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• Consultations use a peer mentoring model and can cover all stages of the composition process and assist with course assignments as well as professional documents.

• For the most up-to-date information, please visit our website:

https://www.asc.dso.iastate.edu/writingsuccess

Agenda

Brainstorming Ideas, Outlining, & Structuring Your Speech
Organization & Transition Examples
Introductions & Developing a Thesis
Delivery Strategies and Presenting Skills
Managing Anxiety & Constructive Feedback

*Check out additional resources through our website: https://www.asc.dso.iastate.edu/oral-communication-resources

Brainstorming Strategies

• Strategies

• Read the whole assignment and ask the instructor questions. • Talk through topics with a friend. • Free-write and use looping (find the best ideas and free-write

again focusing on those narrowed ideas).

• Create a simple outline or mind map. • Create a list or answer who, what, where, when, why, how

questions.

Outlining

• Structuring brainstorming notes into a draft

• What are the assignment expectations for organization? • What main points are needed to support your thesis? • How many sources should you integrate and cite? • How can you flow logically between these ideas?

Structuring Your Speech

Length and other criteria vary, but organization helps comprehension! • Organize thoughts into a

pattern of body subsections.

• Create flow between subsections with transitions.

• Set your agenda with thesis & preview statements.

Organization

What is the purpose of your speech? What organization expectations do you need to prepare for based on the audience, assignment, etc.?

•

Inform • Chronological (linear/time) • Spatial (space) • Topical (topic/categories)

• Persuasive

• Problem, Cause, Solution • Comparative Advantage (use when problem is recognized by

multiple solutions exist)

• Refutation (use when responding to opposition) • Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (used to inspire action)

Transition Examples

Transitions vary based on content or organization and can be both internal and between primary sections.

• Sequence signposts: First, next, then, in conclusion • Hook: Now that we’ve explored , let’s look closer at_. • Signal relationship between ideas: similarly, in contrast to, generally,

consequently

• Provide emphasis: in particular, for example

Introductions

•

Introduce what the topic is, why it’s important, and what you want the audience to do next. • Gain attention • Set the context and relevance for

audience

• State thesis/claim • Provide preview/roadmap

Why/So What?

What

Now What?

Introduction Example

Anonymous vandals scrawl hate-filled graffiti outside a Jewish student center. Black students at a law school find unsigned fliers stuffed inside their lockers screaming that they do not belong there. Hate speech is rarely an invitation to a conversation. More like a slap in the face, it reviles and silences. A few federal courts have declared overly broad hate-speech codes unconstitutional, as well they should. Nothing is gained by a rule so broad it could be construed as forbidding the discussion of controversial subjects such as evolution or affirmative action. But this is not what most people mean by hate speech, nor are colleges barred from drafting narrow rules that hone in on the conduct they wish to control. And when they do, courts are very likely to be in their favor. Reasonable rules aimed at accommodating that diversity and regulating the conduct of bullies and bigots are to be applauded—not feared. **example condensed from Delgado (2012)

Practice: Strengths and areas of improvement for how they gained attention, set the context and relevance, and stated the claim? What could their preview be?

Thesis Development

• Thesis: Single sentence that establishes

your specific argument

• Practice: What is a topic you are

passionate about and how could you create an effective thesis statement related to this topic?

Practicing Your Speech

• Practice out loud with someone, in front of a mirror, or record

yourself.

• Stand, move around, and practice gesturing while rehearsing. •

If something isn’t working, change the script or speaker notes! • Add reminders to breathe, smile, change slides, etc. • Write out difficult parts (like verbal citations) by hand.

Pra cti ced Del i ver y vs . Ro te Memo ri zati o n

Practiced

Memorized

Strategically practicing your speech content in advance so you can deliver it in a natural, engaging way. Unlike reciting word-for-word, this form is allows for some light improvisation

Reciting something word-for-word as it was written out during the preparation stage.

Generally comes off as friendlier, more passionate, and more conversational

Has a tendency to come across as robotic if you get caught up in the words instead of the ideas behind them

Examples: teachers lecturing, conference presenters, etc.

Examples: actors delivering lines, lawyers citing the law, etc.

Presenting Skills

Verbal Delivery Components

• Volume/Pitch

• Rate

•

Inflection

• Pauses

• Pronunciation

• Articulation

Presenting Skills

Nonverbal Delivery Components

• Eye Contact

•

Facial Expressions

• Posture

• Gestures

• Use of space

Virtual Presentation Skills

• Make eye contact by looking directly at your camera (not the screen).

• Use facial expressions to emote (use your eyebrows, tilt your head, etc.).

• Practice to troubleshoot technology

Managing Anxiety

The Journal of Voice (2017)

reports that the majority of college students report a fear of public speaking anxiety

64%

Pinpoint Your Anxiety

• Before you start preparing: Address questions/concerns & avoid

procrastinating

• While you’re preparing: Practice and try to find ways to add fun or

creativity to reframe anxiety.

• Day before presenting: Visualize success and use positive self-talk by

considering what will happen when things go well.

• During the delivery: Use practiced movements to constructively release

tension.

Let ’s Try It!

Move • • • •

Take a walk Do jumping jacks Dance Shake it off

Stretch • • • •

Reach for the ceiling Gentle Twist Neck Roll You don’t even have to leave your desk!

Breathe •

Take abdominal breaths—in for 5 sec. & out for 5 sec.

References

Delgado, R. (2012). Hate cannot be tolerated. In G. Goshgarian, (Ed.), What matters in America: Reading and writing about contemporary culture (pp. 198-199). Pearson.

Gunn, James. Speech Craft. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2017. Marinho, A. C. F., et al. “Fear of Public Speaking: Perception of College

Students and Correlates.” Journal of Voice, vol. 31, No. 1, 2017, p. 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.012