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ling (Baetz et al., 1995). Stabilization of the pSMAC of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) with a PKC-θ inhibitor quantified increased killing, the first evidence of for an advantage of an intact pSMAC (Beal et al., 2008). Structures similar to pSMACs also form between T cells in homotypic aggregates and are important ...
ublished data). LFA-1 is not required for mobility in T cell zones (Woolf et al., 2007), but LFA-1 increases sensitivity to MHC-peptide complexes up to 100-fold (Bachmann et al., 1997) and ICAM-1 is required for antigen specific arrest in vivo (Scholer et al., 2008). The lamellipodium is a sensory structure and has bee...
hery of nascent immunological synapses (Nolz et al., 2006). HS-1, a lymphocyte-specific cortactin is important for forming lamellipodia (Gomez et al., 2006). EVL, a hematopoietic cell member of the ENA-VASP family, is found at the tips of projections touching the APC (Lambrechts et al., 2000). Activation of these syste...
ch has also been referred to as a focal zone in migrating T cells (Smith et al., 2005). These zones are rich in adhesion sites and integrin binding adapter talin, which is also a marker of the pSMAC. T cell may arrest migration and form a stable synapse, or alternatively, they may continue to migrate and integrate sign...
endent down-regulation of CCR7. This gives the T cells flexibility in looking at different amounts of antigen on DCs-a few DCs with high amounts of MHC-peptide can stop T cells whereas many DCs with few antigen can sustain signaling until the T cells resets its sensitivity and can arrest (Henrickson et al., 2008). Weak...
are differences in the kinetics of T cell release from lymph nodes and fitness of the cells that may limit memory generation autoimmunity (Zehn and Bevan, 2006). Thus, a migrating T cell sensing MHC-peptide complexes at its leading edge can integrate signals and make decisions about tolerance to abundant antigens, but ...
r results were obtained in live cell-cell systems in which TCR in small clusters moved to the center to form the cSMAC (Krummel et al., 2000). However, these authors eventually rejected the hypothesis that myosin II is required for this contraction and transport process because knockdown of myosin IIA did not appear to...
on anti-CD3 coated surfaces form a well organized F-actin ring at early time points, and that this ring appear to break up after a contractile phase (Bunnell et al., 2001). These studies suggest that the initial contact expansion is mediated by F-actin driven protrusion, which then shift to a more dynamic extension-ret...
ters continue to form in the periphery (Varma et al., 2006). These small TCR microclusters forming later during stimulation are invisible to wide-field imaging on bilayers or cell-cell system. In fact, the continual formation of small microclusters to sustain signaling has only recently been observed in cell-cell syste...
area dynamics between cell types (Dobereiner et al., 2006; Sims et al., 2007). Our collaborative studies revealed that the outer edge of the immunological synapse displayed an evolutionarily conserved dynamic pattern of movement referred to as contractile oscillations (Fig 1). This is thought to emerge from cycles of ...
his F-actin flow is a consequence of the polymerization of F-actin at the protruding edge, which is pushed backwards because the outer edge advances more slowly than actin is added to the growing filament ends. TCR microclusters are transported at about 40% of the speed of the F-actin in the lamellipodium. This suggest...
was reported as having a high concentration of both CD4 and CD45, but TIRFM imaging of these structures on bilayers does not consistently show this. It is likely that the impression of increased CD4 or CD45 in wide-field imaging is based on the lamellipodium having two plasma membrane layers separated by only 100–200 n...
nderstood. We know that on the supported planar bilayer system WASP is required to maintain a stable synapse and PKC-θ contributes to symmetry breaking (Sims et al., 2007). Symmetry breaking in the contact plane leads to polarity and in a migrating cells this process is based two opposing actin-myosin networks-the lame...
en. PKC-θ mediated synapse breaking seems like a negative feedback loop because the other major activity of PKC-θ in T cells is activation of NFkB and other transcription factors. Thus, the functional consequences of synapse stabilization as a result of PKC-θ inhibition can only be studied in pre-armed effector cells, ...
gestion that the cSMAC might be involved in signal termination (Lee et al., 2003). Computer models suggested that signals in response to weaker ligands might survive in the cSMAC due to a less aggressive attack by ubiquitin ligases. As discussed below this preservation of signaling in the cSMAC may also depend upon a r...
signaling with anti-MHC while observing TCR microclusters and the cSMAC. He found that the TCR microclusters stopped forming and the last microclusters reached the cSMAC about 2 minutes after addition of the antibody, the exact time course with which Ca2+ signaling was eliminated (Varma et al., 2006). Thus, the cSMAC w...
a fide MHC-peptide ligands? Signaling of T cells in response to anti-CD3ε is not blocked by depolymerizatin of F-actin (Valitutti et al., 1995a). Similarly, knock-down of the WAVE2 complex completely eliminates lamellipodial F-actin, but doesn’t inhibit early T cell signaling (Nolz et al., 2006). All but the largest TC...
in sustained signaling even after internalization (Barr et al., 2006; Bunnell et al., 2006) Nguyen et al, 2008). This behavior is strikingly similar to the observed movement of MHC-peptide based TCR microclusters, which occurs in the plane of the plasma membrane in the synapse (Varma et al., 2006). However, the anti-C...
of MHC-peptide ligands with TCR that change requirements for signaling. The transport process in the planar bilayers also creates a very useful lateral segregation of TCR based structures by age with the earliest TCR microclusters in the periphery and the oldest TCR clusters in the cSMAC. Recently, monovalent biotinyl...
vivo will be needed to drill deeper into T cell signaling (Oddos et al., 2008). The relationship between TCR microclusters and F-actin suggests that the TCR clusters are formed actively rather than by diffusion trapping by ligand alone. The formation of TCR microclusters is F-actin dependent whether the ligand is a ph...
he inability to amplify signals in the absence of F-actin. It is not known how the TCR microclusters continue to move to the center of the synapse when the F-actin conveyor belt stops 1–2 μm from the center. This could be a diffusive process or might involve some alternative transport system that remains to be describe...
ligands in supported planar bilayers is based on diffusion trapping of receptors and ligands in microdomains with multiple BCR and ligands. This mode of clustering is likely driven by F-actin dependent membrane fluctuations and adhesion, perhaps accounting for the role of F-actin in enhancing B cell recognition of sol...
urfaces is lost (Nolz et al., 2006). This does not alter that ability of these cells to initiate early TCR signaling in response to solid phase anti-CD3, but more work is needed to determine if this alters sensitivity to MHC-peptide ligands as expected. The recent focus on microclusters raises questions about cSMAC-ass...
re in which TCR seem to be shed or degraded all there is to the cSMAC? Analysis of CD28-CD80 interactions in the synapse suggests that there is a second, more dynamic component to the cSMAC that is typically not well resolved, but represents a very distinct sub-cellular compartment (Tseng et al., 2008; Yokosuka et al.,...
sters (Tseng et al., 2008). Blocking TCR signaling with anti-MHC-peptide antibodies rapidly eliminated the bright CD28-CD80 foci, consistent with a continual role for TCR signaling in maintaining this component of the cSMAC. These studies demonstrate that the cSMAC consists of two compartments: one a stable structure e...
n-receptor tyrosine kinases to 10 docking sites, the immunotyrosine based activation motifs (ITAMs), in response to ligand binding. With all these docking sites, it is not clear that dimerizing this receptor would increase its activity. Recent studies have provided indirect evidence that monovalent ligands can trigger ...
state. Remarkably, triggering results in a rapid decrease in the FRET signal, suggesting an “opening” of the complex (Tolar et al., 2005). It is not known what conformational change causes this decreased FRET. One interpretation is based on the model that the ITAMs may interact with the membrane prior to triggering, ma...
cts with acidic phospholipids in the inner leaflet and facilitates the docking of both tyrosines in the lipid bilayer where they cannot be phosphorylated. The results suggest that a change in the lipid environment to a more neutral composition is needed for ITAM access by Src family kinases (Douglass and Vale, 2005). H...
rs. Basal fluctuations in TCR density were observed as highly dynamic structures similar in size to microclusters, but which could not be tracked from one frame to the next (Varma et al., 2006). In order to maintain low basal activity the membrane domains in which the TCR moves prior to ligand binding will likely be hi...
olamine (Brown and London, 2000). I would speculate that TCR maybe confined to approximately 10% of the plasma membrane composed of disordered, fluid phase and acidic lipids, which are corralled by the mobile actin elements. In the basal state the TCR cannot be individually transported into less acidic liquid ordered d...
getic barriers, similar to recent models for the role of lateral mechanical forces in integrin activation (Zhu et al., 2008). The specific adapters that link TCR to F-actin are not well described. The complex may include NCK, SLP-76, ADAP, SKAP55, EVL, Vav, Rac, Cdc42 and WASP certainly may play a role once signaling i...
ple of the potential complexity can be seen in interaction networks recently compiled as the integrin adhesome (Zaidel-Bar et al., 2007). Once the ITAMs are exposed Src family kinases can then initiate phosphorylation by diffusion into the same domain (Douglass and Vale, 2005)(Fig 2). Exclusion of CD45 in the nascent f...
Wilson et al., 2001). The force needed to induce island mixing may be generated by periodic myosin II based contraction. This may account for the role of myosin IIA in the signal amplification from Lck, which is normally activated after myosin IIA knock-down, to ZAP-70 and LAT, which are only weakly activated in myosi...
s (Chang et al., 2007; Ludford-Menting et al., 2005). A particular challenge is in understanding how the microcluster-based mechanism sustains signaling from small numbers of ligand to drive differentiation. If each microcluster can sustain signaling for 2 minutes as the microclusters translocates from the periphery to...
re needed for sensitive recognition of rare MHC-peptide ligands. The links between TCR signaling and polarity networks include Cdc42 and PKC-ζ. Activation of Cdc42 has been extensively studied in T cells due to interest in immunodeficiencies such as Wiscott-Alrdrich Syndrome. PKC-ζ can be activated in the Par3-Par6 com...
dhuri and David Fooksman for valuable discussions. Due to length constraints not all relevant literature could be cited and I apologize in advance regarding omissions. This work was supported by NIH grants AI43542and the PN2 EY016586, a Nanomedicine Development Center.
A hydrologic reconnaissance of the Medicine Lake Volcano area was done to collect data needed for the design of a hydrologic monitoring plan. The reconnaissance was completed during two field trips made in June and September 1992, during which geothermal and hydrologic features of public interest in the Medicine Lake a...
Key Safe Routes to School Research Practitioners implementing Safe Routes to School programs, or other active travel promotion programs, have a large scope of issues to address. This section is a collection of research that evaluates current Safe Routes to School programs and identifies issues to consider when implemen...
Routes to School, introducing a program focused on education and encouragement increased bicycling to school by 5 percent each year. When programs also incorporated infrastructure improvements like sidewalks, crosswalks and covered bicycle parking, the rate of bicycling and walking improved to between 5 percent and 20...
likely to live near the school they attend (McDonald, 2008). - The odds of walking and bicycling to school are 40% lower in girls than in boys (McMillan, et al., 2006). - Results show that children who pass completed Safe Routes to School projects are more likely to show increases in walking or bicycle travel than are...
olicies on minutes of physical activity during the school day/week or minutes or percent of physical education to be spent in physical activity. - No policies were rated as having strong wording, defined in this study as specifying moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and wording on implementation and monitori...
emic performance. - Students participate in much of their physical activity through physical education classes, but schools can help increase students’ activity levels by strengthening curriculum and increasing opportunities outside these classes. - State and school district wellness policies should include stronger go...
ies that form the physical characteristics of a community. - The BE Tool assess as core set of features selected by research experts: built environment infrastructure (e.g., road type, curb cuts/ramps, intersections/crosswalks, traffic control, transportation), walkability (e.g. sidewalk/path features, walking safety, ...
BE Tool was created by ICF International through a contract with the CDC. - Kids are more active when walking and biking are safe, and Safe Routes to School programs can increase safety and active transportation to school. - Traffic speed and volume and lack of sidewalks are major barriers to active travel to school. ...
nefits: “coordination of projects, programs, and policies to avoid duplication; mobilization of partners; builds lasting and trusting relationships; increases credibility and community support; partners bring unique perspectives, which increases knowledge and capacity to problem solve; builds greater sense of community...
-term investment; identify key partnership leaders; have strong evaluation components to monitor progress and success; involve partners when relevant to them; build on small success and community response; and collaborate with preexisting groups, including youth groups” - Data collection methods varied across studies, ...
ls were 2.72 times as likely to have a WSB program if state law required school crossing guards than if no law existed. - WSB programs were more common in the Northeast (10.9% of schools) and West (7.9%) than in the South (2.9%). - Rural schools were 73% less likely to implement a WSB program than urban schools. - Scho...
ourage more students to bike to school. - The Bike Smarts program, developed by the SRTS coordinator to fit into existing physical education curriculum, consisted of four class sessions with components both in and outside the classroom. - When teaching the program, elementary and middle schools could reserve use of a t...
oration, perceived importance of issues, and support from the public. - Higher perceived resident support of local government to address economic development and traffic congestion through changes in the built environment was associated with increased likelihood of municipal official involvement in development, adoptio...
elopment, parks and recreation, city management, and municipal legislatures in 83 urban areas across 8 states in 2012. Zwald, M., Eyler, A., Goins, K., Brownson, R., Schmid, T., & Lemon, S. (2014). Understanding Municipal Officials' Involvement in Transportation Policies Supportive of Walking and Bicycling. Journal of ...
at intersections instead of non-intersection locations. - Child and parent enjoyment during participation, parents’ time savings, and effective information provision and promotion were key facilitators of WSBs. - Parent road safety concerns were the most common barrier across the literature, cited in 10 of 12 studies....
as a form of active transportation for children: A review of the evidence. Journal of School Health. 85, 197-210. - Biking and walking to school may vary by factors like distance to school, speed of traffic, school encouragement, and children asking permission. - Students were 2.6 times as likely to walk or bike to sch...
- Children whose parents reported recognizing most people on the block were 1.6 times as likely to walk or bike to school compared to children whose parents did not recognize most people. - · Children of parents who reported speed of traffic as a significant factor affecting their decision to allow children to walk/bik...
ness of walking and biking to school. Evaluations of Safe Routes to School initiatives have found that they have been effective at changing behavior and reducing injuries. - However, there has been little attention to the impacts of these programs on pupil transportation costs. - This analysis assesses the potential ec...
Steiner RL, Palmer WM, Bullock AN, Sisiopiku VP, and Lytle BF. Costs of school transportation: quantifying the fiscal impacts of encouraging walking and bicycling for school travel. Transportation 2014, November. - Objective. Joint use policies (JUP) encourage shared facility use, usually between schools and a city or ...
dual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and clustering at the district level. - Results. Results showed small associations between more specific JUPs and increased PA (IRR 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.02). Closer examination of specific JUP provisions indicates that specifying what times facilities are available fo...
Chaloupka FJ, Johnston L. Joint use policies: Are they related to adolescent behavior? Prev. Med 2014 Dec; 69S:S37-S43. - Defining healthy schools remains largely discipline specific. Design disciplines ground discussions in a “green building” framework. Public health approaches healthy schools through programmatic int...
oint use of K–12 public schools by public health and planning practitioners to promote healthy, sustainable communities, the topic has received little attention in the urban planning and public health scholarship. - The objective of this article is to situate joint use in the academic literature focused on the links be...
ssouri; Marin County, California; Minneapolis area, Minnesota; and Sheboygan County, Wisconsin) for pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure and nonmotorized programs. - This report summarizes the progress and results of the NTPP from August 2005 through December 2013, updating and expanding upon the analysis from the Rep...
r communities interested in implementing and evaluating nonmotorized investments. William Lyons, Benjamin Rasmussen, David Daddio, Jared Fijalkowski, Erica Simmons. (2014). Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Continued Progress in Developing Walking and Bicycling Networks – May 2014 Report In U. S. D. o. Transpo...
Rates of student active travel to school, as estimated by school administrators, were 60 percent higher at schools that participated in SRTS programs (where 32.4% of students walked or biked) than at schools that did not participate (where 20.2% of students walked or biked). In examining the 2012-13 survey, SRTS progr...
Safe Routes to School (SRTS) programs provide competitive grants to local projects that support safe walking, bicycling, and other modes of active school travel (AST). This study assessed changes in rates of AST after implementation of SRTS projects at multiple sites across four states (Florida, Mississippi, Washington...
T. They may be particularly effective at introducing bicycling to communities where it is rare. The evaluation framework introduced in this study can be used to continue tracking the effect of state SRTS programs as more projects are completed. Orion Stewart, Anne Vernez Moudon, and Charlotte Claybrooke (2014). Multist...
rther investment is required. Therefore, costs were discounted over 50 consecutive cohorts of modified roadway users under SRTS. - Results. SRTS was associated with an overall net societal benefit of $230 million and 2055 quality-adjusted life years gained in New York City. - Conclusions. SRTS reduces injuries and save...
ommunities in Alberta, Canada were captured using focus group interviews followed by content analysis. - Subthemes tied to barriers included logistics, lifestyle, safety, and lack of resources; while facilitators were comprised of collaboration, education, and leadership. The results were interpreted using an ecologica...
ive Transportation to and From School From the Perspectives of Practitioners. J Phys Act Health, 10(8), 1128-1135. - In many developed countries walking and bicycling are not extensively used as a means of transportation. Further, the share of these non-motorized travel modes (as a percentage of all trips) has been red...
also paying increased attention to non-motorized modes, or “active transport” as a route to improve public health. - In this chapter, the authors discuss the many benefits of non-motorized travel, identify its facilitators and impediments, analyze its utilization in select developed and developing countries, review pre...
ing descriptive statistics to profile SRTS funding amounts and purposes, and to compare demographic and neighborhood characteristics of schools with and without SRTS programs. Analysis was conducted in 2013. - The average SRTS award was $158,930 and most funding was spent on infrastructure (62.8%) or combined infrastru...
unds, 2005–2012. Am J Prev Med, 45(4), 401-406 - The study used a robust quasi-experimental research design to measure the impacts of Eugene, Oregon's Safe Routes to School program on walking and biking. - Using data collected between 2007 and 2011 at 14 schools with and without Safe Routes to School programs, the stud...
to School program on walking and biking: Eugene, Oregon study. Transport Policy 29 (2013) 243–248, 29, 243-248 - Household and parental characteristics and perceptions of walking and the built environment may reduce the propensity of children to use active travel modes (walking and bicycling) for their school trip. - ...
higher income, and vehicle ownership are negatively associated with active travel to school, while higher public school density is positively associated with choice of an active travel mode. - Even in favorable circumstances for active travel to school, the employment circumstances of parents or caregivers may deter c...
mmuting mode to school (active versus passive). Independent variables included: 1) parents' outcome expectations (from Social Cognitive Theory: the expected risks/benefits for their child doing ACS), 2) distance to school, 3) participation in an adult-led walk to school group, 4) temperature, and 5) child demographics....
mmuting to School: An Observational Evaluation in Five US Communities. J Phys Act Health. Epublished. - We assessed changes in transit-associated walking in the United States from 2001 to 2009 and documented their importance to public health. - We examined transit walk times using the National Household Travel Survey, ...
king contributes to meeting physical activity recommendations. Study results may contribute to transportation-related health impact assessment studies evaluating the impact of proposed transit systems on physical activity, potentially influencing transportation planning decisions. Freeland AL, Banerjee SN, Dannenberg A...
7 classification scenarios. Algorithm reliability was examined relative to two independent analysts' classification of a 100-bout verification sample. The algorithm was then applied to the entire set of PA bouts. - The 706 participants' (mean age 51 years, 62% female, 80% non-Hispanic white, 70% college graduate or hig...
l diary information can be helpful in classifying most accelerometer-derived PA bouts into walking or non-walking behavior. Kang B, Moudon AV, Hurvitz PM, et al. (2013). Walking Objectively Measured: Classifying Accelerometer Data with GPS and Travel Diaries. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (e-published). - Given the health bene...
rive land-use mix, street connectivity, and residential density. Participant perceptions were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Audit, GIS, and participant-reported indices of walkability were calculated. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between measures. All analy...
dits. Interestingly, neither audit- nor GIS-derived measures correlated well with participants’ perceptions of walkability. Hajna, Samantha, MSc, Kaberi Dasgupta, MD, MSc, FRCPC, Max Halparin, BA, Nancy A. Ross, PhD. (2012). Neighborhood Walkability: Field Validation of Geographic Information System Measures. American ...
school principal, nurse, and physical education teacher, as well as the county police, public works staff, board of health, and a county commissioner. This Task Force formed the basis of a movement to increase social capital at the community, school, family, and the individual level in order to shift the entire school...
d improve safety along routes to school. - Built environment improvements to increase active transport to school benefited the surrounding community as nearly 40% of communities are within ½ mile of a public school. Five crosswalks were restriped and raised walking intersections and new traffic lights were installed. -...
Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes (AMOS) has archived over 225 million images of outdoor environments from more than 12,000 public webcams since 2006. Using the publicly available webcams and a custom web crawler (similar to the web search engine or Google), webcam images are captured at the rate of one image per camera p...
omputer automated. MTurk workers were paid US $0.01, in March 2012 to count each pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle in a photograph. Each image was counted 5 unique times (n=1200), completed in less than 8 hours. The counts per transportation mode were downloaded to SPSSv.19 for analysis. Results showed a statistically s...
" (2013). Brown School Faculty Publications (Paper 3). - The authors indicate that in the United States, development in the past 60 years has turned away from the traditional compact, walkable city or town toward a more dispersed, automobile-centric pattern that makes travel by any means except private vehicle impracti...
le also links to several other publications that may be useful for active transportation practitioners: - NCHRP Project 8-78 guidebook Estimating Bicycling and pedestrian Demand for Planning and Project Development http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2707 - American Association of State Highw...
TR News, 280(May/June), 4-17. - This pilot study examined the effects of a teacher-taught, locomotor skill (LMS)-based physical activity (PA) program on the LMS and PA levels of minority preschooler-aged children. - Eight low-socioeconomic status preschool classrooms were randomized into LMS-PA (LMS-oriented lesson pla...
ctivity levels." Pediatrc Exercise Science 24(3): 435-449. - Washington State Department of Transportation released a report that assessed the Safe Routes to School program in five states: Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. - A database of all SRTS projects announced for funding and all schools aff...
000 children have been reached as a result of Safe Routes to School funding; this is roughly 11 percent of the pre-kindergarten through eighth grade public school population in the five states. - Key finding from this study: Engineering projects made up about 72 percent of the funding in the five states, with sidewalk ...
entable diseases globally. Although even modest population shifts in risk substantially alter health outcomes, the optimal population-level approaches to improve lifestyle are not well established. - In this paper, the authors systematically reviewed and graded the current scientific evidence for effective population a...
. School-related interventions included increased availability and types of school playground spaces and equipment, increased number of PE classes, and revised PE curricula to increase time in at least moderate activity. - This systematic review identified and graded the evidence for a range of population-based strateg...
ilot findings on the extent to which the Ready for Recess intervention was associated with a different amount of increase in moderate to vigorous PA (MPVA) during recess and the rest of the school day between girls and boys, and between nonwhites and whites. - The Ready for Recess intervention modified the recess envir...
chool day. While this effect did not vary by gender, there was some evidence (P = .034) that nonwhites benefited more from the intervention than whites. - Simple strategies such as staff training and recreational equipment may be an effective way to increase PA in children (despite gender or ethnicity) during recess ti...
ance from school had a greater impact on the walking or bicycling to school habits of suburban students compared to urban students. - The authors contend that actively commuting to school gives children the opportunity to explore nature, get exercise, and develop cognitive skills. With the barriers to active commuting ...
en 2007–2009. The state laws and school data were compiled through primary legal research and annual mail-back surveys of principals, respectively. - A pooled, cross-sectional analysis examined the relationship between the state laws and the school policies and practices. - A stacked, cross-sectional data set containin...
er than one mile or a law requiring sidewalks or traffic control measures. - The odds of zero students walking/biking to school were 68 percent lower in states requiring crossing guards and 55 percent lower in states requiring speed zones. Chriqui, JF, Taber, DR, et al. (2012). “The impact of state safe routes to schoo...
y Hawaii roads are to these 2 activities. - The authors randomly selected street segments in Hawaii’s 4 counties and then completed objective assessments using the Pedestrian Environmental Data Scan. They audited 321 segments, and interrater reliability was adequate across all measures. Streets were coded as high (42.4...
ucture and types of use, including single-family houses, apartment complexes, restaurants, office buildings, and industrial buildings, are used more by pedestrians and bicyclists. Maddock JE, Ramirez V, Heinrich KM, Zhang M, Brunner IM. (2012). “A Statewide Observational Assessment of the Pedestrian and Cycling Environ...
ilarly and consistently to external conditions. While the conclusions are appropriate in forecasting demand and mode share with large populations, they are generally too coarse for programs that aim to influence travel behavior with individuals and small groups. - This research uses content analysis of interview transc...
rder to increase rates of active travel. Zuniga, Kelly Draper. (2012). “From Barrier Elimination to Barrier Negotiation: A Qualitative Study of Parents’ Attitudes about Active Travel for Elementary School Trips” Transport Policy 20: 75–81. - Despite efforts to combat increasing rates of childhood obesity, the problem i...
n children's school transport modes and parents’ views on active commuting from the Arrival and Departure Tally Sheet and Parent Survey about Walking and Biking to School, instruments developed by the SRTS national center. - As of October 2010, 20% (n = 42) of grantees from 219 federally funded programs in California h...
list, and motor vehicle occupant injuries across wealthy and poor urban areas. - They performed a multilevel observational study of all road users injured over 5 years (n = 19 568) at intersections (n = 17 498) in a large urban area (Island of Montreal, Canada). They considered intersection-level (traffic estimates, ma...