Split (2)

train · 4.64k rows

answers list	context stringlengths 94 1.14k	label int64 0 3	id_string stringlengths 7 10	question stringlengths 24 342
[ "The thirty-five- to forty-five-year-old age group is one in which people tend to have comparatively high levels of income and are involved in making household purchases.", "People in the thirty-five- to forty-five-year-old age group are more likely to listen to the radio for news than for music.", "In a number...	A new commercial radio station in Greenfield plans to play songs that were popular hits fifteen to twenty-five years ago. It hopes in this way to attract an audience made up mainly of people between thirty-five and forty-five years old and thereby to have a strong market appeal to advertisers.	1	train_100	Each of the following, if true, strengthens the prospects that the radio station's plan will succeed EXCEPT:
[ "In most cultures art is owned by a small social elite.", "Our own standard of beauty was strongly influenced by our exposure to works that were considered beautiful in earlier cultures.", "Few contemporary artists have been significantly exposed to the art of earlier cultures.", "The arts held a much more im...	It is often said that beauty is subjective. But this judgment has to be false. If one tries to glean the standard of beauty of earlier cultures from the artistic works they considered most beautiful, one cannot but be impressed by its similarity to our own standard. In many fundamental ways, what was considered beautif...	1	train_101	Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the argument?
[ "Mr. Rowe's Milton Elementary School class raised more money by selling candy bars than Ms. Hunt's class raised by holding a raffle. Ttherefore, the number of candy bars sold by Mr. Rowe's class was greater than the number of raffle tickets sold by Ms. Hunt's class.", "More than half of Milton Elementary School's...	Altogether, the students in Ms. Tarnowski' s Milton Elementary School class collected more aluminum cans than did the students in any of the school' s other classes. Ttherefore, the Milton student who collected the most aluminum cans was in Ms. Tarnowski' s class.	2	train_102	Which one of the following arguments contains flawed reasoning that is most parallel to that in the argument above?
[ "Few people depend exclusively on apricots and carrots to supply vitamin C to their diets.", "A liquid can lose vitamins if it stands in contact with the air for a protracted period of time.", "The amount of vitamin C provided by a serving of the advertised soup is less than the amount furnished by a serving of...	Our tomato soup provides good nutrition: for instance, a warm bowl of it contains more units of vitamin C than does a serving of apricots or fresh carrots!	3	train_103	The advertisement is misleading if which one of the following is true?
[ "world travel is only possible via routes serviced by airlines", "most forms of world travel are not affordable for most people", "anyone can afford to travel long distances by air", "the majority of people are rich" ]	Harry: Airlines have made it possible for anyone to travel around the world in much less time than was formerly possible. Judith: That is not true. Many nights are too expensive for all but the rich.	2	train_104	Judith's response shows that she interprets Harry's statement to imply that
[ "One is justified in performing an act if one is willing to submit oneself to the consequences of that action performed by oneself or others.", "One should always choose to act in a way that will benefit the greatest number of people.", "One is justified in performing an act if other people are also planning to...	Food company engineer: I stand by my decision to order the dumping of small amounts of chemicals into the local river even though there is some evidence that this material may pose health problems. 1 fish in the river myself and will continue to do so. Furthermore, I will have no problem if other food manufacturers do ...	0	train_105	The engineer's reasoning most closely conforms to which one of the following principles?
[ "One gram of saturated fat in food has roughly the same effect on blood cholesterol as 25 milligrams of cholesterol in food.", "Light cream, a dairy product that contains 5 times more cholesterol than does whole milk, is often chosen as a lightener by consumers who normally prefer whole milk.", "Certain nondair...	Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer' s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identica...	0	train_106	Which one of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy noted above?
[ "A substantial number of fish species are in danger of imminent extinction.", "The rate of extinction of North American fishes is parallel to the rate of extinction of all animal species taken together.", "There is evidence that the rate of extinction of animal species is accelerating.", "Forty species and su...	The authors of a recent article examined warnings of an impending wave of extinctions of animal species within the next 100 years. These authors say that no evidence exists to support the idea that the rate of extinction of animal species is now accelerating. They are wrong, however. Consider only the data on fishes: 4...	2	train_107	Which one of the following is the main point of the argument?
[ "Ethanol is comparable in price to gasoline.", "When burned as fuel, ethanol does not release any pollutants at higher levels than does gasoline.", "Available supplies of corn are sufficient to supply several years' worth of ethanol.", "Ethanol can be used as heating fuel." ]	Ethanol is a derivative of corn and other grains. When burned as fuel, it emits significantly lower levels of carbon monoxide, a major atmospheric pollutant, than does gasoline. For that reason, environmentalists claim that ethanol is a better source of energy than gasoline.	1	train_108	Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the environmentalists' claim?
[ "It presents as evidence in support of a claim information that is inconsistent with other evidence presented in support of the same claim.", "It establishes an effect that must exist well before its cause.", "It makes a distinction that presupposes the truth of the conclusions that is to be established.", "T...	Anselm of Canterbury (1033 -- 1109) was a medieval theologian. According to Anselm' s ontological argument for the existence of God, "accidental beings" are all those things -- essentially all sense objects -- whose non-existence could be imagined without inherent contradiction, and "necessary beings" are those things ...	2	train_109	In our modern analysis, this eleventh century argument is most vulnerable to what criticism?
[ "Indigenous people of Australia developed hunting implements like the boomerang and the spear-thrower after the disappearance of the land bridge.", "After the disappearance of the land bridge the indigenous Tasmanians simply abandoned certain practices and technologies that they had originally shared with their A...	The indigenous people of Tasmania are clearly related to the indigenous people of Australia, but were separated from them when the land bridge between Australia and Tasmania disappeared approximately 10, 000 years ago. Two thousand years after the disappearance of the land bridge, however, there were major differences ...	3	train_110	Each of the following, if true, would contribute to an explanation of differences described above EXCEPT:
[ "The research conducted by most professors should be clearly related to their teaching activities.", "Monetary incentives would probably be less effective than some other ways that professors might be induced to focus more on teaching activities.", "Increased financial compensation would be a somewhat effective...	While studies indicate that university professors spend much of their time engaged in personal research not clearly related to teaching, it is unlikely that additional financial compensation for, say, a larger course load or longer office hours would be the most effective of various possible means of shifting the focus...	1	train_111	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the argument?
[ "One could be immoral without ever having caused any other person any harm", "What is social in nature could not be a matter of morality.", "It is more important to be moral than to have good manners.", "The rules of morality apply only when one is alone." ]	The difference between manners and morals is that the former are necessarily social in nature whereas the latter are not necessarily social in nature. So the rules of etiquette do not apply when one is alone.	0	train_112	The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following inferences?
[ "at best weakly, because the passage fails to establish that economic decision-makers do not by and large take adequate account of environmental factors", "not at all, since the argument is circular, taking that conclusion as one of its premises", "strongly, on the assumption that monetary values for environmen...	The problem that environmental economics aims to remedy is the following: people making economic decisions cannot readily compare environmental factors, such as clean air and the survival of endangered species, with other costs and benefits. As environmental economists recognize, solving this problem requires assigning...	2	train_113	If the considerations advanced in its support are true, the passage's conclusion is supported
[ "Antilock brakes require expensive specialized maintenance to be even as effective as unmaintained regular brakes.", "Antilock brakes were designed for safety in congested urban driving, but accidents of the most serious nature take place on highways.", "Most people who drive cars equipped with antilock brakes ...	Despite the fact that antilock brakes are designed to make driving safer, research suggests that people who drive cars equipped with antilock brakes have more accidents than those who drive cars not equipped with antilock brakes.	1	train_114	Each of the following, if true, would help resolve the apparent discrepancy described above EXCEPT:
[ "takes for granted that it is more important for a complete aesthetic theory to account for the beauty of traditional art than for it to account for the beauty of self-consciously rebellious art", "presumes, without providing justification, that eighteenth-century European aesthetics is as encompassing as an aest...	Eighteenth-century European aesthetics was reasonably successful in providing an understanding of all art, including early abstract art, until the 1960s, when artists self-consciously rebelled against earlier notions of art. Since the work of these rebellious artists is quite beautiful but outside the bounds of the aes...	1	train_115	The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism in that it
[ "A beehive's honeycomb cannot have some sections that contain toxic honey and other sections that contain nontoxic honey", "The incidents of honey poisoning that are related in the ancient texts occurred in the springtime or in the early summer", "Whether the honey in a beehive is toxic depends solely on which ...	Several ancient Greek texts provide accounts of people being poisoned by honey that texts suggest was made from the nectar of rhododendron or oleander plants. Honey made from such nectar can cause the effects the texts describe, but only if eaten fresh, since the honey loses its toxicity within a few weeks of being mad...	1	train_116	Which of the following, if true, most strongly support the accounts of Greek texts?
[ "It takes a condition to be the effect of something that has happened only after the condition already existed.", "It takes one possible cause of a condition to be the actual cause of that condition without considering any other possible causes.", "It makes a distinction that presupposes the truth of the conclu...	When a married couple has frequent emotionally satisfying conversations, they tend in overwhelming percentages to remain married throughout their lives. Queen Melinda and Prince Jonathan, Duke of Westphalia, have been married for over sixty years, so clearly they must have emotionally satisfying conversations all the t...	1	train_117	This argument is most vulnerable to what criticism?
[ "One can become informed about the world provided that one reads the newspaper daily. If one is informed about the world, then one has an appreciation of other cultures. So if one reads the newspaper daily, then one can come to appreciate other cultures.", "If you learn Latin, you can improve your vocabulary, and...	If you study history, then you will appreciate the vast differences among past civilizations, and you will appreciate these differences provided that you reflect on your own civilization. Hence, if you study history you will reflect on your own civilization.	1	train_118	Which one of the following is most closely parallel in its flawed reasoning to the flawed reasoning in the argument above?
[ "Reptile behavior appears more complex in the field than laboratory experiments reveal it to be.", "If reptiles were capable of complex reasoning, they would sometimes be able to make major changes in their behavior.", "Simple stimulus-response explanations can in principle account for all reptile behaviors.", ...	Herpetologist: Some psychologists attribute complex reasoning to reptiles, claiming that simple stimulus-response explanations of some reptiles' behaviors, such as food gathering, cannot account for the complexity of such behavior. But since experiments show that reptiles are incapable of making major alterations in th...	1	train_119	Which one of the following is an assumption required by the herpetologist's argument?
[ "Anyone who does not care for his or her own health cannot help others become healthier.", "Anyone who cares about his or her own health does not smoke.", "Anyone who cares about the health of others can help others become healthier.", "Anyone who does not care for the health of others cannot help them become...	Clearly, fitness consultants who smoke cigarettes cannot help their clients become healthier. If they do not care about their own health, they cannot really care for their clients' health, and if they do not care for their clients' health, they cannot help them to become healthier.	1	train_120	The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
[ "For some consumers the convenience of front- loaders outweighs the advantages of top-loaders in assessing which is superior.", "Convenience is the only important factor in determining which type of washing machine is superior.", "Retrieving clothes from front-loaders is inconvenient for people who are not whee...	Consumer advocate: A recent study concluded that top-loading washing machines are superior overall to front-loaders. But front-loaders have the controls and access in front. This is more convenient for wheelchair users, some of whom find it highly inconvenient to remove laundry from top-loaders. So for some consumers f...	0	train_121	Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the consumer advocate's argument depends?
[ "fails to address the possibility that in some cases the primary goal of criticism is something other than bringing about change in the person being criticized", "takes for granted that everyone who is motivated to change will change", "infers that something that is sufficient to provide a motive is necessary t...	Counselor: Those who believe that criticism should be gentle rather than harsh should consider the following: change requires a motive, and criticism that is unpleasant provides a motive. Since harsh criticism is unpleasant, harsh criticism provides a motive. Ttherefore, only harsh criticism will cause the person criti...	2	train_122	The reasoning in the counselor's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
[ "None of the studies that suggested that taking melatonin tablets can induce sleep examined a fully representative sample of the human population.", "Several people who were in control groups and only given placebos claimed that the tablets induced sleep.", "If melatonin were helpful in treating insomnia, then ...	Many scientific studies have suggested that taking melatonin tablets can induce sleep. But this does not mean that melatonin is helpful in treating insomnia. Most of the studies examined only people without insomnia, and in many of the studies, only a few of the subjects given melatonin appeared to be significantly aff...	3	train_123	Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
[ "It is offered as an explanation of the success of vegetarian diets in reducing cholesterol levels.", "It is a conclusion for which the claim that dramatic changes in one's diet are sometimes required to reduce cholesterol levels is offered as support.", "It is a premise offered in support of the claim that red...	Doctors urge people to reduce their cholesterol levels through dietary changes. But moderate dietary changes often do not work to lower cholesterol levels. One may need, ttherefore, to make more dramatic changes, such as switching to a vegetarian diet.	2	train_124	The statement that moderate dietary changes often do not work to lower cholesterol levels plays which one of the following roles in the argument?
[ "It provides evidence for the assumption that requirements for degrees in the humanities differ from requirements for degrees in other disciplines.", "It confirms the observation that the requirement for a dissertation can frustrate the goals of a doctoral program.", "It is what the argument is attempting to es...	Ph. D. programs are valuable only if they inculcate good scholarship and expedite the student' s full participation in the field. Hence, doctoral dissertations should not be required in the humanities. Undertaking a quality book-length dissertation demands an accumulation of knowledge virtually impossible for those rel...	2	train_125	The claim that doctoral dissertations should not be required in the humanities plays which one of the following roles in the argument?
[ "During drought conditions, the weather promotes the growth of plants that produce small, hard seeds.", "A lengthy period of rainy weather results in fewer large, hard seeds being produced.", "In rainy periods, the small finches gather enough food to grow much larger and heavier, but their ultimate size is limi...	A fourteen-year study of finches on the Galapagos islands concluded that there is a definite relationship between climate and the population size of finch species that thrive at various times. During droughts, more members of large finch species survive because their bills are large enough to crack large, hard seeds, g...	1	train_126	Which one of the following must be assumed in order to justify the conclusion that climatic variations cause a major difference in survival rates of small and large finches?
[ "Automobiles become less fuel efficient and ttherefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.", "Currently, the sales tax on new tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.", "Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.", "The...	Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi' s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi' s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and...	0	train_127	Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts' contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi's air-quality problem?
[ "Gamma interferon stops white blood cells from producing myelin-destroying compounds.", "Administering gamma interferon to those without multiple sclerosis causes an increase in the number of white blood cells.", "The drug now used to treat multiple sclerosis is known to inhibit the activity of gamma interferon...	Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease: white blood cells attack the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers in the spinal cord and brain. Medical science now has a drug that can be used to successfully treat multiple sclerosis, but the path that led medical researchers to this drug was hardly straightforward. In...	0	train_128	Which one of the following is LEAST compatible with the results of the gamma interferon experiment?
[ "The first identifies the content of the conclusion of the argument; the second provides support for that conclusion", "Each provides evidence that calls the conclusion of the argument into question.", "Each provides support for the conclusion of the argument", "The first states the position that the argument...	<b> Delta products, Inc. , has recently switched at least partly from older technologies using fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity </b>. The question has been raised whether it can be concluded that for a given level of output, Delta' s operation now causes less fossil fuel to be consumed than it di...	2	train_129	In the argument given, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?
[ "Whenever it is rational not to acquire detailed information about a product, it would be irrational to bother to acquire such information.", "The benefits of acquiring detailed information about a product one might purchase usually do not outweigh the cost and difficulty of doing so.", "Rational consumers who ...	Acquiring complete detailed information about all the pros and cons of a product one might purchase would clearly be difficult and expensive. It is rational not to acquire such information unless one expects that the benefits of doing so will outweigh the cost and difficulty of doing so. Ttherefore, consumers who do no...	3	train_130	The conclusion of the argument is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?
[ "presumes without providing adequate justification that most treasure hunters excavate artifacts to sell them", "assumes without providing warrant that any use of illegally recovered material is itself illegal", "ignores the possibility that not all members of the excavation team were archaeologists", "fails ...	Archaeologist: The allegation that members of the excavation team recovered artifacts outside the authorized site is unfounded. Archaeologists, unlike most treasure hunters, excavate artifacts to publish the results of their findings. But material recovered illegally could not be used in a publication without the illeg...	2	train_131	The archaeologist's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism because it
[ "International troops enforcing the cease-fire have demonstrated that they can counter aggression from either of the two sides.", "A major incentive for the two sides to resume hostilities has been suppressed.", "The cease-fire has not been violated by either of the two sides.", "The negotiations' reaching an...	Unless negotiations begin soon, the cease-fire will be violated by one of the two sides to the dispute. Negotiations will be held only if other countries have pressured the two sides to negotiate; an agreement will emerge only if other countries continue such pressure throughout the negotiations. But no negotiations wi...	2	train_132	If the statements above are true, and if negotiations between the two sides do begin soon, at the time those negotiations begin each of the following must also be true EXCEPT:
[ "It provides a basis for excluding as unacceptable one obvious alternative to the proposal of fining owners of burglar alarm systems for false alarms.", "It explains why a disproportionate number of the burglar alarms responded to by police come from alarm systems owned by businesses.", "It gives a reason why p...	Of every 100 burglar alarms police answer, 99 are false alarms. This situation causes an enormous and dangerous drain on increasingly scarce public resources. Each false alarm wastes an average of 45 minutes of police time. As a result police are consistently taken away from responding to other legitimate calls for ser...	0	train_133	The statement that burglar alarm systems, unlike car alarm systems, are effective in deterring burglaries plays which one of the following roles in the argument?
[ "The number of eggs laid yearly by a female songbird varies widely according to the songbird's species.", "Although magpies eat the eggs and chicks of songbirds, magpies' diets consist of a wide variety of other foods as well.", "The population of magpies has increased because farmers no longer shoot or trap ma...	The population of songbirds throughout England has decreased in recent years. Many people explain this decrease as the result of an increase during the same period in the population of magpies, which eat the eggs and chicks of songbirds.	3	train_134	Which one of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the explanation reported in the passage?
[ "There can never be any living thing that does not have a genetic code.", "Any two living things made of the same basic kinds of matter have the same origin.", "Without the existence of other life forms, human life would never have come into existence.", "There are not any living beings that have genetic code...	All known living things are made of the same basic kinds of matter, are carbon based, and are equipped with genetic codes. So human life has the same origin as all other known life.	1	train_135	The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
[ "If the city does not burn trash, it will not waste resources.", "By recycling more trash, the city can stop wasting resources entirely.", "If the city is to avoid wasting resources, huge amounts of trash cannot be burned in any city incinerator.", "The most effective way to conserve resources is to recycle t...	It is wrong to waste our natural resources, and it is an incredible waste of resources to burn huge amounts of trash in incinerators. When trash is recycled, fewer resources are wasted. Because less trash will be recycled if an incinerator is built, the city should not build an incinerator.	2	train_136	Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?
[ "Even if seaweed farms prove effective, some people will be reluctant to switch to this new fuel.", "Some areas of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere do not contain sufficient nutrients to support large seaweed farms.", "Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but onl...	Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.	3	train_137	Which of the following, if true, would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above?
[ "The number of customers purchasing angora has increased every year for the past decade in steady increments.", "In a recent study, shoppers who had recently purchased a garment in a luxury material cited similar reasons for buying angora as buying cashmere.", "Most consumers cannot tell the difference between ...	Research has shown that shoppers who purchase garments in a "luxury" material, such as cashmere or angora, are likely to purchase garments in more than one other luxury materials, as well. A recent livestock disease has significantly reduced the amount of cashmere available on the market. This, in turn, has driven up t...	1	train_138	Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim that more people will be buying angora clothing this year?
[ "providing examples in order to show that two seemingly dissimilar situations are in fact the same", "defending a general principle by presenting two separate successful applications of that principle", "arguing for taking a course of action based on results of taking such action in an analogous situation", "...	Like airplane accidents, most accidents in medical care result from human error, particularly failures in communication, leadership, and decision making. Following the introduction of standard procedures governing these three areas, the airline industry succeeded in significantly reducing the number and severity of acc...	2	train_139	Which one of the following is a technique of reasoning used in the argument?
[ "The federal government's expenditures for soil conservation in the various states have been inequitable.", "Corn is not a cost-effective product and substitutes should be found where possible.", "Soil conservation is a responsibility of the federal government, not the states.", "The federal government should...	The United States government generally tries to protect valuable natural resources. But one resource has been ignored for too long. In the United States, each bushel of corn produced might result in the loss of as much as two bushels of topsoil. Moreover, in the last 100 years, the topsoil in many states, which once wa...	3	train_140	Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the argument?
[ "To express a worldview is to interpret reality.", "All visual art expresses the artist's worldview.", "Any interpretation of reality involves the expression of a worldview.", "Nonrealistic photographs, like realistic photographs, express the worldviews of the photographers who take them." ]	Critic: Photographers, by deciding which subjects to depict and how to depict them, express their own worldviews in their photographs, however realistically those photographs may represent reality. Thus, photographs are interpretations of reality.	0	train_141	The argument's conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?
[ "If the Japanese drive on the left side of the road, then they are not inclined to buy cars with left-side steering wheels.", "Given a choice between similar Japanese and North American models, all with right-side steering wheels, most Japanese would choose the North American model.", "Japanese automotive safet...	Columnist: Over the last 20 years the demand in North America for Japanese-made automobiles has increased, whereas the Japanese demand for North American-made automobiles has been stagnant. Until recently, this imbalance could plausibly be attributed to Japanese models' superior fuel efficiency and reliability, but now...	0	train_142	Which one of the following is an assumption required by the columnist's argument?
[ "To appreciate fully the French language, one must understand the other languages that share its linguistic ancestry.", "To understand properly any academic discipline, one must have at least a superficial acquaintance with the practices of the wider academic community.", "To understand fully the historical eve...	The tendency toward overspecialization in the study of artifacts is unfortunate. Scholars can enhance their understanding of a certain artistic period by studying art from earlier periods that had a significant influence on it. For instance, because of its influence on Spanish artisans, a proper understanding of Arabic...	3	train_143	Of the following, which one most closely conforms to the principle that the passage as a whole illustrates?
[ "Children are often described by adults as engaging in thrill-seeking behavior simply because they act impulsively.", "Many impulsive adults are not unusually sensitive to dopamine.", "Many people exhibit behavioral tendencies as adults that they did not exhibit as children.", "It is not possible to reliably ...	Scientist: My research indicates that children who engage in impulsive behavior similar to adult thrill-seeking behavior are twice as likely as other children to have a gene variant that increases sensitivity to dopamine. From this, I conclude that there is a causal relationship between this gene variant and an inclina...	3	train_144	Which one of the following, if true, most calls into question the scientist's argument?
[ "In considering where to invest, most potential shareholders are interested in more than just the profitability of a corporation.", "Shareholders sometimes will be satisfied even if dividends paid to them from company profits are not high.", "The president and the board of directors of a corporation are jointly...	Editorialist: In a large corporation, one of the functions of the corporation' s president is to promote the key interests of the shareholders. Ttherefore, the president has a duty to keep the corporation' s profits high.	3	train_145	Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the editorialist's argument?
[ "Molecules of rhodopsin are the only pigment molecules that occur naturally in the retina.", "The visual systems of animals whose body temperature matches that of their surroundings are more error-prone in hot surroundings than in cold ones.", "As the temperature of the retina rises, rhodopsin molecules react m...	Light is registered in the retina when photons hit molecules of the pigment rhodopsin and change the molecules' shape. Even when they have not been struck by photons of light, rhodopsin molecules sometimes change shape because of normal molecular motion, thereby introducing error into the visual system. The amount of t...	1	train_146	Which one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the information above?
[ "offers an explanation of the glowing lights different from Phoebe's", "criticizes Phoebe's explanation as unsubstantiated", "accuses Phoebe of introducing irrelevant information", "challenges the accuracy of the data about sightings that Phoebe takes for granted" ]	Phoebe: There have been many reported sightings of strange glowing lights, but a number of these sightings have a straightforward, natural explanation. They occurred clustered in time and location around the epicenters of three earthquakes, and so were almost certainly earthquake lights, a form of ball lightning caused...	1	train_147	In responding to Phoebe, Quincy
[ "Manufacturers should be held responsible for the consequences of any of their actions that harm innocent people if those consequences were preventable.", "Manufacturers have an obligation to inform workers of health risks of which they are aware.", "Employees who are harmed by substances they handle on the job...	Many workers who handled substance T in factories became seriously ill years later. We now know T caused at least some of their illnesses. Earlier ignorance of this connection does not absolve T' s manufacturer of all responsibility. For had it investigated the safety of T before allowing workers to be exposed to it, m...	0	train_148	Which one of the following principles most helps to justify the conclusion above?
[ "The more severe the penalty for an infraction is, the more certain one must be of the guilt of a party before being justified in imposing the penalty on that party.", "The more severe the penalty for an offense is, the less likely it is that someone will come forward and admit responsibility for the offense.", ...	The quantity and type of pollution that entered the river last Thursday night suggest that the local auto repair shop is responsible. But the penalty for this type of pollution is so severe that, unless stronger evidence is discovered or the perpetrator admits responsibility, we cannot be sufficiently certain of the id...	0	train_149	Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument?
[ "Some Greek temples were not themselves inspired by older models.", "Some Roman architecture exemplifies the creation of fresh architectural compositions out of familiar forms.", "Buildings with unfamiliar forms are likely to be either bland or architectural disasters.", "Roman architects designed many buildi...	The striking similarities between Greek temples and subsequent Roman villas testify to the fact that great architects typically draw inspiration from the work of other architects. Such drawing of inspiration does not mean, however, a slavish lack of originality; building according to formulas does not make good buildin...	1	train_150	Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?
[ "bases its conclusion on a sample that is too small", "employs as a premise the contention it purports to show", "misinterprets a key word in the newspaper's advertisement", "criticizes the source of a claim rather than the claim itself" ]	Letter to the editor: Your newspaper' s advertisement claims that you provide coverage of the high school' s most popular sports. Clearly this is false advertising. Of the school' s students, 15 percent compete on the track team, while only 5 percent of the students play basketball. Hence, track is far more popular tha...	2	train_151	The reasoning in the letter to the editor is most vulnerable to the criticism that it
[ "The first is a position that the argument seeks to reject; the second is evidence that the argument uses against that position.", "The first is a judgment that serves as the basis for the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that main conclusion.", "The first is an intermediate conclusion drawn i...	Stylistic evidence and laboratory evidence strongly support the claim that the magnificent painting Garden of Eden is a work of the Flemish master van Eyck. Nevertheless, the painting must have been the work of someone else, as any one with a little historical and zoological knowledge can tell merely by looking at the ...	3	train_152	In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
[ "Salmonella has been shown to spread easily along the distribution chains of certain vegetables, such as raw tomatoes.", "Use of antibiotics in two countries that neighbor the country where the outbreak occurred has risen over the past decade.", "Physicians in the country where the outbreak occurred have become...	Microbiologist: A lethal strain of salmonella recently showed up in a European country, causing an outbreak of illness that killed two people and infected twenty-seven others. Investigators blame the severity of the outbreak on the overuse of antibiotics, since the salmonella bacteria tested were shown to be drug-resis...	3	train_153	Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the microbiologist's reasoning?
[ "It is the overall conclusion of the argument.", "It denies a claim that the argument takes to be assumed in the reasoning that it rejects.", "It is a general principle whose validity the argument questions.", "It is a component of reasoning disputed in the argument." ]	Consumer advocate: Economists reason that price gouging -- increasing the price of goods when no alternative seller is available -- is efficient because it allocates goods to people whose willingness to pay more shows that they really need those goods. But willingness to pay is not proportional to need. In the real wor...	1	train_154	Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the consumer advocate's argument by the claim that willingness to pay is not proportional to need?
[ "All economic indicators suggest that household incomes in Salisbury have risen substantially over the past ten years.", "The Culinary Bill provides no benefit to restaurants that are members of national franchise chains", "Most of the consumers in Salisbury who patronize these local restaurants are aware of th...	Ten years ago, the Salisbury City Council passed the Culinary Bill, new legislation to protect the interests of local non-franchise restaurants. Of the 120 local non-franchise restaurants in Salisbury today, 85 opened during the last ten years. Clearly the Culinary Bill has caused a surge in the number of local non-fra...	3	train_155	Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
[ "Every human being has a physiological need for at least some sodium.", "Any sodium not used by the body will increase blood pressure unless it is excreted.", "Excess sodium intake over time often destroys the body's ability to process excess sodium.", "High blood pressure is more harmful than was previously ...	Studies suggest that, for the vast majority of people who have normal blood pressure, any amount of sodium greater than that required by the body is simply excreted and does not significantly raise blood pressure. So only persons who have high blood pressure and whose bodies are incapable of safely processing excess so...	2	train_156	Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument?
[ "After 1588, no bridges were built on pilings that were driven to the point of refusal.", "Da Ponte's standard of refusal was less strict than that of other bridge builders of his day.", "The Rialto Bridge was built on unsafe pilings.", "It is possible that the pilings of the Rialto Bridge could have been dri...	The solidity of bridge piers built on pilings depends largely on how deep the pilings are driven. Prior to 1700, pilings were driven to "refusal, " that is, to the point at which they refused to go any deeper. In a 1588 inquiry into the solidity of piers for Venice' s Rialto Bridge, it was determined that the bridge' s...	3	train_157	Which one of the following can properly be inferred from the passage?
[ "If corruption is rampant among a certain group, then the person in charge cannot be expected to take corrective action if that person has not been in charge for very long.", "A supervisor should not be held accountable for widespread corruption among his or her subordinates unless the supervisor could reasonably...	In view of the considerable length of the police chief' s tenure as head of the department, the chief should be held accountable for the widespread corruption in the department. That no evidence was discovered that the chief was involved in any way in the corruption does not allow us to escape this conclusion.	3	train_158	Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the argument?
[ "Today's mixed-age classrooms, unlike those of the past, emphasize group projects that are engaging to students of different ages.", "On average, mixed-age classrooms today are somewhat larger in enrollment than were the ones of the past.", "Few of the teachers who are reviving mixed- age classrooms today were ...	In the past, combining children of different ages in one classroom was usually a failure; it resulted in confused younger children, who were given inadequate attention and instruction, and bored older ones, who had to sit through previously learned lessons. Recently, however, the practice has been revived with excellen...	0	train_159	Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the passage?
[ "people who tend to address problems quickly and directly will invariably seek dental care at the first sign of problems", "painful conditions will interfere with a person's ability to address problems quickly and directly", "people who have highly stressful lives tend to address problems quickly and directly",...	A recent study showed that people who address problems quickly and directly are significantly less likely to have gum disease than are people who react to problems by refusing to think about them. Since stress can have a negative effect on the immune system, the study' s results clearly indicate that some forms of gum ...	3	train_160	The argument requires the assumption that
[ "People prefer objective reporting to partisan reporting that merely reinforces their own partisan leanings.", "Journalists at traditional newspapers are just as partisan as journalists who work for newer media outlets.", "Newspapers have regarded objective reporting as less likely to offend people than openly ...	Blogger: Traditionally, newspapers have taken objectivity to be an essential of good journalism . However, today' s newer media are more inclined to try to create a stir with openly partisan reporting. This contrast in journalistic standards is best understood in terms of differing business strategies. The newer media ...	2	train_161	Which one of the following is an assumption required by the blogger's argument?
[ "Voters are unlikely to be influenced by what a politician's views were in the past if the voters agree with the politician's current positions.", "Voters are likely to elect a politician who they believe understands their financial concerns.", "Voters are likely to question the sincerity of a politician who do...	Pundit: Grenier will almost certainly not be elected as mayor. Although she says she believes in raising city employees' wages, it was only a few years ago that she was arguing that their wages should not be increased. Her claim that she has learned more about the issue since then -- though sincere -- will not matter t...	3	train_162	Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the pundit's reasoning?
[ "Comets tend to be composed largely of ice while asteroids are composed mainly of rock.", "The post-collision analysis of Jupiter showed that the formations all had exactly the same composition.", "The deeper the explosion occurred in Jupiter's atmosphere, the more difficult it would be to detect from Earth.", ...	One of the most important events for modern astronomy was the series of collisions, during a single week in 1994, of more than a dozen large objects with Jupiter. The collision of these objects, which once formed most of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, resulted in formations that showed no signs of water. There was thus no...	3	train_163	Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
[ "If lying is morally wrong, telling a lie is as bad as murdering someone.", "Risking one's life to save the lives of a hundred people is morally no better than risking one's life to save one person.", "If stealing is morally wrong, it is equally important to society to prevent people from stealing as it is to p...	To perform an act that is morally wrong is to offend against humanity, and all offenses against humanity are equally bad. Because murder is morally wrong, it is just as bad to have murdered one person by setting off a bomb as it would have been to have murdered a hundred people by setting off that bond.	0	train_164	Which one of the following judgments conforms to the principles invoked above?
[ "Most of the tropical rain forest plants that contain substances of medicinal value can also be found growing in other types of environment.", "The tropical rain forests should be preserved to make it possible for important medicines to be developed from plant species that have not yet been studied by scientists....	Many important types of medicine have been developed from substances discovered in plants that grow only in tropical rain forests. There are thousands of plant species in these rain forests that have not yet been studied by scientists, and it is very likely that many such plants also contain substances of medicinal val...	3	train_165	Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?
[ "Lopez will run in tomorrow's marathon. Lopez will win the marathon only if his sponsors do a good job of keeping him hydrated. But his sponsors are known to be poor at keeping their athletes hydrated. So it is probable that Lopez will not win the marathon.", "Rodriguez will donate her paintings to the museum onl...	Journalist: The trade union members at AutoFaber Inc. are planning to go on strike. Independent arbitration would avert a strike, but only if both sides agree to accept the arbitrator' s recommendations as binding. However, based on past experience, the union is quite unlikely to agree to this, so a strike is likely.	0	train_166	Which one of the following arguments exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the journalist's argument?
[ "Evidence suggests that certain regions of ocean remained frozen until much more recently than 2 billion years ago.", "Our atmosphere currently holds in significantly less heat than it did 3. 8 billion years ago.", "When large portions of the globe are ice-covered, more of the sun's heat is reflected and not ab...	Up until about 2 billion years ago, the sun was 30 percent dimmer than it is now. If the sun were that dim now, our oceans would be completely frozen. According to fossil evidence, however, life and liquid water were both present as early as 3. 8 billion years ago.	1	train_167	Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above?
[ "Success is usually more a matter of luck or determination than of skill.", "Self-doubt can hamper as well as aid the development of the skills necessary for success.", "Genuine confidence is often a by-product of pretended self-confidence.", "Those who convince others that they are capable of succeeding usua...	If one wants to succeed, then one should act as though one were genuinely confident about one' s abilities, even if one actually distrusts one' s skills. Success is much more easily obtained by those who genuinely believe themselves capable of succeeding than by those filled with self-doubts.	2	train_168	Which one of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the argument?
[ "Scientists theorize that some plants can develop a resistance to air pollution.", "Black spot and tar spot returned when the air in the cities became less polluted.", "For many plant species, scientists have not determined the effects of air pollution.", "Black spot and tar spot were the only plant diseases ...	In polluted industrial English cities during the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases -- black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore trees -- disappeared. It is likely that air pollution eradicated these diseases.	1	train_169	Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the reasoning above?
[ "After fertilizer has been added to soil for several years, adding fertilizer to the soil in subsequent years does not significantly improve crop production.", "Several varieties of crop plants that have become popular recently, such as soybeans, are as responsive to fertilizer as are traditional grain crops.", ...	After 1950, in response to record growth in worldwide food demand, farmers worldwide sharply increased fertilizer use. As a result, the productivity of farmland more than doubled by 1985. Since 1985, farmers have sought to increase farmland productivity even further. Nevertheless, worldwide fertilizer use has declined ...	0	train_170	Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above?
[ "An antiviral medication that eliminates the most severe symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome thereby cures chronic fatigue syndrome.", "It is more likely that the new drug counteracts one virus than that it counteracts several viruses.", "Most syndromes that are characterized by related symptoms are each cause...	Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by prolonged fatigue, muscular pain, and neurological problems. It is not known whether these symptoms are all caused by a single virus or whether each symptom is the result of a separate viral infection. A newly synthesized drug has been tested on those who suffer from chronic...	1	train_171	The argument assumes which one of the following?
[ "The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second provides evidence in support of that rejection.", "The first is evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist's rejection of a certain position.", "The first is a position for which the ecologis...	Ecologist: The Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs. The common view is that the Highlands' deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture. However, <b> agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2, 000...	1	train_172	In the ecologist's argument the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
[ "the survey results are misleading regardless of how they are interpreted", "people tend to lie on certain kinds of surveys", "the raw numbers collected are serious underestimates", "a different type of measure than a survey would produce results that are less misleading" ]	Rita: No matter how you look at them, your survey results are misleading. Since people generally lie on such surveys, the numbers you collected are serious underestimates. Hiro: I have no doubt that people lie on surveys of this type. The question is whether some people lie more than others. While the raw numbers surel...	0	train_173	Rita and Hiro disagree over whether
[ "mistakes a temporal relationship for a causal relationship", "judges only by subjective standards something that can be readily evaluated according to objective standards", "confuses a result with something that is sufficient for bringing about that result", "generalizes on the basis of what could be excepti...	A number of Grandville' s wealthiest citizens have been criminals. So, since it is of utmost importance that the Grandville Planning Committee be composed solely of individuals whose personal standards of ethics are beyond reproach, no wealthy person should be appointed to that committee.	3	train_174	The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it
[ "Every organism that generates carbon dioxide reproduces more quickly at high temperatures.", "The microbes' activity will soon diminish as the organic molecules in exposed sediments are depleted.", "If global warming occurs, it will be exacerbated by the activity of the microbes.", "The microbes do not remov...	Scientists conjecture that certain microbes consume organic molecules in exposed shale and similar sediments. In so doing, the microbes remove oxygen from the atmosphere and generate carbon dioxide, a gas that, evidence indicates, promotes global warming. They also conjecture that these microbes reproduce more quickly ...	2	train_175	The scientists' conjectures, if true, provide the most support for which one of the following statements?
[ "showing that Whittaker's argument relies on analyzing an extreme and unrepresentative case", "showing that a relevantly analogous argument leads to an untenable conclusion", "citing a specific example to counter Whittaker's general claim", "claiming that what Whittaker says cannot be true because Whittaker a...	Whittaker: There can be no such thing as the number of medical school students who drop out before their second year, because if they drop out, they never have a second year. Hudson: By your reasoning I cannot help but become rich, because there is similarly no such thing as my dying before my first million dollars is ...	1	train_176	Hudson responds to Whittaker by
[ "Some dog owners believe their dogs are emotionally attached to them. Since no one could believe that and also believe dogs are incapable of thought, it follows that some dog owners do not believe dogs are incapable of thought.", "Some people believe there is life on planets other than Earth. Since anyone who bel...	Some people believe there is intelligent life somewhere in the universe besides Earth. But no one who believes that could also believe all planets other than Earth are devoid of life. Thus, some people do not believe all planets other than Earth are devoid of life.	0	train_177	The reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to the reasoning in the argument above?
[ "There is no reason to doubt the possibility that there are technologically advanced civilizations on planets more than 50 light years from Earth.", "A technologically advanced civilization on another planet would want to communicate with intelligent life that it detected on Earth.", "Intelligent life forms on ...	If a civilization as technologically advanced as human civilization existed on another planet and that planet were within 50 light years of Earth, that civilization would have found evidence of intelligent life on Earth and could have easily contacted us. Scientists can thus rule out the possibility of finding a civili...	1	train_178	Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?
[ "Every client the trainer has worked with has weight loss as a goal.", "Every client the trainer has worked with has prior experience lifting weights.", "Every client the trainer has worked with has also adopted a healthy diet.", "Losing weight is always a healthy outcome." ]	Trainer: I recently developed an exercise routine that can get anybody to meet his or her goals. The routine combines cardio and bodybuilding during each session for the purpose of losing weight. Every person I' ve trained has lost weight on the program.	0	train_179	The strength of the argument depends on which one of the following?
[ "Faden presumes, without providing justification, that the more conclusive the evidence is for a claim, the less believable the claim becomes.", "Faden presumes, without providing justification, that the evidence for a claim has not been undermined unless that evidence has been proven false.", "Greenwall ignore...	Faden: Most of our exercise machines are still in use after one year. A recent survey of our customers shows this. Greenwall: But many of those customers could easily be lying because they are too embarrassed to admit that they don' t exercise anymore. Faden: You have no way of showing that customers were lying. Your o...	1	train_180	Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning above?
[ "the fossil on which the engraving was made was not a mammoth bone", "when mammoths disappeared from eastern North America, there were no mammoths left anywhere in North America", "there is no scientific way of dating when the engraving of the mammoth was made", "the engraving was made during the time when th...	Ancient humans in eastern North America hunted mammoths until the mammoth disappeared from the area around 13, 000 years ago. Recently, a fossil bone with an engraving that depicts a mammoth was found in an ancient settlement in eastern North America. This shows that the settlement was occupied at a time when mammoths ...	3	train_181	The argument requires the assumption that
[ "The unemployment rate changed very little throughout the 1980s", "During the 1980s there were some employees with no college degree who earned incomes comparable to the top incomes earned by employees with a college degree.", "During the 1980s a growing percentage of college graduates, unable to find jobs requ...	The difference in average annual income in favor of employees who have college degrees, compared with those who do not have such degrees, doubled between 1980 and 1990. Some analysts have hypothesized that increased competition between employers for employees with college degrees drove up income for such employees.	2	train_182	Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanation described above?
[ "At least some of this country's universities are not meeting their moral responsibilities or their intellectual responsibilities or both.", "People who purchase publications that are devoted primarily to gossip or to television programming are intellectually irresponsible.", "Many people who attend this countr...	Editorial: It is clear that if this country' s universities were living up to both their moral and their intellectual responsibilities, the best-selling publications in most university bookstores would not be frivolous ones like TV Today and Gossip Review. However, in most university bookstores the only publication tha...	0	train_183	If the statements in the editorial are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
[ "Recent research has shown that a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and skim milk is even healthier than the Beta Diet.", "The Beta Diet is used primarily as a treatment for a condition that adversely affects overall health.", "The Beta Diet provides dramatic health benefits for some people but only minor benefi...	Medical research has established that the Beta Diet is healthier than a more conventional diet. But on average, people who have followed the Beta Diet for several decades are much more likely to be in poor health than are people whose diet is more conventional.	1	train_184	Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent conflict between the two statements above?
[ "In heavily populated areas the introduction of water power would have been certain to cause social unrest by depriving large numbers of people of their livelihood.", "In the areas in which water power was not used, water flow in rivers and streams was substantial throughout the year but nevertheless exhibited so...	The ancient Romans understood the principles of water power very well, and in some outlying parts of their empire they made extensive and excellent use of water as an energy source. This makes it all the more striking that the Romans made do without water power in regions dominated by large cities.	0	train_185	Which one of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the difference described above in the Romans' use of water power?
[ "Data are scarce as to the geographical distribution of the pollens of many ancient plants.", "Pollens are often transported from one region to another by wind or human movement.", "Many types of pollen were common to several geographical regions in the ancient world.", "Pollen analysis is a painstaking proce...	One good clue as to which geographical regions an ancient relic was moved through in the past involves the analysis of pollen that clings to the surface of the relic. A relic is linked to a geographical area by the identification of pollen from plants that are known to have been unique to that area.	1	train_186	Which one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the reliability of the method described above?
[ "Personnel costs for the distribution of power to consumers are unrelated to the type of raw materials an electric company uses.", "Most electric companies would be willing to incorporate cold-fusion technology into their power plants.", "Cold-fusion power plants would be more expensive to build and maintain th...	If cold fusion worked, it would provide almost limitless power from very inexpensive raw materials, materials far cheaper than coal or oil. But replacing all the traditional electric generators that use these fuels with cold-fusion power plants would result in a reduction of no more than 25 percent in the average resid...	1	train_187	Each of the following, if true, would help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the predictions above EXCEPT:
[ "Students who learn FANTOD tend to have much lower SAT scores than do their peers.", "Most people who learn to program in FANTOD do so to commit some kind of hacking.", "The college admissions process possibly places some students with a knowledge of FANTOD at a disadvantage.", "Colleges should rely on their ...	In a few recent cases, some teenagers with advanced programming abilities used a new programming language, FANTOD, to hack into ETS and change their own SAT scores. All of the teenagers convicted of this crime were highly skilled in programming FANTOD. In light of these cases, some colleges have discounted the official...	2	train_188	Which of following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
[ "Orthodox medicine will eventually produce a solution for the diseases that are currently incurable.", "There are some medical conditions for which no orthodox or alternative treatment is effective.", "There are some trivial illnesses that can be treated effectively by the methods of alternative medicine.", "...	Orthodox medicine is ineffective at both ends of the spectrum of ailments. At the more trivial end, orthodox medicine is largely ineffective in treating aches, pains, and allergies, and, at the other extreme, it has yet to produce a cure for serious, life-threatening diseases such as advanced cancer and lupus. People t...	1	train_189	If the statements above are true, which one of the following can be properly inferred from them?
[ "The argument leads with a generalization, offers some examples, and then finishes with a conclusion.", "The argument offers several premises and then creates a false dichotomy to support its conclusion.", "The argument leads with a conclusion, offers several premises, and then sets up a false dichotomy to supp...	Direct democracy is the best system of government for every society. No other system of government maximizes individual freedom more than democracy. In direct democracies, the people' s will is manifested in the state' s policies, as they can directly vote on every political issue. All of the politicians who killed the...	2	train_190	Which one of the following most accurately describes how the argument proceeds?
[ "Of the readers who received questionnaires, 90 percent returned them.", "The percentage of surveyed readers who like the format change was almost the same as the percentage of the entire potential readership who would like the format change.", "Ninety percent of the readers who were dissatisfied with the old f...	A medical journal used a questionnaire survey to determine whether a particular change in its format would increase its readership. Sixty-two percent of those who returned the questionnaire supported that change. On the basis of this outcome, the decision was made to introduce the new format.	1	train_191	Which one of the following, if it were determined to be true, would provide the best evidence that the journal's decision will have the desired effect?
[ "Experimental evidence suggests that the checkerspot butterfly can adapt easily to a wide range of temperatures and geographic conditions.", "Climate does not affect checkerspot butterflies themselves directly, but the plants they depend on thrive best in warm climates.", "Several studies have shown that severa...	Dr. Theresa Pagano, a biologist, has found that the checkerspot butterfly is becoming more prevalent in regions farther north than before and less prevalent in regions farther south. The northward shift of the butterflies is almost perfectly correlated with the northward shift of the warm zones in the global climate, a...	0	train_192	Each of the following, if true, supports Dr. Pagano's reasoning EXCEPT:
[ "Criminal organizations are already heavily involved in every activity that promises to generate enormous profits.", "At least some criminal organizations are or will at some point become aware that the ongoing revolutions in biotechnology and information technology promise to generate enormous profits.", "Any ...	Criminologist: The main purpose of most criminal organizations is to generate profits. The ongoing revolutions in biotechnology and information technology promise to generate enormous profits. Ttherefore, criminal organizations will undoubtedly try to become increasingly involved in these areas.	2	train_193	The conclusion of the criminologist's argument is properly inferred if which one of the following is assumed?
[ "concludes that a phenomenon will have a certain property merely because the phenomenon's cause has that property", "rejects a claim by attacking the proponent of the claim rather than addressing the claim itself", "draws a conclusion about what ought to be the case from premises that are entirely about what is...	Why would anyone want to make nonprofits as inefficient as Byworks Corporation, which has posted huge losses for years? The reasoning of the argument in the letter is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument	3	train_194	Letter to the editor: You have asserted that philanthropists want to make the nonprofit sector as efficient as private business in this country. Philanthropists want no such thing, of course.
[ "The character of Demosthenes in Knights is not based on a historical figure.", "Only rarely in ancient Greece were prophecies written down on writing tablets.", "In ancient Greece, people did not read silently to themselves.", "In ancient Greek plays, the reading aloud of written texts commonly occurred as p...	In a scene in an ancient Greek play, Knights, the character Demosthenes opens a writing tablet on which an oracle had written a prophecy, and while looking at the tablet, he continuously expresses his amazement at its contents. His companion presses him for information, whereupon Demosthenes explains what the oracle ha...	2	train_195	Of the following claims, which one can most justifiably be rejected on the basis of the statements above?
[ "One should never break a promise.", "It is sometimes better to act in a friend's best interests than to keep a promise to that friend.", "Some implicit promises are worse to break than some explicit ones.", "Breaking a promise leads to worse consequences than does telling a lie." ]	Teacher to a student: You agree that it is bad to break promises. But when we speak to each other we all make an implicit promise to tell the truth, and lying is the breaking of that promise. So even if you promised Jeanne that you would tell me she is home sick, you should not tell me that, if you know that she is wel...	2	train_196	Which one of the following is an assumption on which the teacher's argument depends?
[ "It is compatible with accepting the argument's conclusion and with denying it.", "It is a position that the argument simply takes for granted is false.", "It is an assumption that is required in order to establish the argument's conclusion.", "It expresses the position the argument as a whole is directed tow...	People often admonish us to learn the lessons of history, but, even if it were easy to discover what the past was really like, it is nearly impossible to discover its lessons. We are supposed, for example, to learn the lessons of World War I. But what are they? And were we ever to discover what they are, it is not clea...	3	train_197	That we should learn the lessons of history figures in the argument in which one of the following ways?
[ "stress sometimes reduces the amount of pain a heart patient experiences", "heart patients suffering from reduced blood flow to the heart who are experiencing pain from the condition are more likely to require surgery than are such patients who are not experiencing pain", "the severity of a heart patient's cond...	In a study of heart patients awaiting treatment for reduced blood flow to the heart, those still waiting to find out whether they would need surgery were less likely to experience pain from the condition than were those who knew what type of treatment they would receive. Assuming that this uncertainty is more stressful...	0	train_198	Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?
[ "This evening's television news reported that the cruise ship was only damaged in the fire last night, whereas the newspaper reported that it was destroyed. The television news is based on more recent information, so probably the ship was not destroyed.", "The newspaper is generally more reliable than the televis...	Various mid-fourteenth-century European writers show an interest in games, but no writer of this period mentions the playing of cards. Nor do any of the mid-fourteenth-century statutes that proscribe or limit the play of games mention cards, though they do mention dice, chess, and other games. It is ttherefore likely t...	3	train_199	The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to that in the argument above?

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