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PSim Home > York Corpus Christi Play [ Staging \| Contexts \| Origin \| Glossary ] \|Introduction Contexts Chronology\|\|For an historical anecdote illustrating how the religious, economic, and civic life of the medieval Christian were inextricably linked, read "A Christ Taken Prisoner" The outdoor theatrical event in the me...
rship) until the mid-to-late 16th century. Nobody knows who wrote the plays, or even how many authors there were, although the group of plays describing the Passion seems to bear the stamp of an exceptional dramatist now called "the York Realist." The plays date from the time before England's separation from the Church...
servatism necessitated by its beginnings as a renegade faith in a Pagan world, and as the rituals surrounding Christian worship grew more intricate, the interior design of churches evolved. As the churches grew in size, the altar grew more elaborate, and the people moved proportionately farther away from it; communion ...
hurch to church to see the elevated Host as often as possible, since they assumed that the more Elevations you saw, the more grace you would acquire. At the end of the twelfth century, stories began to circulate of miracles that had occurred at the moment of Elevation -- people had seen visions, the Host shone like the...
d to gaze and meditate upon it could have their fill without disrupting the other business of the mass. This joyful celebration, which began to establish itself about 50 years later, served as an important counterpoint to the medieval obsession with the sinful state of fallen humanity; it was an opportunity for the "go...
d Testament prophecies that point to the Nativity. The speaker ensures that the audience understands everything they need to know in order to appreciate more fully the significance of the events that the actors are about to portray. The actors then, become living icons, windows into the spiritual realm, which never see...
the merchant guild imported leather, impinging on the tanners' livelihood, the merchants were ordered by the city officials to pay a fine; half of the fine went to the city, and the other half went to pay the tanners' expenses for mounting the next year's pageant. Similarly, if a guild defaulted on a play, caused dela...
way. Within the plays are obvious and more subtle mercantile messages. For instance, the play of the construction of Noah's ark was produced by the wainwrights, or shipbuilders; Noah was probably played by a well-known shipbuilder, employing his craft with talent on loan from God. In the play put on by the cloth dyers...
though scholars used to think that all of society revolved around the guilds, the guild structure was largely undeveloped before the Black Death (14c). Modern Marxists imagined the guilds were labor organizations, developed by the rising working class to protect their economic and political rights. More recent research...
of which was needed in the days before large-scale government social programs. To modern Christians, the term "religious theater" tends to conjure up images of terrified but cute kids wearing dishtowels on their heads at Christmas time, or silly-looking adults playing guitars and singing with puppets. Because the feas...
ublic's lingering attachment to them, constituted grave threats to the new Protestant order, prompting Protestant reformers to act quickly to suppress them (see Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-1580). As a result, many protestant denominations have all but lost what was ...
extreme; however, affective piety was an important part of medieval religious instruction, designed to stir the personal devotion of people living in a society that took religion for granted. In their private chambers, using a picture, a statue, or spoken prayers to feed their spiritual imagination, the devout entered ...
, statues, or music or dialogue from live performers. For more on affective piety, see "'Crucifye hem, Crucifye hem': The Subject and Affective Response in Middle English Passion Narratives", by Laurelle LeVert (a former classmate of mine). June, 1997 -- first published in (Re)Soundings 16 Jul 1999 -- updated for UWEC ...
Surface plasmon polaritons are collective longitudinal oscillations of electrons near a material surface, strongly coupled to an electromagnetic wave. The existence of coherent electron oscillations bound to the surface of a conductor were first predicted by Ritchie in 1957 and demonstrated by Powell and Swan[2,3] in 1...
coherent oscillations of electron motion can be encapsulated in the dielectric constant of the material. The derivation of the electromagnetic fields which characterize bulk and surface plasmons is done below, and those interested are encouraged to work out the results. To keep things brief however, the basic form of ...
an exponentially decaying wave instead of a propagating wave. It is for this reason that most metals are highly reflective for visible light (&omega < &omegap &asymp 10eV), but transparent for ultraviolet light (&omega > &omegap) [4, pg. 275]. Surface plasmons have an associated electromagnetic wave with both transvers...
entum to excite the surface plasmon. As &omega increases, kspp gets larger and larger, moving further away from ko. As kspp increases, the surface plasmon wavelngth decreases and the wave is more tightly bound to the surface. This process has an upper limit of &omegasp, the surface plasmon resonant frequency, which occ...
mons of a whole range of wavelengths can be excited. However, due to the high energy of the electrons, they have a very large momentum and it is difficult to precisely control the coupling: even a slight spread in energy or angle will result in a very broad range of surface plasmon wavelengths being excited. Additional...
shown in figure 2, and is known as a Kretschmann-Raether coupler. A surface plasmon will be efficiently excited when k\|\| = nkosin(&theta) = kspp. Kretschmann couplers are commonly used in experiments, but are limited to very thin films such that the high-k photon is able to tunnel through the film and couple to a surfa...
d enhanced light-matter interaction such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A few of the more interesting applications from the literature and industry are outlined below. Surface plasmon resonance sensors based on Kretschmann couplers can be used to make precise optical measurements at a metal-dielectric i...
ndex changes (for example, due to chemical binding events on a bio-functionalized gold surface) as small as 10-6 RIU (refractive index units). For example, the commercial sensiQ detector from Nomadics is capable of measuring binding events of just one picogram of protein/mm2. More recently, there has been an explosion ...
d transport information, analogous to electronics and photonics. Photonics has nearly unlimited bandwidth and almost no loss or dispersion, making it invaluable for high-throughput long-haul information networks. However, photonics components are diffraction-limited to micron-scale sizes, ruling out dense integration w...
avelength MIM waveguides. The propagation length in a modern optical fiber is drastically larger, on the order of kilometers. The small propagation lengths of surface plasmons are a significant hurdle in the practical implementation of plasmonics; however, researchers throughout the world are actively pursuing geometri...
th the burgeouning field of plasmonics. Both bulk and surface plasmons have associated electromagnetic waves, and can consequently be described by Maxwell's equations. The coherent oscillations of electron motion can be encapsulated in the dielectric constant of the material. A simple model for the motion of an electro...
ion gives the correspondence between the time-dependence of the electromagnetic wave (&omega), and the spatial variation (k); the wavelength of the wave is given by &lambda=2&pi/k. Figure A-1 shows a plot of the bulk plasmon dispersion relation (solid line), along with the free space dispersion relation (&omega = ck). ...
face and exponentially decays away from the interface. The mathematical form of surface plasmons can be obtained by solving Maxwell's equations at a metal-dielectric interface: Assuming the metal-dielectric interface lies in the xy plane at z = 0, it can be shown that x-propagating surface waves of the following form a...
space radiation does not have enough momentum to launch surface plasmons. Additionally, the magnitude of kx for the surface plasmon asymptotically approaches &infin as &omega approaches &omegasp, where &epsilonm = -&epsilond. For &epsilonm = 1 - (&omegap/&omega)2, &omegasp = &omegap / &radic(1 + &epsilond). As kx incre...
e tightly bound to the interface (as &omega approaches &omegasp), as the energy of the field becomes more concentrated in the metal. Consequently, there is a trade-off between confinement and propagation distance. A final property of interest that can be obtained from the dispersion diagram shown in figure A-2 is the g...
rants permission to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. All other rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the author. R. H. Ritchie, Phys. Rev. 106, 874 (1957). C. J. Powell and J. B. Swan, Phys. Rev. 115, 869 (1959). ...
The Life and Martyrdom of Polycarp (Born about 70 A.D. - Martyred about 168 A.D.) Pastor David L. Brown, Ph.D. I have an old book in my study that says on its spine "Wake's Epistles." It was printed in 1710. This book contains some of the history and letters of the post-Apostolic preachers and accounts to their sufferi...
rist and to help those who were in need. When the of his church, Pastor Bucolos, died the Apostles and particularly the Apostle John appointed Polycarp to be the Pastor of the Church of Smyrna. Polycarp faithfully ministered in that church for many years. Persecution of Christians was the order of the day when Marcus A...
e prayed fervently out loud and my book says, "inasmuch that many of the soldiers began to repent, that they were come out against so godly an old man." When he was done praying they set him on a donkey and took him into the city to be tried as one who was an adversary of the authorized pagan religion. When he arrived,...
hat no one could hear. As they were dragging Polycarp to the place of execution, a voice rang out from Heaven loud and clear, above the harangue of the crowd which said, "Be strong, Polycarp, and quit thyself like a man." [The phrase "quit you" means, to carry through, or perform to the end. Hence, be strong and stand ...
But the judge was not satisfied with this. He said, "Sware, and I will set thee at liberty; reproach Christ." It is at this point that Polycarp gives his famous response -- "Eighty and six years have I now served Christ, and he has never done me the least wrong: How then can I blaspheme my King and my Savior?" The jud...
gment, and of that Eternal Punishment, which is reserved for the Ungodly. But why tarriest thou? Bring forth what thou wilt!" The judge loudly cried out three times, "Polycarp has confessed himself to be a Christian." The mob responded in fury, "This is the Doctor of Asia; The Father of the Christians; an the overthrow...
and of every Creature, and especially the whole Race of Just Men who live in thy presence! I give thee hearty thanks that thou hast vouchsafed (allowed) to bring me to this Day, and to this Hour; that I should have a part in the Number of thy Martyrs, in the Cup of thy Christ, to the Resurrection of Eternal Life, both ...
e time, the command was given to the executioner to stab him with a sword, so he did. The result was that so much blood flowed from the wound that it extinguished the fire. The fire was rekindled and Polycarps body was burned to ashes. Polycarp was faithful to the Lord unto death. And it is interesting to note that the...
ath, and I will give thee a crown of life. John wrote Revelation in about 96 A.D. and Polycarp was martyred in about 168 A.D. [Note: The Graphic of Polycarp is from Holy Transfiguration Monastery]
\|Up a level\| This activity gives students the chance to talk about the Summer School (also The ALE), to get them talking to fellow students after the experience of Jena/ ALE. This could be used online or face2face. This activity links with the Summer School and gives students another opportunity to develop confidence b...
introductory whiteboard slides as L203Unit1Act1a (to familiarize students with Elluminate) but additionally includes some PowerPoints to trigger conversations about German-speaking countries. It is aimed at groups who have already met face-to-face and don't need another tutorial introducing themselves. For this activi...
nditions in different work environments. They exchange ideas and suggestions using conditional clauses and modal verbs. In this activity students discuss ideas for an internet start-up company and then present their suggestion. In this activity students discuss cultural differences between German-speaking countries and...
rs. In this activity students discuss what art means to them. Students debate whether the internet is the death toll for books. Before this tutorial students should have read the story "Das Judenauto" by Franz Fühmann. They will discuss the story and find out more about its author. In this activity students talk about ...
One of my favorite books, How Many Seeds in a Pumpkin?, is perfect for this time of year. Children estimate how many pumpkin seeds are in pumpkins of varying sizes. In order to find the number of seeds, children count by 2s, 5s, and 10s, and learn that the smallest pumpkin actually has the most. Maybe you'll want to re...
Recently, I have been (re)reading Fitelson and Hawthorne's extensive and thorough discussion of "The Wason task(s) and the paradox of confirmation", which revived a puzzling little thought that I have. Wason's selection task is widely known, I guess. You have four cards as follows: Each card has a letter on one side an...
four cards have been sampled. If (ii) is allowed for, then very interesting issues arise (most famously tackled by Oaksford and Chater, 1994). However, Wason had (i) in mind, and everyone seems to agree that in that case the correct answer is: turn over the E- and the 7-card. Why? From Wason on, the standard answer has...
erian" argument, and never seen an overt statement of that plain logical equivalence. I'd be happy to know if anyone alse ever has. Humberstone, L. (1994), "Hempel meets Wason", Erkenntnis, 41 (1994), pp. 391–402. Johnson-Laird, P.N. & Wason, P.C. (1977), "A theoretical analysis of insight into a reasoning task", in P....
Euler Line Proof Date: 11/13/2001 at 23:58:00 From: Natalie Loser Subject: Euler line Prove that if the Euler line of a triangle passes through a vertex, then the triangle is either right or isosceles. Date: 11/14/2001 at 03:05:52 From: Doctor Floor Subject: Re: Euler line Hi, Natalie, Thanks for writing. If (for insta...
As space exploration geared up in the 1960s, scientists were faced with a new dilemma. How could they recognize life on other planets, where it may have evolved very differently—and therefore have a different chemical signature—than it has on Earth? James Lovelock, father of the Gaia theory, gave this advice: Look for ...
to quantum holography.1 It’s so dense that all the world’s digital data could be stored in a dot of DNA the weight of eight paper clips. This remarkable storage density is paired with an equally remarkable reading mechanism. A developing embryo must self-direct the rapid division, migration, and specialization of its c...
controlled through the concentration of chemical signalers, called morphogens. He derived equations showing that interactions between morphogens that activate and inhibit one another’s gene expression could set up standing waves of morphogen concentration, and control embryonic patterning. With just four variables—pro...
id in fruit fly embryos. They estimated that it would take around two hours for embryonic cells to measure the morphogen concentration with enough precision for adjacent cells to mature differently (measurement precision increases with measurement time). But this is nearly the entirety of the fruit fly’s developmental ...
k used nucleus-by-nucleus measurements of morphogens in fruit-fly embryos to study how closely hunchback concentrations followed changes in bicoid concentrations. He found that the fidelity of this information transfer was 90 percent of the theoretical maximum. A video interview with the author, Kelly Clancy. When an e...
tails can be read in the shapes of our anatomical structures. One of the earliest observations of a mathematical relation in biology was that almost every living creature in every ecosystem on the planet, spanning more than 20 orders of magnitude in size from uni- to multi-cellular, has features that scale with the mas...
very different spatial scales—one familiar example is the vasculature of a leaf, whose branching geometry is replicated in miniature across the leaf’s surface. They can be found in a dizzying variety of systems, including our nervous system, blood vessels, capillaries in plant leaves, lung bronchioles, the calyxes of ...
of (1-1/D), where D is the dimension in which the processors are arranged. A three-dimensional arrangement of, say, 100 processors will give a greater boost than a two-dimensional arrangement of those same processors, due to reduced signal latency. The same kind of speedup can be achieved in our nervous and circulator...
, as measured by an electroencephalogram, or EEG, are much smaller than the amplitude of individual spikes, and were long thought to be epiphenomenal: pointers to various brain states, but not an information-carrying signal in itself. In other words, noise. Slow oscillations in the brain are coherent over large anatomi...
nd system better than the treble. This is how the brain may be facilitating communication between disparate brain areas: If an individual spike is timed with the crest of the slow amplitude fluctuation, it will have a bigger effect downstream than if it is timed with a trough. Neurons are somehow coordinating themselve...
hole. There is a good deal of evidence that even the subcellular compartments within neurons are doing their own computations. Most recently, a study1 published in Nature in October 2013 showed that activity within dendrites (a compartment representing a neuron’s “input”) shapes the information processed by that neuron...
micry holds incredible promise, perhaps in so assiduously copying the physical design of systems we are missing the point: Form is transient in Nature, cast to meet shifting needs in a given niche. Determining the rules by which biology struck upon these ingenious solutions in the first place will spark the true revolu...
The red backed shrike - also known as the "butcher bird" Following months of secrecy, hushed conversations, cloaks and daggers we can at last reveal that there is a new bird nesting in England. The red backed shrike last bred in the UK over in East Anglia in the early 1990s. But it has now returned to breed on Dartmoor...
at a thorn or barbed wire fence. This rather gothic behaviour gave rise to their widespread title as "butcher birds". If you go back 50 years, red backed shrikes were not uncommon in England. Their general decline is something of a mystery, but the population is very much on the edge of its European range. Dartmoor - a...
tmoor Study Group and Forestry Commission mounted a huge operation to protect the birds. It's a good job we did, for within weeks the site received its first visit from known egg collectors. Who knows what was going through their minds, but we feel the protection we afforded the site was enough to dissuade them from sa...
eration. Being the only pair, they are hugely vulnerable and the slightest disturbance could spell disaster. And we still felt it right to maintain secrecy to give the newly fledged young the very best start. But now, with the family days away from their migration south, we decided to lift the lid on this remarkable op...
Accession Number : AD0704541 Title : BARRIER ISLANDS OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO COAST: SEDIMENT SOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT. Descriptive Note : Technical rept., Corporate Author : LOUISIANA STATE UNIV BATON ROUGE COASTAL STUDIES INST Personal Author(s) : Kwon,Hyuck J. Report Date : 31 DEC 1969 Pagination or Media Count ...
Mexico. This study is based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, maps, and marine charts, which were correlated with field observations. To obtain a perspective, only gross forms and processes of barrier development were considered. Evidence indicates that Santa Rosa Island, Mississippi Sound, and Bolivar Peni...
ategories : Physical and Dynamic Oceanography Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
September 22, 2012 A new study conducted by the New York University of Medicine reports that packaged food is directly correlated to the obesity levels rising in American children because of their exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA). According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003, 92.6 % of child...
mical through plastic toys, pacifiers, bottles, sippy cups. Its influence on natural hormone distribution within the body has proven to be incredibly damaging. In April of this year, GlobalData surmised that manufacturers would produce 4.7 million metric tons of BPA to be used in plastics worldwide. While the Food and ...
he thyroid gland • Pharmaceuticals and medications in public water supplies negatively affect the natural chemical make-up of our bodies The claim by recent a recent study that obesity is linked to IQ, which was funded by the pharmaceutical industry serves to purvey the ideal that drugs are the answer to America’s weig...
thy food. The World Health Organization (WHO) have asserted that American over-consumption of food is a drain on global resources and unsustainable. Although Americans only account for 6% of the global population, more than a third of them are considered obese. WHO would like the average global body weight to be near e...
o fat cells. These chemicals cause the cells to hoard nutrients, directly causing weight gain in infants. They may even cause severe alterations in the body’s metabolic rate.
Osteoarthritis symptoms of the hand can include difficulty bending and flexing your fingers, joint pain, and morning stiffness. Along with joint swelling and crepitus, common with finger arthritis, Heberden’s nodes can also appear. Heberden’s nodes are growths of bone on the distal interphalangeal joints (DIPs). These ...
(b Epsom, Surrey, 13 Dec. 1903; d Fawley Bottom, Buckinghamshire, nr. Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 28 June 1992). English painter, printmaker, draughtsman, designer, and writer. He reluctantly became an articled clerk in his father's legal firm, but took up the study of art after his father's death in 1926, first at ...
Phlebotomy Jobs: An Overview Phlebotomy refers to the medical practice that revolves around extracting, essaying and experimenting blood. Usually, blood is extracted from human bodies for 3 main purposes. This can be for transfusion or donation and it can even be to test the presence of diseases within the human body. ...
nd the like. To practice independently, they might also need to pass state conducted license examination and this might vary by location. Phlebotomists who work at veterinary clinics deal with blood samples of animals. They get involved in analyzing the samples of animals and defying the abnormalities in the blood of d...
of phlebotomy jobs seem to be occupied by the technicians at the laboratories who are associated with drawing human blood. Other phlebotomy jobs are also available at veterinary clinics and research laboratories. Individuals can get into the medical industry as phlebotomists with a high school diploma. However, there ...
The name moonshine was taken from the term “moonlighter”, used by the English to describe the nighttime runners that smuggled brandy from France. Read more about the history of moonshine, and learn about how it’s made. Moonshine is a common term for home distilled alcohol; especially in places were the production is il...
eeze are poisonous and potentially deadly. My family had a friend that was in a coma and suffered kidney damage after drinking contaminated moonshine. Thankfully, he lived but it could have easily gone the other direction. Moonshine is made from fermented corn mash distilled in a cooker. The name moonshine was taken fr...
e furnace for heat and a metal still for fermenting and heating the mash. Large barrels are used to collect the steam and for condensing the alcohol. It is always a smart moonshiner who locates his still next to a mountain stream where good cold water can be easily piped in to condense the steam from the liquor. - 50 l...
ream. - Once condensed. the clear liquor drips from the bottom of the still into a catch can – these are usually ½ gallon glass jars. Test your moonshine for alcohol content or proof by adding a small amount of gunpowder to it and igniting it. If it burns, and you are still alive, its proof is measured somewhere betwee...
New microfluidic devices found to be effective method of in-vitro fertilization in mice Early research suggests the emerging technology could be viable option for IVF ANN ARBOR, Mich. -- Technology that more closely mirrors the natural fertilization process is showing promise as a new method of in-vitro fertilization, ...
M Medical School. "Now that we are using microfluidics for fertilization, what you are starting to see is the whole IVF process happening on a chip," says Smith, senior author of a study in Human Reproduction and director of the Assisted Reproductive Technologies Laboratory and of the Gamete Cryopreservation Laboratory...
es of fertilization have failed in the past, or when the man has an extremely low sperm count or motility. Smith does not think the use of microfluidics will replace ICSI, but he says it could offer another option to many couples whose situations do not require ICSI, a process that can cost an extra $1,500 to $2,500 in...
s significantly higher in microchannels (27 percent) than in culture dishes (10 percent). The authors note that the research has only been conducted on mice, and that more testing and possibly the development of auxiliary technology will be needed before IVF by microfluidics is a viable option for humans. Still, the re...
at the U-M Medical School; Shuichi Takayama, Ph.D., assistant professor of biomedical engineering and of macromolecular science and engineering at the U-M College of Engineering; Xiaoyue Zhu, research fellow in biomedical engineering; and Nandita Phadke, research assistant in biomedical engineering. Portions of the re...
Individual differences \| Methods \| Statistics \| Clinical \| Educational \| Industrial \| Professional items \| World psychology \| The Academic Performance Index (API) is a measurement of academic achievement and progress of individual schools in California, United States. It is one of the main components of the Public Scho...
nks a school with 100 other schools in the state with similar demographic profiles (including parent education level, poverty level, student mobility, student ethnicity). Each rank ranges from 1 to 10, with a score of 10 meaning that the school's API fell into the top 10%. Indicator of performanceEdit A school's score ...
crease a school's average test scores. SB 219 (Senator Darrell Steinberg, 2007) addressed this concern, however, by requiring schools' API scores to incorporate student dropout rates. These changes are expected to be implemented in 2011. The API is closely tied to monetary and incentive awards by setting Annual Percent...
\|Home \| About \| Journals \| Submit \| Contact Us \| Français\| Classical αβ T cells protect the host by monitoring intracellular and extracellular proteins in a two-step process. The first step is protein degradation and combining with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule leading to surface expression of this ...
, signaling and cell biology of T cells. The adaptive immune system is a sensory organ that monitors our inner spaces for evidence of infection or cancer, regulates steady state microbiota and avoids self injury (Krogsgaard and Davis, 2005). The primary filter for this sensor is the dendritic cell (DC), which samples t...
ecule sensitivity (Irvine et al., 2002; Sykulev et al., 1996). This sensitivity evolved by necessity because although the DC may express up to a million MHC molecules, it also samples thousands of proteins, most of which are self-proteins (Trombetta and Mellman, 2005). Thus, each T cell that contacts a DC needs to sort...
view will describe the cellular context of TCR signaling reactions, which include an important niche based on F-actin rich lamellipodia that can be elaborated in motile and arrested cells. The TCR and adhesion molecules were identified by antibodies in the same burst of activity to discover the receptors involved in ly...
on the T cell signaling response to TCR-MHC-peptide interactions revealed rapid elevation of and protein kinase C activation and cytoplasmic Ca2+ down-stream of a tyrosine kinase cascade (Samelsonet al., 1986). Parallel studies on the adhesion molecule LFA-1 demonstrated that it was regulated by an F-actin and energy ...
ation was binding of talin to the cytoplasmic domain of LFA-1 (Smith et al., 2005). Talinis recruited to sites of LFA-1 interaction with ligands on APCs and this is a more sensitive process with respect to antigen dose than cytokine production or proliferation (Kupfer and Singer, 1989). The parallel field studying lymp...
e TCR signal as discussed below and directly through the interactions of ADAP through Ena-VASP family members, which are involved directly in actin polymerization and contribute to regulation of Arp2/3 (Krause et al., 2000). SKAP-55 forms a complex with RIAM (Menasche et al., 2007), which binds to active Rap-1, a small...
ts for the strong correlation of LFA-1 dependent cell-cell adhesion and talin accumulation at the interface. Another connection to F-actin is observed in the APC. DC mediated antigen presentation is an active process that requires small G-proteins of the Rac family and intact F-actin (Al-Alwan et al., 2003; Benvenuti e...
cell stably appended onto the often-larger target cells like an apse on a building-which is the origin of the term synapse. In one study, a distinct annular adhesive domain and central secretory domains were resolved by electron microscopy (Schmidt et al., 1988), which foreshadows the later work by Kupfer. The molecula...
ases like CD45 might be important for tyrosine phosphorylation down-stream of the tyrosine kinase cascade. This concept has been refined and tested and seems likely to be an important part of the signaling niche for the TCR (Choudhuri and van der Merwe, 2007; Varma et al., 2006). Springer didn’t speculate on the scale ...
enriched in CD45, although this will be discussed further below. The distal pole complex was described by Burkhardt and may be important for sequestering specific negative regulators like SHP-1 (Cullinan et al., 2002). TCR microclusters will be discussed at length. Table I outlines the compartments associated with sta...
synapses”. A planar bilayer based system using MHC-peptide complexes and LFA-1 fully recapitulated Kupfer’s findings and provided insight into the dynamics of these structures, which were not formed en bloc, but evolved from very distinct early intermediates by an F-actin dependent transport process (Grakoui et al., 19...

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