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87b76385d8c01d9e20d0e6fed448999a | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wu-Sangui | Wu Sangui | Wu Sangui
Wu Sangui, Wade-Giles romanization Wu San-kuei, (born 1612, Liaodong, China—died Oct. 2, 1678, Hengzhou, Hunan), Chinese general who invited the Manchu of Manchuria into China and helped them establish the Qing dynasty in 1644. Later, in southwestern China, he led a revolt against the Qing in an attempt to ... |
d3368b0d2c6fa941037cdd43388cdc79 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wu-Zhen | Wu Zhen | Wu Zhen
Wu Zhen, Wade-Giles romanization Wu Chen, (born 1280, Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, China—died 1354), one of the group of Chinese painters later known as the Four Masters of the Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty (1206–1368). His fame derives particularly from his incorruptible life as a recluse (and diviner) away from th... |
38424faf5f366e36d9450b67da123263 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wu-Zheng | Wu Zheng | Wu Zheng
Liu Yin’s contemporary Wu Zheng (1249–1333) further developed the learning of the mind. He fully acknowledged the contribution of Lu Jiuyuan to the Confucian tradition, even though as an admirer of Xu Heng he considered himself a follower of Zhu Xi. Wu assigned himself the challenging task of…
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6182d32c059956f856e5b86fb0bc6465 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wyclef-Jean | Wyclef Jean | Wyclef Jean
Wyclef Jean, byname of Nel Ust Wyclef Jean, original name Nel Ust Wycliffe Jean, (born October 17, 1969, Croix des Bouquets, Haiti), Haitian rapper, producer, and philanthropist whose dynamic, politically inflected rhymes and keen ear for hooks established him as a significant force in popular music.
Born ... |
20c25d9670111de9db25779ebe2d395e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wyndham-Halswelle | Wyndham Halswelle | Wyndham Halswelle
…deliberately impeding the path of Wyndham Halswelle of Great Britain. A new race was ordered, but the other qualifiers, both American, refused to run. Halswelle then won the gold in the only walkover in Olympic history. (See also Sidebar: Dorando Pietri: Falling at the Finish.) Henry Taylor of Great ... |
3de1b74cd4130fdd43c839aacfad0242 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wynkyn-de-Worde | Wynkyn de Worde | Wynkyn de Worde
Wynkyn de Worde, original name Jan Van Wynkyn, (died 1534/35), Alsatian-born printer in London, an astute businessman who published a large number of books (at least 600 titles from 1501). He was also the first printer in England to use italic type (1524).
He was employed at William Caxton’s press, Wes... |
11271e5adb4240452ade9a6fae576c48 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xavier-Le-Pichon | Xavier Le Pichon | Xavier Le Pichon
…analysis by the French geophysicist Xavier Le Pichon proved that the plates did indeed form an integrated system where the sum of all crust generated at oceanic ridges is balanced by the cumulative amount destroyed in all subduction zones. That same year the American geophysicists Bryan Isacks, Jack O... |
e1c8ea9241d0d65b3e17fc4a22046b71 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xiong-Shili | Xiong Shili | Xiong Shili
Xiong Shili, Wade-Giles romanization Hsiung Shih-li, (born 1885?, Hubei province, China—died 1968, Beijing), one of the outstanding figures of 20th-century Chinese philosophy. His ontological system is an original synthesis of Buddhist, Confucian, and Western motifs.
Xiong was an anti-Manchu revolutionary... |
cd32fc715ad9dc22fa45965c32fa31e6 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Xu-Jingye | Xu Jingye | Xu Jingye
…of the ruling class under Xu Jingye raised a serious rebellion at Yangzhou in the south, but this was speedily put down. The empress instituted a reign of terror among the members of the Tang royal family and officials, employing armies of agents and informers. Fear overshadowed the life of…
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30016b5495e09077b97f4de4b98e693a | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yahya | Yaḥyā | Yaḥyā
Yaḥyā, in full Yaḥyā Maḥmūd al-Mutawakkil, (born 1867, Yemen—died Feb. 17, 1948, Sanaa, Yemen), Zaydī imam of Yemen from 1904 to 1948.
When Yaḥyā was a child, Yemen was a province of the Ottoman Empire. His youth was spent in the service of his father’s administration, and, when his father died in 1904, Yaḥyā su... |
f157d6dc1a3d7c434f07a8a11edca069 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yahya-al-Qadir | Yaḥyā al-Qādir | Yaḥyā al-Qādir
But Yaḥyā al-Qādir (reigned 1075–92), al-Maʾmūn’s grandson, soon lost both Valencia and Córdoba. An alliance with Alfonso VI hastened the end of the Dhū an-Nūnid kingdom: while al-Qādir was briefly restored to Toledo, he bargained away his capital to the Christians in return for Valencia (1085),…
The wea... |
f622b5eb322063c83692cd8384851497 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon | Yakubu Gowon | Yakubu Gowon
Yakubu Gowon, also known as Jack Gowon, (born October 19, 1934, Pankshin, Nigeria), Nigerian military leader, who served as head of state (1966–75).
From Plateau state in the middle belt of Nigeria, Gowon’s father was an early convert to Christianity. Gowon was educated in Zaria and later became a career ... |
1bd81abcc0b78910e8cc3ecc33011a3e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yamashita-Tomoyuki | Yamashita Tomoyuki | Yamashita Tomoyuki
Yamashita Tomoyuki, also called Yamashita Hōbun, byname Tiger Of Malaya, (born Nov. 8, 1885, Kōchi, Japan—died Feb. 23, 1946, Manila, Phil.), Japanese general known for his successful attacks on Malaya and Singapore during World War II.
After graduating from the Army Academy (1905) and the Army Wa... |
140db4c8301102ae360d803cdafbf571 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yang-Zhu | Yang Zhu | Yang Zhu
Yang Zhu, Wade-Giles romanization Yang Chu, (born 440, China—died 360? bce, China), Chinese philosopher traditionally associated with extreme egoism but better understood as an advocate of naturalism. He may also have been the first Chinese philospher to discuss human nature (xing; literally “natural tendenci... |
36828a1102eedc3cac0ae7f0a04b64cd | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yanka-Kupala | Yanka Kupala | Yanka Kupala
…Harun, Vladimir Zylka, Kazimir Svayak, Yanka Kupala, and Yakub Kolas and the prose writers Zmitrok Byadulya and Maksim Haretski. Many of these writers had been contributors to the influential Belarusian newspaper Nasha Niva (“Our Field”), published in Vilnius during the period 1906–16. Of crucial importan... |
c8f7ff599d8d8b9b6f72f98b3e1cb7df | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yannick-Nezet-Seguin | Yannick Nézet-Séguin | Yannick Nézet-Séguin
Yannick Nézet-Séguin, (born March 6, 1975, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), Canadian conductor and pianist who was music director of the Philadelphia Orchestra (2012– ), which he was credited with revitalizing through a dynamic mixture of “music-making and diplomacy,” and of the Metropolitan Opera (2018... |
9178215c0155fa81ab7a25cf2dc56703 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yaqub-Khan | Yaʿqūb Khan | Yaʿqūb Khan
The Treaty of Gandamak (Gandomak; May 26, 1879) recognized Yaʿqūb Khan as emir, and he subsequently agreed to receive a permanent British embassy at Kabul. In addition, he agreed to conduct his foreign relations with other states in accordance “with the wishes…
…with the former emir’s son, Yaʿqūb Khan. Yaʿq... |
fcbe2bebac5111c8c34d03ff7fe1b2db | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yasser-Arafat/From-agreement-to-the-second-intifadah | From agreement to the second intifāḍah | From agreement to the second intifāḍah
On October 30, 1991, following the Persian Gulf War, the Madrid Conference—a peace conference including Arab countries, Palestinians, and Israel—opened under the joint presidency of the United States and the Soviet Union. There the Palestinians were represented not through the PLO... |
010bc7fd1f0153c2b1a0191e5820aa36 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yayoi-Kusama | Yayoi Kusama | Yayoi Kusama
Yayoi Kusama, (born March 22, 1929, Matsumoto, Japan), Japanese artist who was a self-described “obsessional artist,” known for her extensive use of polka dots and for her infinity installations. She employed painting, sculpture, performance art, and installations in a variety of styles, including Pop art... |
05eba8660948f19a22b04414a0a23436 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ye-Jianying | Ye Jianying | Ye Jianying
Ye Jianying, Wade-Giles romanization Yeh Chien-ying, original name Ye Yiwei, (born April 28, 1897, Meixian, Guangdong province, China—died Oct. 22, 1986, Beijing), Chinese communist military officer, administrator, and statesman who held high posts in the Chinese government during the 1970s and ’80s.
Born... |
6c4385ce09664eb8e35cec8ac53156fc | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yehuda-Amichai | Yehuda Amichai | Yehuda Amichai
Yehuda Amichai, (born May 3, 1924, Würzburg, Germany—died September 22, 2000, Jerusalem, Israel), Israeli writer who is best known for his poetry.
Amichai and his Orthodox Jewish family immigrated to Palestine in 1936. During World War II he served in the British army, but he later fought the British as... |
3e67460edd99be3df7ffee829f42a695 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yelena-Glinskaya | Yelena Glinskaya | Yelena Glinskaya
…her apparent barrenness, he married Yelena Glinskaya, who bore him only two children—the deaf and mute Yury and the sickly Ivan, who was three years old at Vasily’s death in 1533.
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4ad31c4053b9ac075e9b2f63dfaf5473 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yemelyan-Pugachev | Yemelyan Pugachev | Yemelyan Pugachev
Yemelyan Pugachev, in full Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev, Pugachev also spelled Pugachov, (born c. 1742, Zimoveyskaya-na-Donu, Russia—died January 21 [January 10, Old Style], 1775, Moscow), leader of a major Cossack and peasant rebellion in Russia (Pugachev Rebellion, 1773–75).
An illiterate Don Cossa... |
4e04816b6ea95220eb53f6cdded74ced | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yemi-Bisiri | Yemi Bisiri | Yemi Bisiri
Yemi Bisiri made lost-wax brass figures for the Ogboni cult, but in a contemporary style. Jinadu Oladepo created brass figures and bracelets and pendants that were worn by the Oshogbo artists as a kind of insignia. Senabu Oloyede and Kikelomo Oladepo both worked in cloth…
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9bed2c6f95bc2195a765db81d14bf007 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yermak-Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich | Yermak Timofeyevich
Yermak Timofeyevich, also spelled Ermak Timofeevich, (died Aug. 6, 1584/85, Siberia), Cossack leader of an expeditionary force during Russia’s initial attempts to annex western Siberia. He became a hero of Russian folklore.
In 1579 the merchant and factory-owning Stroganov family enlisted the assis... |
711fa7cb2418ba9532948bf198b11032 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yevgeny-Abramovich-Baratynsky | Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky | Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky
Yevgeny Abramovich Baratynsky, Baratynsky also spelled Boratynsky, (born February 19 [March 2, New Style], 1800, Mara, Russia—died June 29 [July 11], 1844, Naples, Kingdom of Naples [Italy]), foremost Russian philosophical poet contemporary with Aleksandr Pushkin. In his poetry he combine... |
5513669e493dcdef805cd6247659bcee | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yevgeny-Lifshitz | Yevgeny Lifshitz | Yevgeny Lifshitz
In 1956 Russian physicist Yevgeny Lifshitz applied Casimir’s work to materials with different dielectric properties and found that in some cases the Casimir effect could be repulsive. In 2008 American physicist Jeremy Munday and Italian American physicist Federico Capasso first observed the repulsive C... |
c2c1c55ddac4800b1a3df02ba67257a2 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yevno-Azef | Yevno Azef | Yevno Azef
…when it was disclosed that Yevno Azef, longtime head of the terrorist wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, was also an employee of the department of police and had for years been both betraying his revolutionary colleagues and organizing the murders of his official superiors.
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2c9f30196f08360eb68d493f089d57f1 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yi-Sun-shin | Yi Sun-shin | Yi Sun-shin
Yi Sun-shin, also spelled Yi Sun-sin, (born April 28, 1545, Seoul, Korea [now in South Korea]—died Dec. 16, 1598, off Noryang), Korean admiral and national hero whose naval victories were instrumental in repelling Japanese invasions of Korea in the 1590s.
After passing the government examinations to becom... |
261c62e6414a4a04459dcc575c745bec | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yigael-Yadin | Yigael Yadin | Yigael Yadin
Yigael Yadin, original name Yigael Sukenik, (born March 21, 1917, Jerusalem—died June 28, 1984, H̱adera, Israel), Israeli archaeologist and military leader noted for his work on the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Yadin, the son of an archaeologist, was educated at Hebrew University (M.A., 1945; Ph.D., 1955). He was a... |
a4aabd0a8828cb6806d1a364001561f3 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yinka-Shonibare | Yinka Shonibare | Yinka Shonibare
Yinka Shonibare, (born February 10, 1962, London, England), British artist of Nigerian heritage, known for his examination of such ideas as authenticity, identity, colonialism, and power relations in often-ironic drawings, paintings, sculptures, photographs, films, and installations. A signature elemen... |
58cf0975e0b2abb80a1ba0e30f8441eb | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yinreng | Yinreng | Yinreng
He nominated the second son, Yinreng, crown prince in 1675, at the age of little more than a year and a half; this was against the Manchu tradition of giving all sons equal rights of succession, and it resulted in vicious fights among Kangxi’s sons. The hapless Yinreng was deposed…
…emperor’s designated heir, h... |
685a39c765c0fd4139f939e0287abe63 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yitzhak-Zuckerman | Yitzhak Zuckerman | Yitzhak Zuckerman
Yitzhak Zuckerman, also spelled Itzhak Zuckerman or Yitzhak Cukierman, byname Antek, (born 1915, Warsaw, Pol.—died June 17, 1981, Tel Aviv, Isr.), hero of Jewish resistance to the Nazis in World War II and one of the few survivors of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Zuckerman was active in a federation o... |
7140ee1778c53940ff030a38d587927d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yohannes-IV | Yohannes IV | Yohannes IV
Yohannes IV, English John IV, original name Kassa, (born 1831—died March 10, 1889, Metema, Sudan), emperor of Ethiopia (1872–89). Like his predecessor, Tewodros II (reigned 1855–68), Yohannes IV was a strong, progressive ruler, but he spent most of his time repelling military threats from Egypt, Italy, and... |
1523c8c853dfecde7476016c02bd790d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yokomitsu-Riichi | Yokomitsu Riichi | Yokomitsu Riichi
Yokomitsu Riichi, also called Yokomitsu Toshikazu, (born March 17, 1898, Higashiyama Hot Springs, Fukushima prefecture, Japan—died Dec. 30, 1947, Tokyo), Japanese writer who, with Kawabata Yasunari, was one of the mainstays of the New Sensationalist school (Shinkankaku-ha) of Japanese writers, influe... |
0681d440415a9b7c8fc21283db3a21b7 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yongle/Accession-to-the-throne | Accession to the throne | Accession to the throne
The accession brought terrible retribution to those who had most closely advised Jianwen. They and all their relatives were put to death. Before the purge ended, thousands had perished. The new emperor also revoked the institutional and policy changes of his nephew-predecessor and even ordered h... |
b3ce4e7e4b05cdabb35c51964e6ae82a | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yoshida-Shigeru | Yoshida Shigeru | Yoshida Shigeru
Yoshida Shigeru, (born Sept. 22, 1878, Tokyo—died Oct. 20, 1967, Ōiso, Japan), Japanese political leader who served several terms as prime minister of Japan during most of the critical transition period after World War II, when Allied troops occupied the country and Japan was attempting to build new ... |
28bdb79979b00158e3f7ba251c31da35 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yu-Dafu | Yu Dafu | Yu Dafu
Yu Dafu, Wade-Giles romanization Yü Ta-fu, original name Yu Wen, courtesy name (zi) Dafu, (born December 7, 1896, Fuyang, Zhejiang province, China—died September 17, 1945, Sumatra, Dutch East Indies [now in Indonesia]), popular short-story writer of the 1920s in China, one of the founding members of the Creati... |
31ba636835ca67e739b93faab96ba1e9 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yu-Qian | Yu Qian | Yu Qian
Yu Qian, Wade-Giles romanization Yü Ch’ien, (born 1398, Qiantang [now Hangzhou], Zhejiang province, China—died February 1457, Beijing), defense minister who saved China when the Yingzong emperor (reigning as Zhengtong, 1453–49) of the Ming dynasty was captured in 1449 while leading Chinese troops against the ... |
f94544d76e43cc8e9d7626bb9df9b7e1 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yue-Fei | Yue Fei | Yue Fei
Yue Fei, Wade-Giles romanization Yüeh Fei, (born 1103, Tangyin, Henan province, China—died January 27, 1142, Lin’an [now Hangzhou], Zhejiang province), one of China’s greatest generals and national heroes.
In 1126 North China was overrun by the nomadic Juchen (Jin), and the Song capital at Kaifeng was taken. T... |
8b009132a6202e49a8edb28d3d9fd5db | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yukawa-Hideki | Yukawa Hideki | Yukawa Hideki
Yukawa Hideki , (born January 23, 1907, Tokyo, Japan—died September 8, 1981, Kyōto), Japanese physicist and recipient of the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physics for research on the theory of elementary particles.
Yukawa graduated from Kyōto Imperial University (now Kyōto University) in 1929 and became a lecture... |
afbeb3b0fd5fd1341062c37abe103875 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yukio-Mishima | Mishima Yukio | Mishima Yukio
Mishima Yukio, pseudonym of Hiraoka Kimitake, (born January 14, 1925, Tokyo, Japan—died November 25, 1970, Tokyo), prolific writer who is regarded by many critics as the most important Japanese novelist of the 20th century.
Mishima was the son of a high civil servant and attended the aristocratic Peers S... |
db36f0cd1d971d0f1d59b5bbe64c390e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yukiya-Amano | Yukiya Amano | Yukiya Amano
Yukiya Amano, Japanese Amano Yukiya, (born May 9, 1947, Kanagawa, Japan—died July 18, 2019), Japanese expert in nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation who was director general (2009–19) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Amano joined Japan’s Foreign Ministry after graduating from Tokyo Un... |
27bef103d52cf2bcddd127d78cb7ecf5 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yuri-Nikolayevich-Grigorovich | Yuri Grigorovich | Yuri Grigorovich
Yuri Grigorovich, in full Yuri Nikolayevich Grigorovich, (born January 2, 1927, Leningrad [now St. Petersburg], Russia, Soviet Union), Russian dancer and choreographer who was artistic director of the Bolshoi Ballet from 1964 to 1995.
Grigorovich graduated from the Leningrad Choreographic School in 19... |
90a712a7f2484ac37baeff778927c790 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yuriy-Sedykh | Yuriy Sedykh | Yuriy Sedykh
Yuriy Sedykh, Yuriy also spelled Yuri, (born June 11, 1955, Novocherkassk, Russia, U.S.S.R.), Russian athlete who is considered the greatest hammer thrower of modern times. He set six world records and won two Olympic gold medals.
Sedykh began competing in the hammer throw in 1968. In 1972 Anatoly Bondarc... |
11bd59d7734003bda42fdda6dcf288e8 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yury-Alexandrovich-Zavadsky | Yury Alexandrovich Zavadsky | Yury Alexandrovich Zavadsky
Yury Alexandrovich Zavadsky, (born June 30, 1894, Moscow, Russia—died April 5, 1977, Moscow), Soviet actor, director, and teacher whose eclectic vision ranged from foreign classics to modern heroic drama.
Zavadsky made his acting debut while studying with Eugene Vakhtangov, at whose theatr... |
38d7213fa56b39af011862bb687b5ed2 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yury-Andropov | Yury Andropov | Yury Andropov
Yury Andropov, in full Yury Vladimirovich Andropov, (born June 15 [June 2, Old Style], 1914, Nagutskoye, Russia—died February 9, 1984, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.), head of the Soviet Union’s KGB (State Security Committee) from 1967 to 1982 and his country’s leader as general secretary of the Communist Part... |
292ad76667a8a8a3537b8904b87817dc | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yury-Luzhkov | Yury Luzhkov | Yury Luzhkov
Yury Luzhkov, in full Yury Mikhaylovich Luzhkov, (born September 21, 1936, Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.—died December 10, 2019, Munich, Germany), Russian politician who served as mayor of Moscow (1992–2010). As mayor, he transformed Moscow into the engine of post-Soviet state capitalism.
Luzhkov studied mecha... |
743e7339ae9978627f809b30805e359e | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yury-of-Moscow | Yury of Moscow | Yury of Moscow
Yury of Moscow, however, gained the support of Öz Beg (Uzbek), khan (1313–41) of the Golden Horde, and in 1317 replaced Michael as grand prince. Michael refused to accept his loss and defeated the military force sent by Öz Beg and Yury to dethrone him.…
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7119fe63d68e4b3c366a327c182574df | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yusuf-Asar-Yathar | Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar | Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar
About 523 ce Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar (nicknamed Dhū Nuwās by the Muslim tradition), a Ḥimyarite king of Jewish faith, persecuted and killed numerous miaphysite Christians in Najrān on the northern frontier of Yemen. He also killed Byzantine merchants elsewhere in his kingdom. Outraged by the massacre an... |
57b80c3322f741b6e73685c944b6396b | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yves-Allegret | Yves Allégret | Yves Allégret
Yves Allégret, (born Oct. 13, 1907, Paris, France—died Jan. 31, 1987, Paris), French motion-picture director who gained fame for his work in the “film noir” genre that was popular in the late 1940s.
Allégret began his film career working as an assistant to his older brother, the director Marc Allégret, a... |
218204d7186354c425d63f360dd359da | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yves-Delage | Yves Delage | Yves Delage
Yves Delage, (born May 13, 1854, Avignon, Fr.—died Oct. 7, 1920, Sceaux), French zoologist known for his research and elucidation of invertebrate physiology and anatomy. He also discovered the equilibrium-stabilizing function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear (1886).
Delage became a member of th... |
2f914e95c069b5013da455262d6f0aed | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yves-Klein | Yves Klein | Yves Klein
Yves Klein, (born April 28, 1928, Nice, France—died June 6, 1962, Paris), French artist associated with the Parisian Nouveau Réalisme movement championed by the French critic Pierre Restany. The only painter in the founding group, Klein was a highly influential artist whose radical techniques and conceptual... |
00c89f46c0cf7d0df1be28a89b65db4c | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yvonne-Rainer | Yvonne Rainer | Yvonne Rainer
Yvonne Rainer, (born November 24, 1934, San Francisco, California, U.S.), American avant-garde choreographer and filmmaker whose work in both disciplines often featured the medium’s most fundamental elements rather than meeting conventional expectations.
Rainer moved to New York City in 1957 to study the... |
44f7daa1f4144abb65f28f316a437612 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Z-S-Bongela | Z. S. Bongela | Z. S. Bongela
In K.S. Bongela’s Alitshoni lingenandaba (1971; “The Sun Does Not Set Without News”), the reader is led to a revelation of the corruption that results when traditional ties are broken. Christianity and urban corruption are at the centre of Witness K. Tamsanqa’s Inzala kaMlungisi (1954; “The…
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7cf984d60b339d05b7a877345d1f8396 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zacharias-Topelius | Zacharias Topelius | Zacharias Topelius
Zacharias Topelius, (born Jan. 14, 1818, Kuddnäs, Russian Finland—died March 12, 1898, Helsinki), the father of the Finnish historical novel. His works, written in Swedish, are classics of Finland’s national literature.
Topelius joined the faculty of the University of Helsinki as professor of Finni... |
5478f76e9b6861e10a1bd255c10bd545 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zaha-Hadid | Zaha Hadid | Zaha Hadid
Zaha Hadid, in full Dame Zaha Hadid, (born October 31, 1950, Baghdad, Iraq—died March 31, 2016, Miami, Florida, U.S.), Iraqi-born British architect known for her radical deconstructivist designs. In 2004 she became the first woman to be awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize.
Zaha Hadid was born on October... |
9b461d06fbe5d6f7a310d069bd645e71 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zahi-Hawass | Zahi Hawass | Zahi Hawass
Zahi Hawass, (born May 28, 1947, Al-ʿUbaydiyyah, Egypt), Egyptian archaeologist and public official, whose magnetic personality and forceful advocacy helped raise awareness of the excavation and preservation efforts he oversaw as head of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). He served as Egypt’s mi... |
36b569ef4c70f21455680a577dca0dea | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zak-Starkey | Zak Starkey | Zak Starkey
…Daltrey were supported by drummer Zak Starkey (son of Ringo Starr) and Townshend’s brother Simon on guitar, among others. A full-blown musical based on this material and also titled The Boy Who Heard Music premiered in July 2007 at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. The Who later performed at…
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f796017e76aa2b963024a8cfb16b5efc | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zane-Grey | Zane Grey | Zane Grey
Zane Grey, original name Pearl Grey, (born Jan. 31, 1872, Zanesville, Ohio, U.S.—died Oct. 23, 1939, Altadena, Calif.), prolific writer whose romantic novels of the American West largely created a new literary genre, the western.
Trained as a dentist, Grey practiced in New York City from 1898 to 1904, when ... |
6d946b6c1c21bf4a83df0198a5134920 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zangi-Iraqi-ruler | Zangī | Zangī
Zangī, in full ʿImād al-Dīn Zangī ibn Aq Sonqur, Zangī also spelled Zengi, (born 1084—died 1146, Mosul, Iraq), Iraqi ruler who founded the Zangid dynasty and led the first important counterattacks against the Crusader kingdoms in the Middle East.
When Zangī’s father, the governor of Aleppo, was killed in 1094, ... |
81b632f085345819628f5ae0bb51bc5a | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zasu-Pitts | Zasu Pitts | Zasu Pitts
Trina (played by Zasu Pitts) is a simple woman who wins a \$5,000 lottery and then finds herself caught in a love triangle characterized by greed and jealousy with her husband, McTeague (Gibson Gowland), and her former lover, Marcus (Jean Hersholt). The plot is an old standard: money…
Assorted References
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ed8c973cdc32e47ce2bab92fdf7cd5eb | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zayd-ibn-Ali | Zayd ibn ʿAlī | Zayd ibn ʿAlī
…these risings was led by Zayd ibn ʿAlī, a half-brother of ʿAlī’s great grandson Muḥammad al-Bāqir by ʿAlī’s son Ḥusayn. In 740, encouraged by Kufan elements, Zayd rose against the Umayyads, on the principle that the imam could lay claim to leadership only if he openly declared himself imam. Zayd…
…imam: ... |
b7a455ac9e61323e5178df9738bc7e90 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zbigniew-Brzezinski | Zbigniew Brzezinski | Zbigniew Brzezinski
Zbigniew Brzezinski , in full Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski, (born March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland—died May 26, 2017, Falls Church, Virginia), U.S. international relations scholar and national security adviser in the administration of Pres. Jimmy Carter who played key roles in negotiating the SALT I... |
bf1330447eccc0f2976854852ac34520 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zbigniew-Herbert | Zbigniew Herbert | Zbigniew Herbert
Zbigniew Herbert, (born October 29, 1924, Lwów, Poland [now Lviv, Ukraine]—died July 28, 1998, Warsaw), one of the leading Polish poets of the post-World War II generation.
Herbert attended an underground high school during the wartime German occupation of Poland and also took secret military training... |
b2a7ceb2cb5948580795834a1fa33546 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zdenek-Lev | Zdeněk Lev | Zdeněk Lev
…of loyal lords, he relieved Zdeněk Lev of Rožmitál of the office of supreme burgrave in February 1523 and appointed Prince Karel of Minstrberk, a grandson of George of Poděbrady, to that key position in provincial administration. Religious controversies that flared up soon after Martin Luther’s attack on in... |
a74826c27deee2166c5ed2860f09a32d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zebulon-B-Vance | Zebulon B. Vance | Zebulon B. Vance
Zebulon B. Vance, in full Zebulon Baird Vance, (born May 13, 1830, Buncombe county, N.C., U.S.—died April 14, 1894, Washington, D.C.), North Carolina representative, governor, and senator during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras.
Vance studied law at the University of North Carolina and ... |
09348c531ea6b54e2a0198048b97e73c | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zelda-Fitzgerald | Zelda Fitzgerald | Zelda Fitzgerald
Zelda Fitzgerald, née Zelda Sayre, (born July 24, 1900, Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.—died March 10, 1948, Asheville, North Carolina), American writer and artist, best known for personifying the carefree ideals of the 1920s flapper and for her tumultuous marriage to F. Scott Fitzgerald.
American writer an... |
229fd1596de02806c979dcaa28636e89 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zeno-emperor | Zeno | Zeno
Zeno, (born, Isauria, Diocese of the East—died April 9, 491), Eastern Roman emperor whose reign (474–91) was troubled by revolts and religious dissension.
Until he married the Eastern emperor Leo I’s daughter Ariadne (in 466 or 467), Zeno had been known as Tarasicodissa. As such he led an Isaurian army that the e... |
82fcaab190d30762655e22923bc73283 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zenobia | Zenobia | Zenobia
Zenobia, in full Septimia Zenobia, Aramaic Znwbyā Bat Zabbai, (died after 274), queen of the Roman colony of Palmyra, in present-day Syria, from 267 or 268 to 272. She conquered several of Rome’s eastern provinces before she was subjugated by the emperor Aurelian (ruled 270–275).
Zenobia’s husband, Odaenathus,... |
5fcc97ec730657b611ee1273a95a2d3f | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zenodotus-of-Ephesus | Zenodotus Of Ephesus | Zenodotus Of Ephesus
Zenodotus Of Ephesus, (flourished 3rd century bc), Greek grammarian and first superintendent (from c. 284 bc) of the library at Alexandria, noted for editions of Greek poets and especially for producing the first critical edition of Homer.
Zenodotus lived during the reigns of the first two Ptole... |
f6aff179a3bffdac6c5e6c3b9b0dc5e8 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zeppo-Marx | Zeppo Marx | Zeppo Marx
…1977, Palm Springs, California), and Zeppo (original name Herbert Marx; b. February 25, 1901, New York City—d. November 30, 1979, Palm Springs).
Assorted Referencesdiscussed in biographyMarx Brothers
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36a8a3709c112b1539e7d555a8e99e80 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhang-Daqian | Zhang Daqian | Zhang Daqian
Zhang Daqian, Wade-Giles romanization Chang Ta-ch’ien, (born May 10, 1899, Neijiang, Sichuan province, China—died April 2, 1983, Taipei, Taiwan), painter and collector who was one of the most internationally renowned Chinese artists of the 20th century.
As a child, Zhang was encouraged by his family to pu... |
87b75fa17ce3369fa748b9182b094d94 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhang-Xueliang | Zhang Xueliang | Zhang Xueliang
Zhang Xueliang, Wade-Giles romanization Chang Hsüeh-liang, courtesy name Hanqing, byname Shaoshuai (“Young Marshal”), (born June 3, 1901, Haicheng, Liaoning province, China—died October 14, 2001, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.), Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), comp... |
86357d94387b4a98a11de95292b25210 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhang-Zai | Zhang Zai | Zhang Zai
Zhang Zai, Wade-Giles romanization Chang Tsai, (born 1020, Changan, China—died 1077, China), realist philosopher of the Song dynasty, a leader in giving neo-Confucianism a metaphysical and epistemological foundation.
The son of a magistrate, Zhang studied Buddhism and Daoism but found his true inspiration in... |
22a2582768ddbaed3ad6cc03f69d0d02 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhang-Zhongjing | Zhang Zhongjing | Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing, Wade-Giles romanization Chang Chung-ching, (born c. 150 ce—died c. 219), Chinese physician who wrote in the early 3rd century ce a work titled Shang han za bing lun (Treatise on Febrile and Other Diseases), which greatly influenced the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. The orig... |
6e1f572bc8872b2d5f966e66e1d79487 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhao-Gao | Zhao Gao | Zhao Gao
Zhao Gao, Wade-Giles romanization Chao Kao, (born, Zhao state, China—died 207 bce, China), Chinese eunuch who conspired to seize power on the death of Shihuangdi, first emperor of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). His action eventually led to the downfall of the dynasty.
As the chief eunuch to Shihuangdi, Zhao ... |
66b9c1b7a67ec307a2ce1eeb4e803cb0 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zheliu-Zhelev | Zheliu Zhelev | Zheliu Zhelev
Zheliu Zhelev, in full Zheliu Mitev Zhelev, (born March 3, 1935, Veselinovo, Bulgaria—died January 30, 2015, Sofia), Bulgarian dissident and politician who served as president of Bulgaria from 1990 to 1997.
Zhelev graduated with a degree in philosophy from St. Clement of Ohrid University of Sofia (1958).... |
3fa40fe170199f4bcf53b9ae8e2450b5 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zheng-Zhilong | Zheng Zhilong | Zheng Zhilong
Zheng Zhilong, Wade-Giles romanization Cheng Chih-lung, original name Zheng Yiguan, also called Iquan, (born 1604, Nan’an, Fujian province, China—died Nov. 24, 1661, Beijing), Chinese pirate leader who achieved great power in the transitional period between the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911/12) ... |
e0fb11b1a04d5694a6569da9d3a18b9f | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhou-Zuoren | Zhou Zuoren | Zhou Zuoren
Zhou Zuoren, Wade-Giles romanization Chou Tso-jen, original name Zhou Kuishou, (born January 16, 1885, Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China—died May 6, 1967, Beijing), Chinese essayist, critic, and literary scholar who translated fiction and myths from many languages into vernacular Chinese. He was the most ... |
bb3fe7419215fd458525268b92b5287d | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhu-Da | Zhu Da | Zhu Da
Zhu Da, Wade-Giles romanization Chu Ta, or literary name (hao) Bada Shanren, (born c. 1625, Nanchang, Jiangxi province, China—died c. 1705), Buddhist monk who was, with Shitao, one of the most famous Individualist painters of the early Qing period.
Details of Zhu’s life are unclear, but he is known to have been... |
dce31112bffaacb8e1e19752c6ecc11c | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zidantas-II | Zidantas II | Zidantas II
…by which a Hittite king—presumably Zidantas II or Huzziyas—paid tribute to the pharaoh in return for certain frontier adjustments, but it is not clear to what extent Syria was dominated by Thutmose III between 1471 and his death. During this period the national unity of the Hurrians seems to have…
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be9adbd53195daac14faa5c7173ba1f5 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ziya-al-Din-Barani | Ẕiyāʾ al-Dīn Baranī | Ẕiyāʾ al-Dīn Baranī
Ẕiyāʾ al-Dīn Baranī, Baranī also spelled Barni, (born 1285, India—died after 1357), the first known Muslim to write a history of India. He resided for 17 years at Delhi as nadim (boon companion) of Sultan Muḥammad ibn Tughluq.
Using mainly hearsay evidence and his personal experiences at court, Ba... |
8fe7da2529fd267ec47136bc008b12a6 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ziyadat-Allah-I | Ziyādat Allāh I | Ziyādat Allāh I
…[3 km] south of Kairouan); Ziyādat Allāh I (817–838), who broke the rebellion of the Arab soldiery and sent it to conquer Sicily (which remained in Arab hands for two centuries); and Abū Ibrāhim Aḥmad (856–863), who commissioned many public works. During the 9th century the brilliant Kairouan civilizat... |
4fc2e588d66ef8ee209d706e7a652303 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zola-Taylor | Zola Taylor | Zola Taylor
…1992, New York, New York), Zola Taylor (b. March 17, 1934/38, Los Angeles, California, U.S.—d. April 30, 2007, Riverside, California), David Lynch (b. July 3, 1929, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—d. January 2, 1981, Long Beach, California), Paul Robi (b. August 30, 1931, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.—d. February... |
56e6733b2433cc2fc661b406cfa33433 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zoltan-Huszarik | Zoltán Huszárik | Zoltán Huszárik
Zoltán Huszárik, Hungarian form Huszárik Zoltán, (born May 14, 1931, Domony, Hung.—died Oct. 15, 1981, Budapest), Hungarian filmmaker who directed numerous poetic short films and two feature films, the best-known of which is Szindbád (1971; “Sinbad”).
Huszárik studied directing at the School of Film an... |
040fee693a2f77d098208b0312278957 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zoran-Zaev | Zoran Zaev | Zoran Zaev
…Tsipras and Macedonian Prime Minister Zoran Zaev announced that they had reached an agreement (which became known as the Prespa Agreement by virtue of its signing on the banks of Lake Prespa) under which Macedonia would be known both domestically and internationally as the Republic of North Macedonia. Accor... |
ffa7c1d957207b9c041f92deef8d0bcc | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zou-Yan | Zou Yan | Zou Yan
Zou Yan, Wade-Giles romanization Tsou Yen, (born 340—died 260? bce), Chinese cosmologist of the ancient state of Qi (in present-day Shandong) and leading exponent of the Yinyang school. The only account of his life is a brief one in the Shiji (“Record of the Historian”). To him is attributed the association o... |
c6e9a68b5469ef72157917da9bf3f714 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zuhayr-ibn-Abi-Sulma | Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmā | Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmā
Zuhayr ibn Abī Sulmā, (born c. 520—died c. 609, Najd region, Arabia), one of the greatest of the Arab poets of pre-Islamic times, best known for his long ode in the Muʿallaqāt collection.
Zuhayr was from the Muzaynah tribe but lived among the Ghaṭafān. Zuhayr’s father was a poet, his first wife th... |
e70a34961bbcfdd6c77846bd165bf317 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zuhayr-ibn-Qays-al-Balawi | Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawī | Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawī
The first, commanded by Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawī, reoccupied Kairouan, then pursued Kusaylah westward to Mams, where he was defeated and killed. The dates of these operations are uncertain, but they must have occurred before 688 when Zuhayr ibn Qays himself was killed in an attack on Byzantin... |
a6bc341a83bdfb4f3d5dc83fa216f00e | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/10-fun-facts-about-original-patriots-180962032/ | Ten Fun Facts About the Original Patriots | Ten Fun Facts About the Original Patriots
The New England Patriots may not have gained their name until 1960, or their mascot until shortly thereafter (thanks to Phil Bissell’s cartoon for the Boston Globe, earning him the sobriquet “Pat’s Pa”), but the history of their mascot stretches hundreds of years back into Amer... |
d9d81786d23ddd390dd4a0c7024416d9 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/158-resources-understanding-systemic-racism-america-180975029/?fbclid=IwAR0cAOwrG8ciDT2O2vmpR08qFWDnwdNkSI-LTnEiyjuXg-DAYU3sIHFWxt0 | In a short essay published earlier this week, Smithsonian Secretary Lonnie G. Bunch wrote that the recent killing in Minnesota of George Floyd has forced the country to “confront the reality that, despite gains made in the past 50 years, we are still a nation riven by inequality and racial division.”
Amid escalating cl... | |
3278122c7c1989daf1171236bb80f479 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/158-resources-understanding-systemic-racism-america-180975029/?fbclid=IwAR18w10aWCZFYTBvnQUSILNajedrUtkrux6QtRYc8WmySvA-AF-5Ejb3VCU | In a short essay published earlier this week, Smithsonian Secretary Lonnie G. Bunch wrote that the recent killing in Minnesota of George Floyd has forced the country to “confront the reality that, despite gains made in the past 50 years, we are still a nation riven by inequality and racial division.”
Amid escalating cl... | |
57ea1490715a862e3676bdfd4cf2be39 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/158-resources-understanding-systemic-racism-america-180975029/?fbclid=IwAR2XUzLNCesVla8R4wIeXsQOPOeFLWS3RgzH4boAyHtaQpHk1Ux8MErxa7U | In a short essay published earlier this week, Smithsonian Secretary Lonnie G. Bunch wrote that the recent killing in Minnesota of George Floyd has forced the country to “confront the reality that, despite gains made in the past 50 years, we are still a nation riven by inequality and racial division.”
Amid escalating cl... | |
d32cb3361574693bdfe2f2a9cd7436b5 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/158-resources-understanding-systemic-racism-america-180975029/?fbclid=IwAR3VpOTAydTwRE639Ouqq4PQ6qkhRF2qQegIEvG7p-_867KxRGesY67XGks | In a short essay published earlier this week, Smithsonian Secretary Lonnie G. Bunch wrote that the recent killing in Minnesota of George Floyd has forced the country to “confront the reality that, despite gains made in the past 50 years, we are still a nation riven by inequality and racial division.”
Amid escalating cl... | |
e94dd41d7dbb1bed86a2813614434aeb | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/17th-century-english-who-settled-southern-us-had-very-little-be-thankful-180953466/ | The 17th-Century English Who Settled in the Southern U.S. Had Very Little to be Thankful For | The 17th-Century English Who Settled in the Southern U.S. Had Very Little to be Thankful For
Do you have complicated feelings about Thanksgiving? Maybe your ancestors were among this continent’s indigenous peoples, and you have good reason to be rankled by thoughts of newly arrived English colonists feasting on Wamapan... |
91e2d2546586fd99202f3739e76e41cc | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1911-report-set-america-on-path-screening-out-undesirable-immigrants-180969636/ | A 1911 Report Set America On a Path of Screening Out ‘Undesirable’ Immigrants | A 1911 Report Set America On a Path of Screening Out ‘Undesirable’ Immigrants
The Dillingham Commission is today little known. But a century ago, it stood at the center of a transformation in immigration policy, exemplifying Americans’ simultaneous feelings of fascination and fear toward the millions of migrants who ha... |
de6bcd23d67fec8ba18515d3ae51423f | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1919-murder-case-gave-americans-right-remain-silent-180968916/ | The Triple Homicide in D.C. That Laid the Groundwork for Americans’ Right to Remain Silent | The Triple Homicide in D.C. That Laid the Groundwork for Americans’ Right to Remain Silent
If you’ve ever watched an American television crime drama, you probably can recite a suspect’s rights along with the arresting officers. Those requirements—that prisoners must be informed that they may remain silent, and that the... |
ad1eca57cc91db6e4f686d0c4f47cb60 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1924-law-slammed-door-immigrants-and-politicians-who-pushed-it-back-open-180974910/ | The 1924 Law That Slammed the Door on Immigrants and the Politicians Who Pushed it Back Open | The 1924 Law That Slammed the Door on Immigrants and the Politicians Who Pushed it Back Open
“AMERICA OF THE MELTING POT COMES TO END,” the New York Times headline blared in late April 1924. The opinion piece that followed, penned by Senator David Reed of Pennsylvania, claimed recent immigrants from southern and Easter... |
3c9b23b4446085e8cad0f6a40a1dc5b7 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1945-japanese-balloon-bomb-killed-six-americansfive-them-children-oregon-180972259/ | In 1945, a Japanese Balloon Bomb Killed Six Americans, Five of Them Children, in Oregon | In 1945, a Japanese Balloon Bomb Killed Six Americans, Five of Them Children, in Oregon
Elsye Mitchell almost didn’t go on the picnic that sunny day in Bly, Oregon. She had baked a chocolate cake the night before in anticipation of their outing, her sister would later recall, but the 26-year-old was pregnant with her f... |
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