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How does land use fragmentation increase the risk of flu-like diseases? | Landscape fragmentation produces ecotones, defined as abrupt edges or transitions zones between different ecological systems, thought to facilitate disease emergence by increasing the intensity and frequency of contact between host species Furthermore, fragmentation of natural habitat tends to interrupt and degrade nat... | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 594 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the relationship between the outbreak of HPAI H5N1 like diseases and rice cultivation? | extent of rice cultivation is a risk factor, mainly due its association with free ranging ducks acting as scavengers | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 596 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the relationship between aquaculture and spread of H5N1 like diseases? | extent of aquaculture is a known risk factor , possibly because water bodies offer routes for transmission and persistence of the virus | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 597 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the relationship between proximity ofwater bodies to agricultural lands and spread of H5N1 like diseases? | Proximity to water bodies increases the risk of outbreaks [47, , possibly by increasing the chance of contact between wild water birds and domestic poultry. | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 598 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is the effect of diversity of chicken flock on H5N1 disease? | diversity of chicken flock-size had a strong association with HPAI H5N1 | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 599 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What is Compound Topological Index and how is it related to the risk of disease transmission? | Compound Topographical Index (CTI, also known as Topographical Wetness Index) is a measure of the tendency for water to pool. Studies in Thailand and elsewhere have shown that the extent of surface water is a strong risk factor, possibly due to the role of water in long-range transmission and persistence of the virus. ... | [
"Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, p... | 1,628 | 600 | Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases EID , the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physic... |
What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of depression? | 50.4% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,459 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of anxiety? | [44.6% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,460 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What proportion of healthcare workers reported symptoms of insomnia? | 34.0% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,461 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What proportion reported distress? | [71.5% | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,462 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores? | among men vs women: 2.0 [0-6.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; P < .001 | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,463 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What were the Insomnia Severity Index scores ? | among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 [2.0-11.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-8.0]; P < .001 | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,464 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What were the Impact of Event Scale–Revised scores? | 21.0 [8.5-34.5] vs 18.0 [6.0-28.0] in Hubei outside Wuhan and 15.0 [4.0-26.0] outside Hubei; P < .001). | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,465 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What were the results of analysis? | participants from outside Hubei province were associated with lower risk of experiencing symptoms of distress compared with those in Wuhan (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.88; P = .008) | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,466 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What were the results of analysis? | Frontline health care workers engaged in direct diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with COVID-19 were associated with a higher risk of symptoms of depression (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.11-2.09; P = .01), anxiety (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.22-2.02; P < .001), insomnia (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.92-4.60; P < .001), and distress (O... | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,467 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What are the conclusions of this study? | In this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, t... | [
"IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cros... | 2,432 | 3,468 | IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sec... |
What are microtubule severing enzymes? | a family of AAA-ATPase proteins | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 924 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What genetic mutation is associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia? | SPG4 | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 926 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What genetic mutation is associated with cerebral malformations? | KATNB1 | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 927 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What genetic mutation is associated with autism? | KATNAL2 | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 928 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What is KATNAL1? | microtubule severing enzyme | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 929 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What organ is most associated with the KATNAL1 gene? | central nervous system | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 930 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What CNS functions can be measured by studying the movement of mice in a T-maze? | working memory and spatial memory | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 931 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What CNS functions are changed by mutations in the KATNAL1 gene? | circadian rhythms, sleep and behaviour | [
"Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in c... | 1,620 | 932 | Microtubule severing enzymes implement a diverse range of tissue-specific molecular functions throughout development and into adulthood. Although microtubule severing is fundamental to many dynamic neural processes, little is known regarding the role of the family member Katanin p60 subunit A-like 1, KATNAL1, in centra... |
What was the goal of the study? | describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents | [
"BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis GE and respiratory tract infection RTI outbreaks are a significant issue in nursing homes. This study aimed to describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents. METHODS: Clinical and virologi... | 1,634 | 5,307 | BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis GE and respiratory tract infection RTI outbreaks are a significant issue in nursing homes. This study aimed to describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents. METHODS: Clinical and virological s... |
What was the reported infection rate for influenza? | 30.0% | [
"BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis GE and respiratory tract infection RTI outbreaks are a significant issue in nursing homes. This study aimed to describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents. METHODS: Clinical and virologi... | 1,634 | 5,308 | BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis GE and respiratory tract infection RTI outbreaks are a significant issue in nursing homes. This study aimed to describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents. METHODS: Clinical and virological s... |
How many times more likely was an infection found in patients over 85 years old? | 1.5 to 1.6 times | [
"BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis GE and respiratory tract infection RTI outbreaks are a significant issue in nursing homes. This study aimed to describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents. METHODS: Clinical and virologi... | 1,634 | 5,309 | BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis GE and respiratory tract infection RTI outbreaks are a significant issue in nursing homes. This study aimed to describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents. METHODS: Clinical and virological s... |
Use of SIR/SEIR model in Statistics-Based Predictions of Coronavirus Epidemic Spreading? | susceptible persons is S, infected (persons who are sick and spread the infection) -I, removed (persons who do not spread the infection anymore, this number is the sum of isolated, recovered and dead people) -R; the infection and immunization rates | [
"Information about the open-access article 'Statistics-Based Predictions of Coronavirus Epidemic Spreading in Mainland China' in DOAJ. DOAJ is an online directory that indexes and provides access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals. Text: Here, we consider the development of an epidemic outbreak caused b... | 2,458 | 669 | Information about the open-access article 'Statistics-Based Predictions of Coronavirus Epidemic Spreading in Mainland China' in DOAJ. DOAJ is an online directory that indexes and provides access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals. Text: Here, we consider the development of an epidemic outbreak caused by cor... |
What is Carrageenan? | a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,141 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is a potential therapeutic benefit of carageenan? | carrageenan and Zanamivir act synergistically against several influenza A virus strains (H1N1(09)pdm, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7) | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,142 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is the optimal window for initiating treatment with carageenan and Zanamivir? | 72 hours post infection | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,143 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What was the mortality rate of influenza a virus subtype h7n9 (avian or bird flu)? | more than 35% | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,144 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
How many human cases were there of influenza a virus subtype h7n9? | more than 400 human cases | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,145 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
How did most patients contract influenza a virus subtype h7n9? | Most patients with A(H7N9) infections had contact with poultry or visited live animal markets | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,146 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Can influenza a virus subtype h7n9 be transmit human to human? | some sporadic cases seemed to be a result of human to human transmissions | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,147 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What kind of disease is caused by influenza? | influenza is an acute respiratory disease | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,148 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
How many severe cases are there for annual influenza epidemics? | Worldwide, annual epidemics result in about three to five million cases of severe illness | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,149 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
How many deaths occur annually as a result of annual influenza epidemics? | 250,000 to 500,000 | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,150 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Is coinfection common in influenza infection? | influenza virus infections are often accompanied by other viral pathogens | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,151 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What percentage of people infected with influenza have a viral coinfection? | Analysis by qRT-PCR revealed that 54.5-83.3% of influenza A or B positive patients were found to have at least one concomitant respiratory viral infection . The detection frequency with immunofluorescence was found to be even higher (90-100%) . | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,153 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What are common concamitant infections during the course of influenza infection? | human rhinovirus (hRV), respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, human coronavirus, human metapneumovirus and parainfluenza virus | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,154 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is the anti-viral mechanism of action for carrageenan? | The antiviral mechanism of carrageenan is based on the interference with viral attachment; as a consequence, viral entry is inhibited | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,155 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is the hypothetical mechanical benefit for carageenan in preventing and treating upper respiratory infections? | a protective physical barrier in the nasal cavity | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,156 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is carageenan? | a high molecular weight sulfated polymer derived from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) that has been extensively used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and is generally recognized as safe by the FDA | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,157 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is the recovery benefit of carageenan in patients with any respiratory virus? | 1.9 day faster recovery from common cold symptoms than placebo treated patients in the intention-to-treat population | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,158 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is the anti-influenza benefit of carageenan? | anti-influenza activity was shown by subgroup analysis of 49 influenza infected patients who benefited from a 3.3 days faster recovery from symptoms | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,159 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is the association between influenza viral load and carageenan? | a significant reduction of the influenza viral load in nasal fluids and a significant increase in the number of virus free patients within the treatment period of 7 days | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,160 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Is Oseltamivir effective when taken intranasally? | In contrast to Oseltamivir, which needs to be activated by metabolic conversion, Zanamivir is directly applied as active drug and can also be administered intranasally | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,163 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
What is the effect of intranasal Zanamivir on laboratory confirmed infleunza infection? | challenge trials showed that treatment starting before and up to 36 hours post virus inoculation was associated with prevention of laboratory confirmed influenza and febrile illness as well as a reduction in viral titers, duration of shedding and symptoms | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,164 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Do carageenan and Zanamivir delivered intranasally have a benefit when taken for influenza subtype H7N7 infection? | the combination of two effective, established mono-therapies resulted in a significantly enhanced survival in lethally H7N7 infected mice | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,165 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Do carageenan and Zanamivir delivered intranasally have a benefit when taken for influenza subtype H1N1 infection? | carrageenan and Zanamivir starting 72 hpi significantly protects lethally influenza H1N1(09)pdm infected mice | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,166 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Is there a dose-dependent response to carageenan and Zanamavir intranasal therapy? | While H1N1(09)pdm was highly sensitive to inhibition by both substances alone, H7N7 required much higher concentrations of carrageenan and Zanamivir, respectively, to achieve similar inhibition efficiencies | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,179 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Do carageenan and Zanamavir together have a greater benefit than either in monotherapy? | the H1N1(09)pdm model the combination of carrageenan with 1 mg/kg BW/day Zanamivir showed statistically significant enhanced survival in comparison to placebo treatment even after a treatment start 72 hpi | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,180 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
Did the use of carageenan play a role in pandemic's caused by novel viruses? | A second scope of this combination is the protection against newly emerging pandemic viruses during the time until identification of the virus followed by manufacturing and distribution of vaccines | [
"BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly activ... | 1,629 | 2,182 | BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active ant... |
How was ILI defined? | as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,101 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What is this assay based on? | on the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technology. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,104 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
How was random sampling performed? | with Excel 1 using the anonymized surveillance database of the Cire OI. The sampling frame contained identification number of swab assigned by Cire OI, laboratory identification number, sex, age, date of onset of symptoms, date of swab collection and result of influenza RT-PCR. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,102 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What used to detect pathogens? | Respifinder 1 Smart 22 kits a multiplex RT-PCR (PathoFinder, Maastricht, The Netherlands) which can detect 22 respiratory pathogens. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,103 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What does the retrospective study use? | nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs from ILI patients in 2011 and 2012. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,033 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
How many swabs were randomly selected and analyzed? | 250 | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,034 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
How were the swabs analyzed? | by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) including research of 18 viruses and 4 bacteria. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,035 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What viruses were detected? | respiratory viruses in 169/222 (76.1%) samples, mostly rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A virus (21.2%), influenza B virus (12.6%), coronavirus (4.9%) and Human metapneumovirus (3.6%). | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,037 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What co-infections were found? | Nine swabs (5.3% of positive swabs) revealed co-infections with two viruses identified, among which six concerned co-infections with influenza viruses. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,038 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What seasonal differences were found? | seasonal differences, with circulation of Human Metapneumoviruses, RSV A and B and coronavirus only during summer; whereas parainfluenza viruses were identified only during winter. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,039 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What does the study highlight? | a substantial circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. I | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,040 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What does the study show? | that ILI are not only attributable to influenza and underlines the need for biological surveillance. As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,041 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
Which are identified as major viruses mostly responsible for ILI and pneumonia in several studies? | Influenza viruses, Respiratory Syncytial viruses (RSV) and Parainfluenza viruses | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,042 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What percentage of these infections are identified? | less than 50% | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,087 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What is Reunion Island? | a French overseas territory | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,088 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What is the number of inhabitants of Reunion Island? | 850,000 | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,089 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
Where is Reunion Island located? | n the southern hemisphere between Madagascar and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean (Latitude: 21°05.2920 S Longitude: 55°36.4380 E.) | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,090 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What is the island's health care system similar to? | to mainland France and epidemiological surveillance has been developed by the regional office of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (Cire OI), based on the surveillance system of mainland France | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,091 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
When does influenza activity increase? | during austral winter, corresponding to summer in Europe | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,092 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
When does the influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island start? | April | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,093 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What is the clinical and biological influenza surveillance has been based on? | a sentinel practitioner's network | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,094 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What is this network composed of? | 58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,095 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
How are the influenza tests carried out? | Nasal swabs are randomly collected all along the year and are tested by RT-PCR for influenza viruses | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,096 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What do 40-50% of the samples test positive for? | for influenza A virus, A(H1N1)pdm09 or B virus | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,097 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What are the ILI samples wich test negative for influence? | are of unknown etiology | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,098 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What tool has been developed to identify several viruses simultaneously? | , multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,099 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What are the objectives of the study? | to characterize respiratory pathogens responsible for ILI consultations in sentinel GPs in 2011 and 2012. Secondary objectives were to highlight seasonal trends on respiratory pathogens circulation and to describe occurrence of co-infections, especially during the flu season. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,100 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
On which system the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed? | on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science). | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,105 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
Which two seasons were identified for trends in virus circulation?? | winter season during weeks 23 to 39 between June and September and summer season during the rest of the year. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,106 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
Which were the most frequently identified respiratory pathogens? | rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A not H1N1 (21.2%) and influenza B (12.6%) | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,107 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What were detected only in summer? | Human Metapneumovirus, RSV A and B, and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,108 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What viruses were identified only in winter? | Parainfluenza 1,2 and 4 viruses | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,109 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
Respiratory viral pathogens were present in what percentage of samples? | 76.1 | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,111 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What did the study highlight? | several co-infections, showing that concomitant the multiple etiology of ILI | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,112 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
How many swabs remained without etiology? | 53 swabs, representing 24% of the sample | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,113 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What hypotheses can explain this result? | a poor quality of swabs, preventing from identifying a pathogen, noninfectious causes or other pathogens not included in the multiplex PCR. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,114 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What could not be tested for? | RNAse P, a marker of human cells, | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,115 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What does this study highlight? | circulation of multiple pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,116 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What does the study show? | that ILI is not specific to influenza and so it is essential to have biological results in order to establish the differential diagnosis and thus explain the etiology of symptoms. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,117 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
What would be interesting to do? | to repeat this study every 3 or 5 years adding clinical data to monitor the evolution of respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island over time. | [
"In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentine... | 1,623 | 4,118 | In Réunion Island, despite an influenza surveillance established since 1996 by the sentinel general practitioner’s network, little is known about the etiology of Influenza like-illness ILI that differs from influenza viruses in a tropical area. We set up a retrospective study using nasal swabs collected by sentinel GPs... |
How does the PED virus transmit between animals? | fecal–oral contact | [
"Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Curren... | 2,461 | 601 | Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Currently, ... |
How can Bacilius subtilis be used as an oral vaccine? | recombinant vaccine carrier | [
"Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Curren... | 2,461 | 602 | Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Currently, ... |
What cells are infected by the PED virus? | intestine epithelial cells | [
"Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Curren... | 2,461 | 603 | Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Currently, ... |
What kind of immune responses are most effective in preventing PED virus? | mucosal | [
"Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Curren... | 2,461 | 604 | Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Currently, ... |
What intestinal factors may reduce the effectiveness of orally-administered immunizations? | gastric acids, pepsin, and trypsin | [
"Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Curren... | 2,461 | 605 | Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Currently, ... |
What is Bacillus subtilis? | Gram-positive bacterium | [
"Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Curren... | 2,461 | 606 | Porcine epidemic diarrhea PED is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets and causes substantial economic losses in the world. PED virus PEDV spreads by fecal–oral contact and can be prevented by oral immunization. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective oral vaccine against PEDV infection. Currently, ... |
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