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Glossary of contract bridge terms | S | Switch To lead a different suit.
System see bidding system. |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Table 1) (Noun) A grouping of four players at a bridge tournament.
2) (Verb) To put down one's cards face up.
3) See dummy (2). |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Table card A large printed card placed on a table in a bridge tournament. The card contains instructions for the players, including players' designations and board numbers. Also, "Guide card." Table presence Awareness of opponents' behavior and mannerisms, leading to inferences regarding their holdings and problems on ... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | 2) Extraneous discussion during the play, discouraged as a distraction or possible source of unauthorized information. |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Takeout double A conventional call used in a competitive auction to indicate support for the unbid suits in a hand of opening strength, and to request that partner bid. The classic, ideal pattern is 4–4–4–1, with the shortness in the suit doubled. There are many informatory doubles that anticipate a bid from partner, b... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Tank (Slang) Huddle.
Tap (Verb and noun) Slang. To adopt a line of defense that is intended to force declarer to ruff in the long hand. Also, the line of defense itself: "To get the tap going." See Forcing defense. |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Team 1) (Adjective) (also Teams or Teams-of-four) A form of duplicate bridge played by eight people at two tables. The North–South pair at one table and East–West pair at the other table are teammates. Every deal is played at both tables ("duplicate") and scored by comparing the two raw scores — usually on the IMP or b... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | 2) (Noun) A group of four or more players who compete together in a teams event. For each deal, four team members are active at two tables. Player substitution occurs between matches or, in many longer matches, between sets of 6 to 20 deals. Most teams events permit four to six players on a team.
Teammate A member of t... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Transfer a control In squeeze play, to shift the responsibility of controlling, or guarding, a menace from one opponent to the other. This is usually accomplished by playing through one opponent in a way that forces him to cover the lead, leaving the other opponent with the remaining control. The purpose is to arrange ... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Transnational 1) A pair or team whose members differ in "nationality". Typically they are members of different national bridge federations, thus registered players.
2) An event (tournament) that permits transnational pairs or teams to enter. A transnational event is open in sense (c).
Trap pass See Sandbag.
Traveller A... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Treatment A natural bid that: (1) either shows a willingness to play in the denomination named, or promises or requests values in that denomination, and (2) by partnership agreement gives or requests additional information on which action could be based. If the treatment is an unusual one, it requires announcement to t... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Trebleton A tripleton.
Trial bid See game try.
Trial A (usually, high-level) tournament whose winners proceed to a subsequent event of even greater import.
Trick A set of four cards played by each player in turn, during the play of a hand.
Trick score The score earned by contracting for and taking tricks. Trick scores ... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Trump suit, or simply "trumps" By way of the auction, declarer and declarer's partner select the trump suit on the basis of their combined length and strength in the suit: the greater length to ruff more losers in the plain suits, and the greater strength to better control the play of the trump suit itself. Information... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | T | Two club system, or Two clubs system A bidding system that uses an opening bid of 2♣ as an artificial game force.
Two over one, Two-over-one, or 2-over-1 (2/1) a bidding sequence in which after a one-level opening bid, there is a non-jump response at the two-level.
a bidding system based upon the concept that after a o... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | U | UI Unauthorized information.
Unauthorized information Information obtained from partner that one is not permitted to act on: for example, the manner in which partner plays a particular card, or the tone of voice when making a bid.
Unbalanced distribution 1) Broadly, any distribution of a hand or suit other than 4–3–3–3... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | V | VCB Variable Cue Bidding. Agreements used in the Ultimate Club to request and show controls.
Vanderbilt Club A bidding system devised by Harold S. Vanderbilt and published by him in 1929, the first strong club system.
Variable notrump The use of a weak notrump when not vulnerable and a strong notrump when vulnerable.
V... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | W | Waiting bid A bid that enables the bidder to obtain more information before making a commitment. For example, some players use 2♦ over a 2♣ forcing opening bid as a waiting bid rather than as a negative response.
Waive To condone an irregularity. In duplicate bridge, a waiver is an improper action.
Wash (Slang) Push.
W... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | W | Wide-ranging bid A bid made within a wide range of strengths and shapes, the opposite of a limit bid. An example from Acol is an opening bid of one of a suit which may be made with anything from 10 HCP (plus some shape) to 22 HCP (with a shape unsuitable for a 2 bid, such as 4–4–4–1). Such bids are limited only by the ... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | W | Winkle A squeeze without the count that forces the defender to choose between a throw-in and an unblock, each of which is a losing option.
Winner A card that can take a trick on a given hand.
Wire (Slang) Improper knowledge of a deal, prior to playing it.
World Bridge Federation (WBF) The world sport governing body for... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | X | x (lowercase) Any small card, of no trick-taking significance.
X (uppercase) Double, in print or manuscript representation of the auction (where alternatives are "D", "Dbl", etc.) or the final contract. Used in bidding boxes, private scores, and occasionally elsewhere.
XX (uppercase) Redouble, in print or manuscript re... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | Y | Yarborough Originally, a hand with no card higher than a nine. The British Earl of Yarborough, during the 19th century, would offer a wager of £1,000 to £1 against picking up such a hand at whist. (The actual odds against such a hand are approximately 1,827 to 1.) In common usage, it may refer to a very weak hand. |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | Z | Zar points An evaluation method to determine if a hand should be opened. It asks to open whenever you have 26 or more Zars, determined by adding the number of cards in the 2 longest suits, plus high card points, plus number of controls (A=2, K=1), plus the difference between the longest and the shortest suit. An additi... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | Z | Zero The lowest score obtained on a deal in a pairs game. Also, bottom.
Zia play A specific type of falsecard which creates a losing option to declarer. |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | Z | Zone One of eight geographic zones in which World Bridge Federation member "nations" are grouped for some purposes. The WBF was founded August 1958 by delegates from Europe, North America, and South America, which are now Zones 1 to 3. World championship teams-of-four competition has been organized zonally even longer:... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | Z | Zonal organizations mediate between the world and national levels in some respects. In Zone 1 for instance, the European Bridge League is the zonal organization. Its members are the national bridge federations of 46 countries from Albania to Wales, and geographically from Iceland to Israel. In Zone 2, on the other hand... |
Glossary of contract bridge terms | Z | Zoom (z) In a relay system, the facility to joining into the next level of answers without needing to hear a new relay from partner. Usually, after servant has the highest possible answer for the level s/he is answering, s/he can jump into the next level assuming the captain made a virtual new relay, saving bidding spa... |
Microsoft Academic Search | Microsoft Academic Search | Microsoft Academic Search was a research project and academic search engine retired in 2012. It relaunched in 2016 as Academic. |
Microsoft Academic Search | History | Microsoft launched a search tool called Windows Live Academic Search in 2006 to directly compete with Google Scholar. It was renamed Live Search Academic after its first year and then discontinued two years later. In 2009, Microsoft Research Asia Group launched a beta tool called Libra in 2009, which was for the purpos... |
Watcher (presence) | Watcher (presence) | For instant messaging, a presence information watcher is an entity that requests presence information about a presentity from a presence service. Usually in order to get presence information a watcher have to subscribe for it to a presence server. When subscribed, the watcher receives event notifications as presence in... |
Magnesium silicide | Magnesium silicide | Magnesium silicide, Mg2Si, is an inorganic compound consisting of magnesium and silicon. As-grown Mg2Si usually forms black crystals; they are semiconductors with n-type conductivity and have potential applications in thermoelectric generators. |
Magnesium silicide | Crystal structure | Mg2Si crystallizes in the antifluorite structure. In the face-centered cubic lattice Si centers occupy the corners and face-centered positions of the unit cell and Mg centers occupy eight tetrahedral sites in the interior of the unit cell. The coordination numbers of Si and Mg are eight and four, respectively. |
Magnesium silicide | Synthesis | It can be produced by heating silicon dioxide, SiO2, found in sand, with excess magnesium. The process first forms silicon metal and magnesium oxide, and, if an excess of SiO2 is used, then elemental silicon is formed: 2 Mg + SiO2 → 2 MgO + SiIf an excess of Mg is present, Mg2Si is formed from the reaction of the remai... |
Magnesium silicide | Reactions | Magnesium silicide can be viewed as consisting of Si4− ions. As such it is reactive toward acids. Thus, when magnesium silicide is treated with hydrochloric acid, silane (SiH4) and magnesium chloride are produced: Mg2Si + 4 HCl → SiH4 + 2 MgCl2Sulfuric acid can be used as well. These protonolysis reactions are typical ... |
Magnesium silicide | Uses | Magnesium silicide is used to create aluminium alloys of the 6000 series, containing up to approximately 1.5% Mg2Si. An alloy of this group can be age-hardened to form Guinier-Preston zones and a very fine precipitate, both resulting in increased strength of the alloy.Magnesium silicide is a narrow-gap semiconductor. I... |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of the orbit on February 4–5, 1981. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is ... |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | It was visible in Australia, crossing over Tasmania and southern Stewart Island of New Zealand near sunrise on February 5 (Thursday), and ended at sunset over western South America on February 4 (Wednesday). Occurring only 4 days before perigee (Perigee on February 8, 1981), the moon's apparent diameter was larger.
The... |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | More details about the Annular Solar Eclipse of 1981 Feb 04. | Eclipse Magnitude = 0.99375 (99.375%) Eclipse Obscuration = 0.98754 (98.754%) Greatest Eclipse = 1981 Feb 04 at 22:09:23.5 TD (22:08:32.1 UTC) Ecliptic Conjunction = 1981 Feb 04 at 22:14:36.9 TD (22:13:45.5 UTC) Equatorial Conjunction 1981 Feb 04 at 21:58:30.2 TD (21:57:38.8 UTC) Gamma = -0.48375 (48.511%) Sun's Right ... |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | Related eclipses | Eclipses in 1981 A penumbral lunar eclipse on Tuesday, 20 January 1981.
An annular solar eclipse on Wednesday, 4 February 1981.
A partial lunar eclipse on Friday, 17 July 1981.
A total solar eclipse on Friday, 31 July 1981. |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | Related eclipses | Solar eclipses of 1979–1982 This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. There were 8 solar eclipses between February 26, 1979 and July 20, 1982. Were there: Februa... |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | Related eclipses | Saros 140 It is a part of Saros cycle 140, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 71 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on April 16, 1512. It contains total eclipses from July 21, 1656, through November 9, 1836, hybrid eclipses from November 20, 1854, through December 23, 1908, and annular ecl... |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | Related eclipses | Tritos series This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 3... |
Solar eclipse of February 4, 1981 | Related eclipses | Metonic series The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node. |
FK-space | FK-space | In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a FK-space or Fréchet coordinate space is a sequence space equipped with a topological structure such that it becomes a Fréchet space. FK-spaces with a normable topology are called BK-spaces.
There exists only one topology to turn a sequence space into a Fréchet s... |
FK-space | Definition | A FK-space is a sequence space X , that is a linear subspace of vector space of all complex valued sequences, equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence.
We write the elements of X as with xn∈C Then sequence (an)n∈N(k) in X converges to some point (xn)n∈N if it converges pointwise for each n.
That is if... |
FK-space | Examples | The sequence space ω of all complex valued sequences is trivially an FK-space. |
FK-space | Properties | Given an FK-space X and ω with the topology of pointwise convergence the inclusion map is a continuous function. |
FK-space | FK-space constructions | Given a countable family of FK-spaces (Xn,Pn) with Pn a countable family of seminorms, we define and Then (X,P) is again an FK-space. |
Fitting's theorem | Fitting's theorem | Fitting's theorem is a mathematical theorem proved by Hans Fitting. It can be stated as follows: If M and N are nilpotent normal subgroups of a group G, then their product MN is also a nilpotent normal subgroup of G; if, moreover, M is nilpotent of class m and N is nilpotent of class n, then MN is nilpotent of class at... |
Fitting's theorem | Order-theoretic statement | In terms of order theory, (part of) Fitting's theorem can be stated as: The set of nilpotent normal subgroups form a lattice of subgroups.Thus the nilpotent normal subgroups of a finite group also form a bounded lattice, and have a top element, the Fitting subgroup.
However, nilpotent normal subgroups do not in general... |
-30- | -30- | -30- has been traditionally used by journalists in North America to indicate the end of a story or article that is submitted for editing and typesetting. It is commonly employed when writing on deadline and sending bits of the story at a time, via telegraphy, teletype, electronic transmission, or paper copy, as a neces... |
-30- | -30- | The origin of the term is unknown. One theory is that the journalistic employment of -30- originated from the number's use during the American Civil War era in the 92 Code of telegraphic shorthand, where it signified the end of a transmission and that it found further favor when it was included in the Phillips Code of ... |
Lid lag | Lid lag | Lid lag is the static situation in which the upper eyelid is higher than normal with the globe in downgaze. It is most often a sign of thyroid eye disease, but may also occur with cicatricial changes to the eyelid or congenital ptosis. Lid lag differs from Von Graefe's sign in that the latter is a dynamic process. It c... |
DOS/32 | DOS/32 | DOS/32 is an advanced 32-bit DOS extender created for replacing DOS/4GW extender and compatibles. This extender can be used in various environments, from embedded systems to DOS emulators, by both developers and end users alike. Unlike DOS/4GW, DOS/32 is free, open-source and can be extended to create a unique executab... |
DOS/32 | Compatibility | DOS/32 is compatible with MS-DOS 5.00 through 7.10, Windows 3.x, 95, 98 and Me, NT 3.51 and 4.0 (Service Pack 3 or later), 2000, XP and IBM OS/2 as well as OpenDOS and DOSEMU.DOS/32 has been tested and proved to be fully compatible with software which use DOS/4G, DOS/4GW, DOS/4GW Professional, PMODE/W and CauseWay DOS ... |
DOS/32 | Features | The DOS Extender includes a built-in Advanced DOS Protected Mode Interface server supporting v0.9 of the DPMI specification and comes with a set of tools needed to create 32-bit protected mode applications. Like DOS/4G, it requires IBM PC compatible 80386 processor or better. |
DOS/32 | History | DOS/32 has been commercially available since 1996. As of May 2002, it was released to the public in the form of "Liberty Edition" along with its complete source code under terms similar to the Apache License of the time, allowing unrestricted, royalty-free distribution with certain provisions regarding reference to it ... |
4-Phenylfentanyl | 4-Phenylfentanyl | 4-Phenylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is a derivative of fentanyl. It was developed during the course of research that ultimately resulted in super-potent opioid derivatives such as carfentanil, though it is a substantially less potent analogue. 4-Phenylfentanyl is around eight times the potency of fentanyl in a... |
Small nucleolar RNA SNORA40 | Small nucleolar RNA SNORA40 | In molecular biology, the small nucleolar RNA ACA40 belongs to the H/ACA family of snoRNAs and guides the pseudouridylation of 28S rRNA subunit at position U4565. snoRNA ACA40 was discovered using large-scale cloning by Kiss et al. (2004) from a HeLa cell extract immunoprecipitated with an anti-GAR1 antibody. It is pre... |
MedDRA | MedDRA | A subscription-based product of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), MedDRA or Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities is a clinically validated international medical terminology dictionary-thesaurus used by regulatory authorities and the bi... |
MedDRA | MedDRA | MedDRA is now translated into Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. In MedDRA version 25.0, Swedish and Latvian translations were also added.In many countries/regions the use of MedDRA by biopharmaceutical companies is mandated for saf... |
MedDRA | MedDRA | All Regulatory Members of ICH are expected to implement MedDRA within 5 years. As of 2020, the following ICH Regulatory Members have implemented MedDRA: EC, Europe; FDA, United States; HSA, Singapore; Health Canada, Canada; MHLW/PMDA, Japan; Swissmedic, Switzerland; and TFDA, Taipei.Information about the implementatio... |
MedDRA | MedDRA | Each organization, regardless of its number of users, requires only one subscription to MedDRA. |
MedDRA | MedDRA Vision | In developing and continuously maintaining MedDRA, ICH endeavours to facilitate the exchange of clinical information through a single standardized international medical terminology that can be used for regulatory communication and evaluation of data pertaining to medicinal products for human use.
As a result, MedDRA is... |
MedDRA | MedDRA Vision | The single standardized terminology offers several clear advantages for regulators, industry, and other stakeholders: Removal of the need to convert data from one terminology to another preventing the loss and/or distortion of data and allowing savings in resources;Improvements in the ease, quality, and timeliness of d... |
MedDRA | Organization of the dictionary | The MedDRA dictionary is organized with a five-level hierarchy. The highest or broadest level is System Organ Class (SOC), further divided into High-Level Group Terms (HLGT), High-Level Terms (HLT), Preferred Terms (PT), and finally into the most granular Lowest Level Terms (LLT). In addition, the MedDRA dictionary inc... |
MedDRA | Organization of the dictionary | As of MedDRA 25.1, 110 SMQs have been created comprising 120 lower-level SMQs. Additional SMQs are created as the need arises.Individual cases are usually coded for data entry at the most specific (LLT) level, and outputs of counts or cases are usually provided at the PT level. The higher levels (HLT, HLGT, and SOC), a... |
MedDRA | MedDRA hierarchy | The five-level hierarchy provides degrees or levels of super-ordination and subordination. The superordinate term is a broad grouping term applicable to each subordinate descriptor linked to it. Hierarchical levels thus represent vertical links in the terminology.Hierarchies are an important mechanism for flexible data... |
MedDRA | MedDRA hierarchy | As of MedDRA 25.1 (September 2022): SOC – 27 The 27 SOCs are: Blood and lymphatic system disorders; Cardiac disorders; Congenital, familial and genetic disorders; Ear and labyrinth disorders; Endocrine disorders; Eye disorders; Gastrointestinal disorders; General disorders and administration site conditions; Hepatobili... |
MedDRA | MedDRA hierarchy | HLGT – 337 HLT – 1,737 PT – 25,592 LLT – 85,668 LLT count represents 76,364 current terms, including PTs, and 9,304 non-current terms. |
MedDRA | Maintenance of MedDRA | MedDRA is hierarchical, multiaxial, multilingual, regularly-updated, and strictly maintained by the Maintenance and Support Services Organization (MSSO). ICH holds the intellectual property rights (ownership) of MedDRA. |
MedDRA | Maintenance of MedDRA | MedDRA is available free for all regulators worldwide, academics, health care providers, and non-profit organizations. The subscription price is based according to company revenue for the industry. The Japanese counterpart for the MSSO is called the Japanese Maintenance Organization (JMO).Four types of subscriptions ar... |
MedDRA | Maintenance of MedDRA | As global regulators expand the scope of product types they regulate, there is a corresponding increase in the adaptation of and interest in the proactive use of MedDRA before regulatory mandates. Such expansion has increased in MedDRA terms applicable to many product types. The addition of the 27th SOC Product issues ... |
Water oxidation catalysis | Water oxidation catalysis | Water oxidation catalysis (WOC) is the acceleration (catalysis) of the conversion of water into oxygen and protons: 2 H2O → 4 H+ + 4 e− + O2Many catalysts are effective, both homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts. The oxygen evolving complex in photosynthesis is the premier example. There is no interest in ... |
Water oxidation catalysis | Mechanistic and energetic principles | Water is more difficult to oxidize than its conjugate base hydroxide. Hydroxide is stabilized by coordination to metal cations. Some metal hydroxides, those featuring redox-active metal centers, can be oxidized to give metal oxo complexes. Attack of water on metal oxo centers represents one pathway for the formation of... |
Water oxidation catalysis | Mechanistic and energetic principles | The conversion of even metal hydroxo complexes to O2 requires very strong oxidants. In photosynthesis, such oxidants are provided by electron holes on porphyrin radical cations. For device applications, the aspirational oxidant is a photovoltaic material. For screening WOCs, ceric ammonium nitrate is a typical electron... |
Water oxidation catalysis | Homogeneous catalysis | Ruthenium complexes A number of ruthenium-aqua complexes catalyze the oxidation of water. Most catalysts feature bipyridine and terpyridine ligands. Catalysts containing pyridine-2-carboxylate exhibit rates (300 s−1) comparable to that of photosystem II. Work in this area has ushered in many new polypyridyl ligands. |
Water oxidation catalysis | Homogeneous catalysis | Cobalt and iron complexes Early examples of cobalt-based WOCs suffered from instability. A homogeneous WOC [Co(Py5)(H2O)](ClO4)2 operates by a proton-coupled electron transfer to form a [CoIII--OH]2+ species, which on further oxidation forms a CoIV intermediate. The intermediate formed reacts with water to liberate O2.... |
Water oxidation catalysis | Homogeneous catalysis | Iridium complexes The complexes [Ir(ppy)2(OH2)2]+ (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) exhibit high turnover numbers, but low catalytic rates. Replacing ppy with Cp* (C5Me5) results in increased catalytic activity but decreased the turnover number. Water nucleophilic attack on Ir=O species was found to be responsible for the O2 fo... |
Water oxidation catalysis | Heterogeneous catalysis | Iridium oxide is a stable bulk WOC catalyst with low overpotential.Ni-based oxide film liberates oxygen in quasi-neutral conditions at an overpotential of ~425 mV and shows long lasting stability. X-ray spectroscopy revealed the presence of di-µ-oxide bridging between NiIII/NiIV ions but no evidence of mono-µ-oxide bri... |
Water oxidation catalysis | Additional reviews | Meyer, T. J., Chemical approaches to artificial photosynthesis. Accounts of Chemical Research 1989, 22, 163–170.
Balzani, V.; Credi, A.; Venturi, M., Photochemical Conversion of Solar Energy. ChemSusChem 2008, 1, 26–58.
Sala, X.; Romero, I.; Rodríguez, M.; Escriche, L.; Llobet, A., Molecular Catalysts that Oxidize Wate... |
Tommy Atkins (mango) | Tommy Atkins (mango) | The 'Tommy Atkins' mango is a named mango cultivar. Although generally not considered to be the best in terms of sweetness and flavor, it is valued for its very long shelf life and tolerance of handling and transportation with little or no bruising or degradation.This means it is the main mango sold in regions where ma... |
Tommy Atkins (mango) | History | The original tree reportedly grew from a Haden seed planted around 1922 on the property of Thomas H. Atkins of Broward County, Florida. Later pedigree analysis supported the Haden parentage. Thomas Atkins submitted the fruit to the variety committee of the Florida Mango Forum multiple times during the 1950s, which reje... |
Casparian strip | Casparian strip | The Casparian strip is a band-like thickening in the center of the root endodermis (radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells) of vascular plants (Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes). The composition of the region is mainly suberin, lignin and some structural proteins, which are capable of reducing the diffusive ap... |
Casparian strip | Casparian strip | The chemistry of the Casparian strip has been described as composed of suberin. According to some studies, the Casparian strip begins as a localized deposition of phenolic and unsaturated fatty substances in the middle lamella between the radial walls, as partly oxidized films. The primary wall becomes encrusted with a... |
Casparian strip | Discovery | The discovery of the Casparian strip dates back to the mid-19th century, and advances in the understanding of the Endodermis of the root of plants. In 1865, the German botanist Robert Caspary first described the endodermis of the root of plants, found that its cell wall was thickened, and named it Schuchtzscheide. Late... |
Casparian strip | Composition | The chemical composition of the Casparian strip has been controversial for a long time. Casbury pointed out that this structure may be composed of lignin or suberin. Later scholars mostly thought it was suberin. It was not until the 1990s that after analyzing the Casparian strip of several plants, it was found that lig... |
Casparian strip | Function | The casparian strip is fully filled with the gap between endothelial cells, including the middle lamella, making the cell walls of the two cells almost fused. In the transportation of water and inorganic nutrients at the root of plants, the Casparian strip mainly affects the transportation of primary in vitro, that is,... |
Casparian strip | Development | The development of Carters strap is started after the endogenic cells are fully delayed, and there is currently two news signal transduction that promote endothelial cell formation of Casparian strip. The first is transcription factor Short-root (SHR) Activated additional two transcription factors Myb36 and Scarecrow (... |
Video game publisher | Video game publisher | A video game publisher is a company that publishes video games that have been developed either internally by the publisher or externally by a video game developer. |
Video game publisher | Video game publisher | They often finance the development, sometimes by paying a video game developer (the publisher calls this external development) and sometimes by paying an internal staff of developers called a studio. The large video game publishers also distribute the games they publish, while some smaller publishers instead hire distr... |
Video game publisher | Video game publisher | Large publishers may also attempt to boost efficiency across all internal and external development teams by providing services such as sound design and code packages for commonly needed functionality. |
Video game publisher | Video game publisher | Because the publisher often finances development, it usually tries to manage development risk with a staff of producers or project managers to monitor the progress of the developer, critique ongoing development, and assist as necessary. Most video games created by an external video game developer are paid for with peri... |
Video game publisher | Business risks | Video game publishing is associated with high risk: The Christmas selling season accounts for a highly significant portion of industry sales, leading to a concentrated influx of high-quality competition every year in every game category, all in the fourth quarter of the year. |
Video game publisher | Business risks | Product slippage is common due to the uncertain schedules of software development. Most publishers have suffered a "false launch", in which the development staff assures the company that game development will be completed by a certain date, and a marketing launch is planned around that date, including advertising commi... |
Video game publisher | Business risks | The industry has become more "hit driven" over the past decade. Consumers buy the game that's best marketed but not necessarily of the highest quality, therefore buying fewer other games in that genre. This has led to much larger game development budgets, as every game publisher tries to ensure that its game is number ... |
Video game publisher | Business risks | Current generation consoles have more advanced graphic capabilities than previous consoles. Taking advantage of those capabilities requires a larger team-size than games on earlier, simpler consoles. In order to compete with the best games on these consoles, there are more characters to animate; all characters must be ... |
Video game publisher | Investor interest | Numerous video game publishers are traded publicly on stock markets. As a group, they have had mixed performance. At present, Electronic Arts is the only third-party publisher present in the S&P 500 diversified list of large U.S. corporations; in April 2010, it entered the Fortune 500 for the first time.Hype over video... |
Video game publisher | Investor interest | In the United States, revenue from the sales of video and computer games exceeded revenue from film box-office receipts for the first time in the dot-com days of the late 1990s, when technology companies in general were surrounded by hype. The video game publishers did not, however, experience the same level of rise in... |
Video game publisher | Publishers by revenue | In 2021, the largest public companies by game revenue were Tencent, with US$32.2 billion, followed by Sony, with US$18.2 billion, and Apple, with US$15.3 billion, according to Newzoo. |
Wax jack | Wax jack | A wax jack (wax-jack, taper-jack) is a device used to hold a taper of sealing wax intended to create sealings on documents. |
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