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What is IFITM? | interferon-induced transmembrane | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 568 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
How many cysteine residues are contained in the first transmembrane domain of IFITM3? | three | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 569 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What inhibits S-palmitoylation? | 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP) | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 570 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What interaction is inhibited by the presence of 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)? | IFITM5 with FKBP11 | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 571 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What is a function associated with IFITM5? | bone formation factor. | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 572 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What regulates the antiviral activity of IFITM3? | S-palmitoylation on the protein | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 573 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What is another name for IFITM5? | bonerestricted IFITM-like (BRIL) protein | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 574 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
Why is the expression of IFITM5 not promoted by interferons? | the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 575 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | ~ 65% similarity | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 576 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3? | ~ 85% similarity | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 577 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein? | aspartate | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 580 | Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role ... |
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells? | both intracellular and cell-surface factors | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,996 | Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among t... |
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection? | heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,997 | Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among t... |
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection? | Nterminus of HBV preS1 (amino acids 1-47) | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,998 | Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among t... |
Where is NTCP located in the body? | lateral surface (canalicular) of hepatocytes | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,999 | Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among t... |
What does the NTCP protein mediate? | bile acid transport | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,000 | Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among t... |
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? | not sufficient | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,001 | Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among t... |
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection? | the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,002 | Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Among t... |
What method is useful in administering small molecules for systemic delivery to the body? | Intranasal | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,612 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
Why is the nasal mucosa useful in the delivery of small molecules into the body? | the surface area can result in rapid absorption of the medication into the blood | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,615 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
What are the most common methods of inhaled delivery of medications? | Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,616 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
What medications have shown good promise to in vivo delivery via dry powder inhalers? | insulin and low-molecular-weight heparin | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,617 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
How are siRNAs typically delivered for systemic effect? | intratracheal or intranasal delivery | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,618 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
What structures form the human airway? | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,619 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
What size of particle has been shown to be most effective in the delivery to the lower airway? | 1-5 μm | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,620 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
What are the essential conditions in siRNA delivery to effectively produce gene silencing in the lungs? | delivered to their site of action, be stable, enter the target cells, and be present in the cytoplasm at sufficient concentration | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,621 | RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules,... |
Which type of bacteria are implicated in carrying genes of drug resistance? | Gammaproteobacteria | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 544 | There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we report ... |
What may be a likely cause of sink-to-sink spreading of pathogens in the hospital setting? | via a common sanitary pipe | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 545 | There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we report ... |
Why are nucleosides analogs used for chemotheraphy? | they inhibit cellular DNA/RNA polymerases | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,232 | Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ide s... |
What nucleoside analog is the focus of the current study? | gemcitabine | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,233 | Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ide s... |
Gemcitabine has been shown to have antiviral activity against which viruses? | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika virus (ZIKV), HCV, poliovirus (PV), influenza A virus (IAV), HIV, and enteroviruses (EV) | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,234 | Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ide s... |
How does gemcitabine disrupt viral activity? | by targeting the salvage pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,235 | Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ide s... |
What is the main cause of death in the neonatal period of calves? | Calf septicemia | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,129 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
Where was hepcidin first discovered? | human urine | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,131 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
What is hepcidin? | low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,130 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
What organ produces hepcidin? | liver | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,132 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
What stimulates the release of hepcidin? | inflammatory reactions and high Fe concentrations | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,133 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? | Fe | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,134 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
Is hepcidin toxic? | potentially toxic | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,135 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
Why is iron critical to bacteria? | bacteria utilize Fe for survival, growth and proliferation | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,136 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
How does hepcidin work in the duodenum? | control of excessive Fe absorption | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,137 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
How does hepcidin affect macrophages? | regulation of Fe release | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,138 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
What leads to oxidative stress in the body? | production of ROS | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,139 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? | superoxide dismutase | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,140 | AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. MATERI... |
What is Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? | a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,032 | BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the response t... |
What are the salient findings in Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? | fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,033 | BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the response t... |
What is RANBP2? | nuclear pore protein | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,034 | BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the response t... |
What is the suggested role of RANBP2 in the cell? | intracellular protein trafficking or energy maintenance and homeostasis of neuronal cells | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,035 | BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the response t... |
What is the hallmark finding of acute necrotizing encephalopathy? | multiple, symmetric brain lesions located in the thalami bilaterally, putamina, deep periventricular white matter, cerebellum, and brainstem | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,036 | BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the response t... |
What could trigger acute necrotizing encephalopathy? | viral infection in previously healthy children | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,037 | BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the response t... |
When did she present with rapidly progressive right-hand weakness? | 1 month later | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,038 | BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the response t... |
How many samples were obtained? | 11,399 | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,267 | BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients ... |
What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen? | 49.2% | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,268 | BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients ... |
What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1? | 2.2% | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,269 | BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients ... |
When was HBoV1 first identified? | 2005 | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,270 | BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients ... |
What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection? | cough, rhinitis, fever | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,271 | BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients ... |
What are the ages of the patients in this study? | ≤14 years old | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,272 | BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients ... |
What was the male to female ratio for this study? | 1.82:1 | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,273 | BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients ... |
What health regulations were changes due to the outbreak of C. burnetti? | forbid the display of sheep in the latter third of their pregnancy and require regular testing of animals for C. burnetii in petting zoos | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,201 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
What was the median seropresence of C. burnetti in sheep flocks not linked to human outbreaks? | 1% | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,202 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
What important risk factors to infection were found during the second case-controlled study? | close proximity to the ewe and duration of exposure | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,203 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
What was the interquartile range of the incubation period? | 16 to 24 days | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,204 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
How many controls were used in the second case study? | 36 | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,205 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
What public event was linked with the outbreak? | farmers' market | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,206 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
What causes Q fever? | Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,207 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
What is Coxiella burnetii? | small, gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,208 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
What is the primary reservoir for Coxiella burnetii? | sheep, goat and cattle | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,209 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
How are humans typically infected with Coxiella burnetii? | inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool | [
"BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q feve... | 1,583 | 5,210 | BACKGROUND: In May 2003 the Soest County Health Department was informed of an unusually large number of patients hospitalized with atypical pneumonia. METHODS: In exploratory interviews patients mentioned having visited a farmers' market where a sheep had lambed. Serologic testing confirmed the diagnosis of Q fever. We... |
Who performed the sampling procedures? | veterinarians | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,680 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
When were the fecal samples collected? | from November 2004 to November 2014 | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,681 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What reference genome was used in the study? | BatCoV HKU10 | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,682 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What is the length of the replicase gene ORF1ab? | 20.4 kb | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,684 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What type of coronavirus was detected in R. affinis and R. sinicus species? | BtCoV/Rh/YN2012 | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,683 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What is a natural reservoir of coronavirus? | Bats | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,675 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What is the genome size of the coronavirus? | 26-32 kb | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,676 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What is the structure of the coronavirus? | enveloped, non-segmented, positive-strand RNA viruses | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,677 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What animals do gamma and delta coronavirus mainly infect? | birds | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,678 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
How many types of coronaviruses are known to cause human disease? | Six | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,679 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What plays a role in regulating the immune response to a viral infection? | NF-κB | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,685 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What is the conclusion of the coronavirus long-term surveillance studies? | Rhinolophus bats seem to harbor a wide diversity of CoVs | [
"Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surv... | 1,576 | 3,686 | Bats have been identified as a natural reservoir of a variety of coronaviruses CoVs . Several of them have caused diseases in humans and domestic animals by interspecies transmission. Considering the diversity of bat coronaviruses, bat species and populations, we expect to discover more bat CoVs through virus surveilla... |
What is the conclusion of the study? | the marmoset an appropriate animal model for biodefense-related pathogens | [
"The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus is increasingly being utilised as a nonhuman primate model for human disease, ranging from autoimmune to infectious disease. In order to fully exploit these models, meaningful comparison to the human host response is necessary. Commercially available reagents, primarily targe... | 1,587 | 5,230 | The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus is increasingly being utilised as a nonhuman primate model for human disease, ranging from autoimmune to infectious disease. In order to fully exploit these models, meaningful comparison to the human host response is necessary. Commercially available reagents, primarily targeted t... |
Why makes the marmoset an appropriate animal model for pathogen research? | the small size of marmosets, their immune response to infection that is comparable to humans, and the ability to house more statistically relevant numbers within high containment | [
"The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus is increasingly being utilised as a nonhuman primate model for human disease, ranging from autoimmune to infectious disease. In order to fully exploit these models, meaningful comparison to the human host response is necessary. Commercially available reagents, primarily targe... | 1,587 | 5,231 | The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus is increasingly being utilised as a nonhuman primate model for human disease, ranging from autoimmune to infectious disease. In order to fully exploit these models, meaningful comparison to the human host response is necessary. Commercially available reagents, primarily targeted t... |
What was the focus of this study? | the antiproliferative effect of a copper (II) complex on HT-29 colon cancer cells | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,277 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is the third most prevalent cancer in females in the United States? | colorectal cancer | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,278 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is the 1-year survival rate for colorectal cancer patients? | 83.2% | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,279 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer patients? | 64.3% | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,280 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
How were nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells measured? | detection of nuclear condensation | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,281 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is directly related to nuclear condensation? | apoptotic chromatin changes | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,282 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What morphological cell changes are most associated with apoptosis? | membrane permeability, cell shrinkage, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane, and chromatin condensation | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,283 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What types of cells are suitable for colon cancer studies? | HT-29 cells | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,284 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What was the goal of this study? | to explore the feasibility of DNA vaccination of poultry | [
"BACKGROUND: Sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI H5N1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. The ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. While vaccines offer th... | 1,608 | 5,285 | BACKGROUND: Sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI H5N1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. The ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. While vaccines offer the pot... |
What is the conclusion of this study? | it is possible to develop a multivalent DNA vaccine for poultry that can protect against multiple HPAI H5N1 strains and that could keep pace with the continued evolution of avian influenza viruses | [
"BACKGROUND: Sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI H5N1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. The ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. While vaccines offer th... | 1,608 | 5,286 | BACKGROUND: Sustained outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza HPAI H5N1 in avian species increase the risk of reassortment and adaptation to humans. The ability to contain its spread in chickens would reduce this threat and help maintain the capacity for egg-based vaccine production. While vaccines offer the pot... |
What is the relationship between urbanization and risk of emergence of flu-like diseases? | findings suggest that urbanization spatially combines risk factors to produce particular types of peri-urban landscapes with significantly higher HPAI H5N1 emergence risk. | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 585 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What factors and characteristics of semi-urban landscapes promote viral transmission? | higher levels of chicken densities, duck and geese flock size diversities, and fraction of land under rice or aquaculture than rural and urban areas. We also found that land-use diversity, a surrogate measure for potential mixing of host populations and other factors that likely influence viral transmission | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 586 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the relationship between HIN1 viral transmission and poultry production. | landscapes where intensive and extensive forms of poultry production overlap were found at greater risk | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 587 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the principle behind infection Convergence Model ? | The convergence model can be so adapted by incorporating the dynamics of urban, agricultural, and natural ecosystem transformations proposed with this framework. These associated multifaceted interactions including feedbacks that affect ecological communities, hosts and pathogen populations, are the proximate drivers o... | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 588 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the Boosted Regression Tree method? | BRT utilizes regression trees and boosting algorithms to fit several models and combines them for improving prediction by performing iterative loop throughout the model | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 590 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the advantage of Boosted Regression Tree method? | The advantage of BRT is that it applies stochastic processes that include probabilistic components to improve predictive performance. | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 591 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the relationship between land use and emergence of HPAI H5N1? | high land-use diversity landscapes, a variable not previously considered in spatial studies of HPAI H5N1, are at significantly greater risk for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 592 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
Where is the highest risk of HPAI H5N1 like disease emergence? | Emergence risk should be highest in the most rapidly transforming urban areas, peri-urban zones where mixes of urban-rural, modern-traditional land uses and poultry husbandry coincide most intensely. | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 589 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
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