Split (2)

train · 86.5k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 8 722	question stringlengths 1 25.7k	answers dict
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs.	Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?	{ "text": [ "the Karmapa" ], "answer_start": [ 126 ] }
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d5	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt.	Why did Yongle order the construction?	{ "text": [ "to facilitate trade with Tibet" ], "answer_start": [ 196 ] }
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt.	What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?	{ "text": [ "tea, horses, and salt" ], "answer_start": [ 230 ] }
56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan.	where did the trade route pass through?	{ "text": [ "through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan" ], "answer_start": [ 23 ] }
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses.	Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?	{ "text": [ "to secure urgently needed horses" ], "answer_start": [ 90 ] }
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.	What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?	{ "text": [ "Silk workshops" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.	What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?	{ "text": [ "Tibetan Buddhist" ], "answer_start": [ 123 ] }
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses.	who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?	{ "text": [ "the Ming" ], "answer_start": [ 22 ] }
56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax, and therefore Tibetans were "undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign dipl...	Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?	{ "text": [ "a mandatory \"corvée\" tax" ], "answer_start": [ 219 ] }
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e8	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon...	Who did the Ming trade horses with?	{ "text": [ "Tibet" ], "answer_start": [ 42 ] }
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e9	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon...	Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?	{ "text": [ "Altan Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 242 ] }
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ea	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon...	Who did Altan Khan overthrow?	{ "text": [ "the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony" ], "answer_start": [ 307 ] }
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon...	Who did Altan Khan make peace with?	{ "text": [ "the Ming dynasty" ], "answer_start": [ 6 ] }
56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mon...	Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?	{ "text": [ "Altan Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 242 ] }
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet.	When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the 14th century" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6717	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (沐英) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu.	When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?	{ "text": [ "November 1378" ], "answer_start": [ 136 ] }
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals.	How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?	{ "text": [ "30,000" ], "answer_start": [ 68 ] }
56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals.	How many animals did Mu Ying capture?	{ "text": [ "200,000" ], "answer_start": [ 97 ] }
56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.	Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?	{ "text": [ "Ming general Qu Neng" ], "answer_start": [ 33 ] }
56cd982562d2951400fa6770	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China.	What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?	{ "text": [ "recovery of the Ordos region" ], "answer_start": [ 69 ] }
56cd982562d2951400fa6771	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China.	Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids?	{ "text": [ "the Mongols" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
56cd982562d2951400fa6772	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China.	Where were the Mongols trying to raise?	{ "text": [ "Ming China" ], "answer_start": [ 161 ] }
56cd982562d2951400fa6774	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was "the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet," that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but "avoidance of any kind ...	Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?	{ "text": [ "to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes" ], "answer_start": [ 437 ] }
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen.	What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?	{ "text": [ "divide-and-rule" ], "answer_start": [ 73 ] }
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ed	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a "divide-and-rule" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen.	When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?	{ "text": [ "after the Sakya regime had fallen" ], "answer_start": [ 145 ] }
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ee	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Rossabi also discounts the "divide-and-rule" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa—one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama.	Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?	{ "text": [ "fifth Karmapa" ], "answer_start": [ 146 ] }
56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ef	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas.	Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?	{ "text": [ "many different Tibetan lamas" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of Ü-Tsang.	Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?	{ "text": [ "the Phagmodrupa" ], "answer_start": [ 40 ] }
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug.	When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?	{ "text": [ "1498" ], "answer_start": [ 40 ] }
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f7	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug.	What was the most important event to the Gelug?	{ "text": [ "New Years ceremonies and prayers" ], "answer_start": [ 83 ] }
56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f8	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer.	When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?	{ "text": [ "1518" ], "answer_start": [ 26 ] }
56cdae5962d2951400fa67fe	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa.	When did the Zhengde Emperor rule?	{ "text": [ "1505–1521" ], "answer_start": [ 24 ] }
56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa.	Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?	{ "text": [ "the company of lamas" ], "answer_start": [ 48 ] }
56cdae5962d2951400fa6800	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa.	Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?	{ "text": [ "Mikyö Dorje" ], "answer_start": [ 245 ] }
56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur...	Who said Tibet wasn't an integral part of of China?	{ "text": [ "Chinese writers of the early 20th century" ], "answer_start": [ 280 ] }
56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Sperling states that this is because "Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus" and also that "China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet." He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China’s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet s...	What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "China's intervening Ming dynasty" ], "answer_start": [ 129 ] }
56ce1d0caab44d1400b88460	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur...	Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China?	{ "text": [ "the 13th century" ], "answer_start": [ 216 ] }
56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th centur...	When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?	{ "text": [ "the 18th century" ], "answer_start": [ 421 ] }
56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to...	During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?	{ "text": [ "the Qing dynasty" ], "answer_start": [ 152 ] }
56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847b	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to...	Josef Kolmaš states that Tibet became subject to what government?	{ "text": [ "the Chinese central government" ], "answer_start": [ 321 ] }
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a "mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron," respectively.	Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?	{ "text": [ "the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans" ], "answer_start": [ 18 ] }
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d3	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	He adds that "Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state."	Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?	{ "text": [ "the Republic of China and its Communist successors" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d4	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism.	Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?	{ "text": [ "the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco" ], "answer_start": [ 56 ] }
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d5	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism.	Who was the vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?	{ "text": [ "the Mongols" ], "answer_start": [ 171 ] }
56ce2752aab44d1400b884d6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism.	The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?	{ "text": [ "patron and priest relationship" ], "answer_start": [ 197 ] }
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f0	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ...	When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?	{ "text": [ "the 13th century" ], "answer_start": [ 202 ] }
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f1	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ...	Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the Ming dynasty" ], "answer_start": [ 320 ] }
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f2	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ...	When was China Daily started?	{ "text": [ "1981" ], "answer_start": [ 54 ] }
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f3	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ...	Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the Ming" ], "answer_start": [ 320 ] }
56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f4	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, "Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China." It also states that ...	According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?	{ "text": [ "the central government of China" ], "answer_start": [ 266 ] }
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856c	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed.	When did the Jiajing Emperor reign?	{ "text": [ "1521–1567" ], "answer_start": [ 44 ] }
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856d	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed.	What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?	{ "text": [ "the native Chinese ideology of Daoism" ], "answer_start": [ 56 ] }
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point.	Who stopped their trips to Ming China?	{ "text": [ "the Tibetan lamas" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
56ce3406aab44d1400b8856f	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet.	Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?	{ "text": [ "Yang Tinghe" ], "answer_start": [ 16 ] }
56ce3406aab44d1400b88570	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet.	Who broke the eunuch influence at court?	{ "text": [ "Yang Tinghe" ], "answer_start": [ 16 ] }
56ce362faab44d1400b885c6	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas.	Who was Zhengde's successor?	{ "text": [ "Jiajing" ], "answer_start": [ 43 ] }
56ce362faab44d1400b885c7	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas.	What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of?	{ "text": [ "Neo-Confucian establishment" ], "answer_start": [ 98 ] }
56ce362faab44d1400b885c8	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas.	Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?	{ "text": [ "the Portuguese embassy" ], "answer_start": [ 150 ] }
56ce362faab44d1400b885c9	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas.	Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?	{ "text": [ "Tibetan Buddhism and lamas" ], "answer_start": [ 251 ] }
56ce362faab44d1400b885ca	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas.	Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?	{ "text": [ "Jiajing" ], "answer_start": [ 43 ] }
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582).	What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?	{ "text": [ "the Kokonor region" ], "answer_start": [ 47 ] }
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885eb	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582).	Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?	{ "text": [ "the Ming Chinese frontier" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ec	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582).	The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence?	{ "text": [ "the Ming" ], "answer_start": [ 92 ] }
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ed	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—"Ocean Teacher".	When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?	{ "text": [ "1571" ], "answer_start": [ 53 ] }
56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ee	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—"Ocean Teacher".	Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?	{ "text": [ "the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso" ], "answer_start": [ 70 ] }
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885fe	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways.	What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?	{ "text": [ "the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice" ], "answer_start": [ 39 ] }
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885ff	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways.	Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?	{ "text": [ "the Mongol princes and subjects" ], "answer_start": [ 107 ] }
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88600	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism—or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways.	What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?	{ "text": [ "execution" ], "answer_start": [ 198 ] }
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88601	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated "the unique fusion of religious and political power" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes.	Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?	{ "text": [ "the Dalai Lama" ], "answer_start": [ 69 ] }
56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88602	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated "the unique fusion of religious and political power" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes.	Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?	{ "text": [ "Committed to their religious leader" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56ce4100aab44d1400b88612	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama.	Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?	{ "text": [ "Tümen Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 157 ] }
56ce4100aab44d1400b88613	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama.	To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?	{ "text": [ "the great-grandson of Altan Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 217 ] }
56ce4100aab44d1400b88614	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.	Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the 5th Dalai Lama" ], "answer_start": [ 9 ] }
56ce4100aab44d1400b88615	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.	When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?	{ "text": [ "In 1642" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56ce42afaab44d1400b88620	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet.	Who was given the grandiose title?	{ "text": [ "Sonam Gyatso" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56ce42afaab44d1400b88621	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet.	Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?	{ "text": [ "Altan Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 57 ] }
56ce42afaab44d1400b88622	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579.	Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?	{ "text": [ "Zhang Juzheng" ], "answer_start": [ 72 ] }
56ce42afaab44d1400b88623	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579.	Who was the Ming Chinese official?	{ "text": [ "Zhang Juzheng" ], "answer_start": [ 72 ] }
56ce42afaab44d1400b88624	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Laird adds that "the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time." Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China a...	Where did Sonam Gyatso die?	{ "text": [ "Mongolia" ], "answer_start": [ 347 ] }
56ce43ebaab44d1400b88632	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the "Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute." China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!],	Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?	{ "text": [ "the third Dalai Lama" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56ce43ebaab44d1400b88633	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the "Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute." China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!],	What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?	{ "text": [ "pay tribute" ], "answer_start": [ 111 ] }
56ce43ebaab44d1400b88634	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the "Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute." China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!],	What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?	{ "text": [ "the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama" ], "answer_start": [ 177 ] }
56ce43ebaab44d1400b88635	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: "In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially esta...	In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?	{ "text": [ "the fifth Dalai Lama" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
56ce43ebaab44d1400b88636	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: "In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially esta...	In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?	{ "text": [ "the fifth Panchen Lama" ], "answer_start": [ 273 ] }
56ce451caab44d1400b8863c	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616.	What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted?	{ "text": [ "Master of Vajradhara" ], "answer_start": [ 76 ] }
56ce451caab44d1400b8863d	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616.	Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?	{ "text": [ "Yonten Gyatso" ], "answer_start": [ 39 ] }
56ce451caab44d1400b8863e	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616.	When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?	{ "text": [ "1616" ], "answer_start": [ 143 ] }
56ce451caab44d1400b8863f	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title "Master of Vajradhara" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616.	Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?	{ "text": [ "Yonten Gyatso" ], "answer_start": [ 39 ] }
56ce451caab44d1400b88640	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.	Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?	{ "text": [ "he died" ], "answer_start": [ 94 ] }
56ce4821aab44d1400b88656	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the ch...	Who's presence increased in Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the Mongols" ], "answer_start": [ 291 ] }
56ce4821aab44d1400b88657	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the ch...	What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?	{ "text": [ "their old vassal of Tibet" ], "answer_start": [ 336 ] }
56ce4821aab44d1400b88658	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the ch...	When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?	{ "text": [ "1642" ], "answer_start": [ 122 ] }
56ce4821aab44d1400b88659	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the ch...	Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?	{ "text": [ "the Ming court" ], "answer_start": [ 221 ] }
56ce4a58aab44d1400b88668	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse.	When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?	{ "text": [ "1565" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
56ce4a58aab44d1400b88669	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621.	Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?	{ "text": [ "Karma Phuntsok Namgyal" ], "answer_start": [ 47 ] }
56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866a	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621.	When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?	{ "text": [ "1611–1621" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866b	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa.	Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?	{ "text": [ "the Karmapa" ], "answer_start": [ 140 ] }
56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866c	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries.	Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?	{ "text": [ "The fourth Dalai Lama" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867a	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa.	Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?	{ "text": [ "the Mongol prince Güshi Khan" ], "answer_start": [ 137 ] }
56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867b	Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty	Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo.	What role did Güshi Khan take on?	{ "text": [ "protector" ], "answer_start": [ 32 ] }

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