id stringlengths 32 32 | url stringlengths 31 1.58k | title stringlengths 0 1.02k | contents stringlengths 92 1.17M |
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23de58ffabf5bfa6b49266c6058bd10d | https://www.britannica.com/science/cuttlebone | Cuttlebone | Cuttlebone
…internal calcified shell called the cuttlebone. The approximately 100 species of cuttlefish range between 2.5 and 90 cm (1 to 35 inches) and have somewhat flattened bodies bordered by a pair of narrow fins. All species have eight arms and two longer tentacles that are used in capturing prey and…
Cuttlefishe... |
5637d5a79ec7c38696c8f9726506a863 | https://www.britannica.com/science/CV-carbonaceous-chondrite | CV carbonaceous chondrite | CV carbonaceous chondrite
…that it belongs to the CV group of the first table and petrologic type 3 of the second table.
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017ec6e5e7aa84f17f0be5df7aea7073 | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyanogen-chloride | Cyanogen chloride | Cyanogen chloride
Cyanogen chloride, made by the reaction of chlorine with hydrocyanic acid or its salts, is a liquid that has been suggested for use as a military poison gas. Cyanogen bromide is formed by the reaction of bromine with salts of hydrocyanic acid; it is a…
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04d42df11350f122516349a419321c5c | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyathium | Cyathium | Cyathium
…are in cup-shaped clusters called cyathia, each of which seems to be a single female flower but actually consists of a single pistil surrounded by several male flowers, each of which has a single stamen. These clusters of reduced flowers are enclosed by an involucre (whorl) of bracts (modified leaves)…
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0b11c55f61448cfa0796aa0c3dfb9dd6 | https://www.britannica.com/science/cybernetics | Cybernetics | Cybernetics
Cybernetics, control theory as it is applied to complex systems. Cybernetics is associated with models in which a monitor compares what is happening to a system at various sampling times with some standard of what should be happening, and a controller adjusts the system’s behaviour accordingly.
The term cy... |
4e1bc905ef5f94722ce1eba326e7baff | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclamate | Cyclamate | Cyclamate
Cyclamate, odourless white crystalline powder that is used as a nonnutritive sweetener. The name usually denotes either calcium cyclamate or sodium cyclamate, both of which are salts of cyclohexylsulfamic acid (C6H11NHSO3H). These compounds are stable to heat and are readily soluble in water. Cyclamates have... |
6ab0307a6e9eefa50ad0c3831aefa45d | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclic-disease-transmission | Cyclic disease transmission | Cyclic disease transmission
This is an example of cyclic disease transmission. The relationship between the parasitic disease organism and its two hosts, vertebrate and insect, is a result of evolutionary adaptation. However, it is not known whether the trypanosome was originally a fly parasite that spread to humans an... |
e0837bdcc6d855e3e93e4a22833ea95b | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclical-shift-substitution-cipher | Cyclical-shift substitution cipher | Cyclical-shift substitution cipher
…has discovered to his embarrassment, cyclical-shift substitution ciphers are not secure, nor is any other monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which a given plaintext symbol is always encrypted into the same ciphertext symbol. Because of the redundancy of the English language, only ... |
682a4874a52179799210833d8e411d45 | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclin-dependent-kinase | Cyclin-dependent kinase | Cyclin-dependent kinase
…family of key enzymes, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which participate in many cell functions. By 2001 about a half dozen other CDKs were identified in humans.
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6dd6708ddbd838377d7a583d81e739bd | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyclophosphamide | Cyclophosphamide | Cyclophosphamide
…are nitrogen mustards (chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide), cisplatin, nitrosoureas (carmustine, lomustine, and semustine), alkylsulfonates (busulfan), ethyleneimines (thiotepa), and triazines (dacarbazine).
…or chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cyclophosphamide or methotrexate, may be used. GPA can be b... |
d8f9cfebc42533d4c82b1d3361122ced | https://www.britannica.com/science/cylindrical-projection | Cylindrical projection | Cylindrical projection
Cylindrical projection, in cartography, any of numerous map projections of the terrestrial sphere on the surface of a cylinder that is then unrolled as a plane. Originally, this and other map projections were achieved by a systematic method of drawing the Earth’s meridians and latitudes on the ... |
faff9d7f5c10739de994757e3af02911 | https://www.britannica.com/science/Cyrillid-meteor-shower | Cyrillid meteor shower | Cyrillid meteor shower
The Cyrillid shower of 1913 had no radiant (the meteoroids seemed to enter the atmosphere from a circular orbit around Earth) and was named for St. Cyril of Alexandria, on whose feast day (formerly celebrated on February 9) the shower was observed. The great Leonid meteor…
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369284095e7bd8c0059885aa5739e592 | https://www.britannica.com/science/cyst | Cyst | Cyst
Cyst, in biology, enclosed sac within body tissues, having a distinct membrane and generally containing a liquid material. In the life cycle of certain parasitic worms, a cyst develops around the larval form within the muscle tissue of the host animal.
Although the majority of cysts are benign, several varieties... |
07b30495d41a253385019ad98ea00a45 | https://www.britannica.com/science/cysticercus | Cysticercus | Cysticercus
…(encysts) and is called a cysticercus, or bladder worm. If the cysticercus is eaten alive in raw meat, it attaches itself to the host’s intestine and develops directly into a mature adult.
…is the pork tapeworm larva, Cysticercus, which causes nodules in the muscle tissue and brain. The organism grows, lay... |
377364f9bfae89a79f559b65aab7a50f | https://www.britannica.com/science/cystinuria | Cystinuria | Cystinuria
Cystinuria, hereditary error of metabolism characterized by the excessive excretion into the urine of four amino acids: cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine. The main clinical problem of cystinuria is the possibility of cystine stone formation in the kidney; unlike lysine, arginine, and ornithine, whic... |
177c346d2b224155efdb50070eb82374 | https://www.britannica.com/science/cystolith | Cystolith | Cystolith
… arranged in opposite pairs, with cystoliths (enlarged cells containing crystals of calcium carbonate) in streaks or protuberances in the vegetative parts. The bisexual flowers are frequently bilaterally symmetrical and are usually enclosed by leaflike bracts, often coloured and large. Sepals and petals numb... |
330f3ce32e53129137a83a4e7b7c0d62 | https://www.britannica.com/science/cytokinesis | Cytokinesis | Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis, in biology, the process by which one cell physically divides into two cells. Cytokinesis represents the major reproductive procedure of unicellular organisms, and it occurs in the process of embryonic development and tissue growth and repair of higher plants and animals. It generally follows n... |
9146310909be5c851498ded5ea9b1ac3 | https://www.britannica.com/science/D-lines | D-lines | D-lines
D-lines, in spectroscopy, a pair of lines, characteristic of sodium, in the yellow region of the spectrum. Their separation is too small to be detected with a spectroscope of low resolving power. The line is the fourth prominent absorption line in the Sun’s spectrum, starting from the red end, and accordingly... |
9fa11bc1f1a750db8772c70967e00e05 | https://www.britannica.com/science/dactylozooid | Dactylozooid | Dactylozooid
Some colonies possess dactylozooids, tentacleless polyps heavily armed with nematocysts that seem primarily concerned with defense. Gonozooids develop reproductive structures called gonophores. Members of the order Siphonophora, free-floating colonial hydrozoans, display an even greater variety of polymorp... |
c3adf913fc8bb4cb56f931af3f9b6d66 | https://www.britannica.com/science/daily-reference-value | Daily reference value | Daily reference value
Daily reference value (DRV), set of numerical quantities developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the dietary intake of energy-containing macronutrients, including carbohydrates, cholesterol, fat, fibre, saturated fatty acids, potassium, protein, and sodium. In the United States the... |
6b54c4e4422887fa522d544a66ac20f7 | https://www.britannica.com/science/Dalradian-Series | Dalradian Series | Dalradian Series
Dalradian Series, sequence of highly folded and metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of late Precambrian to Early Cambrian age, about 540 million years old, that occurs in the southeastern portions of the Scottish Highlands of Great Britain, where it occupies a belt 720 kilometres (450 miles)... |
da605dbc409575e2f11c32cf5e9a359d | https://www.britannica.com/science/Dalton-minimum | Dalton minimum | Dalton minimum
Dalton minimum, also called Modern minimum, period of reduced sunspot activity that occurred between roughly 1790 and 1830. It was named for the English meteorologist and chemist John Dalton.
Sunspot activity waxes and wanes with over about an 11-year cycle. During the Dalton minimum, the solar cycle co... |
a2be4e97773ccefc76d0e2695f4660d4 | https://www.britannica.com/science/Daltons-law | Dalton's law | Dalton's law
Dalton’s law, the statement that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual component gases. The partial pressure is the pressure that each gas would exert if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature.
This empirical r... |
2dc726c7c5de68b9766e35336fa214a0 | https://www.britannica.com/science/damped-vibration | Damped vibration | Damped vibration
The simple harmonic oscillations discussed above continue forever, at constant amplitude, oscillating as shown in Figure 3 between A and −A. Common experience indicates that real oscillators behave somewhat differently, however. Harmonic oscillations tend to die away as time goes on.…
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