id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 8 722 | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56ccea7c62d2951400fa64df | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are "fallacies". | Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa? | {
"text": [
"Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. | Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Wang and Nyima"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e3 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. | What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing? | {
"text": [
"1371"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of "prince" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had "full sovereignty over Tibet." They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan official... | What did the lamas called themselves? | {
"text": [
"princes"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of "prince" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had "full sovereignty over Tibet." They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan official... | What edicts did the Ming issue? | {
"text": [
"imperial edicts"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56cceda862d2951400fa64ec | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi... | Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Journalist and author Thomas Laird"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cceda862d2951400fa64ed | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. | who colonized India and New Zealand? | {
"text": [
"the British"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
56cceda862d2951400fa64ee | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi... | Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present? | {
"text": [
"the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. | How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty? | {
"text": [
"A Mongol dynasty of China"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai "created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones", and he "wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler". | Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan? | {
"text": [
"Rossabi"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. | When did the yuan dynasty start and end? | {
"text": [
"1271 to 1368"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
56ccf53362d2951400fa64fd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311–1320). | When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign? | {
"text": [
"1311–1320"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
56ccf53362d2951400fa64ff | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Van Praag writes that "Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it," citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan. | During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? | {
"text": [
"a licensed border market"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
56ccf53362d2951400fa6500 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. | Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority? | {
"text": [
"the Mongols and other ethnicities"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56ccf96562d2951400fa6506 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. | Who abolished the policy council? | {
"text": [
"the Ming"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
56ccf96562d2951400fa6507 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating: | What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as? | {
"text": [
"the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
56ccf96562d2951400fa6509 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. | Who governed most areas of Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56cd480b62d2951400fa650e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. | Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located? | {
"text": [
"Beijing"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56cd480b62d2951400fa650f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. | Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute? | {
"text": [
"Chen Qingying"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6516 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. | What was the name of the Tibetologist? | {
"text": [
"John Powers"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6517 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming. | Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to? | {
"text": [
"ruling lamas"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
56cd4a5162d2951400fa6518 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming. | When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? | {
"text": [
"subordinates"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
56cd556f62d2951400fa651c | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han represent... | What was the western regions composed of? | {
"text": [
"the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
56cd556f62d2951400fa651d | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han represent... | Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? | {
"text": [
"foreign officials"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6520 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. | What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ? | {
"text": [
"Education Minister"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6521 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. | What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen? | {
"text": [
"Degsi"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6522 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wang and Nyima take this to mean that "even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation." The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: "In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the ... | What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court? | {
"text": [
"Phagmodrupa Dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6523 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. | What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts? | {
"text": [
"Wang and Nyima"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cd58c362d2951400fa6524 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wang and Nyima take this to mean that "even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation." The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: "In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the ... | Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east? | {
"text": [
"The Tai Situpa"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6533 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to "restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age" by reinstating secular administration, promoting "national culture and traditions," and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century. | Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Van Praag"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654c | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title "Initiation State Master" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scrip... | Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to? | {
"text": [
"Sagya Gyaincain"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654d | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. | Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler? | {
"text": [
"the Ming officer of Hezhou"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. | Who was the second Phagmodru ruler? | {
"text": [
"Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang "was under control," and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. | Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control? | {
"text": [
"the Ming officer of Hezhou"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
56cd5f5b62d2951400fa6550 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title "Initiation State Master" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scrip... | Where were the envoys sent? | {
"text": [
"to the Ming court"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6556 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | Who lost their power over Tibet? | {
"text": [
"the Phagmodrupa"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6557 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet? | {
"text": [
"1434"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6558 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet? | {
"text": [
"1642"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56cd606a62d2951400fa6559 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet. | What did the other families fail to establish? | {
"text": [
"hegemonies"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
56cd62e262d2951400fa655e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. | The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools? | {
"text": [
"the Karmapa Kargyu"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
56cd62e262d2951400fa655f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. | Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations? | {
"text": [
"Mongol"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
56cd62e262d2951400fa6560 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. | Who was the founder of the Gelug school? | {
"text": [
"Je Tsongkhapa"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56cd62e262d2951400fa6561 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. | Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute? | {
"text": [
"the Ming Yongle Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
56cd62e262d2951400fa6562 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. | Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation? | {
"text": [
"Tsongkhapa"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56cd64e762d2951400fa6569 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (候顯; fl. | When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court? | {
"text": [
"1407"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
56cd64e762d2951400fa656a | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (候顯; fl. | When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa? | {
"text": [
"1413"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56cd64e762d2951400fa656b | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of "State Teacher"—the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. | Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing? | {
"text": [
"his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56cd64e762d2951400fa656c | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of "State Teacher"—the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. | When was Chosrje Shākya Yeshes sent to Nanjing? | {
"text": [
"1414"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
56cd669562d2951400fa6572 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. | Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Dawa Norbu"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cd682162d2951400fa658c | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. | Who did the Ming appoint titles to? | {
"text": [
"eastern Tibetan princes"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
56cd682162d2951400fa658d | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. | What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet? | {
"text": [
"an army"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
56cd682162d2951400fa658e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. | What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess? | {
"text": [
"Tibet"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659c | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. | What was the name of the eunuch? | {
"text": [
"Yang Sanbao"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659d | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. | Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao? | {
"text": [
"Tibet"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. | When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet? | {
"text": [
"1413"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. | Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet? | {
"text": [
"the allegiance of various Tibetan princes"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
56cd6a3d62d2951400fa65a0 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. | Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts? | {
"text": [
"to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states"
],
"answer_start": [
234
]
} |
56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. | Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with? | {
"text": [
"the Ming court"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. | Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming? | {
"text": [
"1430s"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. | What was the Gelug not mentioned in? | {
"text": [
"the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ac | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. | Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to? | {
"text": [
"various lamas"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ad | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Wylie argues that Ming titles of "King" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed... | Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by? | {
"text": [
"the Phagmodru myriarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. | Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Melvyn C. Goldstein"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b3 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | He asserts that "by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality." Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642)... | What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end? | {
"text": [
"1435–1565"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. | Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority? | {
"text": [
"Melvyn C. Goldstein"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cd70e962d2951400fa65b5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | He asserts that "by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality." Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642)... | What years did the Tsangpa start and end? | {
"text": [
"1565–1642"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56cd727662d2951400fa65ba | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. | What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end? | {
"text": [
"1398–1402"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. | Who aided the Yongle Emperor? | {
"text": [
"the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. | Who was Yongle Emperor's father? | {
"text": [
"the Hongwu Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
56cd727662d2951400fa65bd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384–1415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. | When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court? | {
"text": [
"March 10, 1403"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65cc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. | Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. | Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet? | {
"text": [
"to seek out the Karmapa"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65ce | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing? | {
"text": [
"1407"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
56cd73b562d2951400fa65cf | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa? | {
"text": [
"through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
56cd779762d2951400fa65dc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. | When did Deshin Shekpa travels start? | {
"text": [
"1403"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
56cd779762d2951400fa65dd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. | Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa? | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
56cd779762d2951400fa65de | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. | Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to? | {
"text": [
"the Karmapa"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
56cd779762d2951400fa65df | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would "sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric" when receiving religious instructions from him. | Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric? | {
"text": [
"Kublai"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
56cd779762d2951400fa65e0 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. | Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa? | {
"text": [
"the Yongle Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
56cd798262d2951400fa65f6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. | At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place? | {
"text": [
"Linggu Temple"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56cd798262d2951400fa65f7 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. | Where was the Linggu Temple located? | {
"text": [
"Nanjing"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56cd798262d2951400fa65f8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma" by the Yongle Emperor. | What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing? | {
"text": [
"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
56cd798262d2951400fa65fa | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects. | Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to? | {
"text": [
"religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. | Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? | {
"text": [
"the Mongols"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa661f | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | However, Hok-Lam Chan states that "there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes. | Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? | {
"text": [
"religious purposes"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa6620 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. | What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans? | {
"text": [
"to send a military force into Tibet"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa6621 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. | Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet? | {
"text": [
"to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
56cd7c1962d2951400fa6622 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. | Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet? | {
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
56cd7dda62d2951400fa6640 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. | Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with? | {
"text": [
"Jianwen Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
56cd7dda62d2951400fa6641 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. | Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule? | {
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56cd7dda62d2951400fa6644 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. | What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne? | {
"text": [
"Deshin Shekpa's miracles"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b8 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. | According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship? | {
"text": [
"Chinese Communist historians"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c2 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. | What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign? | {
"text": [
"1435–1449"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c3 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. | Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor? | {
"text": [
"The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c4 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. | Who was the edict addressed to? | {
"text": [
"the Karmapa"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c5 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa: | Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong? | {
"text": [
"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c6 | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. | When was the edict written? | {
"text": [
"after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cc | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. | Who did the Ming cut off all relations with? | {
"text": [
"the Karmapa hierarchs"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. | What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs? | {
"text": [
"1446"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
56cd8d2162d2951400fa66ce | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. | When did Deshin Shekpa die? | {
"text": [
"1415"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
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