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chem-ph/9405001
Chemical Reactions of Silicon Clusters
Smalley and co-workers discovered that chemisorption reactivities of silicon clusters vary over three orders of magnitude as a function of cluster size. In particular, they found that \Si{33}, \Si{39}, and \Si{45} clusters are least reactive towards various reagents compared to their immediate neighbors in size. We exp...
1994-05-17
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "cond-mat", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Mushti V. Ramakrishna and Jun Pan
chem-ph/9404003
Quantum Annealing: A New Method for Minimizing Multidimensional Functions
Quantum annealing is a new method for finding extrema of multidimensional functions. Based on an extension of classical, simulated annealing, this approach appears robust with respect to avoiding local minima. Further, unlike some of its predecessors, it does not require an approximation to a wavefunction. In this pape...
1994-04-05
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
A. B. Finnila, M. A. Gomez, C. Sebenik, C. Stenson, and J.D. Doll (Department of Chemistry Brown University, Providence, Rhose Island)
chem-ph/9404002
Tests of Dielectric Model Descriptions of Chemical Charge Displacements in Water
A dielectric model of electrostatic solvation is applied to describe potentials of mean force in water along reaction paths for: a) formation of a sodium chloride ion pair; b) the symmetric SN2 exchange of chloride in methylchloride; and c) nucleophilic attack of formaldehyde by hydroxide anion. For these cases simulat...
1994-04-01
2008-02-03
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Gregory J. Tawa and Lawrence R. Pratt (Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM)
chem-ph/9404001
Ion Pair Potentials-of-Mean-Force in Water
Recent molecular simulation and integral equation results alkali-halide ion pair potentials-of-mean-force in water are discussed. Dielectric model calculations are implemented to check that these models produce that characteristic structure of contact and solvent-separated minima for oppositely charged ions in water un...
1994-04-01
2008-02-03
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Lawrence R. Pratt, Gerhard Hummer, and Angel E. Garcia (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM)
chem-ph/9403009
Li$_5$ as a pseudorotating planar cluster
A pseudorotating state of Li$_5$ observed in a recent EPR experiment is investigated using the local density functional method. The calculated isotropic spin population indicates that a planar $C_{2v}$ structure is more consistent with the experimental result than a suggested trigonal bipyramid. A new pseudorotating st...
1994-03-26
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Ryoichi Kawai and Joseph F. Tombrello (University of Alabama at Birmingham), John H. Weare (University of California, San Diego)
chem-ph/9403008
Vibrational States of the Hydrogen Isotopes on Pd(111)
The ground and excited vibrational states for the three hydrogen isotopes on the Pd(111) surface have been calculated. Notable features of these states are the high degree of anharmonicity, which is most prominently seen in the weak isotopic dependence of the parallel vibrational transition, and the narrow bandwidths o...
1994-03-16
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Steven W. Rick and J.D. Doll (Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI)
chem-ph/9403007
Magic Numbers of Silicon Clusters
A structural model for intermediate sized silicon clusters is proposed that is able to generate unique structures without any dangling bonds. This structural model consists of bulk-like core of five atoms surrounded by fullerene-like surface. Reconstruction of the ideal fullerene geometry results in the formation of cr...
1994-03-15
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Jun Pan and Mushti V. Ramakrishna
chem-ph/9403006
The Aqueous Solvation of Water: A Comparison of Continuum Methods with Molecular Dynamics
The calculation of the solvation properties of a single water molecule in liquid water is carried out in two ways. In the first, the water molecule is placed in a cavity and the solvent is treated as a dielectric continuum. This model is analyzed by numerically solving the Poisson equation using the DelPhi program. The...
1994-03-15
2008-02-03
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Steven W. Rick and B. J. Berne (Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Simulation, Columbia University, New York, NY)
chem-ph/9403005
Density Functional Calculations On First-Row Transition Metals
The excitation energies and ionization potentials of the atoms in the first transition series are notoriously difficult to compute accurately. Errors in calculated excitation energies can range from 1--4 eV at the Hartree-Fock level, and errors as high as 1.5eV are encountered for ionization energies. In the current wo...
1994-03-10
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Thomas V. Russo, Richard L. Martin, and P. Jeffrey Hay
chem-ph/9403004
Comparison of electron density functional models
Presented here are calculations of the distortion of the density of an electron gas due to the electrostatic field of a proton. Several models based upon the local density approximation (LDA) of density functional theory [linear response theory, Kohn-Sham (KS), optimized Thomas-Fermi theory (OTF), and OTF plus perturba...
1994-03-09
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Gary G. Hoffman, and Lawrence R. Pratt
chem-ph/9403002
Monte Carlo Studies of the Orientational Order-Disorder Phase Transition in Solid Ammonium Chloride
Monte Carlo methods are used to study the phase transition in ammonium chloride from the orientationally ordered $\delta$ phase to the orientationally disordered $\gamma$ phase. An effective pair potential is used to model the interaction between ions. Thermodynamic properties are computed in the canonical and isotherm...
1994-03-08
2008-02-03
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Robert Q. Topper and David L. Freeman (Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI)
chem-ph/9403001
Fourier Path Integral Monte Carlo Method for the Calculation of the Microcanonical Density of States
Using a Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation coupled with Fourier path integral methods, expressions are derived for the numerical evaluation of the microcanonical density of states for quantum particles obeying Boltzmann statistics. A numerical algorithmis suggested to evaluate the quantum density of states and illustr...
1994-03-08
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
David L. Freeman (Department of Chemistry, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI) and J.D. Doll (Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI)
chem-ph/9403003
Stability of the Hydrogen and Hydrogen-like Molecules
We present a simple proof of the stability of the hydrogen molecule $(M^+M^+m^-m^-)$. It does not rely on the proton-to-electron mass ratio $M/m$ being very large, and actually holds for arbitrary values of $M/m$. Some asymmetric molecules of the type $(m_1^+m_2^+m_3^-m_4^-)$ are also stable. Possible applications to m...
1994-03-08
2009-10-22
[ "chem-ph", "physics.chem-ph" ]
Jean-Marc Richard (Universit\'e Joseph Fourier, Grenoble (France))
cmp-lg/9412008
Analysis of Japanese Compound Nouns using Collocational Information
Analyzing compound nouns is one of the crucial issues for natural language processing systems, in particular for those systems that aim at a wide coverage of domains. In this paper, we propose a method to analyze structures of Japanese compound nouns by using both word collocations statistics and a thesaurus. An experi...
1994-12-25
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kobayasi Yosiyuki, Takunaga Takenobu and Tanaka Hozumi
cmp-lg/9412007
Coupling Phonology and Phonetics in a Constraint-Based Gestural Model
An implemented approach which couples a constraint-based phonology component with an articulatory speech synthesizer is proposed. Articulatory gestures ensure a tight connection between both components, as they comprise both physical-phonetic and phonological aspects. The phonological modelling of e.g. syllabification ...
1994-12-23
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Markus Walther (University of Duesseldorf) and Bernd J. Kroeger (University of Cologne, Germany)
cmp-lg/9412006
Robust stochastic parsing using the inside-outside algorithm
The paper describes a parser of sequences of (English) part-of-speech labels which utilises a probabilistic grammar trained using the inside-outside algorithm. The initial (meta)grammar is defined by a linguist and further rules compatible with metagrammatical constraints are automatically generated. During training, r...
1994-12-19
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Briscoe, Ted and Waegner, Nick (University of Cambridge)
cmp-lg/9412005
Segmenting speech without a lexicon: The roles of phonotactics and speech source
Infants face the difficult problem of segmenting continuous speech into words without the benefit of a fully developed lexicon. Several sources of information in speech might help infants solve this problem, including prosody, semantic correlations and phonotactics. Research to date has focused on determining to which ...
1994-12-15
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Timothy Andrew Cartwright and Michael R. Brent
cmp-lg/9412004
Knowledge Representation for Lexical Semantics: Is Standard First Order Logic Enough?
Natural language understanding applications such as interactive planning and face-to-face translation require extensive inferencing. Many of these inferences are based on the meaning of particular open class words. Providing a representation that can support such lexically-based inferences is a primary concern of lexic...
1994-12-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Marc Light and Lenhart Schubert (University of Rochester)
cmp-lg/9412003
An Extended Clustering Algorithm for Statistical Language Models
Statistical language models frequently suffer from a lack of training data. This problem can be alleviated by clustering, because it reduces the number of free parameters that need to be trained. However, clustered models have the following drawback: if there is ``enough'' data to train an unclustered model, then the c...
1994-12-06
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Joerg P. Ueberla (Forum Technology - DRA Malvern)
cmp-lg/9412002
N-Gram Cluster Identification During Empirical Knowledge Representation Generation
This paper presents an overview of current research concerning knowledge extraction from technical texts. In particular, the use of empirical techniques during the identification and generation of a semantic representation is considered. A key step is the discovery of useful n-grams and correlations between clusters of...
1994-12-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robin Collier (Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, England)
cmp-lg/9412001
Dependency Grammar and the Parsing of Chinese Sentences
Dependency Grammar has been used by linguists as the basis of the syntactic components of their grammar formalisms. It has also been used in natural language parsing. In China, attempts have been made to use this grammar formalism to parse Chinese sentences using corpus-based techniques. This paper reviews the properti...
1994-12-01
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Bong Yeung Tom Lai (City University of Hong Kong & Tsinghua University, Beijing) and Changning Huang (Tsinghua University, Beijing)
cmp-lg/9411032
Has a Consensus NL Generation Architecture Appeared, and is it Psycholinguistically Plausible?
I survey some recent applications-oriented NL generation systems, and claim that despite very different theoretical backgrounds, these systems have a remarkably similar architecture in terms of the modules they divide the generation process into, the computations these modules perform, and the way the modules interact ...
1994-11-30
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Ehud Reiter (CoGenTex, Ithaca, USA)
cmp-lg/9411030
Complexity of Scrambling: A New Twist to the Competence - Performance Distinction
In this paper we discuss the following issue: How do we decide whether a certain property of language is a competence property or a performance property? Our claim is that the answer to this question is not given a-priori. The answer depends on the formal devices (formal grammars and machines) available to us for descr...
1994-11-29
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Aravind K Joshi (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9411031
Automatic Generation of Technical Documentation
Natural-language generation (NLG) techniques can be used to automatically produce technical documentation from a domain knowledge base and linguistic and contextual models. We discuss this application of NLG technology from both a technical and a usefulness (costs and benefits) perspective. This discussion is based lar...
1994-11-29
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Ehud Reiter (CoGenTex, Ithaca, USA), Chris Mellish (University of Edinburgh, UK), and John Levine (University of Edinburgh, UK)
cmp-lg/9411029
An Efficient Probabilistic Context-Free Parsing Algorithm that Computes Prefix Probabilities
We describe an extension of Earley's parser for stochastic context-free grammars that computes the following quantities given a stochastic context-free grammar and an input string: a) probabilities of successive prefixes being generated by the grammar; b) probabilities of substrings being generated by the nonterminals,...
1994-11-28
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Andreas Stolcke (SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025)
cmp-lg/9411028
The Speech-Language Interface in the Spoken Language Translator
The Spoken Language Translator is a prototype for practically useful systems capable of translating continuous spoken language within restricted domains. The prototype system translates air travel (ATIS) queries from spoken English to spoken Swedish and to French. It is constructed, with as few modifications as possibl...
1994-11-23
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David Carter and Manny Rayner (SRI International, Cambridge)
cmp-lg/9411027
Classifier Assignment by Corpus-based Approach
This paper presents an algorithm for selecting an appropriate classifier word for a noun. In Thai language, it frequently happens that there is fluctuation in the choice of classifier for a given concrete noun, both from the point of view of the whole spe ech community and individual speakers. Basically, there is no ex...
1994-11-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Virach Sornlertlamvanich, Wantanee Pantachat, Surapant Meknavin
cmp-lg/9411026
Manipulating Human-oriented Dictionaries with very simple tools
This paper presents a methodology for building and manipulating human-oriented dictionaries. This methodology has been applied in the construction of a French-English-Malay dictionary which has been obtained by "crossing" semi-automatically two bilingual dictionaries. We use only Microsoft Word, a specialized language ...
1994-11-18
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Jean Gaschler and Mathieu Lafourcade (GETA, IMAG (UJF & CNRS))
cmp-lg/9411023
Abstract Generation based on Rhetorical Structure Extraction
We have developed an automatic abstract generation system for Japanese expository writings based on rhetorical structure extraction. The system first extracts the rhetorical structure, the compound of the rhetorical relations between sentences, and then cuts out less important parts in the extracted structure to genera...
1994-11-17
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kenji Ono, Kazuo Sumita, Seiji Miike Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation Komukai-Toshiba-cho 1, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, 210, Japan
cmp-lg/9411024
Reverse Queries in DATR
DATR is a declarative representation language for lexical information and as such, in principle, neutral with respect to particular processing strategies. Previous DATR compiler/interpreter systems support only one access strategy that closely resembles the set of inference rules of the procedural semantics of DATR (Ev...
1994-11-17
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Hagen Langer (University of Osnabrueck, Germany)
cmp-lg/9411025
Multi-Dimensional Inheritance
In this paper, we present an alternative approach to multiple inheritance for typed feature structures. In our approach, a feature structure can be associated with several types coming from different hierarchies (dimensions). In case of multiple inheritance, a type has supertypes from different hierarchies. We contrast...
1994-11-17
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Gregor Erbach (University of the Saarland, Computational Linguistics Dept.)
cmp-lg/9411021
Free-ordered CUG on Chemical Abstract Machine
We propose a paradigm for concurrent natural language generation. In order to represent grammar rules distributively, we adopt categorial unification grammar (CUG) where each category owns its functional type. We augment typed lambda calculus with several new combinators, to make the order of lambda-conversions free fo...
1994-11-16
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Satoshi Tojo (Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc)
cmp-lg/9411022
Adaptive Sentence Boundary Disambiguation
Labeling of sentence boundaries is a necessary prerequisite for many natural language processing tasks, including part-of-speech tagging and sentence alignment. End-of-sentence punctuation marks are ambiguous; to disambiguate them most systems use brittle, special-purpose regular expression grammars and exception rules...
1994-11-16
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David D. Palmer and Marti A. Hearst
cmp-lg/9411020
Extraction in Dutch with Lexical Rules
Unbounded dependencies are often modelled by ``traces'' (and ``gap threading'') in unification-based grammars. Pollard and Sag, however, suggest an analysis of extraction based on lexical rules, which excludes the notion of traces (P&S 1994, Chapter 9). In parsing, it suggests a trade of indeterminism for lexical ambig...
1994-11-14
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Gerrit Rentier (Tilburg University)
cmp-lg/9411019
Focus on ``only" and ``Not"
Krifka [1993] has suggested that focus should be seen as a means of providing material for a range of semantic and pragmatic functions to work on, rather than as a specific semantic or pragmatic function itself. The current paper describes an implementation of this general idea, and applies it to the interpretation of ...
1994-11-11
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Allan Ramsay (Department of Computer Science, Univ. College Dublin)
cmp-lg/9411018
Interlanguage Signs and Lexical Transfer Errors
A theory of interlanguage (IL) lexicons is outlined, with emphasis on IL lexical entries, based on the HPSG notion of lexical sign. This theory accounts for idiosyncratic or lexical transfer of syntactic subcategorisation and idioms from the first language to the IL. It also accounts for developmental stages in IL lexi...
1994-11-11
2016-08-31
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Atle Ro (Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University of Bergen)
cmp-lg/9411017
Comlex Syntax: Building a Computational Lexicon
We describe the design of Comlex Syntax, a computational lexicon providing detailed syntactic information for approximately 38,000 English headwords. We consider the types of errors which arise in creating such a lexicon, and how such errors can be measured and controlled.
1994-11-10
2009-09-25
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Ralph Grishman, Catherine Macleod, and Adam Meyers (Computer Science Department, New York University)
cmp-lg/9411016
Extending DRT with a Focusing Mechanism for Pronominal Anaphora and Ellipsis Resolution
Cormack (1992) proposed a framework for pronominal anaphora resolution. Her proposal integrates focusing theory (Sidner et al.) and DRT (Kamp and Reyle). We analyzed this methodology and adjusted it to the processing of Portuguese texts. The scope of the framework was widened to cover sentences containing restrictive r...
1994-11-09
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Jose Abracos, Jose Gabriel Lopes
cmp-lg/9411014
Automatically Identifying Morphological Relations in = Machine-Readable Dictionaries
We describe an automated method for identifying classes of morphologically related words in an on-line dictionary, and for linking individual senses in the derived form to one or more senses in the base form by means of morphological relation attributes. We also present an algorithm for computing a score reflecting the...
1994-11-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Joseph Pentheroudakis and Lucy Vanderwende, Microsoft Corporation
cmp-lg/9411015
Parsing Using Linearly Ordered Phonological Rules
A generate and test algorithm is described which parses a surface form into one or more lexical entries using linearly ordered phonological rules. This algorithm avoids the exponential expansion of search space which a naive parsing algorithm would face by encoding into the form being parsed the ambiguities which arise...
1994-11-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Michael Maxwell (Summer Institute of Linguistics)
cmp-lg/9411013
Phoneme-level speech and natural language intergration for agglutinative languages
A new tightly coupled speech and natural language integration model is presented for a TDNN-based large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system. Unlike the popular n-best techniques developed for integrating mainly HMM-based speech and natural language systems in word level, which is obviously inadequate for th...
1994-11-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Geunbae Lee Jong-Hyeok Lee Kyunghee Kim (Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Postech Information Research Laboratory Pohang University of Science & Technology, Korea)
cmp-lg/9411010
The "Whiteboard" Architecture: a way to integrate heterogeneous components of NLP systems
We present a new software architecture for NLP systems made of heterogeneous components, and demonstrate an architectural prototype we have built at ATR in the context of Speech Translation.
1994-11-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Christian Boitet (GETA, IMAG (UJF & CNRS)) & Mark Seligman (ATR Interpreting Telecommunications Research Labs)
cmp-lg/9411012
From Regular to Context Free to Mildly Context Sensitive Tree Rewriting Systems: The Path of Child Language Acquisition
Current syntactic theory limits the range of grammatical variation so severely that the logical problem of grammar learning is trivial. Yet, children exhibit characteristic stages in syntactic development at least through their sixth year. Rather than positing maturational delays, I suggest that acquisition difficultie...
1994-11-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robert Frank (University of Delaware)
cmp-lg/9411011
Acquiring Knowledge from Encyclopedic Texts
A computational model for the acquisition of knowledge from encyclopedic texts is described. The model has been implemented in a program, called SNOWY, that reads unedited texts from {\em The World Book Encyclopedia}, and acquires new concepts and conceptual relations about topics dealing with the dietary habits of ani...
1994-11-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Fernando Gomez (UCF), Richard Hull (UCF), Carlos Segami (Barry University)
cmp-lg/9411004
Determining Determiner Sequencing: A Syntactic Analysis for English
Previous work on English determiners has primarily concentrated on their semantics or scoping properties rather than their complex ordering behavior. The little work that has been done on determiner ordering generally splits determiners into three subcategories. However, this small number of categories does not capture...
1994-11-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Beth Ann Hockey, Dania Egedi (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9411005
Constraining Lexical Selection Across Languages Using TAGs
Lexical selection in Machine Translation consists of several related components. Two that have received a lot of attention are lexical mapping from an underlying concept or lexical item, and choosing the correct subcategorization frame based on argument structure. Because most MT applications are small or relatively do...
1994-11-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Dania Egedi, Martha Palmer (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9411008
Parsing Free Word-Order Languages in Polynomial Time
We present a parsing algorithm with polynomial time complexity for a large subset of V-TAG languages. V-TAG, a variant of multi-component TAG, can handle free-word order phenomena which are beyond the class LCFRS (which includes regular TAG). Our algorithm is based on a CYK-style parser for TAGs.
1994-11-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Tilman Becker (U. Penn.) and Owen Rambow (Paris 7)
cmp-lg/9411006
Status of the XTAG System
XTAG is an ongoing project to develop a wide-coverage grammar for English, based on the Feature-based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (FB-LTAG) formalism. The XTAG system integrates a morphological analyzer, an N-best part-of-speech tagger, an Early-style parser and an X-window interface, along with a wide-coverage ...
1994-11-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Christy Doran, Dania Egedi, Beth Ann Hockey, B. Srinivas (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9411007
The Linguistic Relevance of Quasi-Trees
We discuss two constructions (long scrambling and ECM verbs) which challenge most syntactic theories (including traditional TAG approaches) since they seem to require exceptional mechanisms and postulates. We argue that these constructions should in fact be analyzed in a similar manner, namely as involving a verb which...
1994-11-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Anthony Kroch (U. Penn.) and Owen Rambow (Paris 7)
cmp-lg/9411009
Bootstrapping A Wide-Coverage CCG from FB-LTAG
A number of researchers have noted the similarities between LTAGs and CCGs. Observing this resemblance, we felt that we could make use of the wide-coverage grammar developed in the XTAG project to build a wide-coverage CCG. To our knowledge there have been no attempts to construct a large-scale CCG parser with the lexi...
1994-11-03
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Christine Doran and B. Srinivas (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9411003
Adnominal adjectives, code-switching and lexicalized TAG
In codeswitching contexts, the language of a syntactic head determines the distribution of its complements. Mahootian 1993 derives this generalization by representing heads as the anchors of elementary trees in a lexicalized TAG. However, not all codeswitching sequences are amenable to a head-complement analysis. For i...
1994-11-02
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Shahrzad Mahootian and Beatrice Santorini
cmp-lg/9411002
CLARE: A Contextual Reasoning and Cooperative Response Framework for the Core Language Engine
This report describes the research, design and implementation work carried out in building the CLARE system at SRI International, Cambridge, England. CLARE was designed as a natural language processing system with facilities for reasoning and understanding in context and for generating cooperative responses. The projec...
1994-11-01
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Richard Crouch, Steve Pulman, Manny Rayner and Arnold Smith
cmp-lg/9411001
Sublanguage Terms: Dictionaries, Usage, and Automatic Classification
The use of terms from natural and social scientific titles and abstracts is studied from the perspective of sublanguages and their specialized dictionaries. Different notions of sublanguage distinctiveness are explored. Objective methods for separating hard and soft sciences are suggested based on measures of sublangua...
1994-11-01
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Robert M. Losee and Stephanie W. Haas (School of Information and Library Science, U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)
cmp-lg/9410034
A Comparison of Two Smoothing Methods for Word Bigram Models
A COMPARISON OF TWO SMOOTHING METHODS FOR WORD BIGRAM MODELS Linda Bauman Peto Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Abstract Word bigram models estimated from text corpora require smoothing methods to estimate the probabilities of unseen bigrams. The deleted estimation method uses the formula: P...
1994-10-31
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Linda Bauman Peto (University of Toronto)
cmp-lg/9410033
Default Handling in Incremental Generation
Natural language generation must work with insufficient input. Underspecifications can be caused by shortcomings of the component providing the input or by the preliminary state of incrementally given input. The paper aims to escape from such dead-end situations by making assumptions. We discuss global aspects of defau...
1994-10-30
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Karin Harbusch (DFKI), Gen-ichiro Kikui (ATR), Anne Kilger (DFKI)
cmp-lg/9410032
Planning Argumentative Texts
This paper presents \proverb\, a text planner for argumentative texts. \proverb\'s main feature is that it combines global hierarchical planning and unplanned organization of text with respect to local derivation relations in a complementary way. The former splits the task of presenting a particular proof into subtasks...
1994-10-28
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Xiaorong Huang (Fachbereich Informatik, Universit\"at des Saarlandes, Saarbr\"ucken, Germany)
cmp-lg/9410031
Towards a More User-friendly Correction
We first present our view of detection and correction of syntactic errors. We then introduce a new correction method, based on heuristic criteria used to decide which correction should be preferred. Weighting of these criteria leads to a flexible and parametrable system, which can adapt itself to the user. A partitioni...
1994-10-27
2009-09-25
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Damien Genthial, Jacques Courtin, Jacques Menezo Equipe Trilan (LGI-Imag Campus, BP 53, Grenoble)
cmp-lg/9410029
Disambiguation of Super Parts of Speech (or Supertags): Almost Parsing
In a lexicalized grammar formalism such as Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammar (LTAG), each lexical item is associated with at least one elementary structure (supertag) that localizes syntactic and semantic dependencies. Thus a parser for a lexicalized grammar must search a large set of supertags to choose the right one...
1994-10-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Aravind K. Joshi and B. Srinivas (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9410030
Feature-Based TAG in place of multi-component adjunction: Computational Implications
Using feature-based Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG), this paper presents linguistically motivated analyses of constructions claimed to require multi-component adjunction. These feature-based TAG analyses permit parsing of these constructions using an existing unification-based Earley-style TAG parser, thus obviating the n...
1994-10-26
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
B.A. Hockey and B. Srinivas (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9410028
Minimal Change and Bounded Incremental Parsing
Ideally, the time that an incremental algorithm uses to process a change should be a function of the size of the change rather than, say, the size of the entire current input. Based on a formalization of ``the set of things changed'' by an incremental modification, this paper investigates how and to what extent it is p...
1994-10-25
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mats Wir\'en (Universitat des Saarlandes)
cmp-lg/9410027
Probabilistic Tagging with Feature Structures
The described tagger is based on a hidden Markov model and uses tags composed of features such as part-of-speech, gender, etc. The contextual probability of a tag (state transition probability) is deduced from the contextual probabilities of its feature-value-pairs. This approach is advantageous when the available trai...
1994-10-25
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Andre Kempe (University of Stuttgart)
cmp-lg/9410025
Syntactic Analysis Of Natural Language Using Linguistic Rules And Corpus-based Patterns
We are concerned with the syntactic annotation of unrestricted text. We combine a rule-based analysis with subsequent exploitation of empirical data. The rule-based surface syntactic analyser leaves some amount of ambiguity in the output that is resolved using empirical patterns. We have implemented a system for genera...
1994-10-25
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Pasi Tapanainen (Rank Xerox Research Centre), Timo J\"arvinen (University of Helsinki)
cmp-lg/9410026
A Rule-Based Approach To Prepositional Phrase Attachment Disambiguation
In this paper, we describe a new corpus-based approach to prepositional phrase attachment disambiguation, and present results comparing performance of this algorithm with other corpus-based approaches to this problem.
1994-10-25
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Eric Brill (Johns Hopkins) and Philip Resnik (Sun Microsystems)
cmp-lg/9410017
Concurrent Lexicalized Dependency Parsing: The ParseTalk Model
A grammar model for concurrent, object-oriented natural language parsing is introduced. Complete lexical distribution of grammatical knowledge is achieved building upon the head-oriented notions of valency and dependency, while inheritance mechanisms are used to capture lexical generalizations. The underlying concurren...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Norbert Broeker, Udo Hahn, Susanne Schacht (Computational Linguisitcs Research Group, Freiburg University, Germany)
cmp-lg/9410020
Construction of a Bilingual Dictionary Intermediated by a Third Language
When using a third language to construct a bilingual dictionary, it is necessary to discriminate equivalencies from inappropriate words derived as a result of ambiguity in the third language. We propose a method to treat this by utilizing the structures of dictionaries to measure the nearness of the meanings of words. ...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kumiko TANAKA (Univ. Tokyo), Kyoji UMEMURA (NTT Basic Research Laboratories)
cmp-lg/9410023
Korean to English Translation Using Synchronous TAGs
It is often argued that accurate machine translation requires reference to contextual knowledge for the correct treatment of linguistic phenomena such as dropped arguments and accurate lexical selection. One of the historical arguments in favor of the interlingua approach has been that, since it revolves around a deep ...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Dania Egedi, Martha Palmer, Hyun S. Park, Aravind K. Joshi (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9410022
Automated tone transcription
In this paper I report on an investigation into the problem of assigning tones to pitch contours. The proposed model is intended to serve as a tool for phonologists working on instrumentally obtained pitch data from tone languages. Motivation and exemplification for the model is provided by data taken from my fieldwork...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Steven Bird (University of Edinburgh)
cmp-lg/9410019
Concurrent Lexicalized Dependency Parsing: A Behavioral View on ParseTalk Events
The behavioral specification of an object-oriented grammar model is considered. The model is based on full lexicalization, head-orientation via valency constraints and dependency relations, inheritance as a means for non-redundant lexicon specification, and concurrency of computation. The computation model relies upon ...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Susanne Schacht, Udo Hahn, Norbert Broeker (Computational Linguistics Research Group, Freiburg University, Germany)
cmp-lg/9410024
A Freely Available Wide Coverage Morphological Analyzer for English
This paper presents a morphological lexicon for English that handles more than 317000 inflected forms derived from over 90000 stems. The lexicon is available in two formats. The first can be used by an implementation of a two-level processor for morphological analysis. The second, derived from the first one for efficie...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Daniel Karp (Stanford U.), Yves Schabes (U. Penn), Martin Zaidel (U. Penn), and Dania Egedi (U. Penn)
cmp-lg/9410021
Reference Resolution Using Semantic Patterns in Japanese Newspaper Articles
Reference resolution is one of the important tasks in natural language processing. In this paper, the author first determines the referents and their locations of "dousha", literally meaning "the same company", which appear in Japanese newspaper articles. Secondly, three heuristic methods, two of which use semantic inf...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Takahiro Wakao
cmp-lg/9410018
Part-of-Speech Tagging with Neural Networks
Text corpora which are tagged with part-of-speech information are useful in many areas of linguistic research. In this paper, a new part-of-speech tagging method based on neural networks (Net- Tagger) is presented and its performance is compared to that of a HMM-tagger and a trigram-based tagger. It is shown that the N...
1994-10-24
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Helmut Schmid (University of Stuttgart)
cmp-lg/9410015
Lexicalization and Grammar Development
In this paper we present a fully lexicalized grammar formalism as a particularly attractive framework for the specification of natural language grammars. We discuss in detail Feature-based, Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars (FB-LTAGs), a representative of the class of lexicalized grammars. We illustrate the advantage...
1994-10-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
B. Srinivas, Dania Egedi, Christy Doran, Tilman Becker (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9410014
A Freely Available Syntactic Lexicon for English
This paper presents a syntactic lexicon for English that was originally derived from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and the Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English, and then modified and augmented by hand. There are more than 37,000 syntactic entries from all 8 parts of speech. An X-windows based tool ...
1994-10-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Dania Egedi, Patrick Martin (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9410012
Does Baum-Welch Re-estimation Help Taggers?
In part of speech tagging by Hidden Markov Model, a statistical model is used to assign grammatical categories to words in a text. Early work in the field relied on a corpus which had been tagged by a human annotator to train the model. More recently, Cutting {\it et al.} (1992) suggest that training can be achieved wi...
1994-10-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David Elworthy (Sharp Laboratories of Europe Ltd)
cmp-lg/9410013
Automatic Error Detection in Part of Speech Tagging
A technique for detecting errors made by Hidden Markov Model taggers is described, based on comparing observable values of the tagging process with a threshold. The resulting approach allows the accuracy of the tagger to be improved by accepting a lower efficiency, defined as the proportion of words which are tagged. E...
1994-10-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David Elworthy (Sharp Laboratories of Europe)
cmp-lg/9410016
Dutch Cross Serial Dependencies in HPSG
We present an analysis of Dutch cross serial dependencies in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Arguably, our analysis differs from other analyses in that we do not refer to `additional' mechanisms (e.g., sequence union, head wrapping): just standard structure sharing, an immediate dominance schema and a linear prec...
1994-10-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Gerrit Rentier (ITK, Tilburg University)
cmp-lg/9410011
Dilemma - An Instant Lexicographer
Dilemma is intended to enhance quality and increase productivity of expert human translators by presenting to the writer relevant lexical information mechanically extracted from comparable existing translations, thus replacing - or compensating for the absence of - a lexicographer and stand-by terminologist rather than...
1994-10-21
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Hans Karlgren (Scandface), Jussi Karlgren (SICS), Magnus Nordstr\"om (SICS), Paul Pettersson (SICS), Bengt Wahrol\'en (Scandface)
cmp-lg/9410009
Lexical Functions and Machine Translation
This paper discusses the lexicographical concept of lexical functions and their potential exploitation in the development of a machine translation lexicon designed to handle collocations.
1994-10-20
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Dirk Heylen, Kerry G. Maxwell, Marc Verhagen
cmp-lg/9410008
Recognizing Text Genres with Simple Metrics Using Discriminant Analysis
A simple method for categorizing texts into predetermined text genre categories using the statistical standard technique of discriminant analysis is demonstrated with application to the Brown corpus. Discriminant analysis makes it possible use a large number of parameters that may be specific for a certain corpus or in...
1994-10-20
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Jussi Karlgren (SICS), Douglass Cutting (Apple)
cmp-lg/9410010
XTAG system - A Wide Coverage Grammar for English
This paper presents the XTAG system, a grammar development tool based on the Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) formalism that includes a wide-coverage syntactic grammar for English. The various components of the system are discussed and preliminary evaluation results from the parsing of various corpora are given. Results fr...
1994-10-20
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Christy Doran, Dania Egedi, Beth Ann Hockey, B. Srinivas, and Martin Zaidel (University of Pennsylvania)
cmp-lg/9410007
A Formal Look at Dependency Grammars and Phrase-Structure Grammars, with Special Consideration of Word-Order Phenomena
The central role of the lexicon in Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) and other dependency-based linguistic theories cannot be replicated in linguistic theories based on context-free grammars (CFGs). We describe Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) as a system that arises naturally in the process of lexicalizing CFGs. A TAG grammar can...
1994-10-18
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Owen Rambow (Paris 7) and Aravind Joshi (U. Penn.)
cmp-lg/9410005
A Centering Approach to Pronouns
In this paper we present a formalization of the centering approach to modeling attentional structure in discourse and use it as the basis for an algorithm to track discourse context and bind pronouns. As described in Grosz, Joshi and Weinstein (1986), the process of centering attention on entities in the discourse give...
1994-10-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Susan E. Brennan, Marilyn Walker Friedman, Carl J. Pollard
cmp-lg/9410006
Evaluating Discourse Processing Algorithms
In order to take steps towards establishing a methodology for evaluating Natural Language systems, we conducted a case study. We attempt to evaluate two different approaches to anaphoric processing in discourse by comparing the accuracy and coverage of two published algorithms for finding the co-specifiers of pronouns ...
1994-10-10
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Marilyn A. Walker
cmp-lg/9410004
Spelling Correction in Agglutinative Languages
This paper presents an approach to spelling correction in agglutinative languages that is based on two-level morphology and a dynamic programming based search algorithm. Spelling correction in agglutinative languages is significantly different than in languages like English. The concept of a word in such languages is m...
1994-10-06
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kemal Oflazer
cmp-lg/9410003
Principle Based Semantics for HPSG
The paper presents a constraint based semantic formalism for HPSG. The advantages of the formlism are shown with respect to a grammar for a fragment of German that deals with (i) quantifier scope ambiguities triggered by scrambling and/or movement and (ii) ambiguities that arise from the collective/distributive distinc...
1994-10-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
A. Frank and U. Reyle (Institute for Computational Linguistics, University of Stuttgart)
cmp-lg/9410001
Improving Language Models by Clustering Training Sentences
Many of the kinds of language model used in speech understanding suffer from imperfect modeling of intra-sentential contextual influences. I argue that this problem can be addressed by clustering the sentences in a training corpus automatically into subcorpora on the criterion of entropy reduction, and calculating sepa...
1994-10-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
David Carter (SRI International, Cambridge, UK)
cmp-lg/9410002
Lexikoneintraege fuer deutsche Adverbien (Dictionary Entries for German Adverbs)
Modifiers in general, and adverbs in particular, are neglected categories in linguistics, and consequently, their treatment in Natural Language Processing poses problems. In this article, we present the dictionary information for German adverbs which is necessary to deal with word order, degree modifier scope and other...
1994-10-04
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Ralf Steinberger (UMIST, Manchester, Uk)
cmp-lg/9409012
Towards an Automatic Dictation System for Translators: the TransTalk Project
Professional translators often dictate their translations orally and have them typed afterwards. The TransTalk project aims at automating the second part of this process. Its originality as a dictation system lies in the fact that both the acoustic signal produced by the translator and the source text under translation...
1994-09-28
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Marc Dymetman, Julie Brousseau, George Foster, Pierre Isabelle, Yves Normandin, Pierre Plamondon
cmp-lg/9409011
Aligning Noisy Parallel Corpora Across Language Groups : Word Pair Feature Matching by Dynamic Time Warping
We propose a new algorithm called DK-vec for aligning pairs of Asian/Indo-European noisy parallel texts without sentence boundaries. DK-vec improves on previous alignment algorithms in that it handles better the non-linear nature of noisy corpora. The algorithm uses frequency, position and recency information as featur...
1994-09-22
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Pascale Fung (Columbia University), Kathleen McKeown (Columbia University)
cmp-lg/9409010
Inducing Probabilistic Grammars by Bayesian Model Merging
We describe a framework for inducing probabilistic grammars from corpora of positive samples. First, samples are {\em incorporated} by adding ad-hoc rules to a working grammar; subsequently, elements of the model (such as states or nonterminals) are {\em merged} to achieve generalization and a more compact representati...
1994-09-13
2022-02-28
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Andreas Stolcke (ICSI, Berkeley, CA), Stephen M. Omohundro (ICSI, Berkeley, CA)
cmp-lg/9409008
Parsing of Spoken Language under Time Constraints
Spoken language applications in natural dialogue settings place serious requirements on the choice of processing architecture. Especially under adverse phonetic and acoustic conditions parsing procedures have to be developed which do not only analyse the incoming speech in a time-synchroneous and incremental manner, bu...
1994-09-09
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Wolfgang Menzel (University of Hamburg, Germany)
cmp-lg/9409009
Linguistics Computation, Automatic Model Generation, and Intensions
Techniques are presented for defining models of computational linguistics theories. The methods of generalized diagrams that were developed by this author for modeling artificial intelligence planning and reasoning are shown to be applicable to models of computation of linguistics theories. It is shown that for extensi...
1994-09-09
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Cyrus F. Nourani
cmp-lg/9409007
Treating `Free Word Order' in Machine Translation
In `free word order' languages, every sentence is embedded in its specific context. Among others, the order of constituents is determined by the categories `theme', `rheme' and `contrastive focus'. This paper shows how to recognise and to translate these categories automatically on a sentential basis, so that sentence ...
1994-09-08
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Ralf Steinberger (UMIST, Manchester, Uk)
cmp-lg/9409005
Focusing for Pronoun Resolution in English Discourse: An Implementation
Anaphora resolution is one of the most active research areas in natural language processing. This study examines focusing as a tool for the resolution of pronouns which are a kind of anaphora. Focusing is a discourse phenomenon like anaphora. Candy Sidner formalized focusing in her 1979 MIT PhD thesis and devised sever...
1994-09-07
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Ebru Ersan (Brown University) and Varol Akman (Bilkent University, Ankara)
cmp-lg/9409006
Situated Modeling of Epistemic Puzzles
Situation theory is a mathematical theory of meaning introduced by Jon Barwise and John Perry. It has evoked great theoretical and practical interest and motivated the framework of a few `computational' systems. PROSIT is the pioneering work in this direction. Unfortunately, there is a lack of real-life applications on...
1994-09-07
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Murat Ersan (Brown University) and Varol Akman (Bilkent University, Ankara)
cmp-lg/9409004
An Experiment on Learning Appropriate Selectional Restrictions from a Parsed Corpus
We present a methodology to extract Selectional Restrictions at a variable level of abstraction from phrasally analyzed corpora. The method relays in the use of a wide-coverage noun taxonomy and a statistical measure of the co-occurrence of linguistic items. Some experimental results about the performance of the method...
1994-09-07
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Francesc Ribas (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya)
cmp-lg/9409002
Conceptual Association for Compound Noun Analysis
This paper describes research toward the automatic interpretation of compound nouns using corpus statistics. An initial study aimed at syntactic disambiguation is presented. The approach presented bases associations upon thesaurus categories. Association data is gathered from unambiguous cases extracted from a corpus a...
1994-09-06
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mark Lauer (Microsoft Institute, Sydney)
cmp-lg/9409003
A Probabilistic Model of Compound Nouns
Compound nouns such as example noun compound are becoming more common in natural language and pose a number of difficult problems for NLP systems, notably increasing the complexity of parsing. In this paper we develop a probabilistic model for syntactically analysing such compounds. The model predicts compound noun str...
1994-09-06
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Mark Lauer (Microsoft Institute, Sydney), Mark Dras (Microsoft Institute, Sydney)
cmp-lg/9409001
Integrating Knowledge Bases and Statistics in MT
We summarize recent machine translation (MT) research at the Information Sciences Institute of USC, and we describe its application to the development of a Japanese-English newspaper MT system. Our work aims at scaling up grammar-based, knowledge-based MT techniques. This scale-up involves the use of statistical method...
1994-09-05
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kevin Knight (USC/ISI), Ishwar Chander (USC/ISI), Matthew Haines (USC/ISI), Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou (Columbia Univ.), Eduard Hovy (USC/ISI), Masayo Iida (USC/ISI), Steve K. Luk (USC/ISI), Akitoshi Okumura (NEC), Richard Whitney (USC/ISI), Kenji Yamada (USC/ISI)
cmp-lg/9408020
Having Your Cake and Eating It Too: Autonomy and Interaction in a Model of Sentence Processing
Is the human language understander a collection of modular processes operating with relative autonomy, or is it a single integrated process? This ongoing debate has polarized the language processing community, with two fundamentally different types of model posited, and with each camp concluding that the other is wrong...
1994-08-31
2008-02-03
[ "cmp-lg", "cs.CL" ]
Kurt P. Eiselt (College of Computing, Georgia Tech), Kavi Mahesh (College of Computing, Georgia Tech), and Jennifer K. Holbrook (Dept. of Psychology, Albion College)