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711aa0b51dd50c6b591a48fe3e438bb8 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/surveyors-level | Surveyor's level | Surveyor's level
Surveyor’s level, instrument used in surveying to measure the height of distant points in relation to a bench mark (a point for which the height above sea level is accurately known). It consists of a telescope fitted with a spirit level and, generally, mounted on a tripod. It is used in conjunction wi... |
dd716b2d794d649d493e8a043be8960f | https://www.britannica.com/technology/swag-architecture | Swag | Swag
Swag, also called Festoon, in architecture and decoration, carved ornamental motif consisting of stylized flowers, fruit, foliage, and cloth, tied together with ribbons that sag in the middle and are attached at both ends. The distinction is sometimes made between a swag and a festoon by limiting the former to fe... |
b9a39535f8f5596dd7e1864bfd5fd07d | https://www.britannica.com/technology/swage | Swage | Swage
Swage, Perforated cast-iron or steel block with grooved sides, used by metalworkers for shaping their work by holding it on the work (or the work on it) and striking with a hammer or sledge. Swage blocks are used in heading bolts and swaging bars by hand.
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7722f82ccba9e3c844f0bfc016ac041b | https://www.britannica.com/technology/swapbody | Swapbody | Swapbody
…internal COFC traffic used the swapbody, or demountable, which is similar in principle to, but more lightly constructed, cheaper, and easier to transship than the maritime container; the latter has to withstand stacking several deep on board ship and at ports, which is not a requisite for the swapbody. As…
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fc88a1f97a07bf96fc87a659ce6b724d | https://www.britannica.com/technology/Swedish-robot | Swedish robot | Swedish robot
…in progress, utilizing the “Swedish robot,” which allows the operator to remain under the protection of the previously supported roof. On the Vancouver tunnel, shotcrete was applied from a platform extending forward from the jumbo while the mucking machine operated below. By taking advantage of several u... |
61f0ac14decdb11dc5ee6fee1940b9df | https://www.britannica.com/technology/sweep-farm-machine | Sweep | Sweep
…for subsurface tillage consists of sweeps and rod weeders. Sweeps are V-shaped knives drawn below the surface with cutting planes horizontal. A mounted set of sweeps provided with power lift and depth regulation is often called a field cultivator.
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f99976b8f6934b022a39d2295ae05f84 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/switching | Switching | Switching
Switching, in communications, equipment and techniques for enabling any station in a communications system to be connected with any other station. Switching is an essential component of telephone, telegraph, data-processing, and other technologies in which it is necessary to deal rapidly with large amounts ... |
cb976cb4ef5c9ddea633405b59ba71ab | https://www.britannica.com/technology/swivel-system | Swivel system | Swivel system
…to hand brocading is called swivel, a system of figuring fabrics by using mechanically controlled pattern shuttles. The figures, inserted between ground-weft picks, interlace with the warp. The lappet system produces figured fabrics resembling those made by swivel figuring, but the pattern yarns are extr... |
835c83f2dc59f2d391ff684007768437 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/synchronizing-generator | Synchronizing generator | Synchronizing generator
…produced by the camera and synchronizing generator in the transmitter, and (2) a frequency-modulated sound signal. At this point the picture and sound signals are separated. The sound signal is passed through a sound intermediate amplifier and frequency detector (discriminator, or ratio detecto... |
2dcc1e720fd9fd51b09f2dcd317fe359 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/synchronous-motor | Synchronous motor | Synchronous motor
Synchronous motor, alternating-current electric motor designed to run at a speed that is directly proportional to the frequency of the electric power source. Typically, a synchronous motor has a stator with a winding similar to that of an induction motor. Its rotor produces a constant magnetic field,... |
5e4e2cd6a0db58987c6105150c3dae38 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/synchrotron | Synchrotron | Synchrotron
Synchrotron, cyclic particle accelerator in which a charged particle—generally, a subatomic particle, such as an electron or a proton, or a heavy-ion particle, such as a gold ion—is accelerated to very high energies in the presence of an alternating electric field while confined to a constant circular orbi... |
736f67b4ba70f3999ca74031c553c057 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/synthetic-insecticide | Synthetic insecticide | Synthetic insecticide
The advent of synthetic insecticides in the mid-20th century made the control of insects and other arthropod pests much more effective, and such chemicals remain essential in modern agriculture despite their environmental drawbacks. By preventing crop losses, raising the quality of produce, and lo... |
5f81ed9d6fbb8eff60e07c798bd12881 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/T-26 | T-26 | T-26
…the Soviet Union (as the T-26). The most successful example was the BT, also built in large numbers in the Soviet Union. The fastest tank of its day, the BT was based on designs evolved in the United States by J.W. Christie, who in 1928 built an experimental model capable…
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09ab7870e3168e96104ccfcd6ebf9eea | https://www.britannica.com/technology/T-28 | T-28 | T-28
…Soviet Union, even though the T-28 and T-35 multi-turret tanks with 76-mm guns were first built there in 1932–33. But the Russians recognized more quickly than others the need for the next step, which was to replace all the light-medium tanks armed with 37- to 47-mm guns by medium tanks…
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4c0d250cc92cfb713072a5b31cf0b95b | https://www.britannica.com/technology/T-55 | T-55 | T-55
…were replaced by T-54 and T-55 tanks armed with 100-mm guns. They were followed in the 1960s by the T-62, with a 115-mm gun, and in the 1970s and ’80s by the T-64, T-72, and T-80, all with 125-mm smoothbore guns. The JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks with their less…
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a90d5869735845b9fa9e431f47438c6f | https://www.britannica.com/technology/T-72 | T-72 | T-72
…and ’80s by the T-64, T-72, and T-80, all with 125-mm smoothbore guns. The JS-3 and T-10 heavy tanks with their less powerful 122-mm guns had by then been withdrawn. This left the Soviet army in the same position as others of having a single type of battle tank as…
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639bab84660c2ababc0fd4c9f8989387 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tabali | Tabali | Tabali
New houses are built from tabali, or pear-shaped mud bricks; some house facades are richly ornamented with calligraphic or representational shapes and even such emblems of modernity as weapons, bicycles, and cars. The large palaces of the emirs are often richly decorated within, with spaces spanned by palm ribs.... |
a330400b7493604c9a3e40ddfaeda6fa | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tablet-computer | Tablet computer | Tablet computer
Tablet computer, computer that is intermediate in size between a laptop computer and a smartphone. Early tablet computers used either a keyboard or a stylus to input information, but these methods were subsequently displaced by touch screens.
The precursors to the tablet computer were devices such as t... |
b05353abc5fef986f62960d9c519d575 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tail-rotor | Tail rotor | Tail rotor
…including the use of a tail rotor to offset torque. (Some helicopters use a “no tail rotor” system, in which low-pressure air is circulated through a tail boom to control the torque of the spinning main rotor.) Less obvious are such additions as the transmission system, which is used to…
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8b416e83c28ec8a848e15c78329b1e87 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/takeoff-aircraft | Takeoff | Takeoff
…on the ground and during takeoff and landing. Most planes feature an enclosed body (fuselage) to house the crew, passengers, and cargo; the cockpit is the area from which the pilot operates the controls and instruments to fly the plane.
For takeoff and in the approach to landing, their deployment is generally ... |
b2df2586cf16aa590b5be952daa5c3db | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tank-military-vehicle/Interwar-developments | Interwar developments | Interwar developments
The Renault F.T. remained the most numerous tank in the world into the early 1930s. Aware of the need for more powerful vehicles, if only for leading infantry assaults, the French army took the lead in developing well-armed tanks. The original 1918 French Schneider and Saint-Chamond tanks already ... |
7966c668b409c9952f10119453affa4a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tank-military-vehicle/World-War-II | World War II | World War II
The most effective tank force proved to be the German, composed in 1939 of 3,195 vehicles, including 211 Pz. IVs. What made the German panzers so formidable was that, instead of being divided between various infantry and cavalry tank units, they were all concentrated and used in massed formations in the pa... |
57f25788ae52e0fe470eaf5135ff8764 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology | Technology | Technology
Technology, the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment.
The subject of technology is treated in a number of articles. For general treatment, see technology, history of; hand tool. For des... |
4878b72fd0ca0557044e92386da4723a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Black-and-white-films | Black-and-white films | Black-and-white films
The sensitive surface of ordinary film is a layer of gelatin carrying minute suspended silver halide crystals or grains (the emulsion)—typically silver bromide with some silver iodide. Exposure to light in a camera produces an invisible change yielding a latent image, distinguishable from unexpose... |
11978a997fc4bea83368d5101e548c9d | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Colour-film-processing | Colour-film processing | Colour-film processing
The processing sequence for colour materials is longer than for black-and-white films and requires more solutions. Development needs very precise timing and temperature control. Colour films can be processed in amateur developing tanks; professionals use sets of tanks in temperature-controlled wa... |
a64591b8e9c5de3cd49391bf1686337b | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Colour-film-structure | Colour-film structure | Colour-film structure
Reversal colour film has these components: (1) A top layer of plain gelatin, which protects the underlying layers against abrasion and damage. (2) The first emulsion layer, which contains blue-sensitive silver halide plus a yellow-forming colour coupler. This is a colourless substance that reacts ... |
1021368651cc361a0af705e72718a533 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Exposure-technique | Exposure technique | Exposure technique
The correct exposure (aperture and shutter settings) can be derived from tables or calculators or by direct measurement of the subject luminance with a light meter.
Cameras with through-the-lens (TTL) exposure meters—and also hand-held meters pointed at the subject—measure the average reflected light... |
c69b6a86032cb7e1caea75301a435fe0 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Flashbulbs | Flashbulbs | Flashbulbs
An older type of flash is an oxygen-filled glass envelope containing a specific amount of aluminum or zirconium wire and means for igniting the wire in the bulb. The wire burns away with a brilliant flash lasting typically about 1/100 to 1/50 second. Each flashbulb can, however, yield only one flash. Current... |
d70d6d6432173763d2acc694fac210be | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Focal-plane-shutter | Focal-plane shutter | Focal-plane shutter
The focal-plane shutter consists of two light-tight fabric blinds or a combination of metal blinds moving in succession across the film immediately in front of the image plane. The first blind uncovers the film and the second blind covers it up again, the two blinds forming a traveling slit the widt... |
a11ce8aa64930d5a83018fe94c7fa03a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Special-photosensitive-systems | Special photosensitive systems | Special photosensitive systems
The high working speed (efficiency of converting light into permanent images) of silver halides makes them almost the only materials suitable for camera use. Numerous light-sensitive systems not using silver have been known since the beginning of photography. In view of silver’s high pric... |
a4290521737b643935528712366b6867 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/The-35-mm-miniature-camera | The 35-mm miniature camera | The 35-mm miniature camera
Perforated 35-millimetre (mm) film (originally standard motion-picture film) in cartridges holding 12 to 36 exposures with a nominal picture format of 24 × 36 mm is employed in miniature cameras. Smaller image formats down to 18 × 24 mm (half frame) may be used. The 35-mm camera has a lens wi... |
940c47f4e9653cdf2765ff84d83fefe1 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Ultraviolet-photography | Ultraviolet photography | Ultraviolet photography
Invisible shortwave ultraviolet radiations can be recorded directly or used in fluorescence photography. For direct ultraviolet recording, the photographically useful wavelength range lies between 400 nanometres (visible violet) and about 200 nanometres and needs special optical systems transpar... |
03e02d2ae07d82a481c45f7c2a01fe67 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology-of-photography/Viewfinders | Viewfinders | Viewfinders
The sighting devices in cameras lacking screens are called viewfinders; they show how much of the scene will appear on the film. The simplest viewfinder is a wire frame above the camera front, with a second frame near the back to aid the eye in correct centring. Most present-day finders are built into the c... |
6d9131676e1bde22bfad9ec68df3c0a3 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/telecommunications-network/Spread-spectrum-multiple-access | Spread-spectrum multiple access | Spread-spectrum multiple access
Since collisions are so detrimental to network performance, methods have been developed to allow multiple transmissions on a broadcast network without necessarily causing mutual packet destruction. One of the most successful is called spread-spectrum multiple access (SSMA). In SSMA simul... |
d558d7b91811960a2423ab29178be9c3 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/telepresence | Telepresence | Telepresence
…illusion of “being there” (telepresence) is effected by motion sensors that pick up the user’s movements and adjust the view on the screen accordingly, usually in real time (the instant the user’s movement takes place). Thus, a user can tour a simulated suite of rooms, experiencing changing viewpoints and... |
d2b7a1fef7429579781b48f29a3ee182 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tepee | Tepee | Tepee
Tepee, also spelled tipi, conical tent most common to the North American Plains Indians. Although a number of Native American groups used similar structures during the hunting season, only the Plains Indians adopted tepees as year-round dwellings, and then only from the 17th century onward. At that time the Span... |
ace0be1d62aa896761bbd4340cdfe265 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/terne-metal | Terne metal | Terne metal
Terne metal, an alloy of lead and typically 10 to 15 percent tin, is used to coat steel sheet in order to produce a strong, corrosion-resistant product that is widely used for automobile gasoline tanks, packaging, roofing, and other uses where lead’s favourable properties are…
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0749ea6a1695d938f7d47ad41b6300f9 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/terneplate | Terneplate | Terneplate
Terneplate, steel sheet with a coating of terne metal, an alloy of lead and tin applied by dipping the steel in molten metal. The alloy has a dull appearance resulting from the high lead content. The composition of terne metal ranges from 50–50 mixtures of lead and tin to as low as 12 percent tin and 88 pe... |
37dc4629ee915b847df186eb0a4141df | https://www.britannica.com/technology/terra-cotta-tile | Terra-cotta tile | Terra-cotta tile
…made mostly of stone and terra-cotta pipe but also of wood, leather, lead, and bronze. Water flowed to the city by the force of gravity alone and usually went through a series of distribution tanks within the city. Rome’s famous fountains and baths were supplied in that way. Generally, water…
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a237a6a8e520f2b9184fea7b072bb445 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/text-formatting-language | Text formatting language | Text formatting language
Programs known as text formatters give more control over document layout and appearance, especially for scientific and mathematical documents, than do word processors. On the other hand, these programs, of which TeX is the most powerful and widely used, are much more difficult to learn, requiri... |
7c2edbe663ed0bc3d28f552be629d083 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/Thaddeus-S-C-Lowe | Thaddeus S. C. Lowe | Thaddeus S. C. Lowe
Both Thaddeus S.C. Lowe of New Hampshire and John La Mountain of New York combined entertainment with long-distance test flights. Both men also employed balloons as aerial observation platforms for the Union army.
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37eeca70d63320a146f2cf785980f7b8 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/theodolite | Theodolite | Theodolite
Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16th-century English mathematician Leonard Digges; it is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel both horizontally and vertically. Leveling is accomplished ... |
f9f8077dc14356bdd15cfa42a2b19179 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermal-cracking | Thermal cracking | Thermal cracking
The first thermal cracking process for breaking up large nonvolatile hydrocarbons into gasoline came into use in 1913; it was invented by William Merriam Burton, a chemist who worked for the Standard Oil Company (Indiana), which later became the Amoco Corporation. Various improvements to thermal cracki... |
0a87a6928dc46764fbc0ffa89ced8cc5 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermionic-power-converter | Thermionic power converter | Thermionic power converter
Thermionic power converter, also called thermionic generator, thermionic power generator, or thermoelectric engine, any of a class of devices that convert heat directly into electricity using thermionic emission rather than first changing it to some other form of energy.
A thermionic power c... |
f48270b6431af1ba3609601e54d4cf52 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/thermometer | Thermometer | Thermometer
Thermometer, instrument for measuring the temperature of a system. Temperature measurement is important to a wide range of activities, including manufacturing, scientific research, and medical practice.
The invention of the thermometer is generally credited to the Italian mathematician-physicist Galileo Ga... |
a886ddf14832f923bac946fe65f31141 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/through-the-lens-metering | Through-the-lens metering | Through-the-lens metering
…meters are of the “through-the-lens” (TTL) type, reading light as it is focused by the camera’s lens and strikes the film or sensor. Many of the capabilities of handheld meters are found in built-in meters. Exposure correction can be done either semiautomatically or automatically. In a semiau... |
1d9d4fdf8f210d15013419168140dd67 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tintype | Tintype | Tintype
Tintype, also called ferrotype, positive photograph produced by applying a collodion-nitrocellulose solution to a thin, black-enameled metal plate immediately before exposure. The tintype, introduced in the mid-19th century, was essentially a variation on the ambrotype, which was a unique image made on glass, ... |
21d6450e3c77e5bfc6fbc4c7ec238b53 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tire | Tire | Tire
Tire, also spelled tyre, a continuous band that encircles the rim of a wheel and forms a tread that rolls on either a road, a prepared track, or the ground.
There are two main types of tires, those made of metal and those made of rubber. Railroad cars, which run on smooth steel rails, use iron or steel tires for ... |
26ed64d91189748e52bb591f72a5f842 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/titanium-processing | Titanium processing | Titanium processing
Titanium processing, the extraction of titanium from its ores and the preparation of titanium alloys or compounds for use in various products.
Titanium (Ti) is a soft, ductile, silvery gray metal with a melting point of 1,675 °C (3,047 °F). Owing to the formation on its surface of an oxide film tha... |
26df689fc797ae3c1cbfa6ea6f73c5fe | https://www.britannica.com/technology/Tomahawk-cruise-missile | Tomahawk | Tomahawk
Tomahawk, also called Tomahawk cruise missile or BGM-109, American-made low-flying strategic guided missile that may be launched from naval ships or submarines to strike targets on land. It flies at low altitudes to strike fixed targets, such as communication and air-defense sites, in high-risk environments w... |
8dd4c95a1925c608237e12b8aea6410d | https://www.britannica.com/technology/Tomahawk-sea-launched-cruise-missile | Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missile | Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missile
The Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missile (SLCM) and the Tomahawk ground-launched cruise missile (GLCM) had a length of 6.4 m (21 feet), a diameter of 53 cm (21 inches), and a range of 2,500 km (1,550 miles).
By 1972, constraints placed on ballistic missiles by the SALT I treaty prom... |
06955629264f782d26a43325d4a4f42b | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tool | Tool | Tool
Tool, an instrument for making material changes on other objects, as by cutting, shearing, striking, rubbing, grinding, squeezing, measuring, or other processes. A hand tool is a small manual instrument traditionally operated by the muscular strength of the user, and a machine tool is a power-driven mechanism use... |
15004aa34be92629e39bfaef5f015933 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/torquemeter | Torquemeter | Torquemeter
…the tachometer (in propeller craft), torquemeter (in turboprops), and exhaust pressure ratio indicator (in turbojets). Performance instruments include the altimeter, Machmeter, turn and slip indicator, and varied devices that show airspeed, vertical velocity, and angle of attack. Communications instruments... |
96356cf1198c0c3067c4cb95e2a36900 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/touring-bicycle | Touring bicycle | Touring bicycle
Touring bicycles offer a stable ride and often have triple chainwheels as well as racks that allow the rider to carry specially designed luggage (panniers). These bikes have lightweight frames, 14 to 27 speeds, narrow tires and saddles, and typically drop-style handlebars. They weigh from…
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14a008d93cb20c78ef702f74c09841dd | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tramp-steamer | Tramp steamer | Tramp steamer
Tramp steamer, one of the two principal types of merchant ships as classified by operating method (the other is the ocean liner). The tramp steamer, in contrast to the liner, operates without a schedule, going wherever required to deliver its cargoes. The tramp is a descendant of the early merchant ship... |
1454b98f82f53717a23c1eb4b0ff7d8e | https://www.britannica.com/technology/transfer-molding | Transfer molding | Transfer molding
In transfer and injection molds, the rubber mix is forced through channels into a mold chamber of the required shape, where it is cured under pressure. Tires are made of several components: bead wire, sidewall compound, inner liner, cord plies, belt package, and tread; these are…
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237f4aa1ba8c9d592d10472034f7b0fc | https://www.britannica.com/technology/transformer-electronics | Transformer | Transformer
Transformer, device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage. Transformers are employed for widely varying purposes; e.g., to reduce the voltage of conventional power circuits t... |
193ec260fd85d1fbab33d016c3100275 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor-radio | Transistor radio | Transistor radio
…by the sale of portable transistor radios and cheaper car radios. (In 1951 half of American cars had radios; 80 percent had them by 1965.) This coincidental rise of portable radios and popular music content, combined with the diversion of most adults to television, transformed radio into a predominant... |
6906d0cff92fdfdb7bf0e3e5772d2ee1 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/transition-energy | Transition energy | Transition energy
…divides these regions, called the transition energy, there is no phase stability. At Brookhaven a model electron accelerator was built to demonstrate that the beam could be accelerated through the transition energy in a stable manner.
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fded4d0d37b62d0ade8cece695c132b5 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/triode | Triode | Triode
Triode, electron tube consisting of three electrodes—cathode filament, anode plate, and control grid—mounted in an evacuated metal or glass container. It has been used as an amplifier for both audio and radio signals, as an oscillator, and in electronic circuits. Currently, small glass triodes are used primaril... |
91346347d2cdc84c3db7505e852a6be5 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/trireme | Trireme | Trireme
Trireme, oar-powered warship that reached its highest point of development in the eastern Mediterranean during the 5th century bce. Light, fast, and maneuverable, it was the principal naval vessel with which Persia, Phoenicia, and the Greek city-states vied for mastery of the seas from the Battle of Salamis in... |
8a7d155762e4443ef5c8bd8f33d8108d | https://www.britannica.com/technology/troika | Troika | Troika
Troika, (Russian: “three”), any vehicle drawn by three horses abreast, usually a sleigh with runners but also a wheeled carriage. The three-horse team is also known as a unicorn team.
In Hungary and in Russia the troika, drawn by three horses and driven by an elegantly clad coachman, was once the ultimate stat... |
4f85fb689e3d3dc1319bd4c048d09f87 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/truck-vehicle/Tires | Tires | Tires
Although pneumatic tires appeared on automobiles as early as 1904, large trucks were equipped with hard rubber tires until World War I. Cotton was replaced by synthetics in the carcass of truck tires in the 1930s, with steel wire and fibreglass plies appearing later. Recent developments include the use of a singl... |
88eadae36ae46799e73a1cf9f09c45f9 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/truss-bridge | Truss bridge | Truss bridge
Truss bridge, bridge with its load-bearing structures composed of a series of wooden or metal triangles, known as trusses. Given that a triangle cannot be distorted by stress, a truss gives a stable form capable of supporting considerable external loads over a large span. Trusses are popular for bridge bu... |
ea68924de7226f739e81ba4c58d69e48 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tufted-carpet | Tufted carpet | Tufted carpet
The pile of tufted carpets is formed by tufts inserted into a backing with needles. In knitted carpets, the backing, locking, and pile yarns are all looped together. Flocked types are produced by systems in which adhesives are used to bind fibres or yarns to the backing fabric.
Tufted carpets differ basic... |
837797ef5c5f7dc3c8ab48598d7a148a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tukul | Tukul | Tukul
…round hut known as a tukul. It has a thatched conical roof and is made of mud, grass, millet stalks, and wooden poles.
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195a3b4d3fe9edebc96f813e6b29c46a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunable-laser | Tunable laser | Tunable laser
…components of RIS methods are tunable lasers, which can be of either the pulsed or the continuous-wave variety. Pulsed lasers are more frequently used since they can add time resolution to a measurement system. In addition, pulsed lasers produce high peak power, permitting the efficient use of nonlinear ... |
bda4f8c1e9841f1dd347be9d328a25e5 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunable-oscillator | Tunable oscillator | Tunable oscillator
In a tunable oscillator, such as that required for a radio receiver, the parallel combination of an inductor and a capacitor is a tuned circuit: at one frequency, and only one, the inductive effects and the capacitive effects balance. At this frequency the voltage developed across the…
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81b98d419cd7427e17aad96e5e26566b | https://www.britannica.com/technology/turbine/Axial-flow-machines | Axial-flow machines | Axial-flow machines
Fixed propeller-type turbines are generally used for large units at low heads, resulting in large diameters and slow rotational speeds. As the name suggests, a propeller-type turbine runner looks like the very large propeller of a ship except that it serves the opposite purpose: power is extracted i... |
d24a488d5592d2db728a4596300deae0 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/turbine/Control | Control | Control
A turbine driving an electric generator must run at constant speed. In the United States where 60-cycle-per-second alternating current is used, this usually means 3,600 or 1,800 revolutions per minute. (In countries that use 50-cycle current, 3,000 or 1,500 revolutions per minute are the norm.) When the electri... |
a0068c13c9c40cd1b4d101ee370f21d6 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/turbine/Mixed-flow-turbines | Mixed-flow turbines | Mixed-flow turbines
Francis turbines are probably used most extensively because of their wider range of suitable heads, characteristically from three to 600 metres. At the high-head range, the flow rate and the output must be large; otherwise the runner becomes too small for reasonable fabrication. At the low-head end,... |
01e80236d4c92b23c0f256becd86b7b2 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/Turing-machine | Turing machine | Turing machine
Turing machine, hypothetical computing device introduced in 1936 by the English mathematician and logician Alan M. Turing. Turing originally conceived the machine as a mathematical tool that could infallibly recognize undecidable propositions—i.e., those mathematical statements that, within a given form... |
cf8a35dec2ca178e6a049c025ae6d630 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/Turkish-bath-plumbing | Turkish bath | Turkish bath
Turkish bath, kind of bath that originated in the Middle East and combines exposure to warm air, then steam or hot-air immersion, massage, and finally a cold-water bath or shower. The Turkish bath typically requires movement from one room or chamber to the next. Separate wash rooms and soaking pools may ... |
3445cb2696c5b4e6c4f2f9972952b926 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/twin-lens-reflex-camera | Twin-lens reflex camera | Twin-lens reflex camera
The twin-lens reflex is a comparatively bulky dual camera (Figure 3) with a fixed-mirror reflex housing and top screen mounted above a roll-film box camera. Its two lenses focus in unison so that the top screen shows the image sharpness and framing as…
In a twin-lens reflex camera, the finder ha... |
124435f2b5004f3bc927906ddff1d24e | https://www.britannica.com/technology/twisted-nematic-cell | Twisted-nematic cell | Twisted-nematic cell
A TN cell, as shown in the figure, consists of upper and lower substrate plates separated by a narrow gap (typically 5–10 micrometres; 1 micrometre = 10−6 metre) filled with a layer of liquid crystal. The substrate plates are normally transparent glass and carry patterned electrically…
Consider, fo... |
cba697602ed2645145ad5937ecc2e4b6 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/two-revolution-press | Two-revolution press | Two-revolution press
In the two-revolution press, the cylinder never stops revolving but is raised on its bearings as the bed moves back again in order not to touch the form. In its lowered position the cylinder’s cogwheel engages a low-toothed rack incorporated in the bed; in its raised position…
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342c25df8f36d1b5e451b87a4b42222e | https://www.britannica.com/technology/two-way-radio | Two-way radio | Two-way radio
…company introduced a pair of two-way radio communications products for the police and military. The first was an AM-band police radio system adopted later that year in Bowling Green, Kentucky; the second was the Handie-Talkie, an AM-band, handheld device with a long antenna that ultimately was used by so... |
5a83934e90010d8a8a17e7419393479a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/Type-XXI | Type XXI | Type XXI
…the war was the German Type XXI, a 250-foot, 1,600-ton craft that could attain 17 1/2 knots submerged for more than an hour, could travel at six knots underwater for two days, or could “creep” at slower speeds for four days. These submarines were fitted with snorkel devices (see below),…
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20651ac7f60407dcfb7629a56f62091e | https://www.britannica.com/technology/typography | Typography | Typography
Typography, the design, or selection, of letter forms to be organized into words and sentences to be disposed in blocks of type as printing upon a page. Typography and the typographer who practices it may also be concerned with other, related matters—the selection of paper, the choice of ink, the method of ... |
a713bd03df0962fe2b0c0b8d9538dab2 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/typography/France | France | France
In Germany and in Italy, the many centres of printing grew up for the most part in the centres of commerce. But in France—where printing was from the first a sponsored activity—there were only two such centres: Lyon, from which significant printing largely disappeared after the Inquisition; and Paris, where it w... |
1ee7c3450d694a1b66670c7d9d003963 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/typography/The-private-press-movement | The private-press movement | The private-press movement
The Industrial Revolution changed the course of printing not only by mechanizing a handicraft but also by greatly increasing the market for its wares. Inventors in the 19th century, in order to produce enough reading matter for a constantly growing and ever more literate population, had to so... |
8c9c2506c77345f0545d07e6e409d17e | https://www.britannica.com/technology/ultralight-aircraft | Ultralight aircraft | Ultralight aircraft
Ultralights, which were originally merely hang gliders adapted for power by the installation of small engines similar to those used in chain saws, have matured into specially designed aircraft of very low weight and power but with flying qualities similar to conventional light aircraft. They…
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7ecbb446ba2b6eb2cc94599bd9fc57eb | https://www.britannica.com/technology/ultramicrobalance | Ultramicrobalance | Ultramicrobalance
The ultramicrobalance is any weighing device that serves to determine the weight of smaller samples than can be weighed with the microbalance—i.e., total amounts as small as one or a few micrograms. The principles on which ultramicrobalances have been successfully constructed include elasticity in str... |
48127a7899d8030032a7fe143c0319dc | https://www.britannica.com/technology/ultramicroscope | Ultramicroscope | Ultramicroscope
Ultramicroscope, microscope arrangement used to study colloidal-size particles that are too small to be visible in an ordinary light microscope. The particles, usually suspended in a liquid, are illuminated with a strong light beam perpendicular to the optical axis of the microscope. These particles s... |
1caf4fc5d9cd984354c353dcc636731b | https://www.britannica.com/technology/umialik | Umialik | Umialik
…to an exception being the umialik of the Inupiat. In addition to owning the boat used for whaling, the umialik was the employer of a whaling crew, recruiting his men for their professional ability and acting as benefactor to them and their families. In many villages each umialik and his…
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84fa992b2fde3ed95ca0332f0e498904 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/underfriction-wheel | Underfriction wheel | Underfriction wheel
His underfriction wheels, or upstop wheels (1919), kept coaster cars locked on their tracks, which enabled them to safely reach high speeds, bank suddenly, and turn upside down.
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2dbb5176c98d0d08e437d7ee912d721a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/undersea-exploration/Water-sampling-for-chemical-constituents | Water sampling for chemical constituents | Water sampling for chemical constituents
Nutrient concentration (e.g., phosphate, nitrate, silicate), the pH (acidity), and the proportion of dissolved gases are used by the ocean chemist to determine the age, origin, and movement of water masses and their effect on marine life. Analysis of dissolved gases, for example... |
661f979db6d7c8e2834e4d24f08543fa | https://www.britannica.com/technology/underwater-photography | Underwater photography | Underwater photography
Underwater photography requires either special watertight cameras or pressure-resistant housings for normal cameras. In both cases camera functions are controlled through pressure-tight glands. A flat glass or plastic window is usually in front of the camera lens. The red and yellow absorption of... |
bb92b0bb024dfd404f3ece3f0c6b23f7 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/unifacial-tool | Unifacial tool | Unifacial tool
…surface, is known as a unifacial tool because a single bevel forms the working edge. There are two principal kinds of flakes, points and scrapers. The former are roughly triangular, with two trimmed or sharp edges meeting in a point, the base or butt of the triangle being thick and…
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cb090a5c983796941efed16b5ee752b3 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/uniflow-engine | Uniflow engine | Uniflow engine
…the reciprocating design was the uniflow engine, which increased efficiency by exhausting steam from ports in the centre of the cylinder instead of requiring it to change its direction of flow in the cylinder with every movement of the piston. Full success in achieving a high-speed steam engine, however... |
e14e2da618e39fe697f7c04627ac9f2b | https://www.britannica.com/technology/unit-heater | Unit heater | Unit heater
…commonly used element is the unit heater, in which an electric fan blows air through a coil heated by hot water, steam, electric resistance, or gas combustion and provides a directed supply of warm air where needed. Another system involves radiant heating using electric resistance coils backed by reflector... |
3518d3be9ceb5b516cc010aa400d0739 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/unit-train | Unit train | Unit train
Unit train, freight train composed of cars carrying a single type of commodity that are all bound for the same destination. By hauling only one kind of freight for one destination, a unit train does not need to switch cars at various intermediate junctions and so can make nonstop runs between two terminals... |
66142393127e00c1515201720d894921 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/UNIVAC | UNIVAC | UNIVAC
UNIVAC, in full Universal Automatic Computer, one of the earliest commercial computers. After leaving the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and John Mauchly, who had worked on the engineering design of the ENIAC computer for the United States durin... |
1c87a2e8753b6d98297e77e6c8ab9f55 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/upgrading | Upgrading | Upgrading
The most elaborate type of program under the general heading of maintenance is the remanufacturing process. Performed at aircraft-manufacturing facilities, remanufacture is a measure that combines a general overhaul with an upgrade of some of the aircraft’s systems. The latter process often paces the…
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2aa97ae742ae670a7d93d41f91e61e1a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/upholstery | Upholstery | Upholstery
Upholstery, materials used in the craft of covering, padding, and stuffing seating and bedding. The earliest upholsterers, from early Egyptian times to the beginning of the Renaissance, nailed animal skins or dressed leather across a rigid framework. They slowly developed the craft to include cushions, pad... |
e351a9cf8906c00b7f7bb606a5da3b47 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/uranium-processing/Conversion-to-plutonium | Conversion to plutonium | Conversion to plutonium
The nonfissile uranium-238 can be converted to fissile plutonium-239 by the following nuclear reactions:
In this equation, uranium-238, through the absorption of a neutron (n) and the emission of a quantum of energy known as a gamma ray (γ), becomes the isotope uranium-239 (the higher mass numbe... |
49c45eda3718005d331982483c12e5d0 | https://www.britannica.com/technology/USB | USB | USB
USB, in full universal serial bus, technology used to connect computers with peripherals, or input/output devices.
First introduced in 1995, the USB standard was developed by a number of American companies, including IBM, Intel Corporation, and Microsoft Corporation, as a simpler way of connecting hardware to pers... |
43fb16f7a3bf903e4db3f46b6ba349cc | https://www.britannica.com/technology/V-22 | V-22 | V-22
V-22, also called Osprey, tilt-rotor military aircraft built by Bell Helicopter (a subsidiary of Textron) and Boeing. The V-22’s unique hybrid design, which combines features of a helicopter and a turboprop airplane, allows it to take off and land vertically. Once airborne, the V-22’s two wingtip nacelles, each b... |
5753f3240d60640c3ecbb4fbad44597a | https://www.britannica.com/technology/V-8 | V-8 | V-8
…came into general use: the V-8 engine, introduced by Ford in 1932; three-point engine suspension; freewheeling (permitting the car to coast freely when the accelerator was released); overdrive (a fourth forward speed); and, on a limited scale, automatic transmission.
In the United States, automobile racing in the ... |
d807b98829a3ed48c88d73d8c5b7323f | https://www.britannica.com/technology/V-STOL | V/STOL | V/STOL
A carrier equipped with these V/STOL (vertical/short takeoff and landing) jets could be much smaller than a full jet carrier, because it would need neither catapults nor arresting gear. In the 1970s and ’80s, Britain built three such ships, HMS Invincible, Illustrious, and Ark Royal. These 20,000-ton ships carri... |
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