BREADNUT, (RAMON), Brosimum alicastrum, MORACEAE - Many animals depend on this tree. Birds eat the fruits, as do monkeys. Horses and livestock eat the leaves. - They often grow near the Sapodilla, and thus were depended upon by the chicleros, for feeding their "chicle pack train" mules. - In addition, people eat the small orange fruits and roast the seeds. - These trees were commonly planted by the ancient Maya near their homes. BRI BRI, Inga edulis, MIMOSACEAE - This medium-sized tree with a spreading crown, is a riverine species. It is found along rivers and waterways. - It is considered semi-deciduous, because it only sheds some leaves during the dry season. - It is pollinated by bats, which lick up the nectar that collects at the base of the flower. - The stamens of the flower are edible, as well as the pulp surrounding the seeds. BULLHOOF, Drypetes brownil, EUPHORBIACEAE - This canopy species can grow up to 120 ft. - It grows on limestone soil and is common in the northwest. - Its timber is used in the construction of local houses. Round poles are used for beams, squared ones are used for rafters. C CABBAGE BARK, Andira inermis, LEGUMINOSAE - This hardwood species bark is similar to that of the Cabbage palm, hence the name, "Cabbage Bark". - One unique feature of this tree is that its bright purple flowers only bloom once every two years. - Locally, the wood is used for logging truck parts, skids, bridges, and house frames. CACAO, Theobroma cacao, STERCULIACEAE - This tree thrives in the shade and is found throughout Central and South America, and the Caribbean. - The Indian cultures of Mexico cultivated these trees for over 2000 years. - The Mayas used the beans for money, and the Aztecs would buy beans from them. - Christopher Columbus took cacao beans back to Spain in the 1500's. - Today, it is still cultivated by the Maya, who make a sweet cocoa drink. They extract the beans from the fruit, dry them in the sun for up to 15 days, roast them, and peel off the outer skin. Underneath is the seed. CALABASH, Cresedentia cujete, BIGNONIACEAE - This tree, common to the savanna, has a high resistance to fire, it is one of the few trees still standing after a bush fire. - It bears large gourd-like fruit (May-Aug). Notice its stemless leaves, so designed for the heavy fruit. - It has night blooming flowers, which attract bats that pollinate them. - The dried fruit shell (once the pulp is removed), can be used as a bowl, cup or container, which was valued by the ancient Maya, who transported liquid by making a small hole in the dried fruit. - As a medicine, the stringy pulp and/or leaves can be boiled with sugar and taken for asthma, bronchitis, coughs, and lung congestion. CARIBBEAN PINE, Pinus caribaea, PINACEAE - It is an indicator species of the savanna and pine ridge areas. - The adult trees are fire resistant, and this species actually benefits from controlled burning. Its competitors are removed. - Since the early 1900's, it has been of economic value, as it was harvested for construction purposes. - The white resin beneath the bark has been used as a glue, water and insect repellent, and to repair dugout canoes (which the Maya did). - The resin also helps protect the tree from insect attack, by quickly sealing any cuts made in the bark. - Chicleros relied upon this highly flammable firewood, while out in the bush, especially when it was raining. - 300,000 cu.ft. are sustainably harvested annually in the Mt. Pine Ridge Forest Reserve, for local use only. CASHEW, Anacardium occidentale, ANACARDIACEAE - This tree bears the world-renowned cashew nut, which comes into season here between April and May. - First, the fruits are harvested, they can be eaten as is, made into jams, or fermented into wine. - To extract the nut, which hangs from the bottom of the fruit, it takes a lot of time and energy. They must be detached, then dried in the sun and roasted in a fiery hot oven. - The outer layer of the seed contains oils that cause severe blistering, dangerous to try and get at the nut without roasting it first! The oils have been used to protect articles from insect attack, and as a waterproofing agent. CEDAR, Cedrela mexicana, MELIACEAE - It has been an important timber source since ancient times (used for dugout canoes), as its wood is durable and resistant to insect attack. - It was exported as far back as the early 1800's, mostly for boatbuilding and cigar boxes. - These trees, which have fragrant scented wood, are widely distributed throughout Belize. - Traditionally, a bark tea was taken for bruises, internal injuries and abdominal pain. - It is still used today for cigar boxes, as well as decorative boxes and plaques. CENTURY PLANT, Agave sp., AMARYLLIDACEAE - This succulent herb, with swordlike leaves, produces a giant stalk (up to 30 ft) after 10-20 years. - The yellow flowers grow atop this stalk, and once they have bloomed and faded, the entire plant dies, but small offshoots drop to the ground and start new plants. - It is often planted as an ornamental in private and public gardens. - Its sap contains irritants which can cause burning, rash and dermatitis. - Although hummingbirds and insects visit during the day, the Century Plant is designed for bats. The flowers open at night and release an acid to attract bats, and its pollen contains twice as much protein as insect pollinated plants. COCKSPUR, Acacia cornigera, LEGUMINOSAE - Sometimes called the Bullhorn acacia, it has a symbiotic relationship with a species of ant (genus Pseudomyrmex) that lives in its thorns. - The ants protect the tree from plants, which may grow near its trunk or leaves high in the canopy, and they emerge from the thorns to attack other insects, humans and animals that come in contact with the tree. - It has been used as traditional medicine for relief of mucous congestion for infants. Babies are given water containing the ants (once they've been squeezed and strained). - Snake doctors use the bark and root to slow down snake venom from entering the bloodstream; acne and other skin conditions can be bathed with water in which the thorns have been boiled. COCONUT PALM, Cocos nucifera, PALMAE - This palm is easily identifiable by the fruit it bears, which is a healthy food source. - The young coconut flesh is easy to digest, and is a good food for babies and anyone suffering from indigestion, ulcers, diarrhea or hepatitis. - The flesh can also be used as a face cleanser. - The water of the coconut is a good source of potassium and other essential minerals, which should be consumed by those with heart, liver, and kidney ailments. Click here for more on coconuts.... COHUNE PALM, Orbigyna cohune, PALMAE - This palm is abundant and notable throughout Belize. - Like the Bayleaf palm, the Cohune has been spared when land is cleared, because of its many uses. - As a food source, the hearts of palm, which tastes like cabbage, can be eaten and so can the nuts. - The tedious task of processing the cohune nut oil is not commonly practiced today, as it once was. - Charcoal was also made from the nuts, especially by the British during World War I. - The fronds were used for thatched roofs in houses, and may still be used for kitchen and shed roofs. - Its durable and fire resistant wood is hard to cut down, so are the leaves, which are a good source of shade. Colpothrinax cookii, PALMAE - This slender palm does not have a common name. - It grows on high ridges, and is found on Victoria Peak and Doyle's Delight (two of the highest points in Belize). - It was once found in Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, but habitat destruction has caused it to disappear. - As you drive along the Hummingbird Highway, you can see this palm by looking up at the ridge tops of Mt. Margaret, near Five Blues Lake National Park. COPAL, Protium copal, BURSERACEAE - This was a sacred tree of the ancient Maya who used the resin as a ceremonial incense, as well as to ward off evil spirits and the evil eye (it is believed that people can harm others by their envious glances). - The chicleros depended on the resin to treat cavities. They would stuff it into the cavity and several days later, the tooth broke and was removed. They were their own dentist! - As a traditional medicine, a powder made from the bark is applied to wounds, sores and infections. - The bark is also used in a tea (taken before each meal), to treat intestinal parasites. COPNA, Erythrina fusca, FABACEAE - It is found throughout the Community Baboon Sanctuary and the lower Belize valley. - It flowers in the dry season (March/Apr), and is easily noticed because of its large orange and pink flowers. - Despite the spines on the trunk and branches, the flowers are sought after by the howler monkeys. - The howlers compete with other animals and birds such as the oriole, which pluck off the flowers to get the nectar found at its base. - The orchard oriole, an overwintering species, is a chief pollinator of the Copna. COTTON TREE, Ceiba pentandra, BOMBACEAE - The Maya regarded this tree as sacred. They viewed it growing through the center of the Universe. Its roots in the underworld, its trunk in the Upperworld and its branches in Heaven, where the main God sat. - The seed pods contain kapok; a light resilient, water repellent fiber. - Its buoyancy is about five times greater than a cork, and its lightness is eight times that of cotton. - Kapok has been used to stuff mattresses, pillows, upholstery and life jackets. During World War 11, it was used for jackets and vests. Good protection in cold weather. - Kapok is also one of the best sound absorbers, per unit of weight. It has been used in the insulation of airplanes, hospitals and studios. CRABOO, Byrsonima crassifolia, MALPIGHIACEAE - It is another indicator species of the savanna and pine ridge areas. - It flowers in the late dry season, and bears fruit, yellow berries, that can be pickled or fermented to make wine. - The tapir eats the bark. - The bark is used for tanning, while the fruit rind is used to dye cotton for ink. - The ripe fruits are an important food for birds, such as the yellow headed parrot, white-fronted parrot, and the tropical mockingbird. CULANTRO, Eryngium foetidum, APIACEAE - There are two varieties of this herb, one is commonly found in backyards, fields, and along roadsides. The other is cultivated. - It is added to soups, stews, and salads for a fresh herb taste. - For indigestion, diarrhea and vomiting, prepare a tea (steep leaves for 15 minutes), and drink a small cup throughout the day. D DOGWOOD, Piscidia piscipula, LEGUMINOSAE - It is a true deciduous tree. Losing its leaves in the dry season, just as its pink flowers blossom. - This is a food tree of the howler monkey. - The bark and foliage have narcotic properties and have been used for poisoning fish. - The ancient Maya may have used the bark for an intoxicating drink. - Its durable wood has been used in construction. DUMBCANE, Dieffenbachia seguina, ARACEAE - This herb is often found in river valleys and on steep slopes. - It differs from its relative the philodendron, as it is strictly a terrestrial plant. - All parts of this plant contain an irritating juice, which is toxic to humans and animals. - People have suffered inflammation of the hands, forearms, and lips when cutting this plant. - Some investigators claim that it contains an active enzyme that can cause suffocation through swelling of the throat and larynx. DWARF MISTLETOE, Arceuthobium globusum, LORANTHACEAE - This vine grows on pine trees in Belize. - Although its small red flowers add a decorative affect to the pine trees, it is a menace to them. - It weakens young trees, which causes them to be more susceptible to other dangers, such as disease and pests. F FIG TREE, Ficus sp., MORACEAE - Several species are found in Belize, growing wild or cultivated. - The fig tree seen along rivers is the AMATE (which means BIG), and its trunk can be a meter in diameter or more. - The Amate is a food tree for many birds, animals and primates. It fruits three or four times each year. - The white sap of the Amate has been used traditionally to help skin fungus, boils, and ringworm. It has been used to extract teeth, too. The latex is applied to cotton and stuffed in the tooth. About one hour later, the tooth will break. - Fig trees and wasps have developed a strong interdependent relationship, one of the most unique systems of pollination in the Plant Kingdom. - Each species of fig tree is pollinated by a particular species of wasp. The tree donates 50% of its fruit for nurseries for the wasp larvae. - Inside the unripe fig fruit, there are three flowers. One is the gall flower where the eggs hatch. Here is where the female emerges, once she is impregnated, and collects pollen from the male flower, which she then carries to another fig tree of the same species. As she lays her eggs, she pollinates the female flower of that ripening fig. FLAMBOYANT, Delonix regia, LEGUMINOSAE - It originated from Madagascar, but due to deforestation there, is almost extinct in the wild. - Its broad crown makes it a good shade tree and easy to identify, especially in May-June, when the brilliant crimson flowers are in bloom. There is also a yellow variety. - The Flamboyant is often planted as an ornamental because of its beauty. - Its large brown seed pods, up to two feet long, and its leaf structure, one leaf contains about 500 leaflets, also make it an impressive tree. - Hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers and act as pollinators. FRANGIPANI, Plumeria sp., APOCYNACEAE - There are many species and varieties of Frangipani, the more common ones being white, yellow, and shades or red. - This small tree, up to 15 ft. tall, sheds its leaves during the dry season, but tends to flower continuously. - Its sweet fragrance, especially in the evenings, has made it a popular garden tree. - The white sap in its branches and leaves is poisonous, but protects the tree from harmful insects. - There is one species of caterpillar which is able to withstand the toxins, and actually becomes toxic itself, which protects it from predators. - Once the caterpillar has devoured lots of leaves, it changes into a pupae, and eventually becomes a silver-gray hawk moth. G GINGER, ZINGIBERACEAE - There are various species found in Belize: Bitter ginger, Ginger root, Red ginger, and Spiral ginger. - Ginger plants are distinguished by their leaves, which are long and elliptical, pinnately veined, with barely a leaf stalk, giving them a feather-like appearance. - These plants are parallel to the orchids - they have highly evolved and specialized flowers. - The bright recognizable flowers of the Red ginger are actually the bracts (modified leaves), which attract insects and conceal the real, small white flowers. - The Red ginger's root looks and smells like the herb "ginger". - The spiral ginger (Costus), grows up to nine ft, in a curved fashion, and that's how it got its name - Like the Red ginger, its red "flowers" are the bracts. Inside the bracts are the white flowers. GIVE AND TAKE, Chrysophila argentea, PALMAE - This palm can be both harmful and helpful. The needle-like spines can give a painful cut. But the pink, sticky inner part of the leaf can help ease the pain, bleeding and infection. - It was known as one of the "soldier's herbs", which the British and Belizean soldiers learned to identify during their jungle warfare training. - Brooms are made from the fronds, and once the tree trunk is stripped, it can make a good wall for huts. - The leaves contain "heart of palm", not too tasty, but can be eaten. GUANACASTE (Tubroos) , Enterolobium cyclocarpum, LEGUMINOSAE - One of the giants in Belize, this fast growing tree can grow over 130 ft. - Its timber is light and durable, making it desirable for dugout canoes. They can last over ten years. - It has unusual-looking seed pods. They curl around in almost a complete circle and look like an ear. One of the local names for this tree is "Monkey's ear". - Seeds are dispersed by monkeys, agoutis, and other forest animals that eat the fallen pods, flowers and leaves. - The seeds are also being used in a cottage industry by local villagers, who make jewelry from them. GUAVA, Psidium guajava, MYRTACEAE - This tree is cultivated in Central America for its pear-shaped fruit. - The edible pulp has numerous small seeds. Guava is high in vitamin A and C, more so than citrus fruits. - The fruit can be eaten raw, used in jams, juices and a popular dessert is made by preparing a thick jelly paste, which is cut into squares before serving. - All parts of this tree have been used for a variety of ailments in traditional medicine. Gargling with a leaf infusion helps mouth sores and bleeding gums. GUMBOLIMBO, Bursera simaruba, BURSERACEAE - Gumbolimbo is often found growing near the poisonwood tree, and its bark is a cure for the affects of poisonwood sap. - If unlucky enough to contact the poisonwood sap, peel off a piece of gumbolimbo bark and apply it to the affected area. Then bathe the area three times a day with water in which the bark has been boiled. - For internal infections, skin sores, colds and fevers, prepare a tea of boiled bark. - Its sap protects it from harmful insects, and has been used for cement, glue, and as a varnish to repel insects. H HOG PLUM, Spondias sp., ANACARDIACEAE - This small tree produces yellowish plum-like fruit, though not too tasty to humans, it is enjoyed by animals, such as the howler monkey. - Hog Plum is planted for live fence posts. - The leaves, bark and flowers have been used in traditional medicines. - Make a wash of boiled bark and leaves to relieve sores, rashes and painful insect bites. HORSEBALLS, Stemmadenia donnell-smithii, APOCYNACEAE - A medium-size tree which is found throughout Central America, from southern Mexico to as far south as Panama. - Its tubular yellow flowers produce a pair of large, oval fruit, which have a woody husk covering. - If damaged, all parts of the tree will produce a sticky latex. This could be a way that the fruit protects its seeds, so that they will ripen, be eaten, and then dispersed. - Birds are the main seed dispersers. They feed on the fruit when it ripens and naturally opens. - But! The birds must be long-billed or small enough to be able to feed on the inside, or large enough to perch on the fruit and feed from the outside. HOT LIPS, Cephalis sp., RUBIACEAE - It is found in broken ridge, pine ridge, and mountain pine ridge. It is easy to find at The Belize Zoo. - This herb produces bright red flowers during the rainy season, which are actually the "sepals" of the plant, and out of its yellow center grow tiny yellow flowers. - When you see this flower, you will know right away why it is called "Hot Lips". - This plant produces a small, blue berry-like fruit. J - JACARANDA, Jacaranda sp., BIGNONIACEAE - This tropical tree, which comes from Brazil, grows up to 30 or 40 ft. - It has fern-like leaves similar to those of the Flamboyant. - When in bloom, the large clusters of lavender' blue flowers make it one of the most beautiful trees around. - It is a popular ornamental tree to have in gardens. JACKASS BITTERS, Neurolaena lobata, ASTERACEAE - This herb bears yellow flowers and has bitter-tasting leaves. - It is a well-respected plant that has been used widely in traditional medicine. The tea can help get rid of intestinal parasites; or be used to bathe wounds or infections. Some people use it as a hair wash to get rid of lice. - Boiled and strained leaves can be used as an insecticide for house and garden plants. - To cleanse the blood, a tea of boiled roots is drunk. JIPPI JOPPA, Sabal mexicana, PALMAE - This palm is only found in the Toledo District. It is easily seen at Lubantuum ruins. - The Maya Indian women spend many hours carefully weaving baskets by hand from the leaves, which they gather in the rainforest. - To make the baskets, first they boil the leaves until just the strawy spine is left. These spines are then washed, then put to dry and bleach in the sun. - The baskets can be found in gift shops and in Maya villages of Toledo. - The shoots of Jippi Joppa are a delicacy to eat. L LIVE OAK, Quercus oleoides, FAGACEAE - This is one of several species of oak found in Belize, and is common to the savanna. - Since it is slow-burning, it is popular for firewood. - Its wood has been made into charcoal. LOBSTERCLAWS, Heliconia rostrata, MUSCACEAE - Several heliconias are found in Belize. Note the paddle-shaped leaves - similar to those of the Banana. They belong to the same plant family. - The heavy, bright red with yellow "flowers" are actually the bracts (modified leaves), of the plant. Inside are found the small purple flowers. - The bracts attract birds, especially hummingbirds. They act as both pollinators and seed dispersers. - A yellow mite lives in the flowers and uses the hummingbird as transportation to get from flower to flower. - Spiders find the "flowers" a convenient place to await prey. LOGWOOD, Haematoxylon campechianum, LEGUMINOSAE - The first of the three economic giants in Belize was the Logwood tree. The other two: Mahogany and Sapodilla. - As early as the mid 1500's, it was being logged by the Spanish. - Then the British buccaneers learned of its value (after raiding Spanish ships), set up logging camps, and exported the logs to England. - By mashing and boiling the heartwood, dye, from yellow to black, can be produced. - The dye was popular in the European clothing industry, and was also used for inks. - By the 1700's, as synthetic dyes were developed, the Logwood became less important and prices dropped. It was then that the Mahogany tree took its place. - However, today, with the rising interest in natural dyes, the Logwood may re-enter the economic market. M MADRE DE CACAO, G1iricidia sepium, FABACEAE - It was planted to shade the cacao trees on plantations, thus the name "Madre" or "mother". - The Cacao trees thrived, not only from the provided shade, but because this tree contained a nitrogen-fixing bacteria in its roots, which replenished the soils. - It has also been planted as live fence posts, but only the male species. - The flowers are enjoyed by chachalacas, and are eaten by people as a vegetable. They are often cooked with eggs. - One traditional use has been to boil the bark, and then use this water to soothe tired, irritated eyes. - The mashed leaves have been used as a poultice for wounds, boils and diaper rash. MAHOGANY, Swietenia macrophylla, MELIACEAE - This is the National tree of Belize. - It was an economic giant in Belize for over 200 years. - At first, during the Logwood boom, it was only used for repairing ships, as its wood is strong and durable, yet workable. - Then it was recognized for its color and lustre, and was sought after by furniture makers, especially in the European market. - The ancient Maya used Mahogany, too. Not for its timber, but as a shade tree for their crops - mainly, corn. - There is an irritating oil in its twigs and leaves. When in bloom, individuals who are highly sensitive, may feel nauseous, experience headaches, and a burning rash; particularly on the face. - Scratches from branches may blister and become inflamed. - The oil from this tree has been used as a parasiticide for certain skin conditions, and as a stimulant when taken internally. MAIDENHAIR FERN, Adiantum tenerum, POLYPODIACEAE - This lovely, delicate fern has pinnate leaves, containing numerous fan-shaped leaflets. - It is believed that the ancient Maya used it to decorate ceremonial altars. - A tea of its stems and leaves has been used traditionally for coughs, lung and throat congestion, and to help detoxify alcoholics. - To get rid of dandruff, apply softened leaves to the scalp. MAMMEE APPLE, Calocarpum mammosum, SAPOTACEAE - This urge canopy species can reach 120 ft. or more. - It is important for its sweet fruit, favored in Central America, and it has not been used much as a timber tree. But its wood is very workable and has a high resistance to insect and fungal attack. - Aside from humans, primates and rodents enjoy the fruit. They help disperse the seeds. - This tree contains a milky latex, which the chicleros used to mix with the latex of the Sapodilla to make chicle gum. MANGO, Mangifera indica, ANACARDIACEAE - This fruit has been described as one of the most delicious in the world. It is highly prized throughout the tropics, especially in India, where it has been cultivated for over 4000 years. - The trees thrive in areas that have a long dry season. Their pollinators are insects and insects prefer dry weather. - The dense foliage of the Mango make it a good shade tree. - Aside from eating this fruit, various products are made from both the ripe and unripe fruit: Jams, preserves and juices. - The sap and skin of the unripe fruit contains irritants that can cause rashes, blisters, and dermatitis in people who are sensitive to it. - Boats and dugouts are constructed from its timber. MAPOLA, Luebea seemanii, TILIACEAE - This tree grows up to 100 ft, and is commonly found in riverine forests. - Although it is a large tree, it has very lightweight wood that is good for making boxes. - Small, cream-colored, fragrant flowers bloom early in the dry season, and like many other deciduous trees, it loses its leaves during this time. - It is a food plant for the howler monkey. MAYFLOWER, Tabebuia pentaphylla, BIGNONIACEAE - It is found from Central America to northern South America and in the West Indies. - This canopy species grows up to 90 ft, and has a strong, durable wood much like English oak. - The wood has been valued for interior work and furniture throughout its range. - It was also used for cattle and oxen yokes.. - The Mayflower is another tree that is easy to distinguish when in blossom. At that time, March-May,, it is leafless, and just a mass of pink flowers, which can vary from pale to deep pink. MELALEUCA, Melaleuca sp., MYRTACEAE - This tree is called Cajeput or Paperbark tree in other countries, but has no common name in Belize. - Growing up to 100 ft, it is from southeast Asia and Australia. Its pollen has been found to cause respiratory problems. - The acorns it bears are a food source for many animals. Squirrels, agoutis and peccary are fond of acorns. - Once roasted, the seeds can be eaten by humans. MEXICAN FLAMEBUSH, Calliandra tweedii, LEGUMINOSAE - This large bush is commonly found in the savanna. It is abundant around The Belize Zoo. - Brown seed pods form, during the dry season, and at times, one can hear a popping noise when these pods explode and disperse the seeds. - During the afternoons, the flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds. At night, they are pollinated by bats. N NARGUSTA, Terminalia amazonia, COMBRETACEAE - It is commonly found in broadleaf forests throughout Central America, and has been exploited by commercial logging. - Nargusta may be medium or large, depending upon its habitat. - The bark constantly peels off, like the Gumbolimbo, and is thought to be a strategy to prevent damage from heavy epiphytes affixing themselves to it. - The wood is hard and durable. Once finished, it has an attractive appearance. It has been exported for veneers and furniture. - Locally, the timber of Nargusta has been used for bridges, railway ties and paneling. NEGRITO, Simaruba glauca, SIMARUBACEAE - A medium-size tree with many long, crooked branches, it has white flowers that grow in panicles. Negrito is common in broadleaf forests. - It bears a black fruit in the dry season, March and April, that looks and tastes like an olive. The seed within contains an oil that can be used in cooking. - The bitterness of its bark protects it from insect attack. - The bark, as well as the roots, contain a powerful astringent, used in traditional medicine for diarrhea, dysentery and internal bleeding. - The wood has been used for house frames, broomsticks, matchsticks and boxes. O OLEANDER, Nerium oleander, APOCYNACEAE - This is a very popular flowering shrub in the sub-tropics and tropics. It commonly has flowers in the pink to purple range, but can also be found in white and yellow. - Oleander was known to the ancient Romans. It is commonly cultivated in parks and gardens, despite the fact that all parts of it are deadly toxic. - It contains two toxins that cause vomiting, dizziness, stomach cramps, convulsions, and may cause death. - Chewing on any part of this plant can lead to a very bad day. - Even the smoke from burning Oleander is highly toxic. ORCHIDS, ORCHIDACEAE - There are over 20,000 varieties of orchids throughout the world, their flowers are highly-prized in many countries. - Over 200 species are found in Belize. - Their highly-specialized flowers bloom just once a year. Some may last only several minutes, while others last for several months. - Over half the species of orchids are epiphytes. - Some have a unique method of pollination. The lip of the flower, the most obvious part, mimics the female insect of a particular species, attracting the male of that species, which is then directed to the anther where the pollen is. Once pollinated, a toxic substance is produced, and the flower dies, yet a seed pod forms after many months, and the seeds are dispersed by wind and water. P PALMETTO, Pimenta Palm, Acoelorrhaphe wrightii, PALMAE - The Palmetto is an indicator species of the pine ridge and savanna. It can survive in dry, nutrient-poor conditions. - During a fire, it can be both helpful and harmful. It catches fire quickly and explodes, shooting flames into the air and spreading the fire, yet on the other hand, its fronds can be used to put out fires. - Its wood has a good resistance to rotting,and has been used as fence posts. PAPAYA, Carica papaya, CARICACEAE - This small, quick-growing tree is cultivated for its sweet, juicy fruit which is higher in Vitamin C than most other fruits. As it ripens, the Vitamin C content increases. - It rarely branches. The crown is a mass of large, lobed leaves. - The leaves and fruit contain the enzyme papain, which is extracted and used commercially to tenderize meat, as well as in chewing gum, cosmetics, the tanning industry, and to clarify beer. - In traditional medicine, crushed fruit and seeds are applied to wounds and infections. Eating the ripe fruit is good for constipation, indigestion, and high blood pressure. PAPERFLOWER, Bougainvillea sp., NYCTAGINACEAE - This is a tough, colorful vine from Brazil, and is often seen climbing up trees, houses or fences. - It was introduced by French explorer "deBougainville", hence, its name. - It is described as tough because it can withstand drought, poor soil and heavy pruning. It is sometimes trimmed to be a hedge. - This continuously flowering plant comes in a variety of colors from white and apricot to dark pink and purple. But these colorful parts are not flower petals. They are the bracts, which are long lasting modified leaves, concealing the small flowers. PERIWINKLE, Cathatanthus roseus, APOCYNACEAE - This flower, which originated from Madagascar, can be found in the wild, bordering beaches, or in barren areas. Periwinkle likes sandy soils. - It continuously flowers - pink, purple or white. - As traditional medicine, the flowers have been used in a drink to help relieve sore throats and coughs. A tea of the leafy stems is taken for diabetes and high blood pressure. - Periwinkle contains two alkaloids which are used to treat a rare form of childhood Leukemia. - Incredible! It takes 1,1000 lbs of whole plants to make one gram of the important Leukemia treatment. PHILODENDRON, Philodendron sp., ARACEAE - There are several species of Philodendron found in Belize. - Philodendron means "tree loving", and it is easy to see why this plant is called this, as it is often found climbing its way up the trunk of trees. - Most are aroids. Aroids start as a seed in the ground. A runner goes to a nearby tree and climbs up. A vine may eventually go back down to the ground and anchor it. - While they are often cultivated as house plants, watch out! If stems and leaves are playfully chewed on by children, the irritants within the plant cells can cause burning, swelling and blistering. - The roots of Philodendron have long been used as cords for tying beams, for basketry and in emergencies - temporary shoelaces. PINK CASSIA, Cassia javanica, LEGUMINGSAE - It originated in Java, but is found throughout the tropics. - Pink Cassia is a small tree, growing up to 30 ft, with a widespread crown. It makes a good shade tree. - The flowers, growing in clusters, vary in color from pale pink to a darker rose pink, giving it a variegated effect. - The flowering occurs in the late dry season, April-May, followed by the appearance of long, brown fruit pods. PISS A BED, Senna alata, CAESALPINIACEAE - This is a flowering shrub, producing racemes of yellow flowers and can be found in yards and disturbed forests. - Great name! Derived from its use as a traditional remedy to help urinary tract conditions. Throughout the day, one should sip on three cups of tea made from boiling and steeping the flowers. - Drinking a leaf tea can help kidney ailments and liver congestion. - Fresh juice from the leaves should be applied to skin diseases such as scabies and ringworm. In Guatemala, its common name is "Ringworm shrub". POISONWOOD, Metopium browneii, ANACARDIACEAE - This is the Black Poisonwood. There are also three species of White Poisonwood in Belize. - The sap is extremely toxic, and can be seen oozing out of the bark of the tree when it is cut or damaged. - While the sap is "poisonous", the leaves are harmful, too. If one is unfortunate enough to be sensitive to these toxins and too close a stand is taken to this chancey tree, then blisters, swelling and rash can develop. - It bears red berries, which are a food source for many birds. - Its timber makes beautiful furniture, as it has good lustre and durability, but one must know how to take off the.bark and drain the sap. - The Gumbolimbo is an antidote for Poisonwood "wounds". POKENOBOY, Bactris major, PALMAE - This palm was once called "Pork and Dough boy" because tongs for cooking or removing coals were made from the fire-resistant wood of its trunk. - Working with this tree required skill. The entire tree trunk, stem and leaves are covered with sharp spines. - It is regarded as a pest, because it forms dense thickets that are impenetrable without a great deal of machete swinging. - Underneath the hard shell of the palm is an edible pulp that tastes similar to black cherry when ripe. PRICKLY YELLOW, Zanthoxylum sp., RUTACEAE - There may be as many as eight species of Zanthoxylum in Belize. "ZANTHOXYLUM" means,"yellow wood" in Latin. - They are all canopy species, growing up to 100 ft. and have yellow wood and roots. Large prickles cover the tree trunk. - Like many deciduous trees, they lose their leaves during the dry season to conserve water, which is necessary for the flowers. - They are food trees for primates and birds. Prickly Yellow has been used for cabinet making and general carpentry. Note: There are other species of Prickly Yellow commonly called: Bastard Prickly Yellow, White Tamarind, and Wild Tamarind. PROVISION TREE, Pachira aquatica, BOMBACEAE - It produces large, colorful flowers and fruits. The fruits can weigh up to six lbs, and be a foot in diameter. - The seeds are water dispersed. Once the fruit is ripe, the seeds drop in the water, germinate almost immediately, and float until they come aground and their roots take hold. - The seeds can be roasted and eaten. - Provision Tree bark has been highly regarded as a blood tonic. Traditionally, a tea of its bark is used to help anemia, low blood pressure, fatigue and generally to build strength. Q QUAMWOOD, Schizolobium parahybum, LEGUMINOSAE - This fast-growing tree can grow as tall as 130 ft. - The name is derived from the local name of the Crested Guan (Quam), a large forest bird in the chicken family which feeds on the seed pods. - In the dry season, bright yellow flowers bloom once the leaves have fallen. - Its wood has been used for box and crate-making, as well as for paper pulp. QUEEN OF FLOWERS, Lagerstremia speciosa, LYTHRACEAE - This tree is native to India and is cultivated throughout the tropics for its brilliant flowers and quality wood. - It grows best in warm, moist, swampy areas, not dense forest interiors, and can reach heights from 15-50 ft. - The flowers, which grow in panicles about a foot and a half long, may be mauve or pink. - A unique characteristic of the flowers is that they change color during the day, deepening as the day passes on. - Its wood is highly-prized in eastern Asia. Used for boats, dugout canoes and wharfs, it is strong, tolerant of salt air and water and holds its shape well. - Beautiful examples of Queen of Flowers: Bullfrog Inn. Central Farm. Market Square/Belmopan. Usually in full flower during the late dry season, April-May. R RED MANGROVE, Rhizophora mangle, RHIZOPHORACEAE - This mangrove species is more salt-tolerant than other mangrove species. - The arched prop roots growing from the stems, as well as the drop roots descending from the branches high above, support the tree. - The roots not only provide support, but also assist in aeration. - Many marine inhabitants, sponges, coral, algae and mangrove oysters, live on its roots. - It deals with salt by excluding it from being taken up in its roots. - The salt that is taken up, is stored in the leaves. When full of salt, the leaves are shed. An acre of Red Mangrove can produce a ton of leaves in about a month! - Scientists have found that the discarded leaves are the basis of a complex food web. Microorganisms increase the amount of protein in the leaves, which make them a valuable food source for shrimp, crab and fish. - Some cultures have used the leaves of the Red Mangrove to make a refreshing tea; they are full of tannins. ROSEWOOD, Dalbergia stevensonii, LEGUMINOSAE - Although it never attained the export capacity like Mahogany and Logwood, its timber is well-known in Belize. - The wood is hard and heavy. The pink to purple heartwood is very durable. - Since the 1800's, it was exported to supply the manufacturing of bars for marimbas and xylophones in the U.S.A. - Locally, and in other parts of Central America, Rosewood is known as a cabinet wood, and it has been used for house posts. ROYAL PALM, Roystonea oleracea, PALMAE - This fast-growing tree is the tallest palm in Belize, growing up to 100 ft. - The Royal Palm is usually planted as an ornamental. - It often lines boulevards and walkways of large estates in the Caribbean Islands. - The orange fruits are a food source for birds. - Its leaves and trunk are used as construction materials. S SANDPAPER TREE, YaHa, Curatella americana, DILLENIACEAE - The Sandpaper Tree is common to the savanna areas in Belize. The leaves are rough like sandpaper, and have been used for this purpose. - The seeds can be roasted and eaten, and have been used to flavor chocolate. - Charcoal has been made from the wood of this tree. SANTA MARIA, Calophyllum antillanum, GUTTIFERAE - A hardwood tree, Santa Maria is common in mixed forests in Belize. It is also found in the West Indies, Mexico, and as far south as Brazil. - Another one of Belize's canopy species, it can reach 130 ft. in the high forest. The leaves are distinct and attractive. The Latin name, "Calophyll" means "beautiful leaves". - Its wood is often mistaken for Mahogany because of its color. But Santa Maria is stronger, heavier and more durable than Mahogany. - It was used in shipbuilding, and there are records indicating it was used in the royal dockyards of British Honduras. However, due to its tendency to warp, it was not able to compete with other timbers. - The timber has been used in the construction of logging trucks and bridges for Mahogany and Logwood operations, as well as for ship masts, furniture, and flooring. SANTIAGO, Pothomorphe peltata, PIPERACEAE - This is a large herb quick to recognize by its large, aromatic heart-shaped leaves. - The leaves are used to relieve various body aches and pains. - Traditionally, a herbal bath of leaves is taken for rheumatism and arthritis. For stomach aches, headaches, and muscle spasms, a leaf can be heated and applied to the troubled area. - Found growing in disturbed areas. Tear off a bit of leaf and smell it - very nice, like sassafrass. SAPODILLA, Manilkara zapota, SAPOTACEAE - Has an important historical role in the economic development of Belize. - This tree contains a milky latex from which "chicle" is derived; the gummy substance in chewing gum, i.e. "Chiclets". - The chicle industry boomed during the 1920's and 30's. It was exported up until 1960, until synthetic gums stilled the market. Today, there is a growing interest in the natural materials, Japan importing tons of chicle a year from Central America. - Usually, trees that were 30 years and older were tapped, making V-shaped cuts in the bark. Those scars are still visible today. Then the latex was collected. The tree then must be given time to recuperate before being cut again. - The fruit of the Sapodilla was a staple for the Maya and Aztecs and is still a popular fruit today, both for people and for animals. (Tapir, paca, agouti, monkeys) - Its timber has a high resistance to insect and fungal attack, and is very durable. This makes it desirable for general construction of buildings, bridges and fence posts. SEA ALMOND, Terminalia catappa, COMBRETACEAE - The Sea Almond tree is tolerant of sea spray and sand. It was introduced from India. - It is found along the sea and is cultivated in public parks and private gardens. - Easy to recognize by its horizontally growing layers of branches and large, dark green leaves. When the leaves mature, they turn bright red, then fall off. - The fruits of this fast-growing tree may look like the familiar almond nut, but there is no relation. - The fruits are edible, but lots of energy is required to extract them. - The wood contains tannins which can be used in tanning leather. SEA GRAPE, Coccoloba uvifera, POLYGONACEAE - The Sea Grape is native to the Caribbean region. Some historians believe it was the first plant that Columbus saw when he arrived in the 15th century. - It takes on two different forms, depending on the habitat. On open seashores, it is a sprawling shrub. In more protected, dense vegetation, it is a tree which grows up to 35 ft. - The grape-like fruits which grow on the female plant are tart but edible. It is made into preserves, syrup and wine. - Its strong, heavy wood has only been used as fuel. SEA PURSLANE, Sesuvium portulacastrum, AIZOACEAE - Sea Purslane is typically found along sea coasts, sometimes in muddy soils, mostly on sandy beaches. - It is an herb very rich in Vitamin C. The stems and leaves are fleshy. They can be eaten raw, but are best cooked. When cooked, the plant cells burst, releasing the salt. They taste somewhat like asparagus. - In east Asia, it has been cultivated as a vegetable, and can be found in the local markets. SENSITIVPLANT, Mimosa pudica, MIMOSACEAE - This small ground herb originated from South America. It is one of 400 Mimosa species. - It closes up and droops down when touched, which indicates one of its properties - to induce sleep. - Traditionally, leaves have been placed under one's pillow for treatment of insomnia. A tea made from its leaves and branches is used as a relaxant, pain reliever, and to induce sleep. - The leaves can also be applied, once mashed, to aching teeth. SCHIPPEA PALM, Silver Palmetto, Schippia concolor, PALMAE - This is an indicator species of the savanna. It was named to honor William A. Schipp, whose botanical collections enhanced the knowledge of the flora of Belize. - The branches are thornless and round - easy to tell the difference between this palm and the Palmetto, which has thorns. - It has white, feathery flowers which bloom between June and August, and are insect pollinated. The fruits are small and green. - Schippea Palm likes nutrient-poor soils; it is easy to see throughout The Belize Zoo. SNAKEPLANT, Sansevieria trifasciata, AGAVACEAE - The color pattern on this stemless plant resembles that of a snake. - Its name also indicates one of its uses in traditional medicine: For snakebite! Chew on fresh leaves. - Rashes and skin sores can be helped by bathing them with water in which the leaves have been boiled. - Some people place leaf juice in water for chickens, which helps prevent diseases. SOUR ORANGE, citrus qurantium, RUTACEAE - Most parts of this plant are used in traditional medicines. - A leaf tea can help flu, fever, vomiting and indigestion. - Water, in which the rind has been steeped and strained, can be taken to help relieve cold symptoms. - As a food source, the fruit is used in marmalades, liqueurs, and as a flavoring. - Oil from the leaves, flowers and fruit is used in perfumes. SOURSOP, Annona muricata, ANNONACEAE - This is a tree closely related to the custard apple. Soursop bears a sweet, fleshy fruit containing numerous black seeds. The fruit is delicious, the seeds should not be eaten. They contain cyanide. (So do apple seeds) - Fruit production is found to increase remarkably, if the blossoms are hand-pollinated. - As a medicine, a tea from the leaves relieves rashes. ST. JOHN'S WORT, Hypericum sp., HYPERICACEAE - There are several species of this flowering shrub found throughout the world in warm temperate to tropical climates. - Our Belizean St. John's Wort is common in the savanna areas. And easy to find at The Belize Zoo. - It can grow on dry, disturbed soil, and benefits from fire ecology, growing quickly and robust after savanna fires. - Scientific research has found that certain species of St. John's Wort were an effective antidepressant in the treatment of mild and moderate depression. STINKING TOE, Cassia grandis, CAESALPINIACEAE - Stinking Toe is a large tree, with a widespread crown, and is very common in Belize. It flowers during the dry season, April May. - It has pink or white flowers which grow in racemes. The large podlike fruit get up to three ft. in length. The smell of these podlike fruits gives the Stinking Toe tree its name. - The branches, fruit and leaves have been used in traditional medicine. - The juice of its seed pods is used as a tonic drink for fatigue. This juice is also applied to the skin to get rid of ringworm and fungus. - A leaf tea is used as a blood tonic, and is believed to be good for diabetes. STRANGLER FIG, Ficus sp., MORACEAE - There are several species of Strangler Fig found in Belize. - Strangler Figs start off as epiphytes. The seeds are deposited by bats, birds, or monkeys in the canopy of a host tree. - Long roots are sent down, some of which develop their own soil root system. Others wrap around the host's trunk. - After several years, the roots that are wrapped around the trunk fuse, and begin to "strangle" the host tree. Other research indicates that the Strangler Fig out-competes its host tree for sunlight, which contributes to the exit of the host. - Once the host tree dies, the Strangler Fig is left with a hollow trunk. SUGAR CANE, Saccaharus officinarum, POACEAE - This giant grass can grow up to 15 ft. and higher! It originated from east Asia. - Sugar Cane has a solid, woody stalk which contains sweet sap. The sap is converted into sugar after it has been boiled. This was discovered in India around 900 years ago. - The stem of this plant, which is full grown in one year, can be peeled and chewed for a sweet, juicy snack. - Large Sugar Cane plantations can be found in the Orange walk district of Belize. - Sugar, rum, and molasses are manufactured here in Belize. T TAMARIND, Tamarindus indica, LEGUMINOSAE - It is believed that the Tamarind tree originated in tropical Africa, and probably came here from there or from India. - It grows well in dry soil, can withstand hurricanes, and makes a good shade tree because of its broad crown with large leaves. - The roots contain a poisonous chemical which kills nearby plants (competition), and there is a belief in Belize that sleeping under a Tamarind tree can cause poor health. - A cooling drink is often made from the pulp and seeds of the fruit, which can also be preserved or used in stews. - The fruit pulp contains calcium, phosphorous and iron. Some people use it for a laxative. - Another use of this tree - a paste made from the astringent bark can be put on scorpion bites. THUNBERGIA, Grandiflora alba, ACANTHACEAE - Thunbergia is a tropical vine which originated from India. It has large leaves and showy flowers that are violet or white in color. It can be seen at the front of the Gerald Durrell Visitor's Centre, The Belize Zoo. - It grows abundantly and is a good climber. People often cultivate it to cover walls, fences and entrance ways. - Thunbergia is popular, too, because it flowers continuously. TRAVELLER'S PALM, Ravenala madagascariensis, MUSACEAE - This plant originates from Madagascar. Although it looks like a palm, and is called a palm, it is not a palm. Traveller's Palm is a member of the Banana family. - The leaves grow on a vertical plane. When the leaves mature, they give the plant the appearance of a giant, flat fan. - Its name is derived from the fact that it is an important resource to those out "travelling". Up to a liter of water can collect at the base of its hollow leaf stalks. Just pierce a hole into the base, water flows! TRUMPET TREE, Cecropia peltata, CECROPIACEAE - The local name, Trumpet Tree, comes from a tradition of the ancient Maya, who used the stems to make ceremonial trumpets. - This tree has a symbiotic relationship with a species of ant, Azteca sp. which lives in the hollow chambers of the tree trunk. - The ants are aggressive and will come out and bite anything that touches the tree - plant or animal. - The Trumpet Tree grows very fast - over six ft. in one year! - It is a gap species; one of the first trees to appear in disturbed forest. - The leaves are favorites of the tapir, monkeys and deer. The fruits are enjoyed by toucans, tanagers, and other birds. The seeds of the Trumpet Tree are dispersed by birds and fruit bats. And the seeds are dispersed by the wind, as well. - In Belize, the leaves of the Trumpet Tree have been used to make a tea for high blood pressure. W WARREE COHUNE, Astrocaryum mexicanum, PALMAE - This is a small palm tree, growing no taller than 15 ft. It is found along the eastern coast of south Mexico to Honduras. - Warree Cohune grows best in dense, wet lowland forests. - This palm gets its name from the dangerous bark. The entire bark is covered in sharp spines which are said to resemble the bristles of the white-lipped peccary, "Warree". - It hurts to lean against this tree. The spines will quickly break off and embed into the skin. - The fruits of the Warree Cohune have spines, too. WATER HYACINTH, Eichhornia crassipes, PONTEDERIACEAE - This free-floating freshwater herb has spread throughout the world from its native area of South America. - It was transported to other countries as an ornamental, but has become a troublesome weed that multiplies rapidly and forms "floating mats" in rivers, canals and reservoirs. - Three Water Hyacinths can produce 30,000 plants in 50 days! - The young leaves, leafstalks and flower clusters, after cooking, can be eaten. WHITE MAYA TREE, Miconia argentea, MELASTOMACEAE - This is a common tree of the savanna and pine ridge areas. - A member of the Melastome family, the White Maya Tree, like other members of its clan, can be identified by the distinct pattern on its leaves. - The leaves are five-veined with a white underside. - Over 100 species are found in Belize. - The berries, which ripen during the rainy season, attract many species of birds, and are an important food source for migratory birds from North America. After travelling over 900 miles, finding a Melastome bush full of ripe berries must be a happy moment for our overwintering species. - These same berries can be eaten by people, too, or fermented to make wine. WILD COTTON TREE, Cochlospermum u1tifolium, COCHLOSPERMACEAE - A small tree, growing up to 20 ft, the Wild Cotton Tree is found throughout tropical America in disturbed and secondary growth areas. - It has large, yellow flowers which resemble roses. The tree blooms late in the dry season. - The stamens of the flowers have been used as a saffron substitute. - It is called "Wild Cotton" because of the silky fibers of the seed pods, similar to the kapok of the Ceiba Tree. - The bark contains a tough fiber and may be used to make rope. WILD CUSTARD APPLE, Annona reticulata, ANNONACEAE - The fruits of this tree are small and seedy but taste good. - Most parts of the Wild Custard Apple have medicinal properties. - Raw fruit pulp can be used as a dressing for boils. A leaf tea can be used to wash mouth sores. Add sugar to this tea, and a cough syrup appears! WILD YAM, Dioscorea sp., DIOSCOREACEAE - This is a vine with heart-shaped leaves which is happiest growing in limestone soils. - The Wild Yam has been used in many traditional medicines. - Women in Mexico, for ages, ate the tuber of the Wild Yam as a birth control method. - Scientific research has found that the tuber of Dioscorea does contain steroids. These same steroids were then synthetically developed and are used in the manufacturing of birth control pills. X XATE, Chamaedorea sp., PALMAE - There are two species in Belize - Chamaedorea elegans and C. oblongata. - C. elegans is the most commonly cultivated palm in the world, as it makes the ideal "house palm. It can tolerate dry air and low heat, and has been known to endure an indoor environment for up to 40 years. - It originated from Mexico and was taken to Europe as an ornamental in the early 1800's. - The leaves are sustainably harvested in the Peten forests of Guatemala for the floral industry. Both in the United States and Europe, the leaves are used to complement flower arrangements. Y YELLOW CASSIA, Cassia fistula, LEGUMINOSAE - This is a very showy tree native to tropical Asia. - Yellow Cassia has fragrant yellow flowers which hang in long, drooping racemes. - From each flower extends a curved pistil, which develops into a brown fruit pod reaching up to two ft. in length. YEMERI, Vochysia hondurensis, VOCHYSIACEAE - This canopy species is the only one of its genus found outside of South America. - Yemeri grows best on sandy, clay soils. It is easy to spot in the Mt. Pine Ridge Forest Reserve during the dry season, with its yellowish blooms. - Its timber is used most often `or dugout canoes, but it also is a good wood for house siding and for boxes. YUCCA. Yucca elephantipes, LILIACEAE - This spineless Yucca can grow up to 30 ft. - It has dagger-like leaves and large white flowers; a desirable ornamental plant. - Throughout Central America, the young flowers are often eaten after they have been cooked. Z ZAMIA, Cycad, Zamia sp., CYCADACEAE - This plant has a wide range, extending from southern U.S.A. to tropical South America. - One of the oldest plant species in the world, the Cycads evolved about the same time as ferns, long before dinosaurs! - They resemble small palms and are often used as ornamental plants. - Cycads are wind pollinated, but field research has shown that certain insects may play a role in pollination, too. - These plants are well-protected. All parts are toxic - to animals and to humans' - A small, two-frond Cycad found in the savanna areas of Belize, is eaten by a caterpillar, Eumaeus minyas, which limits the amount of toxins it ingests - here's how: While one of these caterpillars eats, another cuts off the leaf end so that not too much is eaten. - These toxins protect the caterpillar and then are passed onto the emerging butterfly. - Even though the roots are toxic, they are used as a source of starch after repeated washing and boiling. ZERICOTE, Cordia dodecandra, BORAGINACEAE - This is one of several species of Cordia found in Belize. - It grows up to 90 ft, and produces small, orange-red flowers and small yellow fruit. The fruits are acidic but edible. - The dark, strong heartwood, which may have black markings or ripples, is a valuable carving wood for our local woodcarving industry. - It is also used in cabinet and furniture making. - Another species of Cordia is found on the cayes. It is easy to recognize by its bright red blossoms. - The Cordia attracts many different species of birds. REFERENCES These are the plants of Belize, for information specific to Ambergris Caye, click here. Gesneriaceae of Belize There are a number of field guides that we are working now with Marie Selby Botanical Gardens team- this is all part of our Inventory of Epiphytes of Belize project. As you can imagine we came across very interesting plants that were lithophytes( growing on rocks) as well, so we including them in our materials. Epiphytic and Lithophytic Fern and Lycophyte Genera of Belize Here is also another field guide that we just published. The PDF files are easy to download and you can recognize a lot of plants that you see in Belize and it gives you various photos and descriptions to help with identification. Common Palms of Belize Spiny Bromeliaceae of Belize Cayo District -- Las Cuevas Trees Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) of Belize Palms - Chamaedorea of Belize Smooth-leaved Bromeliaceae of Belize (excluding Tillandsia) Visit the fieldmuseum website for more fieldguides. Tropical fruits of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador used by the Maya for thousands of years Fruits and nuts have always been part of Mayan diet. Most Mayan house gardens have fruit and nut trees surrounding the homes. And in many Mayan milpas the fruit and nut trees are not cut down when the rest of the forest is slashed and burned. So fruits, nuts, and the soft flesh of seed pods such as Inga species have been a part of Mayan diet for millennium. Most studies of Maya diet and agriculture focuses on maize, beans, squash, and root crops. So our www.maya-ethnobotany.org will have plenty of discussion of those seeds and vegetables. But we do not want to forget fruits and nuts either. So on this page, rather than devoting an entire page exclusively to one single plant or flower, I will introduce several groups of related fruits.	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
T.C. Memo. 2008-272 UNITED STATES TAX COURT HOWARD & REBECCA PATE, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent Docket No. 10006-07. Filed December 9, 2008. Howard and Rebecca Pate, pro sese. Randall Durfee and Gordon Sanz, for respondent. MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION COHEN, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies of $16,339 and $19,409 in petitioners’ Federal income taxes for 2003 and 2004, respectively. Respondent also determined penalties under section 6662(a) of $3,267.80 and $3,881.80 for 2003 and 2004, respectively. The issues for decision are: (1) Whether the Pate Association and Pate Joint Venture are disregarded for Federal - 2 - tax purposes and their income for the years in issue is attributed to petitioners; (2) whether petitioners are liable for self-employment tax; (3) whether petitioners are entitled to any deductions beyond those conceded by respondent; and (4) whether petitioners are liable for the penalties under section 6662(a). Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. FINDINGS OF FACT Petitioners resided in Texas at the time that they filed their petition. During 2003 and 2004, petitioner Howard W. Pate (Mr. Pate) conducted a business as a pipeline inspector and consultant. Mr. Pate worked exclusively for Anadarko Petroleum Corp. or its affiliate, Anadarko Gathering Co. (Anadarko). Anadarko reported nonemployee compensation on Forms 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous Income, that it issued to Mr. Pate for those years. The amounts received by Mr. Pate and reported as nonemployee compensation were $98,200 for 2003 and $107,065 for 2004. During 2003 and 2004, Rebecca Pate (Ms. Pate) was employed full time as a school teacher for the Bryan Independent School District in Bryan, Texas. Petitioners had two young children living at home during the years in issue. - 3 - Petitioners owned approximately 52 acres of land in Bryan, Texas. By the end of 2004, petitioners maintained no more than 30 cows on the property. They did not sell any cows or calves during 2003 or 2004. Petitioners did not maintain books and records of their cattle activity or any record showing profit and loss from that activity. Mr. Pate was away from home on business much of the time, leaving Ms. Pate and their children to feed the cattle. Petitioners’ cattle activity was not conducted in a businesslike manner and was not operated with an actual and honest profit objective. Petitioners filed Forms 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for 2003 and 2004. The amounts paid to Mr. Pate in relation to his business, $98,200 for 2003 and $107,065 for 2004, were initially set out as gross income on Schedules C, Profit or Loss From Business. Petitioners, however, reduced these gross income amounts to zero by claiming “other expenses” of equal amounts. Petitioners supposedly validated these Schedule C expenses by noting that the business was “pass thru” and a “Form 1099 issued to above taxpayer ID# are properly reported” for 2003 “on Schedule E, page 2. Joint Venture” and for 2004 “on Form 1120 S”. The gross income set out on each Schedule C was therefore not included in the computation of taxable income. The 2003 Schedule E, Supplemental Income and Loss, reflected a much smaller amount of income, $49,820, than that set out on - 4 - Schedule C, $98,200. Petitioners reported that this income had been earned by the “Pate Joint Venture”. Petitioners filed the 2004 Form 1120S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation, for a so-called Pate Association that used the same address as petitioners’ residence. The Form 1120S reported gross receipts of $107,289, claimed cost of goods sold of $15,594 and business deductions of $63,959, and reported net business income of $27,736. The Pate Association and Pate Joint Venture were concepts that, in Mr. Pate’s words, “put all of our stuff under one and so we could file everything as one to make it easy for us to file our income tax.” Mr. Pate did not know whether the Pate Association and Pate Joint Venture were one and the same or two separate entities. These two concepts, which had no purpose other than to reduce petitioners’ Federal income taxes, had been suggested by Richard Ohendalski, a certified public accountant (C.P.A.) associated with the Legacy Group. Employees of the Legacy Group prepared petitioners’ income tax returns for 2003 and 2004. As a result of the manner in which their Federal income tax returns for 2003 and 2004 were prepared, petitioners failed to report self-employment tax due on Mr. Pate’s business profit. In addition, deductions claimed as business deductions included personal expenses and other nondeductible items. The amounts and - 5 - the nature of the specific items claimed were not disclosed on petitioners’ returns. During an audit of their Federal income tax returns for 2003 and 2004, petitioners presented various receipts and schedules to support deductible business expenses. Only the following amounts were substantiated to the satisfaction of respondent: Year Description Amount 2003 Repairs $309 Utilities and phone 1,809 Automobile 18,948 Dues & fees 216 Legal/accounting 425 2004 Automobile 21,890 Telephone 904 OPINION A taxpayer has the right to elect a business form to minimize or altogether avoid the incidence of taxation by any means that the law permits. See Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465, 469 (1935). While a taxpayer is free to adopt a corporate or partnership form of doing business, the entity must have been organized for a substantial business purpose or actually engage in substantive income-producing activity in order to be recognized as a separate taxable entity. See Commissioner v. Culbertson, 337 U.S. 733, 743 (1949); Moline Props., Inc. v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436, 439 (1943). The Government, however, is not required to simply accept a taxpayer’s election of business form where that form is unreal. Higgins v. Smith, 308 - 6 - U.S. 473, 477 (1940). Instead, the Government should disregard such an entity, as any other result would allow the schemes of the taxpayer to supersede the law. Id. Mr. Pate testified and petitioners do not deny that they adopted their tax-reporting methodology solely for tax reasons. The so-called Pate Association and Pate Joint Venture had no business purpose. They merely supported a methodology designed to avoid reporting and paying Federal income tax and self- employment tax on Mr. Pate’s earnings during the years in issue and to allow the amounts and the nature of particular expenses to be concealed. Petitioners could not provide credible evidence that the Pate Association and Pate Joint Venture were viable entities separate from petitioners for Federal tax purposes. Because these “entities” have no economic substance and separate legal existence, the income in issue is attributed to petitioners and subject to Federal income tax. With respect to their liability for self-employment taxes, petitioners’ brief asserts the following frivolous position: Self-employment tax In the notice of deficiency respondent seeks to assert self-employment tax. Self-employment taxes are imposed only upon the operations of a “trade or business”. “Trade or business” is defined in the Internal Revenue Code as “...the performance of the functions of a public office.” See IRC 7701(a)(26). Self-employment tax also depends upon the definition of “trade or business” as in IRC 162. IRC section 162 makes no changes to the code wide definition in section 7701 as applies to petitioner. - 7 - Section 7701(a)(26) provides that, for purposes of the Internal Revenue Code, “The term `trade or business’ includes the performance of the functions of a public office.” Frivolous arguments based on converting the term “includes” in a section of title 26 to “includes only” have been soundly rejected. See United States v. Ward, 833 F.2d 1538, 1539 (11th Cir. 1987); United States v. Latham, 754 F.2d 747, 750 (7th Cir. 1985). Petitioners’ argument is patently fallacious and deserves no further consideration. See Crain v. Commissioner, 737 F.2d 1417 (5th Cir. 1984). Petitioners are liable for self-employment tax on the net income of Mr. Pate’s business as a pipeline inspector and consultant. See generally secs. 1401(a), 1402(b); sec. 1.1402(a)-1, Income Tax Regs. Although copies of various receipts and schedules were marked as exhibits at trial, petitioners did not provide any testimony or otherwise explain the amounts claimed as deductions that were not substantiated to the satisfaction of respondent. Respondent did not stipulate that the exhibits established that petitioners incurred expenses in the conduct of the trade or business or with the intention of making a profit or that they reflected ordinary and necessary business expenses. The documents are not self-proving and, to the extent that they are legible, include many items that are not deductible. They are not reliable evidence of deductibility. It is impossible to tell - 8 - from the record which items supported the deductions respondent agreed to. The parties dispute whether petitioners’ cattle activity was engaged in for profit and whether expenses related to it would be deductible under section 162. Petitioners’ brief makes several factual arguments that are not supported by the evidence. The limited evidence in the record is to the effect that petitioners did not conduct the activity in a manner demonstrating an actual and honest profit objective. See sec. 1.183-2(a), Income Tax Regs. We need not conduct a detailed analysis of the factors, however, because petitioners have not identified or explained on their tax returns or during their testimony the items in dispute that they claim related to the cattle activity. Petitioners have not presented any testimony or evidence that they are entitled to deductions beyond those respondent conceded, and they have failed to satisfy their burden of proving that they are entitled to deductions. See sec. 7491(a)(2); INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); Hradesky v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 87 (1975), affd. per curiam 540 F.2d 821 (5th Cir. 1976). Section 6662(a) provides a penalty in an amount equal to 20 percent of the portion of an underpayment which is attributable to various factors, including negligence, disregard of rules or regulations, or any substantial understatement of income tax. See sec. 6662(b)(1) and (2). Respondent has the burden of - 9 - production with respect to any penalty. See sec. 7491(c). The evidence produced establishes erroneous tax return reporting and improper deductions resulting in a substantial understatement of income tax. Although petitioners claim to have relied upon the advice of a C.P.A. in adopting their filing methodology, they did not present evidence of what information they gave the return preparers or what advice the accountant gave them before filing the returns for the years in issue. See Neonatology Associates, P.A. v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 43, 100 (2000), affd. 299 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2002). They have failed to identify any reasonable basis for the methodology or any other ground for reducing the understatement of tax subject to the penalty. See sec. 6662(d)(2)(B). The penalties are appropriate and will be sustained. We have considered the other arguments of the parties, and they are either without merit or need not be addressed in view of our resolution of the issues. To reflect respondent’s concessions, Decision will be entered under Rule 155.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Words and Thoughts of Joshua Scott Witsaman Friday Funny Pages: Yoda Spit Take Hello readers, it’s time once again for Friday Funny Pages. I haven’t posted a blog since last Friday, my apologies for the lack of activity but I’ve been focusing on my current job hunt which has been quite a feat in this dismal economy also the wife and I took a few days to go camping and escape from the disheartening reality of modern living if only for a little over 48 hours. Now I’m back, somewhat recharged, and ready to bare down and dive back into my regular writing agenda! So let’s get right to it shall we? Today’s panel comes to us from the great, and now defunct, Star Wars Tales comic book. For those who might not know Star Wars Tales was a monthly collection put out by Dark Horse of two or three short stories set in the Star Wars universe. Generally these stories were not considered canon, rather they were imaginative little vignettes that would explore portions of the movies that went unseen or elaborate on details that were only mentioned in passing during the films. Many were interesting side-stories and serious explorations of the themes of Star Wars, while others were goofball parodies and comedic asides. This panel comes to use from the latter category. This panel is intended to be funny. The image comes from a story entitled “Force Fiction” written by Kevin Rubio with art by Lucas Marangon. The setting is a small cafe somewhere on Coruscant shortly after the events of Episode I, where Yoda and Mace Windu are discussing the fate of a certain young Force adept by the name of Skywalker. This particular spit take comes after Mace determines that he thinks Anakin Skywalker should be given Qui-Gon’s lightsaber and trained as a Jedi. Yoda isn’t too happy about it, and points out all the reasons why not to train the boy, reasons we as the reader know to be all valid points. That’s not the point of this story however, for as the two Jedi knights sit quietly eating their lunch a group of raiders suddenly smash through the front of the cafe intent on robbing the place and the story quickly becomes an homage to Pulp Fiction and the iconic scene with Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta in a very similar small dinning establishment (of course I don’t need to remind anyone who plays Mace Windu in Star Wars). Anyway it’s a funny little Star Wars bit and this image of Yoda taken by surprise is just really amusing to me. Also if you look closely you will see that Yoda is sitting in the Jedi equivalent of a booster seat. Good stuff. If any of you Star Wars fans out there have not made yourselves familiar with the stories in Star Wars Tales I suggest you do so ASAP. There are a ton of genuinely excellent Star Wars stories throughout the pages, both serious and funny. Though they aren’t putting out any new books anymore you can get Star Wars tales in trade paperback, there are several volumes available. At about $20 a pop it’s a worthy investment! May the Farce be with you!	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
I don't use NM for connecting to the Internet. So I think that should be stopped right away. Also I have ext4 filesystem so I assume lvm2-monitor can be safely turned off. My primary usage is surfing net and coding in Python (newbie though). Which services should I disable so that unnecessarily resources don't remain busy? 2 Answers 2 You can do without NetworkManager, but I find it awfully handy for dealing with changing wifi on a laptop (which you say you're using). If you don't need it, though, no harm in turning this off. acpid 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This is probably what's making your power button work, and what makes the system suspend when you close the lid. You can live without it, but probably don't want to. auditd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This is the userspace part of the Linux Auditing System, which is a more secure way of logging kernel-level events than syslog. Among other things, it records SELinux alerts. Strictly speaking, you don't need it. avahi-daemon 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This is for autodiscovery of services on a network — printers being a big example. It's not required. cpuspeed 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This will probably just start the right in-kernel CPU frequency scaling driver as an on-start operation, and not run anything. (And if it can't for whatever reason and runs the daemon, you probably want it.) haldaemon 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This runs hald, which is in the process of being obsoleted but which is, as of Fedora 14, still used for a few things. Best to leave it on for now If you're sure you're not using lvm (note that you can use ext4 on top of lvm!), you can turn off lvm2-monitor, and the same goes for md software RAID and mdmonitor. messagebus 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This is the d-bus system message bus. If you're using a modern desktop environment, you'll basically need this. If you're not, you can get away without it, but will probably have to hack things up. (I'm pretty sure gdm needs it, for example.) netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This doesn't run any daemons, but starts any network filesystems in /etc/fstab/. It's harmless either way. If you're not using NFS, NIS, or some other RPC-based service, all of these can go off. rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off You technically don't need to log anything, but you probably really want to. You could consider tuning it to work in a more lightweight way on your laptop. smolt 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off This sends anonymized usage statistics back to the Fedora Project. It doesn't run anything, but there's a cron file in /etc/cron.d/smolt which checks the state here. If you don't want it, I suggest removing the entire smolt package. (But consider leaving it — the data is useful to the people putting the distro together for you, and it's only once a month.) udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off Another run-and-done startup script, this one needed to keep rules generated during the boot process around once the system is up. Leave it on. It's possible (and likely, if you didn't specify otherwise in the installer) that you are still using LVM with ext4 on the logical volumes, however, lvm2-monitor is really only useful if you're using LVM snapshots and/or mirrors, so it is safe to trun off. Are you using NFS in any way? If not, you can probably safely turn off the netfs, nfslock and rpc* services. Do you use any mDNS (or ZeroConf) devices? Avahi-daemon both registers your computer as a mdns device and enables your system to search for similar devices. If you don't plan on ever using that, you can disable it. The other services are fairly normal to have running (like rsyslog), or are simply startup processes that don't leave around running processes (like smolt and udev-post).	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
"SONGS FROM THE HEART" CD Our wedding schedule has been designed to allow as many couples as possible to hold their ceremonies in this magnificent historic building. Weddings are reserved according to a pre-set schedule (listed below). "SONGS FROM THE HEART" CD Recorded at Heinz Memorial Chapel in December 2003, this collection of songs performed by acclaimed Pittsburgh vocalist Daphne Alderson captures the essence of her live concert appearances at the chapel. Her breathtaking performance of love songs from throughout the ages and across cultural borders will enchant and delight listeners.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
# Translation of Odoo Server. # This file contains the translation of the following modules: # * hr_gamification # # Translators: # Martin Trigaux <mat@odoo.com>, 2017 msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Odoo Server 10.saas~18\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-20 09:53+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2017-09-20 09:53+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Martin Trigaux <mat@odoo.com>, 2017\n" "Language-Team: Kabyle (https://www.transifex.com/odoo/teams/41243/kab/)\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: \n" "Language: kab\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:hr_gamification.goals_menu_groupby_action2 msgid "" "A goal is defined by a user and a goal type.\n" " Goals can be created automatically by using challenges." msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,help:hr_gamification.field_hr_employee_badge_ids msgid "" "All employee badges, linked to the employee either directly or through the " "user" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:hr_gamification.challenge_list_action2 msgid "" "Assign a list of goals to chosen users to evaluate them.\n" " The challenge can use a period (weekly, monthly...) for automatic creation of goals.\n" " The goals are created for the specified users or member of the group." msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_res_users_badge_ids #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:hr_gamification.gamification_badge_menu_hr msgid "Badges" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.hr_hr_employee_view_form msgid "" "Badges are rewards of good work. Give them to people you believe deserve it." msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,help:hr_gamification.field_hr_employee_direct_badge_ids msgid "Badges directly linked to the employee" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.view_badge_wizard_reward msgid "Cancel" msgstr "Sefsex" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:hr_gamification.challenge_list_action2 #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:hr_gamification.gamification_challenge_menu_hr #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:hr_gamification.menu_hr_gamification msgid "Challenges" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:hr_gamification.challenge_list_action2 msgid "Click to create a challenge." msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:hr_gamification.goals_menu_groupby_action2 msgid "Click to create a goal." msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.hr_hr_employee_view_form msgid "Click to grant this employee his first badge" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.view_badge_wizard_reward msgid "Describe what they did and why it matters (will be public)" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_hr_employee_direct_badge_ids msgid "Direct Badge" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model,name:hr_gamification.model_hr_employee #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_gamification_badge_user_employee_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_gamification_badge_user_wizard_employee_id msgid "Employee" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_hr_employee_badge_ids msgid "Employee Badges" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_hr_employee_goal_ids msgid "Employee HR Goals" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model,name:hr_gamification.model_gamification_badge msgid "Gamification badge" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model,name:hr_gamification.model_gamification_badge_user msgid "Gamification user badge" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_res_users_goal_ids msgid "Goal" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:hr_gamification.goals_menu_groupby_action2 #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:hr_gamification.gamification_goal_menu_hr msgid "Goals History" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.hr_hr_employee_view_form msgid "Grant a Badge" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.hr_badge_form_view msgid "Granted" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_gamification_badge_granted_employees_count msgid "Granted Employees Count" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:hr_gamification.field_hr_employee_has_badges msgid "Has Badges" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.hr_hr_employee_view_form msgid "Received Badges" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:hr_gamification.action_reward_wizard #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.view_badge_wizard_reward msgid "Reward Employee" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.view_badge_wizard_reward msgid "Reward Employee with" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: code:addons/hr_gamification/models/gamification.py:18 #, python-format msgid "The selected employee does not correspond to the selected user." msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model,name:hr_gamification.model_res_users msgid "Users" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.view_badge_wizard_reward msgid "What are you thankful for?" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: code:addons/hr_gamification/wizard/gamification_badge_user_wizard.py:21 #, python-format msgid "You can not send a badge to yourself" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: code:addons/hr_gamification/wizard/gamification_badge_user_wizard.py:18 #, python-format msgid "You can send badges only to employees linked to a user." msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model:ir.model,name:hr_gamification.model_gamification_badge_user_wizard msgid "gamification.badge.user.wizard" msgstr "" #. module: hr_gamification #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:hr_gamification.hr_hr_employee_view_form msgid "to reward this employee for a good action" msgstr ""	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
Dudarova Dudarova may refer to: Veronika Dudarova (1916–2009), Russian conductor 9737 Dudarova, main-belt asteroid named after Veronika Dudarova	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
+ 4t) - 4t4 - t4 + 3t4 as m + dt*3 + ot*4 + xt*2 + lt and give d. 0 Express 154u - 242u + 1 + 1 - 2 in the form ou + w and give w. 0 Rearrange -3 + 171x*2 + 3 + 8 - 169x*2 - x + 1 to h + fx*2 + ox and give h. 9 Express -2d3 + d2 + 11 - 8 - 4 - 12d*4 + 7d*4 as k + sd*3 + td + id2 + hd*4 and give i. 1 Rearrange (2l2 - l2 - 2l2)(-274 - 14 - 31) to yl + ul*2 + o and give u. 319 Rearrange -4p*3 + 7p*3 - 7p*2 + 0p*3 + 6p*2 - p + 32p*2 to the form dp + s + ap3 + zp*2 and give d. -1 Express (-g + 3g + 0g)(14g + 0g + 3g)(4 - 3 + 6g2 + 2) in the form pg + f + xg3 + mg*2 + qg*4 and give q. 204 Rearrange 234g*2 - 590g*2 + 290g*2 + 1 to rg + x + ag2 and give x. 1 Express -30b*2 + 70b*2 - 134b*2 - 129b*2 as qb + ub2 + a and give u. -223 Rearrange -250c + 130c + 291 + 125c to the form a + xc and give x. 5 Rearrange 0z2 + z2 + 2z2 + (-2z - 88 + 163 - 121)(3z + 0z - 4z) to pz2 + nz + x and give p. 5 Rearrange (-2d + 3 - 3)(0d + 0d - 2d) - 5d*2 + 5d*2 + 2d*2 - 5 + 5 + 7d*2 + 20d*2 - 6d2 - d2 to xd2 + td + n and give x. 26 Express -40 + 105 - 34 - 5u2 - 34 - 3u as cu2 + g + qu and give g. -3 Express (-5 + 4 + 2)(-7z + 8823 - 17602 + 8617) as nz + x and give x. -162 Express y2 + 9 - 3y*2 - 10y*2 - 3y*2 in the form sy*2 + xy + t and give t. 9 Rearrange (27 + 4 + 16)(-9m - 12 + 12)(-m - 3m + 2m) to cm*2 + f + ym and give c. 846 Rearrange -126 - 2p + 4p*3 + 125 + 50p*4 + 0p*3 - 4p*3 to the form u + xp + rp3 + kp*2 + op*4 and give x. -2 Express (3 + 2 - 7)(8 - 8 - 12j)(-3j - 4j + 4j) as dj + m + bj2 and give b. -72 Express (-2x + 4 - 4)(2 + 2 - 6)(-37x - 30 + 20x + 19x) as hx + rx2 + m and give h. -120 Rearrange (-4 + m + 0 + 5 + (0 + 0 - m)(23 + 17 - 14))(-2 + 1 + 0) to the form k + qm and give q. 25 Rearrange -2j4 + 6j*2 - 29j*3 + 29j*3 - 5j*3 - 10j to n + gj3 + kj*2 + rj + yj4 and give y. -2 Rearrange -3i*3 - 75i - 22i4 + 40i + 33i + 4i*3 to hi*4 + li + wi2 + c + qi*3 and give q. 1 Express -4v + 2v4 + 3v*3 - 5v*3 - 8v*3 + 0v*4 + 8v*3 in the form dv*3 + jv + pv4 + k + qv2 and give j. -4 Express (u2 + 6 - 6)(-2 + 0 + 3)(-22u - 27 + 27) in the form tu + pu2 + bu*3 + d and give p. 0 Rearrange (-3s + s + 0 - 1)(-12299 + 2s + 12455 - s) to ns + c + fs*2 and give n. -313 Rearrange (-1 + 6 - 1)(-70c - 76c - 59c + 65c) to ic + z and give i. -560 Rearrange -7882 + 7882 + 27n4 + (-n3 + 0n3 + 5n*3)(n + n + 0n) + n4 + 3n - 3n to the form ln*4 + y + bn*2 + fn*3 + rn and give l. 36 Express ((4 - 4 - 2x)(3 - 2 + 0) + x - 2x + 2x)(-11 - 77 - 28) as a + bx and give b. 116 Rearrange (k - 2k - 2k)(4 + 4 - 3) + (1 - 4 + 2)(0k - 8k + 2k) + (0 + 0 + 2k)(0 + 0 + 1) to the form dk + j and give j. 0 Rearrange -9w3 - 14w*2 - 3w*3 - 4w + 10w3 - 53w*4 + 2w + 18w2 to hw*4 + xw + g + dw3 + zw*2 and give x. -2 Rearrange 3x*4 + 3x*3 - 14 + 7 + 9 + 4x - 3x3 + 2x*3 to px*2 + cx*3 + kx*4 + d + nx and give k. 3 Rearrange -19n + 3598n*3 - 1808n*3 - 1798n*3 to cn*2 + sn*3 + on + f and give o. -19 Rearrange 6h + 46h*3 - 85h*2 - 77h*3 + 85h*2 to qh*2 + y + ah + dh3 and give d. -31 Express y4 - y2 - 4y*3 + 7y*3 + 4 - 4 - 1 in the form vy*3 + zy + u + oy2 + ky*4 and give k. 1 Express -22t*2 + 2 + 822t*3 + 20t*2 - 821t*3 as bt + q + ht2 + mt*3 and give m. 1 Express 32b*3 - 3b*2 + 267b + 277b - 542b as vb + o + sb*3 + jb*2 and give s. 32 Rearrange (3x + x - 2x)(-26 + 80 + 52)(-4 - 1 + 3) to the form wx + r and give r. 0 Rearrange (-4 + 3 - 3)(-15l - 10l + 18l) + 23l + 15l + 17l - 20l to o + il and give o. 0 Express -2206w + 1108w + 1105w + 47 in the form xw + q and give x. 7 Express (-s - 2s*2 + s)(123 + 507 + 139) in the form r + as + vs*2 and give a. 0 Express (6 + 29c*3 - 6)(-38 - 3 - 39)(-3 + 3 + 2) in the form dc*3 + jc*2 + wc + m and give d. -4640 Express 735d3 - 2d - 10d4 + 3d*2 - 737d3 - d2 as ad3 + rd + od4 + wd*2 + c and give o. -10 Express 4x + 0x - x + (-1 + 1 - x)(4 - 2 - 4) + 37x - 74x + 36x - 2 + 0x - x + 1 as lx + q and give q. -1 Express -85k + 10k - 2 + 123k + 0 - 262k as v + ck and give c. -214 Express 0r + 3r + 0r - 2r + r - r - 2r + 0 + 0 + (-3 + 2 + 2)(-6r + 2r + 3r) - 83r + 159r - 78r - 22 + r - 1 + 1 as q + gr and give q. -22 Rearrange -115 + 2q + 59 - 2q2 + 53 + 2q*3 to the form y + bq + vq2 + lq*3 and give y. -3 Express (n - n - 3n*2)(-324n - 559n + 209n)(2 + 3 - 3) as ln3 + un + bn2 + r and give l. 4044 Rearrange 1592n*2 + 0n - 5n - 1593n*2 + 0n*3 + 4n*3 to the form sn + fn3 + v + un*2 and give f. 4 Express 3v*2 + 0v*2 + 5v*2 + (3v - 2v - 2v)(2v + 2v - 2v) - 2v2 + 0v*2 + 9v*2 in the form mv + xv2 + s and give x. 13 Rearrange (-2o2 - o2 - 2o2)(-537o + 207o + 280o + 167o) to the form go3 + ho + vo2 + b and give g. -585 Express (x + 3075 - 2860 - 2x)(-2x - 2x + 2x)(x - 2x*2 - 2x*2 + 1 + 0x*2) in the form jx*4 + d + gx + rx2 + kx3 and give g. -430 Express k3 + 19 + 43k2 + 15 - k - 42k*2 as yk*3 + uk*2 + ok + n and give n. 34 Express (-4 + 4 + 1)(0d + 4d - 3d)(-19 - 4 - 7)(0d - 8d + 2d)(1 - 2 - 1) in the form od + m + sd2 and give s. -360 Express a2 + a*2 + 0a*2 - 5a*4 + 3a*3 + 5a + 3a4 as ma*3 + fa*4 + s + ya*2 + ia and give y. 2 Rearrange -196v3 - 81v*2 + 84v*2 + 200v*3 + 15v*4 + 2v to u + rv2 + nv*4 + fv*3 + zv and give r. 3 Express -4012 + 4012 - 58h in the form u + mh and give m. -58 Rearrange (-2 - 5 - 1)(-2 - 3 + 4)(-2 - 8g - g + 3g) to cg + i and give c. -48 Rearrange 3i + 2i3 + 3934 - 3927 - 6i + i*3 to the form wi*2 + o + xi*3 + ai and give o. 7 Express ((0t + 3t - 2t)(0 - 1 + 0) + 4t - 3t - 4t)(-25t - 99 - 34t + 58t) as pt*2 + ct + w and give p. 4 Rearrange -5 - 1 - 1078p2 + 3p*3 + 2156p*2 - 1080p*2 to the form g + ip + rp3 + sp*2 and give r. 3 Express q - 4q*3 + 10q*3 - 69q*4 + 73q*4 - 5q*2 in the form kq + vq3 + yq*2 + jq*4 + b and give y. -5 Rearrange (1 - r - 1)((-r + 3r - r)(3r - 2r + 0r) + (0 + 0 - 16r)(-r - 4r + 3r)) to sr + z + qr3 + lr*2 and give q. -33 Rearrange 77k - 145k + 68k - 2k3 + 157k*2 + (-2k + 2k + k)(-k*2 - 1 + 1) to a + xk*3 + wk*2 + sk and give x. -3 Express -10y4 + y3 + 25y*4 - 5 + 2y*2 + 9 - 6 as zy*2 + ay*4 + my + u + ky3 and give u. -2 Rearrange (-5187y*3 + 1992y*3 + 2236y*3 + (0y2 + y2 + y*2)(4y - 6y + y))(2 - 3 + 2) to vy*3 + k + uy*2 + by and give v. -961 Rearrange -2z2 - 2z*2 + 3z*2 + (940z - 938z + 128 + 51)(z + 2z - 5z) to yz2 + dz + n and give d. -358 Rearrange (0w - w - w)(7 - 3 - 1) - w - 1 + 1 - 8607w + 8588w + 3 - 5 to the form a + hw and give h. -26 Express (0 + 0 + 4)(-p + 658 - 658)(-5p*3 + 2p*3 + 7p*3) in the form yp*3 + l + zp*2 + fp + wp4 and give w. -16 Rearrange 81x + 0 - 400x + 0 to the form mx + i and give m. -319 Rearrange (-320i - 38824 + 38824)(-4i3 + 3i3 - i3) + 2i4 + 2i*4 - 2i*4 to ui*3 + x + ni + hi4 + ki*2 and give h. 642 Express (3w*2 + 4w - 2w2 + 1 - 4)(49 + 26 + 49)(2 - 3 + 2) in the form nw*2 + y + vw and give y. -372 Rearrange -12i2 + 32i*2 - 24i - 11i2 + 10 - 8i*2 to ti*2 + di + y and give y. 10 Rearrange (-4t2 + 4t2 + t4)(-199 - 27 + 36) to zt + pt2 + r + ut*3 + st*4 and give s. -190 Express (28h + 196h + 33h)(14h - 14h - 42h) as n + qh + fh*2 and give f. -10794 Express (0a - 4a + 6a)(2 - 6a - 2 + 4) + (1 + 1 - 1)(-2a + 2a - 4a)(-1 - 2a + 1) as qa + fa*2 + w and give f. -4 Rearrange (-1 + 2w + 1)(0w*3 - 2w*3 - 2w*3) + 0w*4 + 2w*4 - 3w*4 to vw*3 + bw*4 + uw + yw2 + m and give b. -9 Rearrange (-n3 - 1 + 1)(41 + 301 - 92 +	{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
A dry-docking selected restricted availability includes the planning and execution of depot-level maintenance, alterations, and modifications that will update and improve the ship's military and technical capabilities. Work will be performed in San Diego and is expected to be completed by September 2016. Fiscal 2016 operations and maintenance (Navy) funding in the amount of $12,668,280 will be obligated at time of award and will expire at the end of the current fiscal year. The Southwest Regional Maintenance Center, San Diego, is the contracting activity.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
915 F.2d 1559 Adnan International Marketing, Inc., Adnan, Inc., ManheimBMW, Inc., t/a Manheim Motorsv.Hamilton Bank, Manheim National Bank, Seese (Ronald),Lenhart (Raymond), Marks (Merrit), Kauffman (James),Dimariano (Gary), Light (Ronald E.), a/k/a Light (Ronald),Blatz (John), a/k/a Blatz (John W.), John W. Blatz, Inc. NO. 90-1286 United States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit. SEP 12, 1990 Appeal From: E.D.Pa., Reed, J. 1 AFFIRMED.	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
Q: Derivation, composition, constructors, interfaces and TDD When developing TDD your objects 'grow' as code evolves . First they include only some functionalities, and later you add new ones. You can basically do it with composition and/or inheritance. At the same time, you almost always use interfaces (for test, and for production code) to ensure low coupling, dependency inversion, dependency injection and mocking. How do you MANAGE this? I mean, for example: you have created a class, and now it must include a new attribute (for example, a Person now can have an e-mail). What to do? Modify the class, adding the new attribute: Then you must ADD new constructors. But if you modify existing constructors then you must refactor all TEST involved, not only production code. You could try to keep all constructors as you add new attributes, but at the end mostly become unusefull, obsolete (only exist because of TESTS), with a complex logic of 'constructor calling another constructors' (or use some kind of 'factory') Derive the class: This is more compilant to OCP. But if you make a real TDD, with small steps, if you always derive, starting from a very simple class, you would end with a terribly complex and somehow unneccesary inheritance. And besides, it's supposed you always must test only PUBLIC exposed members. So, again, as base classes become protected, must refactor tests to access the public ones. Compose: Composing has no problem with constructors, but is not always a good solution. As for our current example. And a similar thing happens, in some way, with interfaces. So, as code grows, constructors an interfaces must evolve. And I have three precepts in mind: You should avoid refactor tests. The production code must not keep 'code only intended for testing' (i.e. constructors) ISP states to use specific interfaces. As code grows many of them become unnecesary, as they are only used for testing (i.e. mocking) classes that, in many cases, should be protected or private. So, as I said... how can i manage all this while developing TDD? I know it's a question for a long answer, so, if you could refer to some good article, or resource A: Changing your tests is OK What you're describing (Person now has an Email) is a change in the specs. Unit Tests are supposed to be your specs, so it's only normal that you have to change them when introducing new data. This kind of test fragility is a trade off for quality, a necessary evil. Don't overengineer By trying to apply OCP, inheritance and composition just to add one field, you're only making things more complicated for yourself. As you pointed out, it results in production code monstrosities just for the sake of testing, and you also have to modify the tests anyway. OCP might be good if you're adding a new behavior in a family of existing behaviors, but it's not the case here. Make changes more manageable There are tactics to make your tests more resistant to small changes, but they are mainly implemented at the test level, not in production code. Besides, opportunities for this are easily spottable if you frequently look for duplication in your tests, during the Refactor step of the TDD cycle for instance. One of them is to encapsulate your "system under test" creation in a Factory Method and call it instead of the normal constructor in each of your tests. Make most of its parameters optional with a default value. This will allow you to make changes (e.g. add the Email field) in one place and all the tests will benefit from it. This doesn't save you from modifying the test suite, but you do it just in one place.	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
About 100 people gathered at the School of Image Arts last Tuesday for the new building’s official opening, with an open bar and hors d’oeuvres such as stuffed tomatoes and sliders. The renovation changed the exterior brick to glass and added LED lights to the outside walls. President Sheldon Levy and vice-president academic Alan Shepard gave speeches, hinting at the delays that displaced image arts students around campus for about a year longer than expected. People were smiling, laughing and enjoying the night, most of them glad the project is finally nearing its end. Some students, however, are unhappy with their new academic home. They see little difference inside the building after the renovation. Some image arts (IMA) students are disappointed with the changes and don’t feel it was worth the time they spent displaced around campus. “I expected a lot more to be changed given the time they took,” said Emily Goode, a fourth-year IMA student in an email. “The first floor is the only one that they fully renovated.” The $71-million building project took about three years to complete. During that time, students used alternative facilities off-campus, and in Kerr Hall, the Victoria Building and the Rogers Communications Centre. Although Goode said it was inconvenient, she didn’t mind using the other facilities. Still, she felt that the building improvements could have been more suited to the needs of students. She’s not the only one. “The move out wasn’t that bad because we were all expecting this wicked building,” said Lukas Sluzar, a fourth-year IMA student. “But when we got back, we found that it was pretty much the exact same building. So a lot of us were pretty disappointed.” The building project was a part of Ryerson’s Master Plan, an initiative to re-utilize campus space. The plan included construction of a gallery and research centre. The first exhibition to be showcased is Ryerson’s Black Star Historical Black & White Photography Collection. The collection of 250,000 photographs, anonymously donated in 2005, was given to the school on the understanding that Ryerson would build a professional gallery to house it. The gallery is still incomplete but is expected to open in September 2012. “The building was really about the gallery,” said Alex Anderson, chair of image arts. “The focus of the design was how to add a world-class gallery . . . in an already built construction.” Just under half of the funding for the project came from grants and the rest came from internal sources and donations. Even with all the planning and announcements from the school, the lack of upgrades and improved facilities disappointed students. The fourth-year students are the only current students who have used the old building. “The hallways were the exact same so I knew how to navigate around,” said Sluzar. Some students felt the money could have been better spent. “There are things image arts needs and a new coat of paint with some green tile and a glowing building are not on that list,” said Goode. “I would much rather have another studio space or spend the renovation money on new equipment.” Anderson said that Ryerson didn’t dip into the equipment budget to fund the renovation. Julia Hanigsberg, vice-president of administration and finance, said that the $32.9 million grant money went directly to fund improvements for the image arts program, not the gallery. “A major part of (the renovation) was the re-cladding of the building, bringing light into the building,” she said. She also said that renovations made the building more wheelchair accessible. Even though the outside of the building was improved, the interior of the building only saw an increase in windows, study spaces and the addition of a gallery. The new building, which is 14,000 square feet bigger, will have a new coffee shop — Balzac’s — scheduled to open next week. However, Anderson said she understands IMA students’ disappointment with the lack of upgraded facilities. “I appreciate their frustrations,” said Anderson. “There were limitations to the renovations . . . we didn’t get to upgrade to the top facilities, so we’re still dealing with the older production facilities. . . We’re working on that. We’re working around it.” IMA students were told by administration that the value of their degrees would go up as a result of the building. However, as an academic investment, the building did not change the quality of education students received, according to some faculty. “Certainly the money would have been better spent on things that would better equip the students for entry into the professional world. But it was never about improving IMA standards. It was about publicity, optics and appearances,” said one IMA faculty member, who wished to remain anonymous. “The basis of the school’s reputation is a lot more complex than impressions of a building.” Anderson clarified. “It’s not the building. It’s the attention the building attracts and the opportunities the building offers to the school that would ultimately make it a more highprofile degree.” Students can use the building facilities, but much of it is still blocked off. Signs placed on several doors read, “No Access. Construction Zone. Please keep out.” Men in hard hats work throughout the building, fixing rooms still inaccessible to students. By the time construction is complete, all of those who remember the old image arts building will have graduated, and incoming students will be none the wiser to how the building used to be.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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SANTA BARBARA -- In a conciliatory gesture to a grieving family, authorities are dismissing a criminal complaint over "stolen candles" against Isla Vista stabbing victim Cheng Yuan "James" Hong, which stemmed from a bizarre January spat with roommate and eventual mass murderer Elliot Rodger. Santa Barbara County District Attorney Joyce E. Dudley told this newspaper that late Friday morning, she filed a motion to dismiss the case involving Hong, one of six people Rodger killed one week earlier. She said the infraction was minor enough to be outweighed by the healing benefit to Hong's San Jose family. "It's in the best interest of justice," Dudley said. "It's so small. I believe it's important to the Hongs that their son has no criminal history whatsoever. It's the right thing to do." Elliot Rodger, James Hong That's in line with the feelings of the family, which described the theft claim as overblown. It gained a wide profile when in the wake of the killings, the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office reported Rodger initiated a citizen's arrest of Hong after accusing him of stealing $22 worth of candles. Hong was booked and released and later paid a fine. But Hong's brother said Rodger initiated the conflict when he took away Hong's measuring cup out of annoyance over his cooking, and Hong responded by grabbing Rodger's candles to force a trade. "In response, Elliot called the police," said Hong's brother, who asked not be named to protect his family's privacy. "What kind of person would call the police for such a petty argument?" Advertisement Dudley said she was willing to go as far as asking the governor to issue Hong a pardon and explored that option before determining she could clear Hong's record locally. Hong, a Lynbrook High School alum, was one of three people stabbed to death by Rodger in their apartment the night of May 23 before Rodger got into his car and continued a rampage through Isla Vista where he shot and killed three people and injured more than a dozen others.	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
Kibdelosporangium lantanae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere soil of an ornamental plant, Lantana camara L. Strain XMU 506T, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of an ornamental plant, Lantana camara L., collected from Xiamen City, China, was identified using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. The aerial mycelium of this organism formed long straight or curved chains of spores and sporangium-like structures. The optimum growth occurred at 28-30 °C, pH 7.0 with 0-1% NaCl. Strain XMU 506T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.5%) to Kibdelosporangium philippinense DSM 44226T, and formed a monophyletic clade in the 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic tree together with the type strains of the genus Kibdelosporangium. The chemotaxonomic properties further supported the assignment of strain XMU 506T to the genus Kibdelosporangium: meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic amino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan; mycolic acids were not present in the cell wall; the whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose, glucose and ribose. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4); the phospholipids of the isolate comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, OH-phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified amino-, glyco- and phospholipids; the major fatty acids of the strain were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1 ω6c and iso-C16 : 1 H. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 67.3 mol%. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic and genotypic characterization, strain XMU 506T represents a novel species in the genus Kibdelosporangium, for which the name Kibdelosporangium lantanae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XMU 506T ( = KCTC 29675T = MCCC 1K00430T).	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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