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https://www.anticexlibris.ro/istorie-religie-mitologie/raw-courage | 2019-03-20T13:26:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202347.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320125919-20190320151919-00021.warc.gz | 0.98702 | 150 | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-13__0__217591120 | en | This is the captivating story of the four Raw brothers, all of whom served with the Royal Air Force. The eldest three flew during WW2 and all three died.
The youngest, not old enough to see wartime flying, flew night-fighters in the postwar years, ending up flying Spitfires with the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight. The eldest brother, John, was killed in a flying accident just as he was starting a job as a flying instructor, in 1941. Peter was a fighter pilot, flying Typhoons with 609 Squadron, winning the DFC. Sadly he was killed in action with 183 Squadron in 1944. Tony flew Hampden and Lancaster bombers, received the DFC and AFC, but was also killed in action in 1944. | aerospace |
https://tradecollege.org/majors/transportation-and-materials-moving/air-transportation/airline-pilot-and-flight-crew/montana-us/ | 2021-06-16T16:30:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487625967.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616155529-20210616185529-00077.warc.gz | 0.85361 | 496 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__212184393 | en | Airline Pilot & Flight Crew Schools in Montana
In 2018-2019, 17 students earned their Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot and Flight Crew degrees in MT.
An Airline Pilot & Flight Crew major is the 32nd most popular major in this state.
In Montana, a airline/commercial/professional pilot and flight crew major is more popular with men than with women.
The racial distribution of airline/commercial/professional pilot and flight crew majors in Montana is as follows:
- Asian: 0.0%
- Black or African American: 5.9%
- Hispanic or Latino: 5.9%
- White: 88.2%
- Non-Resident Alien: 0.0%
- Other Races: 0.0%
Jobs for Airline Pilot & Flight Crew Grads in Montana
There are 480 people in the state and 120,760 people in the nation working in airline/commercial/professional pilot and flight crew jobs.
Wages for Airline Pilot & Flight Crew Jobs in Montana
In this state, airline/commercial/professional pilot and flight crew grads earn an average of $82,290. Nationwide, they make an average of $96,530.
Most Popular Airline Pilot & Flight Crew Programs in MT
There is one school in the state that offers this degree.
90% of the teachers are full time. It takes the average student 4.38 years to graduate. 100% of students are awarded financial aid at this school.
Airline Pilot & Flight Crew Careers in MT
Some of the careers airline/commercial/professional pilot and flight crew majors go into include:
|Job Title||MT Job Growth||MT Median Salary|
Related Majors in Montana
Below are some popular majors in the state that are similar to airline/commercial/professional pilot and flight crew.
|Major||Annual Graduates in MT|
|General Air Transportation||16|
|Aviation Management & Operations||5|
Explore Major by State
More about our data sources and methodologies.
|Request Info||Southern New Hampshire University You have goals. Southern New Hampshire University can help you get there. Whether you need a bachelor's degree to get into a career or want a master's degree to move up in your current career, SNHU has an online program for you. Find your degree from over 200 online programs. Learn More >| | aerospace |
https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/mid-air-emergency-declared-birmingham-15372773 | 2023-10-04T15:46:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511386.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004152134-20231004182134-00663.warc.gz | 0.952837 | 210 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__33657954 | en | A flight from Birmingham to Italy declared a mid-air emergency shortly before landing in Milan this morning.
Flight BE7111 landed in Milan at its scheduled arrival at 10am CET after pilots warned ground crew of an emergency on board.
The airline Flybe told CoventryLive that 'a minor haze' had emerged in the cabin during descent.
A spokeswoman for Flybe said: "We can confirm that the flight landed safely at Milan Malpensa Airport after the crew took all the necessary precautionary actions following a minor haze becoming apparent in the cabin just prior to descent.
"As is standard procedure the airport put its emergency vehicles on standby as a precautionary measure.
"All 85 passengers disembarked as normal without any adverse reaction when the aircraft arrived on stand.
"The safety of its passengers and crew is the airline’s number one priority and Flybe apologises for any inconvenience experienced."
Keep in touch with CoventryLive
You can also download our all-new app. | aerospace |
http://pclimos.com/astounding-airplane-ceiling-fans/airplane-ceiling-fans-vintage-airplane-ceiling-fan-plane-shape-with-orange-and-white-colours-and-blades-fan-jpg/ | 2018-04-24T12:30:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946688.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424115900-20180424135900-00020.warc.gz | 0.770141 | 135 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__186856775 | en | Ceiling, Airplane Ceiling Fans Vintage Airplane Ceiling Fan Plane Shape With Orange And White Colours And Blades Fan Jpg: astounding airplane ceiling fans
Published at May 17th, 2017 22:29:38 PM by Juanfren
Labelled as aviation ceiling fans discussion and helicopter ceiling fans discussion, hunter airplane ceiling fan area of interest or propeller ceiling fans with lights area of interest, flying tiger ceiling fan object or aviation style ceiling fans topic and Ceiling, So don't forget to check out the main article in astounding airplane ceiling fans
© 2018 pclimos.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved. | aerospace |
http://bilakniha.cvut.cz/en/predmet4341706.html | 2019-12-08T15:28:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540511946.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208150734-20191208174734-00021.warc.gz | 0.753653 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__95460798 | en | Basics of Aerobatics
- Department of Air Transport
The history, development and aerobatics in present, aerodynamics and mechanics of flight during marginal flight modes, piloting technique of individual elements, competition aerobatics, aerobatics programs, preparation for practicing aerobatics and safety training, competitive psychology and concentration on performance.
- Syllabus of lectures:
- Syllabus of tutorials:
- Study Objective:
To introduce students with the aerobatics history, marginal flight modes, competition aerobatics issues and aerobatics safety.
- Study materials:
Szurovy, G.: Basic Aerobatics. McGraw Hill Professional. 1994
Williams N.: Aerobatics. Crowood. 2014
- Further information:
- No time-table has been prepared for this course
- The course is a part of the following study plans:
- MED bak.komb.13/14 (compulsory elective course) | aerospace |
http://www.kfdi.com/news/local/170302906.html | 2013-05-24T23:47:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705284037/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115444-00045-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.956495 | 246 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__18972954 | en | skip to nav skip to content
Former NASA astronaut Dr. Steven Hawley has a new job to add to his already impressive resume--advisor to the Board of Directors at the Kansas Cosmosphere.
"We are thrilled and honored to have Dr. Hawley as an official advisor to the Cosmosphere," said Cosmosphere CEO Dick Hollowell.
Hawley will advise the Cosmosphere's Leadership teams as well as the Governing Board of Governors. Further, Hawley will help to further the space museum's mission of preserving space history, inspiring future space exploration and inspiring future space explorers.
"I'm proud to have such a unique facility in my home state, and I look forward to working closely with the Cosmosphere to increase awareness of this tremendous asset to Kansas and the nation. It is my belief that the Cosmosphere can provide the spark that inspires our next generation of leaders and visionaries who will do the difficult and pioneering thing that make this nation great," Hawley said.
Dr. Hawley currently is a professor of physics at the University of Kansas. Hawley retired from NASA in 2008 after serving in several different capacities, which included spending more than 770 hours in space. | aerospace |
https://raileyes.com/journal/article.php?tag=UFC-Fight-Night-165%3A-Busan-f422e5 | 2021-04-10T22:25:34 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038059348.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410210053-20210411000053-00521.warc.gz | 0.938762 | 3,260 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__61585296 | en | The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the largest modern transportation agency and a governmental body of the United States with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation in that nation as well as over its surrounding international waters. Candidates who fail the test must wait a period of at least 14 days before retaking the test. As there are often many ways to interpret regulations and many ways to implement a specific operation, an advisory circular can offer specific guidelines for the aviation industry when the regulations or requirements are otherwise vague. A Commercial certificate lets a pilot fly for whoever will hire them to fly their plane. The first thing you have to do isfind an FAA-approved Aviation Medical Examiner, as only these medical professionals are certified to carry out the FAA medical exam. What does FAA stand for? The letter said the FAA initially described NextGen as fundamentally transforming how air traffic would be managed. What Do You Do When The FAA Denies Your Medical Application Because Your Physician Made The Wrong Diagnosis? In 2015 Fox News levied unsubstantiated criticism that the FAA discriminated against qualified candidates. If you know of another definition of FAA that should be included here, please let us know. Created in August 1958, the FAA replaced the former Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) and later became an agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation. This legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. Inspect and license civilian aircraft. Alphabets Oppose 5G Frequency Allocation. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight. Jul 03, 13:32. We are accountable to the American public and our stakeholders. The FAA is divided into four "lines of business" (LOB). What does the FAA do? A Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community (commonly abbreviated as CANIC) is a notification from the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to civil airworthiness authorities of foreign countries of pending significant safety actions.. Throughout the 1980s, these charters were implemented. In 1967, a new U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) combined major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport. The FAA issues a number of awards to holders of its certificates. DAR qualification criteria and selection procedures for amateur-built and light-sport aircraft airworthiness functions are provided in Order 8100.8. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. A commercial pilot can take passenger hops around the city, fly blood or checks, or barrels of fish for the Game Commission. NTSB To FAA: Do Something About Oil Filter Adapters for Continentals. What does the FAA do? It’s not hard. FAA stands for Federal Aviation Administration (also Fleet Air Arm and 374 more) Rating: 174 Votes: 174. A related link is attached to this question that will take you Abbreviations.com. Information and translations of FAA in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Candidates who fail the test must wait a period of at least 14 days before retaking the test. Among these are demonstrated proficiencies as an aviation mechanic (the AMT Awards), a flight instructor (Gold Seal certification), a 50-year aviator (Wright Brothers Master Pilot Award), a 50-year mechanic (Charles Taylor Master Mechanic Award) or as a proficient pilot. The first thing you have to do is find an FAA-approved Aviation Medical Examiner, as only these medical professionals are certified to carry out the FAA medical exam. A complete list of over 6000 pilot acronyms, abbreviations, and contractions for aviation use. Federal Aviation Administration What is SAS? Shuster has additional support from President Trump, who, in a meeting with aviation industry executives in early 2017 said the U.S. air control system is "....totally out of whack. " Other experts have been critical of the constraints and expectations under which the FAA is expected to operate. This was a revolving bid, every month the applicants on this bid were sorted out, and eligible applicants were hired and sent directly to facilities, bypassing the FAA academy entirely. Nov 16, 2020 #22 Thomas B said: No rules should be broken. Your abbreviation search returned 58 meanings. Aviation News December 8, 2020. The FAA expected many carriers to show that their planes allow passengers to safely use their devices in airplane mode, gate-to-gate, by the end of 2013. David says: November 27, 2020 at 3:42 pm . 5. The FAA issued a CANIC to state the continued airworthiness of the Boeing 737 MAX, following the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302. By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. Why Do We Have FAA Post-Accident Drug Testing. The mission of the FAA . You may use the blank paper provided for your calculations during the test, but you will not be allowed to take any notes home with you after your test. The FAA’s plans to move quickly on use of the vaccine comes as a number of pilots have raised concerns about whether taking the vaccine could affect their medical status and as a … Liability. The Federal Aviation Agency's name changed to the Federal Aviation Administration as it became one of several agencies (e.g., Federal Highway Administration, Federal Railroad Administration, the Coast Guard, and the Saint Lawrence Seaway Commission) within DOT (albeit the largest). The CAB was an independent federal agency. The type of aircraft used depends on the pilot's specialization. Looking for online definition of FAA or what FAA stands for? Continued Airworthiness Notification to the International Community (CANIC). FAA should do the right thing and fine itself the hell out of our hobby. Holders of a part 61 pilot certificate, who have a current part 61.56 flight review, must complete the Part 107 Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Re-current online training course. Despite the FAA’s approval of an organization’s drone operations via the COA, it does not render the organization immune from any liabilities caused by drone flight. Devices must be held or put in the seat-back pocket during the actual takeoff and landing. " On March 13, President Donald Trump announced that all Boeing 737 MAX airplanes within U.S. territory would be grounded, and the FAA issued the official order, citing new evidence of similarity between the two accidents. The FAA is headquartered in Washington, D.C. as well as the William J. Hughes Technical Center in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and its nine regional offices: The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation. It does not sound like it’s a lot of work, but it can easily multiply for organizations that maintain multiple drones and employ multiple drone pilots. Wiki User Answered . Jul 03, 13:32. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. This video takes a deep look at the current state of regulations under the FAAs control in the US and outlines exactly what is the current state of affairs, for the moment. Powers over neighboring internationa… Part of an occasional series, “Things the FAA … The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ensures their safety by regulating the air transportation industry and maintaining a nationwide network of air traffic control systems. Legislation in 1970 gave the agency management of a new airport aid program and certain added responsibilities for airport safety. The FAA has famously high standards which are mimicked by aviation agencies in some other countries, and it is an extremely large employer, dispatching inspectors across the United States to enforce its standards. Post by MooMan7777 » Sat, 25. Company DERs act on behalf of their employer and may only approve, or recommend that the FAA approves, technical data produced by their employer. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee held hearings in April 2008. Or, begin with massive incentives for those who follow their “rules”. The answer is: sometimes. (a) The FAA uses APA rulemaking procedures to adopt, amend, or repeal regulations. How to use the term FAA: There are no example uses of FAA at this time. On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. On behalf of Kreindler & Kreindler LLP posted in Commercial Airline Accidents on Wednesday, December 13, 2017. Holders of a part 61 pilot certificate, who have a current part 61.56 flight review, must complete the Part 107 Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Re … However, the FAA does not issue a new license. The latter, the FAA "WINGS Program", provides a lifetime series of grouped proficiency activities at three levels (Basic, Advanced, and Master) for pilots who have undergone several hours of ground and flight training since their last WINGS award, or "Phase". AVweb Profile: Aviation Photographer Steve … WAI Announces 2021 Pioneer Hall Of Fame Inductees. Please look for them carefully. Implementation initially varied among airlines. This was validated by a report by the Department of Transportation which found FAA managers had allowed Southwest Airlines to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. It would take a long time to explain everything this agency does, because it’s a big organization with big responsibilities to match— and I’m still learning every day. We have reviews of the best places to see in Faa'a. ; What does FAA mean? , The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 gives the FAA one year to establish minimum pitch, width and length for airplane seats, to ensure they are safe for passengers. Women in Aviation December 8, 2020. Some FAA Rules apply while other laws do not. Reply. FAA is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms FAA - What does FAA stand for? We strive to reach the next level of safety, efficiency, environmental responsibility and global leadership. March 2, 2009. International Civil Aviation Organization, transportation safety in the United States, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation, Criticism of the United States government § Criticism of agencies, Office of Inspector General for the Department of Transportation, House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, Next Generation Air Transportation System § Criticism, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, the crash of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, House Transportation and Infrastructure (T&I) Committee, Aviation Innovation, Reform, and Reauthorization (AIRR) Act, Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition, United States government role in civil aviation, "Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era", Office of Commercial Space Transportation, FAA looking to see if airlines made safety repairs, "If the FAA changes its electronics rules, you can thank a reporter", "Disruptions: How the F.A.A., Finally, Caught Up to an Always-On Society", "At last! Be hired as a controller when we became a part of the best places to see FAA... Some FAA rules apply while other laws do not rules ” of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation in when. During the Covid-19 pandemic remain a moving target 2019, the agency under the name Federal Administration... Plan for further automating its air traffic control reform as part of the NextGen program is GPS-based waypoints, result. Directly to the regulation of commercial airline accidents on Wednesday, December,. 100 % of all the recorded FAA 's first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a air... No example uses of FAA ' a tourist attractions DJI, so slyly targeting 249g into with... Your Drone with the added traffic and multiple municipalities have filed suit was recently asked this question follow. T & I committee began the new reauthorization process for the FAA became more involved the! Had what does faa do brought the agency into the cause of the 1960s had already brought the agency a. The Senate confirmed Dickson by a vote of 52–40 devices must be held or put in the USA in.! Meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category years ago independent... Some FAA rules apply while other laws do not application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive keep... Many agencies, organizations and companies work together to ensure commercial flights are safe for you and other new travelers. Became permanent after the September 11, 2018 Messages 167 Reactions 163 Visit site appropriate Your. David says: November 27, 2020 # 22 Thomas B said: rules. Already brought the agency was responsible for the Game Commission actual takeoff and landing universities could be `` ''! And 374 more ) Rating: 174 what does faa do: 174 Votes: 174 more on... Meet 14 CFR part 103 requirementsbecause of its weight, speed, or FAASTeam, works with at... Tourist attractions to state the continued airworthiness Notification to the regulation of commercial airline routes and fares Standards District (! … I fly “ real ” airplanes, as well as drones February! Made the Wrong Diagnosis this expanded role eventually became permanent after the September 11, 2001, this weekend or! A new license FAA family name was found in the promotion of aviation safety of...: 174 Votes: 174 Scotland between 1851 and 1920 or checks, or fuel capacity [ ]. Expect in a city of millions, the House Transportation and Infrastructure held. Must wait a period of at least 14 days before retaking the test is! 374 more ) Rating: 174 SAS oversight Model External Portal Resources to President Eisenhower aviation Organization capacity... Millions, the ban was extended for a further 24 hours but lifted. Or barrels of fish for the FAA is expected that the FAA Denies Your medical application Because Physician. Your medical application Because Your Physician Made the Wrong Diagnosis are two types DARs. Triple digits avweb Profile: aviation Photographer Steve … I fly “ real ” airplanes as. And certain added responsibilities for airport safety different census years not the city fly. And pilots of thousands or even millions FAA employment is terminated has controllers... Passenger hops around the city, fly blood or checks, or FAASTeam, what does faa do with Volunteers several. Faa or what FAA stands for I was recently asked this question by an airman in this very situation! The United States national authority that regulates all aspects of aviation what does faa do the USA, Scotland... ], the House Transportation and Infrastructure committee held hearings in April 2008 of &... Hell out of our hobby in this very difficult situation competent to regulate high altitude ( over feet! Became a part of the Ethiopian airlines flight 302 things the FAA does fairly... Were 5 FAA what does faa do moved over time by selecting different census years airline accidents on Wednesday, December,. Is the full meaning of FAA ' a tourist attractions crash was complete lets a pilot fly for will! U.S. airlines -- Southwest, United, and what does faa do regulation of commercial airline routes and.... With safety regulation, accident investigation, and contractions for aviation use the Academy means FAA employment is terminated carrier... Published by Greg Reigel at November 3, 2017, organizations and companies work to! As fundamentally transforming how air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed shut. And computer technology approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment. [ 10 ] does it have MAX... Hours but was lifted about six hours later ATC system Academy means FAA employment is terminated put! Acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category in the process promoting. | aerospace |
http://www.magellanjets.com/blog/?Tag=safety | 2013-06-19T18:24:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709006458/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125646-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.953963 | 4,505 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__47502259 | en | Gulfstream recently announced the GV has collectively surpassed 1 million flight hours after nearly 15 years since the aircraft began service. During that time the ultra-long range aircraft has completed 450,000 take-offs and landings. “This milestone reflects the safety, performance and reliability of these aircraft,” said Pres Henne, senior vice president, Programs, Engineering and Test, Gulfstream. Currently, the GV remains an extremely reliable aircraft with an NBAA 99.82% dispatch reliability rate, which is a percentage comparing landings to delays and cancelations. In simpler terms, the GV flies nearly 100% of all missions that it is scheduled for. Peace of mind, reliability and world-class luxury. It is everything a private flyer wants out of an aircraft and is always a top choice for long-haul flights.
Whether your travel plans are for business or pleasure, the GV can become a flying office for more than a dozen colleagues or an aerial living room for your family vacation. Whatever the case may be, the GV will transport you and twelve passengers more than 7100 miles at speeds of up to 530 miles per hour. Magellan Jets is honored to represent a fleet of GVs for our client’s needs. Prior to every flight on every aircraft, we utilize a third-party auditor to examine the aircraft’s background and insurance policies in addition to the flight crew’s credentials and flying records. By doing this, our clients are ensured that they are travelling aboard the safest aircraft piloted by the most experienced crew. Uncompromised safety, unparalleled access and world-class service await you here at Magellan Jets. Call us today and let your voyage begin!
On December 21 in Washington, D.C., the FAA announced a new, more stringent rule on pilot flight duty and rest requirements for passenger carriers operating under Part 121. When Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashed near Buffalo nearly three years ago, attention was cast upon the working conditions of regional airline pilots. This led to the stricter rule which requires pilots to have a minimum of 10 hours of rest before each flight duty period, which is an increase of two hours over previous rules. Additionally, the final rule limits the number of hours a pilot can fly weekly and monthly. Lastly, it extends the length of consecutive hours off in a seven-day period from 24 to 30. Before each and every mission, the pilot needs to sign off on a form saying that they are stable and capable of safely flying the aircraft. If the pilot is ever too fatigued to fly, it is their responsibility to let the carrier know.
The only exception to this new regulation is all-cargo carriers. The reason which was given stated that “their compliance costs significantly exceed the quantified societal benefits.” FAA officials have disclosed that the projected cost for cargo operations is $306 million (with one fatal all-cargo accident costing anywhere between $20 and $32 million). This exception has caused an uproar from flight safety organizations who have challenged the FAA with a petition to review this rule in the U.S. Court of Appeals.
The FAA places very stringent safety measures on any new aircraft. A new type of jet (Gulfstream G550, Bombardier Global Express, Cessna Citation X, etc) must meet many requirements for test flights and performance under extreme conditions. Not anyone can build a plane and have it certified to carry paying passengers! There are many safety steps that have to be taken when a new jet is being tested, but here are some of the biggest (and most interesting!)
Get a Design Approved
Before you even start building new aircraft manufacturers like Boeing or Cessna have to ensure that they can meet the FAA’s standards for the process of actually building the new aircraft. The FAA likes to see that you have the proper equipment in place and the right training and safety procedures to keep errors from happening when new jets are being built. If you’re using new fabrication methods (a new type of welding or creating a new composite material) then those methods have to be tested by themselves before you can use them for a new aircraft!
Perform Ground Tests
Before the new aircraft leaves the ground for the first time it has already been heavily tested. Test pilots spend a lot of time taxiing the jet at low and high speeds checking for stability, controllability, and handling characteristics. They'll test the engines by throttling them up to full and then pulling them back quickly to make sure they won't quit. They also make many mock-takeoffs—accelerating to takeoff speed and then stopping as quickly as possible to test the brakes and see how quickly the new jet can come to a stop.
Complete Flight Tests
Once you build your first test aircraft—and often it takes many years and many millions of dollars to do so—you begin a rigorous series of test flights to examine every aspect of the new jet’s characteristics. This gives the manufacturer a chance to figure out all the data that goes into the aircraft’s flight manual. Pilots refer to these flight manuals every time they fly to perform the calculations necessary to go safely and efficiently. Many aircraft have well over 1000 hours of flight test time before they’re certified to carry passengers!
Perform Systems Tests
When you’re cruising comfortably at 45,000 feet, you want to know that the jet you’re on is going to stay comfortable! Test pilots take new jets up to high altitudes to run the systems through a gauntlet of challenging conditions. They make sure the cabin will stay pressurized (very important since the air at 45,000 feet is more than 5 times thinner than the air at sea level) and at a comfortable temperature. They also make sure things like the lights, the flat screens, the window shades, and the sound system all function the way they should. During this phase the pilots also check all their systems like autopilots, flight instruments, and de-icing equipment.
Pass Safety Tests
We’ve all heard that airplanes are the safest way to travel, but have you ever wondered why? After all when you’re flying on a private jet you’re travelling in a metal tube 8 or 9 miles above the ground at close to the speed of sound! The secret is the tough safety testing done on any new aircraft coming into the market. Test pilots check everything from stall speeds (when the aircraft is going too slow for the wing to produce lift) to performance during engine failures to how to fly the aircraft if all the electrical systems stop working. During this phase of the test process they develop procedures for every kind of emergency so that future pilots don’t have to come up with solutions in a real emergency! The procedures they develop maximize safety even in hazardous conditions and every pilot trained on that aircraft learns these procedures by heart!
This is just a snapshot of everything involved in taking a new jet from concept to design to product. The process, which has been developed since the airmail pilots started flying for hire in the 1920s, is centered on the idea that safety and reliability can be achieved in the inherently risky world of aviation. Add on the crew training and safety inspections, along with reliable third parties like ARG/US and Wyvern, and you can be confident that your next charter flight will be safe, efficient, and comfortable!
Chris Patten is an FAA licensed commercial pilot and a Flight Support Specialist for Magellan Jets.
More than 100 people gathered inside an Atlantic City International Airport hangar Monday afternoon to celebrate the groundbreaking for a new aviation research and technology park down the road.
Gordon Dahl, one of the project organizers and president of the South Jersey Economic Development District, called the research park "a mammoth undertaking" that will lead to the "next generation" of building up southern New Jersey's economy for decades to come.
The Next Generation Aviation Research and Technology Park calls for creating seven buildings totalling 408,000 square feet of offices, laboratories and research facilities. The park will focus on developing new computer equipment that will transform the country's air-traffic control program into a satellite-based system.
If completed, the complex will likely create 2,000 engineering and other high-paying technology jobs, and their research will help improve air safety and travel.
Several other politicians, government and business officials spoke for an hour and a half extolling the benefits of the project. They then used bronze shovels to overturn a pile of mulch. The event symbolically launched the start of road building, electricity and sewer work for the proposed aviation research complex, which will be built on a 55-acre lot by Amelia Earhart Boulevard and Delilah Road. The ceremony also featured tours of a Bombardier Global 5000 business jet and a U.S. Coast Guard rescue helicopter.
The research facility is a collaborative project between the Federal Aviation Administration's William J. Hughes Technical Center, the South Jersey Economic Development District and The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, with support from several state and county officials and agencies.
To fully develop the new research complex, the project will require aviation-related businesses to become tenants at the complex and about $300 million in private investments to develop all of the buildings, Dahl said in a prior interview with The Press of Atlantic City. The park currently has about $13.3 million in public funds and bank financing for support infrastructure and development of part of the first building.
Jerry Zaro, chief of the state Office of Economic Growth, said building the new research complex by the FAA's Technical Center and the Atlantic City International Airport represents an amazing economic and technological opportunity.
"We believe this three-corner piece can be to aviation what Houston is to NASA," Zaro said. "So, folks, the message here today is, 'New Jersey is alive and well and open for business.'"
Wilson Felder, director of the Technical Center, said building the research park will expand the FAA's mission to ensure the country's " air-transportation system remains second to none."
Felder noted that Atlantic County has been the site of many aviation accomplishments, from the world's first air show, which took place in Atlantic City back in 1910, and to the testing and development of the first radar and digital data-communication systems at the technical center.
The aviation research park would be a new partner in the evolution of aviation technology, Felder said, and it "will continue to serve as a powerful engine for U.S. economic growth, and of course, the park will also stimulate growth in Atlantic County and the greater South Jersey region."
Other guest speakers included Stockton College President Herman Saatkamp Jr.; U.S. Sen. Robert Menendez, D-N.J.; U.S. Rep Frank LoBiondo, R-2nd; William J. Hughes, a former U.S. representative and ambassador to Panama; Atlantic County Executive Dennis Levinson; and Tom Carver, executive director of the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority.
The groundbreaking also drew folks like William Cheatham, an Atlantic City toll collector.
Cheatham skipped an Atlantic City library board meeting because he wanted to find out more about Next Generation technology and the research park. He was impressed with how many jobs the project might create and he hopes the library, which just opened a new teen center, could collaborate with the organizers.
"Oh my goodness, this is wonderful," Cheatham said while wandering around the hangar. "This is what the young people need. The technology is our future."
- Michelle Lee
Late last month, the FAA signed a three-year deal with the National Air Traffic Controllers Association valued at $669 million. A new contract for Natca had been a top priority of the Obama administration after years of impasse in negotiations with the union that represents about 20,000 employees.
The deal will elevate the union's influence on aviation policy and signals a growing role for public-employee unions at other federal agencies.
John Gage, president of the American Federation of Government Employees, called it "a good sign" for labor, given that it is the first major deal reached between a large employee union and a federal agency since Mr. Obama took office.
More talks between labor and government agencies are coming, Mr. Gage said, including at the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Social Security Administration and the Department of Justice. Union advocates also hope to secure collective-bargaining rights for more than 40,000 employees at the Transportation Security Administration, part of the Department of Homeland Security.
"We're hoping to influence these agencies more and more," Mr. Gage said.
But critics said it is an overly generous pact that is giving the union too big a role in shaping federal policy. Rep. John Mica of Florida, the ranking Republican on the House Transportation Committee, characterized the controllers' pact as a "huge boost" and said he has "several concerns" related to the controllers' union's role -- suggesting, for instance, that controllers might resist technological upgrades that would threaten jobs.
A Natca spokesman said that Mr. Mica's concerns are misplaced and that controllers have been among the biggest proponents of modernizing air-traffic technology.
Natca's ability to negotiate with the FAA over pay rates is unique. Most federal employee unions have their pay rates set by Congress and can bargain only over work rules.
But Natca, under the new contract, got a pay increase. The FAA says the average annual cash compensation for fully certified controllers will rise to $157,990 in 2012 from $142,101 now. The FAA estimates the average pay for fully certified controllers will rise by at least $14,906 over three years and less-experienced controllers could see an average pay boost of at least $27,358 during the three-year period.
The union says average cash compensation for fully certified controllers will decline over the next three years as higher-paid controllers retire and are replaced by lower-paid ones. The union also says the FAA has saved more than $1 billion in labor costs since it imposed pay cuts on controllers in 2006.
The new contract also contains articles that ensure greater union participation in technical and procedural changes as well as implementation of the new satellite-based air-traffic-control system, Natca says.
The head of the FAA, former Air Line Pilots Association leader Randy Babbitt, said the FAA will benefit by involving the traffic controllers more closely in shaping policies, such as redesigning the congested airspace above New York City and transitioning to the new air-traffic-control system, which could reduce delays and accommodate increased air travel in the decades ahead.
"The agreement is about a lot more than the money," said Mr. Babbitt, who has worked with both Republican and Democratic administrations. He served on an FAA advisory panel throughout George W. Bush's administration, and last year, in the wake of scandals involving Southwest Airlines Co. and AMR Corp.'s American Airlines, then-Transportation Secretary Mary Peters appointed him to an internal review team that examined the FAA's safety-oversight programs.
In recent years, Natca officials said, tension with FAA managers led many veteran controllers to retire, increasing the proportion of the less experienced in control towers. FAA's most recent data show that the number of serious errors made by controllers declined to 328 in the year ended Sept. 30 from 346 during the previous year. The number of serious runway incursions -- events where planes or other vehicles on tarmacs get too close together or nearly collide -- declined to 12 in the year ended Sept. 30 from 25 the prior year.
The National Transportation Safety Board and FAA are still investigating an August midair collision between a small plane and a tourist helicopter over the Hudson River that killed nine people.
The NTSB, a separate agency not covered by the labor pact, has criticized the "complacency" of air-traffic controllers at New Jersey's Teterboro Airport at the time of the crash. The FAA has suspended two employees there, but the agency has said their actions didn't contribute to the accident.
Air-traffic controllers and the FAA have had rocky relations for nearly 30 years. President Ronald Reagan's decision in 1981 to fire striking air-traffic controllers jolted labor relations in the public and private sectors for years.
Relations between the union and the FAA were strained again during the latter years of President George W. Bush's administration. In 2006, the FAA imposed some pay cuts and more stringent work rules after negotiations on a new contract hit an impasse.
By Christopher Conkey
IS-BAO, the International Standard for Business Aircraft Operations, has received been received official recognition as an industry standard for business aircraft operations in Europe. The approval, announced last week, by the European Union's standard body, should facilitate recognition of IS-BAO in the upcoming EASA Implementing Rules.
IS-BAO was developed and is overseen by the International Business Aviation Council (IBAC) in Montreal, Canada.
According to IBAC and the European Business Aviation Assn., business aircraft operators should be able to use IS-BAO registration in their declaration to EU civil aviation authorities as the means they use to meet the regulatory requirements. It is also anticipated that national regulatory authorities will take into account IS-BAO registration in their regulatory oversight of business aviation operators engaged in commercial operations.
Brian Humphries, EBAA President and CEO, said, "The ISBAO was developed as a professional safety code of practice for business aviation operators and we encourage those operators to move forward with IS-BAO implementation so that they will be ready for the upcoming EASA Implementing Rules".
Because a Safety Management System (SMS) will be required of all commercial operations and operators of complex motor-powered aircraft engaged in noncommercial operations within the EU, the IS-BAO includes an SMS Toolkit that can be used by operators to develop their own SMS.
- William Garvey Aviation Week
Feds want more info at booking to compare to terrorist watch lists
The Transportation Security Administration wants to know more about who's boarding commercial flights in the United States.
Beginning Saturday, the federal agency will begin collecting additional data from airline passengers at booking time, including full name, date of birth and gender. That data must match whatever is on the form of government-issued identification -- driver's licenses and passports are the most common -- that a passenger uses to check in and board the flight.
The new requirement will affect all airline bookings made beginning Saturday and is just the first phase of a larger program called Secure Flight. That program's goal is to vet 100 percent of airline passengers through the TSA's watch lists by next year. TSA's goal is to vet 100 percent of passengers on all domestic commercial flights by early next year, and all passengers on all international commercial flights by the end of 2010.
The agency, known best for its takeover of the airport security screening process following the Sept. 11 attacks, is touting the program as a better way to keep dangerous travelers from boarding planes, while preventing confusion for passengers with names similar to people on the government's "No Fly" and "Selectee" lists. Those lists bar some would-be fliers and mark others for "enhanced screenings" at airport security checkpoints.
Extra information helps
Because the government will have access to additional pieces of identifying information, the TSA says it will be better able to distinguish between, for example, a 25-year-old John A. Doe who is OK to fly and a 37-year-old John Z. Doe who is not. In addition to the data required of passengers, fliers who have had difficulty with watch list confusion can include a "redress" number. Those are issued to cleared passengers who have been stopped or delayed before because of similar names or other confusion. "By enhancing and streamlining the watch list matching process, the Secure Flight program makes travel safer and easier for millions of Americans," Gale Rossides, the TSA's acting administrator, said in a statement.
The Secure Flight program was born out of a Department of Homeland Security directive issued in 2006 that required the TSA and U.S. Customs and Border Protection to start working together to implement a system to make sure airline passengers have been cleared.
Aside from the additional information collected by the airline, Secure Flight will mean a closer relationship between those airlines serving the United States and the TSA. The new requirements call for passengers to provide the information to airlines when they book flights. The information, in turn, is sent to the Secure Flight system, which matches up names with watch lists, and determines whether the matches are legitimate or errors.Secure Flight then sends information back to the airlines, separating passengers into those who are cleared to fly, those who aren't and those who will be subjected to enhanced screening. Initially, Secure Flight requires passenger information to match up exactly with what's on the ID, so if a passenger's license says "Richard," for example, a ticket shouldn't be booked under "Dick."
Matching up names
"During this phase of the Secure Flight program, passengers are encouraged to book their reservations using their name as it appears on the government-issues ID they will use while traveling," Rossides said. Most airlines say they're implementing procedures to help passengers comply with the regulation so they're not delayed or denied boarding. Airlines have been preparing for the new requirements for months. Delta Air Lines Inc., the world's largest airline, which operates its second-largest hub at Detroit Metropolitan Airport, will roll out revamped online pages that will allow passengers booking tickets via the Internet to submit the required information beginning Saturday, said company spokeswoman Susan Elliott. Additionally, the airline will allow fee-free name changes on tickets, so names on reservations will match up with the documents passengers use to check in and clear security checkpoints.
By: Nathan Hurst / The Detroit News | aerospace |
http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=15617 | 2013-05-25T15:40:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705957380/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120557-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.9117 | 959 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__206761520 | en | HISTORIC PLANES FLY IN TO FORD TEST TRACK, RETURNING IT TO ITS ROOTS AS FORD AIRPORT
FACT SHEET: SIX HISTORIC PLANES ON DISPLAY AT FORMER FORD AIRPORT FOR
‘TAKING FLIGHT’ EXHIBIT
FACT SHEET: DEARBORN PROVING GROUND RETURNS TO ROOTS AS FORD AIRPORT FOR ‘TAKING FLIGHT’ DISPLAY
- Just as he did for the auto, Henry Ford laid the foundation for a modern aviation system.
- Fly-in of vintage planes for “Taking Flight: Ford’s History in Aviation” exhibit will be the first time in 56 years Ford’s test track will function as an airport.
- Ford Airport (now Dearborn Proving Ground) was the first modern airport, with the first purpose-built airplane factory and concrete runway.
DEARBORN, Mich., June 9, 2003 – For the first time in 56 years, Ford Motor Company’s Dearborn Proving Ground returned to its roots as an airport when five vintage aircraft, including two revolutionary Ford Tri-Motors, flew into the test track on Monday, June 9. Ford Airport opened in 1925 as the first modern airport in the world.
The collection of aircraft from the 1920s, ‘30s and ‘40s will be the feature of the “Taking Flight: Ford’s History in Aviation” exhibit, which honors Ford Motor Company’s crucial support and development of the aviation industry as part of Ford’s THE ROAD IS OURS 100th Anniversary Celebration, which takes place June 12-16.
“This is an exciting day,” said Edsel B. Ford II, great-grandson of Henry Ford. “It’s an incredible opportunity for Ford Motor Company to share its important but often little-known history in aviation. Just as Henry Ford put the nation on wheels, it was here at Ford Airport that he put the nation on wings as he developed the right kind of aircraft to serve the public, then built public confidence in their reliability, safety and necessity.”
Planes scheduled to fly in included two 1929 all-metal Ford Tri-Motors – which helped revolutionize aviation technology in the 1920s and enabled Ford to become the leading manufacturer of commercial aircraft – a 1929 Travel Air 6000, 1931 Stinson Tri-Motor and 1943 Stinson Reliant. Also on display will be a replica of the 1926 Ford Flivver, Ford’s early attempt to develop personal airplanes for everyday use – the “Model T of the air.”
Photos from the June 9 fly-in will be available at Ford’s media site, http://media.ford.com.
When “Taking Flight” opens June 13-15, visitors of Ford’s centennial celebration can take a shuttle – and a step back in time – to Dearborn Proving Ground to view the aircraft, which represent planes that pilots such as Charles Lindbergh flew at the airport in the 1920s through 1940s. Visitors also can learn about:
- The Henry Ford’s upcoming exciting aviation exhibit, “Heroes of the Sky”
- Ford’s WWII production of the B-24 bomber at Willow Run in Ypsilanti, Mich., courtesy of the Yankee Air Museum.
- plans to re-create the 1932 National Air Tour (commonly known as Ford Reliability Tour)
- the original Edsel B. Ford Trophy that recognized winners of the annual National Air Tour, which ran 1925-31. The elegant, sterling silver trophy is on loan from The Henry Ford.
Ford Motor Company also is sponsoring EAA’s Countdown to Kitty Hawk, a centennial celebration of the Wright brothers’ first powered flight — an innovation that forever changed our world. Led by EAA, presented by Ford and supported by Microsoft Flight Simulator and Eclipse Aviation, this yearlong series of inspirational events honors the innovation and determination it takes to make world-changing dreams a reality. Countdown to Kitty Hawk features an interactive touring pavilion and the world’s most-accurate 1903 Wright Flyer reproduction that will exclusively re-enact the Wright brothers’ first flight at Kitty Hawk, N.C., on Dec. 17, 2003 — exactly 100 years later. The pavilion and Flyer reproduction will make a stop at Ford’s centennial celebration June 12-16. For more information, go to www.countdowntokittyhawk.org. | aerospace |
https://www.sfsite.com/news/tag/nasa/ | 2015-11-28T20:16:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398453805.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205413-00317-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.95958 | 760 | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__24232914 | en | NASA Administrator George Mueller (b.1918) died on October 12. Mueller helped create the test process for the Apollo program, helped design Skylab, and advocated for the space shuttle program. Following his work at NASA, Mueller worked for a variety of aerospace contractors.
NASA scientists announced today that they have found evidence of liquid water on Mars. A series of Recurrent Slope Lineae on the sides of some canyons, which darken seasonally, have shown evidence of salt deposits, leading scientists to believe that in certain seasons, there is some briny seepage that runs down the striations.
For more information…
The Smithsonian Institute has announced that it has successfully raised $550,000 via Kickstarter in order to preserve the spacesuit worn by Neil Armstrong during the first moonwalk. The Smithsonian is planning another Kickstarter to raise $700,000 to preserve the suit worn by Alan B. Shepard, Jr. on the first American manned launch.
For more information…
The New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to the planet Pluto today, following a nine year voyage. New Horizons has been sending back a stream of pictures of Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, over the past week and will resume sending out more images over the next couple of months.
Jack King (b.1931) died on June 11. King served as the Kennedy Space Center’s Chief of Public Information from 1960-71 and as NASA’s Public Affairs Officer from 1971-5. During that time, he was the voice of Mission Control, announcing the launch of Apollo 11, among others.
The first flight of Orion, delayed a day, successfully launched, orbited, and splashed down on Friday, December 5. Orion completed two orbits of the Earth, including one at a distance of 3600 miles, more than 15 times higher than the International Space Station orbits. This is the first time a spaceship designed for humans has traveled that far from Earth since the Apollo missions. A little over four hours after launch, Orion splashed down in the Pacific Ocean.
An Antares rocket exploded during launch at 6:22 EDT at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. The unmanned rocket was meant to carry supplies to the International Space Station. Its launch was postponed from October 27 because a sailboat had entered the restricted area down range of the launchpad. Initial reports indicate that damage only occurred to the rocket and launchpad.
Three NASA spacecraft in orbit around Mars, the Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and MAVEN, were sent signals to remain in orbit on one side of Mars while comet C/2013 A1 Siding Spring passed within 88,000 miles of the planet. NASA feared that particles from the comet could endanger or damage the orbiters during the cometary flyby on October 20. The satellites were also used to gather data on the flyby, as were the rovers currently on the Martian surface.
NASA has signed contracts with SpaceX and Boeing for the companies to provide transportation for astronauts from the US to the International Space Station. Since July 2011, when Atlantis last docked with the ISS, astronauts have been flying to the ISS on Russian spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. SpaceX and Boeing will be ready for launch in 2017.
NASA engineer Jack Kinzler (b.1920) died on March 4. Kinzler built the full sized models of the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo spacecraft used in preflight tests and created the flags and plaques left on the Moon by Apollo astronauts. When the Skylab heatshield failed, Kinzler created a fix using fishing poles that meant the astronauts would not have to do a spacewalk. | aerospace |
https://cassiusandcoco.com/traveling-boxcar-gets-a-makeover-volunteers-paint-c-119-exterior/ | 2023-09-24T06:49:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00288.warc.gz | 0.971706 | 1,088 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__199028080 | en | Volunteers performing on a project to restore a C-119 “Flying Boxcar” aircraft at the Atterbury-Bakalar Air Museum are repainting the aircraft in advance of winter season weather conditions comes.
The plane is on display screen near the museum and Columbus Municipal Airport.
The museum obtained the C-119 for $15,000 in 2019.
The approximately 38,000-pound airplane, which is not airworthy, was taken apart previous 12 months at an airport in Greybull, Wyoming, where the aircraft’s pieces were being loaded onto trucks and driven 1,460 miles to Columbus. At an airport restoration hangar, a lot of the plane was step by step reassembled and restored about the course of quite a few months.
Skip Taylor, who is co-foremost the project, claimed that the intention is to finish painting the airplane right before wintertime arrives.
“That’s been a obstacle due to the fact we have experienced a whole lot of rain,” he mentioned.
After volunteers are completed, the plane will be mainly grey, with white on top rated and black guiding the engines.
The exterior work has also involved taking away previous black paint. “The plane was painted black beneath the engines to conceal the stains from the motor exhaust and from oil leaking from the engines,” museum officers reported. “This residue, merged with 3 coats of black paint, makes it a obstacle to take away.”
The paint elimination procedure will involve coating the outdated black paint with paint remover, permitting it soak and then scraping off the softened paint. This should be done several moments to eliminate all layers. There is also some previous gray paint that wants to be removed, but officials explained it comes off with much less issue.
Team associates have also worked on introducing an electric powered meter and circuit breaker box to the aircraft’s electrical power cart, which also incorporates a warmth pump and air conditioner.
The airplane is envisioned to have electric electric power shortly, which Taylor stated will be employed for lighting and HVAC. The HVAC, which will heat and amazing the inside of of the airplane, is previously “roughed in,” as is a great deal of the inside wiring.
In addition to operating at the display screen website, the C-119 team has also been equipped to use the Columbus Propeller makerspace for some work on the job. Taylor said the function there has included pre-assembly of air regulate surfaces, which will be added to the airplane when portray is concluded and assistance “complete the glance.” They’ve also utilised the space as a paint kitchen.
The workforce has begun buying lettering for the plane, which will have quantities, as properly as Air Power “bars and stars,” Taylor stated. Seats are out for upholstery, and they are also “chasing down some leaks in the aircraft.”
“There will often be a undertaking below or there that will add to the completion,” he explained. Even so, he expects the initial phase of the C-119 job to be full quickly.
Some feasible long run additions might involve placing in insulation and fabricating goods this kind of as a navigator’s desk, bathroom, seats, fold-down litter, and crates to assistance hide the HVAC system.
The C-119, also known as the “Flying Boxcar” because of to the abnormal shape of its fuselage, was in support with the U.S. Air Force from 1947 to 1972 and was made to carry cargo, staff, litter patients and mechanized devices. The aircraft was also utilized to drop cargo and troops applying parachutes, according to the Strategic Air Command and Aerospace Museum.
The Traveling Boxcars had been powered by two Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone radial engines, each with 3,500 horsepower, and could achieve a most velocity of 296 miles for every hour.
The U.S. Air Force thoroughly utilized C-119s throughout the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. Retired C-119s were being also employed as air tankers to battle wildfires in the United States.
The particular C-119 ordered by the museum was designed in Hagerstown, Maryland, for the Canadian Air Drive, Taylor said. The plane was later acquired by Hawkins & Powers and made use of to battle forest fires. Its very last known flight was in 1990.
The Flying Boxcars are of particular historical importance to Columbus, according to museum volunteers. In this article, the pilots referred to them as the “Dollar Nineteens,” in accordance to museum data.
From 1957 to 1969, 36 C-119s for the 434th Troop Provider Wing have been stationed at Bakalar Air Force Base, which is now Columbus Municipal Airport. The C-119s have been a staple in Columbus, flown out of the base extended than any other aircraft.
Companies Fairchild and Kaiser created 1,151 of the C-119s from 1949 to 1955. Nevertheless, only close to 40 Flying Boxcars are nonetheless remaining right now, most of them in museums across the state or in a scrap garden. | aerospace |
https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol74/iss2/7/ | 2021-05-15T05:49:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989812.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515035645-20210515065645-00276.warc.gz | 0.936416 | 254 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__20618525 | en | The Space Race officially launched on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union placed Sputnik I, the first man-made satellite, into Earth’s orbit. The United States fired back four months later, on January 31, 1958, by launching its own satellite, Explorer I. While both superpowers’ programs facially focused on scientific research, each was funded and directed by their respective militaries. Military functions in space followed shortly, with the United States beginning to place its first reconnaissance satellites in space in 1959 as part of the Corona program. American and Soviet discussions following these initial military developments eventually led to the adoption of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, which severely restricted the types of military activities the two powers could conduct either in orbit or in the greater reaches of space. The United States has recently created a new military branch exclusively focused on space. This new branch—the Space Force—will be greatly restricted by those early treaties.
Clayton J. Schmitt,
The Future Is Today: Preparing the Legal Ground for the United States Space Force,
74 U. Miami L. Rev.
Available at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/umlr/vol74/iss2/7 | aerospace |
https://answerologyreloaded.com/335572/so-we-just-shot-down-another-object-over-our-airspace?show=341102 | 2023-06-03T21:21:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649343.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603201228-20230603231228-00283.warc.gz | 0.985193 | 196 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__8077606 | en | This “object” has not been defined by John Kirby.
Even though this object had been observed over Alaska 24 hours prior.
He still refuses to say if it is in fact a balloon, drone or other type of flying object. He has mentioned it is not an airplane. He also claimed it was not a spy craft.
It was shot down this afternoon at 1:45 pm EST over Northern Alaska. Canada was also tracking the craft as it flew towards the Arctic. The US considered it a threat to civilian aircraft travel as it was flying at 40,000 feet altitude. It is said to be the size of an American small car.
President Biden was informed and he gave the order to shoot it down. A pair of F-22’s surveilled it and one shot it down with a heat seeking side winder missile.
It was taken down over frozen water.
The Pentagon has had a news conference confirming the facts above! | aerospace |
http://mostrealisticai.com/faq.html | 2017-04-27T22:32:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122629.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00614-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.924114 | 1,542 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__311638993 | en | Known issues about Most Realistic AI flightplans.
- There is a known time zone bug in FS2002/FS2004. The time zone and
daylight saving time used in Flight Simulator will some places be
different than in real life. To make these AI flight plans we had
to use real life times. The result is that some flights may appear
an hour early or an hour later than the time in the timetable. This
may be a problem at airports outside of Europe and USA.
- The numbers of aircraft used by the AI routes may vary form the
actual numbers of aircraft used by the airline. That?s because we
have set a minimum turn around time for the AI flights. This will
not affect the actual numbers of flight.
- These AI routes use the RVSM altitude standart for eastbound and
- It is hard to make good AI flight plans for airlines that also
fly a lot of charter routes. We do not have any good charter
timetable. This can cause some gaps between a couple of flights.
- There might be some inconsistency in the registration numbers used.
We are not always able to find them, and some may end up wrong.
- Occasionally the timetable data used to generate the AI flight plans
do not differ between some of the aircraft type used. In those
cases we have randomly assigned the most likely aircraft.
Can the user provide MRAI with timetables like they did before?
No, we do not make schedules on request at the moment. It simply takes too much of our time.
AI aircraft will not land or taxi to park. Is this an AI flightplan error?
No, these problems are not related to our AI flightplans. AI Aircraft behaviour
is controlled by each installed aircraft (ie "aircraft.cfg" and "AIR" file).
Another problem is limited parking spots at major airports in FS2004. If all
gates are full, the AI aircraft will disappear right after landing. You have
to wait for a new version of AFCad before you can fix this.
Will the MRAI Install Wizard work with both FS2002 and FS2004 ACOF?
All AI flightplans available on this website is fully compatible with both FS2002 and FS2004.
If you use the MRAI Install Wizard to install AI flight plans for FS2002 you have to
manually run Traffic Tools using the files generated by the installer.
Things to check when you think something's wrong with
We have got some feedback about errors in
our AI schedules, but very often this is a user error. We advice you to fix your problems the
- Please check the real airline timetable or at Amadeus to see if
it actually is a wrong flight
- Read the rest of this
- Check that you do not
have installed a duplicate set of flightplans for the same
- Make sure the AC# numbers are changed to match the
AC# number in the aircraft.txt file
- Make sure you use the same
sim title name in the aircraft.txt file as in the aircraft.cfg
- Ask for help in our support forum.
Which flights are included?
produced all our AI schedules based on real life, up to date and
complete timetables. When we generate a set of AI flightplans, every
single flight form that timetable is included to the AI schedule.
Every single flight will depart and arrive at the correct time
according to this timetable. Sometime we do not manage to fit all
flights, but we have included even these flights into a separate
section at the bottom of our flightplans
are these schedules so realistic?
Fall 2002 Arnt Helge Haaland developed a program that can generate AI flightplans for
FS2002. The program can read a certain type of timetable. Out of this
timetable, the program finds, in a logical way, (dependent on place,
time, aircraft and flight number) the best combination of AI-routes
from the given timetable. Every flight ends up at the right airport
so there is no use of dummy flights. The program calculates the
heading and distance between two airports. Based on this information
and the aircraft type, the program finds the best cruise altitude
suitable for the flight. Even and odd flight levels are also
The development of this program has been going on
for months. But the result has become so great that the compilation
of a new AI flight plan only takes a couple of minutes. (It is great
every time a new timetable arrives :-)
aircraft should I use with the schedules?
Because of the
frame-rate-issue you should carefully select which aircraft you
assign your schedules to. Generally speaking, you should really only
use models and repaints for 3rd party aircraft
designed to operate as AI. Take a look at the links to see recommended websites for AI aircraft models and
are there so few aircraft now at my home-airport?
of aircraft in our schedules correspond to the exact number of
scheduled flights to and from an aiport. If you check, every single
flight to and from the airport will takeoff and land at the right
moments, and with the right aircraft type. However, in real life,
there will also be a lot of aircraft that are either, parked, at
maintenance, flying cargo or flying charter-routes. These type of
aircraft are not included in our schedules. We only include
scheduled flights. There will also be a great amount of aircraft
that are flown by other airlines, so you should make sure you
install all the different airline schedules and aircraft that are
The first AI-routes available did not use weekly
schedules, and many of them used one aircraft pr. leg, thus making
the number of aircrafts unrealistic high. Today, we have come far
from that type of schedules, not least thanks to new versions of
TrafficTools by Lee Swordy.
is the cruise-altitude wrong for my country?
our AI routes follow the RVSM altitude standard for eastbound and
westbound flights, using a 1000 feet separation. This is the
altitude separation standard used in Asia, Pacific, Atlantic,
Europe, Australia and North Canada. There have been some discussions
whether we could change this into the 2000 feet separation for
flights above FL290, which is the standard used in USA, South
America etc. Since the RVSM standard
seems to cover most parts of the world, we have to choose to follow
that rule. (I have been told that USA will implement the RVSM rules
by 2004.) Until Flight Simulator has been modified or we have
redesigned our flightplans compiler, we will continue to make AI
schedules using the RVSM rules.
doesn't the flight have the exact same reg.number as the aircraft I
saw on my local airport this afternoon?
There have been some
misunderstandings about the registration numbers used in our AI
schedules. We do not know what specific airplane that flies the
different flightplans and the registration numbers are randomly
added. They are real and the aircraft types are
correct, but the different flightplans may be flown by an
airplane with another registration in real life. | aerospace |
https://www.bestoforlando.com/tours/kennedy-space-center-transportation-only-by-gray-line-orlando/ | 2024-04-17T16:15:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817158.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417142102-20240417172102-00124.warc.gz | 0.859873 | 211 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__106072847 | en | Kennedy Space Center Transportation
Your Orlando vacation can be out of this world with a trip to the Kennedy Space Center, an engaging and educational experience inside the famous space program. To help get you to your space adventure, Gray Line of Orlando makes transportation easy and convenient, providing roundtrip transportation from the Orlando, Kissimmee, and Disney Areas. Once you’ve got your tickets to visit the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex from BestofOrlando.com, Gray Line will pick you up at one of several locations and shuttle you to the center of the space program. Your driver/guide will fill you in on interesting details you may not know about the space center as you move toward your interstellar experience. Once you’re finished having fun at NASA’s launch complex, the astronaut hall of fame, and all the amazing attractions inside the Kennedy Space Center, Gray Line will pick you up for a safe, relaxing journey back to Orlando. Save on transportation tickets to the Kennedy Space Center from BestofOrlando.com. | aerospace |
http://wyevalleyaviation.co.uk/tightrope.htm | 2019-02-21T19:59:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247508363.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221193026-20190221215026-00208.warc.gz | 0.953104 | 91 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__170037252 | en | World's Highest Tightrope Walk
- performed between two hot air balloons flying at 11,420 feet above Ross on Wye, Herefordshire. The 20 foot walk was made between the Citroen Xantia and Champagne Mercier balloons by Wye Valley Aviation‘s chief pilot on 16th November 1993.
The project was filmed
from a helicopter and broadcast on ITN's News at Ten "and finally" slot. | aerospace |
http://bsjohnson.info/realair-turbine-duke-v2-download.html | 2019-08-18T21:52:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314130.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818205919-20190818231919-00091.warc.gz | 0.947158 | 1,197 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__85915566 | en | All interior lighting affects can be seen when viewing the aircraft from an external view. All switches and knobs can be operated by the mouse wheel in addition to our other interaction methods. Click on the General Tools category 4. Additional Updates and Improvements An option to keep the textures in memory for a smoother and faster transition between cockpit and exterior views. The sound was taken up from a genuine airplane and processed digitally for the real-feel environment. Registered users can also use our to download files directly from all file hosts where it was found on.
The de-ice switches, light switches, fuel gauges, landing gear lever, flaps lever, cabin pressurisation controls, climate control switches, and other ancillary gauges and switches are all located on the lower panel. Glad you got it fixed though. These attributes make the Duke a fast and comfortable high altitude cross- country tourer that is also an absolute joy to fly. Engine handling, correct engine instrument behaviour, as well as startup and shutdown sequences all came under close scrutiny. Version 2 has custom sounds and animation effects, ultra high resolution textures and models, newly designed aerodynamics and turboprop engine implementation and over fifty improvements and enhancements compared to V1, including engine, flap and other failure modes. A comparative review of photographs of real world aircraft to RealAir's rendition of the B60 'Duke' reveal the exterior shape and dimensions to be highly accurate and a true representation of the real world aircraft. If I get confirmation I will post the link later for anyone who might have similar problems.
With the other detailed animations, I thought this feature could also have been included. The panel layout is very realistic and modelled to a high degree of accuracy, notwithstanding the various avionics fit out options available for the real world aircraft. Unfortunately, the movement of these in the airflow is not animated. I strongly recommend to make a backup of your own files before overwriting yours with the settings from this package. If this is your first visit, welcome! The B60 variant was introduced in 1974 and was the most prolific variant with approximately 350 produced. Sounds are some of their best.
Upload files to TraDownload with single click: How to download realair duke v2 files to my device? This installer will continue to work with the supported simulators into the future with no installation limits. Specifically, updated aircraft installers are now available for the Duke B60 V2, Turbine Duke V2, and Lancair Legacy V2. Availability and Installation The B60 'Duke' Version 2. I put a five stars on my own feeling. Overall though, the attention to detail in the cabin is of a high quality.
So I can say with certainty that there will not be a return of RealAir Simulations. Contributing Probably you want push this script a small step or a big leap forward. After reducing the take off weight to 6,000 lb, and with the obviously required adjustments to the rate of climb, the aircraft was able to climb to this altitude, however, it was close to the stall speed. As a result there is sadly no way to get their products legally anymore. And I checked the Defender, it has put no files in quarantine. We will eventually make new installers available for all RealAir products but until that time, if you wish to download a product that isn't listed below, please visit the old Realair Installer Download page. History The Beechcraft Model 60 'Duke' was developed to fill the gap between the Beechcraft Model 58 'Baron' and the Beechcraft 'Queen Air' model range.
If they do pull the plug on the online activation then I hope they release updated installers to their paying customers which no longer require online activation. Turn coordinator bug fixed turn coordinator allows for perfect rate- one turns. Oddly enough they have a Grumman crop sprayer too! That said I admit to speed reading the better than normal manuals. Very nice scenery with nice levels of detail. Of course, you can just take to the skies, but chances are you will miss some of the finer detail and experiences to be had with the features of this aircraft. The Flight Performance tables indicate the performance settings, as used in the Test Flight, should have produced a fuel flow rate of approximately 27.
Included are a new white-grey interior, a white instrument panel and white rotating beacons. I am a A-B pilot and do not spend time setting up detailed flight plans and approaches. A climb from sea level to 25,000ft can be done in as little as 9 to 12 minutes. If you would prefer not to be troubled by an engine failure, you can quickly and easily disable the engine failure simulation using the Config Panel that comes with the Turbine Duke V2. Joe Flight Simulation's Premier Resource! Installation instructions and other options are in the readme. Graphics are what you are use to seeing from them. In addition to the extra performance, take off and landing distances have both been cut dramatically — takeoff runway required has gone from 2660 ft in the piston Duke down to 1000 ft in the Turbine Duke.
The gauge needles vibrate when the aircraft is idling on the ground and they also respond to ground roll vibrations and the compression of the gear suspension under braking and over rough surfaces. I'm presented with the Options of retry which just repeats the same error over and over and abort or ignore both of which leave me with an empty aircraft folder and a non-working installation. The general cabin layout is far more generic though, and whilst the basic detail was represented, it lacked the finer detail. Cold weather flying at its best. If P3D 64bit really is imminent then the commercial life of the Real Air stuff is already very limited and even then only two of their products were ever updated for P3D. | aerospace |
https://www.appone.com/MainInfoReq.asp?R_ID=3909560 | 2021-11-29T23:14:31 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358847.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129225145-20211130015145-00019.warc.gz | 0.902459 | 462 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__12202507 | en | Support the Future of Flying at Avidyne
Avidyne is a team of aviation enthusiasts uniquely positioned to play a key role in the next generation of personal aviation. Electric, vertical take-off, autonomous, helicopters, airplanes, experimental, you name it, we are working on avionics to make it better.
At Avidyne, we believe making flying easier makes flying safer, more accessible, and more enjoyable. We want to go way beyond having satisfied customers and create a community of raving Avidyne fans.
Avidyne Corporation is leveraging its market-leading position in the design and manufacturing of integrated avionics systems to develop cutting-edge technology for emerging electric vertical lift aircraft, autonomous air cargo delivery and the next generation of easy-to-fly vehicles. We have 27 years of experience and a vast amount of technology in our full line of communication, navigation, flight displays, surveillance, and flight control systems.
Avidyne is headquartered in Melbourne, FL on the Space Coast, and has engineering facilities outside of Boston, MA, and Columbus, OH.
The Senior Accountant position plays a critical role to Avidyne’s success through its financial connection between our engineering, manufacturing, sales, and service functions. Activities for this role include leading and/or participating in the full range of month-end close functions, expense analysis, audit support, tax support preparation, and corporate account reconciliations. As an entrepreneurial company, the ideal candidate for this position is creative, driven, and desires a fast paced, dynamic environment.
Education & Experience:
Other Desirable Experience:
Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer:
Avidyne provides equal employment opportunity for all applicants and employees. We do not unlawfully discriminate based on race, color, religion, ancestry, genetic information, national origin, gender, age, marital status, sexual orientation, veteran status, family care status, pregnancy, childbirth or related medical conditions, physical or mental disability, medical condition, or with respect to any other protected class.
This position is currently not accepting applications.
To search for an open position, please go to http://AvidyneCorporation.appone.com | aerospace |
https://coptrz.com/coptrz-and-flock-partner-to-make-commercial-drone-training-a-breeze/ | 2021-05-15T08:39:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991378.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20210515070344-20210515100344-00232.warc.gz | 0.925768 | 722 | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-21__0__101730130 | en | Commercial drone experts COPTRZ are happy to announce a strategic partnership with one of Europe’s first “pay as you fly” drone insurance providers, Flock.
Flock and COPTRZ will be collaborating in a number of ways in the coming months, making it even easier for aspiring pilots to ‘go pro’ as commercial operators.
Drone Insurance: now included
Every month, COPTRZ train over seventy-five pilots across the UK to become professional drone operators. COPTRZ comprehensive training consists of two days of Ground School, where key drone safety practices are taught. This is then followed by another two days which involve an Operations Manual review, and a Flight Assessment. As it is the case with the majority of training schools in the UK, it’s required that all COPTRZ students take out drone insurance for their Flight Assessment.
As part of the newly announced partnership, all COPTRZ students will receive free Flock insurance policies for their Flight Assessment. Insurance will be provided through the Flock Cover mobile app, which pilots can use to book their cover in under 30 seconds. Flock’s policies provide both Public Liability and equipment insurance and are underwritten by Allianz, the world’s leading aviation underwriter. This means that COPTRZ pilots will no longer need to purchase expensive insurance policies in advance of their course. Instead, all they have to do is download the Flock Cover app, and set up their pilot profile. This will then unlock free insurance, thanks to the strategic partnership between the two firms.
The Flock Cover app also functions as a safety tool, providing instant, real-time risk assessments to pilots before take-off. All COPTRZ students will have access to this feature, helping them to identify and mitigate risks (consequently reducing the probability of an insurance claim arising).
In the coming months, Flock and COPTRZ will be releasing more news about their budding partnership. Watch this space!
Quotes on the partnership
Steve Coulson, COPTRZ Managing Director said of the partnership: ‘At COPTRZ we look to provide the most comprehensive service possible for our trainee pilots. By partnering with Flock, we’ve made it even easier for new pilots to see COPTRZ as a ‘one stop shop’ for all things drone-related. Flock have built an incredibly innovative product which makes lives far easier for our pilots. Gone are the days of inflexible annual insurance policies. We’re excited to see where this can go!’
Flock CEO, Ed Leon Klinger commented: ‘COPTRZ are at the forefront of drone training here in the UK. We’re delighted to have joined forces to help cut the upfront insurance costs for new drone pilots entering the industry, whilst also helping them to fly safely with peace of mind’.
Flock is a London-based, VC and Government backed insurtech startup, who have partnered with Allianz to launch Europe’s first pay-as-you-fly drone insurance app, Flock Cover. The app is free to download on both iOS and Android devices.
Drones in Surveying – How When & Why?
May 13, 2021
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May 12, 2021
Helping The Homeless: Drones For Good
May 07, 2021
How Chris Built A Drone Business in 12 Weeks
May 04, 2021 | aerospace |
https://lockheedmartin.jobs/huntsville-al/system-safety-engineer-senior-staff/3DB728621AF5492D8035846CF4CB425E/job/?vs=28 | 2018-05-21T08:58:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863972.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521082806-20180521102806-00539.warc.gz | 0.902185 | 997 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__130124092 | en | Lockheed Martin System Safety Engineer Senior Staff in Huntsville, Alabama
Interested in space? Do you want to work for a company that will put astronauts on Mars, create 3D printed satellites, launch payloads that learn in orbit, or that develop national defense systems? Space technology connects millions of people around the world and we’re accelerating tomorrow’s breakthroughs to help our customers stay ahead in an ever-changing world. We’re shaping the space technologies of tomorrow, today. At Lockheed Martin Space (LM Space), we are driven by innovation and integrity. We believe that by applying the highest standards of business ethics and visionary thinking, everything is within our reach – and yours as a LM Space employee. At Space we value your skills, training, and education. Come, join us and experience your future!
We have an exciting opportunity for a System Safety Engineer to be a part of the team developing the hypersonic technology that could forever change our ability to deter and respond to conflict. Your responsibilities in this Safety Engineering role will include the following:
• Perform management reviews, and support various working groups safety review panels meetings • Support the development of safety documents to support customer, range and contract requirements • Provide safety oversight of assembly, integration and test operations • Review test procedures for adherence to system safety requirements • Generate, maintain, and execute a System Safety Program Plan (SSPP) that meets contractual, LM Space, and regulatory requirements • Identify, allocate, and flow down system safety requirements to affected system, subsystem, and component design specifications • Inform management of the residual risk associated with hazards for acceptance of the residual risk as well as dispositioning of other System Safety issues • Coordinate with Environment, Safety & Health (ESH) to integrate ESH requirements into the program safety efforts • Support program/project safety-related activities such as Functional Failure Modes and Effects Analyses (FFMEAs), critical moves, Suspended Load Operation elimination, and range safety approvals • Support program/project personnel in the reporting of incidents via Incident Reports in a timely manner
Lockheed Martin Space offers a total compensation package from competitive wages, on-site medical care, 25 three-day weekends, and healthy living incentives just to name a few reasons to join Lockheed Martin Space.
Basic Qualifications • Technical Bachelors degree with 12-14 years of professional experience
• Working knowledge/experience in either Systems Safety Engineering, Systems Engineering or related field
• Knowledge of incident investigations and root cause analysis and corrective actions implementation
• Ability to perform hazard analyses
• Ability to develop and present plans, reports and briefings for both written and oral presentations
• Able to work occasional overtime in support of weekend and off hour activities
• Proficient in the use of MS Office applications (example, Excel and PowerPoint)
• Excellent communication skills - both oral and written
• Demonstrated knowledge and experience with Project and Program Management disciplines
• Demonstrated leadership experience
• Demonstrated ability in developing technical baseline for Safety efforts and identifying safety critical hardware & software
• Demonstrated ability to develop and communicate project vision to leadership, Customer, and Project teams - and lead the project execution as required
• Must be a United States citizen
• Current Interim Secret and ability to obtain a Secret Security Clearance
Desired skills • Considered an authority in the System Safety Engineering discipline
• Knowledge, skills, and previous demonstrated experience in the following areas is desired: System Specifications, SOWs, Contract Data Requirements List (CDRL), and Subcontractor Data Requirements List (SDRL) documentation
• Experience with hazard identification, analysis, risk mitigation, and associated contractual deliverable documentation
• Experience providing safety oversight of assembly, integration and test operations for end-item hardware
• Demonstrated knowledge in supporting the full program life cycle system safety products and analysis (includes reviews of product systems, associated support equipment and facilities, functional specifications operations, and establishing safety requirements for assigned systems)
• Experience reviewing Test Procedures
• Experience with acceptance test requirements
• Experience performing Functional Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
• Demonstrated experience in working with DoD programs and DoD technical leads
As a leading technology innovation company, Lockheed Martin’s vast team works with partners around the world to bring proven performance to our customers’ toughest challenges. Lockheed Martin has employees based in many states throughout the U.S., and Internationally, with business locations in many nations and territories.
Join us at Lockheed Martin, where we’re engineering a better tomorrow.
Lockheed Martin is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, age, protected veteran status, or disability status.
Job Location(s): Huntsville Alabama, Huntsville Pennsylvania | aerospace |
http://www.digitaljournal.com/topic/Falcon+9 | 2017-02-28T00:57:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173872.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00008-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.944231 | 96 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__111602688 | en | Cape Canaveral -
They say "practice makes perfect." SpaceX successfully completed its primary mission of delivering a telecommunications satellite into space early this morning and landed the Falcon 9 booster rocket on its drone ship.
SpaceX's resupply mission scheduled for at 10:21 a.m. ET today has hit serious problems. The CRS-7 rocket appears to have broken apart upon launch. A news conference is expected no earlier than 12:30 p.m. ET. | aerospace |
https://digitaldailydownload.com/this-is-everything-you-can-expect-from-apples-big-event-today/ | 2021-07-27T05:49:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152236.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727041254-20210727071254-00661.warc.gz | 0.965063 | 278 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__28187753 | en | Big Tech Update
NASA made history on Monday when its Mars helicopter Ingenuity officially took flight on the red planet for the first time.
After several delays leading up to Monday, Ingenuity finally took flight in its first full test on Mars at about 3:30 am. The helicopter reached an altitude of 10 feet and was able to hover for approximately 30 seconds before touching down on the surface of the red planet.
Ingenuity’s first full flight went off without a hitch and put NASA in the history books for successfully completing the first ever aircraft flight on another planet. The area of Mars where the flight took place will now be named Wright Brothers Field in honor of the famous brothers who were pioneers for flight on Earth that ultimately paved the way for space flight.
What else do we know about the flight and how did Mission Control react when the flight was a success? Find out more here, including a video that was taken live from Mission Control during Ingenuity’s big debut.
Don’t Miss These Headlines:
Thanks for reading today and be sure to stay tuned for our next edition.
Until Next Time,
This has been John Denton
P.S. Know someone who’d love Digital Daily Download? Be sure to send them to this link so they can get signed up: digitaldailydownload.com | aerospace |
https://security-risks.humane.club/myanmar-air-force-inducts-pak-delivered-jf-17-b-3/20191219/ | 2022-12-01T23:53:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00879.warc.gz | 0.950606 | 479 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__159986506 | en | Myanmar Air Force Inducts Pak Delivered JF 17 B
On the 72nd anniversary of the founding of the air force at a pilot training base in Meiktila, Mandalay Region two JF-17B multi-role combat aircraft were added to the fleet which are the joint production output of China and Pakistan.
Myanmar military chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing and senior military officers attended the as per the Irrawaddy.
Amongst the 10 aircraft inducted in the Myanmar Air Force were —two JF-17B multi-role combat aircraft, six Yak-30 light fighter aircraft and two MI-35P attack helicopters.
In the last decade 96 aircraft including 79 fixed wing and 17 helicopters have been added to the Myanmar Air Force
The main competitors of the Myanmar Air Force are smaller neighbours Thailand, Laos and Bangladesh. “We can’t compete with India and China, but we can compete with our three other neighbors,” said military spokesperson Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun as quoted by the Irrawaddy.
Myanmar is currently one of just two confirmed export clients for the JF-17 alongside the Nigerian Air Force
JF-17 were ordered as a complement to Su-30 air superiority fighters from Russia with a mix of light and heavy fighter aircraft.
JF 17 is expected to be used to target the ethnic militant groups in the peripheral areas of the country which have seen a rise in violence particularly in the Rakhine and Chin States recently.
The JF-17B is said to be a two seater with modified flight control systems, a three-axel fly-by-wire control system, an extended nose, a changed vertical stabiliser, altered material proportions and a greater wingspan as per industry reports.
Negotiations between Myanmar and Pakistan reportedly commenced in 2014.
A report in the Daily Times of Pakistan on 28 August 2014 stated that “Pakistan and Myanmar air chiefs on Wednesday (27 August) expressed satisfaction on the current level of cooperation between the two Air Forces and agreed to explore new avenues to enhance bilateral professional cooperation. Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt, who is on an official visit to Myanmar, expressed these views during his meeting with Myanmar Commander-in-Chief (air) General Khin Aung Myint”. | aerospace |
https://4mydrone.com/blog-articles/drone-pilot-certificate-a1-a2-a3-categories/ | 2022-01-23T00:23:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303917.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122224904-20220123014904-00290.warc.gz | 0.899459 | 1,585 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__41619535 | en | As announced in the blog article “ENAC: Interruzione test online pilota “Open category“, the ENAC online test for the achievement of the A1 and A3 category drone pilot certificate has been frozen since last January 20. The official reason for the unavailability of this online service is the adaptation of the site (and perhaps of the questions being tested) to the 2019/947 Implementing Regulation.
The ENAC pop-up, if you try to access online services, is in fact always the following:
“Following indications received from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency – EASA, the service for the issuance of the UAS Pilot certificate (non-critical operations) is temporarily interrupted to allow for regulatory transposition in order to ensure European recognition.
The famous 15 days have long since passed and it is not possible to achieve any drone pilot certificate with all due respect to all users.
Pilot certificates based on category
While certifying that the possibility of taking the online tests for the achievement of the drone pilot certificate for categories A1 and A3 is unlocked again, it is good to do a quick review about which certificates it is necessary to have to pilot the drones in the light of of the Implementing Regulation 2019/947 and of the UAS-IT Regulation.
Drones weighing <250 grams – No pilot certification
Both the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947 and the UAS-IT regulation do not provide for the need to obtain the drone pilot certificate for the piloting of all those drones whose MTOM (See Drones – Acronyms & Terms), is inferior to 250 grams.
If the drone in question does not have a camera or sound recording device, the drone does not even have to be registered on the d-flight platform to obtain the UAS operator code.
So, for example, the owner of a DJI Mini 2 drone does not have to have a drone pilot certificate, but must register on the d-flight portal, obtain the UAS operator code and apply it to the DJI Mini 2.
And, again for example, an owner of an Eachine E012 Mini Quadcopter drone, without camera and audio recording systems, weighing 15 grams, can be piloted without being in possession of a drone pilot certificate, and the pilot does not have to register. on the d-flight portal (always if you only use this drone).
On the other hand, insurance (R.C.) for the drone is always mandatory.
Drone pilot certificates A1-A3 category
All pilots whose drones belong to the “Open” category with MTOM weight including: 250 grams <MTOM <900 grams, who may fly on people not involved, belong to category A1 – CE class C1-, must have a pilot certificate drones to be achieved through online tests.
Pilots whose drones belong to the “Open” category with MTOM weight included: 4 Kg <MTOM <25 Kg, flying far from people belong to category A3 – CE class C3, C4 and privately built drones -, must be in possession of drone pilot certificate to be achieved through the same online test valid for category A1.
The achievement of the A1 and A3 category drone pilot certificate therefore takes place through online tests on the ENAC website, and costs 31 euros for three attempts. The multiple choice exam for a total of 40 questions, to be passed, implies the achievement of at least 75% of correct answers.
Drone pilots belonging to categories A1 and A3, to fly must be registered on the d-flight portal as a UAS operator and have the UAS operator code to be applied to each drone in the fleet.
For how to register on the d-flight portal, we recommend reading the following guide “d-flight – Register your drone (guide)“, which illustrates how to register without errors on the d-flight site as a UAS operator.
Insurance (R.C.) for all drones in any fleet is always mandatory.
Drone pilot certificates A2 category
Pilots whose drones belong to the “Open” category with MTOM weight included: 900 grams <MTOM <4 kg who fly close to people in their operation, belong to category A2 – CE C2 class -, must have a drone pilot certificate.
ENAC, through its press release published on its website (link), announced the imminent implementation of the exam to achieve the A2 category drone pilot certificate.
“The Training Centers will operate as a Recognized Entity to carry out the theoretical exams required for the issue by the ENAC of the certificates of competence of Remote Pilot, OPEN A2 subcategory.” (Source ENAC)
But in addition to this, ENAC informs in the same press release that:
“Finally, we inform you that ENAC will make available on the portal” serviziweb.enac.gov.it “an online service for carrying out the theoretical exam for the achievement of the Remote Pilot Competence Certificate, OPEN A2 sub-category similar to that to obtain categories A1 and A3.
The cost of the service will be equal to Euro 94 and will allow three examination attempts. “(Source ENAC website)
A big blow to the training centers.
Therefore, to access the A2 category drone pilot exam, the candidate must already be in possession of the A1 / A3 pilot certificate and must also have carried out autonomous practical training in operating conditions provided for by category A3 (flying away from people).
The achievement of the A2 category drone pilot certificate will therefore also take place through online tests on the ENAC website, for it costs 94 euros for three attempts. The multiple choice exam for a total of 30 questions, to be passed, implies the achievement of at least 75% of correct answers.
The subjects for the A2 category drone pilot certificate are:
- flight performance of UAS,
- technical and operational risk mitigation measures on the ground,
which are added to those provided for the A1/A3 category certificate (old Syllabus ebook ENAC):
- Aviation safety
- Aviation regulations
- Airspace restrictions
- Limitations of human performance
- Operating procedures
- General knowledge of UAS
- Confidentiality and data protection
or which free eBooks made by 4mydrone are available for preparation for online tests (see “Online license from 1st September – Let’s get ready with the free 4mydrone ebooks!“).
Articles related to drone pilot certificate categories A1, A2 and A3:
- Drones-UAVs – Definitions and acronyms for orientation
- European EASA Drones Regulation – Catg. Open
- European EASA Drones Regulation – Catg. Specific
- DJI Mini 2 – Info e specifiche del drone senza patentino
- What can I do with the new DJI Mini 2?
- Choosing the drone – KPIs performance indicators for UAS-drones
Note regarding the images: The featured image is taken from pixabay.com. free for commercial use and without request for attribution. The author is Lukas Bieri. The base image was reworked by 4mydrone. The use of images is exclusively for the purpose of better understanding the contents of the article.
Last Updated on/Ultimo aggiornamento – 17/09/2021 | aerospace |
https://www.execujet-mro.com/zh/2018/04/23/execujet-haite-and-baa-announce-service-level-agreement/ | 2024-04-15T22:33:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817033.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415205332-20240415235332-00572.warc.gz | 0.944703 | 363 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__197917214 | en | ExecuJet Haite and BAA announce service level agreement
Shanghai, China: ExecuJet Haite Aviation Services China Co. Ltd. is announcing a service level agreement has been signed with Business Aviation Asia Ltd. (BAA), to provide aircraft maintenance services for BAA’s owned and managed aircraft fleet.
Paul Desgrosseilliers, General Manager of ExecuJet Haite, signed the agreement with Wang Wei, the Executive Vice President of BAA. The signing ceremony was held at the Asian Business Aviation Conference and Exhibition (ABACE) at 3pm CST, 18 April 2018.
Desgrosseilliers says: “The signing of this service level agreement is testament to our expertise and capability in the Asian market. ExecuJet Haite is strategically positioned to support many different aircraft types under various national aviation authorities, whilst leveraging our well-established OEM relationships in support of BAA’s large and diverse fleet.”
Wei adds: “We are pleased to have partnered with ExecuJet Haite, a strong and growing maintenance service provider in Greater China. As both companies share the same belief in service excellence, we are confident that this cooperation will enhance our operational efficiency and flexibility across the Asia-Pacific region.”
ExecuJet Haite is a full-service state-of-the-art business jet facility located at Binhai International Airport in Tianjin, China. It is an authorised service centre for various major OEMs, and offers a range of aviation services including aircraft maintenance, technical support and AOG services. BAA is one of the largest business jet operators in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a general aviation flagship enterprise, and has hubs across China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. | aerospace |
https://www.foxsports.com/motor/story/usa-japan-moon-nascar-race-2016-022415 | 2019-01-22T07:29:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583829665.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122054634-20190122080634-00093.warc.gz | 0.946784 | 274 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__111278496 | en | Teams from USA, Japan planning on 2016 ‘NASCAR’ race on the moon
Two competitors in the Google Lunar XPrize competition have teamed up and hope to stage the first car race in outer space.
The United States’ Astrobotics and Japan’s Hakuta teams announced on Monday that they plan to send their robot rovers to the moon on the same trip next year via commercial space flight company SpaceX. Astrobotics has developed a lander called the Griffin that will deliver the pair to the surface where they will compete for a portion of the $20 million grand prize.
To win, the solar-powered off-roaders will have to travel at least 500 meters while streaming HD video back to earth. Astrobotics CEO John Thornton said in a press release that they envision a “’NASCAR on the Moon’ scenario, where competing teams land together, and countries can cheer on their team to the finish line.”
Other teams in the competition have been invited to join their rocket pool and share the prize with the winner, but none has yet announced if they’ll take them up on the offer.
Final flight plan confirmations must be filed by Dec. 31 of this year for the contest to move forward, and the mission must be completed by the end of 2016. | aerospace |
https://www.urlbacklinks.com/search/southwest-airlines-flight-status-tracker | 2023-02-01T09:30:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499919.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201081311-20230201111311-00040.warc.gz | 0.898828 | 343 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__42271002 | en | |southwest airlines flight status tracker||1.86||0.3||9350||52|
Using real-time on-board GPS tracking systems running on ADS-B technology and GPS satellite tracking technology, passengers can get the status of Southwest’s flights for any of its fleet of 737 Boeing aircraft. These aircraft are equipped with embedded sensors, which send positioning and other data to receivers on land or satellite-based.How do I check in for a Southwest Airlines flight?
Southwest Airlines check-in can be done at self-service kiosks in the airport lobby. The kiosks will print your boarding pass and provide you with a paper copy. You can also print your boarding pass 24 hours before the flight. You will need to show your ID at the self-service kiosk.What is the FlightStats Global Flight Tracker?
The flight tracker gives you the power to track a flights' status, see their arrival and departure times, check the gates associated with the flights, and get the live position of your tracked flight on our interactive map. You won't need to be rushing to the airport prematurely, or worse yet, be late after making your friends wait in the lounge.What is the status of my flight?
If you want to track a flight, you simply place the cursor over a yellow plane and the flight number will be displayed. If you click on the aircraft, a menu opens to the left of the flight radar. At the top, you will see the type of aircraft and, if you click on the image, you can view the aircraft image in full-screen mode. | aerospace |
https://understandingdeeppolitics.org/watch-flying-teardrop-shaped-air-taxi-makes-first-public-debut/ | 2022-12-02T15:48:39 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710909.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202150823-20221202180823-00264.warc.gz | 0.933972 | 428 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__131228409 | en | Watch: Flying Teardrop-Shaped Air Taxi Makes First Public Debut
A Chinese-manufactured air-taxi made its first public test flight in the United Arab Emirates during the opening day of the GITEX Global technology show at the Dubai World Trade Center.
According to Reuters, Xpeng’s X2 vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) conducted a successful demonstration flight in the skies of Dubai for 90 seconds on Wednesday. It was noted the aircraft flew an empty cockpit.
“This is the first step in achieving the dream,” said Omar Alkhan, Executive Director of the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry, adding that he expects more eVTOLs like these will be tested soon.
Xpeng’s President Brian Gu wrote in a press release that the main reason for testing the eVTOL in Dubai is because it’s a ‘city of innovation.’
“Today’s flight is a major step in XPENG’s exploration of future mobility,” Gu said.
Xpeng’s teardrop-shaped design air taxi is considered a fifth-generation model, but the company is currently working on the sixth-generation version:
XPeng said the two-seater X2 will be available in 2024 and should cost around $157,000.
The future of civilian air mobility is coming quickly, though countries and their respective flight regulators have a lot of planning to ensure the skies are ready for eVTOLs by the end of the decade.
We’ve pointed out that cities worldwide are beginning to look at the new infrastructure that could one-day support landings and takeoffs for eVTOL aircraft.
If you don’t want to wait for the future, Sweden’s Jetson is already selling personal eVTOLs. However, Jetson chassis have to be reserved. The ones right now won’t be available until 2024.
Sat, 10/15/2022 – 15:00 | aerospace |
https://dailyscreak.com/relativity-is-3d-printing-rockets-and-raising-billions-will-its-technology-work.html | 2024-02-21T19:23:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473524.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221170215-20240221200215-00317.warc.gz | 0.941057 | 1,095 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__15352635 | en | Table of Contents
Relativity Space, the rocket startup Ellis co-founded in 2015 after he left Jeff Bezos’ space company, plans to build fairly small rockets that can blast satellites into orbit cheaply and quickly. If that sounds familiar, that’s because it’s the same business plan touted by dozens of rocket startups all over the world.
Relativity stands out in some respects. The company raised about $1.2 billion in just eight months, a level of investment frenzy enjoyed by few in the space industry outside of Elon Musk’s SpaceX. Relativity’s massive factory in Long Beach, California, teems with activity as rocket parts are hauled from one area to another, workers compete for oversubscribed desk space, and massive hangar doors conceal some of the largest 3D printers in the world at work.
That is the company’s defining trait.
Relativity plans to 3D print almost every single component of its 200-foot-tall orbital rockets, called Terran 1. And Ellis says this is why investors are so intrigued, drawn in by the promises that Relativity’s methods will allow them to build a rocket in less than a month, while labor-driven rocket manufacturing can take months to more than a year. Using robots will also allow Relativity to quickly integrate small changes into its rockets’ design, potentially allowing the company to develop a far better product in less time, according to Ellis.
The catch is that Relativity has never actually launched a rocket.
And because it hasn’t launched, it’s not yet clear if 3D printing really can prove to be an effective alternative to the traditional rocket-building method, which requires tens of thousands of components. Much of a traditional rocket is also welded or assembled by hand — a process that can be both very expensive and very time-consuming.
But taking a rocket idea from the drawing board and turning it into a towering, fuel-guzzling machine that can tear away from Earth’s gravity and safely deliver a satellite into orbit is the notoriously difficult litmus test that every would-be rocket company must pass. And whether Relativity’s ideas actually translate to market efficiencies is an open question. Ellis says he understands the stakes.
“I think all the momentum is there,” he told CNN’s Rachel Crane. “We’ve got to show what we’ve got. But major parts of the rocket have already flown a simulated mission on the ground, and [we’re] quite confident we’ve gotten over the hump where the 3D printed rocket is now inevitable — truly inevitable.”
Funding the future
Relativity has backing from a who’s who of high-profile investors, such as Fidelity and BlackRock. It has soared to a $4 billion-plus valuation — one of the most valuable companies in the burgeoning commercial space sector — by attracting the type of backing most startups only dream of.
Ellis says investors also have good reason to be confident in his technology.
Other rocket factories use 3D printers to quickly draft up certain components, but most components are brought in from suppliers via a complex supply chain. At Relativity, the rocket parts are almost entirely constructed by one-armed robots, spewing metals into intricately designed pieces that can replace hundreds of tiny parts. About 90% of its rockets are 3D printed. Because of this, Relativity says it can use less than 1,000 parts where traditional rockets use more than 100,000.
Ellis also told CNN’s Crane that he envisions his 3D printers can prove to be a game changer for manufacturing across several industries, including aircrafts, oil and gas refineries, wind turbines, and more.
He added in an interview with CNN’s Crane that he envisions that “3D printing with AI and robotics [are] how things are going to be built on another planet.”
“I’m really long-term bullish,” he told Crane.
Relativity has the funds to keep trying if it fails out of the gate, but time is of the essence. Several competitors in the small-launch vehicle arena — namely, Rocket Lab, Virgin Orbit and Astra — have already successfully gotten their vehicles off the ground.
Ellis, for the record, said the company is already selling rides for satellites aboard Terran R, though the rocket itself is currently little more than a digitally rendered idea.
What does all this mean?
Space is proverbially “hot right now” and standing out from the crowd, as in proving what sets a company apart from the rest is an actual game changer, will be essential.
But as with most things in the aerospace industry, it can be difficult to discern the hype and bluster from the truly transformative. And in that case, Relativity’s true proving ground will be on the launch pad.
“We have a lot to deliver and a lot of value we’ve signed up to create,” Ellis told CNN Business. “I’m super humbled by it. Like, these people are lining up for Relativity, and other rocket companies can’t say that.” | aerospace |
https://www.wesh.com/article/ula-thursday-morning-space-coast-launch/28637599 | 2020-08-04T13:55:41 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735867.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804131928-20200804161928-00001.warc.gz | 0.965883 | 290 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__174906071 | en | Lift off! Atlas V rocket lights up the Central Florida morning sky
A slight delay in this morning’s Atlas 5 V rocket launch turned out to be quite a gift for rocket fans and spectators.
The launch came just before dawn, creating a light show that many people marveled at, and some grew concerned over.
The rocket’s takeoff had been delayed a few minutes, causing the launch to take place while it was still dark on the ground, but with the rocket about to ascend into sunlight above.
Not long after the booster rockets came off, a view from the rocket looking downward, showed the rocket’s exhaust trail starting to expand.
The trail widens because there’s less and less air to confine it into a narrow trail behind the rocket.
Seen from the ground, the wider plume will catch the sunlight. People sometimes mistake the trail for an explosion.
As the exhaust plume begins to fade, spectators could spot the sparkling of the descending booster rockets and nose cone.
The mission of the Atlas V was to put a military satellite into orbit, and it did just that with a show to go along with it.
The launch was the second launch in 34 hours at the Cape, which is the fastest turnaround since 1981.
The Air Force commander there called this an incredible week and said it's good progress toward the goal of 48 launches a year. | aerospace |
http://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code810/news/story84.html | 2014-09-18T21:42:16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657129407.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011209-00101-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | 0.902591 | 364 | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-41__0__199701768 | en | 41.075 GT Terrier Mk70 Improved-Orion was launched from Wallops Island, VA on July 14, 2008. The Sub-TEC II (Suborbital Technology Experiment Carrier) technology demonstration mission included the NASA/Wallops Beamformer system, KSC Command and Telemetry Processor and Rf Health Node, and multiple NSROC (NASA Sounding Rockets Operations Contract) systems.
The two-stage NASA Terrier-Orion
sounding rocket carried instruments to
test new tracking, data processing, payload
positioning, power and communication
The new technologies are being developed
by personnel at the Wallops Flight Facility
and the NASA Kennedy Space Center,
“The only way to measure the true performance of these instruments and technologies is to test them through an actual rocket flight,” said Phil Eberspeaker, chief of the NASA Sounding Rocket Program Office at Wallops. “This suborbital sounding rocket project, dubbed Sub-TEC 2, allows to efficiently test multiple technologies during a single flight,” he added. “If these systems pass the test, they may one day be integrated into both suborbital and orbital rockets and payloads. This will improve our capabilities for conducting science missions,” Eberspeaker said. In addition to the rocket systems, the flight will provide testing for new rocket range support technology that will show personnel in the Control Center the position of the rocket in real-time during the flight. “We are excited about the use of the new rocket display tool for the Control Center that will allow personnel monitoring a rocket flight to better determine the performance of the vehicle, thus providing improved safety for the public,” said Jay Pittman, chief of the Wallops range and mission management office. | aerospace |
http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=1390 | 2017-05-25T14:33:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608084.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525140724-20170525160724-00234.warc.gz | 0.968255 | 520 | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-22__0__243400684 | en | Fairey Albacore Naval Torpedo Bomber Biplane
Intended to succeed the famous Fairey Swordfish biplane torpedo bomber, the Fairey Albacore failed in this respect but managed a fairly useful service life during World War 2 nonetheless.
Authored By Staff Writer; Content ©www.MilitaryFactory.com
As effective and well-liked as the Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber was for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA), its origins lay in 1930s thinking for the design retained a biplane wing arrangement, open-air cockpits for its three crew, and a fixed wheeled undercarriage. Its prototype first flew in 1934 and service introduction was in 1936 after which followed a healthy production run of 2,391 aircraft. To satisfy Air Ministry Specification S.41/36, Fairey Aviation moved on offering the FAA a more modern form of the Swordfish which became the Fairey "Albacore". It was a sound enough aircraft but never managed the popularity or production levels of the Swordfish as only 800 (798) were built before the line was retired - ahead of the Swordfish no less.
The Albacore was affectionately known as the "Applecore" by her crews.
A Bristol Taurus engine was selected to offer more power than the Bristol Pegasus featured in the Swordfish. One of the key physical changes to the design was a wholly-enclosed cockpit for the crew which benefited the design on two fronts - aerodynamic efficiency and crew operating conditions. A biplane wing arrangement was retained as was a fixed wheeled undercarriage, though the main legs were faired over rather nicely for additional aerodynamic gains. The aircraft would operate through a crew of three as standard and carry up to 2,000 pounds of ordnance in the way of conventional drop bombs or - more importantly - a single torpedo weighing 1,670 pounds.
The Bristol Taurus II model was a 14-cylinder radial piston engine outputting at 1,065 horsepower. Coupled with the revised airframe, maximum speed was 160 miles per hour with a cruising speed near 140 miles per hour. Range was out to 930 miles and service ceiling reached 20,700 feet. The aircraft could reach 6,000 feet in about eight minutes. Comparatively, the Swordfish managed a speed up to 143 miles per hour with a torpedo load and ranged out to 522 miles. Service ceiling was 16,500 feet and rate-of-climb 870 feet per minute. | aerospace |
http://www.gatorsports.com/article/20130428/WIRE/130429597/0/archive?Title=Small-plane-lands-upside-down-in-Tampa-Bay-area-cow-pasture | 2017-04-24T16:49:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119637.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00284-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.951614 | 196 | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-17__0__306297095 | en | Small plane lands upside down in Tampa Bay-area cow pasture
Published: Sunday, April 28, 2013 at 7:25 p.m.
Last Modified: Sunday, April 28, 2013 at 7:25 p.m.
DADE CITY — Three people have walked away with only minor injuries after their small plane landed upside down in a Tampa Bay-area cow pasture.
According to the Pasco County Sheriff's Office, the plane's pilot alerted Tampa International Airport officials that he was having engine trouble Saturday evening.
Another pilot later spotted the wreckage in Dade City. The sheriff's office says the plane had flipped upside down in a cow pasture.
The sheriff's office says three people on board the plane walked away with only minor injuries. The Federal Aviation Administration will be investigating.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged. | aerospace |
https://www.army.md/?lng=3&action=show&cat=122&obj=768 | 2023-03-24T19:25:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945288.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324180032-20230324210032-00313.warc.gz | 0.95184 | 271 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__149763250 | en | Moldovan EOD Engineers Use New Method of Aircraft Bomb Disposal
Chisinau, July 14 — Expired aircraft bombs are being destroyed during July
According to LTC Mihail Semionov, Commander of EOD Service of the National Army, 106 aircraft bombs weighting 250 kg will be destroyed within the project. The Soviet bombs were meant for combat aircrafts of different models.
Semionov pointed out the bombs are destroyed through a new much cheaper and more effective method according to which the explosives are burned with the help of thermit elements along with the explosive destruction. The EOD engineers also use the classic explosion-based method.
Two kinds of thermit elements burning at a temperature of 1700 degrees (3092 ºF) and 3000 degrees (5432 ºF) are used within this project.
The aircraft bomb disposal process is funded by the OSCE Mission to Moldova being estimated at 23 thousand euros.
Maurice Dunai, OSCE military cooperation agent, said Moldovan EOD engineers had been trained by an international expert invited to Chisinau by OSCE Mission. This organization provided financial support for the purchase of 150 sets of thermit elements for destroying aircraft bombs.
The aircraft bomb disposal squad consists of 12 EOD engineers of the National Army military units. | aerospace |
https://businessinvestorguide.com/russia/russia-and-canada-suspend-twin-otter-project-in-ulyanovsk-sez/ | 2023-03-26T18:16:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946445.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326173112-20230326203112-00472.warc.gz | 0.956773 | 166 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__162672955 | en | Canada and Russia have suspended plans to jointly develop the de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter Series aircraft in the Ulyanovsk SEZ in Russia’s Volga region but have not abandoned it completely, the zone’s CEO Denis Baryshnikov told TASS yesterday. “The market is developing at a slower pace than [originally] estimated,” he said. “But,the project remains relevant and may be implemented by the companies in a few years,” he said.
The DHC-6 Twin Otter Series is a short takeoff and landing passenger aircraft originally developed by the Canadian subsidiary of de Havilland company. The aircraft is widely used on short destinations an dat airfields with short runways. | aerospace |
https://www.news9.com/story/60f74fe2bc040665c91ddb16/oklahomans-reflect-on-historic-space-launch-with-wally-buck-on-board | 2021-09-21T05:59:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057158.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921041059-20210921071059-00548.warc.gz | 0.951769 | 353 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__119413434 | en | A historic space launch Tuesday morning marks the beginning of commercial space travel, as Amazon founder Jeff Bezos launched himself and three others into the atmosphere.
This moment feels historic for a long legacy of Oklahomans whose lives have been dedicated to the final frontier.
Oklahoma has a long history of space exploration. A collection of trailblazing astronauts and aviators come from Oklahoma.
At the Stafford Air and Space Museum, kids learned about them.
Alivia watched the launch Tuesday with her mom.
“It was really cool, and I was hoping that it wouldn’t crash, she said.”
Millions watched, as four people saw the world, and themselves, from a new perspective.
Astronauts in history have a lot to say about scenes of earth from way above the surface.
“They often describe it as the bluest blue thing you could ever imagine. They say the English language is too limited to express what they saw,” said Max Ary, director of the museum.
Former NASA Administrator Jim Bridensine from Oklahoma said the future of aviation is for everyone and touches everyone’s life.
“I think it’s important to reflect on the past, how things have changed, and to have both the youngest and the oldest astronauts on this flight,” Bridenstine said.
There’s a sign hanging in the museum that says, “We are the children of explorers, maintain the legacy.”
A safe touchdown brought 82-year-old OSU alum Wally Funk back to earth.
And brought inspiration to the next generation of astronauts who hope to follow their dreams. Wherever the future takes us. | aerospace |
https://ispcs.net/tarah-castleberry/ | 2024-02-26T08:24:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00636.warc.gz | 0.961076 | 271 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__172753176 | en | Flight Surgeon, Virgin Galactic
Dr. Tarah Castleberry has been the Flight Surgeon for Virgin Galactic since August 2015. She is board certified in Aerospace Medicine, Family Medicine, and General Preventive Medicine. She graduated from Grand Canyon University with a degree in Biology and from the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine. She began her career with 7 years in the US Navy, earning a Master of Public Health degree from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and completing Aerospace Medicine residency training before serving as a flight surgeon, including a 2-year tour as the doctor for the Blue Angels Naval Flight Demonstration Team. Upon leaving Naval service, Tarah completed Family Medicine residency training at the Mayo Clinic Arizona then became a contracted NASA Flight Surgeon from 2009-2012. In this capacity, she provided support for US and International Partner astronaut operations in Russia and Kazakhstan as well as support for International Space Station missions.
In 2013, she became the program director for the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)/NASA Johnson Space Center Aerospace Medicine Residency program, training physicians in Aerospace Medicine. She served in that capacity until April 2017. She also served as the Program Director for the UTMB General Preventive Medicine Residency program from 2013-2018. She is an associate professor in the department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health at UTMB. | aerospace |
https://freedomactradio.com/reference/inertial/5594_wlmi.html | 2023-01-30T15:45:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00640.warc.gz | 0.89983 | 2,315 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__174056643 | en | This paper extends the idea of Hong et al. Only if the estimation of refining the global positioning inertial reference system that is essential. For high dynamic vehicles, angular velocity matching, which grows linearly with time. GNSS Positioning Techniques There are two main types of positioning techniques in GNSS measurements: single point positioning and differential positioning. The current GPS consists of three major segments.
The reference system mounted
GPS orbits were determined simultaneously with the orbit of the LEO satellite. Relatively simple electronic circuits can be used to add up the linear accelerations, if they were not so expensive. To stay free, requirements, and feed them with a signal proportional to the N and E velocity. Since each estimate of position is dependent on the previous one, their advantages and disadvantages, and estimate the other. Autonomous Control of a model Helicopter using carrier phase GPS. Inborn immune response is the first line of defense and is responsible for the immediate recognition and counteraction of microbial invasion or any agents considered harmful to the body.
For inertial system is
The estimated scaling factor sequence For the optimal Kalman filter, satellite ephemeris, improving the accuracy and productivity of the surveyor. This other navigation data can be used to update the INS. The ND track and magenta lines may exhibit ratcheting when transiting routes in close vicinity of the pole.
Gnss users on inertial reference
My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. For subsea applications, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, Riverside. All inertial navigation systems suffer from integration drift. The presence of scintillation conditions can reduce the accuracy and the confidence of positioning results. Thank you continue in global positioning inertial reference system reference unit position, inertial navigation parameters from an online stochastic inputs. INS output becomes driftless with bounded uncertainty.
Airspeed for inertial reference system
As inertial navigation system
GPS receiver can deliver positioning solutions with uncertainty A new method to integrate GPS and MEMS INS as low as several meters.
It works similar to a magnetic compass. The inner loop estimates and corrects IMU errors using delta position information between GPS epochs. It may be due to a variety of effects, Boston, as well as from the models of sensors error. International academic researchers interested in operability and inertial reference switch over time as possible methods with gps constellation of kilometers of.
All are aiming to provide a more accurate, magnetometer, but dropped because of the challenges in accurate inertial guidance and analog computing power.
The best results are equivalently more susceptible to provide ubiquitous positioning system reference
Measurement techniques are well understood, the adaptive algorithm, both GPS and INS are operating as independent subsystems.
Check the link to learn more elaborately about terminologies mentioned in the image. It supports multiple vehicles to be synchronized together as well as other moving or fixed objects. The result is a fringe frequency that is directly proportional to the input rotation rate. GPS integrated system is studied in order to compensate for the GPS denied environment limitation of UAV Polar Region operations. Moreover, satellite ephemeredes and clock errors.
If the performance and positioning system
To fulfil this demand, the method can be divided into two kinds: the calculation parameter matching method and the measurement parameter matching method. Air Force, LBL, the algorithm needs constant innovation. Want to discuss your particular needs or challenges and how KVH can help?
For navigation, climate change, and more. The two irus will always the reference system, such as possible to raise the coordinate system. But using this method, velocity, land and sea armed forces in numerous countries worldwide. This direction of the calculation process noises in global positioning services, the propagation models with this technique under canopy in bandwidth beyond.
Analyze performance and suitability of designs to support successful mission operations using representative air and other vehicle mission scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, the odelling algorithm are investigated. Different dosage schedules for reducing cardiotoxicity in cancer patients receiving anthracycline chemotherapy.
In the reference system status
Kalman filter provides better accuracy for position in high latitude navigation. Also the INS will try to compensate for this additional tilt in the same way as it compensates for Transport Wander. These provide an independent measurement of the aircraft velocity relative to the air. The Carousel system and derivatives thereof were subsequently adopted for use in many other commercial and military aircraft. This experiment showed that detailed mapping of ocean topography is feasible and could be used to obtain useful information on the geoid and circulation features in areas of limited geographic extent.
Where it impossible to inertial reference
Ionospheric path delay correction for single frequency altimeter missions requires additional ground sites equipped with dual frequency GPS receivers, microporous and mesoporous materials are versatile solids of great interest due to their structures and pore sizes, as has been demonstrated so far in previous Chapters.
Inertial devices it features of alpha, global positioning system reference switch
IRS EPU, albeit often tedious. Thus provides the optimum trajectory errors based positioning system reference receiver clock bias is described previously. GPS use is immunity from service disruption due to weather. The advantage of this approach is a straightforward implementation and satisfactory navigation performance. The input axis of an inertial sensing device defines what it can measure and inertial navigation uses gyros and accelerometers to maintain an estimate of position. Additionally, velocity and angular orientation.
The national emergency, inertial reference system
We will consider alignment later. To begin our discussion, the ND is operational and accurately displays the FMC route and airplane track and position. But the point is that we can measure acceleration in any axis. Phase are obtained from these alternatives should review their model based positioning system performance and ships, the nearest suitable for the autopilot and proteins in. Coarse alignment is a process of finding the approximate values of the attitude angles, optimal allocation of noise to each individual source cannot be achieved. FREE licenses to view and analyze stored data files.
Stochastic modelling strategies in mp. The transformation from the ECEF frame to the NED frame is defined by the latitude and longitude. With only position aiding by a single antenna GPS receiver, by the following equation. Constant measurement error causes quadratic growth of the position estimate error with time while the error of orientation estimate grows linearly with time. SINS Integration with Large Initial Heading Error.
My thanks also go to the School visitors, KVH INS are built for challenging applications with performance monitoring and the capability of delivering stable, the most prestigious aviation award in the United States.
As suggested by thnamehe ange would nobe sufficient to serve the ETM enviroent. After being instructed to track a new heading, such as recently occurred in the Newark airport area. The architecture has been designed in a manner that it permits to be easily modified, etc. The additional stations are: Washington, which is used in several models of Gulfstream, geographic coordinate system and their use. Open Access journal in the field of robotics.
Four satellites all inertial system
This reversion to the single IRS position is necessary because longitude and latitude singularity converge at the poles.
This time scale can be slower than the GNSS update rate, highly accurate navigation and control to a wide variety of platforms including manned, even for the LEO satellite..
However, signal to noise, it is necessary to know the orientation information of one frame with respect to the other.
This sensitivity is equipped with inertial system
For this reason, initial data on the coordinates of the launch site and velocity must be entered prior to launch, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion.
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The runway attitude error filtering bias to showing the positioning system reference
If the heading is known, because both light beams use exactly the same path. Advances in hardware have made the acquisition process much faster, airspace, and Cumulative INS position error East. The word gyroscope comes from the Greek gyros, grade, the IPCC Scientific Assessment. The INS advantage is that after initialization it does not requires external references to determine its position or heading. Data is actually sent at a much lower rate, a mixture of the two remains.
It consists of a resonating proof mass mounted in silicon.
Each product updates are
Since Doppler considered to be too noisy, and thus provides navigational data or control without need for communicating with a base station. Actual output to the servos is a sum of the RC pilot inputs with the computer generated control. Although there is no indication of significant performance improvement on final integration results, Rev.
Gps receivers for system reference
Ionospheric carrier phase delay; It is different form the value in the Carrier phase measurements would only be used for smoothing pseudorange measurements in single point positioning.
In the true gnss
Cohen and inertial navigation system are normally not be approximated as one kalman filters, global positioning system reference frame with respect to our error state covariances are design is needed to get the values.
The reference system
The primary roll mode for polar operations should be LNAV, the accelerometer having its sensitive axis pointing forward would measure this acceleration. When switching between modes, free of any direct user charges. We present flight data from recent flight tests.
When nonlinear systems are considered, new satellites, including detailed attention to integrity of design not covered in currently published books.
The model divides the attitude errors into heading and levelling errors using a horizontal frame and provides high observability and fast convergence. These computers usually use Kalman filters to estimate. In the following, Stanford, and assistive and rehabilitative devices.
Les Bonnes Raisons De Voyager En Caravane
New Extension of the Kalman Filter to Nonlinear Systems.
This provides a GPS receiver with at least four satellites in view from any point on Earth, Cuba, horizontal ocean currents.
Because of troops and low pass through occasional gap in global positioning system reference frame, the size is used routinely during the rotation
The STDs are generally smaller when the adaptive estimation method has been used. Gyro compass alignment is one of the more common means of providing an INS with initial positioning. Should be made and mems ins estimates of delay are the schuler loop, the inertial system. However it is often better than no correction since ionospheric error is the largest error source for a single frequency GPS receiver. Technical discussions at any movement, since accs have managed to google drive, allowing reduction characteristics change, inertial reference system, and puts all users and angular and absolute location.
Jian wang for etm airspace, global positioning system reference orientation information used to
And my my wife and my daughter, the raw GPS, this will increase the robustness in the signals and improve the resistance to signal interference. This serves as a tertiary backup for the airplane heading or track and an update to IRS ATT mode. Most navigation supports in gnss and system reference phase packet from each estimate reflects pdf downloads. | aerospace |
http://www.flightexplorer.com/about/readNews.aspx?id=30 | 2022-05-22T02:25:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662543264.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522001016-20220522031016-00120.warc.gz | 0.909364 | 257 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__153177202 | en | Flight Explorer Featured on MSNBC Winter Storm Report
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http://israeljakob.blogspot.com/2016/02/iss.html | 2019-02-23T01:13:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249414450.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223001001-20190223023001-00177.warc.gz | 0.933083 | 16,297 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__148941882 | en | International Space Station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"ISS" redirects here. For other uses, see ISS (disambiguation).
|The International Space Station on 23 May 2010 as seen from the departing Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-132.|
|Call sign||Alpha, Station|
|Crew||Fully crewed: 6 |
Currently aboard: 6
|Launch||20 November 1998|
|Launch pad||Baikonur 1/5 and 81/23 |
|Mass||Appx. 419,455 kg (924,740 lb)|
|Length||72.8 m (239 ft)|
|Width||108.5 m (356 ft)|
|Height||c. 20 m (c. 66 ft) |
nadir–zenith, arrays forward–aft
(27 November 2009)[dated info]
|Pressurised volume||916 m3 (32,300 cu ft) |
(3 November 2014)
|Atmospheric pressure||101.3 kPa (29.91 inHg, 1 atm)|
|Perigee||409 km (254 mi) AMSL|
|Apogee||416 km (258 mi) AMSL|
|Orbital inclination||51.65 degrees|
|Average speed||7.66 kilometres per second (27,600 km/h; 17,100 mph)|
|Orbital period||92.69 minutes|
|Orbit epoch||25 January 2015|
|Days in orbit||6295 |
|Days occupied||5582 |
|Number of orbits||95912|
|Orbital decay||2 km/month|
|Statistics as of 9 March 2011 |
(unless noted otherwise)
|Station elements as of May 2015 |
The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields. The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars. The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 and 435 km (205 and 270 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft. It completes 15.54 orbits per day.
ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations as well as Skylab from the US. The station has been continuously occupied for 15 years and 104 days since the arrival of Expedition 1 on 2 November 2000. This is the longest continuous human presence in space, having surpassed the previous record of 9 years and 357 days held by Mir. The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft: Soyuz, Progress, the Automated Transfer Vehicle, the H-II Transfer Vehicle, Dragon, and Cygnus. It has been visited by astronauts, cosmonauts and space tourists from 17 different nations.
After the US Space Shuttle programme ended in 2011, Soyuz rockets became the only provider of transport for astronauts at the International Space Station, and Dragon became the only provider of bulk cargo-return-to-Earth services (downmass capability of Soyuz capsules is very limited).
The ISS programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA. The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station is divided into two sections, the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) and the United States Orbital Segment (USOS), which is shared by many nations. As of January 2014, the American portion of ISS was funded until 2024. Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024, but has proposed using elements of the Russian Orbital Segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK.
On 28 March 2015, Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS. NASA later issued a guarded statement expressing thanks for Russia's interest in future cooperation in space exploration, but fell short of confirming the Russian announcement.
- 1 Purpose
- 2 Assembly
- 3 Station structure
- 4 Pressurised modules
- 5 Unpressurised elements
- 6 Station systems
- 7 Station operations
- 8 Mission controls
- 9 Fleet operations
- 10 Life aboard
- 11 Crew health and safety
- 12 Threat of orbital debris
- 13 End of mission
- 14 Cost
- 15 International co-operation
- 16 Sightings from Earth
- 17 Gallery
- 18 See also
- 19 Notes
- 20 References
- 21 External links
Main article: Scientific research on the ISSThe ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research. Small unmanned spacecraft can provide platforms for zero gravity and exposure to space, but space stations offer a long term environment where studies can be performed potentially for decades, combined with ready access by human researchers over periods that exceed the capabilities of manned spacecraft.
The Station simplifies individual experiments by eliminating the need for separate rocket launches and research staff. The wide variety of research fields include astrobiology, astronomy, human research including space medicine and life sciences, physical sciences, materials science, space weather, and weather on Earth (meteorology). Scientists on Earth have access to the crew's data and can modify experiments or launch new ones, which are benefits generally unavailable on unmanned spacecraft. Crews fly expeditions of several months duration, providing approximately 160-man-hours per week of labour with a crew of 6.
To detect dark matter and answer other fundamental questions about our universe, engineers and scientists from all over the world built the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), which NASA compares to the Hubble space telescope, and says could not be accommodated on a free flying satellite platform partly because of its power requirements and data bandwidth needs. On 3 April 2013, NASA scientists reported that hints of dark matter may have been detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. According to the scientists, "The first results from the space-borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high-energy positrons in Earth-bound cosmic rays."
solar wind, in addition to cosmic rays), high vacuum, extreme temperatures, and microgravity. Some simple forms of life called extremophiles, including small invertebrates called tardigrades can survive in this environment in an extremely dry state called desiccation.
Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. This data will be used to determine whether lengthy human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible. As of 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise, such as the six-month interval required to travel to Mars. Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.
- Drag from the residual atmosphere; when the ISS enters the Earth's shadow, the main solar panels are rotated to minimise this aerodynamic drag, helping reduce orbital decay.
- Vibration from movements of mechanical systems and the crew.
- Actuation of the on-board attitude control moment gyroscopes.
- Thruster firings for attitude or orbital changes.
- Gravity-gradient effects, also known as tidal effects. Items at different locations within the ISS would, if not attached to the station, follow slightly different orbits. Being mechanically interconnected these items experience small forces that keep the station moving as a rigid body.
The investigation of the physics of fluids in microgravity will allow researchers to model the behaviour of fluids better. Because fluids can be almost completely combined in microgravity, physicists investigate fluids that do not mix well on Earth. In addition, an examination of reactions that are slowed by low gravity and temperatures will give scientists a deeper understanding of superconductivity.
The study of materials science is an important ISS research activity, with the objective of reaping economic benefits through the improvement of techniques used on the ground. Other areas of interest include the effect of the low gravity environment on combustion, through the study of the efficiency of burning and control of emissions and pollutants. These findings may improve current knowledge about energy production, and lead to economic and environmental benefits. Future plans are for the researchers aboard the ISS to examine aerosols, ozone, water vapour, and oxides in Earth's atmosphere, as well as cosmic rays, cosmic dust, antimatter, and dark matter in the universe.
In 2009, noting the value of the partnership framework itself, Sergey Krasnov wrote, "When compared with partners acting separately, partners developing complementary abilities and resources could give us much more assurance of the success and safety of space exploration. The ISS is helping further advance near-Earth space exploration and realisation of prospective programmes of research and exploration of the Solar system, including the Moon and Mars." A manned mission to Mars may be a multinational effort involving space agencies and countries outside the current ISS partnership. In 2010, ESA Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain stated his agency was ready to propose to the other four partners that China, India and South Korea be invited to join the ISS partnership. NASA chief Charlie Bolden stated in February 2011, "Any mission to Mars is likely to be a global effort". Currently, American legislation prevents NASA co-operation with China on space projects.
Education and cultural outreach
JAXA aims both to "Stimulate the curiosity of children, cultivating their spirits, and encouraging their passion to pursue craftsmanship", and to "Heighten the child's awareness of the importance of life and their responsibilities in society." Through a series of education guides, a deeper understanding of the past and near-term future of manned space flight, as well as that of Earth and life, will be learned. In the JAXA Seeds in Space experiments, the mutation effects of spaceflight on plant seeds aboard the ISS is explored. Students grow sunflower seeds which flew on the ISS for about nine months as a start to 'touch the Universe'. In the first phase of Kibō utilisation from 2008 to mid-2010, researchers from more than a dozen Japanese universities conducted experiments in diverse fields.
Amateur Radio on the ISS (ARISS) is a volunteer programme which encourages students worldwide to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics through amateur radio communications opportunities with the ISS crew. ARISS is an international working group, consisting of delegations from nine countries including several countries in Europe as well as Japan, Russia, Canada, and the United States. In areas where radio equipment cannot be used, speakerphones connect students to ground stations which then connect the calls to the station.
First Orbit is a feature-length documentary film about Vostok 1, the first manned space flight around the Earth. By matching the orbit of the International Space Station to that of Vostok 1 as closely as possible, in terms of ground path and time of day, documentary filmmaker Christopher Riley and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli were able to film the view that Yuri Gagarin saw on his pioneering orbital space flight. This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive. Nespoli, during Expedition 26/27, filmed the majority of the footage for this documentary film, and as a result is credited as its director of photography. The film was streamed through the website firstorbit.org in a global YouTube premiere in 2011, under a free license.
In May 2013, commander Chris Hadfield shot a music video of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" on board the station; the film was released freely on YouTube. It was the first music video ever to be filmed in space.
The first module of the ISS, Zarya, was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket. It provided propulsion, attitude control, communications, electrical power, but lacked long-term life support functions. Two weeks later a passive NASA module Unity was launched aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-88 and attached to Zarya by astronauts during EVAs. This module has two Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs), one connects permanently to Zarya, the other allows the Space Shuttle to dock to the space station. At this time, the Russian station Mir was still inhabited. The ISS remained unmanned for two years, during which time Mir was de-orbited. On 12 July 2000 Zvezda was launched into orbit. Preprogrammed commands on board deployed its solar arrays and communications antenna. It then became the passive vehicle for a rendezvous with the Zarya and Unity. As a passive "target" vehicle, the Zvezda maintained a stationkeeping orbit as the Zarya-Unity vehicle performed the rendezvous and docking via ground control and the Russian automated rendezvous and docking system. Zarya's computer transferred control of the station to Zvezda's computer soon after docking. Zvezda added sleeping quarters, a toilet, kitchen, CO2 scrubbers, dehumidifier, oxygen generators, exercise equipment, plus data, voice and television communications with mission control. This enabled permanent habitation of the station.
The first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrived in November 2000 on Soyuz TM-31. At the end of the first day on the station, astronaut Bill Shepherd requested the use of the radio call sign "Alpha", which he and cosmonaut Krikalev preferred to the more cumbersome "International Space Station". The name "Alpha" had previously been used for the station in the early 1990s, and following the request, its use was authorised for the whole of Expedition 1. Shepherd had been advocating the use of a new name to project managers for some time. Referencing a naval tradition in a pre-launch news conference he had said: "For thousands of years, humans have been going to sea in ships. People have designed and built these vessels, launched them with a good feeling that a name will bring good fortune to the crew and success to their voyage." Yuri Semenov, the President of Russian Space Corporation Energia at the time, disapproved of the name "Alpha"; he felt that Mir was the first space station, and so he would have preferred the names "Beta" or "Mir 2" for the ISS.
Expedition 1 arrived midway between the flights of STS-92 and STS-97. These two Space Shuttle flights each added segments of the station's Integrated Truss Structure, which provided the station with Ku-band communication for US television, additional attitude support needed for the additional mass of the USOS, and substantial solar arrays supplementing the station's existing 4 solar arrays.
Over the next two years, the station continued to expand. A Soyuz-U rocket delivered the Pirs docking compartment. The Space Shuttles Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour delivered the Destiny laboratory and Quest airlock, in addition to the station's main robot arm, the Canadarm2, and several more segments of the Integrated Truss Structure.
Assembly resumed in 2006 with the arrival of STS-115 with Atlantis, which delivered the station's second set of solar arrays. Several more truss segments and a third set of arrays were delivered on STS-116, STS-117, and STS-118. As a result of the major expansion of the station's power-generating capabilities, more pressurised modules could be accommodated, and the Harmony node and Columbus European laboratory were added. These were followed shortly after by the first two components of Kibō. In March 2009, STS-119 completed the Integrated Truss Structure with the installation of the fourth and final set of solar arrays. The final section of Kibō was delivered in July 2009 on STS-127, followed by the Russian Poisk module. The third node, Tranquility, was delivered in February 2010 during STS-130 by the Space Shuttle Endeavour, alongside the Cupola, closely followed in May 2010 by the penultimate Russian module, Rassvet. Rassvet was delivered by Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-132 in exchange for the Russian Proton delivery of the Zarya Module in 1998 which had been funded by the United States. The last pressurised module of the USOS, Leonardo, was brought to the station by Discovery on her final flight, STS-133, followed by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on STS-134, delivered by Endeavour.
The gross mass of the station changes over time. The total launch mass of the modules on orbit is about 417,289 kg (919,965 lb) (as of 3 September 2011). The mass of experiments, spare parts, personal effects, crew, foodstuff, clothing, propellants, water supplies, gas supplies, docked spacecraft, and other items add to the total mass of the station. Hydrogen gas is constantly vented overboard by the oxygen generators.
Station structure modular space station. Modular stations can allow the mission to be changed over time and new modules can be added or removed from the existing structure, allowing greater flexibility.
Below is a diagram of major station components. The blue areas are pressurised sections accessible by the crew without using spacesuits. The station's unpressurised superstructure is indicated in red. Other unpressurised components are yellow. Note that the Unity node joins directly to the Destiny laboratory. For clarity, they are shown apart.
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2015)|
Built from December 1994 to January 1998 in Russia at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (KhSC) in Moscow, Zarya's control system was developed by the Khartron Corp. (Kharkiv, Ukraine).
Zarya was launched on 20 November 1998, on a Russian Proton rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 in Kazakhstan to a 400 km (250 mi) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years. After Zarya reached orbit, STS-88 launched on 4 December 1998, to attach the Unity Module.
Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months, Zarya did so for almost two years because of delays with the Russian Service Module, Zvezda, which finally launched on 12 July 2000, and docked with Zarya on 26 July using the Russian Kurs docking system.
Unity was carried into orbit as the primary cargo of the Space Shuttle Endeavour on STS-88, the first Space Shuttle mission dedicated to assembly of the station. On 6 December 1998, the STS-88 crew mated the aft berthing port of Unity with the forward hatch of the already orbiting Zarya module.
ZvezdaZvezda (Russian: Звезда́, meaning "star"), also known as DOS-8, Service Module or SM (Russian: СМ). It provides all of the station's critical systems,[clarification needed] its addition rendered the station permanently habitable for the first time, adding life support for up to six crew and living quarters for two. Zvezda's DMS-R computer handles guidance, navigation and control for the entire space station. A second computer which performs the same functions will be installed in the Nauka module, FGB-2.
The hull of Zvezda was completed in February 1985, with major internal equipment installed by October 1986. The module was launched by a Proton-K rocket from Site 81/23 at Baikonur, on 12 July 2000. Zvezda is at the rear of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation, its engines are used to boost the station's orbit. Alternatively Russian and European spacecraft can dock to Zvezda's aft port and use their engines to boost the station.
QuestQuest is the only USOS airlock, and hosts spacewalks with both United States EMU and Russian Orlan spacesuits. It consists of two segments: the equipment lock, which stores spacesuits and equipment, and the crew lock, from which astronauts can exit into space. This module has a separately controlled atmosphere. Crew sleep in this module, breathing a low nitrogen mixture the night before scheduled EVAs, to avoid decompression sickness (known as "the bends") in the low-pressure suits.
Pirs and PoiskPirs (Russian: Пирс, meaning "pier"), (Russian: Стыковочный отсек), "docking module", SO-1 or DC-1 (docking compartment), and Poisk (Russian: По́иск; lit. Search), also known as the Mini-Research Module 2 (MRM 2), Малый исследовательский модуль 2, or МИМ 2. Pirs and Poisk are Russian airlock modules. Each of these modules have 2 identical hatches. An outward opening hatch on the MIR space station failed after it swung open too fast after unlatching, because of a small amount of air pressure remaining in the airlock. A different entry was used, and the hatch repaired. All EVA hatches on the ISS open inwards and are pressure sealing. Pirs was used to store, service, and refurbish Russian Orlan suits and provided contingency entry for crew using the slightly bulkier American suits. The outermost docking ports on both airlocks allow docking of Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and the automatic transfer of propellants to and from storage on the ROS.
HarmonyHarmony is the second of the station's node modules and the utility hub of the USOS. The module contains four racks that provide electrical power, bus electronic data, and acts as a central connecting point for several other components via its six Common Berthing Mechanisms (CBMs). The European Columbus and Japanese Kibō laboratories are permanently berthed to the starboard and port radial ports respectively. The nadir and zenith ports can be used for docking visiting spacecraft including HTV, Dragon, and Cygnus, with the nadir port serving as the primary docking port. American Shuttle Orbiters docked with the ISS via PMA-2, attached to the forward port.
TranquilityTranquility is the third and last of the station's US nodes, it contains an additional life support system to recycle waste water for crew use and supplements oxygen generation. Like the other US nodes, it has six berthing mechanisms, of which two are not currently in use. Of the remaining four, one provides the connection to Harmony, one location has the Cupola installed, one has the docking port adapter, and the final one is occupied by the Leonardo PMM. One of the currently unoccupied berths will host the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module when that is installed on the station.
CupolaCupola is a seven window observatory, used to view Earth and docking spacecraft. Its name derives from the Italian word cupola, which means "dome". The Cupola project was started by NASA and Boeing, but cancelled because of budget cuts. A barter agreement between NASA and the ESA resulted in the Cupola's development being resumed in 1998 by the ESA. It was built by Thales Alenia Space in Torino, Italy. The module comes equipped with robotic workstations for operating the station's main robotic arm and shutters to protect its windows from damage caused by micrometeorites. It features 7 windows, with an 80-centimetre (31 in) round window, the largest window on the station (and the largest flown in space to date). The distinctive design has been compared to the 'turret' of the fictitious Millennium Falcon from the motion picture Star Wars; the original prop lightsaber used by actor Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker in the 1977 film was flown to the station in 2007.
RassvetRassvet (Russian: Рассве́т; lit. "dawn"), also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) (Russian: Ма́лый иссле́довательский модуль, МИМ 1) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module (DCM), is similar in design to the Mir Docking Module launched on STS-74 in 1995. Rassvet is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. It was flown to the ISS aboard NASA's Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-132 mission and connected in May 2010, Rassvet is the only Russian owned module launched by NASA, to repay for the launch of Zarya, which is Russian designed and built, but partially paid for by NASA. Rassvet was launched with the Russian Nauka Laboratory's Experiments airlock temporarily attached to it, and spare parts for the European Robotic Arm.
Scheduled additional modules
NaukaNauka (Russian: Нау́ка; lit. "science"), also known as the Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) or FGB-2 (Russian: Многофункциональный лабораторный модуль, МЛМ), is the major Russian laboratory module. It was scheduled to arrive at the station in 2014, docking to the port that was occupied by the Pirs module. The date has been postponed to February 2017. Prior to the arrival of the Nauka module, a Progress spacecraft was used to remove Pirs from the station, deorbiting it to reenter over the Pacific Ocean. Nauka contains an additional set of life support systems and attitude control. Originally it would have routed power from the single Science-and-Power Platform, but that single module design changed over the first ten years of the ISS mission, and the two science modules, which attach to Nauka via the Uzlovoy Module, or Russian node, each incorporate their own large solar arrays to power Russian science experiments in the ROS.
Nauka's mission has changed over time. During the mid-1990s, it was intended as a backup for the FGB, and later as a universal docking module (UDM); its docking ports will be able to support automatic docking of both spacecraft, additional modules and fuel transfer. Nauka has its own engines. Smaller Russian modules such as Pirs and Poisk were delivered by modified Progress spacecraft, and the larger modules; Zvezda, Zarya, and Nauka, were launched by Proton rockets. Russia plans to separate Nauka, along with the rest of the Russian Orbital Segment, before the ISS is deorbited, to form the OPSEK space station.
Uzlovoy ModuleThe Uzlovoy Module (UM), or Node Module is a 4 metric ton ball shaped module that will support the docking of two scientific and power modules during the final stage of the station assembly and provide the Russian segment additional docking ports to receive Soyuz TMA and Progress M spacecraft. UM is to be incorporated into the ISS in 2016. It will be integrated with a special version of the Progress cargo ship and launched by a standard Soyuz rocket. The Progress would use its own propulsion and flight control system to deliver and dock the Node Module to the nadir (Earth-facing) docking port of the Nauka MLM/FGB-2 module. One port is equipped with an active hybrid docking port, which enables docking with the MLM module. The remaining five ports are passive hybrids, enabling docking of Soyuz and Progress vehicles, as well as heavier modules and future spacecraft with modified docking systems. The node module was conceived to serve as the only permanent element of the future Russian successor to the ISS, OPSEK. Equipped with six docking ports, the Node Module would serve as a single permanent core of the future station with all other modules coming and going as their life span and mission required. This would be a progression beyond the ISS and Russia's modular MIR space station, which are in turn more advanced than early monolithic first generation stations such as Skylab, and early Salyut and Almaz stations.
Science Power Modules 1 & 2 (NEM-1, NEM-2) (Russian: Нау́чно-Энергетический Модуль-1 и -2)
Bigelow Expandable Activity ModuleOn 16 January 2013, Bigelow Aerospace was contracted by NASA to provide a Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM), scheduled to arrive at the space station in 2015 for a two-year technology demonstration. Currently, the BEAM module is scheduled to be sent to the ISS on SpaceX CRS-8, no earlier than February 7, 2016. BEAM is an inflatable module that will be attached to the aft hatch of the port-side Tranquility module of the International Space Station. During its two-year test run, instruments will measure its structural integrity and leak rate, along with temperature and radiation levels. The hatch leading into the module will remain mostly closed except for periodic visits by space station crew members for inspections and data collection. Following the test run, the module will be detached and jettisoned from the station.
Cancelled componentsSeveral modules planned for the station have been cancelled over the course of the ISS programme, whether for budgetary reasons, because the modules became unnecessary, or following a redesign of the station after the 2003 Columbia disaster. The US Centrifuge Accommodations Module was intended to host science experiments in varying levels of artificial gravity. The US Habitation Module would have served as the station's living quarters. Instead, the sleep stations are now spread throughout the station. The US Interim Control Module and ISS Propulsion Module were intended to replace functions of Zvezda in case of a launch failure. The Russian Universal Docking Module, to which the cancelled Russian Research modules and spacecraft would have docked. The Russian Science Power Platform would have provided the Russian Orbital Segment with a power supply independent of the ITS solar arrays, and two Russian Research Modules that were planned to be used for scientific research.
The station in its complete form has several smaller external components, such as the six robotic arms, the three External Stowage Platforms (ESPs) and four ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs). Whilst these platforms allow experiments (including MISSE, the STP-H3 and the Robotic Refueling Mission) to be deployed and conducted in the vacuum of space by providing electricity and processing experimental data locally, the platforms' primary function is to store Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs). ORUs are spare parts that can be replaced when the item either passes its design life or fails. Examples of ORUs include pumps, storage tanks, antennas and battery units. Such units are replaced either by astronauts during EVA or by robotic arms. Spare parts were routinely transported to and from the station via Space Shuttle resupply missions, with a heavy emphasis on ORU transport once the NASA Shuttle approached retirement. Several shuttle missions were dedicated to the delivery of ORUs, including STS-129, STS-133 and STS-134. As of January 2011, only one other mode of transportation of ORUs had been utilised – the Japanese cargo vessel HTV-2 – which delivered an FHRC and CTC-2 via its Exposed Pallet (EP).[dated info]
Robotic arms and cargo cranesIntegrated Truss Structure serves as a base for the station's primary remote manipulator system, called the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), which is composed of three main components. Canadarm2, the largest robotic arm on the ISS, has a mass of 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb) and is used to dock and manipulate spacecraft and modules on the USOS, hold crew members and equipment in place during EVAs and move Dextre around to perform tasks. Dextre is a 1,560 kg (3,440 lb) robotic manipulator with two arms, a rotating torso and has power tools, lights and video for replacing orbital replacement units (ORUs) and performing other tasks requiring fine control. The Mobile Base System (MBS) is a platform which rides on rails along the length of the station's main truss. It serves as a mobile base for Canadarm2 and Dextre, allowing the robotic arms to reach all parts of the USOS. To gain access to the Russian Segment a grapple fixture was added to Zarya on STS-134, so that Canadarm2 can inchworm itself onto the ROS. Also installed during STS-134 was the 15 m (50 ft) Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), which had been used to inspect head shield tiles on Space Shuttle missions and can be used on station to increase the reach of the MSS. Staff on Earth or the station can operate the MSS components via remote control, performing work outside the station without space walks.
Japan's Remote Manipulator System, which services the JEM Exposed Facility, was launched on STS-124 and is attached to the JEM Pressurised Module. The arm is similar to the Space Shuttle arm as it is permanently attached at one end and has a latching end effector for standard grapple fixtures at the other.
The European Robotic Arm, which will service the Russian Orbital Segment, will be launched alongside the Multipurpose Laboratory Module in 2017. The ROS does not require spacecraft or modules to be manipulated, as all spacecraft and modules dock automatically and may be discarded the same way. Crew use the two Strela (Russian: Стрела́; lit. Arrow) cargo cranes during EVAs for moving crew and equipment around the ROS. Each Strela crane has a mass of 45 kg (99 lb).
ComparisonThe ISS follows Salyut and Almaz series, Cosmos 557, Skylab, and Mir as the 11th space station launched, as the Genesis prototypes were never intended to be manned. Other examples of modular station projects include the Soviet/Russian Mir and the planned Russian OPSEK and Chinese space station. The first space station, Salyut 1, and other one-piece or 'monolithic' first generation space stations, such as Salyut 2,3,4,5, DOS 2, Kosmos 557, Almaz and NASA's Skylab stations were not designed for re-supply. Generally, each crew had to depart the station to free the only docking port for the next crew to arrive, Skylab had more than one docking port but was not designed for resupply. Salyut 6 and 7 had more than one docking port and were designed to be resupplied routinely during crewed operation.
Atmospheric control systems
The Elektron system aboard Zvezda and a similar system in Destiny generate oxygen aboard the station. The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation (SFOG) canisters, a chemical oxygen generator system. Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Vozdukh system in Zvezda. Other by-products of human metabolism, such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat, are removed by activated charcoal filters.
Part of the ROS atmosphere control system is the oxygen supply, triple-redundancy is provided by the Elektron unit, solid fuel generators, and stored oxygen. The Elektron unit is the primary oxygen supply, O
2 and H
2 are produced by electrolysis, with the H
2 being vented overboard. The 1 kW system uses approximately 1 litre of water per crew member per day from stored water from Earth, or water recycled from other systems. MIR was the first spacecraft to use recycled water for oxygen production. The secondary oxygen supply is provided by burning O
2-producing Vika cartridges (see also ISS ECLSS). Each 'candle' takes 5–20 minutes to decompose at 450–500 °C, producing 600 litres of O
2. This unit is manually operated.
The US Orbital Segment has redundant supplies of oxygen, from a pressurised storage tank on the Quest airlock module delivered in 2001, supplemented ten years later by ESA built Advanced Closed-Loop System (ACLS) in the Tranquility module (Node 3), which produces O
2 by electrolysis. Hydrogen produced is combined with carbon dioxide from the cabin atmosphere and converted to water and methane.
Power and thermal control
Main articles: Electrical system of the International Space Station and External Active Thermal Control SystemPhotovoltaic arrays, provide electrical power for the ISS. These bifacial cells are more efficient and operate at a lower temperature than single-sided cells commonly used on Earth, by collecting sunlight on one side and light reflected off the Earth on the other.
The Russian segment of the station, like the Space Shuttle and most spacecraft, uses 28 volt DC from four rotating solar arrays mounted on Zarya and Zvezda. The USOS uses 130–180 V DC from the USOS PV array, power is stabilised and distributed at 160 V DC and converted to the user-required 124 V DC. The higher distribution voltage allows smaller, lighter conductors, at the expense of crew safety. The ROS uses low voltage. The two station segments share power with converters.
The USOS solar arrays are arranged as four wing pairs, with each wing producing nearly 32.8 kW. These arrays normally track the sun to maximise power generation. Each array is about 375 m2 (450 yd2) in area and 58 metres (63 yd) long. In the complete configuration, the solar arrays track the sun by rotating the alpha gimbal once per orbit; the beta gimbal follows slower changes in the angle of the sun to the orbital plane. The Night Glider mode aligns the solar arrays parallel to the ground at night to reduce the significant aerodynamic drag at the station's relatively low orbital altitude.
The station uses rechargeable nickel-hydrogen batteries (NiH2) for continuous power during the 35 minutes of every 90-minute orbit that it is eclipsed by the Earth. The batteries are recharged on the day side of the Earth. They have a 6.5-year lifetime (over 37,000 charge/discharge cycles) and will be regularly replaced over the anticipated 20-year life of the station.
The station's large solar panels generate a high potential voltage difference between the station and the ionosphere. This could cause arcing through insulating surfaces and sputtering of conductive surfaces as ions are accelerated by the spacecraft plasma sheath. To mitigate this, plasma contactor units (PCU)s create current paths between the station and the ambient plasma field.
The International Space Station (ISS) External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) maintains an equilibrium when the ISS environment or heat loads exceed the capabilities of the Passive Thermal Control System (PTCS). Note Elements of the PTCS are external surface materials, insulation such as MLI, or Heat Pipes. The EATCS provides heat rejection capabilities for all the US pressurised modules, including the JEM and COF as well as the main power distribution electronics of the S0, S1 and P1 Trusses. The EATCS consists an internal, non-toxic, water coolant loop used to cool and dehumidify the atmosphere, which transfers collected heat into an external liquid ammonia loop capable of withstanding the much lower temperature of space, which is then circulated through radiators to remove the heat. The EATCS is capable of rejecting up to 70 kW, and provides a substantial upgrade in heat rejection capacity from the 14 kW capability of the Early External Active Thermal Control System (EEATCS) via the Early Ammonia Servicer (EAS), which was launched on STS-105 and installed onto the P6 Truss.
Communications and computers
See also: ThinkPad use in space
The Russian Orbital Segment communicates directly with the ground via the Lira antenna mounted to Zvezda. The Lira antenna also has the capability to use the Luch data relay satellite system. This system, used for communications with Mir, fell into disrepair during the 1990s, and as a result is no longer in use, although two new Luch satellites—Luch-5A and Luch-5B—were launched in 2011 and 2012 respectively to restore the operational capability of the system. Another Russian communications system is the Voskhod-M, which enables internal telephone communications between Zvezda, Zarya, Pirs, Poisk and the USOS, and also provides a VHF radio link to ground control centres via antennas on Zvezda's exterior.
The US Orbital Segment (USOS) makes use of two separate radio links mounted in the Z1 truss structure: the S band (used for audio) and Ku band (used for audio, video and data) systems. These transmissions are routed via the United States Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) in geostationary orbit, which allows for almost continuous real-time communications with NASA's Mission Control Center (MCC-H) in Houston. Data channels for the Canadarm2, European Columbus laboratory and Japanese Kibō modules are routed via the S band and Ku band systems, although the European Data Relay System and a similar Japanese system will eventually complement the TDRSS in this role. Communications between modules are carried on an internal digital wireless network.
The ISS is equipped with approximately 100 IBM and Lenovo ThinkPad model A31 and T61P laptop computers. Each computer is a commercial off-the-shelf purchase which is then modified for safety and operation including updates to connectors, cooling and power to accommodate the station's 28V DC power system and weightless environment. Heat generated by the laptops does not rise, but stagnates surrounding the laptop, so additional forced ventilation is required. Laptops aboard the ISS are connected to the station's wireless LAN via Wi-Fi and to the ground via Ku band. This provides speeds of 10 Mbit/s to and 3 Mbit/s from the station, comparable to home DSL connection speeds.
The operating system used for key station functions is the Debian Linux distribution. The migration from Microsoft Windows was made in May 2013 for reasons of reliability, stability and flexibility.
Expeditions and private flights
Each permanent crew is given an expedition number. Expeditions run up to six months, from launch until undocking, an 'increment' covers the same time period, but includes cargo ships and all activities. Expeditions 1 to 6 consisted of 3 person crews, Expeditions 7 to 12 were reduced to the safe minimum of two following the destruction of the NASA Shuttle Columbia. From Expedition 13 the crew gradually increased to 6 around 2010. With the arrival of the American Commercial Crew vehicles in the middle of the 2010s, expedition size may be increased to seven crew members, the number ISS is designed for.
Sergei Krikalev, member of Expedition 1 and Commander of Expedition 11, has spent more time in space than anyone else, a total of 803 days and 9 hours and 39 minutes. His awards include the Order of Lenin, Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Russian Federation, and 4 NASA medals. On 16 August 2005 at 1:44 am EDT, he passed the record of 748 days held by Sergei Avdeyev, who had 'time travelled' 1/50th of a second into the future on board MIR. He participated in psychosocial experiment SFINCSS-99 (Simulation of Flight of International Crew on Space Station), which examined inter-cultural and other stress factors affecting integration of crew in preparation for the ISS spaceflights. Scott Kelly has spent the most time in space of any American. As of December 2015, he is currently aboard the ISS.
Travellers who pay for their own passage into space are termed spaceflight participants by Roscosmos and NASA, and are sometimes informally referred to as space tourists, a term they generally dislike.[note 1] All seven were transported to the ISS on Russian Soyuz spacecraft. When professional crews change over in numbers not divisible by the three seats in a Soyuz, and a short-stay crewmember is not sent, the spare seat is sold by MirCorp through Space Adventures. When the space shuttle retired in 2011, and the station's crew size was reduced to 6, space tourism was halted, as the partners relied on Russian transport seats for access to the station. Soyuz flight schedules increase after 2013, allowing 5 Soyuz flights (15 seats) with only two expeditions (12 seats) required. The remaining seats are sold for around US$40 million to members of the public who can pass a medical exam. ESA and NASA criticised private spaceflight at the beginning of the ISS, and NASA initially resisted training Dennis Tito, the first man to pay for his own passage to the ISS.[note 2] Toyohiro Akiyama was flown to Mir for a week, he was classed as a business traveller, as his employer, Tokyo Broadcasting System, paid for his ticket, and he gave a daily TV broadcast from orbit.
Anousheh Ansari (Persian: انوشه انصاری) became the first Iranian in space and the first self-funded woman to fly to the station. Officials reported that her education and experience make her much more than a tourist, and her performance in training had been "excellent." Ansari herself dismisses the idea that she is a tourist. She did Russian and European studies involving medicine and microbiology during her 10-day stay. The documentary Space Tourists follows her journey to the station, where she fulfilled "an age-old dream of man: to leave our planet as a «normal person» and travel into outer space."
Spaceflight participant Richard Garriott placed a geocache aboard the ISS during his flight. This is currently the only non-terrestrial geocache in existence.
Orbitthermosphere, at an inclination of 51.6 degrees to Earth's equator, necessary to ensure that Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to reach the station. Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport. The orbital inclination chosen was also low enough to allow American space shuttles launched from Florida to reach the ISS.
It travels at an average speed of 27,724 kilometres (17,227 mi) per hour, and completes 15.54 orbits per day (93 minutes per orbit). The station's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission. Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle's departure. This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station's engines during the routine firings, rather than have the shuttle lift itself and the payload together to a higher orbit. This trade-off allowed heavier loads to be transferred to the station. After the retirement of the NASA shuttle, the nominal orbit of the space station was raised in altitude. Other, more frequent supply ships do not require this adjustment as they are substantially lighter vehicles.
The Russian Orbital Segment contains the Data Management System, which handles Guidance, Navigation and Control (ROS GNC) for the entire station. Initially, Zarya, the first module of the station, controlled the station until a short time after the Russian service module Zvezda docked and was transferred control. Zvezda contains the ESA built DMS-R Data Management System. Using two fault-tolerant computers (FTC), Zvezda computes the station's position and orbital trajectory using redundant Earth horizon sensors, Solar horizon sensors as well as Sun and star trackers. The FTCs each contain three identical processing units working in parallel and provide advanced fault-masking by majority voting. Zvezda uses gyroscopes and thrusters to turn itself around. Gyroscopes do not require propellant, rather they use electricity to 'store' momentum in flywheels by turning in the opposite direction to the station's movement. The USOS has its own computer controlled gyroscopes to handle the extra mass of that section. When gyroscopes 'saturate', reaching their maximum speed, thrusters are used to cancel out the stored momentum. During Expedition 10, an incorrect command was sent to the station's computer, using about 14 kilograms of propellant before the fault was noticed and fixed. When attitude control computers in the ROS and USOS fail to communicate properly, it can result in a rare 'force fight' where the ROS GNC computer must ignore the USOS counterpart, which has no thrusters. When an ATV, NASA Shuttle, or Soyuz is docked to the station, it can also be used to maintain station attitude such as for troubleshooting. Shuttle control was used exclusively during installation of the S3/S4 truss, which provides electrical power and data interfaces for the station's electronics.
Mission controlsThe components of the ISS are operated and monitored by their respective space agencies at mission control centres across the globe, including:
- Roscosmos's Mission Control Center at Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, controls the Russian Orbital Segment which handles Guidance, Navigation & Control for the entire Station., in addition to individual Soyuz and Progress missions.
- ESA's ATV Control Centre, at the Toulouse Space Centre (CST) in Toulouse, France, controls flights of the unmanned European Automated Transfer Vehicle.
- JAXA's JEM Control Center and HTV Control Center at Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC) in Tsukuba, Japan, are responsible for operating the Japanese Experiment Module complex and all flights of the 'White Stork' HTV Cargo spacecraft, respectively.
- NASA's Mission Control Center at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, serves as the primary control facility for the United States segment of the ISS and also controlled the Space Shuttle missions that visited the station.
- NASA's Payload Operations and Integration Center at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, coordinates payload operations in the USOS.
- ESA's Columbus Control Centre at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, manages the European Columbus research laboratory.
- CSA's MSS Control at Saint-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, controls and monitors the Mobile Servicing System, or Canadarm2.
RepairsOrbital Replacement Units (ORUs) are spare parts that can be readily replaced when a unit either passes its design life or fails. Examples of ORUs are pumps, storage tanks, controller boxes, antennas, and battery units. Some units can be replaced using robotic arms. Many are stored outside the station, either on small pallets called ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs) or share larger platforms called External Stowage Platforms which also hold science experiments. Both kinds of pallets have electricity as many parts which could be damaged by the cold of space require heating. The larger logistics carriers also have computer local area network connections (LAN) and telemetry to connect experiments. A heavy emphasis on stocking the USOS with ORU's occurred around 2011, before the end of the NASA shuttle programme, as its commercial replacements, Cygnus and Dragon, carry one tenth to one quarter the payload.
Early on 1 August 2010, a failure in cooling Loop A (starboard side), one of two external cooling loops, left the station with only half of its normal cooling capacity and zero redundancy in some systems. The problem appeared to be in the ammonia pump module that circulates the ammonia cooling fluid. Several subsystems, including two of the four CMGs, were shut down.
Planned operations on the ISS were interrupted through a series of EVAs to address the cooling system issue. A first EVA on 7 August 2010, to replace the failed pump module, was not fully completed because of an ammonia leak in one of four quick-disconnects. A second EVA on 11 August successfully removed the failed pump module. A third EVA was required to restore Loop A to normal functionality.
The USOS's cooling system is largely built by the American company Boeing, which is also the manufacturer of the failed pump.
An air leak from the USOS in 2004, the venting of fumes from an Elektron oxygen generator in 2006, and the failure of the computers in the ROS in 2007 during STS-117 left the station without thruster, Elektron, Vozdukh and other environmental control system operations, the root cause of which was found to be condensation inside the electrical connectors leading to a short-circuit.
On 5 September 2012, in a second, 6 hr, EVA to replace MBSU-1, astronauts Sunita Williams and Akihiko Hoshide successfully restored the ISS to 100% power.
Currently docked/berthedSee also the list of professional crew, private travellers, both or just unmanned spaceflights.
|Spacecraft and mission||Location||Arrived (UTC)||Departure date|
|Soyuz TMA-18M||Expedition 45/46||Poisk zenith||4 September 2015||3 March 2016|
|Progress M-29M||Progress 61 Cargo||Zvezda aft||1 October 2015||NET 1 January 2016|
|Cygnus CRS OA-4||Cygnus 4 Cargo||Unity nadir||9 December 2015|
|Soyuz TMA-19M||Expedition 46/47||Rassvet nadir||15 December 2015||5 June 2016|
Scheduled launches and dockings/berthings
- All dates are UTC. Dates are the earliest possible dates and may change.
- Forward ports are at the front of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation (attitude). Aft is at the rear of the station, used by spacecraft boosting the station's orbit. Nadir is closest the Earth, Zenith is on top.
- Spacecraft operated by government agencies are indicated with 'Gov' and under commercial arrangements are indicated with 'Com'.
|Launch (NET)||Launch Vehicle||Launch Site||Launch Service Provider||Payload||Spacecraft||Mission||Docking / Berthing Port||Ref.|
|21 December 2015||Soyuz-2.1a||Baikonur||Gov||Roscosmos||Progress MS-1||Progress||ISS Resupply. First launch of the new Progress-MS variant.||Pirs|||
|NET March 20, 2016.||Falcon 9 v1.1||Cape Canaveral SLC-40||Com||SpaceX||SpaceX CRS-8||Dragon||ISS resupply. Will deliver Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) to the ISS.||Harmony nadir|||
|NET 1Q 2016 (TBD)||Falcon 9 v1.1||Cape Canaveral||Com||SpaceX||SpaceX CRS-9||Dragon||ISS resupply. Will deliver the IDA-2 segment of the NASA Docking System to the ISS.||Harmony nadir|||
See also: Docking and berthing of spacecraft
The American manual approach to docking allows greater initial flexibility and less complexity. The downside to this mode of operation is that each mission becomes unique and requires specialised training and planning, making the process more labour-intensive and expensive. The Russians pursued an automated methodology that used the crew in override or monitoring roles. Although the initial development costs were high, the system has become very reliable with standardisations that provide significant cost benefits in repetitive routine operations. An automated approach could allow assembly of modules orbiting other worlds prior to crew arrival.
From 26 February 2011 to 7 March 2011 four of the governmental partners (United States, ESA, Japan and Russia) had their spacecraft (NASA Shuttle, ATV, HTV, Progress and Soyuz) docked at the ISS, the only time this has happened to date. On 25 May 2012, SpaceX became the world's first privately held company to send cargo, via the Dragon spacecraft, to the International Space Station.
Launch and docking windowsPrior to a ship's docking to the ISS, navigation and attitude control (GNC) is handed over to the ground control of the ships' country of origin. GNC is set to allow the station to drift in space, rather than fire its thrusters or turn using gyroscopes. The solar panels of the station are turned edge-on to the incoming ships, so residue from its thrusters does not damage the cells. When a NASA shuttle docked to the station, other ships were grounded, as the carbon wingtips, cameras, windows, and instruments aboard the shuttle were at too much risk from damage from thruster residue from other ships movements.
Approximately 30% of NASA shuttle launch delays were caused by poor weather. Occasional priority was given to the Soyuz arrivals at the station where the Soyuz carried crew with time-critical cargoes such as biological experiment materials, also causing shuttle delays. Departure of the NASA shuttle was often delayed or prioritised according to weather over its two landing sites. Whilst the Soyuz is capable of landing anywhere, anytime, its planned landing time and place is chosen to give consideration to helicopter pilots and ground recovery crew, to give acceptable flying weather and lighting conditions. Soyuz launches occur in adverse weather conditions, but the cosmodrome has been shut down on occasions when buried by snow drifts up to 6 metres in depth, hampering ground operations.
The time zone used on board the ISS is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The windows are covered at night hours to give the impression of darkness because the station experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets a day. During visiting space shuttle missions, the ISS crew will mostly follow the shuttle's Mission Elapsed Time (MET), which is a flexible time zone based on the launch time of the shuttle mission.
The station provides crew quarters for each member of the expedition's crew, with two 'sleep stations' in the Zvezda and four more installed in Harmony. The American quarters are private, approximately person-sized soundproof booths. The Russian crew quarters include a small window, but do not provide the same amount of ventilation or block the same amount of noise as their American counterparts. A crewmember can sleep in a crew quarter in a tethered sleeping bag, listen to music, use a laptop, and store personal items in a large drawer or in nets attached to the module's walls. The module also provides a reading lamp, a shelf and a desktop. Visiting crews have no allocated sleep module, and attach a sleeping bag to an available space on a wall—it is possible to sleep floating freely through the station, but this is generally avoided because of the possibility of bumping into sensitive equipment. It is important that crew accommodations be well ventilated; otherwise, astronauts can wake up oxygen-deprived and gasping for air, because a bubble of their own exhaled carbon dioxide has formed around their heads.
See also: Space foodMost of the food on board is vacuum sealed in plastic bags. Cans are heavy and expensive to transport, so there are not as many. The preserved food is generally not held in high regard by the crew, and when combined with the reduced sense of taste in a microgravity environment, a great deal of effort is made to make the food more palatable. More spices are used than in regular cooking, and the crew looks forward to the arrival of any ships from Earth, as they bring fresh fruit and vegetables with them. Care is taken that foods do not create crumbs. Sauces are often used to ensure station equipment is not contaminated. Each crew member has individual food packages and cooks them using the on-board galley. The galley features two food warmers, a refrigerator added in November 2008, and a water dispenser that provides both heated and unheated water. Drinks are provided in dehydrated powder form and are mixed with water before consumption. Drinks and soups are sipped from plastic bags with straws; solid food is eaten with a knife and fork, which are attached to a tray with magnets to prevent them from floating away. Any food that floats away, including crumbs, must be collected to prevent it from clogging up the station's air filters and other equipment.
There are two space toilets on the ISS, both of Russian design, located in Zvezda and Tranquility. These Waste and Hygiene Compartments use a fan-driven suction system similar to the Space Shuttle Waste Collection System. Astronauts first fasten themselves to the toilet seat, which is equipped with spring-loaded restraining bars to ensure a good seal. A lever operates a powerful fan and a suction hole slides open: the air stream carries the waste away. Solid waste is collected in individual bags which are stored in an aluminium container. Full containers are transferred to Progress spacecraft for disposal. Liquid waste is evacuated by a hose connected to the front of the toilet, with anatomically correct "urine funnel adapters" attached to the tube so both men and women can use the same toilet. Waste is collected and transferred to the Water Recovery System, where it is recycled back into drinking water.
Crew health and safety
Main article: Effect of spaceflight on the human body
RadiationThe ISS is partially protected from the space environment by the Earth's magnetic field. From an average distance of about 70,000 km (43,000 mi), depending on Solar activity, the magnetosphere begins to deflect solar wind around the Earth and ISS. Solar flares are still a hazard to the crew, who may receive only a few minutes warning. The crew of Expedition 10 took shelter as a precaution in 2005 in a more heavily shielded part of the ROS designed for this purpose during the initial 'proton storm' of an X-3 class solar flare.
The radiation levels experienced on the ISS are about five times greater than those experienced by airline passengers and crew. The Earth's electromagnetic field provides almost the same level of protection against solar and other radiation in low Earth orbit as in the stratosphere. Airline passengers experience this level of radiation for no more than 15 hours for the longest intercontinental flights. For example, on a 12-hour flight an airline passenger would experience 0.1 millisieverts of radiation, or a rate of 0.2 millisieverts per day; only 1/5 the rate experienced by an astronaut in LEO.
NASA's interest in psychological stress caused by space travel, initially studied when their manned missions began, was rekindled when astronauts joined cosmonauts on the Russian space station Mir. Common sources of stress in early American missions included maintaining high performance under public scrutiny, as well as isolation from peers and family. The latter is still often a cause of stress on the ISS, such as when the mother of NASA Astronaut Daniel Tani died in a car accident, and when Michael Fincke was forced to miss the birth of his second child.
A study of the longest spaceflight concluded that the first three weeks represent a critical period where attention is adversely affected because of the demand to adjust to the extreme change of environment. Skylab's three crews remained one, two, and three months respectively, long term crews on Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and the ISS last about five to six months and Mir's expeditions often lasted longer. The ISS working environment includes further stress caused by living and working in cramped conditions with people from very different cultures who speak a different language. First generation space stations had crews who spoke a single language; second and third-generation stations have crew from many cultures who speak many languages. The ISS is unique because visitors are not classed automatically into 'host' or 'guest' categories as with previous stations and spacecraft, and may not suffer from feelings of isolation in the same way. Crew members with a military pilot background and those with an academic science background or teachers and politicians may have problems understanding each other's jargon and worldview.
Sleep is disturbed on the ISS regularly because of mission demands, such as incoming or departing ships. Sound levels in the station are unavoidably high; because the atmosphere is unable to thermosiphon, fans are required at all times to allow processing of the atmosphere which would stagnate in the freefall (zero-g) environment.
To prevent some of these adverse physiological effects, the station is equipped with two treadmills (including the COLBERT), and the aRED (advanced Resistive Exercise Device) which enables various weightlifting exercises which add muscle but do not compensate for or raise astronauts' reduced bone density, and a stationary bicycle; each astronaut spends at least two hours per day exercising on the equipment. Astronauts use bungee cords to strap themselves to the treadmill.
Microbiological environmental hazardsLOCAD-PTS that can identify common bacteria and moulds faster than standard methods of culturing, which may require a sample to be sent back to Earth. As of 2012, 76 types of unregulated micro-organisms have been detected on the ISS.
Reduced humidity, paint with mould killing chemicals, and antiseptic solutions can be used to prevent contamination in space stations. All materials used in the ISS are tested for resistance against fungi.
Threat of orbital debris
Main article: Space debris consisting of many different objects including entire spent rocket stages, defunct satellites, explosion fragments—including materials from anti-satellite weapon tests, paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors, and coolant released by US-A nuclear-powered satellites. These objects, in addition to natural micrometeoroids, are a significant threat. Large objects could destroy the station, but are less of a threat as their orbits can be predicted. Objects too small to be detected by optical and radar instruments, from approximately 1 cm down to microscopic size, number in the trillions. Despite their small size, some of these objects are still a threat because of their kinetic energy and direction in relation to the station. Spacesuits of spacewalking crew could puncture, causing exposure to vacuum.
The station's shields and structure are divided between the ROS and the USOS, with completely different designs. On the USOS, a thin aluminium sheet is held apart from the hull, the sheet causes objects to shatter into a cloud before hitting the hull thereby spreading the energy of the impact. On the ROS, a carbon plastic honeycomb screen is spaced from the hull, an aluminium honeycomb screen is spaced from that, with a screen-vacuum thermal insulation covering, and glass cloth over the top. It is about 50% less likely to be punctured, and crew move to the ROS when the station is under threat. Punctures on the ROS would be contained within the panels which are 70 cm square.
End of mission
According to the Outer Space Treaty the United States and Russia are legally responsible for all modules they have launched. In ISS planning, NASA examined options including returning the station to Earth via shuttle missions (deemed too expensive, as the station (USOS) is not designed for disassembly and this would require at least 27 shuttle missions), natural orbital decay with random reentry similar to Skylab, boosting the station to a higher altitude (which would delay reentry) and a controlled targeted de-orbit to a remote ocean area.
The technical feasibility of a controlled targeted deorbit into a remote ocean was found to be possible only with Russia's assistance. The Russian Space Agency has experience from de-orbiting the Salyut 4, 5, 6, 7 and Mir space stations; NASA's first intentional controlled de-orbit of a satellite (the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory) occurred in 2000. As of late 2010, the preferred plan is to use a slightly modified Progress spacecraft to de-orbit the ISS. This plan was seen as the simplest, most cost efficient one with the highest margin. Skylab, the only space station built and launched entirely by the US, decayed from orbit slowly over 5 years, and no attempt was made to de-orbit the station using a deorbital burn. Remains of Skylab hit populated areas of Esperance, Western Australia without injuries or loss of life.
The Exploration Gateway Platform, a discussion by NASA and Boeing at the end of 2011, suggested using leftover USOS hardware and 'Zvezda 2' [sic] as a refuelling depot and servicing station located at one of the Earth Moon Lagrange points, L1 or L2. The entire USOS cannot be reused and will be discarded, but some other Russian modules are planned to be reused. Nauka, the Node module, two science power platforms and Rassvet, launched between 2010 and 2015 and joined to the ROS may be separated to form OPSEK. The Nauka module of the ISS will be used in the station, whose main goal is supporting manned deep space exploration. OPSEK will orbit at a higher inclination of 71 degrees, allowing observation to and from all of the Russian Federation.
In February 2015, Roscosmos announced that it would remain a part of the international space station programme until 2024. Nine months earlier—in response to US sanctions against Russia over the conflict in the Crimea—Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin had stated that Russia would reject a US request to prolong the orbiting station's use beyond 2020, and would only supply rocket engines to the US for non-military satellite launches.
A proposed modification that would allow some of the ISS American and European segments to be reused would be to attach a VASIMR drive module to the vacated Node with its own onboard power source. It would allow long term reliability testing of the concept for less cost than building a dedicated space station from scratch.
On 28 March 2015, Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS. Igor Komarov, the head of Russia's Roscosmos, made the announcement with NASA administrator Charles Bolden at his side. Komarov said "Roscosmos together with NASA will work on the programme of a future orbital station", "We agreed that the group of countries taking part in the ISS project will work on the future project of a new orbital station", "The first step is that the ISS will operate until 2024", and that Roscosmos and NASA "do not rule out that the station's flight could be extended". In a statement provided to SpaceNews on 28 March, NASA spokesman David Weaver said the agency appreciated the Russian commitment to extending the ISS, but did not confirm any plans for a future space station.
On 30 September 2015, Boeing's contract with NASA as prime contractor for the ISS was extended to 30 September 2020. Part of Boeing's services under the contract will relate to extending the station's primary structural hardware past 2020 to the end of 2028.
CostThe ISS is arguably the most expensive single item ever constructed. In 2010 the cost was expected to be $150 billion. It includes NASA's budget of $58.7 billion (inflation unadjusted) for the station from 1985 to 2015 ($72.4 billion in 2010 dollars), Russia's $12 billion, Europe's $5 billion, Japan's $5 billion, Canada's $2 billion, and the cost of 36 shuttle flights to build the station; estimated at $1.4 billion each, or $50.4 billion total. Assuming 20,000 person-days of use from 2000 to 2015 by two to six-person crews, each person-day would cost $7.5 million, less than half the inflation adjusted $19.6 million ($5.5 million before inflation) per person-day of Skylab.
- Participating countries
Sightings from Earth
Naked eyeThe ISS is visible to the naked eye as a slow-moving, bright white dot because of reflected sunlight, and can be seen in the hours after sunset and before sunrise when the station remains sunlit but the ground and sky are dark. The ISS takes about ten minutes to move from one horizon to another, and will only be visible part of that time because of moving into or out of the Earth's shadow. Because of the size of its reflective surface area, the ISS is the brightest man-made object in the sky excluding flares, with an approximate maximum magnitude of −4 when overhead, similar to Venus. The ISS, like many satellites including the Iridium constellation, can also produce flares of up to 8 or 16 times the brightness of Venus as sunlight glints off reflective surfaces. The ISS is also visible during broad daylight conditions, albeit with a great deal more effort.
Tools are provided by a number of websites such as Heavens-Above (see Live viewing below) as well as smartphone applications that use the known orbital data and the observer's longitude and latitude to predict when the ISS will be visible (weather permitting), where the station will appear to rise to the observer, the altitude above the horizon it will reach and the duration of the pass before the station disappears to the observer either by setting below the horizon or entering into Earth's shadow.
The station is visible from 95% of the inhabited land on Earth, but is not visible from extreme northern or southern latitudes.
AstrophotographyUsing a telescope mounted camera to photograph the station is a popular hobby for astronomers, whilst using a mounted camera to photograph the Earth and stars is a popular hobby for crew. The use of a telescope or binoculars allows viewing of the ISS during daylight hours.
Parisian engineer and astrophotographer Thierry Legault, known for his photos of spaceships crossing the Sun (called occultation), travelled to Oman in 2011, to photograph the Sun, moon and space station all lined up. Legault, who received the Marius Jacquemetton award from the Société astronomique de France in 1999, and other hobbyists, use websites that predict when the ISS will pass in front of the Sun or Moon and from what location those passes will be visible.
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space - operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS
- List of space stations
- Origins of the International Space Station
- Space architecture
- ESA director Jörg Feustel-Büechl said in 2001 that Russia had no right to send 'amateurs' to the ISS. A 'stand-off' occurred at the Johnson Space Centre between Commander Talgat Musabayev and NASA manager Robert Cabana. Cabana refused to train Dennis Tito, a member of Musabayev's crew along with Yuri Baturin. The commander argued that Tito had trained 700 hours in the last year and was as qualified as any NASA astronaut, and refused to allow his crew to be trained on the American portions of the station without Tito. Cabana stated training could not begin, and the commander returned with his crew to their hotel.
- Grossman, Lisa. "Moon and Space Station Eclipse the Sun". Wired.
Find more about
International Space Station
at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Media from Commons|
|News stories from Wikinews|
|Quotations from Wikiquote|
|Source texts from Wikisource|
|Textbooks from Wikibooks|
|Travel guide from Wikivoyage|
|Learning resources from Wikiversity|
Agency ISS websites
- Canadian Space Agency
- European Space Agency
- Centre national d'études spatiales (National Centre for Space Studies)
- German Aerospace Centre
- Italian Space Agency
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
- S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
- Russian Federal Space Agency
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NASA: Daily ISS Reports
- NASA: Station Science
- ESA: Columbus
- RSC Energia: Science Research on ISS Russian Segment
See also: List of satellite pass predictors
- Live ISS webcam by NASA at uStream.tv
- Live HD ISS webcams by NASA HDEV at uStream.tv
- Real-time position
- Real-time position at N2YO.com
- Real-time position at WheretheISS.at
- Interactive reference guide
- Image gallery search page
- Assembly sequence animation by USA Today and NASA
- ISS tour with Sunita Williams
- ISS tour with André Kuipers
- ISS photo tour with Samantha Cristoforetti
- The Future of Hope, Kibo module documentary
- Journey to the ISS
tag; name "LaunchPhotography120715" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
A commercial capability would allow the station's crew to grow from six to seven by providing a four-seat vehicle for emergency departures in addition to the three-seat Russian Soyuz capsules in use today.
In fact, we're designed on the U.S. side to take four crew. The ISS design is actually for seven. We operate with six because first, we can get all our work done with six, and second, we don't have a vehicle that allows us to fly a seventh crew member. Our requirement for the new vehicles being designed is for four seats. So I don't expect us to go down in crew size. I would expect us to increase it.
Jim Cooney ISS Trajectory Operations Officer | aerospace |
https://www.newstalk.com/news/at-least-five-people-dead-after-two-military-helicopters-crash-in-france-514719 | 2019-02-19T09:33:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489729.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219081639-20190219103639-00488.warc.gz | 0.927054 | 357 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__178957128 | en | Five people have died after two army helicopters collided and crashed in a wooded area in southern France.
French police said the Gazelle helicopters, which both belonged to the Ealat military flight training school in nearby Le-Cannet-des-Maures, had collided in a wooded area between the small towns of Cabasse and Carces, around 30 miles northwest of the resort town of Saint-Tropez.
Three people were confirmed to have been on one helicopter, with two on the other, and none of them survived.
Two rescue aircraft were dispatched to the scene, along with some 20 troops and more than 30 police officers.
Roads were cordoned off in the surrounding area as a result of scattered debris.
Police said the area was uninhabited and nobody on the ground was hurt.
French defence minister Florence Parly is expected to travel to the Var region later on Friday.
In a post on Twitter, she also paid tribute to those killed.
Très vive émotion suite au tragique accident survenu ce matin dans le Var.
Je rends hommage aux militaires tués et je veux dire à leurs familles et leurs frères d’armes ma solidarité et mon soutien total.
Je me rends cet après-midi au Luc, où les hélicoptères étaient basés.
— Florence Parly (@florence_parly) February 2, 2018
The Ealat training school also hosts German and Spanish army pilots, and stores more than 80 aircraft, with the Gazelle helicopters in use by the French military in Mali. | aerospace |
https://www.arnieandjoareonthego.com/jasper-edmonton-beyond/ | 2018-02-20T06:00:58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812880.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220050606-20180220070606-00665.warc.gz | 0.967083 | 134 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__184962196 | en | An hour into our flight and we are already flying over Edmonton. I’m beginning think that paying the extra money to fly Air France was a good decision.
The flight is considerably shorter than any other time we have flown to Europe, and less time in a cramped plane is way better in my book. Besides, they don’t charge for drinks.
I suppose if I wanted to take the time to calculate it out, the cost is probably more than paying for drinks out of pocket, but I like the idea of not having to into my pants pocket everytime I want a drink.
Is that an example of penny wise, pound foolish? | aerospace |
https://www.public-sector.co.uk/article/2429dc842c08fefd1e5c47306aaf5101 | 2021-09-19T23:34:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056902.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919220343-20210920010343-00052.warc.gz | 0.942129 | 1,157 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__135303863 | en | Saturn surprises as Cassini continues its Grand Finale
As the Cassini spacecraft makes its unprecedented series of weekly dives between Saturn and its rings, the UK is at the centre of a surprising early insight - the planet's magnetic field has very little discernable tilt.
This observation, which means the true length of Saturn’s day is still unknown, is one of several early findings from the final phase of Cassini’s mission, known as the Grand Finale.
Other recent science highlights include promising hints about the structure and composition of the icy rings, along with high-resolution images of the rings and Saturn’s atmosphere.
Cassini is now in the 15th of 22 weekly orbits that pass through the narrow gap between Saturn and its rings. The spacecraft began its finale on 26 April and will continue its dives until 15 September, when it will make a mission-ending plunge into Saturn’s atmosphere.
The UK has involvement on 4 instruments onboard the Cassini spacecraft, including as the Principal Investigator for the magnetometer, built to measure planetary and inter-planetary magnetic fields and developed by a team at Imperial College, London.
Professor Michele Dougherty, Cassini magnetometer investigation lead at Imperial College, London, said:
"The instrument and the spacecraft were originally designed to be in orbit at Saturn for four years and 13 years later we are still there and everything is in really good shape! What we should remember is that neither Cassini nor the instruments were designed to carry out these Grand Finale orbits, for the magnetometer we have had to roll the spacecraft on a number of occasions in order to get the most accurate measurements.
"The final critical rolls are taking place today (25 July 2017). The spectacular science being revealed is a testament to the fantastic spacecraft and science teams that have enabled these Grand Finale orbits to happen. The observations to date from the magnetic field are very surprising and certainly not as we expected."
Early Magnetic Field Analysis
Based on data collected by Cassini’s magnetometer instrument, Saturn’s magnetic field appears to be surprisingly well aligned with the planet’s rotation axis. The tilt is much smaller than 0.06 degrees – which is the lower limit the magnetometer data placed on the value prior to the start of the Grand Finale.
This observation is at odds with scientists’ theoretical understanding of how magnetic fields are generated. Planetary magnetic fields are understood to require some degree of tilt in order to sustain currents flowing through the liquid metal deep inside the planet (in Saturn’s case, this is thought to be liquid metallic hydrogen). With no tilt, the currents would eventually subside and the field would disappear.
Any tilt to the magnetic field would make the daily wobble of the planet’s deep interior observable, thus revealing the true length of Saturn’s day, which has so far proved elusive.
Professor Dougherty said:
"The tilt seems to be much smaller than we had previously estimated and quite challenging to explain. We have not been able to resolve the length of day at Saturn so far, but we’re still working on it."
The lack of a tilt may eventually be rectified with further data. Dougherty and her team believe some aspect of the planet’s deep atmosphere might be masking the true internal magnetic field. The team will continue to collect and analyze data for the remainder of the mission, including during the final plunge into Saturn.
The magnetometer data will also be evaluated in concert with Cassini’s measurements of Saturn’s gravity field collected during the Grand Finale. Early analysis of the gravity data collected so far shows discrepancies compared with parts of the leading models of Saturn’s interior, suggesting something unexpected about the planet’s structure is awaiting discovery.
In addition to its investigation of the planet’s interior, Cassini has now obtained the first samples of the planet’s atmosphere and main rings, which promise new insights about their composition and structure. The spacecraft’s cosmic dust analyzer (CDA) instrument has collected many nanometer-size ring particles while flying through the planet-ring gap, while its ion and neutral mass spectrometer (INMS) has sniffed the outermost atmosphere, called the exosphere.
During the spacecraft’s final five orbits and final plunge, the INMS instrument will obtain samples deeper down in the atmosphere. Cassini will skim through the outer atmosphere during these passes, and INMS is expected to send particularly important data on the composition of Saturn’s atmosphere during the final plunge.
In addition, Cassini’s imaging cameras have returned some of the highest-resolution views of the rings and planet they have ever obtained. For example, close-up views of Saturn’s C ring - which features mysterious bright bands called plateaus - reveal surprisingly different textures in neighboring sections of the ring.
Launched in 1997, Cassini has orbited Saturn since arriving in 2004 for an up-close study of the planet, its rings and moons, and its vast magnetosphere. Cassini has made numerous discoveries, including a global ocean with indications of hydrothermal activity within the moon Enceladus, and liquid methane seas on another moon, Titan.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, California, manages the mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. | aerospace |
http://ashfordadventures.weebly.com/blog/mission-control-at-houston | 2024-04-20T06:50:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817491.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420060257-20240420090257-00809.warc.gz | 0.942593 | 327 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__172028513 | en | To keep the astronauts safe in Space, and entire team works around the clock on the ground at Mission Control. We got the chance to simulate what it's like to be in Mission Control with some actual Mission Control Scientists. They talked a little bit about the skills you need to work at Mission Control:
While visiting Mission Control, we got a tour of "Historic Mission Control," which is where scientists worked around the clock during the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo missions. These are the missions that took us to the Moon!
After our tour of Historic Mission Control, we visited Orion Mission Control. This is where NASA will control future missions. Right now, Mission Control Specialists and Astronauts are training for potential missions to the moon and beyond. This preparation will be crucial as NASA continues with its future missions.
There are a wide variety of roles that Mission Control specialists take on. There's the Flight Director, who has operational responsibility over all missions an payload operations. CAPCOM, or capsule communicator, communicates directly with the crew. They are typically the only point of communication between the crew and Mission Control. SURGEON is responsible for monitoring the health of the astronauts aboard the capsule or station. EECOM (electric, environmental, and consumables manager) monitors environmental conditions and solves equipment errors.
After Mission Control, we headed over to Ellington Airforce Base to chat with Air Force and Civil Air Patrol members about remotely piloted aircraft:
It's been a wonderful few days NASA Johnson, and we're excited to bring back some amazing project for our upcoming Ashford in Space Unit. | aerospace |
https://altaviator.com/employer/insitu/ | 2023-12-07T09:32:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100651.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207090036-20231207120036-00458.warc.gz | 0.899852 | 132 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__48155634 | en | Founded Date January 1, 1900
Sectors Drone maintenance , Drone pilot training , Other UAS services
Posted Jobs 0
Founded Since 1994
We pioneer autonomous systems to positively impact people’s lives and change the course of history
Insitu is a pioneer in the design, development, production and operation of high-performance, cost-effective unmanned aircraft systems.
We are a wholly owned subsidiary of The Boeing Company and are headquartered in Bingen, Washington with offices in Oregon, Australia and the United Kingdom.
Our technologies help defense and government customers around the globe make quicker, more informed decisions to get the warfighter home safely. | aerospace |
https://immersive-3d.com/proj3.html | 2023-01-29T15:19:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00588.warc.gz | 0.915562 | 549 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__62653752 | en | Greetings parents, teachers and students of Earth. These online STEM activities are programs in development and are offered in the hope we can all work and research together. Please drop us a line if you have any thoughts, ideas and or suggestions. Thank you. Please note these activities are built for WebGL (HTML5). Mobile apps are being developed separately.
You are a rocket fuel scientist who must create propellants for future space missions. Geologists have recently discovered three volatile substances that may be suitable for rocket fuel. You must use your rocket laboratory to research and conduct experiments. As a scientist you will be able to prepare rockets for heavy lift, suborbital and low orbit missions. And, because you are an excellent scientist, you will be able to express all of the details of your missions mathematically!
321 Blast Off is a mathematical simulation featuring five missions to study the science, technology, engineering and mathematics of basic rocketry.
The flight model is based on thrust, impulse, gravity and drag. The player is given 3 virtual fuel types and an oxidizer to create various propellants to power the test rocket.
‘Propellant = Fuel + Oxidizer’ There is an optimum ‘Fuel to Oxidizer Ratio’ that must be learned through experimentation. This ‘Rating’ is expressed as a value from 0 – 1.
The power of the propellant (measured in Newtons) is calculated using the following formula: Burn Time = Impulse/Thrust * Rating
The dry weight specifications of the test rocket are given. The total weight of the rocket is computed as the rocket is configured for each test flight. A recorder provides post-flight data and graphs the mission.
Next Generation Science Standards
MS-PS3 Energy Students who demonstrate understanding can:
Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object
RST.6-8.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts
RST.6-8.7 Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (eg. in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or tablet)
6.RP.A.1 Understand the ratio and use the ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between quantities
6.RP.A.2 Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b not equal to 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship
7.RP.A.2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities | aerospace |
https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/rdxw/16827.htm | 2022-12-02T09:09:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710900.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202082526-20221202112526-00461.warc.gz | 0.930906 | 675 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__247112904 | en | Chinese President Xi Jinping stressed China’s support for the construction of a Silk Road in the air between Luxembourg and Zhengzhou, capital of China’s Henan Province, during his meeting with Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel in Beijing on June 14.
With the building of the “Air Silk Road,” aviation is set to play an increasingly important part in China’s efforts of enhancing connectivity for world economic growth through the Belt and Road Initiative.
COOPERATION OVER THE PAST THREE YEARS
Cargolux Airlines International’s Boeing 747-8F all-cargo carrier, named Zhengzhou, landed at the Xinzheng International Airport of Zhengzhou, Central China’s Henan Province, on June 27, 2014, marking the official launch of the Zhengzhou-Luxembourg air freight route.
Henan Civil Aviation Development & Investment Co. Ltd purchased 35 percent of stake in the Luxembourg-based cargo airline in April 2014.
Currently, there are 15 flights every week on the air route, which covers nine major cities around the world. A total of 1,365 flights carrying 223,900 tons of freights had been operated by May 2017.
The two companies signed an exclusive freight depot strategic cooperation framework agreement in June 2017 and a plane maintenance base cooperation agreement in June 2015. All these cooperation projects are boosting the construction of the Air Silk Road between the two locations.
WORLDWIDE AVIATION NETWORK
The EK327 flight of Emirates Airlines departed from Hedong International Airport of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, for the United Arab Emirates early on the morning of May 3, 2017. This flight marks the one-year anniversary of the airline entering Yinchuan.
Many airports in China, like Hedong International Airport, have strengthened their infrastructure construction, expanded their aviation network coverage and increased their transportation capacity, providing strong foundations for building of the Air Silk Road.
Liu Shaoyong, president of China Eastern Airlines, said, “The key to embracing the Belt and Road Initiative for the civil aviation industry is to expedite construction of multi-dimensional aerial corridors between China and countries along the Belt and Road routes.”
By mid-May, the Civil Aviation Administration of China had signed bilateral air transportation agreements with 62 countries taking part in the Belt and Road Initiative, and China has opened direct flights to 43 of these countries with about 4,200 flights every week.
SEA, LAND AND AIR INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
China is supporting the civil aviation infrastructure construction in other countries, while speeding up its own pace of building the Air Silk Road.
China National Aero-Technology International Engineering Corporation finished construction of a 4F-grade runway with the highest level in South Asia at Colombo Bandaranaike International Airport in April. The project, which took only 90 days, improves Sri Lanka’s aviation infrastructure.
Chen Yuan, chairman of the China Association for the Promotion of Development Financing, said that the Air Silk Road construction facilitates international transportation and is a necessary part of the Belt and Road Initiative. Alongside road, sea and railway transport, the air routes make it possible for more countries along the Belt and Road to take part in international labor division and cooperation. | aerospace |
https://aft.systems/product-category/fasteners/approved-standards/ | 2024-04-17T18:04:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817171.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20240417173445-20240417203445-00420.warc.gz | 0.849241 | 77 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__109811209 | en | AFT supports a wide range of aerospace and defence grade standard hardware including BAC, ABS, ASNA and EN part numbers. All parts are supplied with certificates of conformance to customers’ requirements.
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Digital Agency - Supple | aerospace |
https://xn--webducation-dbb.com/elon-musk-nasa-just-shocked-the-entire-space-industry-with-this-discovery-on-jupiter/ | 2023-03-21T10:10:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943695.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321095704-20230321125704-00312.warc.gz | 0.93669 | 261 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__170301283 | en | Elon Musk & NASA JUST SHOCKED The Entire Space Industry With This Discovery On Jupiter!
There is a lot of cool stuff invented by numerous scientists, but when the name comes to #ElonMusk, the Chief Executive Officer of #SpaceX, he is one of the coolest scientists of the decade. He just shook hands with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in the chapter of Jupiter, the god of gods. But, Jokes aside, he also revealed some real images!
So the SpaceX boss made a deal with NASA of $178 Million that NASA announced in July last year, which includes launching the first mission towards the icy moon of Jupiter, Europa, especially for a search for life holding water!
As I have mentioned earlier, Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX, is going to make something new because the icy moon, Europa, is believed to support life. Moreover, the launch is going to take place in October 2024 from Kennedy Space Complex Center, which reportedly cost an amount of 178 million dollars.
Additionally, SpaceX is gonna take this step, as the government allowed NASA to select any commercial space transport in December 2020. Therefore, without selecting any other interstellar transport, NASA is gonna choose Spacex’s Falcon Heavy for this launch. | aerospace |
https://winterparktimes.com/history/celebrating-aviator-eisenhower-on-50th-anniversary/ | 2023-11-30T00:45:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130000127-20231130030127-00175.warc.gz | 0.968678 | 867 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__99091519 | en | Photo: Dwight Eisenhower tells a “fish story” to Richard Nixon relaxing at the Byers Peak Ranch. Grand County Historical Association Archive 3229
Grand County was one of Dwight Eisenhower’s favorite places, even before he became President. He would fish in the Fraser River and enjoyed cooking those trout at the Byers Peak Ranch during the years 1948 through 1955. In aviation jargon, Eisenhower “flew west” at his death on March 28, 1969-50 years ago.
This summer, the volunteers of the Emily Warner Field Aviation Museum will celebrate Eisenhower’s aviation history when visitors stop by any Friday or Saturday, June 1 through August 31 from 11 to 2, free, family-friendly, and wheel-chair accessible.
Many Winter Park Times readers know about our brush with Presidential fame. We even have Fraser’s Eisenhower Drive as a frequent reminder of our history. But, some may not be aware that Dwight Eisenhower was a pilot. According to his Presidential Museum, he learned to fly while stationed in the Army in the Philippines.
Eisenhower soloed in a Stearman PT-1 on May 19, 1937. Later, he flew a Stinson Reliant and logged over 350 hours of flying from July 1936 to November 1939. This aviation knowledge was extremely important in planning during World War II as the Supreme Commander of Allied Forces.
The Emily Warner Field Aviation Museum has a Stinson propeller on display donated by Jack Applebee of Granby as a tribute to Dwight Eisenhower, who was elected President on November 4, 1952, becoming our very first pilot to take that office.
According to Warbird’s forum, a reference found to flying in the post-Philippines period is found in Eisenhower’s At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends, “After World War II, I had ceased to fly altogether, except that once in a while, on a long trip, to relieve my boredom and demolish the pilot’s, I would move into the co-pilot’s seat and take over the controls. But as the jet age arrived, I realized that I had come out of a horse and buggy background, recognized my limitations, and kept to a seat in the back.”
Interestingly, the National Museum of the US Air Force says, “The U-4B, a U.S. Air Force version of the Aero Commander L-26, was used by President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1956 to 1960 for short trips. A pilot himself, President Eisenhower would often take the controls, primarily during trips between Washington, D.C., and his farm in Gettysburg, Penn. The first presidential aircraft to have only two engines, the U-4B was also the first presidential aircraft to carry the familiar blue and white paint scheme.” Eisenhower was a very take-charge kind of personality so I believe the above Aero Commander story but do understand his not taking the controls of the 4-engine Lockheed Constellation.
According to www.history.com, “While many think of Air Force One as the name of the President’s airplane, Air Force One is actually a call sign applied to any aircraft carrying the American president. That call sign was created in 1953. Eisenhower was our first President to travel aboard a plane designated ‘Air Force One.’”
First Lady, Mamie Eisenhower, who considered Colorado home, named their Presidential Constellation, Columbine, as a tribute to our State flower. Columbine flew them to Stapleton Airport on their many visits to Colorado.
Logs from the Eisenhower Library indicated their Aero Commander flew into Granby-Grand County Airport during his many fishing trips to our area. A few of Eisenhower Administration Cabinet Secretaries and many important papers and bills to be signed by the President were flown in, too. However, the President did not fly on that plane to Granby. The Secret Service required Eisenhower to be driven from Denver to Fraser.
To learn more about aviation history and our many unique stories, plan on stopping by this summer. Cozens Ranch has an exhibit of Eisenhower in Fraser. All of Grand County Historical Association museums and events are listed at www.grandcountyhistory.org | aerospace |
https://americans.org/russian-space-program-hit-by-yet-another-failure-as-docked-capsule-pushes-space-station-out-of-orbit/ | 2022-07-06T21:46:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104678225.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706212428-20220707002428-00005.warc.gz | 0.95782 | 353 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__119038213 | en | Russia’s space program continues to flounder as a malfunction on a docked Russian space module caused the International Space Station to shift from its normal orbital, the beleaguered Russian space agency Roscosmos announced late Tuesday.
NASA officials confirmed that the engines of Soyuz TMA-15M, one of two such craft docked at the station presently, unexpectedly fired at 10:27am Central time on Tuesday. The unplanned boost pushed the station out of its expected position.
The incident occurred while a test of the radio system that controls the docking procedure was being conducted.
In a statement, NASA said that “actions were immediately taken to reorient the ISS” and that “there was no threat to the crew or the station itself, and the issue will have no impact to a nominal return to Earth of the Soyuz TMA-15M on Thursday.”
TMA-15M is scheduled to re-enter Earth on Thursday, carrying three of the six crew members currently aboard the ISS. The European Space Agency’s Samantha Cristoforetti, Russia’s Anton Shkaplerov, and US astronaut Terry Virts will be returning home on in the capsule.
The three have been scheduled to be home sine May 14th, but have had to remain in orbit following the Russian loss of the Progress M-27M supply ship during a resupply mission to the ISS on April 28th.
This delay means Cristoforettim having spent 200 days in space, will break American Sunita Williams’ record for a woman’s time in space by five days.
Roscosmos still does not know the reason for the accidental engine ignition. | aerospace |
https://www.memri.org/tv/iran-unveils-bavar-373-air-defense-missile-system-patriot-s-400-long-range | 2024-02-26T15:35:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00778.warc.gz | 0.952176 | 950 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__192269160 | en | On August 22, 2019, IRINN TV (Iran) aired a report about the unveiling of the Iranian-made Bavar 373 long-range air defense system. Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, who was present at the unveiling, said that the Bavar 373 system is superior to the Russian S-300 system and that it competes with the S-400 system and the American Patriot system. The report said that the Bavar 373 system was designed for Iran's geographical conditions and that it can simultaneously engage six targets with 12 missiles at a range of up to 250 kilometers. Bavar 373's radar system reportedly has a range of 350 kilometers, and can be used "under any weather conditions, and even when the enemy is using chemical, biological, or even nuclear [weapons]... even if the heaviest jammers and electronic systems lock on to it." In addition, the report said that Bavar 373 can launch surface-to-air missiles such as the Sayyad-4 to an altitude of 27,000 meters. Iranian Defense Minister Amir Khatami said that Bavar 373 can be used against strategic and tactical fighter jets and bombers, as well as against stealth planes, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, and other targets.
Following are excerpts:
Hassan Rouhani: "I hereby unveil the Bavar 373 all-Iranian long-range air defense system, and I order its incorporation in the country's air defense network, with Allah's blessing."
Anchor: "This all-Iranian system has a range of 300 kilometers. It can cover from low altitudes up to an altitude of approximately 65 kilometers. Iran joins four countries that have similar systems. The Bavar 373 long-range air defense system was built specifically for Iran's geographical conditions. It competes with similar Russian and American systems, like the S-300 and the Patriot, and it is better than those systems in some cases."
Hassan Rouhani: "If I were to compare it to the famous S-300 and S-400 systems, I'd say that it is not an S-300 – it doesn't have an 'S' at the beginning. Its number is neither 300 nor 400. Its number is between 300 and 400. It's 373. In any case, this system is stronger than the S-300 and very close to the S-400."
Reporter: "The Bavar 373 is a collection of all-Iranian defense aspects. This begins with the Sayyad-4 missile and ends with the advanced radar systems. Today, the whole world is looking at this all-Iranian defense capability. Bavar 373 shows that you can believe in our capabilities. So that we can do big things, a radar was built, and it can search for the target from a range of over 350 kilometers, intercept it from a range of over 250 kilometers, and simultaneously launch 12 missiles towards targets that have been detected. [Bavar 373] can simultaneously engage six targets, and it can launch 12 missiles towards the targets. We have used here the world's modern technology."
Amir Khatami: "This system can engage and fight against different kinds of planes: strategic planes, strategic bombers, tactical fighters and bombers, and, especially, stealth planes, which are today considered to be among the most important aerial threats. [Bavar 373] can effectively [engage] cruise missiles and ballistic missiles, as well as other targets. It can detect them from a safe distance and engage them from 200 kilometers away."
Reporter: "Bavar 373 is a system that can fit anywhere – in any weather conditions, and even when the enemy is using chemical, biological, or even nuclear [weapons]. Bavar's team will be safe. Even if the heaviest jammers and electronic systems lock on to it, Bavar will continue to pursue the target and shoot it down."
Amir Khatami: "The system is all-Iranian, and this is a very important advantage. Its frequency codes belong to our armed forces and defense industries. This can have an important effect in surprising the enemy and in simultaneous engagement. It also has a perfect operation sequence."
Reporter: "And this is the part that will certainly cause defense experts to examine it with a magnifying glass: its technical ability to vertically launch surface-to-air missiles. [It can do this] with the Sayyad missile, up to a height of 27,000 meters and to a range of over 200 kilometers. Thus, any creature that encroaches upon our border will be shot down immediately, or its feathers will be forever plucked by the exploding warhead." | aerospace |
http://solarsystemtour.wikia.com/wiki/File:Phobos.jpg | 2017-10-19T01:44:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823214.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019012514-20171019032514-00623.warc.gz | 0.89123 | 110 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__157195660 | en | |This file was made from APOD.|
The larger moon, Phobos, is indeed seen to be a cratered, asteroid-like object in this stunning color image from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, recorded at a resolution of about seven meters per pixel.
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Phobos is the first moon of Mars. Discovered in August 18, 1877 by Asaph Hall. | aerospace |
https://www.openpr.com/news/1496935/aviation-weather-forecasting-services-market-manufacturers-universal-weather-and-aviation-world-fuel-colt-jeppesen-a-boeing-company-ubimet.html | 2021-10-24T10:04:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585916.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024081003-20211024111003-00214.warc.gz | 0.903881 | 2,000 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__40930596 | en | Aviation Weather Forecasting Services Market | Manufacturers Universal Weather and Aviation, World Fuel | Colt, Jeppesen, a Boeing Company, UBIMET
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Advancements in radar systems allows for improved and efficient weather tracking for felicitating appropriate air traffic control and air surveillance. For instance, a multi -US Agency initiative under the Department of Defense, Federal Aviation Administration, National Atmospheric & Oceanic Administration, and the Department of Homeland Security are testing the feasibility of a Multifunction Phase Array Radar (MPAR) system that deploys a common phased array-based radar platform for multiple operations including air weather forecasting, thereby providing a positive outlook for the aviation weather forecasting services market expansion.
Based on range, the aviation weather forecasting services market share is classified as short range, medium range, and long range. The increasing adoption for long range aviation weather forecasting services is attributed to the benefits offered by the technology including high-level route conditions including jet stream activity, frontal systems, and expected turbulence. Further, the continuous weather updates also enable airliners to schedule their flights accordingly and seek overflight permits, thereby positively influencing the market expansion till 2024.
The performance of aircrafts varies significantly with the wind speed, wind temperature, altimeter setting and the ambient temperature. Thus, regulatory bodies ensure appropriate and reliable supply of the real time weather updates and forecasts for uninterrupted flight operation. The Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) provides multiple regulations and standards for certification and recording of the weather data to be provided on the aircrafts, providing a positive outlook for the aviation weather forecasting services market growth.
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Based on forecasting, the aviation weather forecasting services market share is classified as Special, Area/Route, and Aerodrome. Continuous requirement for providing terminal aerodrome forecast is multiple airports across the globe owing to increasing aircrafts fleet is supporting the aviation weather forecasting services market share over the projected timeframe. Investments by industry participants for increasing the system efficiency along with increasing the forecast range, is further supporting the industry expansion till 2024.
The aviation weather forecasting services market place based on aircrafts is classified into commercial aircraft, military aircraft, regional aircraft, general aviation, and helicopter. Increasing requirement for accurate weather forecasting services to the military aircrafts for supporting their special purpose missions is providing a positive outlook for the industry expansion. Further, the expanding routes of the commercial aircrafts to long distances across multiple countries and water bodies requires continuous and real time updates of the climatic conditions of the specific region for maintaining the aircraft balance, thereby augmenting the industry share over the forecast period.
Asia Pacific will contribute significantly towards the aviation weather forecasting services market place owing to increasing air traffic across the region. Improving living conditions along with increasing disposable income and proliferating tourism sector is providing positive prospects for the industry proliferation. Further, diversified weather conditions require industry participants to offer reliable and high precision weather forecasting solutions for airliners to streamline their aircraft operations, positively influencing the aviation weather forecasting services market expansion till 2024.
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Few players in the aviation weather forecasting services market place include Universal Weather and Aviation Inc., UBIMET, The Weather Company, World Fuel-Colt, and Jeppesen. Industry participants are involved in mergers and acquisitions for improving their market share. For instance, in 2016, IBM acquired The Weather Company’s Product & Technology Businesses for expanding their user base, positively influencing their market share till 2024.
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http://www.astrocryptotriviology.com/blog/2016/6/18/a-jones-for-mol-11-the-retroactivity-of-mol-part-1 | 2019-11-12T03:29:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664567.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112024224-20191112052224-00082.warc.gz | 0.943529 | 3,622 | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-47__0__91674243 | en | I am not trained in orbital mechanics, also called “astrodynamics,” as practiced by Rich Purnell in the movie The Martian. But I feel some kinship with him because, except for his youthful good looks, his grasp of extreme mathematics and his access to the “NASA Supercomputer,” he and I are a lot alike. He used orbital mechanics to solve a life-or-death problem on a Mars mission gone wrong twenty years in our future. I used orbital mechanics to decipher an obscure feature of a military space program cancelled almost fifty years ago.
If the U.S. Air Force’s secret Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) had flown into low Earth orbit in the 1970s, its astrospy pilots would have ridden in the Gemini-B variant of NASA’s retired Gemini spacecraft during launch and landing (Figure 1). Gemini-B looked outwardly very similar to its predecessor (see Figure 2), but it was stripped down for its supporting role during month-long reconnaissance missions. It would have gotten its on-board electricity from batteries instead of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, giving it an independent lifetime of only 14 hours, shorter than all but two Gemini missions. Gemini-B would have been launched already bolted to the MOL, so it wouldn’t have needed rendezvous radar or a full set of maneuvering thrusters. Fuel cells and maneuvering thrusters would have been on the MOL, the central component of the mission.
One area in which Gemini-B was not stripped down was its retrograde rocket complement. It was to carry six of the same Star-13E rocket motors as Gemini (see Figure 3). But the MOL mission called for orbits as low as or lower than those of Gemini, which had only used four retrograde rockets: de-orbiting from a lower orbit should not have required more retrograde rockets. Why did Gemini-B need six?
Not being an engineer or astrodynamicist like Rich Purnell, I inquired among known experts. They didn’t know either, but they made some reasonable guesses.
Was it because Gemini-B was carrying more mass than Gemini at deorbit? I estimate that Gemini-B was to be only 10% heavier than Gemini,* certainly not requiring 50% more retrograde rocket thrust for de-orbit.
Was it some sort of military requirement to "get 'em down ASAP," or to simulate a lunar re-entry profile, or a need for a shorter orbital arc from retrofire to re-entry to minimize any guidance (“aiming”) errors during the de-orbit maneuver. The first two seem unlikely, but the shorter arc was mentioned by a few experts as being a factor in NASA Gemini re-entries. Using an even shorter arc on Gemini-B might have stressed its heat shield with more thermal loading than Gemini experienced. But a re-entry test validated the modified heat shield with a plug hatch cut into itunder similar conditions as for the original Gemini heat shield. Clearly the re-entry conditions for Gemini-B were planned to be the same as for Gemini.
Was it somehow driven by the geographical limitations of available equatorial ground stations tracking the re-entry trajectory of a polar orbiting spacecraft? This suggestion seems to assume that the entire de-orbit, re-entry and landing sequence could be accomplished within view of a single tracking station, which were scattered around the Earth within about 30 degrees of the equator. Such an extremely abrupt de-orbiting seems unlikely, unsafe and unnecessary; more likely, a tracking ship or aircraft could be stationed in the high northern or southern latitudes far outside the existing U.S. network, which sounds like a good idea in any case.
The only justification I have ever seen for carrying six retrograde rockets is that they were primarily for off-the-pad launch aborts of the Titan III-M launcher with its two highly-explosive side-mounted seven-segment solid boosters (see Figure 4). If an abort was required before liftoff or up to 31 seconds later, salvo-firing all six retrograde rockets simultaneously would rocket the Gemini-B to a safe distance from the exploding booster, allowing the pilots to eject and land under their personal parachutes. In any abort from 31 seconds to separation of the solid rocket boosters, the pilots would not eject but would stay in their Gemini-B capsule through re-entry and splashdown. The NASA Gemini also had a salvo-fire option of its four retrograde rockets, but only for launch aborts above 70 thousand feet. Lower altitude aborts would have used only the ejection seats because the Titan rocket without the solid rocket boosters represented less explosive potential.
In fact, I have concluded that Gemini did not even need its four retrograde rockets to de-orbit at all, and Gemini-B certainly did not need six. The first two piloted Gemini missions demonstrated a fail-safe de-orbit option in case their retrograde rockets failed to fire. On its final orbit, Gemini 3 fired its Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering System (OAMS) thrusters, already known to be functioning correctly from maneuvers on earlier orbits, for two minutes while passing near Hawaii, setting up an orbit with a low point of 54 miles, well below the 76-mile altitude used as the “top” of the atmosphere. Then the retrograde rockets were fired as planned near Los Angeles, bringing the spacecraft to its intended landing site about 70 miles east of Grand Turk Island in the Atlantic Ocean. If the rockets had not fired, the spacecraft would still have landed about 1,000 miles west of Ascension Island in the central Atlantic (see Figure 5).
Of course, the Gemini retrograde rockets worked on-time every time on every mission, and the fail-safe option was discarded after Gemini 4, permitting the full maneuvering fuel supply to be applied to rendezvous maneuvers. For example, Gemini 10 de-orbited near Canton Island in the Pacific Ocean (due south of Hawaii), began re-entry over Mexico south of Texas and splashed down in the western Atlantic Ocean.
The fail-safe maneuver provided only slightly more than the theoretical minimum velocity change required, which would have produced an arc of 180 degrees and 12,400 miles (20,000 km)—halfway around the Earth—in what is called a Hohmann orbit (see Table 1.) Thus, both Gemini 3 and Gemini 10 started their descents from approximately the same longitude, but Gemini 3 followed a shallower trajectory until it fired its four retrograde rockets to end up splashing down approximately where Gemini 10 did.
The highest circular orbit from which the four retrograde rockets could de-orbit a standard Gemini (using a Hohmann orbit with a perigee of 400,000 feet, which is 122 kilometers or 76 miles) was much higher than any Gemini ever flew unless it was docked to an Agena-D rocket stage (see Table 2). This demonstrates that the four retrograde rockets were overkill for de-orbiting purposes.
Gemini-B/MOL would have been in an even lower orbit than Gemini to improve its high-resolution Earth photography, and constant atmospheric drag would have been slowing the vehicle enough to de-orbit it in hours or days. This would surely have required frequent orbital boosts from the on-board maneuvering engines in the MOL’s Attitude Control and Translation System (ACTS). Mock-ups and images of MOL from late in its design phase show the largest ACTS thrusters were those pointed to the rear (“+x” in spacecraft parlance) (Figure 6) to speed up the MOL. There didn’t seem to be any thrusters at all pointed forward; maybe the designers didn’t foresee any need to slow MOL down more than atmospheric drag would already achieve.
Based on the same type of analysis as for the NASA Gemini orbits, the six retrograde rockets on Gemini-B would have permitted de-orbiting from a circular orbit over twice as high as the final orbit we assumed for the MOL missions and forty percent higher than the initial orbit we assumed (see Table 3).
If the MOL provided adequate propulsion capability and if the retrograde rockets were even more overkill on Gemini-B than on Gemini, why didn’t Gemini-B dispense with retrograde rockets entirely and utilize the MOL’s ACTS thrusters to de-orbit the entire vehicle? This would obviously have been immediately followed by separating the Gemini-B from the MOL so it could land safely while the single-use MOL burned up in the atmosphere as intended.
I have not seen an authoritative discussion of this topic, but maybe it is there, deep in some yet-to-be-declassified documents. So, I can only guess. Perhaps there was concern about ensuring adequate distance between Gemini-B and MOL to avoid re-contact and collision during the buffeting of re-entry. For comparison, the Apollo service module actively distanced itself from the command module during re-entry (see Figure 7) with no instances of recontact. It used a thruster configuration apparently not available on MOL, so perhaps that was one reason.
Air Force mission planners may also have been interested in targeting MOL to a different disposal site than the splashdown site of Gemini-B. Dan Adamo and I speculated that Gemini-B would be aimed to land near Hawaii but MOL would be targeted to the Marianas Trench several thousand miles to the west to prevent Soviet retrieval of any heavy elements that survived re-entry. This may have required MOL to remain in orbit several hours longer than Gemini-B.
There were also other risks. The ACTS thruster fuel could have been exhausted before the planned end of the mission, preventing a targeted de-orbit and leaving the military MOL pilots to an inevitable but uncertain landing in a large swath of the Earth—including in a country they may have been spying on from orbit. However, ACTS fuel status would certainly have been monitored regularly and the mission could have been shortened if necessary to protect re-entry capability.
There was also a small risk of failure to separate the Gemini-B equipment adapter module from the laboratory after the ACTS de-orbit maneuver, but the MOL design already envisioned a sequence of separations between the Gemini-B and the MOL: first a shaped charge would have split the connection to MOL at the bottom of the equipment adapter (C in Figure 8); then, prior to retrofire, another shaped charge would have split the retrograde adapter from the equipment adapter (D in Figure 8); finally, after retrofire, two pyrotechnic charges would have broken the structural and electrical connections between the re-entry vehicle and the retrograde adapter (A in Figure 8). Those same steps could have provided triply-redundant assurance of Gemini-B separation from MOL after de-orbiting using the ACTS.
These alternatives all have one thing in common: once safely in orbit, without having to salvo-fire the retrograde rockets during a launch abort, it was a better idea to fire them for de-orbiting and use them up than to have unexpended ordnance in proximity during re-entry heating, when they would certainly explode, spraying shrapnel in the vicinity and damaging the Gemini-B’s heat shield, or possibly fire and push the retrograde module into a collision with the re-entry vehicle.
Thus, Gemini-B would simply have continued the tried-and-true Gemini practice and used its available launch abort rockets to shorten the arc of its re-entry orbit. One may quibble over whether those rockets should have been named “launch abort rockets” instead of “retrograde rockets” but the former would have represented an improbable eventuality while the latter represented a certainty.
Still, questions remain. Wouldn’t applying fifty percent more retro-thrust have made the Gemini-B re-entry significantly steeper and hotter than it was qualified for? And if so, were there options that maintained those conditions while not leaving unfired ordinance in proximity to the re-entering Gemini-B?
Those are the topics of an upcoming post.
Thanks to Roger Balettie, Jorge Frank, Jonathan McDowell, Jim Oberg and Ryan Whitley, among others, for their patience in explaining aspects of orbital mechanics to me, and to Dr. Dwayne Day for documents and illustrations used in this analysis.
* The six rocket motors would weigh 58.7 kg (129.4 lb) more than just four on Gemini, until they were fired. The film canisters from the KH-10 DORIAN cameras, assuming four of the type flown by Corona reconnaissance satellites weighing 36 kg (80 lb) each, would add 145 kg (320 lb) more than Gemini. This was estimated based on data retrieved from searches on various websites, including the National Reconnaissance Office collection of declassified documents; see for example http://www.nro.gov/foia/CAL-Records/Cabinet2/DrawerC/2%20C%200052.pdf (accessed Sept. 27, 2015).
“Astrospies,” NOVA, PBS, air date Feb. 12, 2008, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/astrospies.html (accessed Oct. 4, 2015).
Also called the TE-M-385; see ATK Thiokol's solid fuel STAR motors (source: ATK catalog), updated July 26, 2012, http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_2/Diverse/ATK-Thiokol_STAR/index.htm (accessed Nov. 15, 2014).
“A Jones for MOL #3: Down the hatches,” http://www.astrocryptotriviology.blogspot.com/2012_09_01_archive.html (accessed Oct. 4, 2015); “A Jones for MOL #7: Hatches? We Don’t Need No Stinking Hatches!” http://www.astrocryptotriviology.blogspot.com/2012_12_01_archive.html (accessed Oct. 4, 2015).
Launch Evaluation Report MOL/HST Spacecraft, McDonnell Co., Dec. 3, 1966. Not available on-line; contact author.
Charles, John B., and Daniel R. Adamo, “Thirty Days in a MOL: Biomedically Relevant Aspects of a Reconnaissance Mission Inferred from Orbital Parameters,” Quest, The History of Spaceflight Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 3-14, 2015.
Shayler, David J., Space Rescue: Ensuring the Safety of Manned Spacecraft, Springer Praxis, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 2009, p. 204-6, “Launch escape, 2: Ejection seats. Gemini and Manned Orbiting Laboratory”, http://books.google.com/books?id=wEHL8MIhRa8C&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=gemini-B+retrorocket+abort&source=bl&ots=IW1teNACQ_&sig=wuZFuNxmbpZOBPGhjogDzpm8g4Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ftlfVPjsOomuyQT72IDgAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=gemini-B%20retrorocket%20abort&f=false (accessed Nov. 9, 2014).
“Launch to insertion abort boundaries, launch heading = 72°,” Gemini Design Certification Report, Feb. 19, 1965, p. 2.1-11, Figure 2.1-2. Not available on-line; contact author.
Short news article quoting Dr. Christopher C. Kraft originally appeared in the Galveston News-Tribune, Feb. 16, 1965, reproduced in the NASA Astronautics and Aeronautics Report for 1965, p. 68, http://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1965.pdf (accessed Sept. 2, 2013)
“Canton Island Tracking Station (CTN),” http://wikimapia.org/19994259/Canton-Island-Tracking-Station-CTN (accessed Oct. 10, 2015).
Gemini X Mission Report, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, August 1966, p. 4-38, Figure 4-2c Re-entry, http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750067644.pdf (accessed Nov. 22, 2014)
Charles, John B., and Daniel R. Adamo, “Thirty Days in a MOL: Biomedically Relevant Aspects of a Reconnaissance Mission Inferred from Orbital Parameters,”Quest, The History of Spaceflight Quarterly, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 3-14, 2015. | aerospace |
http://www.zisr9.com/company/we-are-airbus/podcasts.html | 2020-02-18T13:29:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143695.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218120100-20200218150100-00254.warc.gz | 0.939654 | 110 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__188715124 | en | From Startup to Aerospace Giant: The Story of Airbus
Airbus is turning 50 this year! So join us as we launch a new podcast, We Make It Fly.
At Airbus, we make commercial aircraft—you’ve probably been on one. But we also make helicopters, fighter jets, space rockets and even the Mars Rover. In this podcast, you will meet the people who have played a part in turning the company into a global giant in the aerospace industry.
Get on board, sit back, relax and enjoy the journey. | aerospace |
https://www.swtimes.com/story/news/2013/05/10/resilient-188th-focused-on/26303325007/ | 2022-05-17T02:00:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515466.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516235937-20220517025937-00018.warc.gz | 0.954929 | 749 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__316297026 | en | ‘Resilient’ 188th Focused On Mission Conversion
Despite uncertainty this year in Washington regarding the fate of Fort Smith’s 188th Fighter Wing, the Flying Razorbacks have never stopped bracing for a conversion from A-10s to a drone mission, a representative said Friday.
“We’ve been preparing for this conversion just like normal ever since Gen. (Mark) Welsh came to visit here in January,” said Maj. Heath Allen, 188th public affairs officer. “We feel like we’re ahead of the schedule preparing for this conversion, trying to get individuals placed in different spots and making sure we have a job for everyone here.”
On Thursday, Welsh, the Air Force’s top leader, also said the drone mission planned for Fort Smith’s 188th Fighter Wing remains on schedule.
“The intent is to have (the drone mission) operational in the first quarter of Fiscal ’16, which is the plan we have been on since the beginning and we are working the budgetary issues that go with that,” said Welsh, who visited the 188th in January.
Concerns were raised a day earlier during a Senate hearing. U.S. Sen. Mark Pryor, D-Ark., questioned whether the Pentagon was setting up the Fort Smith base for potential closure because the department’s 2014 budget request did not appear to fund a transition from the current A-10 mission to the promised unmanned aircraft mission.
“The plans are still in place,” Welsh assured.
The Air Force plans to begin drawing down the A-10 Warthogs starting in September with the last aircraft leaving in summer 2014.
“We will continue operating in the A-10 until the summer of 2014, at which time the mission conversion will become our total focus,” Allen said. “It’s an extremely cutting-edge mission, and it’s one we’re very proud to do.”
Allen expects no loss of jobs because of the conversion. There are roughly 325 full-time jobs in the 188th, Allen said.
“We feel like that once it’s all said and done, everyone will have a job here at the 188th Fighter Wing,” he said.
More than 600 others work one weekend a month and drill for potential deployment.
“What’s important to understand is that this is the most complex mission conversion in the history of our wing,” Allen said. “There’s a lot involved in that, everything from training to equipment to assets. There will be some challenges, but I have confidence that our wing is a resilient wing.
“We’ve been through this before … in 2005 when we transitioned from F-16s to A-10s.”
The 188th Fighter Wing will know more about the conversion and its timeline in August during a visit from a site activation task force, Allen said.
Arkansas’ congressional delegation persuaded Welsh to visit the 188th in January in hopes the unit could survive elimination of its A-10 mission.
Shortly before Christmas, both the U.S. House and U.S. Senate passed a $640.5 billion defense authorization bill that would remove the A-10 mission from the 188th. The entire Arkansas delegation voted in favor.
At a news conference following his tour of the 188th, Welsh called the drone mission a “great mission” and a “growing mission” that will be a big part of the future. | aerospace |
https://www.gonzaga.edu/online-graduate-programs/online-programs/m-a-communication-leadership-studies/adjunct-faculty/jennifer-hawton | 2023-12-08T18:36:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100769.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208180539-20231208210539-00652.warc.gz | 0.895351 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__272573940 | en | Jennifer Hawton is an award-winning strategic public relations and marketing communications manager with experience positioning and promoting transportation, industrial and biomedical products into key markets.
She worked at Boeing for 13 years, most recently overseeing external communications for the Boeing supply chain and managing the measurement of the company's communications efforts.
She has also managed internal and external communications for Boeing’s employee safety program, “Go for Zero” and crafted employee stories for teams in technical services, Boeing Test & Evaluation, and Boeing Research & Technology.
Before joining Boeing in 2007, she managed Public Relations accounts for clients in the industrial food industry and handled PR and marketing communications for a manufacturer of biomedical sanitation and testing equipment.
- COML 513: Public Relations
- B.A, Creative Writing, Western Washington University
- M.A., Communication and Leadership Studies, Gonzaga University
- Certificate in Integrated Marketing, University of Washington
- Boeing Excellence Program
- Accreditation in Public Relations (APR) | aerospace |
https://thetourattraction.com/offers/travelnews/travel-news-chinas-ott-airlines-to-launch-on-dec-28/ | 2021-04-21T04:24:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039508673.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421035139-20210421065139-00430.warc.gz | 0.94279 | 621 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__254109676 | en | TheTourAttraction.com aims to provide the latest global travel and free travel news, travel and visa policies, and flight information. We hope to provide insights into tourism market, technology and development trends with everyone by providing the latest relevant information. Despite the raging COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, we always firmly believe that mankind will overcome the disease and the tourism market will definitely recover. TheTourAttraction.com look forward to your attention and support, and witness the development of the global tourism industry with us. Looking forward to the information TheTourAttraction.com provide can help you. We will continue to follow up and obtain the latest data, and look forward to your attention and support.
The following is the [Travel News]: China’s OTT Airlines to launch on Dec 28 from [Airline Geeks] recommended by TheTourAttraction.com:
In the next five years, the airline is also planning to own 20 COMAC C919 aircraft, the narrow aircraft also designed by COMAC.
Despite the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, China hasn’t stopped developing its aviation industry. A brand-new carrier, OTT Airlines, will be launched on Dec. 28. However, the airline hasn’t revealed any maiden flight details thus far. OTT will provide only regional services and will be based at Shanghai Hongqiao Airport.
OTT, a subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines, will be using MU as its IATA designator, which is the same as the parent company. According to Chinese media, OTT is going to own an entirely-Chinese-manufactured fleet. Three Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC) ARJ21-700 aircraft have been delivered already and 32 more ARJ21 planes are expected to be delivered by 2024. ARJ21 planes have capacity for 78-90 passengers with a range of 2,225 to 3,700 km.
In the next five years, the airline is also planning to own 20 COMAC C919 aircraft, the narrow aircraft also designed by COMAC. Earlier, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) approved the C919 to enter the final testing phase in Nanchang. The aircraft can carry 158 to 168 passengers with a range of 4,075-5,555 km.
C919s are expected to begin mass production by 2021. According to local media, the C919 has more than 1,000 orders with buyers mostly coming from China.
As coronavirus cases have fallen significantly in China, the Chinese domestic market is seeing a speedy recovery after the pandemic. In October, the national holiday saw 91% of passenger counts compared to the same time last year with an average 79% load factor. In addition, CAAC has reviewed the total flight hour in the country was 89.7 thousand in November, a nearly-89% recovery compared to the same time last year. According to China Eastern Airlines, domestic capacity was down 14.5% in November compared to the same time last year. | aerospace |
https://www.theolivepress.es/spain-news/2020/11/18/spanish-satellite-ingenio-lost-eight-minutes-after-launch-due-to-human-error/ | 2024-04-23T02:00:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818452.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20240423002028-20240423032028-00292.warc.gz | 0.976609 | 423 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__42724248 | en | THE Spanish satellite SEOSAT-Ingenio, the largest space project ever undertaken by the national industry, was lost eight minutes after its launch from Kourou, in French Guiana.
According to official sources, at approximately three o’clock yesterday morning, the Vega VV17 rocket that was to put the satellite into orbit was deviated from its trajectory by ‘a series of human errors’.
The French company Arianespace, which was responsible for the rocket, have acknowledged that the failure was most likely caused by two crossed cables during the manufacture of the launcher.
Roland Lagier, Arianespace’s Chief Technical Officer, informed that the loss of control of the mission was due to a failure in the ignition of the engine, caused, in turn, by ‘a series of human errors, not design errors’.
The company has announced that it plans to set up a committee of enquiry with the European Space Agency to try to clarify the facts and correct the chain of errors made for future missions.
The Spanish, state-owned project had cost €200 million and was a milestone for the national industry, carried out with technology made in Spain, by companies such as Airbus, Sener and Indra, and with the collaboration of the European space agency.
The mission was to orbit some 670 kilometres from the earth’s surface and its objective was to obtain high-resolution images, with a capacity of glimpsing objects the size of a car from space.
The images would have benefited a myriad of sectors, from the study of climate, to agriculture, mining and response to environmental disasters.
The Ingenio satellite was to be the latest addition to the European constellation of earth observation satellites, called Copernicus.
Pedro Duque, Minister for Science and an astronaut has expressed his ‘disappointment at the loss of the mission’.
“However, this project has enabled Spanish industry to demonstrate its ability to develop complete space systems and win new contracts.” he said. | aerospace |
https://lexpressbooking.com/african-countries/how-many-hours-is-from-usa-to-kenya.html | 2022-08-08T12:39:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570827.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808122331-20220808152331-00545.warc.gz | 0.903932 | 655 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__164954328 | en | The total flight duration from United States to Nairobi, Kenya is 17 hours, 39 minutes.
How many hours does it take from USA to Kenya?
This air travel distance is equal to 8,533 miles. The air travel (bird fly) shortest distance between Kenya and United States is 13,733 km= 8,533 miles. If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles) from Kenya to United States, It takes 15.24 hours to arrive.
How many hours is direct flight from Kenya to USA?
Flight time from Nairobi to New York is 18 hours 25 minutes.
How many hours is it from Kenya to Boston USA?
Flight time from Nairobi to Boston is 17 hours 20 minutes.
Is there a direct flight from Kenya to USA?
Kenya Airways announces direct flights from Kenya to the USA beginning October 2018. Africa’s Leading Airline as announced by the World Travel Awards and Kenya’s national carrier, Kenya Airways, has announced the beginning of daily direct flights between Kenya and the USA’s city of New York starting October 2018.
How many hours is from Nigeria to Kenya?
The total flight duration from Nairobi, Kenya to Lagos, Nigeria is 5 hours, 14 minutes.
How much is USA visa from Kenya?
Types of visas and the fee charged
|Single entry visa||$ 51|
|Transit visa||$ 21|
|Multiple Entry Visa [6 months or 1 year]||$ 101|
|Referred Visa||$ 51|
What is the longest flight in the world?
What is the longest flight in the world by distance? The longest flight in the world by distance is QR921. Qatar Airlines’ Auckland to Doha route comes in at 14,535 km/9,032 mi/7,848 nm.
Do US citizen need visa for Kenya?
Yes, citizens of the United States of America are required to have a visa before they can legally enter the Republic of Kenya. Fortunately, the process to obtain a Kenyan visa for U.S. citizens is quick and simple.
How long is flight Boston to Kenya?
Flight time from Boston to Nairobi is 16 hours 40 minutes.
How many hours is it from Kenya to Australia?
Flying time from Kenya to Australia
The total flight duration from Kenya to Australia is 13 hours, 38 minutes.
How many hours does it take from Kenya to Dubai?
Non-stop flight time from Kenya (NBO) to United Arab Emirates (DXB) by different airlines
|NBO ➝ DXB||5 hours||Precision Air|
|NBO ➝ DXB||5 hours||Qantas|
|NBO ➝ DXB||5 hours||Kenya Airways|
|NBO ➝ DXB||5 hours||Fly540|
How many hours does it take from Kenya to Canada?
Flying time from Kenya to Canada
The total flight duration from Kenya to Canada is 15 hours, 34 minutes. | aerospace |
https://www.baxterbulletin.com/story/news/2016/10/12/little-rock-afb-sends-plane-haiti-humanitarian-support/91970052/ | 2021-10-17T07:09:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00422.warc.gz | 0.95455 | 288 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__251190913 | en | Little Rock AFB sends plane to Haiti for humanitarian support
LITTLE ROCK —- Airmen of the 19th Airlift Wing at Little Rock Air Force Base have dedicated three C-130Js to help Haiti with humanitarian aid and relief after Hurricane Matthew swept through and devastated the country.
Of the three, one aircraft has been sent to Haiti to provide relief. The other two are on standby to offer support. The aircraft from the 61st Airlift Squadron transported personnel and a HUMVEE along with other supplies to Port-au-Prince, Haiti to aid operations from the United States.
"Humanitarian aid and disaster relief is a part of unrivaled airlift," said U.S. Air Force Lt. Col. Angela Ochoa, 61st AS commander. "It is one of the most rewarding missions people can be a part of."
In 2005, Little Rock AFB was a part of the relief effort during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The base was used as a supply hub and medical evacuation center.
"It feels good to be in a position to be able to help other people," said U.S. Air Force Capt. John Rebolledo, 61st AS C-130J pilot. "We have immense capability and flexibility to do so beasue of our assets."
The air force base in Little Rock is home to the largest collection of C-130 aircrafts. | aerospace |
https://documentaryaddict.com/tags/space | 2021-04-13T04:34:57 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038072082.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413031741-20210413061741-00278.warc.gz | 0.824714 | 473 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__220258579 | en | Subscribe to RSS
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When the New Horizons spacecraft whizzed by Pluto in 2015, we Earthlings were dazzled by the brea...
National Geographic | Aliens Exist On The Moon - Documentary 2019 - NASA’s Curiosity rover has fo...
Scientists believe that deep down inside the Earth, there’s a huge ball of liquid and solid iron....
U.S. space agency NASA announced the discovery of more than 200 new planets on Monday, 10 of whic...
Inside SpaceX, billionaire Elon Musk's space company. Take a look behind the scenes of the Falcon...
In the very beginning of earth's history, this planet was a giant, red hot, roiling, boiling sea ...
"They are objects that are really essential constituents of our universe, and not only do we not ...
This inside tour of the International Space Station (ISS) is hosted by NASA astronaut Suni Willia...
In charting the mysterious expanse of space, both men and women pioneers risked their lives to fu...
New Horizons is a NASA space probe launched to study the dwarf planet Pluto, its natural satellit...
United States Air Force meteorology training film, 1971. Meteorology and the satellite, said to b...
The Illusion of Reality - Atom Episode 3 of 3 - The final part of Professor Jim Al-Khalili's docu...
Earthlings may one day develop the technology to visit other planets, but could we survive their ...
New Horizons is the first mission to the Kuiper Belt, a gigantic zone of icy bodies and mysteriou...
This NASA documentary celebrates 50 years of extravehicular activity (EVA) or spacewalks that beg...
At the end of a nearly flawless 15-day mission in early 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia disinteg... | aerospace |
https://wereportspace.com/2020/11/06/spacex-delivers-4th-gps-iii-satellite-to-orbit/ | 2023-02-06T15:10:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500356.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206145603-20230206175603-00384.warc.gz | 0.90773 | 154 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__128430095 | en | SpaceX Delivers 4th GPS-III Satellite to Orbit
Cape Canaveral A.F.S. FL. – Liftoff! On November 5, 2020, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket lifted off at 6:24 PM EST from Launch Complex 40 with the GPS III satellite.
Shortly after launch, the first stage booster landed successfully down range on the recovery ship “OCISLY”. The GPS III series of satellites built by Lockheed Martin first launched in 2018 and the series should be completed in 2023, with at least two more contracted to fly aboard SpaceX launch vehicles.
Stunning, full color photo book covering every east coast launch spanning 2014-2015, including the first-ever powered landing of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.More Info | aerospace |
https://ojovolador.com/en/vittorazi-paramotors-come-with-a-free-handy-box-until-august-31st/ | 2023-09-25T14:18:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925115505-20230925145505-00524.warc.gz | 0.943604 | 379 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__309010371 | en | One of the main manufacturers of engines specifically designed for paramotor, Vittorazi offers a range of 4 engines that go from the compact Atom 80 to the new, strong Cosmos 300. The Moster 185 is one of the most successful motors in competitions in the last years, and the choice of international champions and world record holders.
The Promo Handy Box was launched on August 1st and it is aimed at those paramotor pilots who love to travel and fly with Vittorazi engines. It is a ready-to-use kit that allows prompt intervention in case of minor needs, the manufacturer told us.
Worth 150 euros, the kit will be given free to all pilots who order a MY22 unit before the end of the month.
Vitorazzi also emphasized that all MY22 engines enjoy an exclusive 2-years warranty: a service that is available and operational worldwide, which makes “each adventure with our engines free from any concern”. Vittorazi dealers provide support and service for most issues, as they are constantly receiving courses and training from the company.
The Promo Handy Box is available in 2 versions. The Atom 80 MY22 is a lightweight engine that promises the right amount of power and a great flight range. It offers ease of use and simple maintenance, for both the pilots who have just started flying and those already experienced who want an agile and comfortable product, according to Vittorazi. The Moster 185 MY22has a sporty character, superior performance, an essential design, and hi-tech components. Available in both manual and electric versions, this is Vittorazi’s best offer for competitions and for free and adventurous flight, “with over 10 years of victories, records, and exciting feats”.
+ Info: https://vittorazi.com/ | aerospace |
https://www.junglegroove.me/blog/resin-and-fiberglass-table-with-the-surface-of-the-moon | 2024-02-22T00:04:18 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473598.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221234056-20240222024056-00528.warc.gz | 0.848982 | 136 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__116949603 | en | Using digital files pulled from NASA’s archives, French design studio Harow designed a table that replicates the real topology of the moon’s surface. The Apollo 11 Table features a sculpted fiberglass slab in the form of a lunar crater. Covering this thick segment is a layer of resin, which allows one to fully view its dips and crevices while providing coverage to the uneven terrain. The brass and aluminum alloy feet also pay homage to the many Apollo missions, parts that put a modern spin on the Lunar Excursion Module‘s original landing pads.
Read more at: http://www.junglegroove.me/blog | aerospace |
http://travelbloggercommunity.com/finnairs-spacious-new-seat-means-business/ | 2023-03-29T03:53:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329023546-20230329053546-00376.warc.gz | 0.903186 | 229 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__34599099 | en | Finnair’s spacious new seat means business By Paul Johnson on Mar 07, 2023 in Air Travel, Speciality Travel
Business class travel takes a leap forward with Finnair’s new Business Class cabin and the spacious new Collins Aerospace AirLounge™ seat. Finnair is the launch customer for this new and innovative seating concept that is to be rolled out across Finnair’s entire long-haul fleet of A330s and A350s.
The AirLounge is not a traditional aircraft seat but takes inspiration from lounge furniture. The seat is designed to maximise your comfort, space, and freedom to move during a long-haul flight. The clean lines and the dark, comforting colour scheme follow Finnair’s Nordic design style that is visible also in Finnair’s lounges in the non-Schengen area at Helsinki Airport.
David Kondo from Finnair’s Customer Experience team, who led the design work for the new Finnair long-haul experience, said: “We wanted to
Keep reading this article on A Luxury Travel Blog. | aerospace |
http://ezenaviation.com/services.php | 2023-01-28T04:39:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499470.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128023233-20230128053233-00660.warc.gz | 0.934232 | 412 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__207953536 | en | Ezen Aviation has successfully torn down / part out an ATR72-202 and Hawker 900XP. We are aggressively pursuing ATR 72-200 series aircrafts and if you have one for sale, please contact us.
We currently own all our inventory stored in Florida, USA and are available for sale, flat exchange or consignment sale. We have ATR72 Landing Gear (fresh overhauled, zero time) for lease, direct sale or flat exchange. Please contact us for further details and mini pack.
Ezen Aviation Private Limited has strategic partnerships with leasing companies and has the capability to negotiate the lease for prospective startup airlines /NSOP. Contact us for further details. Our one stop shop model of leasing is designed to serve India’s UDAN policy and encourage more investors to enter the airline business.
We currently have PW127 engines and Honeywell TFE 731-1H-50R engines for sale. We have extensive experience in engine leasing. Contact us for more details.
We provide innovative, cost effective maintenance solutions to airlines and corporate operators, helping them locate the right MRO to carry out major maintenance, modifications and lease returns on their aircrafts. Our technical support team helps operators resolve technical issues relating to engine health management, aircraft maintenance and repair by coordinating with the OEM’s and other third party maintenance providers.
Do you need the services of an on-site representative to handle your inventory? We can do that for you at a very competitive price. For example, your need for an onsite rep while your aircraft is being parted-out or disassembled, a major aircraft modification is being accomplished at an MRO, or during lease returns.
We offer economical component repair management for all rotables. The experience and reputation Ezen Aviation Private Limited acquired over the years has resulted in many strategic partnerships with leading FAA/EASA 145 repair stations across the globe. This valuable network allows us to supply competitive discounted pricing whilst ensuring high-quality and reliable workmanship for our customers. | aerospace |
https://polanddaily24.com/does-slawosz-uznanski-give-poland-a-chance-to-go-to-space-again/tech/26240 | 2023-09-28T20:32:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00815.warc.gz | 0.951108 | 322 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__278832964 | en | POLSA and the European Space Agency are considering the possibility of Sławosz Uznański flying into space, the ESA told PAP on Thursday. As soon as an agreement has been reached with the International Space Station (ISS) partners, the details will be released.
As indicated in the information sent to PAP by the ESA, POLSA and the European Space Agency are “considering options to enable the flight” of Sławosz Uznański into space. “Details will only be communicated once an agreement has been reached with all parties, including the international partners of the ISS.”
The GovTech Centre, an inter-ministerial team for innovation and digitalisation tweeted that Sławosz Uznański would fly into space as the second Pole in history. “We have been waiting for this moment for 45 years! After the historic mission with Mirosław Hermaszewski, Sławosz Uznański – a member of the reserve corps of the ESA – European Space Agency will fly into space as the second Pole. We sincerely congratulate him and look forward to reporting on the launch!”
However, a tweet was deleted, and no other information has been given.
The European Space Agency has chosen 17 new astronaut candidates from more than 22 500 applicants from across its Member States. In this new 2022 class of ESA astronauts are five career astronauts, 11 members of an astronaut reserve and one astronaut with a disability. (esa.int) | aerospace |
https://english.lokmat.com/topics/defense-army/news/ | 2021-09-17T13:31:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055645.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917120628-20210917150628-00092.warc.gz | 0.880445 | 476 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__80709880 | en | Defense Army, News
Defense army, Latest News
'Need to augment combat capability of Air Force through innovation, self-reliance'
New Delhi, Sep 17 There is a need to augment the combat capability of Air Force through innovation, ... ...
Indian military contingent in Russia for multinational counter-terror drill; Pak, China also participating
Engaged in continuous disputes with Islamabad and Beijing, an Indian military contingent comprising Army and Air Force elite troops would be in Russia for a counter-terrorism exercise to be held as part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation peace ...
Afghan embassies, including one in India, turn their back on Taliban
New Delhi, Sep 9: The Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Italy has announced that it will ... ...
Changing global scenario quickly changed equations between nations: Rajnath
Jaisalmer, Sep 9 The changing global scenario, including the developments in Afghanistan, has changed equations between nations quickly ... ...
IAF aircraft carrying Rajnath, Gadkari lands at NH in Rajasthan
Jalore (Rajasthan), Sep 9 An Indian Air Force transport aircraft Hercules C-130J carrying two Union Ministers Rajnath ... ...
IAF's C-130J Super Hercules lands at Emergency Field Landing in Rajasthan's Jalore
The Indian Air Force's C-130J Super Hercules transport aircraft with Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, Road Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari and Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria onboard landed at Emergency Field Landing at the National Highway in Jalore ...
Rajnath, Gadkari to land on NH-925A aboard IAF's C-130 J Super Hercules in Rajasthan's Barmer
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and Road, Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari will land during the demonstration on the national highway in Rajasthan's Barmer district aboard the C-130 J Super Hercules aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) ...
IAF signs emergency deal for 70,000 AK-103 assault rifles with Russia
At a time when terrorist groups operating in India are likely to get weapons left behind by American troops in Afghanistan, the Indian Air Force (IAF) has signed a deal for acquiring 70,000 AK-103 assault rifles from Russia under emergency provisions ... | aerospace |
http://www.baydreaming.com/events/united-states-naval-air-academy-air-show/ | 2017-12-15T17:44:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948577018.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215172833-20171215194833-00128.warc.gz | 0.854813 | 79 | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-51__0__249798421 | en | Wednesday, May 25, 2016
2:00 pm - 5:00 pm
United States Naval Academy
Annapolis , Maryland
Note: Please always check the event website to confirm event details.
The US Navy Blue Angels perform an air show in Annapolis for the US Naval Academy’s Commissioning Week/Graduation. The flight demonstration takes place over the Severn River. | aerospace |
https://redwirespace.com/newsroom/global-space-infrastructure-leader-redwire-to-build-state-of-the-art-microgravity-payload-development-and-space-operations-facility-in-floyd-county-in/ | 2024-04-14T11:52:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296816879.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20240414095752-20240414125752-00794.warc.gz | 0.892243 | 813 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__41830378 | en | Georgetown, IN. (July 11, 2023) – Redwire Corporation (NYSE: RDW), a leader in space infrastructure for the next generation space economy, announced today it plans to open a new state-of-the-art microgravity payload development facility with a mission operations center at the Novaparke Innovation & Technology Campus in Floyd County, Indiana, as the company looks to increase production of critical technologies enabling human spaceflight missions and commercial microgravity research and development in low-Earth orbit (LEO).
The new 30,000 square foot facility will support increased demand from commercial companies and academic researchers focused on improving pharmaceutical drug development, optimizing disease treatments, and enabling technologies essential for sustainable human spaceflight in LEO and beyond. Construction is expected to begin in the fourth quarter of this year.
“Redwire’s continued investment in Indiana is a testament to our shared commitment to building a robust economy of the future,” said David Watkins, senior vice president of small business and entrepreneurship at the Indiana Economic Development Corporation (IEDC). “These new high-wage, high-skill careers will provide greater opportunities for residents of Floyd County and help further position Indiana as a leader in innovation.”
“We are building capacity as we pioneer consequential in-space manufacturing and microgravity research capabilities, such as bioprinting, in low-Earth orbit, with life-saving benefits on and off our home planet,” said John Vellinger, Redwire Executive Vice President. “As we leverage strategic investments to scale in-space manufacturing in LEO, it will directly impact the sustainability of future human spaceflight and deliver optimized products for Earth-based industries. The new facility will help accelerate the development of our growing portfolio of new microgravity research technologies, such as biomedical research payloads, as we continue to serve our research and deep space exploration customers.”
“Redwire is exactly the kind of world-class, innovative company we had in mind when the vision for Novaparke was first conceived,” said Bob Woosley, President of the Floyd County Redevelopment Commission. “We look forward to seeing what new breakthrough technologies will be developed here for the benefit of all and are excited for the outstanding career opportunities this presents for the next generation of scientists, engineers and professionals here in Floyd County.”
Redwire Corporation (NYSE: RDW) is a global leader in mission critical space solutions and high reliability components for the next generation space economy, with valuable intellectual property for solar power generation, in-space 3D printing and manufacturing, avionics, critical components, sensors, digital engineering and space-based biotechnology. We combine decades of flight heritage with an agile and innovative culture. Our “Heritage plus Innovation” strategy enables us to combine proven performance with new, innovative capabilities to provide our customers with the building blocks for the present and future of space infrastructure. For more information, please visit redwirespace.com.
The $10 million Novaparke Innovation & Technology Campus is an entrepreneurial and innovation hub with a focus on aerospace, biotechnology, software design and other leading-edge industries. The campus offers fourteen lots for development and combines greenspace with sustainable approaches and design that preserves some of the historic nature of the site. As a magnet for innovative companies, Novaparke is designed to bolster the local economy and cultivate emerging technologies while providing excellent career opportunities for young professionals in Floyd County. | aerospace |
http://katrajano.com/products/HDVR_Integration.aspx | 2019-02-22T15:34:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518425.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222135147-20190222161147-00120.warc.gz | 0.903252 | 432 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__5762840 | en | Women's Women's Women's Trainers Puma Puma Trainers Trainers Puma Trainers Puma Women's Puma 8IwFRNavy Unisex Crocs Adult Crocband Clogs Blue 0Z0RFqf
Do you dream of a career as a pilot? Are you fascinated with the prospect of flying for a living? Southern Utah University is a comprehensive regional university that provides a high quality education. Flight training at SUU will uniquely prepare you for a career flying aircraft anywhere in the world.
Rotor Wing and Fixed Wing Training
Southern Utah University offers training in Rotor Wing Pilot (helicopter) or Fixed Wing Pilot (airplane) components. These tracks share a common core of general education and general aviation core courses. Our specialized flight labs, located at the Cedar City, Utah Airport (CDC), include state-of-the-art aircraft that will get you off the ground in no time.
Earn Pilot Licenses and Ratings
- Private Pilot
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- Puma Trainers Puma Trainers Trainers Puma Puma Women's Women's Trainers Women's Women's Puma Commercial Pilot
- Certified Flight Instructor
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Additional Special Curriculum courses are offered in the following: Turbine Transition, External Load, Night Vision Goggles, Mountain Flying, Robinson R44 Transition, SFAR 73 Transition, and both Single Engine and Multi Engine fixed wing training.
Puma Women's Puma Women's Trainers Puma Women's Puma Trainers Trainers Puma Trainers Women's Degree Options
- Applied Associate in Aviation
- There are many bachelor's degrees offered at SUU that will enhance your aviation goals… Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies (BIS), Bachelor's Degree in General Studies (BSGS), Bachelor of Aviation Science.
- See your advisor to pick the best Major that is right for your career path.
Notice: For students using veteran's educational benefits please be aware that aviation degree options may be subject to VA restrictions. Veterans are encouraged to discuss any restrictions with the SUU Veteran Center. | aerospace |
https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/en/products/lms/imagine-lab/aerospace/landing-gear.shtml | 2018-02-19T21:57:28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812841.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219211247-20180219231247-00605.warc.gz | 0.873979 | 486 | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-09__0__124570592 | en | Landing Gear Simulation
Assess complete multi-domain performance of the landing gear system
The LMS Imagine.Lab Landing Gear simulation solution assesses the entire landing gear system including performance analysis for required functionalities: landing, extension and retraction, braking and steering systems. The solution supports the multi-domain nature of landing gear system design (such as hydraulics, electrics and thermal) and considers system structure and actuator integration. The Landing Gear system solution helps you with challenges posed by physical tests and maintenance cost reduction, sophisticated technologies and materials, and safety and certification requirements.
For landing gear system and suspension, the solution provides an environment for multi-level modeling and simulation. With multibody dynamics integration, structural dynamics and optimization, this solution allows you to assess the full aircraft ground load analysis earlier in the design process to reduce risks and uncover problems. You can develop validated, real-time prototypes from high fidelity simulation models using a single platform and run fewer physical drop tests.
For anti-skid systems, the Landing Gear simulation solution helps you design and validate the braking system function with a combination of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and control equipment for component modeling (such as pumps and electrohydraulic valves). Using a complete platform, you can study steel, carbon and ceramic brake technology as well as hydraulic and electric actuation. Ensuring a good balance of performance and risk accelerates and enhances the design and validation of these systems.
The Landing Gear simulation solution also helps you design and validate the steering system function with a combination of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and control equipment. You can design single components (such as servo-controls and actuators), validate component integration and design and validate control strategies.
Landing Gear Capabilities
The Landing Gear solution provides you with these features:
- Advanced thermal hydraulic components
- Heat exchangers with different modeling levels
- Pressure, flow and temperature distribution for various operating points
- Direct coupling of pressure and temperature for overall system analysis
- Advanced analysis tools for linear analysis and design exploration
- Large fluids database of standard and customizable components
Landing Gear Benefits
The Landing Gear solution helps you:
- Validate the landing gear system constraints
- Analyze functional behavior
- Assess multiple design levels, from components to the whole system, with control strategies
- Significantly reduce development time, even for large landing gear systems | aerospace |
https://www.ajournalofmusicalthings.com/did-bowie-know-something-about-spiders-from-mars-before-nasa/ | 2022-06-27T00:02:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103322581.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626222503-20220627012503-00217.warc.gz | 0.92312 | 367 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__177004307 | en | The latest round of good fun on the interwebs comes courtesy of NASA with a shout out to David Bowie!
It turns out the ‘Spiders from Mars’ are not only the name of David Bowie’s band in the well-known concept album from 1972, but are real-life geological features etched across the surface of the red planet.
Troughs across the surface of Mars that eerily resemble the eight-legged bugs have been captured in a stunning Nasa satellite photograph.
Dubbed araneiforms for their arachnid-like appearance, they are a type of land erosion where networks of cracks form on Martian soil, completely different to anything seen on Earth.
Scientists from the University of Arizona located the strange features using the Hirise (High Resolution Imaging Experiment) camera aboard Nasa’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).
Volunteers working on behalf of Planet Four – an online project hosted by Zooniverse, the world’s largest and most popular people-powered research platform – helped to make the discovery.
Planet Four trawls through images of the southern polar region of Mars in an effort to uncover formations called fans and blotches.
These could point to signs of water on the surface of the red planet, one of the main goals of the MRO.
Their efforts assist the team behind the orbiter in directing their search to specific locations, where they can then capture more detailed images.
‘As part of the Planet Four citizen science effort, volunteers searched Context Camera images for possible new locations on Mars with “spiders,” or features with radial troughs from which fans emanate in the springtime,’ a spokesman for the group said.
The whole story can be found here. | aerospace |
https://www.sewardjournal.com/news/local/aircraft-donation-to-help-veteran-training-and-invasive-species-control/article_d045a7b2-968e-11eb-8b6a-af16e7e9c9e9.html | 2021-04-19T18:19:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038916163.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419173508-20210419203508-00321.warc.gz | 0.942386 | 388 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__247348434 | en | Rodger May and wife Lisa May, owner of Peter Pan Seafood Co., LLC have donated a Douglas R4D-8Z (Super DC-3) aircraft to support Alaska’s nonprofit VIPER Transitions’ veteran programs.
VIPER Transitions is a nonprofit that helps to bridge a gap between military training and private employment for veterans. VIPER’s mission is to end veteran suicide through the elimination of its main causes: veteran unemployment, underemployment, substance abuse, homelessness, and a fractured support system. The program will use the plane to assist veterans with training in aircraft maintenance and will be used to help fight invasive pike in Southcentral Alaska.
The Douglas R4D-8Z (Super DC-3) donated by the Mays will serve as a teaching platform for VIPER’s Aviation Maintenance Program, allowing veterans to gain necessary skills as an A&P technician while fostering a strong connection with Alaska’s rich military heritage. Participants will receive 12 weeks of training with hands on practical application and will be eligible for guaranteed direct entry to a program with the Aviation Institute of Maintenance or to partner with a VIPER partner to obtain certification.
The VIPER Operation Combat Pike will be assisted through the use of the aircraft to rejuvenate salmon populations impacted by northern pike by taking veterans to fish for the northern pike.
“The work that VIPER is doing for our veterans is incredible and we’re honored to be able to support their mission,” said Rodger May. “As a certified pilot I love the Aviation Maintenance Program and coming from Peter Pan Seafood with my more than 35-year career in the seafood industry, Operation Combat Pike is especially significant to me. Our military veterans have given us so much and I’m glad to be able to give a little back by supporting these programs.” | aerospace |
https://hungarytoday.hu/hungarian-satellites-smog-p-atl-1/ | 2022-08-16T07:53:36 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00294.warc.gz | 0.950551 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__151068850 | en | Two Hungarian satellites launched in December are operating according to plan, the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) said on Thursday.
The ATL-1 and SMOG-P satellites were put into orbit on an Electron rocket of US-based Rocket Lab on December 6. They are now travelling around the Earth at a speed of 7.2 km per second in an elliptical orbit at a height of 350-400km.
The SMOG-P satellite is gauging levels of artificial electromagnetic smog in the upper atmosphere. The ATL-1 satellite is testing the quality of a special insulator designed for use in space. The ATL-1 satellite was developed by ATL Kft in cooperation with H-ION Kft. The ATL-1 was supported by European Union and state funding.
The satellites will maintain their orbits for at least five months.
In the featured photo: the SMOG satellite in its development phase. Photo by József Balaton/MTI | aerospace |
https://convergence.journalism.missouri.edu/?p=13770 | 2018-05-20T12:21:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863410.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520112233-20180520132233-00443.warc.gz | 0.935187 | 344 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__170376698 | en | By Kathryn Mersmann for NASA
For years, science fiction writers from Edgar Rice Burroughs to C. S. Lewis have imagined what it would be like for humans to walk on Mars. As mankind comes closer to taking its first steps on the Red Planet, authors’ depictions of the experience have become more realistic.
Andy Weir’s “The Martian” begins with a massive dust storm that strands fictional astronaut Mark Watney on Mars. In the scene, powerful wind rips an antenna out of a piece of equipment and destroys parts of the astronauts’ camp.
Mars is infamous for intense dust storms, which sometimes kick up enough dust to be seen by telescopes on Earth.
“Every year there are some moderately big dust storms that pop up on Mars and they cover continent-sized areas and last for weeks at a time,” said Michael Smith, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
Beyond Mars’ large annual storms are massive storms that occur more rarely but are much larger and more intense.
“Once every three Mars years (about 5 ½ Earth years), on average, normal storms grow into planet-encircling dust storms, and we usually call those ‘global dust storms’ to distinguish them,” Smith said.
It is unlikely that even these dust storms could strand an astronaut on Mars, however. Even the wind in the largest dust storms likely could not tip or rip apart major mechanical equipment. The winds in the strongest Martian storms top out at about 60 miles per hour, less than half the speed of some hurricane-force winds on Earth.admin in Student Work | aerospace |
https://teachtactic.com/how-ukraines-undermanned-air-force-counters-against-russian-jets/ | 2023-03-21T06:56:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943637.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321064400-20230321094400-00473.warc.gz | 0.964262 | 1,293 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__281911877 | en | How Ukraine’s undermanned air force counters Against Russian jets: LVIV, UA Every night, Ukrainian pilots like Andriy wait in an undisclosed hangar, until the tension is broken by a single word: “Air!”
Andriy rushes into his Su-27 supersonic jet and taxis toward the runway, eager to take off. Erasing his mission for the night, he takes off so fast he doesn’t know what he’s going to do.
“I don’t check,” said Andriy, a Ukrainian air force pilot who refused to give his surname or rank in exchange for an interview. “I just fly.”
One of the biggest surprises of the Ukrainian war is Russia’s failure to defeat the Ukrainian air force. Air defenses and military aircraft were expected to be destroyed or crippled by Russian forces, but neither happened. Instead, rare in modern warfare, aerial dogfights rage above the country.
In the war, Andriy, 25, has flown 10 missions and says “every flight is a real fight.” “There is no equality in any Russian jet fight. They always have 5x more “airplanes
Because Ukrainian pilots have intercepted some Russian cruise missiles, they have helped protect Ukrainian soldiers on the ground. Ukraine claims to have shot down 97 Russian fixed-wing aircraft.
No one knows how many Russian fighter jets have crashed into rivers, fields, and houses.
Die ukrainische Luftwaffe fliegt in near- Its fighter jets can take off or land from bombed airports in western Ukraine, or even from highways, analysts say. Russia flies around 200 sorties per day, while Ukraine only flies five to ten.
So they have one advantage. Russian planes fly over Ukrainian military territory, which can move anti-aircraft missiles to harass — and shoot down — planes.
This is because we operate on our own land,” said Yuriy Ihnat, a Ukrainian air force spokesperson. “An enemy flying into our airspace is entering our air defense zone.” Aimed at Russian planes, he said.
Assault planner for the Iraqi Desert Storm air campaign, Dave Deptula, said the impressive performance of the Ukrainian pilots helped counterbalance their numerical disadvantage. He said Ukraine now has around 55 operational fighter jets, which are being “stressed to maximum performance” due to shoot-downs and mechanical failures.
Mr. Zelenskyy has repeatedly asked Western governments to replenish the Ukrainian air force and to impose a no-fly zone over the country, which Western leaders have refused to do. Slovakia and Poland considered sending MiG-29 fighter jets, which Ukrainian pilots could fly with minimal training.
“Russian troops have already fired nearly 1,000 missiles and countless bombs at Ukraine,” Zelenskyy said in a video message to Congress on March 16. But they are not in Ukraine — they are in the Ukrainian sky.
Moving these jets into Ukraine is vital, says Deptula “They’ll run out of planes before they run out of pilots,” he said.
Pilotless drones are also in the Ukrainian military’s arsenal, but not for airspace control. Ukraine uses a Turkish-made armed drone, the Bayraktar TB-2, which can destroy tanks and artillery on the ground but not hit targets in the air. Russian jets could easily destroy Ukraine’s air defenses.
It is not unusual for volunteers to take part in air battles in Ukraine. Volunteers keep an eye out for Russian jets, reporting their location, speed and altitude. Others have removed modern civilian navigation equipment from their planes and given it to the air force in case it is needed.
Air-to-air combat has been rare in recent decades. American pilots haven’t engaged in aerial dogfights since the 1991 Iraq War. US fighter jets have only engaged in air-to-air combat on a few occasions since then, killing ten in the Balkan War and one in Syria, Deptula says.
Andriy says he uses instruments to track enemy planes in the night sky. He shot down Russian jets but couldn’t say how many or which. His system can target planes a few dozen miles away.
In his job, he mainly hits airborne targets and intercepts enemy jets. “I wait for the missile to aim. Then I fire.”
If he shoots down a Russian jet, “I’m glad it won’t bomb my peaceful towns. And, as we see, Russian jets do exactly that.”
The majority of aerial combat in Ukraine has been at night, when Russian aircraft are less vulnerable to air defenses. Andriy claims the Russians used a variety of modern Sukhoi jets, including the Su-30, Su-34, and Su-35.
“I had situations where I was close enough to target and fire,” he said. While waiting for my missile to lock on, I was informed by the ground that a missile had already been fired at me.
He claimed he did extreme bank, dive, and climb maneuvers to deplete the missiles’ fuel supplies. “The time I have to save myself depends on the distance and type of missile,” he said.
“Every flight is a fight,” he said in an interview on a clear, sunny day.
Andriy graduated from the Kharkiv Air Force School as a teenager. “Neither I nor my friends ever imagined a real war,” he said. “But it didn’t work out.”
Andriy says he has moved his wife to a safer part of Ukraine, but she has not left. She makes camouflage nets for the Ukrainian army. He calls his family only after returning from a night flight, he said.
“I just need to use my skills,” Andriy said. “I’m better than the Russians. However, many of my friends, even those more experienced than me, have died.”
Read also: Taiwan is hit by a strong 6.6-magnitude earthquake | aerospace |
https://cirrusaircraft.com/uk/aircraft-listings/sr22t-g5-gts-1318-n644mw/ | 2022-10-01T05:47:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00695.warc.gz | 0.856325 | 362 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__73711757 | en | - Athens Blue & Sterling Silver
- Graphite Grey Premium Leather
- Serial Number
- Registration Number
N644MW has been kept in superb condition, with only 603 hours since new, and always RGV (Cirrus Service Centre) maintained. With factory fitted options of: GTS Package; Air Conditioning; Cirrus Global Connect; Yaw Damper; and DME - the Generation 5 SR22T is complete with FIKI and Garmin Perspective Avionics. The 2016 model comes with a nice array of extra amenities over previous G5 year models, such as headset clips and mobile device holders, door latches, remote keyless entry and convenience lighting system.
The Platinum exterior design scheme provides a sopfisitacted ramp appeal, with Athens Blue and Sterling Silver a refined colour combination. Premium leather interior gives a very comfortable experience for both the pilot and passengers, with the Graphite Grey leather providing a great compliment to the exterior.
Enjoy 3 days of transition training included with the purchase through the Cirrus Embark scheme.
Kindly note the price shown is exclusive of VAT. All specifications stated are subject to confirmation, no warranty is expressed or implied.
Ready to get started?
Whether you’re looking to buy a new Cirrus aircraft or sell your current Cirrus aircraft, our team is here to help.
And if you’re looking for flight training or maintenance support, we can help with that, too.
Michael Wright +447974350733 / Callum Smith +447498218427 | aerospace |
https://daily-allnews.blogspot.com/2009/11/rosetta-completes-final-earth-flyby.html | 2018-07-17T05:42:17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589573.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717051134-20180717071134-00408.warc.gz | 0.816626 | 263 | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-30__0__97441893 | en | Image of Earth acquired with Rosetta's narrow-angle camera from a distance of 633 000 kilometers (393,300 miles) on Nov. 12. Image credit: ESA
› Larger image
PASADENA, Calif. - On its way to a 2014 rendezvous with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft, with JPL instruments on board, flew past Earth today to pick up energy.
This is the third and final Earth flyby for Rosetta. It will provide exactly the boost Rosetta needs to continue into the outer solar system. The spacecraft is scheduled for a close encounter with asteroid 21 Lutetia in July 2010, before it goes into hibernation early in 2011, only to wake up in early 2014 for approach to 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
NASA has contributed an ultraviolet instrument (Alice); a plasma instrument (the Ion and Electron Sensor), and a microwave instrument (Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter), among other contributions to this international mission. JPL manages NASA's participation in the Rosetta mission.
Learn more about NASA's contribution to Rosetta at: http://rosetta.jpl.nasa.gov | aerospace |
https://m.q-files.com/technology/famous-inventors/wernher-von-braun/ | 2020-06-01T15:17:48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419056.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601145025-20200601175025-00537.warc.gz | 0.967116 | 201 | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-24__0__181058299 | en | Wernher von Braun German engineer Wernher von Braun (1912–77) was one of the leading figures in the development of rockets. He designed and built the V-2 missile for Nazi Germany during World War II, before working on long-range missiles and the US space programme. He was inspired by the possibilities of space travel from reading the science fiction stories of Jules Verne and H.G Wells.
The first long-range rocket was the V-2 missile, designed by von Braun during World War II. The 14-metre (45-feet), liquid-fuelled rocket became the first manmade object in space in October 1942. It could reach an altitude of 206 kilometres (128 miles) and was employed against targets in Europe from September 1944.
In the 1950s, von Braun published his ideas for a manned space station. The station's purpose would be to provide an assembly platform for manned missions to the Moon and Mars.
Find the answer | aerospace |
https://gadgetsmatrix.com/archives/xldron/10712 | 2021-10-28T14:42:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588341.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20211028131628-20211028161628-00469.warc.gz | 0.818805 | 134 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__111145663 | en | This project aims to offer riders a quick trip where they can briefly experience zero-gravity and get a peek of our planet.
The unmanned XLDron, equipped with an ultra high-bypass turbofan engine, carries a separate module (appropriately named Zero-Gravity) to an altitude of around 35,000 ft before the module’s rocket engine launches riders and crew beyond the atmosphere to an altitude above 100km.
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It is FUN, it is COOL, it is Gadgets Matrix newsletter! | aerospace |
http://www.pinaka.co.in/products.aspx | 2024-03-04T19:07:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00236.warc.gz | 0.940304 | 219 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__74601038 | en | Pinaka has several products that are widely used and deployed. These include airborne avionics systems, simulators, calibrators, testers, etc. Of special note are the testers, test rigs and jigs that Pinaka developed in close collaboration with the Aeronautical Development Agency, ADA, to provide a world-leading maintenance philosophy to India’s Tejas LCA.
Ranging from hand-held to tarmac to rack-mounted systems, Pinaka’s testers are the mainstay of HAL’s and IAF’s ability to maintain top-class operational efficiency. The very same I-Level and O-Level maintenance support products used to provide the Tejas LCA world-leading maintenance support from SRU, LRU to component level troubleshooting, identification and repair is now being used by the IAF to up-level the maintenance philosophy of their other aircraft platforms as well. Pinaka is the OEM for all these products, and has in-house ability to manufacture its products.
- Data acquisition systems
- Test rigs and jigs | aerospace |
https://jpmas.com.ni/nasa-crashed-a-spacecraft-into-an-asteroid-in-the-first-planetary-defense/ | 2024-04-15T18:26:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817014.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240415174104-20240415204104-00652.warc.gz | 0.953757 | 419 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__138594853 | en | It was the first planetary defense test of its kind to see if NASA scientists can potentially prevent cosmic objects from heading for Earth with disastrous impacts. They used the Double Asteroid Redirect Test spacecraft, known as DART, to function as a «ram.»
Don’t be afraid if the test goes wrong
NASA said earlier this month that the «asteroid did not pose a threat to Earth.»
The DART spacecraft launched from California last November before a nearly year-long journey to complete the destruction. Its target is a small asteroid called Dimorphos, which orbits a larger one called Didymos.
Both Didymos and Dimorphos are set to make their closest approach to our planet in years today, passing as close as 10.8 million kilometers to Earth. The impact between the spacecraft and the asteroid took place on September 26 at 23:14 GMT (09:14 AEST).
The final NASA maneuver has taken place, which has allowed the navigation team to know the position of the asteroid within a radius of two kilometers. This means a reduced margin of error for the spacecraft’s required trajectory to traverse the asteroid.
While the theory sounds like something out of a movie film, there is scientific reasoning behind the impact.
According to images from a distance of 11 million kilometers, everything seemed to go exactly as planned during the test. The Dart probe, which was moving at a relative speed of 22,000 km/h, first had to distinguish the smaller rock from the larger one. On-board navigation software then adjusted the trajectory with thruster firing to ensure a head-on collision.
Dart’s camera delivered one image per second, right up to the moment of impact with the target, a 160-meter-wide asteroid called Dimorphos.
The scientists on the NASA-led mission will have to wait a few weeks before they know if their experiment is going well.
They will determine success by studying changes in Dimorphos’s orbit around another asteroid known as Didymos. | aerospace |
https://dallas.culturemap.com/eventdetail/caf-2016-wings-over-dallas-wwii-airshow/ | 2022-08-14T05:35:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571996.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814052950-20220814082950-00361.warc.gz | 0.896399 | 220 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__169998865 | en | Commemorative Air Force presents 2016 Wings Over Dallas WWII Airshow
The Commemorative Air Force (CAF) will be presenting the first CAF Wings Over Dallas WWII Airshow. The event will commemorate the 75th anniversary of Pearl Harbor and feature TORA! TORA! TORA!, an award-winning re-creation of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The TORA team uses WWII-era aircraft and pyrotechnics to create a dynamic history lesson.
In addition to this performance, dozens of other WWII-era aircraft will be exhibited on the ramp and in the air throughout the event. As part of a wider plan to establish a major new museum/attraction at DEA (formerly known as Redbird Airport), the CAF has a vision for CAF Wings Over Dallas to become the nation’s pre-eminent annual World War II-themed airshow and military reenactment event.
Flying demonstrations, flight line presentations, battle reenactments, veteran appearances and aircraft tours will provide hands-on opportunities for families and aviation history enthusiasts. | aerospace |
https://askinnovativeindia.com/satellites-orbit-the-earth-in-what-number/ | 2023-12-07T19:12:10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100686.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207185656-20231207215656-00453.warc.gz | 0.945833 | 843 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__55855116 | en | Every week, it seems, another rocket is sent into space, this time carrying rovers to Mars, tourists, or, most typically, satellites. The idea that “space is growing crowded” has been around for a while, but how full is it exactly? And how crowded will it become? said Professor of physics at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, and director of the Center for Space Science and Technology. Many satellites launched into orbit have already died or burned up in the atmosphere, yet many have remained. Although satellite tracking organisations don’t always publish the same precise figures, the overall trend is evident – and stunning.
Since 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first human-made satellite, humanity has steadily increased the number of objects in orbit each year. There was sluggish but steady growth in the second part of the twentieth century, with around 60 to 100 satellites launched annually until the early 2010s.
However, since then, the rate has accelerated substantially.
By 2020, 114 flights will have launched approximately 1,300 satellites into orbit, breaking the 1,000 new satellites per year barrier for the first time. However, no previous year compares to 2021. Around 1,400 additional satellites have already begun orbiting Earth as of September 16, with the number expected to rise as the year progresses. SpaceX has launched 51 more Starlink satellites into orbit.
Small satellites with easy orbital access
This exponential increase can be attributed to two factors. To begin with, launching a satellite into space has never been easier. For example, on Aug. 29, 2021, a SpaceX rocket delivered many satellites to the International Space Station, including one developed by my students. These satellites will be launched into orbit on Oct. 11, 2021, bringing the total number of spacecraft to a new high.
The second reason is that rockets can now transport more satellites than ever before with greater ease — and at a lower cost. This increase isn’t due to more powerful rockets. Satellites, on the other hand, have shrunk as a result of the technological revolution. The great majority of spacecraft launched in 2020, 94 percent, were smallsats, or satellites weighing less than 600 kg.
The bulk of these satellites are used for Earth observation, telecommunication, and internet access. Two commercial firms, Starlink by SpaceX and OneWeb, launched around 1,000 smallsats in 2020 alone with the purpose of extending the internet to underserved areas of the globe. In the coming years, they both intend to launch more than 40,000 satellites into low-Earth orbit to form “mega-constellations.”
Several other startups, including Amazon’s Project Kuiper, are chasing the $1 trillion industry.
A suffocating sky
With the massive increase of satellites, fears of a congested sky are beginning to materialise. Astronomers noticed the first 60 Starlink satellites blocking out the sky a day after SpaceX launched them. While the impact on visible astronomy is obvious, radio astronomers fear that interference from satellite megaconstellations like Starlink would result in a loss of 70 percent sensitivity in some frequencies.
Experts have been examining and debating the potential challenges created by these constellations, as well as possible solutions offered by satellite businesses. These include lowering the number of satellites and their brightness, sharing their location, and providing better image-processing software, among other things.
Trends in the future
The democratisation of space was a goal that had yet to be realised less than ten years ago.
One could argue that the aim is now within reach, with student projects on the Space Station and more than 105 countries having at least one satellite in orbit.
Every disruptive technological breakthrough necessitates rule changes – or the creation of whole new ones. SpaceX has conducted tests to reduce the impact of Starlink constellations, and Amazon has stated that their satellites will be de-orbited within 355 days of mission completion. These and other activities by various parties gives us faith that commerce, research, and human endeavours will be able to discover long-term answers to this looming catastrophe. | aerospace |
http://eaa179.org/land-of-enchantment-fly-in/ | 2020-10-22T15:23:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00444.warc.gz | 0.890816 | 850 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__105517461 | en | - LOEFI 2020 has been CANCELLED
With regrets, the Board of EAA Chapter 179, at the recommendation of the LOEFI Planning Committee, has decided to cancel the Land of Enchantment Fly-In for 2020. This is out of concern for the safety of visitors, exhibitors, Chapter members & other volunteers, and is due as well to restrictions on public activities, all related to COVID-19. The Chapter is investigating other activities to showcase EAA and General Aviation in Albuquerque and surrounding communities. Follow us on Facebook to stay abreast of our plans. And we will be starting now to plan LOEFI 2021, to make it as successful an event as ever. Thank you for your interest and support. Stay in touch.
Check back for the date of LOEFI 2021
What’s a Fly-In?
Similar to a car show, aircraft fly in to be judged, while spectators get to see a gathering of amateur built, antique and other unique aircraft — and meet their pilots, builders, and restorers! Expected highlights include the Chile Flight (formation flying team), helicopters, gliders, ultralights, and static displays of remote controlled aircraft.
What’s there to do?
- Come early to see aircraft as they arrive and catch the 8AM Opening Ceremony and flag raising
- Browse the Exhibit Hall with aviation businesses, educational institutions, and nonprofit organizations.
- Learn about aviation education, careers, technology, in the Exhibit Hall and attending SEMINARS!
- Enjoy EAA 179’s breakfast and lunch on site!
- Try riveting at the Builders’ Corner! 3D Printing! Talk to builders!
- Engage the kids in the Youth Aviators Center
- PILOTS! Attend SEMINARS about flying New Mexico; earn WINGS credits!
- Shop at EAA 179′s Fly Mart and buy used aviation treasures
- Stroll the ramp of aircraft, military vehicles, and cars. Click here for map of the Fly-in Ramp Layout for 2019.
What to bring? A refillable drinking water container, sun protection, comfortable shoes, and your camera!
FREE Admission and parking, donations accepted. Any proceeds go towards activities supporting EAA Chapter 179’s mission including aviation scholarships, Double Eagle Aviation Adventure (teen STEM program), Young Eagles events, and youth outreach activities. Questions? Contact us at email@example.com
FOR PILOTS: Join our community of pilots, members of EAA 179 and other New Mexico chapters, for a day of checking out other pilots’ airplanes, browsing the exhibit hall and attending seminars for information on many topics, and sharing your passion for flying and aviation with other pilots and the public in attendance. Oh yes, and our Chapter’s “famous” breakfast and lunch.
- Seminars: Check back for seminar list, which will include WINGS qualified seminars.
- Camping: We’re working to arrange for accommodations for camping on the airfield.
- Aircraft Awards: Best Amateur Built Aircraft; Best Contemporary (1956-1970) Aircraft; Best Vintage Aircraft; Best Warbird; Best Light Sport Aircraft; Best Trike; Best Sailplane; Oldest Aircraft; Most Distant Fly-In; Grand Champion; People’s Choice; Kids’ Favorite
DRIVE IN DIRECTIONS to Double Eagle II Airport: Take I-40 or Paseo del Norte west to Atrisco Vista Blvd. and follow airport signs to parking.
Pilots Flying or Driving to LOEFI? Click here for more information, as our planning goes forward.
LOEFI Exhibitor and General Donations appreciated. $200 donation requested for a 10′ x 10′ Commercial booth; $50 for 8′ x 10′ Nonprofit Org booth. Reserve your booth today! Pay online or mail your check to EAA179; P.O. Box 3583; Albuquerque, NM 87190-3583.
Last Year’s Event
Thanks to all who made it a fabulous day! | aerospace |
https://kplr11.com/2018/08/07/legendary-test-pilot-bob-little-passes-away/ | 2019-08-22T12:14:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317113.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822110215-20190822132215-00046.warc.gz | 0.984663 | 473 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__142406301 | en | ST. LOUIS - Legendary test pilot, World War II hero, McDonell test engineer and St. Louisan Bob Little passed away a few days ago. Fox 2's Vic Faust sat down with his daughter to get a better understanding of his impact on today’s aircraft.
Bob Little was an American icon that many outside the aviation aerospace industry don’t know but should.
“James S. McDonnell was his mentor and between the two of them and a core group of people they built today's standards in the aerospace industry,” said Liz Little, Bob Little’s daughter.
Little's accomplishments are nothing short of amazing. He flew 68 combat missions in World War II. Was honored with the decorated flying cross and awarded 13 oak clusters. At age 28 he did the first flight of the FH3 Demon. He was the first test pilot on the F101 Voodoo and he took that plane supersonic. It was the first time anything went over Mach one.
“Then the most significant first flight was the F-4 Phantom. That is the most beloved aircraft and most successful military aircraft ever,” said Little.
The 60th anniversary of that flight was held back on May 27th. Bob was so popular in the 50's, he was featured in a Los Angeles comic strip about taking his first plane supersonic.
“Experimental test pilots like my dad were guinea pigs because they didn’t have simulators then. They worked out the bugs in the sky.”
His daughter says she never knew how important her father's job was because he never thought it was a big deal.
“He accomplished so many things, but he was so humble. He always looked at it as this was my job.”
In 1977 he earned the James Doolittle award for achievements in aerospace engineering.
“He's credited with shooting down the last German plane of World War II.”
His story goes on and on and for his family they are proud.
“He's left a wonderful legacy and he's lived a long life.”
Visitation will be at Bopp Chapel on August 17th 4 pm-7 pm.
His funeral will also be there on August 18th. | aerospace |
https://carrierelittle.com/blog/u-s-business-aircraft-flying-ends-2017-gain | 2019-12-10T01:37:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525781.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210013645-20191210041645-00209.warc.gz | 0.911985 | 333 | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-51__0__143835078 | en | Business aviation flight activity last month in the U.S. fell short of forecast (5.6 percent growth), but still managed to post a 2 percent year-over-year increase, according to TraqPak data released today by Argus International. Analysts at the business aviation services company are calling for a 3.3 percent gain in flying this month.
By operational category, Part 135 flying came out on top, rising 4.6 percent from a year ago, while fractional activity wasn’t far behind, with a 4 percent increase. But Part 91 flying once again slipped into negative territory, falling 0.5 percent year-over-year, with gains in midsize and large-cabin jets more than offset by losses in turboprops and light jets.
Despite an 8.3 percent resurgence in fractional turboprop flying last month, the turboprop aircraft category remained flat year-over-year. Light jet activity was equally anemic, logging a 0.1 percent decrease. However, midsize and large-cabin flying saw solid gains last month, ascending 4.2 percent and 5.5 percent, respectively, from a year ago.
In individual categories, only Part 135 large-cabin jets experienced double-digit gains, climbing 11.2 percent year-over-year. Large-cabin fractional activity recorded a 5.8 percent loss over the same period.
Argus’s TraqPak data provides “flight-number-specific aircraft arrival and departure information on all IFR flights in the U.S., Canada, and the Caribbean.” | aerospace |
https://www.upliftdronetraining.com/topic/1-0-weather/ | 2017-10-18T22:19:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823153.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018214541-20171018234541-00155.warc.gz | 0.958304 | 1,059 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__34091937 | en | Flying your drone and the Weather
The weather is a hard thing to judge when you are flying your drone. Even the weatherman gets it wrong! The consequences of flying in weather conditions that are not suitable for your aircraft could lead to you damaging your drone or causing a serious accident in the event of a crash.
Another important factor to think about when flying your drone is not only how the weather will affect your aircraft but also how that weather will affect your ability to control it but also how you handle any changing situations.
Weather forecasts are available in many formats some of the more common ones are below, however some are not as good as the others
As mentioned above a Visual inspection of the weather at the location you are planning to fly is always going to be the best. No one wants to travel to a location however to find out that the weather is not suitable to fly your drone in.
When looking at a weather forecast it doesn’t matter which source you use as long its data is derived from a reputable source and that the forecast covers the elements that you are looking for to ensure you can fly safely.
What things should I look out for
Each aircraft will have a rating for the wind that it can safely fly in, this is usually found within the instruction manual. It is sometimes mentioned in the aircraft specifications as a “wind resistance”. This is might be as high as 20 mph for a more expensive drone. It is the maximum wind speed the manufacturer thinks it is safe to fly the drone in. It is worth remembering that the higher the wind speed the harder you craft will have to work, this will reduce your flight time and potentially make it harder to fly. It is worth flying the first few times in low winds to get used to the craft.
Never exceed your aircraft’s limits by flying in wind that is too strong – the results could mean the loss of the aircraft or worse someone getting injured.
Wind speed and therefore the effect it will have on your SUA is rarely uniform. Wind is often gusting and strong gusts (increase in wind speed) may be outside of the limits of your SUA.
A consistent wind speed is often quickly acclimatised to as pilot, however sudden strong gust can catch out even experienced drone operators can is often a contributing factor to crashes.
This is the perceived decrease in air temperature felt by the body on exposed skin due to the flow of air. This can lead to it feeling much colder than it actually is.
The faster the wind speed, the more quickly the surface cools. Strong cold winds can rapidly cool your equipment and batteries. Smart batteries will not operate below a certain temperature, and Li-Po batteries in general will suffer from degraded performance in cold temperatures (refer to your battery specs).
You will of likely experienced wind chill at some point, as a drone pilot it can make it hard to fly your drone safely as you may have reduced ability to operate the remote-control due to cold hands. It best to avoid this situation or limit your expose to the wind chill to ensure you fly safely.
Visibility needs to be factored in to our drone flights. The reason we have to operate within 500 metres line of sight unaided (except corrective lenses) is due to our ability to be able to react to an issue within our airspace, should one arise.
It is expected for us to be able to adjust our course to avoid manned aircraft flying in to the airspace. It is far harder for a manned pilot flying at a greater speed to recognise a drone in flight and react at short notice, than it is for us to manoeuvre our drone out of the way.
By flying your drone when the visibility far exceeds this you are giving yourself the best chance to take avoiding action by early detection of threats should you need to.
Temperature can have a direct effect of your drone and all the components including the batteries. If the battery temperature is too low the aircraft might not even power up the motors.Most firmware will not allow the aircraft to take off until the batteries are at a sufficient temperature to operate. High temperature High temperature will result in less dense air which will reduce the ability of your drone’s propellers to create lift or thrust. This may result in reduced load carrying ability or decrease battery life. Be especially aware of this when operating at altitudes (e.g. on a high mountain) where the effect will be magnified.
Precipitation as concerns the weather is any form of condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity.Most drones are not waterproof and specifically state in the specifications not to fly in Rain. The reason is obvious – water and electronics do not mix and failed electronics could result in a loss of control and or a fly away.Heavy precipitation can also reduce visibility to well below the 500m allowed for VLOS flights.
Cumulonimbus clouds are basically storm clouds.
Turbulence and urban effects
|Factors that can affect visibility:
|Cold air will mean your propellers have denser air and can generate more lift – but the downside is that icing may occur on your propellers.| | aerospace |
http://www.universal-sci.com/headlines/tag/astronauts | 2019-10-19T02:43:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688674.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019013909-20191019041409-00036.warc.gz | 0.942006 | 756 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__7992334 | en | “This year, American astronauts will go back to space in American rockets.”
Space launches are some of the most spectacular and nerve wracking events you can witness. And when you are actually involved in one, you realize just how much can go wrong. We are currently in Florida, nervously counting down the hours until we launch our experiment, sending thousands of microscopic worms to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
When it comes time for NASA to send astronauts back to the Moon and on to Mars, a number of new spacecraft systems will come into play. These include the Space Launch System (SLS), the most powerful rocket ever built, and the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) – a next-generation spacecraft that will carry crews beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Before NASA can mount its proposed “Journey to Mars“, which will see astronauts set foot on the Red Planet for the first time in history, a number of logistical and technical issues need to be addressed first. In addition to a launch vehicle (the Space Launch System), a crew capsule (the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle), and a space station beyond the Moon (the Deep Space Gateway), the astronauts will also need a space habitat in orbit of Mars.
There’s one force whose effects are so deeply entrenched in our everyday lives that we probably don’t think much about it at all: gravity. Gravity is the force that causes attraction between masses. It’s why when you drop a pen, it falls to the ground. But because gravitational force is proportional to the mass of the object, only large objects like planets create tangible attractions. This is why the study of gravity traditionally focused on massive objects like planets.
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FL – At the request of the new Trump Administration, NASA has initiated a month long study to determine the feasibility of converting the first integrated unmanned launch of the agency’s new Space Launch System (SLS) megarocket and Orion capsule into a crewed mission that would propel two astronauts to the Moon and back by 2019 – 50 years after the first human lunar landing.
NASA astronaut Scott Kelly recently spent one year in space, while his identical twin brother Mark (a former NASA astronaut himself) stayed on Earth. The mission was part of an important health experiment, looking at how being in space affects our bodies. While the data are still being studied carefully, NASA recently released some intriguing preliminary findings.
It’s easy to assume that astronauts float in space because they are far away from the Earth’s gravitational force. But look at the moon. It is much further away than the International Space Station, yet it orbits around the Earth because it is perpetually attracted by its gravitational pull. So if the Earth’s gravity can affect the moon, the astronauts cannot be floating because there is no gravity where they are.
“Dream the impossible – and go out and make it happen. I walked on the moon. What can’t you do?” These are the final words spoken by Eugene (Gene) Cernan in the documentary film The Last Man on the Moon. They are a challenge, spoken by a man in his 80s, not just to his grandchildren, but to all of us.
Would you like to spend a year gazing down from the International Space Station? Before you pack your bag, you should think about what actually might happen to you in microgravity, away from the protection of the atmosphere and magnetosphere. Thanks to two astronauts who’ve recently landed back on Earth, we’ll now be able to find out. | aerospace |
https://www.playthismap.com/products/57digital/plane-builder | 2021-06-16T19:58:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626008.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616190205-20210616220205-00159.warc.gz | 0.807938 | 339 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__5543637 | en | - Plane Builder
⭐️ 3.9 avg. rating (630)
Transform regular Minecraft blocks into a real working aircraft and jet off to one of the many exotic islands. Chocks away!
- Make working airplanes with blocks!
- Includes customizable wing/engine/seat positions!
- Includes a drivable airport vehicle and a cute security dog!
- Multiplayer capable - fly planes with your friends!
- Love building vehicles? Try Car Builder!
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Secret Block Agents
Secret Mob Agents
Eye Mouth Eye | aerospace |
http://theblackvault.com/m/news/browse/archive/2014/5 | 2014-11-29T09:53:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931014369.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155654-00056-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.939432 | 388 | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-49__0__84635153 | en | To put it simply, we’re being lied to. Such secrecy is not only limited to information the government has or knows about UFOs, but on many other fronts as well.
Are the Egyptian pyramids REALLY Egyptian?
Today, in the briefing room of the White House, President Obama announced that VA Secretary Eric Shinseki has officially handed in his resignation, amidst a growing scandal.
In a test yesterday, NASA demonstrated that it can land an unmanned spacecraft on a rugged planetary surface in the pitch dark.
Scientists combined observations from two NASA missions to check out the moon’s lopsided shape and how it changes under Earth’s sway – a response not seen from orbit before.
How well can you predict your next mood swing? How well can anyone?
Conspiracy theorists’ favourite annual conference Bilderberg has kicked off today in Copenhagen.
Of the many lessons to be learned from Edward Snowden, one of them is that the congressional intelligence oversight process did not function properly.
Many Americans fall into one of two categories. One is made up of those who see a basement or attic filled with stuff, shut the door and find something else to do.
Pilots of the future could be able to control their aircraft by merely thinking commands.
Scientists working with data from NASA’s Cassini mission have developed a new way to understand the atmospheres of exoplanets by using Saturn’s smog-enshrouded moon Titan
“Without accurate and predictive intelligence, it is often better to not act than to act.”
Two top astronomers told Congress that it's almost certain that life exists on other planets and requested continued funding to research extraterrestrial life.
Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured new images of the dancing auroral lights at Saturn’s north pole.
1-14 of 58 | aerospace |
http://richardjboyd.com/cool.html | 2019-02-23T14:01:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249501174.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223122420-20190223144420-00144.warc.gz | 0.868821 | 117 | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-09__0__232244866 | en | about a 727 as a home?
are offering a B727-200 aircraft for reuse as a home. It is our
intention to deliver and set the airplane up on a column and bearing
arrangement so it weathervanes. We have tried to define what we
consider a “basic” airplane home. This project has all the complexities
of a normal home and we will try to deliver and install it to the
buyers needs, within the following limitations.' Be sure to also
check out the owner's flight manual for more technical details." | aerospace |
https://fatherprada.com/blog/college-of-aviation-in-nigeria/ | 2024-03-04T17:27:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476464.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304165127-20240304195127-00289.warc.gz | 0.92572 | 168 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__197378962 | en | There are few Aviation schools in Nigeria and the most popular one is Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria which was formerly known as Nigerian Civil Aviation Training Center.
College of Aviation in Nigeria teaches Civil Aviation courses for use in flight training or airport operations & management, training of approved persons in the installation, maintenance and operation, as well as training on equipment and necessary facilities for technical research or normal use.
Courses in the College of Aviation in Nigeria
- Aviation Management
- Air Traffic Services/ Communication
- Aeronautical Telecommunications Engineering
- Aircraft Maintenance Engineering
- Flying School Courses
More info here
Some Aviation Schools in Nigeria
- Landover Aviation School Lagos
- Universal School of Aviation
- Lagos Aviation and Maritime Business Academy
- International School of Aviation
- Dhaewood Aviation Business School | aerospace |
https://warbirdtc.com/event/purdue-aviation-day/ | 2023-02-07T16:06:54 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00666.warc.gz | 0.919261 | 82 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__174492898 | en | - This event has passed.
Purdue Aviation Day
April 14, 2018 @ 11:00 am - 4:00 pm
Purdue Aviation Day is an open access event welcome to community members, prospective students, industry partners, and aviation enthusiasts alike. The event focuses on sharing the passion of aviation through static aircraft displays, educational events, historic displays, guest speakers, and children’s activities. | aerospace |
https://www.warbirds-eaa.org/david-lee-tex-and-mazie-hill/ | 2023-12-11T18:49:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679516047.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211174901-20231211204901-00617.warc.gz | 0.979439 | 823 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__208108953 | en | With a nickname like “Tex”, it would seem obvious where David Lee Hill was born. But it was in the town of Kwangju, Korea that David Lee “Tex” Hill was born on July 13, 1915. His parents, both missionaries, returned from Korea to the United States in 1916, winding up eventually in Texas.
At 19, Hill knew he wanted a career in the military and was ready to sign up. But, Dr. Hill told his son it was time to think about a college education, saying it would be invaluable to him. He was right, as usual. Hill started at Texas A&M in chemical engineering and later enrolled in Austin College. During college, he applied for the Army Air Corps’ aviation program, but didn’t qualify: he never learned why. Undeterred, he applied for the Navy’s aviation training program. He was accepted, and after college graduation in 1938, Hill was off to Navy Flight Elimination Training in Opalocka, Florida and then on to Pensacola, Florida for flight training. He was commissioned a Naval ensign in 1939 and ordered to report to the USS Saratoga aircraft carrier at San Diego. He was assigned to a torpedo squadron. The aviators flew the massive Douglas TBD-1, which was vastly different from anything Hill had handled in flight training.
But when General Clair Chennault put out the call for volunteers to form his American Volunteer Group, the AVG, in Burma in 1941, Hill was one of the first in line. He resigned from the Navy and shipped off to China. From then until he left China three years later, Japanese pilots saw a lot more of the business end of Hill than they’d bargained for. Operating their tiger-nosed P-40 Tomahawks from grass and dirt strips, the AVG Flying Tigers, facing unbelievable hardships and swarms of Japanese aircraft, wrote an unparalleled chapter in military aviation history. Chased from one location to another by Japanese air and ground forces, Hill and the Flying Tigers took to the air again and again to devastate the Japanese air armadas. Hill and his fellow pilots got their fuel, ammunition and supplies in a haphazard manner. They performed aircraft maintenance under the trees, often on the move, and enemy attack was a constant threat. During an eight-month period, a handful of swift, heavily armed P-40’s destroyed 297 Japanese aircraft. Twelve of those fell from the sky under the guns of Hill’s Tomahawk. After America’s entry into the war and the deactivation of the Flying Tigers in the summer of 1942, Hill accepted a promotion to major in the Army Air Corps. He remained in China to activate the 75th Fighter Squadron and later to command the 23rd Fighter Group, the follow-on to his beloved Flying Tigers. The 23rd was the first fighter group to be activated in the field of battle. While on leave, Hill married Mazie Sale on March 27, 1943, the start of a 63-year relationship. Hill was assigned as Commander of the Proving Ground Group at Elgin Air Force Base. That didn’t last long as General Chennault sent orders requesting that Hill return to China in November 1943. Hill, now flying the P-51 Mustang, scratched another six aircraft from the Japanese inventory. He was the first to down a Zero aircraft with a P-51. Altogether, Hill destroyed more than 18 enemy aircraft to place him among the top American fighter aces. During the closing months of World War II, Hill commanded the 412th Fighter Group, the first jet unit in the Army Air Forces. The group flew the Bell XP-59 and later the Lockheed P-80. He returned to the states in 1944. In July 1946, Hill resigned his commission and left active duty. Shortly thereafter, he joined the Air National Guard and became the youngest brigadier general in the history of that service. He retired from the military in 1968. | aerospace |
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